COINAGE
EUROPEAN CONTINENT
w
Ji
•% fA
•< /
''/; ? > /-
I'hilip IV. of Spain : 50 reales struck at Segovia. Arg.
THE
COINAGE
OF THE
EUROPEAN CONTINENT
AN INTRODUCTION AND CATALOGUES
OF MINTS DENOMINATIONS
AND RULERS
BY
W. CAREW HAZLITT
TRA TIONS
LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN AND CO
NEW YORK: MACMILLAN AND CO
1893
f(
of
//33
PREFACE
IT is hoped that the following pages may be found to have
supplied an apparent deficiency in English numismatic
literature by furnishing an introduction to the more exact
and complete knowledge of the continental series of European
coins, and to an approximate estimate of what a collection
of such a nature embraces and represents. That a virtually
first attempt of this kind on a comprehensive scale will prove
more or less imperfect the writer foresees ; yet if it is sensibly
in advance of all former essays in the same .direction, it
cannot fail to be of some appreciable service.
It must be interesting alike to the English and American
student to note how very frequent are the points of affinity
and contact between the coins of Great Britain and those
here described ; and this is particularly the case with the
early productions of France, Spain, and the Low Countries.
The illustrations which accompany the volume have
been exclusively selected from examples in the possession
of the writer. In the choice made, the aim has been to
exhibit as far as possible typical specimens and coins recom-
mended by their historical or personal associations.
viii The Coins of Europe
The writer feels it to be an agreeable duty to express
his sincere acknowledgments for assistance and kindnesses
received to Lord Grantley, Messrs. Lincoln and Son of
Oxford Street, Mr. J. Schulman of Amersfoort, Messrs. Spink
and Son of Gracechurch Street and Piccadilly, and Mr. F.
Whelan (MM. Rollin and Feuardent).
BARNES COMMON, SURREY,
October 1893.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FACE
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . vii
INTRODUCTION . . . .. . . . . 2-66
General Interest of the Subject ..... i
The Medal, Jeton, and Token ..... 4
Magnitude of the Subject ' . . . . . . 6
Condition of Medieval Europe ' . . . . . 9
The Feudal System . . . . . . . 12
Order of Countries ....... 14-29
Germany . . . . . . . 15
Low Countries . . . . . . . 19
Northern States ...... 20
Italy ........ 20
Sicily ........ 21
France ........ 22
Spain . ./ . . . . . 24
Portugal ...... 27
Greece ........ 28
Mints and Currencies ...... 29
Nomenclature and Legends ...... 34
Notation of Value and Date ...... 42
Material employed for Coins ... 44
Money and Weight : heavy Swedish and Russian Coins . . 47
Metrology and Alloy ...... 50
Development of Types ..... 57
Formation of Cabinets . . 6 1
Arrangement of the present Work . . 64
CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN MINTS . 69
CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN DENOMINATIONS . 181
DATED LISTS OF EUROPEAN RULERS ..... 245
x The Loins of Europe
PAGE
DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN COINAGES . . . 295
GERMANY . . . /. . . . . 295
Westphalia ..... . 299
Rhenish Provinces ..... 300
Nassau . . .. . . 3O1
Lippe .... 301
Waldeck . . . • . . ' 301
Lichtenstein ..... 3O1
Hesse-Cassel .... 3°2
Darmstadt . . 3°3
Homburg . . 3°3
Frankfurt-am-Main . . 3°3
Hochberg . 3°3
Baden ... 3°3
Baden-Baden . 3°3
Durlach . . 3°3
Wurtemburg . . . 3°4
Bavaria ... • 3°5
The Palatinate . 3°7
Saxony . . . 3°9
Anhalt .... 3H
Schwarzburg . 3'5
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . 3*5
Reuss ... 315
Brunswick . . 3J6
Hanover . . 319
Oldenburgh . . 320
Holstein ... 321
Manse Towns . • 321
Mecklemburgh . 321
Pomerania . • 323
Brandenburgh . 324
Prussia . 32°
Posen . 329
Prussian Saxony 33°
Silesia . 33 1
AUSTRIA . . 332
Goritz ... 336
Istria and Carinthia . . 33^
Carniola ... • 337
Moravia . ... 337
Table of Contents xi
DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN COINAGES— continued. PAGE
Styria . . 337
Bohemia . . ... . . . 338
Dalmatia . . •,» . . . . 341
Hungary 341
Transylvania . . . . . . . 344
SWITZERLAND ....... 346
POLAND . . . . . . . . 352
Lithuania ....... 353
Knights of Livonia . . ... . . 355
Courland ....... 355
Cracow ........ 355
RUSSIA ........ 357
DANUBIAN PROVINCES ...... 362
Wallachia .... . . 362
Moldavia ....... 362
Roumania ....... 362
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . 364
Servia . . . . . . . . 365
Bosnia ........ 366
LATIN EMPIRE OF THE CRUSADERS .... 367
GREECE ........ 369
TURKEY IN EUROPE . . . . . . 371
NORTHERN KINGDOMS .... .371
Denmark . . . . . . .371
Sweden ........ 377
Norway ........ 382
THE Low COUNTRIES ...... 383
I. Belgium ..... -383
Brabant ....... 384
Loos and Rummen ..... 387
Liege ... 388
Limburg ...... 389
Luxemburgh ...... 389
Reckheim ...... 390
Flanders . . . . . 391
Hainault ...... 394
Artois ....... 395
xii The Coins of Europe
DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN COINAGES — continued. PAGE
Boulogne . ' . . . . . . 396
Saint-Pol . . . . . -396
Cambrai ....... 397
Herstal . ...'-398
Towns and Minor Fiefs ..... 39$
Kingdom of the Belgians . . 4O1
2. Holland. .... 4°2
Counts of Holland . . . 4°3
West Friesland . . 4°4
Gueldres ... 4°5
S' Heerenberg . . . 4°°
Utrecht ... 406
United Provinces .... 4°7
Towns in Holland . . 411
Batavian Republic ... 412
Kingdom of Holland . 412
the Netherlands 4!4
ITALY .... 4i8
The Ostrogoths . 4' 9
Lombards .' . . 419
Franks . 42O
Germans . . • 422
Republics and Principalities . 423
Popes . 424
Venice . 42°
Savoy . 432
Monaco . 43°
Florence or Tuscany . 43°
Other Italian Cities :— . 44 1
Bologna . 442
Ferrara . 44 2
Modena . 443
Reggio . 443
Mirandola . . 443
Monteferrnto . 444
Mantua . . 445
Milan . . 44°
Pesaro . . 449
Rimini . 45°
Parma • • 45°
Xlll
DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN COINAGES — continued.
Lucca
Genoa
Saluzzo
Franco- Italian Coins
Italian Kingdoms, 1805 and 1861
SOUTHERN ITALY .
Naples ....
Sicily
The Two Sicilies
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
FRANCE
Feudal Coinage of France
Normandy .
Aquitaine .
Guyenne
Poitou
Anjou
Maine
Viennois
Orange
Avignon ....
Saint-Martin de Tours
Substantion-Melgueil
Dombes
Brittany
Burgundy .
Lorraine and Bar ....
Alsace ....
Strasburgh .
Valois ... .
Bourbon
Bourbon-Montpensier
Coucy ....
Chateaumeillant
Moers ....
Chateauneuf
Turenne ....
Encre .....
SPAIN ....
Castile and Leon, etc. .
PAGE
452
453
455
455
456
457
457
458
460
461
464
485
490
49°
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
491
491
491
492
494
497
499
499
499
499
499
500
500
500
500
500
500
505
508
xiv The Coins of E^lrope
DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN COINAGES— continued. PAGE
PORTUGAL ......... 517
The Colonies ....... 527
Copper money ....... 530
Mints .... ... 531
Types . 531
Countermarks .... ... 532
Legends . , 533
Current series ....... 533
Rarities . . ..... 534
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Philip IV. of Spain : 50 reales struck at Segovia. Arg. . . Frontispiece
Brunswick : £ thaler, palm-tree type . . . . .85
Cuilemborg : 5 penningen, 1591 ...... 95
Groot of Jan van Arkel, Bishop of Utrecht, 1341-64 . . .96
Thaler of Joseph von Steebenburg, Bishop of Eichstadt, 1796 . . 100
Groningen : braspenning, 1593 ...... 109
Schilling of Hamburgh, 1763 . . . . . . in
4-ducat piece of Charles V. , 1528 . . . . . .113
Grand-duchy of Kief : denarius, loth c. . . . . .116
Double thaler of Brunswick-Llineburg, 1655 . . . .122
Denier of Maguelonne, 13th c. . . . . . .124
Mannheimergulden of 1608 . . . . . . .125
Mantua: obolo, Virgilius type, I3th c. ..... 125
Mayence : I kreutzer, i8th c. ...... 127
3 pfenningen, 1760 . . . . .127
Modena : 80 sesini in silver, 1728 . . . . . .132
Munster : 3 pfenningen, 1602 ...... 135
Lorraine : silver teston of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 1517 . . 1 36
pattern decime struck at Nancy, 1796 . . . .136
grande plaque of Marie de Blois, 1346-48 . . .136
Padua: copper piece of the 1 4th c. . . . . .141
Ragusa (Sicily) : copper piece of the nth- 1 2th c. .... 147
Salzburg: thaler of 1522 . . . . . . .156
Schlitz, Hesse-Darmstadt : thaler of 1660 . . . . .158
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt : \ sterbdenkthaler, 1670 . . . 159
Sienna : scudo di oro, wolf and twins type, I5th c. . . .161
Stockholm or of 1573 ....... 164
Zwolle : siege-piece of 1 596 . . . . . 1 79
Augustale of Frederic II., I3th c. . , . . . . 183
Centime of the First French Republic . . . . .189
xvi The Coins of Eiirope
PAGE
10 centimes of the Republic of Andorra, 1873 .... 189
Denier of Louis le Debonnaire : Christiana Religio type . . .190
of Eudes, King of France : Grati& Domini type . . 193
of Charlemagne . . . . ."-. ' . .194
Schaffhausen : dicken, 1633 . . . . . 195
Ferdinand II. of Germany: gold ducat, 1636 . ' ; . . 197
Sicilian follaro, I2th c. . . . . . . .201
Genoa : genovino di oro of Conrad type and period . . 202
Catherine II. of Russia : gold imperial, 1767 .... 207
Philip II. of Spain : copper jeton, 1582 ..... 208
Lepta of Greece and Ionian Isles, 1828-49 ..... 210
Louis XV. of France : louis d'or, 1717 ... . . . 212
Charles XII. of Sweden : i mark, 1716 ..... 214
Merovingian trientes . . . . . . .215
6 miten of Ghent, 1583-84 . ..... 216
Denier of inoneta palatina type . . . . .217
Obole of Charlemagne, struck at Melle . . . . .219
Switzerland: school prize-money of 1776 ..... 225
Bohemia: raitgroschen of 1583 ...... 227
Danari of Sanctus Vulttts type, 1 3th and 1 8th centuries . . . 230
Mantua: Di Quattro or 4 scudi di oro, I7th c. . . .231
Siege-piece of Vienna, 1529, in gold ..... 233
Lombard silica or half silica of the 7th c. . . . . . 233
Bavaria: thaler, 1825 . . . . . . . 238
Coins of the Wild Man type, 1741 and 1791 . . . 242
Mantua : silver coin of 1 564 ...... 269
Bavaria: gold piece (? 10 ducats) of 1598 ..... 306
Palatinate : gold florin of 1437 . . . . . % . 307
Niirnberg : gold florin of 1618 . . . . . . 309
Saxony: denarius, loth c. ... . . 310
gulden groschen, I5th c. . . . . 311
thaler, 1623 . ..... 311
Brunswick - Liineburg : triple thaler, 1657 ..... 317
thalers of 1668 and 1678 .... 318
Gold gulden, 1752 . ... 319
Osnabriick : 9 pfennigen, 1625 ... . . 320
Mecklemburgh : £ thaler of 1542 . . >- 322
thaler of Wallenstein, 1632 .... 323
Brandenburgh : thaler of 1549 . . 325
Prussian coins, I4th-i8th c. , 327
3 thaler of Frederic III. of Brandenburgh, 1693 .... 328
Mansfeld: thaler, 1532 .. . 330
List of Illustrations xvii'
PAGE
Stolberg : bracteate, I3th c. ...... 331
Gold florin, 1743 . . . . . 331
Coins of Austria and the Tyrol . . . . . . 335
Bohemia: esterling of John of Luxemburgh (1309-46) . . . 339
Joachimsthaler, 1525 . . ^, . . 339
Frederic V. Count Palatine, 24 kreutzer, 1620 . . . 340
Hungary: esterling of Andrew (1047-61) . ... . . 341
copper coin, I3th c. . . . . .- 341
gold florin of Matthias Corvinus . . . . 342
Transylvania : copper solidus, 1591 . . . . . 344
thaler, 1657 . 345
Switzerland : 32 franken, 1800 . . . . . . 348
thaler of Zurich, 1727 ... . 350
Polish coins, i6th-i8th c. . . . . . . . 354
Russia: coins of Peter the Great, 1707-24 ..... 360
coins (chiefly patterns), 1726-40 ..... 363
Servia : denarius of Stephen VII., 1336-56 .... 365
Denmark: esterling of nth c. ...... 373
double gold ducat, 1658 .... 374
silver klippe, 1648 . . . . 375
Sweden : Charles XII. daler, 1707 ...... 379
Swedish coins, i6th-i9th c. ...... 380
Coins of the Southern Netherlands ...... 393
Dutch East Indies ...... 409
Northern Netherlands . . . . . .413
Rulers of the Netherlands . . . . .415
Papal coins ......... 425
Venetian coins ....... 429, 431
Savoyard coins ........ 435
Coins of the Medici Family ..... 439-4°
Bologna: doppio scudo di oro of Giovanni I. Bentivoglio (1401-2) . 442
Ferrara : testone of Ercole I. D'Este (1475-1506) .... 442
Monteferrato : testone of Guglielmo, M. di M., 1494-1518 . . 444
Mantua : scudo di argento, 1622, George and Dragon type . . 446
Milanese coins ........ 448
Testone of Trivulzio family, 1 6th c., George and Dragon type . . 449
Pesaro : copper sesino of Gio. Sforza (1510) .... 449
Coins of Parma . . . . . . . .451
Lucca and Piombino . . . . . -453
Saluzzo : testone of Lodovico II., 1475-1502 .... 454
tallero or medaglia of Marguerite de Foix, his consort. 1516, by
Johann Clot . . . . . . • 454
xviii The Coins of Europe
PAGE
-Sicilian coins ........ 459
Coins of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, I4th-i8th c. . . 463
France : coins of Henry III. and IV. and Louis XIII. . . . 473
Louis XIV. and XV. . . . . . . 475
French Revolutionary coins, 1791-93 .... 477-8
Napoleon I., etc. . . . . . . . 481
Piece in lead of 1848 (? 10 centimes) . . . " 483
French feudal coins . . . . '. • . 501
Spain: blanca and dinhero of 151)1 c. ..... 510
Spanish coins, I3th-i8th c. . . . . . . . 513
Spain: Isabel II., 4 reales, 1839 . . . . ' . 515
3 cuartos, 1838 ...... 515
Portugal : cruzado di ouro, 1 5th c. . . . . . . 521
Dobra or dobrao, 1726 ...... 525
Pecunia Insulana, 1750 . . ... 529
Patacon or 40 reis of 1813 . . . . . 530
INTRODUCTION
I
THE unabated and general interest which the numismatic
systems and remains of the ancient Greeks and Romans have
commanded from time immemorial at the hands of all
persons with pretensions to culture and with a desire to
inform themselves of many features in the history and social
life of those two great and powerful nationalities, or rather
peoples, not to be found in ordinary books of reference, has
been of later years divided with the study and collection of
the coins belonging to the English and Scotish series ; and
the enthusiasm and curiosity manifested toward these two
classes of early money, if they were not quite so powerfully
justified by the intrinsic merit and the antiquity, were sup-
posed to be dictated by a sort of patriotism in the case of
Englishmen and Americans. A man who could not under-
stand the utility or wisdom of accumulating the currencies
of remote and extinct states was amenable to the plea for
that of his native land or of the " old country." Various
idiosyncrasies of course crept into this movement. Some
collectors of the new English or British school began at the
beginning, and persevered unflinchingly to the very end ;
some drew the line at the Stuarts, others commenced with
the Georges ; a certain number preferred gold, a certain
number silver, a few, copper only ; many were omnivorous.
The majority, however, were not very fastidious, so long as
a coin was legible and cheap. Here and there condition
^ t B
2 The Coins of Europe
was a postulate to a moderate extent ; in one or two
instances it was peremptory.
But for better and worse, under some or other circum-
stances, the taste and ardour for the British coins from the
earliest period to the present time — patterns and proofs
included — arose, and have been hitherto fairly maintained by
a succession of students or amateurs. The motive was
perhaps patriotic ; and it is not to be gainsaid that within
those lines are to be found many numismatic productions
alike of interest and merit, particularly among the Anglo-
Saxon pennies, the Tudor money, the Scotish coins of Mary
and her father, and of Charles I., and the chefs d'ceuvre of
Briot, Simon, Rawlins, Blondeau, and Wyon. Retro-
spectively, the English coinage, extending over about twenty
centuries (if we comprise the British money), will bear com-
parison with that of other countries, period by period ; but
it must be recollected that it was in some important aspects
indebted to external influences. Offa, King of Mercia, is
reputed to have employed Italian workmen ; the pennies of
Edward the Confessor and his Norman successor, in their
diversity and execution, betray a superior hand ; and the
names of some of the most prominent English moneyers,
Briot, Blondeau, Roettier, Pistrucci, Droz, are the names of
foreigners.1 Nor do we certainly know that the florin and
noble of Edward III. were the product of native artists. So
far as probability will carry us we should say that they were not.
There can be little doubt that Northern Germany or
Northern Holland was the source from which the moneyer,
in common with the printer and engraver, originally derived
his inspiration. Hence it was that, as learning and science
revived, and commerce and maritime adventure extended,
the barbarous and meagre productions of the imitators of
Roman and Byzantine work were replaced by numismatic
efforts of an independent and characteristic type, and that
Europe was furnished with trading tokens (inonetce) adapted
1 See also Nicholas Tyery's Proposals to Henry the Eighth for an Irish Coin-
age, inserted in a MS. French Handbook of the year 1526. 8vo, Cambridge,
1886. With illustrations of the coins.
Introduction 3
to the wants, feelings, and traditions of the communities into
which it was apportioned. The waves of Dutch and German
influence spread in all directions ; and the British Isles, from
their geographical position, and successive occupiers or
colonists, were peculiarly liable to the reception of foreign
suggestions from all quarters. Perhaps the utmost that is
capable of being urged in favour of the English series of
coins is that they are English. Of the hands which made
them we know, on the whole, too little to warrant us in going
much farther.
The titles which the coins of the European continent
have to our attention and regard are indeed strong and
manifold. That immense and extraordinary series contri-
butes, in a degree only to be appreciated on a more or less
intimate acquaintance, to the illustration both of the public
and inner life of a section of the globe which has been
infinitely more fruitful than any other in its achievements
and triumphs for the cause of human knowledge, progress,
and happiness. From the thirteenth century, when the
English currency had sensibly declined from the earlier
Norman standard, the mints of Central Europe and the Low
Countries were yielding an inexhaustible store of types
remarkable for invention and variety no less than for their
harmony with the atmosphere and costume of the country
of origin. A study of continental money of the mediaeval
and more modern eras admits us to an insight into innumer-
able points connected with political vicissitudes and changes,
religious aspirations and peculiarities, and social episodes, for
which we might vainly look elsewhere. The historian, the
artist, the philosopher, and the portrayer of sentiments and
usages, possess here a field of research even now very imper-
fectly explored and utilised. We ought to be thankful for
the light which is shed on features of bygone life throughout
an entire continent by thousands on thousands of these
monuments, each in its portrait, its legend, its motto, its
name, its very shape and material, telling some story of
the ages.
The Coins of Europe
II
Undoubtedly interesting and valuable as the Medal, the
Jeton, and the Token severally are as exponents and memo-
rials of past events and persons, the COIN may justly claim
a higher rank in our estimation and regard as less local, less
special, less flattering ; as more national, more continuous,
more realistic. It reflects in a greater degree and in a more
faithful manner the condition, progress, and feeling of the
community with which it is identified ; it passed from hand
to hand, from one district to another, from one extremity of
the world, perhaps, to the other extremity ; and this plea is
strengthened by the policy, first of the ancients, and subse-
quently of the continental powers, of blending the actual
currency with the medal and the jeton in that extensive
series of European numismatic monuments which the
Germans term munte-medaUlen, and which served the double
purpose of a coin and a medal by commemorating an
historical incident and by being at the same time stamped
with a value. Among these relics of former days are many
pieces of striking beauty and interest. They belong more
particularly to the German series.
The number of Coins entitled to rank under a variety of
categories as historical, biographical, or literary records, is
peculiarly large in the class with which we deal. The
European continent was so subdivided in an administrative
and numismatic respect under the old system that a far
larger proportion of individuals, who attained political
eminence, acquired, ipso facto, a title to a place among rulers
and strikers of money. It is not that we possess finely-
executed portraits of great sovereigns only, such as Charles V.,
Gustavus Adolphus, Peter the Great, Charles XII. of Sweden,
Frederic of Prussia, Maria Theresa, and Napoleon I. ; but
the privilege of coining, enjoyed by a host of petty feu-
datories, has transmitted to us an extensive gallery of
resemblances, the majority (when we have reached the Renais-
sance) lifelike in their treatment, which we should not in a
Introduction 5
more centralised constitution have had the opportunity of
seeing. Nearly all the seigniorial magnates of France,
Germany, and the Netherlands have been handed down to
us in this way, as they presented themselves to their con-
temporaries. It is something to be able in the thalers of
Mecklenburgh to realise ad vivum the lineaments of the great
Wallenstein ; in those of Transylvania we get the striking
effigy of Bethlen Gabor and the other independent wai-
wodes ; the feudal coinage of France and the Low Countries
presents us with the likeness of many a grand lady or
seigneur, of many a haughty and imperious prelate, in all
the pride of life and all the pomp of circumstance : the
Princes of the house of Medici — merchants and standard-
bearers of Florence before they sat upon the throne — are
here, and the Dukes of Parma, Modena, Milan, Mantua, and
Ferrara, almost breathing and speaking on the metallic discs
which received the impress of their features centuries ago ;
and we may take up a silver denier of Robert the Devil of
Normandy, or a ducat of Foscari or Faliero, equally fresh as
when they were submitted for approval.
Setting aside, however, the question of the relative claims
of these four classes of archaeological record, the varied
utility of each in elucidating the others is not to be forgotten
or ignored. Every possessor of a cabinet of antique coins
must be better qualified to conduct researches on that division
of the subject with greater ease and success if he has upon
his shelves the best modern books on the other three.
Obscure points or indistinct inscriptions on a German or
Italian medal are often susceptible of being explained by
some parallel or cognate characters or design on a coin or
jeton executed about the same period, possibly by the same
hand ; and the engraver of many pieces of money is only
known to us from the fact that he was also a medallist,
whose work is marked by his style, if not by his cypher.
The earliest efforts of some men, who subsequently attained
celebrity, were directed to die-sinking.1
1 Attention may be drawn to the interesting indications afforded by M.
Armand (Les Medailleurs Italiens, 1883-87, 3 vols. 8vo) of the intimate relation-
6 The Coins of Europe
It is manifestly a good deal more than the part of a
virtuoso or a dilettante to collect this rich assemblage of
unimpeachable memorials around one, and to investigate
them as aids to the formation of a true judgment of the
mighty and restless spirits which have in turn swayed and
shaped the fortunes of the European continent. The great
men and women who are portrayed or named by us in the
pages which succeed, lie, as it were, beneath our feet, dust to
dust, but the records of their lives are in our hands. The
man of letters, the poet, makes himself our contemporary
and the contemporary of all who are to come after us in a
different way ; we study him, converse with him, and measure
him in his books. But the statesman, the legislator, the
soldier, the orator, who lifted himself above his fellows, and
for whom mortality was too frail and too brief, relies on
other witnesses — the archive and the chronicle, the medal
and the canvas ; and how imperfectly the historical personages
of all countries would be realised to us if we were required
to content ourselves, as a rule, with the testimony of the
manuscript or printed page !
Of the material which has reached our hands for elucidat-
ing and verifying the transactions and occurrences of the
past, the coin and its posterior development, the medal, are
at once the most durable, the most trustworthy, the most
consecutive, and the most universal.
Ill
A survey for the first time of the feudal currencies of
mediaeval Europe is apt to awaken a feeling of dismay
and bewilderment. The distribution of authority, and the
relationship of the Crown to its great vassals, with their
common obligations to the Church, constitute a political life
and a social atmosphere diametrically opposed to prevail-
ship between the medal and coin. Almost all the fine work in both series in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is traceable to distinguished artists.
Introduction 7
ing ideas and possibilities. Everywhere we readily obtain
evidence of a dominant seigniorial caste, which often, or
indeed generally, survived broad territorial changes, and
transferred its allegiance from one sovereign or suzerain to
another. A royal or imperial dynasty disappeared ; but the
lower strata of the system practically remained : a warlike,
turbulent, despotic nobility and gentry which, in requital of
services rendered, enjoyed various lofty and enviable privileges,
among which not the least was the right, sometimes qualified,
sometimes absolute, of striking money for local or provincial
use. The clergy looked with favour on this concession ; for
the incidence of a mint was, it is not to be doubted, attended
by profit to the beneficiary ; and a proportion of the surplus
proceeds became a customary due receivable by the ecclesi-
astical incumbent. When, in process of time, the towns of
the Continent rose into consequence and power, a new form
of complication presented itself ; for within a restricted area
three monetary systems might be established, each on its
own basis and standard, — and it seems to have been the
exception when the urban authorities and the bishop or
abbot arrived at some amicable understanding, by which
a common currency served for both.
Nor was the practice of entering into conventions for
mutual security and accommodation one to which there was
a large or habitual recourse. The decentralising proposal,
which is at the present moment before the Swiss Govern-
ment after about forty years' trial of an uniform coinage,
helps us to comprehend the jealousy and distrust which pre-
cluded the numberless petty administrative centres of Europe,
both during and after the Middle Ages, from coming to any
accord with each other on such a topic as this.
The gradual and partial acceptance by communities of
approximately the same race and language of an interna-
tional principle in regard to money formed at once a source
of convenience and disadvantage ; the liability of the currency
of one or more members of the circle to reduction in standard
or value from financial exigencies and other causes necessarily
involved loss and embarrassment to the rest ; the state of
8 The Coins of Europe
political decentralisation under the feudal system,1 conferring
independent power for many subordinate purposes of govern-
ment on each petty state or division of territory, rendered
the correction of abuses in the currency almost impracticable ;
and it was this order of affairs which produced, on the one
hand, the extraordinary profusion of local mints with dis-
tinctive types and symbols, and on the other, to a very
limited extent, the introduction of convention -money of
true and definite assay.
It is certain that the expedient was not extensively tried,
although its efficacy was tested in the Low Countries, for
instance, in a variety of ways : as between a town and the
bishop or seigneur, or both ; as between certain towns ; as
between certain provinces, the vierlander and driclander being
two special types of the groat which were long admitted as
legal tenders in four or three of the states of the Netherlands
respectively.
The pioneers in this direction seem undoubtedly to have
been the Brabantines. John II. Count of Namur (1297-
1331) entered into an agreement on the one hand with
the Count of Flanders (1322-1 346) — him who fell at Crecy ;
and on the other, with John II. Duke of Brabant, as regarded
the common acceptance of two types of the groat.
It is almost obviously the volume and intricacy of the
seigniorial currency throughout the Continent which makes the
task in our hands one of any sort of difficulty. The royal or
imperial money is of course not free from features of obscurity
and doubt ; but the field is relatively contracted, and the re-
searches and discoveries of modern numismatists have reduced
this branch of the subject to a fairly clear method and order.
In the course of the last twenty or thirty years the inde-
fatigable labours of several distinguished scholars in nearly
every European country have brought to light extensive and
valuable additions to almost all series, and have rectified our
knowledge of the mints, moneyers, types, and places of origin,
of some pieces which were previously unassigned. A con-
siderable share of this gratifying progress, the fruit of a
1 See Cat. of Denominations, v. "Convention-Money."
Introduction 9
healthy emulation, is due to a patient and comparative study
of ancient records, by which the sites of former mints and the
names of the masters or engravers are ascertained, and coins
for the first time referred to their true sources. Such a
species of documentary testimony restores to notice the
names of many individuals otherwise forgotten, and of
localities for which we vainly search on ordinary maps.
The frequent changes of dynasty on the Continent
operated on the coinages in two distinct and opposite ways :
either in leading to an immediate issue of the new currency
with the name and titles of the fresh-comer, or to a continu-
ance of the former one from considerations of expediency.
The Romans, as the Greeks had done before them, set the
example of promptly suppressing the evidence and support
afforded by the money of a vanquished or deceased ruler ;
but in modern Europe, on the whole, the more sagacious
practice seems to have prevailed of allowing the familiar
name and emblems to survive, and of denoting the presence
of an altered constitution by some subsidiary token. The
Ostrogothic line in Italy adopted this policy, and during a
century or so merely placed their monograms on coins bear-
ing otherwise the old imperial types ; the portraits and titles
of the Merovingian house in France long outlived its actual
power ; the Norman Dukes of Apulia, in the money struck
at Gaeta, style themselves Consuls and Dukes without, as a
rule, inserting any name ; the great German and Italian
families, whose government was virtually absolute, contented
themselves with the nominal rank of imperial vicars ; and,
coming down to more recent days, even . Napoleon I. sat
upon the throne many years before his coinage parted with
all its republican significance.
IV
To realise the numismatic history of a group of countries
we have to begin by studying the political, social, and topo-
graphical state of the region affected and described. The
io The Coins of Europe
far more limited population of Europe, even down to the
close of the eighteenth century, the large area of forest and
other waste lands, and the difficulty of intercourse, favoured
the growth and consolidation of a feudal system under
which an almost innumerable body of chieftains, secular
and ecclesiastic, exercised within local precincts an authority
dependent only on the imperial or royal prerogative.
Where communication was so slow and precarious, and
all appliances, military and mechanical, so defective, the
control of the emperor or king was practically restricted to
services in peace or war ; there was no central or direct
power in the modern sense ; and the head of the state
was virtually little more than a suzerain, who did not
interfere in the relations between his tenants-in-chief and
their vassals even in the performance of some acts of
sovereignty. Of these acts the coinage of money for
circulation within a specified radius was the most important,
most cherished, and most decisive ; and while in certain
instances the legends acknowledged the jurisdiction of a
superior lord, in some there was no symptom of qualified
autonomy.1
It is to be apprehended that, in the case of the minor
townships on the Continent, the right of coinage was not
only limited to a definite area, but to the base metal and
low denominations. The money was in fact a local token.
On the other hand, we have to remember the vast or stealthy
changes which have affected the prosperity, if not the very
existence, of a large number of seats of government and
centres of industry, insomuch that instances might be pro-
duced of places which were formerly prominent royal or
seigniorial mints, and are at present obscure and lifeless
hamlets, while there are a few, proved to have been licensed
seats of coinage, of which no examples have been recovered
or identified.
1 The ancient system of partition of authority, on a similar principle, among
a number of petty princes, and the parallel assertion of suzerainty by some indi-
vidual potentate, may explain the grandiloquent terms found on the coinage of
Parthia and Bactria, and retained at the present time by more than one Eastern
sovereign.
Introduction 1 1
A scrutiny of the carefully -prepared charts which we
have of the periodical development of Western Europe will
shew us the difficulty and importance of keeping always in
mind the difference between the mediaeval and later bound-
aries of states and the numerous changes which have taken
place in topographical nomenclature. The series of com-
parative maps introduced into Bouillet's Atlas Universel,
1872, helps to illustrate the distribution of territory and the
changes of frontier from the sixth to the sixteenth century.
At the latter point of time, while the internal political fabric
and economy were still largely preserved, the confines of the
principal countries had been settled on modern lines. We
are apt to forget, till we reflect, that the former divisions of
the Continent were often not conterminous with their more
recent or present namesakes ; so extensive has been the
survival of old geographical terms.
The maps of France exhibit a progressive extension of
territory from 511, the date of the death of Clovis, to 1483,
that of the death of Louis XI. Germany did not comprise
Prussia and much of the existing German Empire. Prussia
partly belonged to Poland, and partly to Brandenburgh.
The kings of Poland ruled over a considerable portion both
of Prussia and of Russia. The province of Burgundy,
which belongs to France, and was once a feudal appanage of
that monarchy, importantly differs from the great Duchy of
Charles the Bold. The early Dukes of Muscovy owned a very
small proportion even of the dominions of Peter the Great.
The Counts of Flanders were virtually absolute masters of a
feudal area, to which the constitutional kingdom of Belgium
bears a very imperfect relationship. The Counts of Holland
exercised a sovereignty restricted to the province so owned ;
and while the actual kingdom of the Netherlands embraces
only a portion of them, the Napoleonic kingdom of Holland
comprehended more than the whole.
The Europe at which we are looking is not only
superficially but chronologically of vast extent. In a
geographical sense it reaches from one end of the Continent
to the other ; and in a political one its two extremities touch
1 2 The Coins of Europe
the Roman empire on the east and the world in which we
actually move. Centuries posterior to the commencement
of our story, Byzantine emperors sat on the throne of
Valens ; at the point of time where we begin Italy and
Spain were slowly emerging from barbarism under Greek
and Moorish influence ; and the republic of Venice was
founded. But Britain and Gaul were inhabited by savage
tribes, whose rulers styled themselves kings; Germany had not
yet felt the beneficial influence of Prankish conquest ; and
the Slavonic and Scandinavian peoples were as unknown
to the inhabitants of the West as the natives of Australia or
the aboriginal dwellers on the Hudson. We are witnesses
to the rise, decline, and fall of empires, of which the
magnitude was fatal to a weaker head and hand than those
of the founder, if not to himself ; and we conclude our view
in the presence of the blessings and evils of the most
advanced Western civilisation.
Of every development and vicissitude the currency
of countries has been a partaker and a memorial ; and of
many minor or subsidiary events it is often the sole surviving
annalist.
The feudal system, as we are aware, existed in a most
flourishing condition throughout the Continent during the
whole period covered by the following pages ; and whatever
abuses may have attended it in its operation on the
community, the gain which it has brought to the numis-
matist is positively immense. We have only to contemplate
the uniform and inarticulate currencies of quite modern days,
on what are conventionally termed imperial lines, to perceive
how barren of import and attraction the present undertaking
would have been if such a condition of things had always
been a possibility.
The French Revolution shook the system to its base
throughout Western Europe, and the Napoleonic regime still
farther tended to obliterate ancient landmarks and to favour
Introdiiction \ 3
centralisation. Although the old seigniorial principle
remained or revived after the close of the last century to a
certain extent, the fundamental changes in France itself,
and the rise of new political ideas, combined to draw an
indelible line between the past and the present, and our
inquiry mainly parts with its interest where the former order
of things may be regarded as having come to a practical
termination. The prosaic tenor of latter-day numismatic
history and art is incapable of yielding much scope for
useful or agreeable reflection. On the contrary, how
extremely interesting and instructive it becomes to study
and consider in every part of feudal Europe the almost
numberless groups or clusters of minor sovereignties,
subordinate to the Crown in a very limited sense and degree,
and exercising within their own confines an authority more
untrammelled than that of existing constitutional princes of
the highest rank. The Continent, parcelled out among the
tenants-in-chief of the emperor or king of a given zone or
circle, and governed for all internal and municipal purposes
by laws and ordinances which varied and conflicted at every
frontier and within short distances, presented a spectacle
which can never return, and of which we can acquire a
knowledge only through literary and other monuments. It
was a political condition, slowly evolving from primaeval forest
and village life, until it developed by the usual agencies
into a sort of network, and overspread the entire area from
the Atlantic to the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains,
and from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean, with a
host of petty lordships, alike independent and jealous one of
the other. Those which lay in proximity might speak the
same language, cultivate the same soil, and serve the same
suzerain in peace and in war ; but the obstacles to central
control, as well as to mutual intercourse, were incredibly
great, and each little community grew in course of time
virtually autonomous. If it had, as was frequently the case,
a prolonged duration and a prosperous career, it was
undoubtedly very far from fulfilling our ideal of what public
and private life should be ; but all the more for that reason
14 The Coins of Europe
it built up an organisation in which, by the light of available
records, we at this moment are enabled to realise a picture,
impressive and captivating if only by contrast. For it is
precisely in this narrow localisation that we have to seek
peculiar types of thought and production ; and in the
absence of such a system of tenure and service we should
have lost nearly all that is most precious to us in mediaeval
costume, symbolism, portraiture, dramatic incident, and, by
no means least of all, monetary examples.
VI
The determination of the order in which the several
countries of Europe should be treated, naturally introduced
to the mind of the writer the apposite and relevant question
as to the centre and cradle of numismatic renaissance in the
Western hemisphere. In the first place, the almost universal
circulation of the ancient Greek and Roman currencies
offered to the primitive European moneyer a rich choice of
prototypes, and led, as we know, to feeble imitations of the
Macedonian stater in Britain, and of the small brass coinage
of Rome and the Phocaean silver in Gaul, if indeed, which is
still a dubious point, the Briton was not directly indebted
for the idea of the Greek model to his immediate
neighbour across the Channel. Secondly, the vastly
influential result to civilisation of the successive settlements
of the Arabs and Moors in Spain, and of the Greeks,
Northmen, Arabs, French, and Spaniards in Southern Italy
and Sicily, embraced the modification of the currency in
vogue in all these regions ; and the Crusaders had their
share in bringing under notice, and recommending to
adoption, the characters and designs on Eastern money,
sometimes, as in the case of the French gros tournois,
following, without signal fitness or felicity, the lines of the
Arabic dirliem, supposed to have been brought by Louis IX.
from the Holy Land, yet more probably introduced into
Introduction 1 5
France by the Arabs or Moorish occupiers of Franco-Spanish
territory during a protracted lapse of time.
The tendency of copyists in all ages has been to
degenerate, as they proceeded, from their originals. Progress
and improvement can only be expected from the exercise of
thought and taste and their judicious adaptation to existing
circumstances ; and it may be predicated of almost all the
attempts, even in the best period of Italian art, to reproduce
classical subjects, that they are unfortunate or at least
imperfect. The happiest efforts of the modern moneyer in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were in portraiture,
heraldry, and costume, because he rendered what he saw
before him, and rendered it admirably, whereas in the
manipulation of fables or objects depicted on Greek work of
the best and purest period by mediaeval artists even of
approved skill and repute, we can discern at most nothing
more than an inferior revival of what had been given to the
world a thousand years before.
Venturing to assume that the fountain of the modern
numismatic revival about the sixth century was somewhere
in Northern Germany or Northern Holland, the writer has
made the former country, including Switzerland, Poland,
Russia, etc., his starting-point, and has allowed the Nether-
lands to follow next in order. The precedence accorded
to Germany seemed to render it convenient to trace the
Teutonic influence, so far as it went, and to include in the first
division or group of districts those, such as Russia, Servia,
Bulgaria, where in the first place the Byzantine, and finally
the Western types, prevailed. Although the Swiss subse-
quently adopted French models and denominations, their
earliest numismatic culture and sympathy were German,
and the source of the civilisation and refinement of Inde-
pendent Poland is to be found in the same direction through
the political relationship of that kingdom at the outset to
the margravate of Brandenburgh and to Prussia. The Mus-
covite moneyers received their elementary education when
Moscow became the capital, and the old Greek patterns fell
out of favour, from the Poles and Hungarians.
1 6 The Coins of Europe
Germany naturally divides itself into North and South ;
and in the latter are comprised the former kingdoms of
Bohemia and Hungary, and the principality of Transylvania,
each of which of course possessed during centuries an autono-
mous coinage of a very varied and interesting character.
Austria itself is entitled to the honour of having produced
the earliest dated thalers, commencing with the schauthaler,
which commemorates the marriage of Maximilian I. and
Mary of Burgundy in 1477. The Transylvanian series is
particularly curious from the portraits of the waiwodes
or princes, and the singular head-dress of some of them — an
invariable feature of it being the aigret or heron's crest.
In the North, Saxony yields an unique succession of
portrait-thalers, and Brunswick in its several branches, though
more especially that of Luneburg, is remarkable for its artistic
contributions to the numismatic stores of the Fatherland.
The influence of the first-named region on that of Branden-
burgh was attended by very important results in consequence
of the intimate and permanent alliance between the mar-
gravate and Prussia, and between Prussia and Poland. The
issue of large silver money appears to have begun in Austria
and Saxony almost concurrently, if the gulden groschen with
the portrait of Frederic the Wise (1486-1500) is to be
accepted as the first experiment in the latter country.
On the other hand, Brunswick, from its numerous grand
alliances in a variety of directions during the Middle Ages,
may be held to have played a very leading part in determin-
ing the types not only of neighbouring states, but of those
at a distance ; and the extension of the rule of the Frankish
and German emperors of the Carlovingian and later dynasties
over a considerable portion of Italy was necessarily productive
of a certain degree of monetary conformity on the part of
the Peninsula to Teutonic treatment and feeling.
The Italian trading communities, such as Venice, Genoa,
and Pisa, exercised an influence in the same direction by
spreading, wherever their ships penetrated, or their colonies
established themselves, an acquaintance with the monetary
medium employed at home. This agency may explain a
Introduction 1 7
certain resemblance in fabric and design between the Lombard
denaro, of which so many varieties existed in the Peninsula,
and the mediaeval currency of regions so far apart as France
and Armenia. But with both the Venetians became familiar
in the Middle Ages. A Venetian settlement was formed at
Limoges in 977 ;l and in the beginning of the fourteenth
century the republic contracted a mercantile treaty with Leo
I., King of Armenia. The coinages of feudal France and
many of the small pieces struck under Leo II. and his suc-
cessors appear to shew the ascendency of the same Italo-
Teutonic genius.
There is a striking general resemblance among the entire
family of ancient European coins, always excepting those
which we owe to temporary Byzantine or Oriental inspira-
tion ; and the reason may be, that the Continent was prin-
cipally indebted for its primitive currency to a Teutonic
germ, undoubtedly traceable to Roman or Greek prototypes,
and gradually developed by the revival of art and mechanical
knowledge. Many of the coins of the Medici, Gonzaga, and
Farnese families in Italy, for instance, are beyond question
very fine specimens of the moneyer's skill ; and nothing can
be bolder, freer, and more characteristic than some of those
of the fifteenth century, or even of the first half of the
sixteenth, which appeared at Milan and Ferrara under
Visconti and D'Este rule ; but we must recollect that the
Germans have it in their power to point to such superb
productions as the Maximilian thaler of 1479, the Klappe-
miinze or gulden groschen of Frederic the Wise of Saxony,
and the two later Maximilian thalers.
The great initiative, in short, is, so far as we can see or
judge, ascribable to Northern Germany, whose skilled opera-
tives had before them, perhaps, the same patterns as those
employed by the so-called Merovingian moneyers, and
already in the former moiety of the ninth century had
learned to execute pieces of a distinctly improved character
at Durstede and other Merovingian mints, as we are able to
infer from a large number of extant monuments in the shape
1 See Hazlitt's Venetian Republic, 1860, iv. 234-238.
C
1 8 The Coins of Europe
of deniers, first of the original Prankish type, and secondly
of the less archaic one belonging to the later years of
Charlemagne, with which the French silver currency prac-
tically commenced under Charles le Chauve.
The German series in its wealth of portraiture, and the
singularly strong personality of many of its larger silver
coins, \sfaciUprinceps. There was a manifest aim on the
part of those who controlled the designs for the currency to
profit to the utmost extent and at every opportunity by the
advantage which was undoubtedly discerned in popularising
the likenesses of reigning families ; and even on pieces of
the smallest module we find the portrait of the sovereign
introduced. Of all the Teutonic nationalities, however,
Saxony through its length and breadth carried this principle
the farthest : on several of the thalers of the ancient dukedom
proper it is not unusual to meet with three or four portraits,
representing the prince himself and his brother or cousins
in a variety of positions; and one of Saxe- Weimar, 1615,
bears the bell, we believe, in possessing the maximum of eight
effigies — those of Johann Ernst and his seven brothers — an
absolute gallery of family portraits within an extremely
moderate compass.
We prefer to see in such a practice more than meaning-
less self-assertion or vainglory. It was rather a method,
agreeable to the spirit and possibilities of the time, of identi-
fying and recognising the members of the reigning family,
and of bringing their resemblances ' before the eyes of the
people in the readiest and most frequent manner.
In venturing upon such a high estimate of German
excellence in this direction, we must remember that that
country was only carrying into a cognate and collateral
field its noble achievements in wood-engraving ; nor do we
lose sight of the early Italian school of numismatic and
medallic art, for the close relationship between Italy and
Germany under the imperial system from the time of Char-
lemagne produced a community of taste and treatment easily
recognisable on the coinages of the two nations, both in
regard to portraiture and costume.
Introduction 1 9
VII
The Low Countries, numismatically considered, fall at
different periods under four successive systems of divisional
or other treatment: namely, I, the ancient feudal States;
2, the United Provinces ; 3, the Kingdom of Holland ; 4,
the Kingdom of the Netherlands. For our immediate object
the first period is immeasurably the most important, and the
two monarchical eras the least so. Such space as it is in
our power to allot will therefore be chiefly occupied by a
sketch, sufficient, it is to be hoped, to guide our readers, of
the long and extensive series of virtually autonomous coinage
with and without the imperial titles, struck between the
eighth and sixteenth centuries by the Counts and Dukes
of Gueldres ; the Counts of Holland and West Friesland ; the
Bishops of Utrecht, Daventer, and Lie"ge ; the Counts of
Flanders, Hainault, and Namur ; the Dukes of Luxemburgh,
and a host of subsidiary personages ; no less than by such
towns as Nimmhegen, Daventer, Campen, Zwolle, Maestricht,
Ghent, Antwerp, Tournay, and Bois-le-Duc.
The consolidation of the Netherlands into provinces,
concurrently with the cruel and protracted struggle against
foreign invaders, introduced a new monetary epoch, which
possesses its own strong and often painful interest, and
which in reality was brought to a close only in the present
century on the establishment of the existing forms of govern-
ment in Holland and Belgium respectively.
Certain general features of similarity in fabric, linear
disposition, and the treatment of the Cross as an auxiliary
between some of the Carlovingian coins of bath types, the
coeval Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies, and the
silver money published by the eleventh century rulers of
Denmark and Norway, are apt' to awaken curiosity and
speculation. The subject is a very obscure and complicated
one ; and the differences of judgment among the best and
latest authorities upon it may warrant us in declining to
enter into the argument in more than a passing way.
2O The Coins of Europe
The constant intercourse of the sea-rovers of the North,
by whatever name they might be known — Saxons, Danes,
or Jutes — with the British Isles might serve to account for
the introduction into England of such money as they had in
use from time to time and the loan of suggestions from
it. In the course of their dealings and depredations these
adventurers naturally came in contact with the money of
different countries, and parted. with it in exchange; and a
second channel for this sort of influence was France, whence
the Britons had been borrowers of numismatic patterns and
symbols from the most remote period, and with which there
was a steady commerce. The money coined by Pepin le
Bref and Charlemagne in the second half of the eighth
century, and that issued by the latter on an improved or at
least altered model toward the close of the reign, were
equally of Teutonic origin, and with the various Merovingian
types and even certain hints from the inscribed British gold
pieces of Cunobeline, Verica, and others, constituted the
material from which the Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and,
last of all, the successors of Canute II. in Denmark, derived
their own productions. The coinage of the kings of Mercia
exhibits in a very marked manner the diversified form of
the Cross, till the original conception was lost and forgotten ;
and there can be no reasonable doubt that the Anglo-Danish
monarchs or their mint-masters in the eleventh century were
indebted to English prototypes for those artistic and graceful
pennies which belong to the reigns of Magnus and Sweyn
II., and which vary alike from the Teutonic taste and from
the primitive Swedish mintage.
Italy, like Germany, is susceptible of treatment under
two grand sections, the Northern, including Lombardy, and
the Southern, comprising Sicily, or in other words, the Two
Sicilies, and with these Savoy may be most appropriately
grouped, not only on geographical and political, but on
artistic, grounds.
In Northern Italy we have to deal with at least four
classes of coinage : i , the money issued in the name of the
Gothic, Lombard, and other early conquerors ; 2, the
Introduction
2 I
autonomous coins of the republics and states gradually
formed within those limits ; 3, the money of the French,
Spanish, and Austrian occupiers ; and 4, that of the two
kingdoms as constituted in 1804 and 1860, of which the
latter at all events removed the stigma conveyed in the
epigram describing Italy as " a geographical expression."
The foundations of the monetary systems of Northern
Italy were almost undoubtedly German or Teutonic, and
were far less indebted to classical suggestion and Oriental
feeling than the southern portion, or than the region within
which the Merovingian family of gold tricntes circulated.
Ages elapsed before the Venetians resorted to Byzantine
models ; the latest researches have identified twenty - four
varieties of the denier or danaro produced under imperial
control from the ninth to the twelfth century ; and the
other portions of this division of the Peninsula conducted
their transactions where specie was demanded with descrip-
tions of money on which there is no distinct trace of Greek,
Roman, or Oriental taste. At the period of the Renaissance,
the autonomous currency of some of the states exhibited
proofs of the study and appreciation of ancient numismatic
art, modified by contemporary requirements ; but the noble
examples of medallic work, produced by such men as
Leonardo da Vinci, Pisanello, Francia, and Cellini, under
the auspices of generous patrons, were virtually as original
as any of the other cinquecento masterpieces in oil, marble,
or bronze. These great artists, instead of servilely and
unskilfully copying the coins of the ancients, as the British,
Gaulish, and Merovingian moneyers had severally done,
sought to shew the world that they could equal if not
surpass them.
With the South, including Sicily, the case stood some-
what differently, owing to the Lombard settlement in the
sixth century at Beneventum and the adoption of Mero-
vingian patterns, and to the successive conquests of Sicily and
Apulia by the Arabs, the Normans, the French, the Spaniards,
as well as by the Germans. These great and frequent
political changes could not be unattended by striking numis-
22 The Coins of Europe
matic effects and by the presence on the same soil in
course of time of coins commemorative of each nationality
which had taken its turn in occupying and governing the
territory ; for the earliest care of a conqueror was to secure
the distribution of monetary tokens of his jurisdiction, if not
of his personality. We accordingly find on the mediaeval
Sicilian series between the sixth and sixteenth centuries,
instead of the purely Teutonic types current in the northern
portion, a chronological memorial of all the vicissitudes
undergone by the country during this long lapse of time,
local emblems accompanied by the names, legends, and
mottoes of foreign masters, and under the Normans (1085-
I 200) even pronounced Arabic workmanship with bilingual
inscriptions.
VIII
As we have made Switzerland and the Low Countries
fall under the German group of districts, we now pass over
into FRANCE, where we without much difficulty perceive a
very wide field and a very extensive, as well as varied, body
of material. What is now recognised as exclusively French
ground has been trodden and held by Greek, Roman, Gaul,
Visigoth, Frank, Breton, and Norman, all of whom have left
their footprints and their contributions to its archaeology and
history. The boundaries of this fair and fertile region since
the mediaeval era have been repeatedly exposed to modifica-
tion by the fortune of war or the force of circumstances ;
the royal authority in many important respects has been
shared with feudal potentates, all of whom claimed local
supremacy ; while a few were almost as powerful as the
Crown itself; and among the pretensions which these
magnates, alike secular and ecclesiastical, advanced and
valued, not the least was that of coining their own money.
The product of such a system prevailing over so wide an
area through so lengthened a term is the survival of an
enormous volume of currency in all metals, of all types, and
of innumerable denominations. Leaving out of account the
Introduction 2 3
numismatic annals prior to the Gauls, the regal and seigniorial
coinage of France has formed the subject-matter of a small
library of descriptive and critical literature, and embraces,
besides an unusually rich assortment of essais or patterns, a
store of rarities in the Merovingian, Franco -Italian, and
other sections, more than sufficient to engross the lifetime
and resources of the most enthusiastic and opulent collector.
Opening the series with the Merovingian princes, who
struck gold money at Paris, St. Lo, and elsewhere between
the fifth and eighth centuries (480-750), we pass to their
successors in authority, the Carlovingian and Capetian races
(7 5 O'1 328), with which we have to associate a very large,
long-lived, and varied body of money, chiefly billon and
copper, issued by the grand and minor feudatories of France
from the mediaeval era to the French Revolution. Among
these royal and seigniorial currencies there is an abundance
of material for study and a fair number of rarities, although
the difficulty of procuring ancient French coins sensibly
declines after the Merovingian epoch. The house of Valois,
founded by Charles of Valois, "the son, brother, and father
of kings, though never himself a king," lasted from 1328 to
1574, and is remarkable from two points of view, for the
Anglo-Gallic group of coins produced by the dispute for the
succession with England, and mostly struck at Rouen and
Bordeaux, and for the Franco-Italian one, struck at a variety
of places. The latter are among the most difficult to obtain
in fine state of all the French money of this period ; and
even of the Anglo-Gallic pieces some are rare, as will be
hereafter specified. But, as we have elsewhere noted, the
coins in billon and silver of the later Valois and of Henry
IV. are particularly ill-struck and ill-preserved.
The Bourbons occupied the French throne during three
centuries in the persons of five monarchs, of whom three
reigned 164 years. Very few features of interest can be
mentioned as belonging to this long lapse of time. There
was nothing beyond the reform of the gold and silver coinage
quite at the close of the reign of Louis XIII. (1640-41), the
issue of the Franco-Spanish money, and a limited colonial
24 The Coins of Europe
series, and the continuation of the very striking deniers and
double tournois in copper, which had been commenced under
Henry III., and remained in use till they were replaced by
the Hard and the sol. They are, which seems curious, far
more carefully struck than some of the higher denominations.
The operations of the French mints during the revolu-
tionary era and under the First Republic deserve attentive
consideration, and included several patterns, novel termin-
ology, countermarked pieces, and hybrid productions between
the assignat and the current coin. It was then that the
earliest centime appeared, and the modern type of the franc ;
but the Republic limited itself to a piece of 5 francs, just as
it issued 6 livres in silver and 24 livres in gold, yet no unit.
A few words on the coinage of Napoleon I. will be all
that the circumstances render necessary. The most note-
worthy specimens connected with Napoleon himself are the
presumed patterns for a sol or a piece of 5 centimes struck
by Gengembre in 1802, with the earliest portrait of the First
Consul, the loo francs, and the silver type of 1807 (t£te de
negre}> which does not seem to have gone beyond the circula-
tion of the ^ franc. The bust of the emperor somewhat
resembles in style that on his Italian currency.
The feudal money, which was current in parts of France
down to comparatively modern times, comprises many pro-
ductions of artistic merit and historical importance, and is a
series of vast extent. It divides itself, in common with that
of Germany and the Low Countries, into two principal
sections, Lay and Ecclesiastical, of which the latter offers to
view the coinage of archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priors,
and the former exhibits a limited number of grand fiefs of
the Crown, such as Brittany, Normandy, and Burgundy,
with a long roll of names of minor dependencies, each
in many respects self-governing and jealous of interference
or control. With such a political fabric the English found
it an easy task to deal when the war of succession between
Edward III. and the Valois dynasty commenced about 1340.
The origin of the SPANISH coinage is to be found in the
Gothic conquest and occupation of Spain, Portugal, and a
Introduction 2 5
portion of France from the commencement of the fifth to
that of the eighth century. Italy, France, and the Peninsula
were in fact colonised by Northmen — Vandals, Huns, Goths
—just as England received in turn settlers from the same
part of Europe, variously designated Danes and Saxons.
But in the case of Spain the Gothic influence and rule were
supplanted at a very early date by a circumstance which
completely changed and permanently affected the fortune of
the country. In the opening years of the eighth century it
became the object of a Mohammedan invasion, and down to
the close of the fifteenth it remained the seat of what is
known as the Moorish power. This new element in the
religious and political constitution, which from the long
anterior migration of the Goths or Vandals of Spain to
Morocco was probably of a very mixed character, limited
its domination to Cordova and Granada, and side by side
with it — -in Arragon, in Navarre, in Asturias or Oviedo,
Leon and Castile, and even in Galicia and elsewhere —
separate governments rose and flourished ; and after many
changes the whole was only eventually united under Fer-
dinand and Isabella in the beginning of the fifteenth century.
These successive changes and fusions unavoidably in-
volved a correspondingly complex and voluminous numis-
matic chronicle, of which, in a general manual, an outline,
drawing attention to features and points of particular interest
to the student or the collector, is all that is readily feasible.
IX
It is probable that very few specimens of the extremely
debased form of the Merovingian type, known as the Visi-
gothic, and remarkable only as existing both in gold and
silver, and of the currency of the Moorish emirs and kings
of Granada, will satisfy the taste or enthusiasm of the
majority. The two constitute a large body of coins, of
course totally distinct from each other, and are in many
instances of the utmost rarity. They are interesting, how-
26 The Coins of Europe
ever, from the presence among them of certain dated
examples, which are entitled to rank as the earliest attempts
of the kind. But slight progress is perceptible in the style
and execution of the money, even when we arrive at the
eleventh century, and examine the types in use in Arragon
and in Leon and Castile ; and it was not till the close of the
thirteenth that a marked improvement occurred in the pro-
ducts of these mints, and that we discern the beneficial
results of combined Gothic and French influence.
The numismatic system of Leon and Castile appears
to have been somewhat irregular. Some pieces bear the lion,
others the castle, alone, while a third variety unites those
symbols. It is likely enough that there were special coin-
ages for the two divisions of the kingdom.
The armorial bearing or cognisance on some of the
early silver pieces of these provinces exhibits a curious
anomaly and contradiction in the shape of a rampant lion,
although on the other side the true etymology of the name
of the former province presents itself in the word Legio. A
coin of Alfonso X. (1252-84) has the legend disposed in
a then novel linear fashion ; and one of John II. (1406-54),
in whose reign commenced a currency in a sort of metal
resembling copper, adopted the lamb and flag of the French
moutons (for, and, like the maravedioi Ferdinand and Isabella,
the initial of the monarch, crowned, on the other side.
The money peculiar to Arragon, prior to its amalgamation
with the remainder of Spain, is found as far back as the
thirteenth century with the distinctive emblems of the Barce-
lona mint, the pellets and annulets in the alternate angles of
the Cross on the reverse ; and from the same period we have
a series of characteristic portraits of the reigning princes.
On the whole, the strange vicissitudes which Spain
underwent are tolerably legible in the variant character of
her coinage while she remained the home of so many
successive or contemporary races. Visigothic Northman,
Moorish Goth (descendant of Genseric and his fellow-emi-
grants), Celt, Provencal, Frenchman, left their mark in turn
on her institutions of all kinds. During the Visigothic era
Introduction 2 7
her frontier extended far into France. Toward the end of
the thirteenth century Navarre lapsed by the marriage of an
heiress to the French, and continued to be an appanage of
that kingdom till the extinction of the Capetian line. But
although Ferdinand and Isabella augmented the heraldic
cognisance with the arms of those provinces which they were
the first to reduce to submission, if not to uniformity of
government, their successors down to the period of the
Republic of 1869 renounced all but the ancient quartered
insignia of Leon and Castile.
At the same time, pronounced individuality of character
will be discerned in the several branches of this group of
productions, both during the coexistence of more than one
autonomous state on Spanish soil and after the consolida-
tion into one monarchy by Ferdinand and his consort.
Some of the earlier gold coins, such as those of Peter the
Cruel (1350-69), are coveted on account of their rarity.
The Spanish copper coins may be commended to notice
as a peculiarly rich field for the amateur who desires curious
specimens at a moderate cost. Starting with the reign of
John II. (1406-54) he will find it possible to possess an
almost consecutive assemblage of specimens and types to
the present day, including the special currency for Pampeluna,
the siege pieces of the Peninsular struggle, 1808-1809, and
the colonial money. The larger proportion of the ordinary
coins are very poorly executed and very roughly struck, and,
when they are in pristine state, do not offer a very inviting
appearance, especially where they are countermarked.
The numismatic history of PORTUGAL appears to date
from the eleventh century, when that extremity of the
Peninsula was already under the government of independent
and hereditary counts. These in the person of Alfonso I.
(1139-85) assumed the royal title after a victory over the
Moors of Granada. In the course of three hundred years the
country, under the auspices of several wise administrators,
and through the spirit of maritime discovery, rose by steady
degrees to the rank of a first-rate European power. From
1 5 80 to 1 640 its fortunes were bound up with those of
28 The Coins of Europe
Spain ; but the zenith of its commercial prosperity and
political importance had been long reached when Philip II.
annexed it to his dominions. Subsequently to the revolution
of 1640, by which Portuguese independence was restored,
and John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king as John
IV., the annals yield very few incidents of intere'st to the
numismatist.
The coinage of the Portuguese is infinitely less intricate
than that of Spain for obvious reasons. There is merely the
usual currency of the counts and kings, supplemented by
that established during the sixty years of Spanish sway, and
by the money struck for Brazil and other colonies. The
most conspicuous features in the series are: I, the heavy
gold pieces, commencing at an unusually early period —
about 1521 — and preserving their continuity down to the
middle of the last century, while the national wealth still
outlived the wealth-earning power; and 2, the Spanish
money issued in the names of Philip II. and his two suc-
cessors, some of which is of the most uncommon occurrence.
The coins of John IV. and Alfonso VII. (1640-67) are also
difficult to procure in desirable preservation. Respecting the
more modern numismatic productions there is nothing special
to note. Some account of these will be furnished hereafter,
as well as of the coinage for Brazil, Goa, Guinea, Terceira,
Madeira, and the Azores. As far back as the closing years
of the fifteenth century some of the ordinary money of John
II. (1481-95) and Emmanuel (1495-1521) describe them
as Lords of Guinea.
Our survey of the European monetary system terminates
with a glance at that of modern Greece under Capo d' I stria
(1828-30), and of the Ionian Isles during the British pro-
tectorate. The types used by the Turkish Government for
their possessions on the Continent belong rather to the
Oriental series, and are in any case of very slight import.
The parts of Europe where the Byzantine influence
lingered or survived the longest were the Eastern princi-
palities bordering on Turkey in Europe : Sicily, and Venice.
In Servia, Cyprus, and Sicily, not only the style, but the
Introduction 29
concave fabric of the money struck by the later emperors at
Constantinople, was servilely imitated ; and it is worthy of
remark that^ while the Britons copied the patterns of their
gold and silver money either from Macedonia or from Gaul,
they followed in some of their copper pieces the concave
form of the Byzantine currency. It would be interesting to
know the origin of this module ; whether it was suggested by
the cup-like development of certain shells or by its supposed
facility for preserving the type of the obverse. But the
British concave coins were evidently copies from Byzantine pat-
terns, and were therefore among the latest issues of the series.
The money in all metals of the earliest Norman kings
of Sicily was distinctly Eastern in its complexion, while it
partook of the two principal sources of inspiration — Arab
and Greek prototypes. We find, side by side with the con-
cave forms borrowed from Constantinople, the copper coins
of thick fabric, and some of them of unusually large module,
evidently copied from earlier Greek or from Arabian sources.
X
The at first surprising multiplicity of currencies and
mints is susceptible of easy explanation by the ancient and
prolonged severance of centres from each other by wide
areas of forest and waste, interconnected only by the rudest
form of foot or packhorse track. Towns at an inconsider-
able distance were virtually isolated at certain seasons of the
year ; and the primitive clearing in the woods became by
degrees a free burgh or a feudal lordship, alike substantially
independent of the emperor or other suzerain. This condi-
tion of affairs naturally favoured the growth of mints as
well as of types ; and, again, even in comparatively small
dominions, the ruler is found employing several seats of
coinage. In the dukedom of Cleves there were at least
four within a small territory. Yet it is possible that the
mint-master and his staff moved from place to place, and
that only a single apparatus was employed or required.
30 The Coins of Europe
We seem to know comparatively little of the history of
the somewhat extensive and artistic coinage of Louis of
Maele, Count of Flanders from I 346 to 1 384. This powerful
prince, who went with the times in multiplying and improving
his types, possessed at successive periods no fewer than seven
denominations in gold alone ; and both here and in other
cases it is obviously almost impossible to be sure whether all
the issues of a minor ruler proceeded from mints in situ, or
were struck at the nearest great centres on their behalf.
The varying delimitation of frontier from time to time
naturally accounts for the transition of seats of coinage and
for the presence of mints beyond the region to which they
may appear to have belonged. It was on a somewhat
cognate principle that the German or Roman emperor, down
to the end of the eighteenth century, struck coins for nearly
every part of Europe, and that Napoleon I. issued French
money from the mints at Utrecht, Rome, and Turin. Paris
did not become the capital of the kingdom till the tenth
or eleventh century, and at that time Normandy, Brittany,
Burgundy, Dauphine, Vermandois, and Navarre were inde-
pendent, while during the Middle Ages on the Spanish side
there were constant fluctuations of boundary. The capital
of the Visigothic kingdom was at Bordeaux. That of the
Merovingians, prior to their removal to Paris, had been at
Soissons, and subsequently, on the partition of the kingdom,
the seats of government were at Paris, Soissons, Orleans,
and Metz.
The mintage of coins in feudal castles was nothing
more than that of the English money in the Tower of
London during centuries. The seigniorial chateau or the
royal fortress was the only place of security, where there were
no municipal or official centres.
At present all is changed. Our arrangements are
simplified. The entire modern machinery is mechanical and
monotonous. The mints of these days are strictly utili-
tarian. Coins are no longer works of art and historical
landmarks.
In the case of many of the minor mints, where the
Introduction 3 1
number, as in France and Germany more particularly for
the earlier stages of our inquiry, was enormous, it de-
manded too large a space to admit every one into the
alphabetical arrangement, but no locality of any consequence
has been overlooked either in our Catalogue or our Chart.
It is quite necessary to remark that others than the rulers
of the several states struck money within their confines for
currency there or elsewhere. Wiirtemburg, to cite a typical
example, has at present within its territory a single mint ;
formerly it had at least fifty.
The contrast between ancient and modern political con-
ditions cannot be more forcibly exemplified than by the radical
change which has been accomplished in the laws of mone-
tary production. The want or absence of consolidation in
this respect, which survived the great revolutionary crisis of
1789, was an inheritance from the militarism of the Romans,
and was favoured and extended by the bias and demands of
the feudal system. The successive dynasties which swayed
the Continent in and after the Middle Ages found it neces-
sary to propitiate the towns and the clergy; the coinage of
each locality was a question in which the emperor or king, the
bishop, the lord, and the municipality claimed to have a voice
and a share : and a variety of coexistent pretensions was
constantly traversed and entangled by abuse and usurpation.
The committal of the most ancient mediaeval mints to
the superintendence of ecclesiastics was necessitated by the
absence of the culture required to transfer Latin legends and
mottoes to the dies with accuracy on the part of the lay
folk ; and the employment of a dead language in a state of
barbarous decadence as a vehicle for conveying to the people
at large the meaning of the engraved characters on the
money intended for their common use was in perfect keep-
ing with the habit of rendering all public acts and documents
by the same means incomprehensible to every one who was
not a scholar or a clerk in orders. The imperfect knowledge
of the mechanism of the coining processes may be sufficient
to account for the faulty presentment of the type on many
early pieces, which, so far as they go, are clerically e^cact ;
32 The Coins of Europe
but illiterate readings not unreasonably excite a suspicion
that the coin belongs to some unauthorised source, or was at
least put into circulation by a pretender or usurper.
Our Catalogue of Mints, shewing approximately at least
all the places on the Continent which at various times
have been employed as seats of coinage, no less than
those of Denominations and Rulers, will, it is trusted, be
found of service and interest. Many of the localities still
retain their importance and the distinction of coining for the
region to which they belong ; others, from fundamental
political changes, have long ceased to be centres of activity,
or have at all events lost their numismatic associations ; and
of a few little beyond the site is at present known. One or
two towns, which must have possessed at one period trade
and power, have altogether disappeared, and survive only in
numismatic and other records.
It is more than possible that in certain cases we have
erred in ascribing the coinage of money to given localities ;
but we have never done so without a careful consideration
of all the circumstances and probabilities.
The disparity in the mechanical execution of continental
coins is too conspicuous to escape observation ; it is a
phenomenon which affects certain periods more than others,
certain metals, or certain parts of a series. The gold money
appears, as a rule, to have been treated with greater care ;
while the silver of low standard, so largely used over the
whole world for small values, before copper grew more
general, met with almost invariable neglect, as it has, from
its nature, descended to us in the same deplorable state as
the "brazen-nose" shillings of Henry VIII. of England.
But even the silver currency of France down to the Napoleon
epoch is notoriously ill-struck, and collectors find it hard to
secure for their cabinets really fine specimens either of the
early French or the Franco-Italian series, nay, of the coins
of Louis XIV. XV. and XVI. and of the First Republic.
The gigliati, gold sequins, and other money of the Knights of
St. John of Jerusalem are almost invariably poor from a
similar cause. On the contrary, the good work which soon
Introduction 33
began to appear on the German and Netherland currencies,
is generally shewn to the best advantage by the staff of the
mint-master ; and it is a pleasure to meet with a mediaeval
piece in high preservation, where the skilfully -executed
portrait or other design is as fresh as when it left the die,
and is perfect in all its elaborate details. The mintage is
obviously as paramount in importance as the part played by
the moneyer ; for the finest production may be marred in
the striking, while the utility to the student of the most
barbarous effort peculiarly depends on the choice of an
adequate flan and a successful transfer to it of the type.
Perhaps there is no country in Europe where the weight
of the money has fluctuated more than in Russia, and yet
there is none where, from the great numismatic revolution
under Peter the Great, the coinage in every metal has been
carried out with greater care, and where so few weakly-struck
pieces have been produced, or at least suffered to pass.
A natural fruit of the always increasing monetary inter-
change among the various divisions of Europe was the
mutual imitation of types by moneyers in quest of novel or
improved designs. We find from the very outset the Mero-
vingian dynasty in France, the Visigoths in Spain, the
Anglo-Saxons in England, even the Italians, copying with
a varied measure of skill and success the products of the
mints of Utrecht and West Friesland in the Low Countries,
and the German types. The Netherlands, on their side,
adopted the English rose - noble, the Swiss dicken, the
Bolognese lira, the Brunswick thaler, the Hungarian gold
type of Virgin and Child,1 the French gros, the last a piece
of which the germ is Oriental. Throughout Eastern Europe
the Byzantine influence and style were followed with an
intermixture of Arab and Tartar feeling ; in the North, and
eventually in the West, through immigrants or invaders, the
Teutonic models prevailed ; and, finally, in the South — in
1 What is generally known as the Hungarian type, or Italian ungaro of gold,
limited itself to reproducing the small full-length portrait on obverse. But the
Netherlands copied the whole, including the of course incongruous legend. This
rather favourite pattern, as far as the portrait went, was copied by the Medici
and other Italian rulers.
D
34 The Coins of Europe
the Two Sicilies notably — the current money was a tolerably
faithful reflex of the successive races which obtained a footing
on that soil.
All sorts of obscure and accidental circumstances con-
tributed to govern the countless varieties or modifications of
fabric and character which now represent the European
family of current coins, and favoured the tendency to borrow
what was evidently treated as public property — the happiest
experiments in numismatic art. On the innumerable inde-
pendent townships and seigniorial fiefs which swell the propor-
tions of our Catalogue of Mints, the neighbourhood of a power-
ful and permanent central authority, with affinity of language
and religion, naturally operated toward the spread of certain
favourite and familiar coins over a region, and even from
one region to others ; and this incidence has sometimes
created a difficulty in assigning pieces to their true patria.
The trading caravans by land, and the annual fleets of
the Italian republics and other maritime commercial states
of Europe, with the great periodical fairs and the constant
movements of troops, were the distributing agents in times
when modern travelling was almost unknown, and was chiefly
undertaken with a military or a diplomatic object.
Denominations, as well as types, were freely appropriated
under the ancient system of monetary economy ; and it
strikes us as a personal trait on the part of an imperious and
irascible pontiff, rather than a gauge or test of the average
sentiment of the period, when Sixtus V. excommunicated the
Marquis of Castiglione for copying a small papal coin known
as a picciolo.
XI
A good deal of perplexity and inconvenience has been
occasioned, in regard .to the older continental money, by
the want of some authority for determining the actual
nomenclature. The circumstances under which appellations
were bestowed by accident or design were so remote and
even so obscure, that it has only been by a gradual process
Introduction 35
and by co-operative research that the true distinctive terms
have been to a large extent recovered, and even now there
exists a large assortment of pieces, especially in copper, of
which the correct denomination is uncertain or unknown.
But the present work will, it is hoped, contribute not incon-
siderably to set this branch of the question on a clearer and
more satisfactory footing, and to diminish the necessity for
specifying foreign coins, of whatever country or source, as
deniers, oboles, and such other vague or generic titles. In
almost every instance coins had their own habitat, and circu-
lated within their own appointed lines ; and the numismatic
frontier was formerly observed and respected as scrupulously
as the political or geographical one.
Coins of foreign extraction derived their appellations ( I )
from the standard to which they belonged, as sol parisis,gros
tournois ; (2) from the place of origin ; (3) from the method
of original fabrication, as the rouble ; (4) from some con-
spicuous feature, as the croivn, the rider or cavalier, the
griffin, the pkcenix, the briquet (short sword), the cruzado,
the glocken-gulden and thaler, the ecu or schild ; (5) from
the metal ; from the weight, as the livra or livre, the onsa,
the dracJima, the peseta ; (6) from the value, as the dnarius,
the vintem, the denier, the cent, centime, or centimo ; or
(7) from the monarch under whom they were first introduced
or were current, as the Carolus, the PJiilippus, the Leopold,
the Francois, the Louis, the Napoleon, and (at Venice) the
Marcella and Moceniga.1
The silver coinage of Capo d'Istria, President of the Greek
Republic, 1828-30, bore the same symbol as his copper,
namely, the phoenix, mentioned above, and was known under
that name ; it was an appropriate one for a scheme of national
revival.
As with the English Jacobus and Carolus, Harry groat
and Edward, the inclination of the community to identify
the public currency, as it passed from hand to hand, with
1 It is necessary to observe that nearly all the foreign numismatists translate
terms and names into their own language, and thus often mislead the inquirer.
The French are the worst culprits in this direction ; everything and everybody has
to be re baptized.
36 The Coins of Europe
the reigning prince or his family, was one which the Crown
had every reason to encourage.1 It was a practice which
tended to familiarise and endear the features of the sovereigns
to thousands who had never beheld, and might die without
beholding, the individual ; and the engraver often succeeded
in idealising, so as to convey a favourable notion of the
personality of the king or queen, if he did not go so far as
the artists of Greece, when they produced deified resemblances
of great rulers, and led an ignorant and unlettered nation
to look upon them as allied to the immortals.
We ought to feel very well satisfied that so many, not
only of the technical terms, but of what may be called the
vernacular or sobriquets, bestowed on early continental coins,
have been recoverable ; and we must not be surprised that
some, the product of a temporary feeling or a humorous
fancy, are unintelligible even to the country of their birth.
The legends on Teutonic coins, both German and
Netherlandish, were ordinarily in Latin, but occasionally in
the vernacular. There is an urban silver crown or gulden
of Nimmhegen, 1565, with Dutch inscriptions; the modern
Belgian Government has recently adopted the practice of
using the national language for this purpose.
It is a curious, and not uninteresting, study to pass
under review a selection from the various European series
appertaining to a period of despotic and oppressive rule, and
to take note of the pious, sympathetic, and paternal senti-
ments which are engraved on the money. We hear of little
but clemency and justice, noble and unselfish devotion to the
general welfare, contempt of lucre, reliance on the Almighty
or on some patron-saint. On the contrary, the extremely
valuable assortment of siege pieces tells a very different tale :
of cruel, unbearable tyranny, of sordid greed, of insolent
arrogance, of paltry treachery, of popular despair. Such
mottoes as we encounter on the coins of the Netherlands
under Spanish misrule are eloquent enough : Aid us in the
name of the Lord ! Save us, O Lord ; we perisli ! From
1 See Cat. of Denominations under "Carolus," "Frangois," "Leopold,"
" Napoleon," etc.
Introduction 3 7
the lowest depths ^ve cry unto Tkeey O Lord / Others point a
similar moral, but are more restrained, as Jure et Tempore,
Pro Rcge et Patrid, Hcec Libertatis ergo. We can afford —
the Italians and Sicilians themselves can afford to smile,
when they take up an old piece of the Bourbons with Publica
Felicitas or Securitas Publica ; a copper coin of the Two
Sicilies (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) is even termed
a publica ; we read on some of the reverses of the currency
of the Knights of Malta, Non ^s, sed Fides ; and a favourite
sentence is Cliristo Auspice Regno. On a piece of Philip II.
struck for the Low Countries about 1585, we meet with
such sentences as Hilaritas universa and Pace et Justitia}
The interesting variety of the Netherlandish 2 oort and Hard
with the reading on the reverse -Avx. Nos in Nom. Dom. was,
like the majority of political movements, a gradual evolution.
The original pieces, of which there is a tolerably long and
regular series, bore on the obverse a portrait of Philip II.
and his title as King of Spain, and on the other side a
shield of arms with the remainder of his honours. The first
revolutionary step was to substitute, in 15/7, for the royal
bust the kneeling or seated figure of a man within a hedge
beckoning for assistance, and the supplicatory reading above-
mentioned ; the next replaced the shield with the name of
the province issuing the money ; and at length we find the
figure removed to make room for the lion grasping in his
claw the staff surmounted by the bonnet. Such is the
numismatic story in little of a noble, prolonged, and patient
struggle for freedom. Apart from the protest and assertion
which these changes conveyed, the employment of the coinage
as a political vehicle helped to educate the popular eye and
thought in the new doctrines of self-government.
It is for their multifarious interest and value in preserving
for the consideration and sympathy of later, and the latest,
ages fugitive — though acute and profound — exigencies, that
1 Some instructive particulars under this head may be found in Armand,
" Tables de Legendes " apud his Medailleurs Italiens, 1883-87.
2 Two specimens before us, lent by Mr. W. Stampa Lambert, are dated
respectively 1577 and 1578, and give the titles of Philip as Count of Holland
and Zeeland.
38 The Coins of Europe
we should prize our Money of Necessity of every region
and period. We have elsewhere spoken of the excellent
monograph of M. le Colonel Maillet ; it is wonderful for its
completeness and accuracy, and for the story which it tells —
a story of all nations. That it might be improved, goes
without saying ; and the process might perhaps be directed
both to the withdrawal of existing matter and the insertion
of new. In one sense and way it may be predicated of the
entire coinage of the Netherlands, emanating from the
Hollanders or Brabanters themselves during the transitional
era (1570-90), that it was the product of a whole people in
a state of siege.
XII
The benevolent motives of sovereigns, enunciated on
their currency, went hand in hand with their claims to a
divine origin and sanction. It seems to have been in the
ninth century that the European ruler sought to add to
the security of his throne by declaring himself to sit there
by the grace of God. The alliance between Church and
State was on a different footing when this pronunziamento,
now a mere formula, was originally introduced ; nor was it
by any means universal even on the currency of the divinely-
born House of Hanover. The great aim of the secular and
ecclesiastical authorities was to uphold each other at the
cost of the community ; and we see how the Christiana
Religio and Temple type was favoured by the Prankish
kings, and continued by the emperors. In some of the
Brunswick thalers the D.G. of the legend precedes the
rehearsal of the name and titles, as if it were thought to be
the primary object to catch the eye and arrest the attention.
In an excessively rare daalder of Hermann Theodor
Van Bronkhorst, Heer Van Stein, etc., there is the unusual
motto (for the Low Countries) of Posvi Devm Adjvtorem
qv\etn\ Timcbo.
On the other hand, at the French Revolution in 1792,
the Democratic party crossed over to the opposite side, and
Introduction 39
placed on the coinage, in lieu of the Dei Gratiti, the motto
La Nation,. La Loi, Le Roi ; and in 1874 the younger Don
Carlos struck money with Dios, Patria, y Rey. Napoleon
never used the Dei Gratia, and was here followed by the
Orleanists and by his nephew. The usage was at all times
far from general on the Continent ; and it seems to be falling
into desuetude.
Not merely did the titular designations of many-
European sovereigns outlive any actual or substantial
sovereignty over particular districts or regions, but the
names of emperors were retained during centuries after
their death on the coinages of those places which had been
accustomed to enjoy partial numismatic independence, as in
the case of many of the Italian republics and German
and Low-Country municipalities or seigniorial fiefs. The
Kings of Spain clang to the title of Kings of the Indies, the
Kings of England to that of Kings of France ; Henry III.
of France never discontinued the addition to his honours
of King of Poland ; princes of the House of Hohenstaufen
occur on the money of Italian cities long after the extinction
of the dynasty ; and in the seventeenth century Charles V.
is found on the ecus of Besangon and the daalders of the
Netherlands. The portrait of William the Silent is found
on a piece of 1687, struck in gold to pass for fifty guldens ;
and that of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, remained on the
Dutch money after his death and the abandonment by
Elizabeth of the cause.
The surrender of so many of the mediaeval states of
Europe to the supposititious patronage of the names belong-
ing to the Christian hagiology, commencing with the St.
Michael types of the Lombard kings and dukes, and the
celebrated piece of Grimoald IV. Duke of Beneventum
(806-17), bearing the legend Archangelvs Michael, became
very detrimental to the original and artistic treatment of
coins, which, as media of general exchange and of every-day
transactions, were regarded, in a far larger measure than
medals, appropriate vehicles for the expression of the local
popular belief, and for the assertion of the secular authority.
40 The Coins of Europe
The figure of .the patron-saint, the symbol of the Cross, and
the portrait and titles of the rulers or government, are
prevailing characteristics on early numismatic monuments.
At Venice, St. Mark ; at Naples, St. Januarius ; at Florence,
St John ; at Genoa, in Hungary, in Bavaria, the Virgin
Mary ; and in Marisfeldt, in Russia, at Saluzzo, Mantua,
Ferrara, and elsewhere, St. George ; and so through the
Calendar — strike us as monotonous ; and we turn with a
feeling of relief and satisfaction to a view of some city, a
piece of architecture, a shield of arms, even if rather puzzling
and mysterious, or to the Wolf and Twins, or the Three
Graces, on coins of Piacenza. The culture of Florence,
Urbino, and Ferrara, and the wealth, taste, and opportun-
ities of the Venetians, might have led us to look for some
digression from commonplace, yet there is only the striking
series of Medicean portraits in the one case, and in the other
the memorial of the Battle of Lepanto in the shape of the
Giustina where, in lieu of a battle-scene or other suitable
embellishment, we get nothing but a figure of the saint, on
whose day the engagement took place. At Venice the
denominations are unusually numerous ; but the spirit of
invention was absent, and the types were differentiated to
the most limited extent.
The adoption of St. George by Russia and by Ferrara
suggests the mention of two curious coincidences. In a
grosso of Ercole I. D'Este of Ferrara (1471-1505) the
reverse exhibits a horseman derived from some ancient
Greek medal ; but in a danaro of the same prince the type
has been altered to St. George and the Dragon. In the
coinage of a region at that period in every sense so distant
from Italy as Russia, the myth evidently originated in an
equally casual way. A denga of Alexander of Poland, struck
for Lithuania (1501-1 506), bears on one side simply a horse-
man ; in one of Ivan the Terrible, Duke of Muscovy
(1533-84), there is a spear in the rider's hand and a vestige
of a monster below ; and in a lo-kopek piece of Peter the
Great (1682-1725), struck about 1704, the whole legend is
displayed. Yet even then there was some degree of
Introduction 4 1
indecision as to the permanent acceptance of the canonised
Cappadocian contractor, who possibly presented a portion of
his plunder to the priests ; for a pattern kopek of Peter,
1701, a current one of 1711, and a pattern of 1724, shew
only a mounted spearman, while a pattern of 1723 inserts
the dragon. The saint ultimately triumphed, and appears on
a kopek of Catherine I. 1727, and on subsequent kopeks
and their multiples, and on some of the silver money, but
with constantly diminishing prominence in modern days.
An Italian (Pistrucci), who should have been capable by
tradition of achieving something better, brought him to
England, and placed him on the money of George III. Any
other Government in Europe would have dismissed him from
its service for such a wretched abortion.
There are one or two remaining aspects of this part of
the subject worth notice and attention. The canonisation of
monarchs or rulers, usually after their death, as in the cases
of Edward the Confessor and Henry VI. of England, the
Emperor Henry II. of Germany, Philip le Beau, Duke of
Burgundy, and St. Stephen and St. Lladislaus of Hungary,
formed a circumstance of which their successors, as a rule,
took the fullest advantage, by perpetuating their sanctity on
the coins of subsequent reigns. The legend of St. Lladislaus
is preserved on the reverses of the money of Matthias
Corvinus two centuries later ; and a noble gold piece of
Maximilian the Great of Bavaria, 1598, exhibits on one
side a small full-length in armour and imperial robes, with
sceptre and globe, of Henry II. who died in 1024. This
policy tended to shed a religious halo over the throne, and
to confer on the occupants a species of divine origin. The
same principle and feeling underlay the not unfrequent
practice of introducing on the face of the coinage the
delivery of the national banner by the patron-saint to the
reigning prince ; the ceremony imported or suggested a
superhuman delegation of power, of which, even in such
commercial states as Venice and Florence, the standard was
the embodiment and symbol.
Another respect, in which the same principle was kept
4 2 The Coins of Europe
in view, was where a prince favoured the association with
his currency of a saint his namesake, as we see in several
instances. Two members of one illustrious Dutch house, that
of Brederode, Henry of Brederode and Oswald II., introduced
upon their coinage St. Henry and St. Oswald. It brought
them at least one degree nearer to the Calendar.
XIII
The express notation of value on the face of a coin,
which is not found on the earlier continental money, seems
only to have been introduced, and then very sparingly, when
the enlargement of intercourse between States, and the changes
of frontier by conquest, gradually accomplished a revolution
in the old system, under which each limited currency was
restricted to a narrow and definite radius, and the worth, as
well as name, of every piece was well understood to the few
concerned. The multiplication of mints ordinarily meant
that of more or less variant types ; and the light shed on
the origin of a piece by the legend conveyed no intelligence
to the popular mind. For instance, on the Merovingian,
Carlovingian, and Anglo-Saxon coinage we meet with
nothing but the names of the sovereign and the moneyer,
—perhaps the former, perhaps the latter, alone — in barbarous
and illiterate Latin. The inscription merely served as an
official record ; yet the general appearance and weight of
the denarius or penny may have sufficed as a passport ;
and the circulation was at first bound to be circumscribed.
The formal resort to convention-money long remained
exceptional on the Continent, and always continued to be
very incomplete. But practically, as is still the case with
very few reservations, money of recognised character and
weight in the more precious metals was accepted with or
without countermarks, and even early copper coins occur
with evident traces of having travelled far beyond their legal
boundaries. The mixed complexion of some of the large
hoards discovered in England testify to this practice.
Introduction 43
It was upon the last-named description of specie, how-
ever, that the idea of stamping the settled rate was first,
we believe, carried out ; coins of the lower denominations
were precisely those which passed through the most ignorant
hands ; and the employment of numerals facilitated com-
prehension while it checked deceit. The chronology of the
currency, except in special pieces, designed to signalise an
important event, was as much disregarded by the authorities
during centuries as the standard of exchange ; it was the
greater frequency of issues, with the diminishing ratio per-
haps of small local mints, and the sense of convenience, which
slowly led to the habitual insertion of the period of mintage.
The principle of authenticating coins as those of a given
prince or moneyer, if not of both, came first ; then followed
that of publishing the denomination ; then the date ; finally
the value.
Special attention must be invited to the continental
initiative in dating coins, and to the important series of
pieces bearing the year of production. The earliest examples
commence with the first half of the eighth century, and
belong to the Moorish kings of Granada, many of whose
coins, struck in Europe, bear the year of the Hegira ; the
next, whose origin is also in part Oriental, belong to Apulia,
where we find gold pieces of Roger II. (i 105-54) with the
words An\no\ R\egnt\ X. Germany seems to take the
third place. There is a gros tournois of Aix-la-Chapelle of
1422 ; the Swiss plappart of 1424 ; and also, longo intervallo,
the gold ducat of the Palatinate, 1437, which last is not
very uncommon, and exists in more than a single variety.
But except in priority of time, the thalers of Austria from
1479 to 1518, and the Joachim thalers of Bohemia, with one
or two in ,the Saxon coinage, are perhaps of superior interest.
The piece struck at the marriage of Maximilian I. with
Mary of Burgundy, in 1477, is the first coin of that deno-
mination of which the chronology can be absolutely fixed,
and the portraits of the young couple render it highly
attractive and desirable, especially in that variety where the
Arch-Duchess appears in a steeple bonnet and veil. The
44 The Coins of Europe
Low Countries seem to have nothing anterior to 1475 m
any metal or form. But after that period the principle was
carried out very generally on the Continent. Denmark re-
sorted to the practice in 1496, Brittany in 1498, Branden-
burgh in 1500, Saluzzo in 1503, Savoy in 1508, Scotland in
1539, England in 1551. But the observance was by no
means universal or invariable even among those nations
which introduced it. The value to posterity was not the
motive, although at present it is the consideration which
recommends it to us.
XIV
Scarcely any substance can be mentioned of which in some
region or at some period coins have not been struck. Gold,
electrum, platinum, silver, tin, iron, lead, copper, glass, porce-
lain, leather, paper, salt, not to mention shells and beads ;
all these have constituted the material whence men have
supplied themselves with the means of exchange, when some
process outside mere barter became requisite or feasible.
Among all such devices the application of the six last-named
products to numismatic purposes may be considered more
especially remarkable, since we somehow associate a currency
with the various metals, from a natural preference for a token
at once portable and negotiable.
Within the confines of Europe itself, leather, paper, and
salt have been employed as representatives of values in early
times. The Russians, after the abandonment of whole skins,
used irregular strips and then circular blanks of leather,
stamped with some type at a remote date ; and specimens
are said to survive. At the siege of Leyden in 1574 pieces
of 5, 10, and 20 sols, formed of the leaves of missals, were
accepted in payment. The ancient inhabitants of Venetia,
like those of Hindoostan in more recent days, recognised
impressed cakes of salt as an equivalent for a coinage, and
the Abyssinians employ for the same purpose rock-salt
in bar.
Introduction 45
The use of copper as a material for currency has been
uninterrupted from the earliest coinage of the Greeks in that
metal to the present day. The British and Northumbrian
series, running concurrently with the Byzantine money, were
followed by the curious pieces struck for Hungary, the
Norman kingdom of Sicily, and for certain feudal possessions
in Germany and the Netherlands. In the fifteenth century
Italy, Spain, and Portugal began to employ the metal ; we
have tolerably abundant examples of the Papacy, Venice,
Castile, and Arragon, and the earlier Portuguese kings.
From this period the supply has been more or less copious,
and the continuity unbroken. But it may be observed that
among the latest countries to adopt copper were France,
Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and (after the cessation
of the Northumbrian mint) Great Britain, unless we consider
the Gaulish copies of Roman brass as entering into the same
category as the stycas of Northumbria and the copper and
tin pieces of Southern Britain ; and again there is always, the
doubt to which side of the Channel many of these latter
examples owed their first rise.
An interesting feature in the copper series of any country
is that they were essentially for popular use, and above all
so in cases where daily commodities were obtainable for low
denominations, and the public call for articles of higher price
was chronically restricted. When the primitive nature of
exchange, first by barter and secondly by bullion, was
partially superseded by the employment of tokens (inonetce) of
fixed and recognised value, apart from weight, copper soon
came into use as a medium for retail trade, and the import-
ance of a trustworthy and uniform standard was discerned
by the Romans, who by law required the sanction of the
Senate for issues in this metal, though not in the others. It
was the money of the people, and was the principal factor in
supplying their common wants, as well as in furnishing the
pay of the soldier. The vast quantity of small brass
pieces of Roman fabric still existing, and the innumer-
able mints from which they issued, demonstrates the
enormous demand for them at the time ; and during
46 The Coins of Europe
the Middle Ages they continued to pass in France,
if not elsewhere, in default of small coinage, at an under-
stood rate.
The copper coin remained in modern times the special
machinery for all ordinary transactions of small amount, and
its early introduction into those European states which were
the pioneers in commerce and discovery, was a step at once
wise and convenient. The Arabian and Norman settlers
in the Two Sicilies were ' followed in this respect by the
Spaniards and the Netherlanders, the Venetians and Portu-
guese ; and in some instances, as at Ragusa in Sicily,
we find copper money of Roman type and fabric, and
of admirable execution, current during the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries. In parts of Holland, even in the
fourteenth century, there was already seigniorial or feudal
money in copper. In the later half of the fifteenth, Pesaro
in Italy possessed a currency, like Venice, in copper sesmi,
bearing on the obverse the effigy of Giovanni Sforza (1483-
1510), and on the reverse the significant words Pvblicae
Commoditati. A copper grano of Malta of 1629 reads on
reverse Hospitali Hiervsalem Vt Commodivs, Almost within
our own time Portugal, though deposed from its former rank
as a first-rate Power, had an issue of 4O-reis pieces in copper
of the module of the English twopence of 1797, inscribed in
a similar spirit, Pvblicae Vtilitati.
On the Continent from at least the sixteenth, and in
England from the seventeenth century, the deficiency of
small change was met by the local issue of traders' tokens of
copper ; and in England, again, the higher average of wealth,
with the existence of minor subdivisions of the silver penny,
rendered the absence of a currency in the lower metal less
momentous. It was not till 1672 that the confusion and
inconvenience arising from the multiplicity of tokens led at
last to the addition of a halfpenny and farthing of Swedish
copper to the royal coinage ; and these new denominations
were appropriately designated Numorum famuli, or, in other
words, pieces of humbler value for common use. This
designation was exactly on continental lines, just as the
Introduction 4 7
material for fabricating the new pieces was of continental
origin.
XV
In ancient times the mutual association of money with
weight on the original theory and basis of exchange is per-
ceptible in the Spartan iron currency and the primitive
Roman As and its parts ; and when those inconvenient
symbols had been superseded or modified, the idea survived
in such terms as drachma, libra, lira, livra, peso, peseta, ounce,
while among certain uncivilised communities the use of bars
lingered down to the present time. The Hollanders in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries employed for their
commerce with the East Indies and Ceylon a class of coinage
approximate in character to that in vogue among the native
population — rough thick pieces of metal, or copper ingots of
graduated lengths, stamped with the respective values. This
was a concession on the part of the European trader to the
Asiatic, for at that period we know very well that the
Low Countries were numismatically in a very advanced
state.
The link between the old and modern systems is
strangely illustrated by a temporary Franco-Spanish bronze
coinage in the South of France in the thirteenth-fifteenth
century. It appears to have consisted of a livra, the half,
the quarter, and the eighth or onsa, so that those responsible
for the output of the series imagined and created an artificial
monetary pound of eight ounces ; and in point of fact the
terminology imported a twofold use as a coin and a weight.
In England the heavy copper penny and twopence of
1797, equivalent to one ounce and two ounces, was the sole
instance of an approach to the same principle ; and both
these pieces were used as weights. But in what may be
described as recent days — in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries — the simple habits and ignorance of the Swedish
and Russian peasantry prompted a resort and adherence to
a species of currency which partook of the nature of barter
48 The Coins of Europe
more obviously than one adapted to a scientific standard,
fixed and enforced by governments.
Every collector has probably met with what are termed
weights belonging to different nationalities and periods.
They usually represent the correct standard of the piece
named on them without respect to the metallic value, as, for
instance, a copper weight balancing a gold ducat or real or
an English sovereign.1 These contrivances appear to have
been intended to assist, when no scales of suitable nicety
were generally available, to test the authenticity of coins, of
which the weight was known through proclamations or
periodical pamphlets, such as in the Low Countries they
designated Placaets, and which were issued at one time
nearly every year. Somewhat similar books of a more
elaborate character were published abroad, furnishing engrav-
ings of money current in various countries, its value, and
its weight. A very singular one, in agenda form, found at
Antwerp, is in the British Museum.
The very designation Or, pi. Ore, applied to the old
Swedish copper specie, seems to be allied to our word ore or
bullion, as if a certain quantity of metal was originally
bartered for a certain quantity of goods.
The employment of ingots of gold and silver, which has
to a certain extent survived among primitive communities in
the East to the present day, was doubtless very general so
long as no coinage beyond the silver penny and its moiety
existed in any part of Europe. In the celebrated Cuerdale
find, among a large assortment of currency of Anglo-Saxon
and Carlovingian origin, occurred several of these ingots in
silver stamped with a cross, and undoubtedly used in com-
mercial transactions in the eighth and ninth centuries. So
long as the monetary representation of such lumps of metal
was understood and accepted, the conduct of business on a
larger scale was immensely facilitated, more especially if
similar tokens or equivalents for value in gold were also
once available. The discovery of the hoard at Cuerdale was
perfectly fortuitous.
1 See Catalogue of Denominations, v. " Arnoldus Gulden."
Introduction 49
Immense quantities of those strange unwieldy discs of
copper, stamped with a value representing only the cost of
the metal, once existed in Sweden, where the buyer of
old days must have carried his money, not in a purse,
but in a cart, and where weight was almost evidently given
for weight — a daler's worth of provisions or goods balancing
a daler itself in the scales. The output and circulation of
gold and silver were extremely circumscribed.
The introduction of this heavy and barbarous medium
into the Swedish dominions was not, however, an abrupt
step or a rudimentary effort ; for from the reign of Gustavus
Adolphus (161 1-32) the kingdom had possessed the denom-
ination known as an or and its divisions. The original
or resembled in fabric, and equalled in weight, the common
Russian 5 -kopeck piece current from 1758 to 1804, or
thereabout; and the ponderous dalers of Charles XII. and his
successors amounted to an extension or exaggeration of this
currency. Prior to the or the Swredes had had nothing in
copper larger than the mark of John III. and a coin in the
same metal and of the same reign, called the New Stock-
holm money (1573). In other words, the abnormal dalers
of the fifteenth century corresponded with an epoch, not
of numismatic infancy or of rising power, but with one of
decline, when the country reverted temporarily to primitive
methods of finance, and after about half a century (1697-
1747) of trial relinquished them, perhaps from their sheer
impracticability.
In the time of Catherine I. of Russia (1725-28) an
experiment was made in the same direction and from a
similar motive — the motive which actuated the primitive
rulers of Sparta ; but no further progress was made in it,
and two or three patterns of the square copper rouble and
kopeck of 1726 appear to be all that survives of the
attempt to emulate Sweden.
50 The Coins of Europe
XVI
The respect for metrology appears to have long remained
everywhere very slight, and it is difficult to comprehend,
even in some of the modern currencies, such as Austria and
Prussia, whether any standard exists, or, if it exists, is
recognised. One of the inconveniences attendant on decen-
tralisation and an infinite number of petty states was the
total absence during centuries of any uniform basis of calcu-
lation ; within a moderate radius a dozen currencies under
various names and of conflicting weights were in force ; and
this evil the convention -money was introduced to meet
or mitigate. It is impossible to believe that any settled
principle was known, or at least followed, inasmuch as the
same value is found inscribed on pieces of the most
dissimilar character ; and whereas it appears to have been,
toward the end of the eighteenth century, considered expe-
dient in parts of North Germany to insert the reassuring
phrase " good " by way of denoting that the coins are true
to weight, we see a small flan of copper marked III. Gute
Groschen, of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz, 1793, and one of Bruns-
wick in silver, about four times as large and about six times
as heavy, current for 16 Gute Groschen, 1820.
The French possessed at an early date two standards,
those of Paris and Tours ; but the most ancient numismatic
specimens, posterior to the so-called Gaulish money, were
independent of either system, and belong to the Merovingian
and Prankish series. The former are almost exclusively in
gold, the latter almost exclusively in silver. The Paris
mint, before the Carlovingian era, struck indeed nothing
but pieces in the most precious metal ; but the Visigoths,
whose territories extended over a considerable portion of
what is now France, had their own silver money in addition
to rudimentary types of the tremissis or triens. The Carlo-
vingian currency, which commenced with Pepin le Bref, was
in its module German, not French, and when Charlemagne
improved the coinage, and issued deniers and oboles of
Introduction 5 1
a new type and of good silver, a distinct era was marked
in the Prankish numismatic records. A reaction or relapse,
however, took place in the troubled times which followed
the death of Louis le Debonnaire in 840 ; the period between
the close of the tenth and the middle of the thirteenth
century witnessed a great decline in the currency through-
out Western Europe ; and it was not till the reign of Louis
IX. (1226-70), when the Crusades had done so much
to promote commerce and the arts, when in Italy the
Florentines and Venetians had set the example of a gold
coinage and a fixed standard, and when in the Two Sicilies
Frederic II. (1220-50) had issued his augustale^ that the
monetary system in France once more received attention,
and underwent reform. The gros tournois of St. Louis, of
which the pattern was partly suggested by an Arabic
dirkem, not only current in Spain at that time, but in all
probability allowed to circulate in France itself, became a
very popular and favourite coin, and was imitated both in
the Low Countries and in Germany. Its standard and
purity, which surpassed those of the dirhem, seem to have
been fairly maintained, and in the same way as the Vene-
tian and English gold currencies it won the confidence of
the trader even beyond the French frontier.
Everywhere the condition of national money or of local
currencies formerly depended in great measure on circum-
stances, which were perpetually subject to change or modifica-
tion ; and improvements were intermittent and spasmodic.
Occasionally the fluctuations and irregularities strike us as
capricious. Nothing can be much worse than the French
silver coinage from Charles VIII. to Henry IV. — a period of
about 1 20 years ; yet the gold fan in its varied types did
not sensibly deteriorate, and the copper currency of the later
Valois and early Bourbon monarchs is remarkable for the ex-
cellence of its character and the maintenance of its standard.
We have spoken of the development and vicissitudes of
the Swedish copper coinage, which, if it were exhaustively
treated, might form a topic in itself. The Russians appear
to have followed in the steps of their neighbours and rivals
52 The Coins of Europe
to a certain extent, not only in the rouble of 1726, but in
those ponderous 5 -kopek pieces, which were associated in
the popular mind with value, and which had their immediate
germ in the lo-kopeks of 1726, struck at the coronation of
Catherine I. But Sweden also set Russia the precedent of
a permanent reduction, as the principles of metallic currency
became better understood, to a more reasonable standard
and module, although, as will be evident to anybody applying
the test, the latter Power has displayed at all times an
indifference to metrology throughout its monetary system,
which is apparently independent of method, and leaves the
public convenience out of the question.
It surely goes without saying, that if the regular coinage
of the Continent was so untrustworthy, with a few signal
exceptions, that intended for colonial and provincial use, as
well as the special issues for the payment of troops or for
other emergencies, was still more liable to suspicion and
criticism ; and the discrepancy between the intrinsic and the
artificial values lay in the metal no less than in the weight.
To gain an insight into this branch of the inquiry we have
only to examine the Roman currency for Egypt, Judaea, or
Britain ; the Venetian for Albania, Dalmatia, or Cyprus ; the
later Portuguese for Goa or Guinea ; the English for Ireland ;
and the French for the lies de France and the Mauritius.
The exceptions, which are to be noted, are the early
Spanish and Portuguese money within the periods of the
highest prosperity of those kingdoms; the colonial series of
the East India Company, starting with the portcullis money
of Elizabeth in 1 600 ; and the equally creditable coinage of
the Netherlands for their East Indian possessions, extending
from 1 60 1, when the piece of eight with its divisions came
from the Amsterdam mint, to the present day.
XVII
The question of alloy, in common with that of weight,
entered into the calculation of governments under the old
Introduction 53
regime purely from a commercial point of view. Trading
communities, such as the Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards,
and Hollanders in turn, appreciated the vital importance of
employing in their transactions with foreigners a medium
which was capable of bearing the test of the scales ; and it
affords a criterion of the status of a people when the coinage
begins to part with its prestige. The Venetians during their
enjoyment of prosperity and power, and from their first rise
indeed into prominence after the fourth Crusade, jealously
preserved the integrity of their money both in silver and
gold, and alike as regarded its weight and its fineness ; and
we may be at liberty to surmise that the stress laid on those
points had been originally inculcated by the necessity of
possessing for the Eastern trade a currency which would not
suffer from comparison with the high Oriental standard, and
would even become at need exchangeable as bullion. It
was much the same with the English noble, and it is so with
the modern English sovereign. The utility of gold as a
medium long remained nearly altogether commercial ; and
even in the absence of treaties or a convention the probably
studied coincidence of a coinage in that metal under various
names, but equivalent in value, throughout all the most
civilised parts of the Continent, aimed at the acceptance of
gold or even silver specie on some international footing.
When the knowledge of printing and engraving began to
facilitate the production of such books, the foreign bankers
and financiers were provided, as we have mentioned, with
the means of ascertaining to a fraction the current worth of
every piece in circulation from one end of Europe to the
other ; and before these curious and interesting manuals
existed in a printed shape, they were to some limited extent
multiplied in manuscript with drawings of the coins.
The endowment of a person or a locality with a mint
was prized, no doubt, as an honour and a prerogative ; but
the tenor of documents and other information seems to be
unanimous in shewing that the concession had its commercial
side, and that even a comparatively small municipal centre
involved to the owner an appreciable amount of profit on
54 The Coins of Europe
production under any circumstances. It therefore followed
that the more the mint-master debased his issues, the greater
was the revenue arising to his employer, whether a secular
lord, an ecclesiastical dignitary, or a township. It seems to
have been, so far, very reasonably and naturally a constant
incidence of the surrender of a mint by the lord, if not by
the Crown, that a proportion of the surplus after the clear-
ance of expenses was settled on the original feoffee ; and
long after the mediaeval period, in the closing years of the
sixteenth century, the directors or lessees of the mint at
Montpellier are found engaging to give the seigneur of
Damville 15,000 gold ecus to induce him to close a seat of
coinage which he had opened in the vicinity, and which, so
far as we can learn, was on a very modest scale. The value
of the vested interest was presumably considerable, since
this was a political juncture, when private individuals were
taking advantage of the general disorder in France to strike
money in all directions on their own account, and the removal
of one competitor was apt to favour the rise of others. But
during centuries, apart from special circumstances, the coinage
was regarded and employed as a method of raising funds ;
and the difference between the outlay and the income varied
with the amount of central control or the financial needs of
the proprietor. The deplorable spectacle which so much
of the foreign currency, till we approach the middle of the
seventeenth century, presents, is largely due to the free and
unscrupulous depreciation by personages in authority of
all such species of money as lent themselves to the object
or repaid the process. The billon types afforded the
greatest temptation to the speculator, who was usually pre-
cluded from striking gold, and could gain little by tampering
with copper. The relative impurity of the metal was not easily
detected, and the current rate remained unchanged ; and this
circumstance may be one way of explaining the wide preva-
lence on the Continent in former days of plated currency.
A survey of the whole range of European coins con-
vinces us that each region, enjoying the privilege of a mint,
was a law to itself, and that the sole check on a perfect
fniroduction 5 5
disregard of economic fitness and justice was the convention-
money. But this system was apparently limited to Northern
Germany and the Netherlands, where it more or less prevailed
from the thirteenth century. Elsewhere the utmost difficulty
must have been experienced in adjusting values in all mone-
tary transactions ; and it was only the very restricted inter-
course of communities outside their own local boundaries
down to quite modern times which tended to render such a
complex arrangement tolerable. For it was principally, of
course, where smaller amounts were concerned, that the
obscurity and confusion were likely to arise : a far greater
uniformity was observed in the gold values and in the
standard of pieces in that metal.
There has always been a certain degree of perplexity
and doubt in respect to a family of foreign coins, which
from their composite formation in a varied degree are
assignable either to the billon or to the copper series. An
incorrect appropriation is never satisfactory ; and of the
circumstances under which the bulk of these insignificant
pieces appeared, we possess in England such slight know-
ledge, that we have little beyond the prima facie evidence to
guide us. Again, the currencies in different districts and
governments diverged and fluctuated in value so much, either
from local conditions or from temporary exigencies, that what
is a silver denomination in one state or at one date, becomes
a plated or copper one in another state or at another time.
Taking two 12-kreutzer pieces of Hesse- Cassel, 1/59,
one is manifestly plated, while the other presents the aspect
of being copper. But the fact is that, instead of having a
basis of mixed metal, it is a copper coin plated to pass for
silver value. Indistinct traces of the coating remain in the
letters and the edge. Time has uncased it, and we have it
before us as it was struck. It is a sort of nondescript, yet
it is preferable to those dilapidated relics which so often
present themselves, in the shape of worn billon money, with
nothing but the wretched foundation surviving. The plating
process was an expedient widely adopted by the German-
speaking communities from the seventeenth century, but
56 The Coins of Europe
more particularly within the last one hundred and fifty
years. It was a poor device, encouraged by the immemorial
predilection of humanity for something bright, and by the
advantage accruing to the state from the difference between
the intrinsic and the official worth. In the Netherlands the
practice was almost unknown ; there the " black " money
circulated without disguise and concealment ; and with the
fewest exceptions the Dutch and Flemish systems were
exempt from this disfigurement, till the modern Belgian
kingdom instituted its issue of nickel.
The question of impure or mixed coinage, which dates
from the later Greek and Roman periods, the prototype of
German silver being the plated tetradrachm of Parthia and the
denarii of a portion of the Roman imperial series, brings us
to the consideration of another more or less immediately allied
to it. We refer to the possibility of estimating the material
standing of a country by its coinage ; and this test limits
itself to the metrology. The execution is an independent
department, and may be influenced by the state of the arts
or by the personal taste of the ruler. Some early European
governments, as the Venetian Republic, subsisted during ages,
with ample facilities at command, without producing a single
specimen of high character. Others, as Florence, Parma,
Salzburg, Brunswick-Luneburg, have left an abundance of
beautiful types and excellent and careful work. But the
more ancient currency of Venice, if it was never remarkable
for its artistic qualities, was scrupulously exact in its weight,
and almost without exception of true standard. Toward
the end it displayed greater negligence in workmanship and
inferior purity, more especially in its lower divisions.
From the most remote times spasms of political depres-
sion and distress, no less than a permanent decline in
resources, have betrayed themselves by monetary degrada-
tion. Temporary straits tell their tale to us across centuries
in an enormous assortment of what is termed money of
necessity — coins or rather tokens struck in any available
material, and stamped with fictitious marks of value. The
practice imparted a passing pressure, and if it was too often
Introduction 5 7
repeated, Was bound to impoverish the community or the
purse-holder. The debasement of the ordinary currency was
a still graver symptom and danger. It might equally denote
an intermittent or temporary phenomenon arising from the
dishonesty or extravagance of the Executive, and might in
such a case be susceptible of remedy ; but chronic and
progressive deterioration rarely signified less than the de-
moralising effect of political decadence.
Outside the mere numismatic point of view there is a
third direction in which the student or observer may judge
by this sort of help the financial rank and capacity of a
people. The descent of the currency to an infinitesimal
unit, as in the aspar, which in the days of Byron was current
in Turkey in Europe at less than the thirtieth part of a
penny, is the surest indication of poverty and insignificance,
since the circumstance too clearly shews, not that the market
was proportionately cheap, but that there was nothing which
in the eyes of a prosperous nation answered to one. A
moderate proportion of individuals may, from choice or need,
be " passing rich on forty pounds a year," and a Hindoo
rice-eater can perhaps live on fourpence a day ; but prices
may just as easily be too low as too high.
XVIII
It is hardly within our immediate province to enter into
the question of numismatic development among the ancient
Greeks; but an examination of all the known types of Hellenic
origin fills us with an agreeable persuasion of the sense of
beauty and symmetry, accompanied by a reverence for
anatomical laws and a thorough insight into the structure
of the human frame. The union of genius with industry
and mechanical skill produced some of the most masterly
examples of medallic art which the world can ever hope
to see, and which found, perhaps, their nearest parallels in
the chefs d'ccuvre of the Renaissance in Italy. In physio-
gnomical excellence and external accessories the latter quite
58 The Coins of Europe
rivalled the finest Greek work ; but the men who were
patronised by the great mediaeval families of the Peninsula
were in the presence of conditions and restraints unknown
to their predecessors.
The Greek feeling and taste revealed itself in the
Roman consular or family series, but was gradually lost in
the imperial one, more especially in the decadence of the
reverses. Even in the consular coinage, however, the
delineation of the human figure already exhibited a marked
declension from the high standard of fine Greek art,
although bust-portraits and inanimate objects are rendered
with equal success and felicity.
Again, the Byzantine corruption of the debased Roman
type, spreading itself after the fall of the western division
of the empire over the greater part of Europe, and affected
in its progress by climatic, local, and religious influences,
penetrated on the one hand to Bulgaria, Servia, and Muscovy,
where we discern it in the coins of the grand duchy of
Kief, while on the other it found its way westward to
Venice and other parts of Italy, to the Two Sicilies, France,
Spain, England, and the Low Countries, where it formed
the basis of the so-called Merovingian family of gold and
silver pieces, but more particularly of coins in the more
precious metal equivalent in weight and value to the third
part of a Byzantine solidus.
The variations and disparity observable in the abundant
remains of the Merovingian money are to be attributed,
perhaps, to the character of the colonial or provincial coin-
age of Greece and Rome, with which the mediaeval copyists
were brought into contact, to the degree of success in
reproducing originals, and to gradual improvement in con-
ducting the processes of fabrication during the course of
centuries.
At the same time, the types of many of the ancient
specimens of continental currency were advisedly or insen-
sibly adapted to local characteristics and peculiarities, and
were broadly governed by the predominance of military and
feudal sentiment. Even before any idea of introducing a
Introduction 59
date or the value was carried out, the importance seems to
have been appreciated of identifying coins with the name of
a ruler and a religious or heraldic symbol ; and the early
employment of shields of arms, prior to the use of portraits,
was dictated by the sense of a link between the bearings on
the money and those on the escutcheons of sovereigns. The
mediaeval denier soon lost all real relationship to the
Roman denarius, and more and more, in its multiples up to
a crown or ecu, complied with the spirit of more modern life
and the militarism of the Middle Ages. The English word
arms is translated into most of the Gothic or Teutonic
languages by one signifying weapons. It was a notion in
analogy with the formation of tribal government under the
Lombard dux — the duke of later times.
In the reduction of mediaeval European currency to chrono-
logical stages of development, we must first deal with typical
objects without a key or inscription ; (2) typical objects
accompanied by a few characters more or less unintelligible;
(3) the same with a distinct legend, and the name of the
moneyer and mint ; (4) with a shield or cognisance and a
cross on the reverse infinitely varied in its form and canton-
ments ; (5) with a rudimentary portrait on the obverse ; (6)
with an ideal one; (7) with a positive or approximate likeness,
a fully descriptive legend, and an elaborate blazon ; (8) with
the date and the value. The extension of Christianity and the
influence of the Crusades gradually effaced and superseded the
Byzantine, as well as the Roman, feeling and style ; and with
very few exceptions the prevailing tone of Western money
became toward the ninth century Teutonic and unclassical.
In the European coins of most remote date co-ordinate
prominence is given to the ruler of the country or province
and to the place of origin and the engraver. Where there
was an infinite subdivision of territory and jurisdiction, and
an equal multiplicity of mints, this course was a safeguard
against confusion and fraud.
The leading symbols on coins are : i , a cross ; 2, a
crown ; 3, a sceptre and orb ; 4, a sword ; 5, an animal as
an heraldic cognisance or a figurative emblem ; 6, a shield
60 The Coins of Europe
with or without quarterings ; 7, and finally, an effigy of a
patron-saint, ultimately superseded or accompanied by one
of the temporal ruler. All these marks of authority and
distinction underwent from period to period development and
change indicative of modified political and religious feeling,
of more complex relationships between reigning families, or
of the growth of artistic taste.
The type with the cross presents itself with an infinite
amount of variation both in the form of the cross and in
the character of the cantonments. The most usual features
in the angles are pellets, or globules, or annulets ; and most
frequently the number corresponds to that of the Trinity.
But on some pieces — it is true, of later date — -four of these
objects appear ; and if there is no mystical figure intended,
there is certainly no reference to value, as the penny or
denier and the groat or gros equally bear these unexplained
accessories.
The evolution of the portrait on coins was gradual. The
earliest stage was a head, which occurs in the rudest shape
on the gold trientes of the Visigothic princes of Spain ; the
next step was the addition of a sceptre, as we see it on
some of the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies.
Then followed in succession the bust or full-length figure in
armour, the head bare or helmeted ; the crowned bust in
ordinary costume (sometimes, as on the money of the
Renaissance in Savoy, Saluzzo, Monteferrato, and Bologna,
with a characteristic head-dress), in armour, or with the
armour partly draped ; and the modern head, ordinarily
uncovered and uncrowned. Between these progressive
varieties there were, of course, many special and exceptional
examples, such as the portrait of Charles V. or the splendid
quadruple ducat of 1528, and the civil costume and peculiar
head-dress on certain Italian coins of the Renaissance era,
among which we may cite the very striking tallero of
Marguerite de Foix, Marchioness of Saluzzo, 1516.
The Cross was not the only device of the kind, even
supposing the triads in the angles to have no religious
import ; for on the mediaeval Bohemian money we perceive
Introduction 6 1
the Hand, just as it is on some of the pennies of Edward the
Confessor ; and abroad it lingered even to a later epoch.
The strange type adopted by the Georgians of an ingot cut
in the form of the thumb and fingers, and impressed with a
legend, more than possibly referred to the ancient super-
stitious belief in the binding nature of contracts made with
the thumb.
The earliest deniers of the Bishops of Utrecht some-
times bore a curious symbol in the form of the Greek letters
Alpha and Omega, the latter before, the former behind, the
crozier. This was a symbol of mortality, while the serpent
on the reverse of some of the grossi of Ercole I. Duke of
Ferrara (1471-1505) offers the idea of infinitude.
Another remarkable divergence from the normal stand-
ard and style on numismatic productions was the Low-
Country loan of the so-called Phrygian cap in the stadt-
holder's bonnet, with which, surmounting his staff or other-
wise, we meet on the money of the United Provinces. The
same symbol served at a subsequent crisis for one of the
insignia of the revolutionary currency in France.
In considering the question of types, too great a stress
is sometimes laid on casual and subsidiary variations ; and
the cabinet of the amateur is embarrassed by duplicate
specimens of substantially identical coins. We perhaps
still know too little of the incidence and volume of early
production to enable us to speak confidently on this
subject ; but a differentiation, often far more minute and
trivial than on Greek or Roman coins belonging to the
same issue, can scarcely be held to amount to a plea
for possessing eight or ten pieces, exhibiting common
features and telling no more than a single story, yet
no two of them absolutely identical.
XIX
In the body of the volume it is proposed to furnish
to collectors some suggestions in aid of the formation of
62 The Coins of Europe
cabinets, where the plan is — I, general; 2, special; or 3,
representative. We cannot, perhaps, urge too emphatically,
when the initiatory stage has been passed, and the amateur
begins to enter seriously on his undertaking, the impolicy
of casting his net too wide, unless it is the case that he
proposes to study, not completeness, but condition alone.
An assemblage of coins, all highly preserved, may well be
rather promiscuous in their character, and may probably
leave very few places unrepresented ; and yet the aggregate
will not be excessive. After an experience of many years,
the actual discovery and conclusion are, that of the entire
mass submitted to our inspection and judgment, an excess-
ively slender percentage reaches a fastidious standard.
When the governing motive is special, either from the
standpoint of archaeological inquiry or of ordinary curiosity,
it becomes difficult to exercise the selecting process with
any severity. A student or collector on these lines lays
down for his guidance the law that it is absolutely requisite
to secure every existing specimen of the coinage of some
given country, prince, or line of princes ; or again, to bring
together in one focus all recoverable pieces presenting a
particular type or legend, not excluding such as bear
illiterate or erroneous inscriptions, mules and contrefa$on$.
It is a class of enterprise on which it is hardly our province
to offer an opinion ; and there is no doubt that the judicious
comparison of differentiated coins side by side has often led
to useful results.
The collection formed on a representative basis may or
may not embrace an adherence to a high standard of
preservation in each instance ; but it is under any circum-
stances that of an amateur. The owner is a person who
acquires only what pleases or suits him. He does not
expend his resources in purchasing items because he sees
them in the hands of his friends, or desires to forestall his
friends in the possession. If he does not know that the
largest public museums of all countries have desiderata, he
finds in due course that the acquisition of certain rarities^ is
either an impossibility or a matter of onerous outlay. By
Introduction 63
contenting himself with the proportion which falls in his
way from season to season, unless he is a second
Fortunatus, he will become aware at all events of one fact,
— that the supply of desirable articles will always exceed
the means of securing them.
An additional plea for a representative programme,
rather than a general or special one, lies in the consideration,
which to some may not be material, that too great an
abundance of a particular class of property, and still more
of any given section or department, is a sure mode of entail-
ing commercial loss ; for the very superfluity of examples
exercises a depreciatory influence. It is sometimes wiser to
be incomplete.
From the immensity of its range and the multifarious
character of its subdivisions the continental series is perhaps,
above all others, the one where representative treatment can
be adopted with the largest degree of convenience and the
least amount of scruple.
In arranging continental coins in the cabinet in such
order as may facilitate, where the collection is extensive and
varied, reference to any piece, the political changes in Europe
and the fluctuations of empire from the Middle Ages down to
the eighteenth century have rendered it in numerous instances
a task of difficulty to decide on the allotment of numerous
groups of coins struck by foreign rulers for territories over
which their jurisdiction was more or less titular. Such are
the money issued by the French for parts of Spain and
Italy, by the Spaniards and Austrians for parts of the
Netherlands, by the Poles for Lithuania, by the Russians for
Prussia and Finland, by Venice for Dalmatia, Albania, and
other colonies, and by the Teutonic Order and the Margraves
of Brandenburgh for Prussia. Probably the simplest and
truest principle is to allow the soil or locality which purports
to have produced the currency to govern its distribution.
The subjection of coins to cleaning processes is a matter
which requires caution and experience. The removal of
superficial incrustation by soap and water, in the case of all
but proof pieces, is unattended by much risk of damage,
64 The Coins of Europe
more particularly where gold and silver are concerned ; but
billon and copper coins have to be treated with great
tenderness, and while ammonia and other chemical appliances
may be employed by proficient persons to restore to their
original state specimens in the more precious metals, their
use in other cases is apt to produce unsatisfactory results, if
not positive disaster. Where the dirt, accumulated by time
on old gold or silver money, is loose, its disappearance is
certainly advantageous and agreeable to the eye, and the
injury to the tone of the surface or to the patina is temporary.
But there is a very broad distinction between tone and
discoloration by soil ; and where a coin of early date has
acquired genuine patination, it should on no account be
disturbed, unless it be, perhaps, by the softest possible brush,
where particles of dust have filled up the characters of the
legend or the details of the type.
One word more in the way of caveat is requisite under
this head. Old coins frequently present themselves in a
more or less worn condition with bright fields or surfaces,
which to an experienced eye offer a rather painful contrast
to the remainder. These pieces have been tooled and
burnished by modern hands, and are materially impaired in
value by the process. Their purity has been irretrievably
destroyed.
XX
The reader will observe that the work in his hands
divides itself into four portions : the Introduction ; the Two
Catalogues ; the Descriptive Text. In the first an endeavour
has been made to survey the whole field, and to assist the
student, before he proceeds farther, in forming as accurate a
notion as possible of its extent, its character, and its claims.
The Catalogues, which are taken to be infinitely more
complete than anything of the same kind hitherto procurable
in English and in one corpus, embrace a very considerable
amount of information, calculated to be serviceable and
interesting, upon many matters of technical and even of
Introduction 65
commercial detail ; they have been drawn up in the alphabetical
form, with cross-references, to economise time and trouble.
As for the remaining section, it may be predicated of it that
the body is in this case not much more than equal to each of
its component parts ; for all that seemed to be left, when the
rest had been done, was to present, according to geographical
distribution, an outline of European numismatic production,
and to knit the whole together, as it were, with a tolerably
copious General Index.
That the earliest attempt on these broad lines will be
found imperfect, can hardly be doubted ; but its utility may
nevertheless prove considerable, since it embodies in a
convenient and accessible compass a very large assortment
of particulars indispensable to the English and American
collectors of the continental series. To the majority of
these two classes of students the voluminous works of
reference in foreign languages, which form in themselves a
sort of library, are sealed literature, alike from their obscurity,
bulk, and cost. Here the means are readily furnished of
enabling the ordinary collector to satisfy himself what
constitutes a fairly complete, or at any rate representative,
series in the several departments, what the leading denom-
inations, types, and varieties are, and what rarities, or pieces
historically or otherwise curious, exist. Occasional anecdotes
and illustrations have been inserted where it was thought
that they might be of interest or service ; and the writer has
now and then permitted himself to enter into particulars of
price. But the question of price and value is one of great
delicacy and difficulty ; for condition and circumstances rule
everything, and the selling figure of one coin is no law for
that of another.
To the professed and advanced antiquary language is no
bar ; and those who do not care to bestow the time requisite
for mastering the almost innumerable monographs of the
several European countries, and a formidable supplementary
body of pamphlets illustrative of local and sectional details
perpetually arising, have the opportunity of resorting to the
admirable Manual of M. Blanchet, 1890. This work is,
F
66 The Coins of Europe
however, far too elaborate and technical to suit the
ordinary collector either in or out of England ; and it
seemed worth while, within the compass of a single volume,
to endeavour to attract more general attention among
English-speaking folk to the immense store of interest and
information which has been hitherto unaccountably neglected
both by ourselves and by the Americans, and which far
surpasses the British series in archaeological importance from
every point of view.
THREE CATALOGUES:
I. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN MINTS
II. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN DENOMINATIONS
III. SOME DATED LISTS OF EUROPEAN RULERS
I. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN MINTS
Aalborg, Alborga, Aalborgen, Alebv, etc., an ancient mint of the
Kings of Denmark, and one of the Kings of Sweden in the I7th c.
There is an Or of Gustavus Adolphus, 1627, struck there.
Aargau, Switzerland, a seat of cantonal coinage for the lower values
in batzen.
Aarhuus, in Jutland, a Danish mint in the 1 5th- 1 6th c. A coin of
Steno Storre (1470-97) reads Moneta Arvs. A piece of four skilling,
lS3Si of Christian III., belonging here, has a half-length portrait of the
King and Christianus D.G. Elect. Rex Da.
Abbeville, a mint of the Counts of Ponthieu, I2th-i3th c. In 1283
Philip le Hardi accorded permission to Edward I. of England, as Count
of P., to strike money of the usual type and standard. Both Edward I.
and II., and perhaps even Edward III., issued coins, some of which have
a leopard as a difference, with Moneta Pontivi and Abbatis Ville, or
Abbeville. In 1291 Philip le Bel acknowledged the right of the com-
mune of A. to strike money ; and the reverses with Sit Nomen, etc., are
ascribed to this source.
Abo (since 1743 part of Russian Finland), an early Swedish mint.
Aboensis.
Acquabella, Savoy, the mint of the Bishops of Maurienne in the loth-
i ith c., and possibly the place of coinage of the earliest Counts of Savoy,
of whom no money is at present identifiable prior to that of Umberto
II. (1091-1103). Aqvabella. It is worth suggesting that the A on many
Savoyard coins may stand for this place, or for Avigliana, though in
the field. The episcopal money was copied from the types of Vienne in
Dauphiny.
Acqui, Piedmont, 17 miles S.S.W. from Alessandria, a place of coinage
in the I2th-i3th c. There is a silver danaro with Fredric (? Frederic
Barbarossa), and (in the field) I. P. on obv., and on rev. Aqve. In the
1 4th c. episcopal money was coined here. There is a matapan of Otto
Belingeri (1305-10) with Odonvs Aqvesis.
Aerschot, S. Brabant, 18 miles N.E. from Brussels. The place of
coinage, doubtless, of the early Dues d'Aerschot, though possibly at a
later period the money may have been struck at Brussels itself. We
have only met with jetons and medals ; but the administrative machinery
indicated on one of these pieces, with lect. De La Chambre Des Compt.
Dv Dvc, and the law of analogy, unite in supporting the idea of a local
currency, if only of copper and billon. Similar jetons, as we know,
70 The Coins of Europe
were issued in countless profusion by all the continental Powers, espe-
cially in France, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Agen. See Aix-la-Chapelle.
Agen or Auch, a mint of Edward I. of England as Duke of Aquitaine,
c. 1 1 86 ; of the Bishops of A., 9th-i3th c. ; and of the Counts of Fezenzac
(nth c.), whose capital was here. Deniers of the latter read on rev.
Auscio Civ.
Agimont, near Givet, Ardennes, a seigniorial mint of Jean de Looz,
1280-1310, known from an esterlin with loh. Dns. De Agimot, and (on
rev.) Monet a Agimot.
Ahlen, Prussian Westphalia, a place to which the Bishop of Munster
accorded a license to coin copper money in 1597 : the pieces bear a
winged eel, crowned.
Aire-sur-la-Lys, Pas de Calais, near St. Omer, formerly part of
Flanders, one of the places which struck the communal niailles, and
perhaps a mint of Baudouin IX., Count of Flanders, 1 194-1206. Ariensis
with a lion passant, or Aria. The place of origin of money of necessity
during the sieges by the French and Spaniards in 1641 under the Mat-
erial de Meilleray, and by the Allies in 1710. Of the former there is a
silver livre.
Aix-en-Provence, Bouches du Rhone, a Carlovingian mint (Aguis
urbs\ one of the Counts of Provence mentioned in a charter of 1146, and
an occasional place of coinage of the Bourbon Kings of France. A piece
of 12 sols, 1776, has the mark & for this place.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Aachen or Agen (Aquis Grant, Aquensis, Aqvs),
a mint of the Carlovingian dynasty, subsequently of the Hohenstaufen
line. Here in 1422 was struck a gros, one of the earliest genuine existing
pieces with a date. At a later period it was the place of coinage of a long
series of civic or urban money in silver and copper. There is also siege-
money, struck here in 1597 and 1670.
Aix-lcs-Bains, Savoy, a Savoyard mint, I4th-i5th c.
Aixe, near Limoges, the seat of a special coinage of Gui V., Viscount
of Limoges (1199-1230), who struck barbarins in his chateau there.
Alba, in the Abruzzi, a seat of a small coinage in the i6th c.
Alba Julia, a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes.
A.I.
Alba Regia, or Agria, an early Hanoverian mint.
Albi or Alby, Dept. of Tarn, 42 m. N.E. of Toulouse, a mint, of which
the profits appear to have been shared from an early period between
the Bishop and the Count of T. In 1037 the latter is found bestowing
his quota on his bride as a dowry. In 1278 the mint-master had liberty
from the Crown to strike petits tournois and oboles tournois in considera-
tion of paying 30 livres tournois to the King and the same to the See for
each striking. Albieci. The money bearing Albicnsis and N. Bonafos
was struck in and after 1248 at the Chateau Neuf de Bonafos, the residence
of Sicard d'Alaman, Minister of the then Count. The Count, the Bishop,
and Sicard divided the profits.
Alessandria, Piedmont, the seat of a republican coinage, I2th-i4th
c. There is a copper sesino with the head of St. Peter, and on rev.
Alexandria. In 1746 a piece of 10 soldi in bronze or copper was struck
during the blockade by the Marechal de Maillebois.
Alkmaar, N. Holland, the place of origin of tin and lead money,
struck during the siege by the Spaniards in 1573.
Almeloo, Overijssel, a mint of the seigneur, Evert van Hekeren, i5th c.
Catalogue of European Mints 71
Alost, a itiint of the Count of Flanders, I3th-i4th c. Under Mar-
garet of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, 1244-80, and John I. of
Namur, Count, 1302, \he groat and the tornese were struck here.
Alpen, Cleves, a seigniorial mint of the I4th c., with a crest on obv.
entwined with G.E.R.D. [Count Gerard], and on rev. Alp.
Altenberg, Saxony, an urban mint in the I3th c., and one of the
Dukes of Saxe-Altenberg, extinct in 1762. It subsequently struck money
for the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg, to whom this portion of the dominion
passed.
Altenkirchen, Rhenish Prussia, a mint of the Count of Sayn, I7th c.
Only small denominations.
Altona, a mint of the Counts of Holstein, 1620.
Amalfi, the seat of a temporary coinage in the loth and nth c., both
of gold and copper. The former, which belongs to the latter half of the
nth c., consisted of tart, somewhat akin to those of Sicily, but apparently
copied from a distinct Mohammedan prototype. There are copper
follari of Mastalo I., Duke and Consul, 914-46, and of Mansone III.
(1042), who bore the same titles. Some of the coinage is anonymous,
and reads merely Consvl Et Dvx, but on a piece of Richard II.
(1121-35) we find Ric. Con. Et Dvx 11.
Amatrice, Naples, in the Abruzzi, a mint of Ferdinand I. of Arragon,
King of Naples, 1458-94.
Amiens, an episcopal, seigniorial, and urban or municipal mint from
the gth c., when we meet with Carlovingian types. Those with part or
a corruption of the word are ascribed to the bishops and the town, which
perhaps continued the clerical motto in a degraded form on its oboles
and deniers. The former are mentioned by the Bishop of Laon in 1 1 1 1.
In the 1 3th c. this place adopted the Flemish maille with Civium and (in
a triangle) Amb. on obv. and on rev. Moneta. The pieces reading
Isiamunai or Isianumai or Isiamuntai (? the name of the moneyer) are
also referred hither. After the Treaty of Arras, 1435, Amiens became a
mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, who struck there money of the regal
type, differenced by the Burgundian briquet. This was one of the places,
with Ghent, Ypres, Arras, Noyon, and Roye, where the moneyer Simon
worked for Philippe d' Alsace.
Amoeneberg, Hesse, a mint of the Archbishop of Mayence. Amenebo,
On some of the coins of this place occur two wheels as a symbol or
as armorial bearings. Comp. Mayence.
Ampurias, Cataluna, the probable place of coinage of the ancient
Counts of A., of whom there was a long line from the gth to the I4th c.
The mint may have been in the Castellon. Hugo Comes and Impuriarum,
Comes Empvr., etc. Low values only.
Amsterdam, doubtless the place of mintage of the siege-money of
1578 and 1672-73, as well as of the colonial series of 1601, both fully
noticed elsewhere. See Ducaton, Real, and Stumer in Cat. of Denom.
Here also were probably struck the well-executed 'and interesting pieces
bearing the name of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, 1806-1 1, who made
this his capital. His palace still survives. There is a local tradition
that a certain number of proof impressions of the florin of 1807 were dis-
tributed in advance among the ladies of the Court.
Ancona, in the Papal States, a seat of republican coinage from the
1 3th to the 1 6th, and of papal from the i6th to the i8th c. Under the
republic there was a tolerably plentiful coinage, shewing a state of pro-
sperity. The zecchino and double zecchino in gold ; the grosso, grossetto,
72 ' The Coins of Europe
and mezzo-grossetto in silver ; and the sesino in bronze, were struck
here. A double zecchino at the Rossi sale in 1880, No. 6, produced
360 Iire = ,£i4 :8s. The popes, from Nicholas V. (1447-55)10 Pius VI.
(1775-99), struck the usual pontifical types in all metals. In 1848, pieces
of one and two baiocchi were minted in the revolutionary interest.
Andernach, Rhenish Prussia, a mint of the Emperors to Henry III. ;
of the Dukes of Lorraine ; and of the Archbishops of Cologne. Frederic
I. confirmed the right of the last-named in 1167. Twodeniersof Thierri,
Duke of Lorraine, 984-1024, read Andernaka. See Cat. Robert, 1886,
Nos. 1058-59. Certain municipal or civic money was struck here in 1725.
Anduse. See Sommieres.
Angers, a Carlovingian mint and one of Eudes, Count or King of
Paris, 887-98 ; also a place of coinage of the Counts of Anjou, loth-nth
c. (Andegavis Civitas}, and of the Anglo-Gallic rulers under the Planta-
genets. There is a double louis of Louis XIV., 1702, struck here. In
1716, Louis XV. purchased the tithes claimed by the chapter of St. Laud
d' Angers on the profits of the coinage, granted to it by the Counts, for
6000 livres. The money produced here was commonly known as angevin
or monnaie angevine.
Anglo -Gallic Mints: Auch or Agen, Auxerre, Bayonne, Bergerac,
Bordeaux, Calais, Chateauroux, Dax, Ddols, Dijon, Figeac or Fontenay-
le-Comte, Guiche or Guessin (chateau near Bayonne), La Rochelle,
Lectoure, Limoges, Melle, Montreuil-Bonnin, Paris, Poictiers, Rouen,
Saint Quentin, Salle-le-Roy (near Montreuil-Bonnin), Tarbes.
Angouleme, the seat of a royal and seigniorial mint from the loth to
the end of the I4th c. Egolisime or Engolismc. This domain was, with
that of La Marche, united to the Crown in 1322.
Angra, in the island of Terceira, one of the Agores, a place of inde-
pendent Spanish coinage in 1582 after the annexation of Portugal itself
to Spain. Coins in all metals of Spanish fabric and denominations were
struck here with A and a falcon for the Agores.
Anhalt-Dcssait, Saxony, a principality in the nth c. under a son of
the Duke of Saxony. A mint of the Dukes and of the Emperors. The
right of coining gold was conferred in 1 503. A bracteate of Albert the
Bear reads Marchio Anehaldensi. The earliest thalers are referred to
1539. We have a very early copper pfennig with Man. Princ. Anh. Dt.
and a lion rampant on obv., and on rev. in four lines In Domin. Fiducia
nost.
Anhalt-Bernburg. See Bernburg.
Anholt, Westphalia, a seigniorial fief, which obtained in 1571 from
Maximilian II. a recognition of its right to strike money. In 1618 it was
a mint in the employment of the Grafen von Bronkhorst, and from 1637
to 1663 in that of the Prince of Salm. There are duits in copper read-
ing Civitas Anh. or Cvsa Anh.
Aniche, Dept. of Nord, France, the place of origin ot a bronze piece
of 30 sols, struck for the miners, 1820.
Annaberg, Saxony, a mint of the Dukes of Saxony, i6th c.
Annecy, in the Genevois, a mint of the feudal counts, opened 1 5th
Aug. 1356, closed in consequence of opposition from the See of Geneva
and from Savoy in 1362, reopened in 1374, and finally abandoned in
1391.
Annenskoie, a Russian mint under Catherine II.
Anspach, Bavaria, probably (with Culmbach) the place of coinage of
the early feudal lords of Brandenburgh-Anspach.
Catalogue of European Mints 73
Antignate, a mint of the Bentivoglio family, in the Bergamasque
territory, Lombardy. Giovanni Bentivoglio I. and II. (1401-2, 1449-
1 509) both struck money here in gold and silver : the scudo and doppio
sctido (of which latter there are two types) and the zecchino in gold, and
the bianco, testone, and half-testone in silver. Only the coins of the second
Bentivoglio bear the name ; those of the first have Bononia docet and
^V. Petroni de Bonon., with the papal type of St. Petronius holding the
Church in his right hand. On the gold money of Giovanni 1 1., Bentivoglio,
we find a charming portrait with the close-fitting berretta. The reverse
of a zecchino of Giovanni II., Bentivoglio, reads Maximiliani Mvnvs,
which probably refers to the right of coinage accorded by the Emperor.
Antwerp, a busy seat of coinage from the Middle Ages down to the
present century for local money of low values and for that of the successive
rulersof the Southern Netherlands. John III., Duke of Brabant, 1312-55,
used this mint. A type of the gros tournois was struck here in the I3th
c. In 1584, during the blockade byAlessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma,
Spanish Governor of the Low Countries, the ecu robustus and its divisions
were coined for the use of the besieged ; and in 1814 independent pieces
of 10 and 5 centimes appeared, bearing the respective initials or mono-
grams of Napoleon I. and Louis XVIII. M.M. a hand.
Aosta, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Savoy, 1393-1590. Avgvste
Pretorie.
Aquila, in the Abruzzi, Italy, a place of royal coinage in the I4th and
1 5th c. The sovereigns of Naples from Louis I. of Anjou (1382-84) to
Ferdinand I. of Arragon (1458-94) employed this mint. They struck the
bolognino and its half in silver, and the cavallo in copper. There is also
a copper cavallo of Innocent VIII. (1484-92) belonging here, as well as a
coin of Charles VIII. of France, and a sestino in the same metal of Louis
XII. of France. Ay., Aqla, or De Aqvila.
Aquileia, on the Adriatic, a seat of the coinage of the patriarchs from
the 1 2th to the I5th c. The denaro, mezzo-denaro, and picciolo, all in
silver, were struck here. The fabric of the earlier pieces resembles that of
the mediaeval Mantuan denari, both being alike loans from the Lombard
bracteate or semi-bracteate types. The first known issue with a name is
the denaro ofVolckervon Leubrechts-Kirchen (1204-1218) with Volker P.
and the seated figure of the patriarch, and on the rev. Civitas Aqvilegia.
The arms on the rev. of an Aquileian denaro of Antonio II. Panciera
(1402-18) are partly borrowed on the Venetian money for Dalmatia,
struck about 1414. The adoption of this cognisance was surely influenced
by the consideration of the excellent quality of the patriarchal money and
of the prestige which his ecclesiastical rank carried with it.
Arches, Dept. of Vosges, 36 miles from Nancy, a mint of the Dukes
of Nevers in the 17th c. The coins are chiefly liards and doubles
tournois in copper (1601-62). The liards of Charles II. appear to be
the earliest (1601-37).
Arenberg. See Armberg.
Arezzo, a mint of Hugo, Marquis of Tuscany, loth c. (Carlovingian
types), and during the republican epoch in the 1 3th- 1 4th c. The types
were : the grosso and half-grosso in silver, the denaretto in billon, and the
quattrino in copper. A bishop (Guido Tarlato di Pietramala) struck
money here in 1313. The mint was suspended during the Florentine rule.
Some of the early money bears the name and bust of the patron saint,
San Donate.
Aries, a mint of Carloman, son of Louis le Debonnaire, and of Charles
74 The Coins of Europe
le Gros, and an ecclesiastical seat of coinage from the beginning of the
loth c. to that of the 1 3th, when the coinage was transferred to Beaucaire.
About 1480 the Primate had also an establishment at Montdragon. In 1 177
a seigneur named Bernard d'Auriac enjoyed an interest in the coinage,
whence an inference may be drawn that Aries was also a seigniorial
mint. The earliest pieces are deniers of Rostan I. (870-913) with Con-
stantina on rev. Others, including those struck by the Primate in con-
cert with the King of Arragon about 1266, have the name of the city :
Arcla Civi., Areta, Arelato, or Arelaten. Some early pieces of small
module with AR. have been assigned to this place and mint which, with
Lyon and Trvees, has been supposed to have been employed by the
Gauls. The later Primates assumed the title of Princeps, and struck
gold.
Arleux, Cambrai, a mint of Jean de Flandre and his widow, Beatrix
de Saint - Pol, 1313-25. Moneta Arleus, Arleus Casri Moneta, or
Moneta Allodiensis. Also of Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Saint-Pol,
1317-44, of whom there is a piece in fine silver with Moneta DElincowt
Fet. En Frans. Arlevs.
Arnhem, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Gueldres and of the
Emperors of Germany from the I2th c. The ancient type of denier bears
on one side a donjon flanked by two towers.
Arnsbcrg, Arenberg, or Arcnsberg, Livonia or Pruss. Westphalia, a
mint of Schleswig-Holstein and of the Sees of Cologne and Oesel, I4th-
i6th c. Arensboch. Also a seigniorial place of coinage, and one of the
Dukes of Arenberg down to the close of the i8th c. There is a thaler of
Lud. Engelbert, Duke of A. and S.R.I. P., 1785, with his portrait and
shield of anus.
Arquata, N. Italy, the probable place of coinage of a luigino of
Gerardo Spinola, Marquis of Arquata (1682-94), under imperial sanction.
The reverse has the two-headed eagle, crowned.
Arragonese Mints during the French occupation, 1640-52 : Agramon,
Arbeca, Balaguer, Banolas, Bellpuig, Berga, Besalu, Bisbal, Caldas,
Casdona, Cervera, Figueras, Gerona, Granollers, Igualada, Lerida,
Manresa, Mataro, Oliana, Olot, Puigcerda, Reus, Rosas, Solsona, Taga-
manent, Tarragona, Tarrasa, Tarrega, Tortosa, Vails, Vich, and Villa-
franca del Panades.
Arras, a mint of Charles the Simple and of Philip Augustus, of the
Comtes d'Artois, of the Kings of France in the 1 5th c., and of those of
Spain from Philip II. to Philip IV. as Comtes d'A., and of Louis XIII.
and XIV. A moneyer named Bertrand de Creuze was working here in
12 12, and the well-known one of Philippe d' Alsace, Count of Flanders,
struck money at A. among many other places for his employer. Aras O.
Arta, Majorca, a seigniorial mint of Giovanni II. Orsini, of whom
there is a billon tornese \\-\thJoAs Despotvs, and on rev. De Aria Castrv.
Arx Fogarach, a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes
or princes. A.F.
Ascoli, a mint of the mediaeval republic (i3th-i4th c.), of Lladislas,
King of Naples (1406-10), of the Carrara family (1410-20), and of the
Popes from Martin V. (1426-31) to Alexander VI. (1492-1503). Fran-
cesco Sforza, afterward Duke of Milan by his marriage with Bianca
Visconti, struck a denaro here. Nothing higher than the grosso seems
to have been struck. There is a baiocco struck under the Roman republic
of 1798-99 with F. Sforti. on obv. De Ascvlo, Ascholo, or Escvlo.
Asperden, Aspermont, or Aspern, Rhen. Prussia, the place of origin of
Catalogue of Eiiropean Mints 75
a grosch of Walram von Falkenberg, G.M. of Teutonic Order, with
Monet a Walranus Asperensis.
Asti, in the Milanese territory, successively a republic under imperial
authority (i2th-i4th c.), and a dependency of the Dukes of Orleans
(1408-98), of Louis XII. of France, of Charles V. of Germany, and of the
Dukes of Savoy. Of these rulers, if not of the Dukes of Milan of the
Visconti family, Asti was doubtless one of the mints, as most of the coins
indicate local fabrication. Astensis.
Astorga, Prov. of Leon, Spain, a Visigothic mint. Astorica.
Atri {Atri Picena], Naples, a mint of the feudal dukes (i 5th c.).
Attendant, Pruss. Westphalia, an early mint of the Archb. of Cologne,
with pieces reading Attendrvm.
Audenarde, or Oudenarde, Belgium, the place of origin of a patard of
Charles V. struck for Brabant, and of the money issued during the
Spanish siege in 1582 :$ and lo-stuiver pieces generally countermarked.
Augsburgh {Augusta Vindelicoruni), Bavaria, the mint of the Dukes
and Kings of Bavaria, of the Bishops of Augsburgh, and of the Emperors,
and the probable place of coinage bearing the name and titles of the
great Swabian house of Fugger. There are thalers of Ferdinand III.,
1642, with a view of the city, and of Francis I., 1745, belonging to this
place. The very remarkable volume of portraits of the Fugger family is
well known. Comp. Weissenhorn.
Aunelas (Omellas), Herault, an early seigniorial fief of the Vicomtes
de Beziers, of the Seigneurs de Montpellier, and of the House of Orange,
apparently dependent by way of homage on the Counts of Melgueil.
Very little money seems to be known. Low values only. Omelladis.
Aurich, Hanover, the place of origin for money struck by Prussia for
East Friesland. There is before us a marien-groschen coined here by
Frederic II., 1753, for that province.
Auroie, Belgium, a mint of the early Bishops of Liege. There is a
groot of Adolf van Marck, Bishop, 1313-1344.
Austrian Mints (minor) : St. Andreas (S. Andrati\ Auersperg,
Beraun, Bilitz, Brixen, Buchheim, Budweis, Cilly, Eger, Ems, Eule,
Formbach, Freystadt, Friedland, Friesach, Gitschin, Gratz, Grieven,
Gurk, Hall, Iglau ; (ISTRIA) Jaegendorf, Joachimsthal, Khevenhiiller,
Kinsky ; (CARNIOLA or KRAIN) Krumauv, Kiittenburg, Laudestrost,
Leipa, Lieding, Lienz, Linz, Lobkowitz ; (MORAVIA or MAEHREN)
Melnik, Neuenkirchen, Neustadt, Ortenburg, Paar, Plan, Sinzendorf,
Sprintzenstein ; (STYRIA or STEIERMARK) Trautson, Troppau, Tuln, St.
Veit, Villach, Voelkermarkt, Withering, Windischgratz, Znaim.
Autun, Saone-et-Loire, the seat of an obscure episcopal 9th-i3th c.
mint, supposed to have been authorised by Carloman between 879 and
884, and confirmed by Charles the Simple on his visit to A. in 900. But
the right was, it appears, constantly traversed by the Comtes d' Autun and
others. Edua, Hedua, or Eduens, Civitas. The only pieces with the
name of Carloman appear to be later imitations.
Auxerre, Dept. of Yonne, a mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, of the
Counts of Nevers, and of the Counts of A. The money of Auxerre is
cited in many ancient documents. The office of mint-master was here,
as elsewhere, hereditary in 1204. The Count of Nevers was striking
money at Auxerre in 1231. Some pieces have Senones Civitas, and on
rev. Avtesiodr Ci., suggesting a monetary convention with the Archb.
of Sens. The mint is said to have been closed in 1267.
Auxonne, a mint in the diocese of Besan^on, employed by the Counts
76 The Coins of Europe
and Dukes of Burgundy, I4th c. A good deal of friction and trouble
arose by reason of the pretensions of the Archbishop to the sole control
of this and other places of coinage. Au.vona, comes Auxone, Auxona
castorro, etc.
Avallon, Yonne, a mint of the Counts of Auxerre and Tonnerre, where
the Carlovingian and Auxerrois types were introduced in succession.
Probably the coinage did not survive the I3th c., but a real, ascribed to
the latter half of the I5th, reads S.G. Hovdavt Monnoier UAvalon.
Avenches, canton of Vaud, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian
princes. Aventtcum.
Avigliana, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 1297-1405.
Avignon (Abinw), a place of Merovingian coinage and an autonomous
civic mint, where the picciolo in billon was struck with Avioncnsis partly
on one side and partly on the other. Subsequently a place of coinage of
the Popes from Clement VI. (1342-52) to Innocent XII. (1691-1700).
Clement VIII. (1592-1605) struck a double and a quadruple scudo d'oro
here ; Innocent X. (1644-55) also had a quadruple scudo ; Gregory XV.
(1621-23) struck a. piastra ; and in Cat. Rossi, p. 25, several examples of a
billon piece occur, with the name mistura — a makeshift term for mixed
metal. One of the scarcest pieces coined here is a gpld scudo of
Innocent VIII. (1484-92). Rossi, 1880, No. 5716, 560 lire. See it
figured in the 8th plate accompanying Catalogue.
Avioth, Uept. of Meuse, a mint of the Comte de Chiny, i4th c.
Plaques and £ pi. are known. Moneta Aviotensis.
Baar, a free barony formerly belonging to the great feudal family of
Brederode. There is a silver daalder or thaler, with Moneta Nova
Argentea I. Ba. of Dietrich van Bronkhorst and Batenborg, Heer van
Anholt.
Babenhausen, a mint of Lichtenberg, 1587-1632.
Bacharach, Prussia, a place of coinage in the 1 4th c. for the Counts of
Moers, who struck here the gulden and the grosch. It was the ancient
seat of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine, and their mint. A gold ducat
of Ludwig IV. (1436-99) was struck herein more than one variety in 1437.
Badajos, a mint of the Moorish Kings.
fiaden, the sole mint of the margraviat and duchy down to 1572 ; but
the output was not large. At the end of the I5th c. there was a monetary
convention with Wiirtemburg for the supply of florins, etc. The earliest
copper pieces date only from 1766.
Batten Minis (minor) : Bischofsheim, Bischofsheim-am-Tauber,
Bodmaun, Bruchsal, Carlsruhe, Durlach, Eberstein, Emmendingen,
Gengenbach, Heidelberg, Hochberg, Klettgau, Koenigshofen, Langen-
steinbach (near Durlach), Lauda, Offenburg, Pforzheim, Radolfszell,
Reichenau, Schwazach, Thiengen or Tungen, Tottnau or Taettnau,
Usenberg, Villingen, Waldshut, Weinheim, Wiesloch.
Badonvillers, Lorraine, a private mint of Francis II., Duke of
Lorraine (1625-32), who, on his abdication in the former year, reserved
the right of coinage on his own domain. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No.
1 542. Ba.
Bagnols. See Beancaire.
Bamberg, with Villach and Grieven in Carinthia, the place of coinage
of the Bishops (iith-i8th c.). The earliest pieces are deniers of Bishop
Rupercht (1075-84). The gold coinage commenced in 1354. Franz.
Ludwig, from 1794 to 1798, during the French occupation, struck silver
Catalogiie of European Mints 77
money coined 'from the church plate, as at Eichstadt, etc. Bainberg or
Babenberg.
Bannassac, Gevaudan, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia, 6th c, and of
those of Aquitaine, 7th c. A triens of Charibert, brother of Dagobert
I., reads Bannaciaco Fiit. on rev. One of Childebert II., King of
Austrasia, 575, has Gabalorvui. A two-handled chalice usually appears
on the products of this mint. ,
Banya-Nagy, Hungary, a mint of the Princes of Transylvania, i6th-
i;th c.
Bar, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Bar, I4th-i5th c. The
coinage of this and other mints seems to be only indicated by the titles
and names and by two bars juxtaposed.
Barcelona, Arragon, a Visigothic mint (Barcinona\ and the seat of
coinage of the independent Counts prior to the union with the Kingdom
under Alfonso II. (1163-96) Barkinot. The original currency appears
to have been imitations of the Carlovingian denier and the gold money
introduced by the Arabs. There is a marabotin of- Raymond Berenger
I. (1018-35) with Arabic legends and Raimimd'vs Comes. It was subse-
quently a mint of the Kings of Arragon, as Counts of B. iith-i5th c., and
an occasional one of the Kings of Spain. We should draw attention to
a very rare gold piece ascribed in the Rossi Cat., No. 5839, to Ramiro
II. of Arragon, 1134; it reads Arago. Rex Ra. Siege-money was
struck here during the French occupation, 1640-52, and during the Penin-
sular War, 1 809- 1 3. B. or Ba.
Bardi, in the Parmesan territory, a seigniorial mint of the Landi
family, 1 6th- 1 7th c. The scudo and grosso in silver, and the quattrino in
copper, appear to have been struck here.
Bari, Apulia, a mint of the Norman Dukes of Apulia, iith-i2th c.
Bar-le-Dnc, France, Dept. of Meuse, a mint of the Counts and Dukes
of Bar.
B arietta, Terra di Bari, Naples, a place of coinage of Charles I. of
Anjou, 1266-78.
Basle, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, one of the bishops, 1087-
1373, 1556-1789, and of the canton down to the establishment of an
uniform coinage for Switzerland. Basel. Basilea, B-A.
Bastogne, Luxemburgh, a mint of Henry IV., Count of Luxemburgh
(1280-88). Deniers and gros only. Bastonia.
Batenborg, Gelderland, a seat of coinage of the powerful and illustrious
house of Brederode, Seigneurs or Heeren of Bronkhorst, etc., i6th c.
Some of the coins bear, as usual, the imperial titles conjointly and
Batenborgen, Batenborg, or Batenbo. A half gulden has Moneta Nova
Argentea Batenborgen, and a goudgulden of 1578 reads Mo. No. Avrea.
Dni. Herm. The. [Hermann Theodor van Bronkhorst]. A daalder of
the same personage, 1577, adds to the ordinary title that of Seigneur
of Stein. Comp. Gronsfeld.
Baugency, near Blois, the supposed source of an obole of Thibaut le
Tricheur, Count of B. Chartres and Tours, about 938, with Tetiabdvs Cm.
/., and on rev. Balcvnti Civia.
Bavarian Mints (minor) : Alsenz, Allenbach, Amberg, Amweiler,
Aschafifenburg, Auerbach, Bergzabern, Billigheim, Brettach, Castell,
Cham, Ekersmuhlen, Erlangen, Forchheim, Freisingen, Fiirth, Gerold-
shofen, Geyersworth, Grunstadt, Giinsburg, Gundelbingen, Haag, Hachen-
bach, Hals, Hamelburg, Hassfurt, Heidingsfeld, Herrenwoerth, Hersbruck,
Hirschberg, Hochstaedt, Hoff, Hohenlandsberg, Ingoldstadt, Kadolzburg,
78 The Coins of Europe
Kalmiintz, Karlstadt, Kaufbeuren, Kemnath, Kitzingen, Landshut, Lan-
genzenn, Lauenstein, Lauff, Lauingen, Lohr, Ludwigstadt, Memmingen,
Mittenberg, Mosbach, Nabburg, Neuburg, Neumarkt, Neustadt-am-
Aisch, Neustadt-am-Hardt, Neustadt-am-Saale, Nordlingen, Ober-
schwarzach, Pappenheim, Pfreimbt (1487), Reichenhall, Reichertshofen,
Roth, Rothenburg-am-Tauber, Rothenfels, Schauenstein, SchillingsfUrst,
Schongau, Schweinfurt, Sternstein, Stockau, Straubing, Saint -Theres,
Voeringen, Voltach, Wachenheim, Weissenstadt, Wemdingen, Woerstadt,
Wunsiedel.
Bayetix, a supposed mint of the autonomous Dukes of Normandy.
Bayonne, a place where, in 1377, an ordinance of Edward III. accorded
to John of Gaunt the right of striking money in all metals, provided that
it was distinguished from that of England and Aquitaine. No specimens
appear to be known. A piece of 12 sols of Louis XV. of France, 1772,
was struck here.
Beancaire, the mint of the Archbp. of Aries from the beginning of
the 1 3th to the end of the I5th c., and an unauthorised place of coinage
during the war and disorder of the League, 1586. The Seigneur de
Damville, Constable of Montmorency, also struck money (pieces of 6-
blanques = 24 deniers), to pay the troops of the insurgents, at Villeneuve
and Bagnols.
Bcaulieu, near Loches, Vicomte" of Turenne, a mint of the ancient
viscounts and the seat of an abbey. In 1190 Raimond II., V. de T.,
when he left France for the Holy Land granted the abbot the right of
striking money at B. with a tithe of the profits. A supposed place of
coinage of the Counts of Anjou, loth-nth c.
Beaumont, Hainault, a seigniorial mint of Baudouin d'Avesnes, I3th c.,
where were struck gros au cavalier or rijder-grooten with B. LfAvenis
Dns. Bellimontis. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 259, where an inedited
variety is figured. It may be mentioned that at B.-le-Roger in Normandy
there was probably no coinage.
Beauvais, Dept. of Oise, a Carlovingian and Capetian mint under the
bishops, who from the beginning of the nth c. enjoyed the temporalities.
Roger de Blois, 1001-22, also struck money at Nogent-sur-Eure, which
was part of his domain. A denier and obole of nerve", Bishop of Pon-
thieu, with the name of Hugh Capet associated, and Belvacus Ci-vitas,
belong here. The mint did not survive beyond 1312-15.
Bechevilain, Lyons, a chateau of the archbp., 1373, where it appears
that he had a mint, and counterfeited the regal types during four years.
Beckuni, Pruss. Westphalia, a place of coinage, I4th c., with two wild
sows courant.
Belgiojoso, Lombardy, probably the place of origin of a scudo of
silver and a gold zecchino of the Prince of B., Antonio da Barbiano,
unless indeed these pieces were struck at Vienna. The die of the scudo
has the appearance of an Italian origin.
Belgrade, capital of the kingdom of Serbia or Servia, and the seat of
the national coinage since 1867.
Bellac, La Marche, a mint of Hugues, Comte de la Marche, established
in 12 1 1. Comp. Grandmont.
Bellinzona or Bellenz, Switzerland, canton of Ticino, the reputed place
of coinage of certain silver pieces of an episcopal type (1503-40), and a
common mint for the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
Belmont, Switzerland, canton of Vaud, the former capital of a princi-
pality, and presumably its mint. There is a gold sequin of Antonio
Catalogue of European Mints 79
Pignatelli (1733), with Antonivs Pignatelli and a bust on obv., and on
rev. SrR. I. Princ. Belmontis. 1733, and a shield.
Beneventum, the place of coinage of the solidi and trientes of gold
and of the silver pieces struck by the Lombard dukes from the 6th to the
9th c. Some of the earlier of these bear, as elsewhere, the portraits of
Roman emperors. and Victoria Aug., etc., while others (of the Lombard
series) couple the imperial monogram with the ducal titles. In 848 the
duchy was divided into two portions, Beneventum and Salerno. Bene-
bentv.
Bentheim, Hanover, the mint of the ancient Counts of Bentheim-
Bentheim, whose territory adjoined the Dutch province of Overijssel.
Schulman, xiv. 432, notices a thaler of Ernst Wilhelm, Count of Ben-
theim, Tecklenbourg, Steinfurt, and Limbourg.
Berg or s' Heerenberg, Lat. Mans, Westphalia, a barony, then a
county, and eventually a duchy. It was united to Juliers and Cleves, and
successively merged, with those and the other lordships appertaining, in
the dukedom of Saxony and that of Prussia under the electoral house of
Brandenburgh. This signiory and a great deal of surrounding territory
were erected in 1806 by Napoleon I. into a grand-duchy in favour of
Murat, and again constituted part of the kingdom of Westphalia under
Jerdme Napoleon. There are coins of both, and quite a plentiful series
of the latter. The early seigneurs of B. struck money here as elsewhere :
comp. Dieren, Hedel, and Miihlheim. A thaler of William IV. (1546-86)
exhibits the shields of s' Heerenberg, Hedel, and Polanen. On one
from the Dieren mint, 1 578, the mark is a pomegranate. The Dukes of
Saxony long retained on their coinage the titles of Dukes of Juliers, Cleves,
and Berg. See further in Blanchet, ii. 103, note, and Cat. of Denom.
Mining Pieces.
Bergamo, N. Italy, a seat of republican coinage in the Middle Ages
under imperial control or sanction. On its union with the Venetian
Republic in the i$th c. it adopted the types and currency of its masters.
Bergen-op-Zoom struck, after the Spaniards had raised the siege in
1588, a gold piece with Bergen.
Bergerac, Dordogne, a mint of Henry, Earl of Derby and Lincoln,
pursuant to a grant of Edward III., June I, 1347, and of Edward himself.
Henry struck gros and \ gros, blancs, and esterlins, with Hen. Comes.
Lane, on obv., and on rev. Dns. Bracaivaci or Bragairac. He was
created Duke of Lancaster in 1351, and some of his coins have H. Dux
Lancast. Civitas Bragie.
Bergheim, Alsace, the source of a bracteate of the I4th c. with B-E.,
and a mint of the duchy of Juliers under Raynald IV.
Bergues-Saint- Winoc, Dept. of Nord, France, formerly in Flanders,
an abbatial mint, nth c., and also the source of communal mailles with
Bergens.
Berlin, a mint in the I2th c., and in or about 1280 one of the Mar-
graves of Brandenburgh, Dukes of Prussia. The urban coinage, which
commenced in 1369, represents the standing figure of the Margraf, and
on rev. the arms of Berlin — a bear passant to r. There seems to have
been a late coinage of bracteates here, and from 1621 to 1666 Berlin struck
pfennigen and hellers in billon ; it does not appear to have become an
important mint till the i8th c. There is a grosch of Joachim and
Albrecht, Margraves of Brandenburgh, 1575, belonging here.
Bernburg or Anhalt-Bernburg, probably the principal mint of the
principality, and, since 1806, duchy. The coins are in all metals, and
8o The Coins of Europe
usually display a bear passant on the wall of a fortress. The gold money
is rare. There are the ruins at Wilhelmhof of an ancient castle which
may have been a mint ; it dates from 906. The ducal residence is at
Ballenstadt. The Coethen branch had a mint at C. in the I3th c. There
is a piece in silver of So-kreutzer struck for A.-B. in 1592 during a siege.
Berncastel, a mint of Richard of Volrathi, Archbishop of Troves
(1511-31). A raderalbus of 1516 reads : Moncta Nova Berncaslele.
Berne, the mint of the city itself from 1218 by virtue of a concession
from Frederic II., of the canton, and probably of some of the minor
members of the Confederation. The gold pieces of 32, 16, 8, and 4 francs,
1800, for general circulation, came from this mint. An dcu of Louis XVI.,
1792, is countermarked with 40 batzen for Berne ; the same course was
taken for other cantons.
Beromiinster, formerly in the grand-duchy of Baden, now in the
Swiss canton of Aargau, an ancient abbey, which appears to have struck
money within its precincts. See Michaelsgulden in Cat. of Denom.
Besalu, Navarre, a place of coinage, of which no monuments are
known, but of which in 1072 Bernard, Comte de Besalu, gave a tithe of
the profits to the church of Sainte-Marie. Gold, as well as silver, is
mentioned.
Besan^on (Bisuntium Civi., Vesontium, or Crisopolis\ chiefly an
archiepiscopal and municipal mint, but also a place of coinage for the
house of Burgundy in the persons of Philip le Bel and of Jean de Chalon,
Seigneur d'Arlay, Governor of the county of Burgundy, Mayor and Viscount
of B. (1291-1315). The civic currency seems to have commenced in 1534
under Charles V., whose name, titles, and portrait occur on pieces about
1535 and as late as 1665. A denier of Jean de Chalon has Johs. De
Cabulon [Rev.] Dns. De Arlato. The archiepiscopal money dates from
the gth c. to the i6th, and the original mint was situated at the Nigra
Porta. The right was limited to the city, but the See claimed the
monopoly for the diocese ; and we find the Archduchess Margaret in
1507 paying an indemnity for a breach of this title. The power to strike
money in all metals was conferred in 1357. The types of B. were copied
at Messerano in Italy.
Besnt!, Loire Inferieure, a very ancient site, and perhaps the Besniaco,
which occurs on a Merovingian triens, recently found near Roche-sur-
Yon.
Bethune, France, Pas de Calais, formerly part of Flanders, the seat of
a limited coinage by the seigneurs, originally advocates or lay adminis-
trators of the abbey of Saint Waast, near Arras, of the small billon pieces
called mailles, with the distinctive marks of Betv, Betune, or Betunia.
Mathilde, heiress of Bethune, married Gui, Count of Flanders, in 1249.
Beziers, Dept. of Herault, the Roman Biterrce Septimanorum. A
Visigothic mint, and a very ancient place of coinage of the Vicomtes de
B., subsequently by marriage of the V. de Carcassonne, as well as an
episcopal mint. This was also one of the places of coinage of the
Constable of Montmorency, Henri, Seigneur de Damville, in 1586. He
struck here pieces of 6 blanques, but employed it only during a few
months, shutting it on the agreement of the mint at Montpellier to pay
him 1 5,000 ecus.
Bicht, Holland, the place of origin of certain mites of Jan van der
Douck, 1 5th c., reading Johns Vander Dock, and Moneta Nova Bich.
Bielfeld, Lippe, Rhenish Prussia, with Biickeburg and Oldendorf, was
the place of coinage of the early Counts of Schauenburg- Lippe, i6th-i7th
Catalogue of European Mints 81
c. The Counts continued to strike money down to the end of the i8th c.
A \ thaler of 1761 reads Wilhelmus Dei Graf. Reg1 in Schaumb. on
obv., and on rev. Nobilissim Dom : ac. Com : in Lipp. <&•» St. Also a
mint of the Bishops of Munster, the Counts of Ravensberg, and the Dukes
of Juliers, etc., I4th-i6th c. Bilevelde.
Biella, Piedmont, a Savoyard mint, 1640-42.
Bingen, Hesse-Darmstadt, a place of coinage of the Archbishops of
Mayence or Maintz in the I4th and i$th c.
Blenod-les-Toul, Dept. of Meurthe, France, the place of origin of a
very rare denier of Jean d'Arzilieres, Bishop of Toul (1309-20), described
in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. ion. It is a copy of a sterling of John I.,
Duke of Brabant.
Blois, a mint of Eudes and Charles the Simple, and after their time
of imitations of the royal types by the early Counts of Blois. Subse-
quently the latter struck deniers with a degenerate portrait, having before
it a small wolfs head, blez signifying a wolf, and with Blesis or Blesianvs
Castro. The county of Blois was sold in 1361 with that of Dunois to the
Duke of Orleans. But as far back as 1328 Charles II. de Valois, nephew
of Philip le Bel, purchased of Gui I. de Chatillon, Count of B., the right
of coinage at B., and probably within the lordship, for 15,000 livres
tournois.
Blomberg, Lippe, a mint of Bernhardt II., Count of Lippe, 1229-65 ;
there is an esterling with Blomenberic; and we meet with billon pieces
of the i yth c.
Bockholt, Prussia, a mint, probably of a limited character, and mainly
for copper money. The stiiber and the pfenning were current. A piece
of 105 pf. was struck in 1762, and in 1690 had appeared the 2oth part of
a reichsthaler in copper.
Bois-le-Duc, or s' Hertogenbosch, the seat of a royal and civic coin-
age, probably of limited extent, from the i6th c. We have the //Vzr</and
the gigot, both in copper, and with the arms of the town. A well-
executed Hard of Philip II., 1581, and a quarter patagon of Albert and
Isabella, 1617, as well as the Hard of various dates with their titles, are
assignable hither. It is not unlikely that the early forgery of guenars,
found at Vucht in the neighbourhood, was perpetrated at Bois-le-Duc.
Boitzenburgi a mint of the Counts of Schwerin in the I3th c., and of
the Dukes of Mecklenburgh in the I7th-i8th c.
Bologna, the seat of republican coinage subject to the imperial
authority (i2th-i4th c.), subsequently of the money issued by the Pepoli
family (1337-50), by Giovanni Visconti, Archbishop of Milan (1350-54), of
the popes from 1360 to 1401, of the Bentivoglii from 1401 to 1402, of the
popes from 1403 to 1409, of a republican government from 1416 to 1419,
of the popes from 1431 to 1878, with the exception of a short interval in
1797 and 1848. There is a silver scudo, a piece of 2 carlini, etc., of the
former date, and 3 baiocchi of the Roman republic of the latter. The
most remarkable coin in the whole succession of pieces minted here is the
zecchino of 1323, with papal emblems and the full-length figure of St.
Peter. It was the earliest apostolic or Roman coin which appeared at
Bologna. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 374. It sold for 130 lire. We must
also particularly note in the Bolognese series, besides the Pepoli and
Bentivoglio coins, the triple scudo of gold of Clement VII. (1523-34), by
Domenicani of Bologna, dated 1529, and struck during the famine ; the
silver scudo of Gregory XIII. (1572-85), Anno VIII., being the first
piece of the kind struck, and the set of gold, silver, and copper, issued by
G
82 The Coins of Europe
Vettore Emmanuele as King of Italy, 1860 ; the 20, 10, and 5 lire in
gold ; the lira and 2 lire in silver ; the 40 and 20 centesimi in copper with
a silver centre; and the soldo in copper (dated 1861). An early peculi-
arity of the coins, which was followed elsewhere, is the separation of the
last letter of the name Bononia from the rest, and its assignment to the
centre of the piece; we see it in a danaro of the nth c., with the name
of the Emperor Henry V. (i 106-25) on obv. and Bononi A. on rev. Comp.
Antignate.
Bolsivcrd, a mint of the Counts of West Friesland, 1038-90. There
is a double groat struck here, with the date 1478. Sch., Cat. vii. 239.
Bodlinivert.
Jjommel, one of the mints of the Dukes of Burgundy as Dukes of
Gueldres, I5th c. Also one for a local coinage, and for money struck
during a siege by the Spaniards, 1599 (a J gulden, a stuiver or sol, and
a dute or doit). The piece exists in silver and tin, both on a square
flan ; the second is in silver — mint mark, a pomegranate ; and the last
in copper. There are two varieties of a piece of 2 stuivers and a ^
thaler.
Bandar oi, near Pithiviers, a seigneurie ceded by Philip le Bel to Hugues
de Bonville in exchange for Chapelle-la-Reine, with the right of coinage.
Bonn, Prussia, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia (Bo.\ and possibly
the Bona which appears on the reverse of a denier of the Emperor Henry
II., 1002-24. Some coins bear Beata Verona Vinces. Also a seat of
coinage of some of the earlier Bishops of Cologne, I4th c. During the
siege by Ernst of Bavaria and the Spaniards in 1583, a thaler, with the
i and j, bearing the arms of the See of Cologne, was issued.
Borbeck, Rhenish Prussia, a place of coinage of the Abbey of Essen
(1459-89). Comp. Essen.
Bordeaux, one of the chief centres of the Visigothic kingdom and of
the independent duchy of Gascony. It was a mint at least from the 8th-
c. The most ancient pieces appear to be those bearing Leutario and
Burdegal; their attribution is uncertain. Others read Lodoicus, sup-
posed to indicate Louis IV. or the Young, 936-54. B. was a prominent
seat of the Anglo-Gallic coinage, as well as of the Kings of France as
Dukes of Aquitaine, and an occasional one of the later French monarchs.
In 1186, Richard Coeurde Lion gave to the chapter of St. Andre at Bor-
deaux a third of the revenue of his mint there ; the right was bought by
the Crown only in 1709.
Borgo di San Scpolcro or Sabourg, near San Remo, the apparent place
of origin of certain money of the I7th c., struck here by the authority of
the Abbot of Saint Honorat de Lerins, on the coast of Provence, pursuant
to a grant of the sovereignty of Borgo by the Comte de Ventimiglia as far
back as 954. There may have been other and earlier examples; but only
pieces of 1669 and 1671 appear to be known, with Monast. Lerincnse.
P\rinceps\ Sepvl. and svb innbra sedi, etc. The coinage was suppressed
in 1686.
Borgonuowo della Roccfietta, a place of coinage of the Spinola family,
1669.
Borgo San Stefano, a place of coinage of the Doria family, 1668.
Borgo-Taro, Parma, a mint of the princely family of Landi, i6th c.
There are quattrini in copper of Federico, the fifth prince, with D. Fed.
Land. V. Tari. Comp. Bardi and Coinpiano.
Borne, Overijssel, a seigniorial mint of the I4th c. with Dns. Born.
or H. van Borne.
Catalogue of European Mints 83
Bornstat,& seigniorial fief united to Saxony in 1290. Probably the,
or a, mint of the Counts of Mansfeldt a Bornstat, 1 6th- 1 8th c. Circa 1510-
circd 1670. There are bracteates and deniers with Brene or Bwenen,
and later pieces of 3 pfennigen with B.
Bortheim, near Reckheim, Belgium, a supposed mint of the Som-
breffe family, Seigneurs of Reckheim, I4th-i5th c. Moneta. Nova. DC.
Brot.
Bouillon, Basse-Lorraine, a mint of Godefroi IV., Duke of B.-L.,
1043-48. Some at least of his deniers bear the name of his consort
Beatrix. Associated with this town and duchy is the name of the famous
Godefroi de Bouillon, to whom coins have been attributed in the Basse-
Lorraine series. Apparently a mint of the See of Liege in the i6th-
I7th c. See Cat. Schulman, vii. Nos. 552-55 ; and Cat. Robert, 1886,
Nos. 207-25, 388, 390. It is doubtful whether the Dues de Bouillon
struck money here. The possession of the chateau was subject to many
changes. The duchy itself and all the proprietary rights have long been
absorbed in the grand -duchy of Luxemburgh. From 1792 to 1816
Philippe d'Auvergne, Captain R.N., bore the title, and in 1815 struck a
piece of 5 francs with Philippe D'Attvergne Due Souverain de Boti-
illon, and his portrait. On the edge is inscribed Domine Salvvin Fac
Dvcem.
Boulogne, a place of coinage of the Carlovingian Princes down to
Lothaire, and a seigniorial mint of a branch of the Counts of Flanders,
i ith-i3th c. The domain changed hands two or three times, passing into
the families of Dammartin and Auvergne. Besides this place of coinage
the Counts had a mint at Lens-en-Artois, to which are referred deniers of
Eustache I. (1046-49) and Eustache II. (1049-95) with Lesni Castel, or
Lesnensis. One of the Counts of B. preserved his title after his accession
to the throne of Portugal as Alfonso III. in 1248. Urbs. Bolonie, Bo-
lungne, Boninge, etc. Deniers only.
Bourges, a mint of Charles le Chauve, 1840-75, of whom there is a
denier with Bitvricas on rev., and of the Vicomtes de B. down to not,
when the fief was sold to the Crown for 60,000 sols d'or. The Vicomtes
seem to have struck no money in their own name, but to have issued the
Carlovingian types in that of the King.
Bouvigne, Namur, a seat of coinage of Guillaume I., Count of N.,
I337-9I-
Bouiiviller, Alsace, a mint of the Counts of Hanau for their Alsa-
tian domains.
Bozzolo, Venetian Lombardy, 16 m. W.S.W. of Mantua, a mint of the
Gonzaga family, Princes of Bozzolo (i5th-i6th c.) and Dukes of Sabbi-
onetta. See Cat. Rossi, 4593, and comp. Sabbionetta and San Martina
deir Argine.
Bracara, or Braga, Galicia, a mint of the Suevic Goths, 411-30,
457-584. Br. or Civitas Braga.
Brackel, or Brakel, Pruss. Westphalia, the seat of an urban coinage
by a concession of the Bishop of Paderborn, I4th c. Moneta in Br., rev.
Brakele. Civitas.
Brandenberg, Saxony, a feudal mint in the I3th c. Bracteates with
a double-headed eagle and a bat.
Brandenburg Mints : Augermtinde, Baerwalde, Beeskow, Berlin,
Bernau, Brandenburgh, Cologne, Cottbus, Crossen, Ciistrin (ceded by
Poland to the Order of Livonia, 1259), Driesen (previously to 1317 a
Polish mint), Drossen, Frankfort -am -Oder, Freienwalde, Fiirstenwalde,
84 The Coins of Europe
Guben, Havelberg, Koenigsberg-in-Neumark, Koepnik, Kyritz, Landsberg-
am-Warte, Lebus, Luckau, Lychen (1302), Mittenwalde, Morin (i4th c.),
Miincheberg (1369), Neustadt-Eberswalde(i369), Perleberg-am-Stepenitz,
Prenzlow, Rathenow-am-Havel, Alt-Ruppin, Neu-Ruppin, Schwedt, Som-
merfeld, Sorau, Spandow, Sparr, Spremberg, Strassburg or Brodnitzo,
Wrietzen, Zossen.
Brandenburgh, now part of Prussia, formerly an independent mar-
graviat, of which part of Prussia was an appanage : an episcopal mint in
the nth c. and an urban one in the. I4th. Chiefly for low values and
billon money. The town entered into a convention with Berlin as early
as 1322. The more important period commenced about 1500. The mar-
graves had altogether from time to time about 40 mints. In 1722 a large
coinage of copper groschen for B. took place in England, probably at
Birmingham. There is an undated kipper scchsgroscher of Georg
Wilhelm (1619-40) belonging here. A piece of 18 groschen of Friedrich
Wilhelm, 1604-8, describes him as Supremus Du.v in Prussia. This
was 17 years before the erection of Prussia into a kingdom. We ought
to draw attention to the curious early dated groschen of this State from
1500 to 1550. One of Joachim has Anno Domini, 150x3; and a second
of 1506 Mone1. Nova Argenta. An'. 1506.
Brandenburgh-Anspach. See Anspach.
Brassac, Puy-de-D6me, a supposed place of coinage of Pierre I. or II.
de Brosse (1287-1356), by reason of an obole of the Clermont type, with
Petrus de Brocia and Brasau.
Braunau, the source, during the siege by the Austrians, 1743, °f a
thaler, of a piece of 7 sols, and of tin money of i, 3, 15, and 30
kreutzer, with Brannav and the arms of Saxony.
Breda, the place of origin of certain siege-money in 1579 and 1625: in
the former case of a piece of two florins on a square flan, and of one of
20 stuivers, both in silver ; in the latter of pieces of 60, 40, and 20 stuivers
silver, and 2 and i stuivers in copper.
Brekerfcld, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Counts de la Marck.
Brekervelt.
Bremen, the seat of a civic and episcopal coinage, including bracteates
to a comparatively late date. A double grosch of Henry of Schwar-
zenburg, 1463-96, reads Mon. Nova Bremesis.
Brescello, or Bersello, Govt. of Reggio, a mint of the Este family,
Dukes of Reggio, i6th c. There is a rare scudo without date, with
Omnis nobilitas A Deo Est, and on rev. the effigy and name of St.
Genesius.
Brescia, the place of origin of imperial money, i Ith-I2th c. ; of autono-
mous coinage, I3th-i4th c. ; of the currency struck in the name of the
Malatesta family, I5th c. In the early years of that c. the city and
territory were acquired by Venice ; but no special coinage was provided
by the republic.
Breslau (Wratislav), Silesia, a mint of the Dukes of S. from the I3th
to the 1 4th c., and of the Kings of Hungary, the prince-bishops, and the
town down to the I7th or i8th. The Kings of Prussia employed it after
1750. There is a long series of episcopal pieces in gold and silver,
including a ducat of 1592, with the titles of the bishop and emperor, and a
3-ducat piece of 1632, in which the bishop is styled Prince of Sweden.
During the Thirty Years' War (1622-48) small uniface copper coins and
larger money in the same metal were issued for local use : the former
are dated 1621 and 1622, the latter sometimes have 1645 stamped in ;
Catalogue of European Mints 85
and all bear W. for Wratislav. The silver three-thaler of 1621, and the
~1\ groschen of 1645, both money of necessity, were perhaps struck here.
Brieg. See Leignitz-Brieg.
Briesach, doubtless the place of mintage of two varieties of square
silver pieces of 40 batzen struck during the siege by the Swedes, 1633.
Briton, or Brillon, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Archbp. of
Cologne. Briglon Civ it as.
Brindisi, a mint of the Norman Dukes of Apulia and Kings of Sicily,
iith-i2th c., and of the Emperors of Germany (i 2th- 1 3th c.). Silver,
billon, and copper were struck here. Among the last were the follaro
and its divisions.
Brioude, Haute -Loire, an unimportant mint in the loth-nth c.
Deniers with Brivites or Bitirites.
Brixen, Austria, a seat of episcopal coinage from the loth c., and of
that of the Duke of Kaernthen or Carinthia. The Emperor Charles IV.
authorised Barnabo Visconti of Milan to strike money here. Arms — a
lamb. The coinage lasted down to the end of the last c.
Broech, Limburg, Brabant, probably the seat of a limited coinage of
the feudal lords, of whom there was a rather long succession.
Bromberg, or Bydgost, a Polish mint, 1650. Bidgostiens.
Brosse-Huriel, Bourbonnais, the seat of a seigniorial coinage, I3th-
I4th c., principally copied from the types of Chartres, Dreux, Limoges,
and Brittany. De Uriaco, Brucie, Dns. Hur. or Hurce., Vicccomes
Brucie, etc. These coins were struck both at Brosse and at Huriel.
See Brassac.
Bruges (Bruggia), a mint of Charles le Chauve, of Charles the Simple,
of the Counts of Flanders from the I2th c., of the Dukes of Burgundy, of
Charles V. of Germany, etc., down to the i8th c. There is a schelling of
Maria Theresa, 1750, struck here : m.m. a lis or a small lion.
Briigg, or Bruck, cant, of Aargau, a place of coinage in the 1 3th c. No
coins known.
Brtmswick, the seat of urban coinage from 1345, although the brae-
Brunswick : J thaler, palm-tree type.
teates with a lion may very well be prior to the grant of Duke Magnus in
that year. The earliest thalers belong to the close of the I5th c. There
is a rare one of 1636 with Mone. Nova. Reip. Bnmsvicensis. Seejutius-
locser in Cat. of Denom. Brunswick may be regarded as the general
mint of the plentiful coinage of the branch of B. Wolfenbiittel, although
some of the Dukes have employed Wolfenbiittel itself.
Brunswick Mints (minor) : Bevern, Blankenburg, Catlenburg,
Dannenberg, Gandersheim, Gittelde, Grubenhagen, Harburg, Henrich-
stadt, Helmstadt, Herzberg, Hitzacker, Lauterberg, Moisburg, Salzder-
helden, Scharnebeck, Walkenried, Weende, Winsen.
86 The Coins of Europe
Brussels, an early Brabantine mint (m.m. a bridge or tower, afterward
an angel's head) and the seat of coinage of the Dukes of Brabant and
the successive rulers of this part of the Low Countries. See Cat. Robert,
1886, No. 134, for a notice of an early denier struck here in the name of
the chapter of St. Gudule. There is a variety of siege-pieces during the
i6th and iyth c. ; some of those in gold are doubtful ; and one of 1579 is
usually suspected. B. was perhaps the mint of the interesting series of
revolutionary money struck for the eleven revolted provinces in 1790, con-
sisting of the 14 (and probably, though we have not seen it, 7) florins in
gold, and in silver 3 florins, i florin (of two types), 10 sols (do.), and in
copper the Hard and double Hard. The engraver is said to have been
Van Berckel. From 1816 to 1831, prior to the partition of the Nether-
lands, Brussels was one of the mints of Willem I. of the house of Orange-
Nassau.
Bucharest, Wallachia, probably one of the seats of coinage of the
hospodars and Kings of Roumania.
Biickeburg, the capital of Schaumburg-Lippe, and probably the seat
of its coinage.
Buda, or Buda-Pesth, metropolis of Hungary, a seat of the Hungarian
coinage during the independence of this part of the Austrian dominions.
Its earliest productions were coins on the Byzantine model, and very early
pieces in copper exist. The German and Austrian emperors have
always issued special money of the Virgin and Child type for Hungary.
In Overijssel, in the Low Countries, the type of the gold ducat with the
name of S. Vladislaus and the Virgin and Child was adopted at an early
period with a very slight or even no alteration.
Bunde (PLimburg), a seigniorial mint of the I5th c., where billon
pieces, bearing a shield crowned with a branch, and reading lohans De
Bvnde, or lohs. de Broegh, were struck. Comp. Broech.
Burgdorf, canton of Berne. Bv. or Bvrgdorf. See Kyburg.
Burg Friedberg, Hesse -Darmstadt, a feudal burgraviat, and after-
wards viscounty, which had a concession from Charles V. in 1541 to
strike money in gold and silver. The albus was current herein 1591,
Johan Eberhard being then viscount. The coinage continued inter-
mittently till 1804.
Burgos, a mint of the Kings of Castile and Leon, I3th-i4th c. There
are cornadi of John of Gaunt as King of C. and L., with lohannis Rex
on obv. and a bust, and on rev. Castele. E. Lcgionis. B.
Busca, Sardinia, the source of coins of the Marchese Manfredi
Lancia, 1299.
Caderousse, Vaucluse, the place where, if at all, gold and silver money
would probably have been struck by the Vicomtes de Cadenet, according
to a homage by Agnes, Vicomtesse de C., to the Countess of Provence
in 1245, when the former claims the right of such coinage.
Cadiz, a Spanish mint. C. crowned.
Cagliari, Sardinia, a mint of the Spanish Kings of Sicily, and of Spain
and Sardinia, of Charles VI. of Germany, and of the Dukes of Savoy,
down to 1721 ; subsequently of the Kings of Sardinia down to 1812, when
it appears to have been closed. There is also a grosso of the Gherardesca
family, I3th c., struck here.
Cahors, formerly cap. of Cahourcin or Haut Quercy, now Dept. of
Lot, a very ancient episcopal mint, of which at more than one period,
12 1 2, 1224, etc., the bishop temporarily ceded the right to the town for
Catalogue of European Mints 87
the silver currency for a pecuniary consideration, and the deniers and
oboles bear, in lieu of Episcopus Caturcensis, Civitas Caturci. The
earliest coins appear to be of Bishop Geraud about 1090 ; one of his
deniers bears : Geraldus Eps. and Caturcius. The payment to the See in
1224 for the municipal privilege of striking the silver for six years was 600
sols, the bishop evidently retaining the billon, from which the maximum
profit was derived.
Calais, an Anglo-Gallic mint, 1347-1450. But no money of Richard
II. and Henry IV. seems to be known. Edward III., after the fall of
C. in 1347, by ordinances of 1348-49 appointed a director of his mint, but
finally left it to the discretion of the commandant to strike what pieces
and types seemed most convenient to the wants of the locality and the
taste of the inhabitants, his friends and subjects. In 1371 an arrange-
ment was made to coin gold nobles = 6 sols 8 deniers, 45 to the li-vre
according to the standard of the Tower of London ; \ and \ nobles = 40
and 20 esterlins ; grds = 4 esterlins ; \ gros, esterlins (1200 to the livre\
mailles or \ esterlins, and ferlings or \ esterlins. A gros of Edward III.
describes him as Comes Merket or Comte de la Marche. Villa Calesie
or Calisie.
Calcar, CleVes, a mint of the early dukes.
Calmar, an early Swedish, mint. Kalmrni.
Cambrai, a seigniorial, capitular, and episcopal mint, and subse-
quently one of the successive foreign rulers of Brabant. There is an
esterling of Willem van Hainault, 1292-96, and a series of later pieces in
all metals down to the I7th c. of the bishop and chapter. During the
siege by the Spaniards in 1581, the town struck a gulden or daalder, and
pieces of I, 2, 5, and 10 patards ; and in 1595, during a second siege, i, 2,
5, 10, and 20 patards, etc. The 2o-patard piece of 1595, on a square flan,
is inscribed Henrtco Protectori in gratitude to Henry IV. of France. See
Saint-Gery. Castri in Cameracesio, C A M R in the cantons of a cross,
Moneta Capilvli, etc. There is a remarkable double inouton d'or struck
by the chapter, sede vacante, between 1368 and 1378.
Camerino, States of the Church, formerly an independent common-
wealth (i4th-i5th c.) and (i5th-i6th c.) a sovereign fief of the Da Varano
family, which coined money here in all the three metals. A gold zecchino
of Gio. Maria da Varano (1521-27) sold at the Rossi sale, 1880, No. 729,
for 750 lire. The property passed to the Church in 1538, and shortly
after was erected into a duchy by the Farnese family. There is a grosso
belonging here of Ottavio Farnese (1547-78) with Octavivs F. Camer.
Dvx. It became a papal mint again in 1670. Cammereno, Camerina,
Camertivm. Dvx.
Campen, a mint at which local currency and convention-money were
struck from the I5th c. to the I7th. See Convention-money in Catalogue
of Denominations. Siege-money was struck here in 1578; 42, 21, loi
stuivers, etc. ; and again in 1672, when the town was invested by the
Archbishop of Cologne and the Bishop of Munster.
Campi, Naples, a seat of the feudal family of Centurione-Scotti e Serra,
1654-69, who struck money in their own name.
Campobasso, Naples, apparently a place of seigniorial coinage in the
1 5th c. There is a tornese in billon of Nicolo di Monforte (1450-62) with
Nicola Com., and on rev. Campibassi.
Candia, a temporary mint of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
between their abandonment of Rhodes and settlement at Malta. Also
the seat of a Venetian currency during the occupation of the island by the
88 The Coins of Europe
republic. But the Venetian rule was very imperfect and desultory, and
was chiefly limited to the ports and the settlement at Colonia Venetorum.
The republic struck pieces of 60, 30, and 1 5 tornesi, soldini, soldi, gazzette,
and during 1650 siege-money in bronze or copper of 5 and 10 lire. One
piece bears the name of the Venetian governor, Grimani. These latter
are very rare.
Capua, a mint of the Norman Princes of Apulia. Civitas Capvana.
The place of origin of a small copper piece of Anfusus, father or son, circd
A.D. 836, with An. P. Ri. [Anfusus Princeps\ in the angles of the division
on obv., and on rev. a horseman.
Carcassonne, Dept. of Aude, a countship established by Charlemagne,
and in 872 under the government of the Counts of Toulouse. The
earliest coins belong to the nth c., and are of the Tolosan type. Also
an episcopal mint, and one occasionally employed by the Bishop of
Girone. In 1067 the domain and the monetary rights were sold to the
Count of Barcelona for 1 100 ounces of gold ; but the new seigneur con-
ferred on the former lord the title of Viscount and feudal possession of
all but the town and its precincts. In a document of 1125-26 the locality
at Beziers where the money was struck is described as " turris mone-
taria vetus." The mint appears to have been abandoned at that time, and
to have been reopened about 1 1 50, in which year mention occurs of the
money of B. being current throughout the lordship of Agde.
Carin, Austrian Illyria, and the place which gave its name to
Carinthia, a mint of the early seigneurs of Stein or Steyn. A coin of
Arnould, I4th c., has Dns. Stein, and Karinie for the mint.
Carlovingian Mints. In the Edict of Pitres, 864, the following mints
are all that occur : The Palace (see Moneta palatina in Cat. of Denom.),
Quentovic near Etaples, Rouen, Reims, Sens, Paris, Orleans, Chalons-
sur-Saone, Melle, and Narbonne. Quentovic is here mentioned as
already an ancient place of coinage. The number greatly increased at a
subsequent date, and comprised under successive reigns down to the
Bourbon era, when the system became more centralised, nearly every
place of importance in the kingdom or empire, and many at present of
no note, if they have not in a few cases disappeared or baffled identi-
fication. Among the seats of coinage of Pepin le Bref and his successors
to the close of the loth c. may be cited : Aries, Besancon, Cambrai,
Chartres, Chalons-sur-Saone, Le Mans, Mayence, Meaux, Maestricht,
Narbonne, Paris, Quentovic, Reims, Soissons, Strasburgh, Troyes,
Verdun, Clermont-Ferrand, Lyons, Aix-la-Chapelle, Avranches, Angou-
leme, Avignon, Beneventum, Bingen, Bonn, Durstede, Dinant, Florence,
Lucca, Limoges, Laon, Treviso, Uze"s, Pisa, Parma, Rome, Rennes, Tours,
Barcelona, Bourges, Bordeaux, Chur, Marseilles, etc.
Cannagnola, Piedmont, a place of coinage of the Bishops of Lausanne
at an early period, and a mint of the Marquises of Saluzzo, I5th-i6th c.
Money was struck here in all metals. One of the gems of the Rossi collec-
tion (Cat. 1880, No. 771) was a gold lo-scudi piece from the Montenuovo
cabinet with Lvdovicvs Marchio et Margarita de Fois. M.S. and the
portraits of both facing each other. This coin fetched 2300 lire. Mar-
guerita herself struck in 1516 a silver scudo or medaglia with her por-
trait and the legend Margarita de Fvxo Marchionisa Salvciar, Qr'c.
1516.
Carpentras, 15 m. N.E. of Avignon, a mint of the popes during the
suspension of coinage at Rome. There is money in all metals between
1294 and 1342.
Catalogue of European Mints 89
Carrega, Naples, a concession granted to the Doria family of Genoa ;
but no coins are known.
Casale, a mint of the lords of Casale of the Palaeologos family (1380-
1464), of the Marquises of Monteferrato (1464-1533), of the Emperor
Charles V. (1533-36), and of the Gonzage, Dukes of Mantua (1540-1697).
Some very rare and important examples in gold, and several pieces interest-
ing for the costumes, proceeded from this mint. In 1628 a piece of 12 reales
was struck during the siege by Gongales, and in 1629-30, during that by
Ambrogio Spinola, pieces of ^, i, 5, 10, and 20 florins, some being of more
than one type. A quattrino of 1706, struck at Casale, has on obv. the
type of the Virgin and Child with the curious legend Divae Virginis
Cretae.
Cassel, a mint of the Counts, afterward Landgraves, of Hesse-Cassel.
The earliest pieces have Comes, the later, Landgravi Hassie. Money in
all metals was struck here after 1 503, when the right was obtained from
the Emperor to strike gold. Count Philip (1509-67) entered into the
monetary alliance of the Rhenish provinces, and placed on his coinage
the arms of Mayence, Treves, Cologne, the Palatinate, and Hesse.
Castelbon, Navarre, a place of coinage authorised in favour of the
Vicomte de C. in 1374 by the Duke of Anjou, the money to be of the
royal standard and similar to that of Lescun. Not known.
Castel Durante. See Urbino.
Castelnau, near Montpellier, the seat of a mint established by two
ordinances of James I. of Arragon (1213-76) in 1273, for the coinage of
deniers and oboles of fine silver, each d. to be = 12 d. of Melgueil, and
each ob. to be = 6 ob. of M. The regulations were ratified by his son
and successor in 1277.
Castelnuovo-di-Garfagnana, Barga, Italy, the probable place of coin-
age of a special grossetto struck in 1606 by Cesare d'Este, Duke of
Modena, in commemoration of his recovery of the town and territory.
The piece has on rev. St Peter standing and Prin. Garfignanae.
Castelsardo, formerly Castel-Arragonese, Sardinia, a seigniorial fief of
the Doria family, 1436-48.
Castiglione dei Gatti, States of the Church, a feudal seat of the Pepoli
family, who struck money elsewhere and perhaps also here.
Castiglione del Lago, States of the Church, a mint of Ferdinand II.,
Grand-Duke of Tuscany, 1620-70. On a piece of 1643 occurs Cats.
Prin.
Castiglione delle Stimere, Lombardy, a mint of the Gonzaga family
(1580-1723). Coins in all metals were struck here.
Castro, States of the Church, a mint of the Farnese family as Dukes
of Castro (1545-47). There is a gold zecchino of Pier Luigi Farnese with
P. Loisivs F. Dvx Cast., and other pieces in all metals.
Cattaro, Dalmatia, a mediaeval mint of the kingdom of Servia
posterior to the incorporation in the nth c. of Bosnia and great part
of Dalmatia. S. Tryphon, Cthren or Catarensi. St. Tryphon was the
patron of C., and early coins of Bosnia with his name and that of Cattaro
were doubtless struck here for that province after its subjugation by
Servia. A probable place of coinage of the colonial series struck for
Dalmatia by the Venetians from the I4th to the I7th c. The grossetto
and \ grossetto, the quattrino, the follaro, etc., were current in the pro-
vince. There are also a franc and 5 -franc piece of base metal coined
here by the French defenders during the war (1812-13).
Celles-sur-Cher, the seat of a seigniorial coinage, uth-i4th c., in
go The Coins of Europe
common with Mehun-sur-Yevre. Types similar to those of Blois and
Chartres. The coinage bears evidence of the monetary unity.
Chalon-sitr-Saone, a mint of Charles le Chauve (864), of the Counts or
Dukes of Burgundy, of Hugues IV., Duke of Burgundy (1218-78), and of
the feudal counts, ioth-i3th c. The fief was united to Burgundy in 1237.
Cabilo Civis. A m.m. of the early Dukes of Burgundy was a B.
Chalons-siir-Marne, a place of Austrasian coinage, and subsequently
an episcopal mint, established by a concession from Charles le Chauve
in 865, the year after the Edict of Pitres, through the good offices of his
queen, Irmintrude. The act was confirmed in 877 and (by a papal bull)
in 1107. The productions of this mint, the low values only, were current
not only within the diocese but elsewhere, by reason of their superiority
of quality. In 1131 the Bishop of Verdun directed on this express account
the sole currency of the Chalons coinage in his own jurisdiction for fifteen
years, possibly receiving consideration from his brother prelate. Ca.,
Cathalavni, Catalavnis, or Catalani.
Chambe'ry, Savoy, a mint of the Counts of S. from the I3th c.
Charenton, Bourbonnais, a seigniorial fief, 1 2th- 1 3th c., amalgamated
with Sancerre. Deniers copied from the Nevers, Besan^on, La Marche,
and Viennois types. Ciarentonis, D. Char. Dns. Carenton, etc. After
the union of Sancerre, the coins read Charet. [on rev.] I\ohannes\ C\pmes\
DC Sancerre. Another, of Etienne III., 1280, has Ste. de Cancere, and
on rev. De Charento Mon.
Charleville, Ardennes, a mint of the seigneurs of Chateau-Renaud in
the 1 7th c. Charlev. or Carolopoli Cus.
Chartres, the seat of an early coinage with the regal title on obv. and
the name of the city on rev. A denier of this type bears Carlvs Rex and
Carnotis Civitas, with the temple as an adjunct. Thibaut I. Le Tricheur,
Count of Blois, Chartres, and Tours, and his successors, appropriated the
emoluments of the mint, and struck deniers of a Carlovingian character
similar to the early Tours type with the rude, bust and pieces resembling
the baronial coinage of Blois, with Curtis Cii'itas. The independent
series must have concluded with Charles II. de Valois, 1325-46,
second of the royal line of counts, who signed himself K. Kom, and who
surrendered his rights to the Crown in or about 1346. As early as 1305
Charles had been consulted by Philip le Bel, his uncle, on the subject of
a correction of abuses in the currency ; but it appears that he was one of
the offenders. Comp. Blots.
Chateaubelin, Dept. of Jura, a mint about 1341-50 of Jean de Chalon,
Comte d'Auxerre and de Tonnerre, who also struck money at Orgelet,
another place within the Burgundian frontier and the See of Vienne.
Billon or monnaie noire only. Comp. Orgelet.
Chateaudun, near Blois, a place of seigniorial coinage, at first probably
in association with the Counts of Blois, on whom the Viscounts of C. were
dependent. Dunis Castll:, Dunio Stili, or Castri Duni. One of the
heiresses of C., Alix de Clermont-Neelle, married Guillaume, second son
of the Count of Flanders, but retained the monetary right in her own
hands ; for a document of 1315 speaks of "la monnoie de Chastiau-Dun
qui est a ma dame de Neelle." It is doubtful whether the independent
currency survived the escheat of the viscounty to the Crown about
1325.
Chateau-Landon, Seine-et-Marne, a mint of Philip I. and Louis VI.,
Kings of France (1060-1137).
Chateaumeillant, Dept. of Cher, France, the seat of an early seigniorial
Catalogue of European Mints 91
coinage of the Sully family, Iith-i6th c. Melhiares, Mel. Castro, Castri
Mella, Castri Militum, Castro Mil, etc. Comp. Henrichemont.
Chatcaii-Renaud, a seigniorial mint of the branch of the Bourbon family
seated here in the I7th c. In 1629 C. was exchanged with the Crown for
Pont-sur-Seine.
Chateauroux, Berri, a seigniorial, and presumably at a prior period an
abbatial, mint, which was well established in 1213, and in which the
Abbey of Bourg-Dieu de Deols had a traditional pecuniary interest,
perhaps representing a commuted annuity, at that date. It was closed
in 1316 in consequence of disagreements between the lord and his vassals
respecting an alteration, probably a debasement, of the money.
Chateldon, Puy-de-D6me, the supposed source of certain deniers with
Castellvm Don. and Lvdovicvs Vivit or Philippics Rex. \ 3th c.
Chatelet. See Vauvillers.
Chatel-sur-Moselle, Vosges, the place of origin of an episcopal coinage
of the 1 3th c., and of (presumably) two or three pieces (deniers and oboles)
of Henri, Comte de Vaudemont, a scion of the house of Lorraine. See
Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1710. The Lorraine types were followed here.
Chatenoi, Lorraine, between Neufchateau and Mirecourt, a mint of
Ferri III., Duke of Lorraine, 1251-1303.
Chieti, Naples, a mint of Alfonso I. of Arragon, King of Naples
(1443-58), and of Charles VIII. of France (1495). Tne latter struck two
types of the cavallo here. One has Krolvs Di. G.R. Fr. Si., and on rev.
Teatina Ciintas.
Chinon, Touraine, a mint of Thibaut, Count of Tours, c. 938-^. 1040 ; his
successors received an indemnity or annual allowance in lieu of the
profits. This annuity successively devolved on the Kings of England
(during their temporary rule) and France, until it was extinguished.
Chiusi, Tuscany, a seat of autonomous coinage, i4th c.
Chivasso, Piedmont, the mint of Saluzzo and of the Marches! di
Monteferrato (1305-1400) prior to its removal to Casale.
Christiania or Christiansborg, the capital of Norway, and the place of
coinage of the Kings of Norway and of Denmark. A gold piece struck
there to commemorate the death of Frederic IV. and the accession of
Christian VI. has on obv. the crowned cypher of the two monarchs with
D • G • Rex • Dan • Nor • Van • Go • , and on rev. a view of the city and
Christiansborg I • Guinea • D • XII • Octo • 1 730.
Chur, Switzerland, a Carlovingian mint : one for episcopal coinage
from the loth c., and subsequently for that of the township. In 1608 the
feudal lord of Schauenstein-Ehrenfels acquired the privilege of striking at
this place by virtue of his lands at Haldenstein and Lichtenstein. There
is a very curious and rare gold florin of 1622 with Man. No. Avr. C. la.
Cvrre (" Moneta nova aurea civitatis Japodum Curias Rethensis ;;) and
the titles of Ferdinand II. There is a grosch of Thomas de Planta with
the Virgin and Child, and on rev. a quartered shield with Moneta Epi.
Cvrien.
Cilly, Austria, the seat of coinage of the Counts of Cilly, princes of
the empire, from 1436, and of the Counts of Hardegg-Glatz, a branch of
the same stock, from 1507. The money of the latter reads Com. In
Hardecc. Glotz. Et In Machland.
Ciney, a mint of the See of Lie"ge, i ith c. Ce-vm's.
Cisterna, Naples, a place where the prince, Giac. del Pozzo, received
from the Holy See in 1660 the authority to strike money.
Civita Vecchia, one of the numerous mints of Pius VI. in 1796-97
92 The Coins of Europe
during the revolutionary interval. His Holiness struck here the madon-
nina and sampietrino (5 and i\ baiocchi).
Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia, of
Charles the Simple, of the Counts of Auvergne, and from 1044 of the
cathedral and chapter of Clermont. Down to 1360 each bishop on his
election swore to make no change in the money without the consent of
the chapter. We only hear of deniers and mailles. The m. was = 3 d.
Ar., Arverna, or Urbs. Averna. After the transfer to the Church in 1044
the head and name of the Virgin appeared on the money.
Cleves, capital of the ancient duchy of the same name, and the seat of
one of the mints, 1 5th- 1 6th c. There is a 6-kreutzer piece of Frederic
II. of Prussia, 1757, struck here.
Cluny, an abbatial mint, perhaps from the loth, but certainly from the
nth c. But the abbots appear to have struck money at an early period
at Saint Jean d'Angely and'elsewhere, and it has been supposed that they
also did so at Saint Gengoux, a mint established by Louis VII. in 1166,
and suppressed by Philip le Hardi in 1281. Cluniaco Cenobio.
Coblentz, a mint of the Archbishops of Trvees (i4th-i7th c.). There is
also a denier of Bruno II., Archbishop of Cologne, 1131-37, struck here.
Conflventia, Covelncnsis, Covcnensis.
Coburg, a mint of the Counts of Henneberg in the I3th c., of the
Margraves of Brandenburgh (i4th c.), of the Margraves of Misnia, and
of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, sprung from the Ernestine branch
of the ducal house of Saxony. There are small bracteates belonging to
this town with the device of a negro's or Moor's head.
Coconato, a place indicated on certain coins of the Counts of Radicate.
A copper quattrino of the i6th c. has on obv. in field Coco.
Coerbeck, a mint of the See of Cologne, 1237-61.
Coesfeld, Westphalia, the apparent place of origin of certain copper
pieces of 4, 8, and 12 pfenningen for local currency. They bear a bull's
head.
Coevorden, Overijssel, a signiory or Chatellenic in the I4th c. It was
originally a separate lordship, but was united with Selwerd by the
marriage of Herman von Coevorde to Ida, daughter and heiress of
Hendrik, Seigneur of Selwerd. A groot of this chatellan of the I4th c.
(1340-50) reads Moneta Selwordensis. But the title to Coevorde was
vested at a shortly subsequent period in Raynald III., Duke of Gueldres,
of whom there is a groot of the same type as the one just mentioned with
Moneta Kovordensis Renold Dni Kovorden. Com p. Selwerd.
Coimbra, Spain, a Visigothic mint, and one of the early Kings of
Portugal. Eminio.
Colberg, Pomerania, struck during the siege by the French in 1807,
paper pieces of 2, 4, and 8 groschen.
Colmar, Alsace, a mint established by a concession of the Emperor
Charles IV. in 1376, and in operation till 1674. There is a rare thaler of
1527. The figure of St. Martin and the morgenstern, or town-mace,
occur on most of the coins. A municipal mint in the I7th c.
Cologne or Coin, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia (Col. V.}, of the
Emperor Louis IV. or the Young, 899-911, and of Otto I., 936-73. It
continued to be an important imperial mint down to the nth c., and an
ecclesiastical one to a much later date. The Florentine gold type was
copied here. There was also a considerable civic currency in silver and
copper. The albus and the stick were denominations in those two metals.
There is a piece of viii. Albus Colnisch, 1635. There are at least two
Catalogue of European Mints 93
varieties of the silver piece of 1730 with Signvm Senatoris. At the Rein-
mann sale, 1891-92, Part ii., No. 6424, a doppelthaler klippe of Cologne
without date, of the Ursula type, fetched 1350 marks.
Cclos- Var, or Clausenburg, a Transylvanian mint under the inde-
pendent waiwodes. C. V.
Como, an autonomous and imperial mint, 1 2th- 1 4th c. Also a place
of coinage of the Rusca and Visconti families. There is a danaro of
Azzo Visconti (1335-39) struck here with Azo Vicecom. on obv., and
on rev. Cvmanvs. Other pieces bear Cvmis or Cvmarvm.
Compiano, Parma, a mint of the Landi, Princes of Bardi, etc., i6th c.
Closed in 1630.
Compiegne, the place of origin of a denier of Louis VI. (1108-37) with
Cinnpiene. Doubtless there was a mint at the castle ; and it may have
been one of the sources of the Carlovingian money from Charles le
Chauve, including the pieces with Conpendio palatio, and that formerly
ascribed to Corbeny in the Laonais. See Poey D'Avant, in, 349,
355-
Cdftflans, Moselle, the name found on certain anonymous episcopal
coins of the I3th c.
Coni or Cuneuin, Sardinia, the place of origin of a very rare siege-
piece in gold, struck in 1641 by the Duke of Savoy, with Civitas Cvnei
S. Obsessa.
Constantinople, a mint of the Eastern Empire, 4th-i3th, I3th-i5th c.,
possibly of the Latin emperors of Constantinople, 1204-60, and of the
Grand Signiors or Sultans of Turkey. Its known products scarcely fall
within the scope of the present undertaking. No coins which can be con-
fidently ascribed to Baldwin I. and his successors exist.
Constanz, grand-duchy of Baden, the place of origin of the greater
part of the coinage of the prince-bishops down to the present century.
But compare Cat. Cisternes, 1892, Part i., No. 2055. The most ancient
money is that of Bishop Ruthard (1018-22). Constansia or Constanciens.
Copenhagen, the mint of the rulers of Denmark. There is a piece of
6 pfenningen (German currency) struck here in 1524. Hafnie. Copen-
hagen, during the siege by the Swedes in 1659, struck with the cypher
of Frederic III. of Denmark pieces of 6 and 20 ducats in gold and 4
marks in silver.
Corbeil, Seine-et-Oise, a very ancient place and seat of coinage.
There is a denier of Bouchard I., son of Foulques le Bon, Count of
Anjou, struck here, with Bvchardvs Co, and the name of Raoul, King of
France, 923-56.
Corbeny, Laonais. See Compicgne.
Corbie, Dept. of Somme, an abbatial mint of some importance from
the nth to the I3th c. At one period the abbots placed the name of the
sovereign on their money, as Hodo Rex F., and on rev. Set Petri Mot.
[money of St. Peter] ; but they subsequently abandoned the practice.
In 1185 Philip Augustus recognised the free currency of this coinage
subject to the abbey not interfering with the regal money. Cenob. Corbeie,
Abbas Corbeie, etc. The only document relative to this institution,
founded in 662 by Clotaire, is the one of 1085 regulating the mint.
Cordova, a mint of the Caliphs of Damascus and Cordova, ist and
2nd c. A.D., and of the Visigothic Kings (Corduba Patricia). Some of the
money of the former carries evidence of having been struck in Africa (at
Tunis, Fez, etc.) or in Minorca.
Cotfu, doubtless a mint of the Latin Princes of Achaia, Lords of
94 The Coins of Europe
Corfu. A coin of Philip of Tarentum, 1307-13, has on rev. Corfoi
Domini's.
Corinth, a mint of the Princes of Achaia (1205-1404), established
there after the Fourth Crusade. There are small silver pieces of the
denier and obole module bearing Corintinn or Corinti.
Cornavin, near Geneva, a Savoyard mint, 1448-1530.
Correggio, near Modena, the seat of the coinage of the feudal counts
and princes down to the lyth c. (1550-1630). Co. Cor. or Corrigii.
Corte. the capital of the island of Corsica, the place of origin of
certain coins in silver and bronze of Theodore, King of Corsica, 1736, and
of General Pasquale Paoli, president of the republic established here from
1755 to 1769. The former struck a silver scudo and pieces of 5 and 2
soldi in copper, as well as siege-pieces of 20 soldi in silver, bearing
the cap of liberty on the point of a sword and the word Libertas. The
latter had 20 and 10 soldi in silver and 4 and 2 in copper.
Cortemiglia, Sardinia, a mint of the Del Carretto family, feudal lords
in the I4th c. They struck the gold fiorino and the grosso and imperiate
in silver. A member of this house, Fabrizio del Carretto, was Grand
Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Rhodes (1513-21).
Corunna, a Portuguese mint. Cr-v.
Corvey, Prussia, in the regency of Minden, the seat of an abbatial
mint in the 1 5th- 1 8th c. A thaler with the portrait of St. Vitus is cited
by Sch., xii. 840, and a grosch of Theodor von Berninghausen, 1613, ibid.
xx. 1127. There is a pfenning of 1704, in which the abbot describes
himself as a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Corbeia, Corbir. But
comp. Horohausen.
Cosfeld. See Coesfeltt.
Coucy-le-Chateau, Dept. of Aisne, a seigniorial fief in the loth-nth c.,
and in the I3th (1242-50) in the occupation of the celebrated Kaoul de
Coucy, who struck deniers with Radulfus and a cross on obv., and
Cociacus on rev.
Cracow, Western Galicia, the place of coinage of certain denarii
during the dissensions in Poland, 1 3th- 1 4th c., with the head of a prince
on obv., and three figures on rev. supposed to represent the reigning
duke and his brothers. It was also a mint of Casimir the Great, 1333-70,
and of the limited coinage of the former republic. It is said that there
are silver pieces struck here in 1829 with the bust of Napoleon II. as
King of Poland.
Creina, a seigniorial fief of the Benzone family, 1 5th c. There is a
silver soldino of Giorgio Benzone, 1405-14, with Georgivs Benzonvs
on obv. and a shield of arms, and on rev. Dominvs Cremc Et C. [etc.].
At the Remedi sale, 1884, a specimen sold for 100 lire.
Cremona, a republican mint (nth-i4th c.) with the name of St.
Imerius or the Emperor, subsequently of the Visconti and Fondulo
families, and of the house of Sforza-Visconti, Dukes of Milan (i4th-i5th
c.). There is a siege-piece in copper of 1526, during an investiture by
Charles V., with Fortitvdo mea in Brae, (an arm holding up a ball), and
on rev. the figure of St. Imerius and S. Imerivs Epis.
Cremsier, a mint of the Bishops of Olmiitz, i6th-i9th c.
Crespy, or Crepy, near Troyes, the source of an early denier, loth or
nth c., probably of a Count of Champagne, with Trecassi Civi. on obv.,
and the monogram of Charles and Critpeis Citao on rev., and the seat of
the coinage of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Valois jure tixoris, Matthieu
d'Alsace, etc. (1156-1320). The moneyer Simon, who also worked at
Catalogue of European Mints 95
Amiens, and perhaps at Roye, put his name on the coins about 1160.
Crespi or Crispetum. Gui de Chatillon seems to have struck money here
in 1320 in common with his uncle, and both incurred in that year the
censure of the Parliament for their neglect of the standard.
Crest, Dept. of Drome, a mint of the Counts of Valentinois and Diois,
a fief distinct from the temporalities of the See of Die, and united on
several occasions to the Crown, finally in 1793, when it was declared
part of the national domain. The money is of the Poitevin type. Com.
Valent. Et DCS., etc.
Creuznach, Westphalia, the place of origin of deniers of Johann II.,
Count of Sponheim (1295-1340), with Mo. Nova. Crvcenac.
Crevacuore, Piedmont, a mint of the Fieschi family, Signori of Mes-
serano (i5th-i6th c.). Comp. Messerano.
Crevecoeur, N. Brabant, a mint of the Heeren or seigneurs of that
place in the I5th c.
Cronstadt, Transylvania, the place of mintage of a thaler during the
siege of 1660. On the reverse occurs : De Profundis ad te clamamus,
Doniine. Serva nos, quiaperimus.
Croppcnstadt, Prussian Saxony, a mint of the Counts of Blankenburg
in the I3th c.
Cuen^a, a mint of the Moorish Princes.
Cugnon, or Chassepierre-Cugnon, at present a village in Luxemburgh,
but in the iyth c. a mint of the Counts of Lowenstein-Wertheim (1611-
97). There are only doubles tournois. It has been suspected that this
was at an earlier date the source of numismatic forgeries. There is
an ecu of Jean-Theodor, 1623, and a thaler of Euchaire Casimir, 1697,
with a singular array of titles. See Schulman, ix. 447, 578.
Cuilemborg, Gueldres, probably the mint of the lords of that fief in
the i6th c. The original seat and title were derived from Pallant, and
Cuilemborg : 5 penningen, 1591.
the later representatives of the family describe themselves as of that
place. Some very remarkable copper coins emanated hence about 1590
— pieces of 5, 4, 3, 2, i, and \ penningen ; there is also silver currency.
A gold gulden of s' Heerenberg, 1577, quarters on the shield the arms of
Berg (or s' Heerenberg), Egmond, Moeurs-Sawerden, and Cuilemborg.
Culm, a mint of the ancient duchy of Massow, Pommern, and of the
Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order.
Culmbach, Bavaria, or Upper Franconia, the place of origin of copper
money struck by the Burgraf of Niirnberg by authority of the Emperor
Charles IV. in 1361, and of money of necessity struck by Albert, Margraf
of Brandenburgh-Culmbach, 1552-53, in gold and silver, during the
96 The Coins of Europe
pacification of Passau. The pieces bear A\lbert\ M\argraf~\ z\u\
B\randenburg\.
Curange, or Cttrengen, near Hasselt, a mint of the prince-bishops of
Liege, I5th c. A copper Hard of Louis de Bourbon, 1456-82, who on
one of his coins calls himself Leo Dux, was struck there.
Daalhcm, a mint of the Counts of Brabant in the I3th c.
Damme, near Bruges, a temporary mint of Gui de Dampierre, Count
of Flanders, in 1299, during the French occupation of Bruges.
Damvillers, a mint of John of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia, 1342,
and of Charles IV. as Count of Luxemburgh, 1346-53.
Danish Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 312, 313.
Dantzic, a principal mint of the independent Kings of Poland and of
the Teutonic Order. There is a fine series of the gold and silver coinage
of the former, and schillings and ducats of the latter. The urban coinage
consisted of base schillings and copper solidi. During the siege by the
Prince of Transylvania in 1577, besides silver and several foreign coins
countermarked with the city arms, a gold ducat appeared with the
standing figure of the Saviour, and Defende Nos Chrt 'ste Salvator on obv.,
and on rev. Moneta Nova Civitatis Gedanensis. There is a grosch of
1812 with Dansiger Kupfer Muenze.
Darmstadt, a mint of the rulers of Hesse-Darmstadt, commencing
with Charlemagne, of whom there was a denier in the Luni find.
Daventer, a mint of the Bishops of Utrecht, and of the autonomous
or foreign rulers of Overijssel, ioth-i6th c. There is a gold denier of
Conrad of Swabia, bp. 1076-99, and a silver one of the same type. There
is a variety of the denier struck in the episcopal series, sede vacante, by
the Provost of Daventer, who managed the temporalities till the new
prelate was appointed. In 1197 Theodor Dirk was P. In the imperial
series we have met with nothing prior to Otto I. 936-73 ; these coins are
imitations of the Cologne deniers, with S. Davnt. la. in retrograde
lettering, and a cross cantoned with pellets. In 1578 money of necessity
Groot of Jan van Arkel, Bishop of Utrecht. 1341-64.
— a daalder and a \ d. in silver, and 4, 2, i, and £ stuivers in copper — was
struck at D. ; and again in 1672, during the siege by the Bp. of Munster
and the French, square silver pieces were issued. The 1578 series is
countermarked with an eagle. There is a rare liard of Philip II. struck
at D. with P. in the centre of obverse.
Dax, Dept. of Landes, formerly an Anglo -Gallic mint, and one of
those employed by Edward III. as Duke of Aquitaine. In 1380, Edward
conceded the right of striking money here in all metals to his son, John
of Gaunt ; but no specimens seem to survive. Comp. Bayonne.
Dendermonde. See Termonde.
Catalogue of European Mints 97
Deals, Dept. of Indre, a mint of Philip II., Augustus (1080-1 123), who
probably used the Abbey of Bourg-Dieu for the purpose subsequently to
his acquisition of Deols in 1188. Compare Chateauroux.
Derpt, or Dorbat, Livonia, an early Russian mint, and a place of
episcopal coinage, 1 4th- 1 6th c. Darp or Thar bat.
Desana, a seigniorial fief of the Tizzoni family, Vicars of the Empire,
from the beginning of the i6th c. to 1641. A cornabo of Ludovico II., 1510-
25, reads Lvdovic. Ticio : Co: De : Impe : VI. In 1510 the territory
appears to have been occupied by Pietro Berard, who struck a silver piece
here with his title Comes Deciane. This personage held possession till
1529.
Detmold, Lippe, a mint of the Counts, 1604, 1619-20, 1700-1803. The
earliest pieces (pfenningen) have Ditmal.
Deutz, a mint of the Archbishops of Cologne, i6th c. There is a
denier of the administrator of the See under Heinrich von Falkenstein
(1362-88).
Die. See Valence.
Dieppe, a temporary mint of Henry IV. during the civil disturbances
connected with the League, 1586 : m.m. 13.
Dierdorf, Rhenish provinces, a mint of the Count of Wied-Runkel,
1758, with his crowned cypher, and Graf. Zv. Wied. Rvnkel-Isenbvrg
Vnd Criechingen.
Dieren, s' Heerenberg, a mint of the Dukes of Juliers, Cleves, and
Berg, I4th c. At a later period coins were struck here for the Seigneurs
of s' Heerenberg, with the mint-mark BB., or Dominus Serge, or Moneta
Bergensis. There is a long series of this family of numismatic examples,
some from this, and others from the mints at Hedel, Gendringen, Berg or
Mons, Stevensweerd, etc. In Schulman's Cat, No. xxiv. 1352-79, occurred
a remarkable assemblage of the ancient currency of this line, commencing
with Adam III., 1331-54, Baron von s' Heerenberg, and comprising two
exceedingly rare pieces : (i) a gold ducat of Oswald II., 1511-46, with a
shield quartering the arms of s' Heerenberg, Moeurs-Saawerden, and
Cuilemborg, and struck at Mons ; (2) a daalder in piefort, said to be
unique, with Sanct. Oswald Rex, and Nvmvs. Argen. 30 Stvfe. The
current value is on other pieces. Was this the place of origin of a sup-
posed unique gold gulden of 1577, minutely described by Schulman,
xv. 295 ?
Diessenhofen, Switzerland, cant, of Thurgau, an urban mint from 1309,
and also one of the Counts of Kyburg.
Dietrichstein, Austria, a seat of the coinage issued by the Counts of
Weichelstaet, Hollenburg, and Nikolsburg, from i5th or i6th c. Silver
and billon. There is a thaler of Carl Ludwig, 1766.
Dieiilouard, Dept. of Meurthe, France, near Nancy, a mint of the
Emperors and of the Bishops of Toul. Ds. Lovvart.
Dijon, cap. of the ancient duchy of Burgundy, and the seat of a mint,
which belonged successively to the Merovingian Princes, the Abbey of
St. Etienne, the Dukes, and the Abbey of St. Benigne de Dijon. The
Dukes, however, gradually made themselves independent of the latter,
and established places of coinage at Auxonne and elsewhere. The
symbol of four croziers laid, two and two, back to back, on some of the
coins of D. is attributed to the monks of St. Benigne. Divionensis, or
Diviona. Dijon was for a short time an Anglo-Gallic mint.
Dillingen, Bavaria, a mint of the Counts of D., who also struck
money at Uneride. The See of Augsburgh also_employed it for conven-
H
98 The Coins of Europe
tion-money between himself and the town, and in 1395 schillings and
pfenningen were struck here in consequence of a monetary treaty between
the Bishop, the Duke of Austria, the Count of Wiirtemberg, and the
Counts of Oettingen.
Dinan, Brittany, a mint of Charles de Blois, about 1341, during his
contest for the duchy, and of John IV. and V., Dukes of B., 1364-
1442.
Dinant, Namur, doubtless a place of local coinage, as well as an
occasional one of the Emperors of the West.
Disentis, Grisons, an abbatial mint, 1466-1729. Ab. Diser.
Dixmude, or Dixmuyden, Belgium, the seat of an early coinage of
mailles with Dixm.
Doeblau, Reuss, the place of origin of a grosch with Mon. Nov.
Rvthenica Dol. 1 7th c.
Doemitz, Mecklenburgh, a mint of the Counts of Schwerin, destroyed
in 1689 by the Duke of Brunswick-Celle, on account of the coinage of
money of poor or false standard.
Dogliani, Piedmont, a mint of the Marchesi of Saluzzo, I4th c.
Dokkum (Docenga), W. Friesland, a Merovingian mint, and after-
ward one used by the Counts of W. Friesland in the nth c.
Dole, Dept. of Jura, a mint in the diocese of Besanc.on, employed
by the Dukes of Burgundy, I4th c. Dola. At the end of the i5th,
and beginning of the i6th c. it was in the occupation for monetary
purposes of the Emperor Maximilian and the Archduke Philip. There
are pieces of Philip II. of Spain, 1589, struck here as Count of
Burgundy.
Dome, a mint of Philip le Hardi, who acquired the place by purchase
in 1 280 for strategical purposes in connection with Dordogne. The mint
was at the Mont de Dome or castle, and was still in existence in 1438,
when the French recovered the position from the English, and was
employed by Charles VII.
Donauwbrth, Bavaria, the seat of an early coinage. A silver brac-
teate belonging to this town is cited by Schulman, xi. 628 ; and there is
a thaler of 1545 with the bust of Charles V.
Donnas, Sardinian States, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 1338-
1400.
Dordrecht, or Dort, a mint of the Counts of Holland in the i3th c.,
and of the Dukes of Burgundy as Counts of Holland in the i5th. It
was at a later period one of the regular mints for the Dutch Indies,
and also struck money for the Batavian Republic (1795-1804): m.m.
a rose.
Dorsten, Prussia, reg. of Munster, a mint of the Archbp. of
Cologne, 1 7th c. Hellers in copper, with Nvmvs. Dvrst. or Cvsvs.
Durst.
Dortmund, Westphalia, a mint of the emperors and town from the
loth c. ; and later, of the See of Cologne. Dortmond Mon. Nova Tre-
monien. There are deniers of Otho III., and of Louis of Bavaria, 1314-
47, belonging to this place — of course, with many others.
Douai, in Artois, a communal and seigniorial mint from the nth to
the 1 4th c. The distinguishing type of the branch found on the early
money may serve to associate with this place certain pieces in the Gaulish
series similarly marked. Gui de Dampierre, Count of Flanders, 1280-
1302-3, struck here an esterlin with Moneta Dovvay, and another with
Dvac. We learn that the municipality exercised at an early date a not
Catalogue of European Mints 99
unnecessary surveillance over the money struck by the Chatelain. See
Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 72.
Dreux, Eure-et-Loir, a mint of Philip I. and Louis VI. of France, and
of a seigniorial coinage of the Counts of D., 1137-1365, which followed
the regal types. One piece of Odo or Eudes II., Count of Chartres, etc.,
1004-37, is an imitation of the money then current in his other Countship
of Chartres.
Driburg, Pruss. Westphalia, a seigniorial mint, I3th c., and one of the
Bishops of Paderborn. Ibvrch Civitas.
Drontheim (Nidaros, Throndhjeni], an early Norwegian mint, where
the Archbishop had a right of coinage in 1220. There are coins of
several of these prelates, I5th-i6th c., with their names and titles, coupled
with those of the King.
Duisburg, or Doesborgh, Prussia, a mint of the Emperor Conrad II.,
1024-39.
Dulmen, Pruss. Westphalia, the source of copper coins from 1590 to
1625, with a trefoil cross. There is a piece of 6 pfenningen with Stadt
Dulmen, 1622.
Dun-sur-Meuse (Dvnvm}, diocese of Verdun, the mint where, in or
about 1354, the date of his concession from the Emperor Charles IV., the
Sieur d'Aspremont is supposed to have struck money in gold and silver
according to the terms of instructions delivered to his moneyer, Lambert
de Namur. No remains are at present known. A mint of the early
Bishops of Verdun. See Verdun.
Durbuy, Luxemburgh, a mint of Henry IV., Count of Luxemburgh,
1280-88. Dvrbvcesis.
Durstede, Doorsted, or Wijk-bij-Dtirstede, Utrecht (Latin Dorestatus],
a somewhat prolific Merovingian and Carlovingian mint during a period
extending from the 6th- 1 2th c. The examples belonging to the earlier
era vary considerably in style and execution, and some were, no doubt,
clumsy imitations. A denier of Charlemagne with Carlvs Rex and Set
Martini Monet a, found here, has been attributed to Tours. The
moneyers of Durstede, like those of Belgium at a later date, seem to
have worked at other places in the same province, and to have gone on
circuit. The names of Adalbertus and Madelinus have come down to
us. The coins of this place are of very unequal merit, and some may
be counterfeits by unskilful workmen.
Diisseldorf, Prussia, a mint of the Dukes of Berg in the I7th c.
Ebstorf, or Ebsdorf, near Liineburg, one of the earliest mints of the
Dukes of Saxony, loth-nth c., if indeed it was not actually the first.
Probably the most ancient examples have yet to be identified.
Ebusus, or Ivi$a, one of the Baleares, the name found on a special
Spanish currency from Charles I. (V. of Germany) to Charles II. (1520-
1 700) with Vniv. Ebvsi Dns.
Eenaeme, Belgium, the seat of a small coinage of deniers in the i2th c.,
with Egamio.
Eger, or Egra, Bohemia, the source of a tin kreutzer of 1743, during
the operations of the siege.
Eggenberg, or Egenburg, Lower Austria, the seat of an independent
lordship in the I7th c., though now possessing a very small population
and no importance. The money of the Counts of Egenburg and Gratz,
Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, was struck here or at Gratz in the
1 7th c. (1623-86). There are some rare thalers in the series.
ioo The Coins of Europe
Eichstadt, Bavaria, an episcopal mint down to 1796. A thaler of
Joseph von Steebenburg, Bishop in that year, is said to have been made
out of the church plate, and to be the last money struck.
EH, Lorraine, a mint of Thierry, Duke of Lorraine, 984-1024.
Einbeck, or Eimbeck, Hanover, the probable place of issue of a marien-
groschen of 1551 (No. 5395 of Knyphausen), of a groschen of 1670, and
of an undated stadtpfenning.
Eisenach, Saxe- Weimar, a mint of the Landgraves of Thuringen.
The early bracteates (i2th c.) represent the landgraf on horseback, with
sword, buckler, and standard. At a later period a place of coinage for
the grand-duchy of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. Ysena.
Eisenstadt, Hungary, the probable place of origin of a thaler and
gulden of Nicolaus von Esterhdzy, 1770. The former has the legend
Nicol. S.R.I. Princ. Eszterhazy de Galantha Pcrp. Com. in Frak., and
a portrait.
Ekaterinenburgh, a Russian mint under Catherine II.
Elbing, once part of the kingdom of Poland, now part of Western
Prussia, the seat of the coinage of the Teutonic Order, 1 3th- 1 5th c., and
of a Polish mint from the i6th-i8th c. A grosch of 1535 is cited by
Sch., xiv. 635. In 1628 and 1657 the Swedes coined money here : (i) a
thaler with the titles of Gustavus Adolphus ; and (2) an ort=i8 Polish
groschen. Elbing struck copper solidi in the i8th c.
Elburg, Holland, formerly the seat of an ecclesiastical coinage. On
a dute of 161 8 there is : obv. a gate flanked by two towers, a dog lying at
the gate ; rev. Moneta Eccles; Elborg 8. Another variety has Ecclesue
Elborch.
Elgg, Switzerland or Helvetia, canton of Zurich, a Swiss mint under
the Merovingian princes. Augia Sacra.
Elincourt, a chateau and mint of the Counts of Saint-Pol, and of the
house of Luxemburgh-Ligny, I3th-i5th c. The earliest coinage of E.
was executed on French territory, and imitated the types, and it was in
order to be beyond the royal French jurisdiction that in 1300 the C. of
Saint-Pol established a mint at Elincourt. But money was also struck
at Arleux, and in 1306 he employed a Lucchese moneyer named
Tadolin to strike deniers and mailles, which might run concurrently
with the regal coinage of the higher values and in the more precious
metal. In 1337 we see that the Count engaged to abstain from melting
the money of the King, and to differentiate his own cross and pile — on
both sides. The later Counts of Ligny, of Saint-Pol, and of the house
of Luxemburgh, had gold money, which followed the French types and
denominations.
Catalogue of European Mints 101
Elsloo, Brabant, a mint of the Seigneurs of Schoonvorst, in the I4th-
I5th c. The types of the Counts of Flanders, Dukes of Burgundy,
were copied here. The coins of Konrad II., who died in 1457, read
Kons. De Sconvoerst, or Konradvs de Elslae, etc.
Embdcn, Hanover, a mediaeval mint and the seat of a civic coinage in
silver and copper in the I7th c. There is a rare seigniorial denier of
Count Hermann, with Heriman on obv., and on rev. Amvtthon. Also,
one of the mints of the Counts of East Friesland.
Embrun, Provence, Dept. of Hautes-Alpes, the mint of the Counts of
Seyne, 1 2th- 1 3th c., of a branch of the house of Forcalquier, and of the
Archbishops, 1135-1510. The coins, deniers and oboles only, have
Comes Ed'ne, or Edne, and the ecclesiastical series, of which only two
appear to be known, Archieps. or Pastor Ebredunensis.
Emerita, Portugal, a mint of the Suevic Goths, 430-57, removed at
the former date from Bracara in Spain, and at the latter restored to B.
on the loss of Lusitania by that race.
Emmerich, a mint of the Dukes of Cleves, I4th-i7th c.
Encre, or Incre, a seigniorial fief in the Pas de Calais, given in 1115
to Charles, son of Cnut II., King of Denmark, by his cousin-german, the
Count of Flanders. There is a denier which reads Moneta Caroli, and
on rev. Incrensis. Charles D 'Encre, or Karolus de Anchord, became
Count of Flanders in 1119. Prior to his accession he perhaps, rather
than his father, struck coins at Quentovic, q.v.
Enkhuisen, N. Holland, probably the source of certain pieces struck
in the I7th c. Sch., Cat. ix. 99, 100. A ducaton in silver was coined at
E. during the siege by the French in 1675. This was atone time a place
of great importance and wealth.
Ensisheim, Upper Alsace, a seat of coinage of the Landgraves, 1 584-
1632, where the steel roller was employed in the production of the
coins.
Epinal, Vosges, a mint of the Bishops, perhaps in alliance with the
town, of the monastery of St. Genric, and of Simon, Duke of Lorraine,
1115-39, during his temporary possession of it.
Erfurt, or Erperfiirt, Thuringia, the principal town in what was once
known as Saxe-Thuringen, of which the Saxe-Thuringenwald preserves
the recollection. It was the seat of the coinage of the Archbp. of
Mayence and the Landgraves of Thuringen, 1 4th- 1 8th c. We have
bracteates of Archbp. Heinrich (1142-53) and a grosch of Landgraf
Wilhelm I., about 1407. The Burgraves of Kirchberg used this mint on
the relinquishment of that at Capellendorf. There is a commemorative
thaler of the Swedish victory near Leipsic in 1631 belonging here. The
arms are a wheel, and some of the coins have E.
Erkelenz, Rhenish Prussia, apparently the place of origin of a groot
or gros of William I., Duke of Gueldres and Juliers, 1393-1402, noticed
by Sch., xv. 182.
Essen, Westphalia or Rhenish Prussia, the seat of an abbey of women
in the i6th-i7th c. A few specimens of the special coinage issued by the
Lady Abbess have been transmitted to us. There is a piece of 8
fettmanchen with the name of Anna Salome, Countess of Salm, abbess,
1657, and a \ thaler, 1671. In May 1892, in a find near Vilvorde,
Belgium, occurred a grossus of Sophia von Gleichen.
Esslingen, Wiirtemburg, a mint of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the
nth c.
Etain, Dept. of Meuse, a mint of the Counts of Bar in the I4th c.
iO2 The Coins of Europe
' We find it named as one of the places where the quasi-international
money of 1 342 was to be struck under a treaty for three months between
Henry IV., Count of B., and John of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia, the
respective coinages to run pari passu in the territories of each other.
These conventions were not unusual in L. and elsewhere. Comp. Luxem-
burgh and Namur.
Etampes, France, a Capetian mint under Philippe I., Louis VI., and
Louis VII. (1060-1180). Deniers and oboles only.
Eversberg, Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the Counts of Arnsberg.
Evora, Spain, a Visigothic mint. Elvora.
Evora, or Ebora, Portugal, a mint of the Kings of Portugal after 1640.
Kpatacca of John IV., 1640-56, was struck there.
Evreux, the place of origin of certain money (gros, blanques, sols
coronnats, deniers, and doubles parisis) struck about 1350 by Philippe de
Longueville, brother of Charles le Mauvais, during the captivity of the
latter. Phvs. Navarre and Comes Ebroicensis.
Eyndhoven, an early Brabantine seigniorial mint. Sch., Cat. ix. 356.
Fabriano, Papal States, the place of origin of a quattrino with De
Fabriano and the name of St. John the Baptist on rev. Also of two
quattrini struck in the names of Giulio de Medici and Leo X. The
former, of which there are two varieties, reads Ivl. Car. Medices. He
governed here under the control of Leo.
faenza, Italy, formerly a seigniorial fief of the Astorgio-Manfredi, 1448-
1501, and a place of independent coinage. A very early quattrino of
copper, described in Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 1071, has a falcon with out-
spread wings, and on rev. a head of St. Peter and S. Petrvs.
Fagnolle, Namur, the seat of a seigniorial coinage of ducats, 1770,
with the name and titles of the Prince de Ligny. They bear C. Fagno-
lensis.
Falkenstetn, Pruss. Saxony, a mint of the Counts in the I2th c.
There are bracteates with Bvrhart and with Eve and the serpent.
Fano, in the Papal States, a place of .coinage of the autonomous
republic, of Pandolfo Malatesta (1384-1427;, and of the Popes down to
the 1 7th c.
Fauquemont, or Valkenberg, Brabant, probably the place of mintage
of Philip le Hardi in 1396-99 during his temporary occupation of the town.
Sch., ix. 357. Also a seigniorial mint. A double gros of Frederic van
Moeurs has Moneta Nova ValkV.
Fauquenbergues, Pas de Calais, a feudal seat of the Chatelains of St.
Omer, of whom the only known coinage belongs to Eleonore, wife of
Rasse de Gavre, 1290-1326. On one denier this lady styles herself
Countess of F., and on another Chatelaine of St. Omer and Lady of F.
It is the same personage whom we see on a maille figured in the Ordi-
nance of 1315, holding a trefoil and a falcon. Fauquenberge, or Faucon-
berga.
Fellre, Ven. Lombardy, a place where the Bishops received in 1140
and 1 179 authority to coin ; but no money is known.
Feodosia, or Kaffa, a Russian mint under Catherine II.
Ferrara, the mint of the republic under imperial authority, of the
ducal house of Este, I5th-i7th c., and of the Popes.
Ferrero, in the pontifical States, a seat at successive epochs of
seigniorial, republican, and papal coinage (1220-1799). Only the lower
values were struck here. A bolognino of Luigi Migliorati (1425-28) with
Catalogue of European Mints 103
D.L. De Melior-Atis on obv., and on rev. Vb. Firman, and a danaro
of Francesco Sforza (1434-46) with Co. F. Viceco. belong here.
Ferte-Chauderon, Nivernais, a place which is repeatedly stated to
have possessed the right of coinage in the 1 3th- 1 4th c., under the Counts
of Nevers. No specimen known.
Finale, Sardinian States, a mint of the Carretto family.
Fivelgo, Holland, on the R. Fivel, the name found on one of the
numberless imitations of the gros tournois, with Tvronvs Civis. and
Moneta Fivloge.
Flemish Mints. Besides those more particularly specified we may
enumerate : Aire (a lion passant and Ariensis\ Axel, Bondues (Bvnt-
bve), Bourbourg (Brovborg\ Cassel, and Eenaeme (Egamto or
Eganio}.
Flensburg, Schleswig, the place of a local coinage, I4th c., with
Moneta Holsascie. Low values only — penningen and wit-penningen.
Florence, a Carlovingian mint under Charlemagne as King of the
Franks and Lombards, and a seat of republican coinage, first under the
ordinary form and subsequently under gonfalonieri of the Medici and
other families (1200-1315). The earliest gonfaloniere appears to have
been Baldo Ridolfi in 1304. The Medici do not occur till 1483, when
Giorgio de Medici was standard-bearer. This was the original birth-
place of the fiorino both in gold and silver, the latter having followed the
less precious metal about 1250. There is the moiety of it, which is far rarer
than the whole, and a variety of types. Each gonfaloniere placed his own
arms on the piece coined during his term of office. Of the silver florin
there is a rare type sometimes known as the grosso della volpe. Another,
struck in 1307, received the name of popolino. It is the piece of which
Boccaccio speaks in his third novel as having been gilt by some one, who
had to pay a fine of 500 gold florins, and tried to pass off this spurious
one. From about 1530 to 1859, Florence, with Leghorn and Pisa, pro-
duced the coinages of the Dukes and Grand:Dukes of Tuscany, of the
houses of Medici and Lorraine, and that of the short-lived kingdom of
Etruria. There are in this group many examples of fine work by
Benvenuto Cellini, and others. The gold coins, except the ordinary
florin, are rare. There is a rare piece of 4 grossi= a double julio,
struck of a type similar to the ordinary grosso with the longer legend.
Remedi Cat, 1884, No. 1282, 15 lire. During the French occupation of
Lorraine, the Duke Nicole- Francois struck coins at Florence with
Moneta Nova Florent. Cusa., 1635.
Florennes, Prov. of Namur, a place of coinage of Gaucher de
Chatillon, Count of Porcien.
Flushing, Zeeland, perhaps the place of origin of the money struck to
commemorate the installation of Maurice of Nassau, 1590, as Marquis of
Flushing or Vlissingen.
Fontenay-Le-Comte, or Figeac, a mint of Edward I. of England as
Duke of Aquitaine.
Forcalquier, or Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, formerly part of the county
and kingdom of Provence, the seat of a municipal mint, whose products
circulated concurrently with the money of the Counts of Provence in the
1 2th c.
Fosdino-uo, Modena, a seigniorial fief of the Malaspina-Centurioni
family, iyth c.
Fosses, in the prov. of Lidge, a seat of coinage granted in 974 by Otto
II. to Notger, Bishop of Lie"ge (972-1008).
IO4 The Coins of Europe
Fossombrone, Urbino, a seigniorial fief of the Da Montefeltro family,
1 5th c. De Foros-Embronio. Com p. Urbino.
Fougtres, a mint of John V., Duke of Brittany, 1399-1442.
Franchimont, Namur, a mint of the prince-bishops of Liege, iyth c.
Franco - Spanish Mints during French occupation of Cataluna,
Lorraine, etc. (1640-59) : Agramon, Arbeca, Balaguer, Banolas, Barcelona,
Bellpuig (Villa Pvlcrip), Berga, Besalu, Bisbal, Caldas, Cardona,
Cervera, Figueras, Gerona, Granollers, Igualada, Lerida, Manresa,
Matara, Oliana, Olot, Puigcerda (Podicerita], Reus, Rosas, Solsona
(Coelsona), Tagamanent, Tarragona, Tarrasa, Tarrega, Tortosa, Vails,
Vich (Civitas Vicen.}, Villafranca del Panades.
Franeker, W. Friesland, near Leeuwarden, the reputed place of origin
of coins reading Frankere and Frankeren.
Frankenberg, Hesse-Cassel, a mint employed in the I3th c. by Sophia,
Duchess of Brabant, and her son Henry.
Frankenthal, the source in 1623, during the siege by the General
Verdugo, of money of necessity : i and 4 thalers ; i, 2, and 4 florins ; 7
and 15 batzen.
Frankfort-on-Main, a royal or imperial mint as early as the nth c.
But in 1425 the city began to acquire monetary rights with certain
limitations. In 1428 it received the imperial authority to strike its own
money. The earliest pieces display a castle with three towers and the
word Fera-Fort. F. remained the seat of an autonomous or semi-
autonomous coinage in all metals on an extensive scale down to 1863.
Some of the pieces contain views of the city, and a series of thalers and
double thalers of 1860-63 have either a prospect of Frankfort or figures
(bust or full-length) of a lady, probably intended for a goddess of liberty,
but once said to be a portrait of the engraver's mistress. After all, both
statements may be correct. The convention-thaler of Friedberg, 1804,
was struck here.
Frank fort-on-the-Oder, an occasional place of coinage.
Franquemont, near Goumois, Burgundy, a chateau built in 1305, and
situated in what was known down to 1789 as Franche-Montagne. In
1437 the domain passed to Nicolas de Gilley, Seigneur de Marnoz, for
300 tcus au soleil, and in 1588 the place was erected into a barony by
Charles V. of Germany in favour of another N. de Gilley, who temporarily
struck money with N. Gillei Numisma in imitation of the imperial and
regal types (1540-54).
Fraustadt, or Wschoiva, Posen, a Polish mint in the 1 4th- 1 5th and
1 6th- 1 7th c. Stanislas Jagellon (1386-1434) employed it. There is a
copper uniface denier, 1609, belonging here. It seems also to have
been an early Russian mint.
Freiengen, the seat of an independent bishopric. There is a rare
thaler of 1709 with the portrait of the Bishop.
French Mints under the Capetian dynasty, I4th c. In 1306 the regal
places of coinage were only eight in number, shewing an enormous reduc-
tion since the improvement or change in the monetary system, but also
the result of a redistribution of territory and of the rise of a large feudal
currency. The mints above referred to were — Paris, Rouen, Troyes,
Tournai, Toulouse, Saint-Pourcain, Montpellier, and Montreuil-Bonnin
( Monsteriolu tn) .
French Mints under the Valois dynasty, 1328-1400. The number of
mints was now vastly increased, and the quality of the money of lower
values equally debased. As far back as the time of Philip le Bel (1285-
Catalogue of European Mints 105
1314) the people had bestowed on their sovereign the byname of Le
faux monnoyeur.
French Mints under the regency of the Ditke of Bedford (1422- 53) :
Amiens, Arras, Auxerre, Chalons, Dijon, Macon, Le Mans, Nevers, Paris,
Rouen, Saint- Lo, Saint-Quentin, and Troyes.
French Mints under the Bourbons. The number remained much the
same under Henry IV. and Louis XIII. Louis XIV. added to the places
of coinage, but in 1772 Louis XV. suppressed thirteen.
French Mints tinder Charles X., Cardinal de Bourbon, 1589-98 :
Paris, Rouen, Lyons, Bayonne, Riom, Dijon, Troyes, Amiens, Bourges,
Nantes, and Dinan. At the two last-named places the Due de Mercoeur
struck money in the name of Charles, eight years after his death, in 1590.
The coins are not very uncommon, though nearly always poor.
French Mints under the First Republic, etc. The R. at first closed
several, but reopened some. Napoleon created new ones, both within
and outside the normal French frontier, which were suppressed in
1814. In 1848 there were only three — Paris, Bordeaux, and Strasburgh.
In 1853 and 1857 Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, and Rouen were temporarily
reopened to carry out more expeditiously the new copper currency.
Freyberg, capital of the Erzgebirge mining district, a mint of the
Ernestine branch of the Dukes of Saxony.
Fribourg, Baden [Switzerland], a mint established in 1120 under
imperial authority. There is money of the Counts of F. and of the town
from the I4th c. Fribvrg Brisgavd or in Bris.
Friedberg. See Burg-Friedberg.
Friedland, a mint of Albertus von Waldstein or Wallenstein, 1626-34.
Comp. Giistrotu. Wallenstein describes himself on his thalers as Duke
of Mecklenburgh, Friedland, and Sagan, and Count of Rostock and
Stagard.
Friesach, Diocese of Salzburg, a common mint of the See and of the
Dukes of Carinthia.
Frinco, Piedmont, a seigniorial fief of the Mazzetti family, i6th c.
There is a copper sesino with (on rev.) Mon. Ord. M. DD., and Minerva
seated to 1.
Froberg, Alsace, the mint of the ancient Counts of F.-Montjoye,
whose chateau, built in the I3th c., was destroyed in 1635. Here were
doubtless struck the few pieces of money which have occurred with
Frober or Frobe. One coin reads Mo. No. Frobe 1554, and on rev.
Ferdinan. Re., and is supposed to be a specimen of the currency decried in
that year in common with that of Vauvillers and Franquemont.
Fugger, Suabia. See Augsburgh.
Fulda, Hesse-Cassel, the place of coinage of the ancient abbots from
the nth c., and of the abbot -bishops down to 1796. Adalbert III.
(d. 1814) coined from the church plate in 1796, during the French occupa-
tion, thalers of two types and a £ thaler ; one of the former has a fine
portrait. The See was secularised in 1802, and the sovereign and terri-
torial rights became vested in Hesse-Cassel. There is a \ thaler of
1828 before us, in which the Duke is described as Landgraf of Hesse
and Grand-Duke of Fulda.
Fuligno, or Foligno, Spoleto, a seigniorial fief of the Trinci family,
1 5th c., and probably their mint, as it was of the popes from Eugenius IV.
to Pius VI. De. Fvligineo, or Fvligneo. A quattrino was struck here,
or at least bears the name of the place, during the ephemeral Roman
Republic (1798-99).
io6 The Coins of Europe
Fumes, W. Flanders, a mint of Maximilian, Arch-Duke of Austria and
Count of Flanders, transferred from Bruges in 1489.
Furstenburg, Germany, now divided between Baden, Wiirtemburg,
etc. ; the presumed seat of the coinage of the independent princes down
to 1806.
Gadebusch, Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, a mint of the Dukes of Mecklen-
burgh, 1542-1622.
Gacsbeek, Brabant, prov. of Lennick-Saint-Martin, one of the mints of
the Dukes of Brabant ; and it may be the place indicated under the form
of Quaecbccke on money of Arnould D'Orey, Lord of Rummen (1331-64).
Gaeta, Naples, an autonomous mint in the nth-i2th c., and sub-
sequently one of the Norman Dukes of Apulia, I2th-i4th c. Civitas
Gaieta. It was subsequently a temporary place of coinage of Pius IX.
during the Roman Revolution of 1848-49. We have met with the
zecchino and scudo (in two varieties) struck in copper, 25 and 12^ soldi,
20 baiocchi in silver, and 3, 2, and I baiocchi in copper. G. crowned
with the holy gate, tiara, and keys.
Gangelt, Prussia, in the regency of Achen, the place of coinage of a
groschen of Thierry von Heinsberg.
Gap, Hautes-Alpes, an episcopal mint, iith-i3th c. Vapiensis, or
Vapincensis.
Gaveren and Elsloo, Belgium, names mentioned on coins of the I4th-
1 5th c., struck by Adrian, Seigneur of G. and E. Some read Adrianvs
De Gaveren Do.
Gazzoldo, or Gazuolo, 12 m. W.N.W. of Mantua, the apparent place
of coinage of a quattrino of Pope Sixtus V. (1585-90), with portrait to 1.
on obv., and Sixtus. V. P. Ma., and on rev. St. Francis kneeling to 1.,
and Co. Gazzo. In Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1436, notice is given of a
sesino of the Ippolito family (1591), with a figure of St. Francis kneeling
to 1. on rev.
Gembloux, Belgium, Prov. of Namur, the seat of an abbey. There
are early deniers.
Gendringcn, Berg, a mint of the Seigneurs or Counts of B., I4th-
I7th c.
Geneva, Genf, a Merovingian mint, a place of coinage for the bishops,
uth-i5th c., for the counts, and for the city and canton. The earliest
episcopal money is of 1017. A denier of Bp. Friedrich (1031-73) reads
on obv. Geneva Civitas, and on rev. Frederics. Eps. The seigniorial
money was struck at Annecy in and after 1356 ; it usually reads Comes
Gebennensis. There was a regular issue of small gold pieces from the
middle of the i6th c. and of pistoles in the i8th, and of silver and billon
money down to the establishment of an uniform system a [few years ago.
Like some of the other cantons, it produced in the last and present
century large pieces both in gold and silver —the triple pistole of 1771
and the lo-franc piece in silver of 1851. There are copper pieces struck
here in 1590 during the war with Savoy, reading Monnaie pour les
soldats de Geneve; 12, 6, and i sols.
Genoa, an imperial mint under the Hohenstaufen dynasty, and the
place of coinage of the bishops and the republic. Some of the earliest
types of the danaro are of small module. From the I2th c., while under
imperial suzerainty, Genoa produced a copious and sumptuous succession
of money in gold and silver. The former coinage consisted of the
genovino d'oro, its divisions and its multiples, which in the I7th c.
Catalogue of European Mints 107
reached the maximum of 20 gen. The doge Campofregoso (144?)
struck a piece of 10 gold scudi. From the I5th to the i8th c. various
types of the scudo or scuto, and of pieces of 2 and 4, appeared. A large
gold piece of 96 lire was issued in 1803. The Rossi Catalogue appears'
to ascribe all the gold genovini with the name of Conrad to the I2th c.,
whereas many certainly are 200 or 300 years later. There was also a
profusion of money in silver, billon, and copper; and there are six periods
of interruption of the autonomous coinage — during the occupation by
Charles VI. of France (1396-1406), by the Dukes of Milan (1421-36,
1464-66, 1488-94), by Charles VII. of France (1458-61), and by Louis XII.
of France (1500-12). The French introduced some peculiar types, as
we have noted elsewhere. Louis XII. had a scudo d'oro borrowed from
the French ecu an soldi. During the revolutionary or transitional period
(1797-1814) there is a coinage of pieces of 12 lire in gold, of a scudo of
8 lire, with the half, and of 10 soldi in silver, of a franc and \ franc with
the name of Napoleon I., 1813, and of 4 and 2 soldi in billon, 4 danari
in copper, etc. (1797).
Gera, Reuss, a place of coinage of the Abbesses, I3th c. (bracteates),
of the Bailli of Weida (i4th c.), etc. Gerana.
Gerdingen, Limbourg, Brabant, an early seigniorial mint, probably
only for strictly local coinage of copper or billon. Joanna, Lady of Stein
and Gerdingen, struck money here down to 1450.
Gernrode or Garrelsweer, W. Friesland, a mint of Egbert II., Count
of W. F., 1068-90. Geruiewrc or Gerewere.
Gerona, Navarre, the place of origin of a denier of the Carlovingian
period and type, with Gervnda. But it appears that there was in the
loth-nth c. a local mint, of the profits of which the bishop was entitled
to a third.
Gertrudenberg, N. Holland, near Breda, a place of coinage of the Counts
of Holland, I4th c. A \ groot of Willem IV. (1337-45) was struck here.
Gesecke, Prussia, distr. of Arnsberg, a mint of the See of Cologne.
Gez, Savoy, a Savoyard mint, 1581-88.
Gheitt, a mint of the Counts of Flanders in the 13th and following
centuries. Schulman, Cat. v., No. 239, cites a half groat of Louis of
Crecy, 1322-46, struck there, as also a double vuurijzer of Philip le Bel
(1488-89). On a clinkaert or chaise of Philip le Bon, struck here in 1426,
he styles himself Heres Hollandiae. Ghent was a busy mint during a
long period. Attention may be drawn to the mites in various multiples
belonging to the last quarter of the i6th c. The civic pieces usually
have Ganda in the exergue. The English rose-noble and its half were
imitated here. In a half of 1583 the legend is Mon. Avrea Metropol.
Ganda Flan., and on the rev. Nisi. Dns. Cvstod. Civi. Frvstra. See a
curious reference to the counterfeit coin (a contemporary forgery) of
Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, in Sch., Cat. ix. 386.
Ghistelles, W. Flanders, near Ostend, the seat of a special coinage for
that province under Charles le Bon (1119-27), with his titles and
Ghistl. mo.
Gien-in-Berri, a fief belonging to the See of Auxerre. The brother-in-
law of Bishop Hugues was the ancestor of the Sires de Donzy, who ceded
it in 1197 to Philip Augustus for 3000 silver marks of the Troyes standard.
Angevin types. Giemis Cas.
Gimborn, Westphalia, probably the place of origin of two silver coins
struck by Ludwig, Count of Walmoden-Gimborn, in 1802. See a note
in Schulthess, ii. 356.
io8 The Coins of Europe
Gliickstadt, Holstein, formerly a place of coinage of this branch of the
house of Holstein, and subsequently or concurrently a Danish mint.
A T1^ thaler of Frederic III. was struck here in 1668. Civitas Glvct-
stadiensis. The coinage seems to have commenced under Christian IV.
about 1620.
Gnezen, or Znin, Posen, a Polish mint in the 1 3th- 1 4th c. It is
mentioned elsewhere that the Poles about this time still employed skins
as currency. Gnesdim.
Gnichc, or Gnessin, near Bayonne, a mint of Edward I. and III. of
England as Dukes of Aquitaine, and of John of Gaunt.
Goldberg, Silesia, the place of origin of certain uniface pfennigen, or
rather perhaps 3-pf. pieces, during the Thirty Years' War. Two before us
have the dates 1622 and 1623, and G.B. divided by a soaring eagle.
This money belongs to the same class and type as that issued about this
time at Breslau, etc.
Gorinchen, or Gorcum, the place of origin of a copper coin of John of
Bavaria, Count of Holland, 1418-25. The English rose-noble was first
copied here. There is an undated copper duit of the Aux. in Nom.
Dom. type, with Gore, in Holl.
Goritz, or Goers, on the Isonzo, Austria, a mint of the early Counts
of Goritz, I5th-i6th c., if not of the ancient Counts of the Tyrol, I3th c.
Some of the later money (1450-1500) bears Conies Goricie De Lvonz.,
Lvonze, or Moneta De Lvonza and Gori. Conies. The types were
imitated from those of Aquileia. Charles VI., Maria Theresa, etc., struck
copper money for this province.
Gorodetz, an early Russian mint.
Gorze, Dept. of the Moselle, an abbey and seigniorial fief, connected
with the ducal house of Lorraine, and in the persons of Charles de
Rdmoncourt, abbe" in 1607, and of Charles de Lorraine, 1643, the source
of an important series of coins in gold and silver, which may have
probably been struck at Metz, of which the See acquired the abbey in
1659. There is a testoon of Charles of Lorraine, abbot (1608-48). Gorze
was united to the French Crown in 1663.
Goslar, Hanover, a place of coinage in the i6th c. There is a
mariengroschen of 1553. The coin called a gosseler may have owed its
name to this place, which was formerly and long of considerable
importance.
Gotha, during the blockade by Augustus, Elector of Saxony, struck a
gold ducat and silver pieces of I and 2 thalers, and a grosch.
Gottingen, Hanover, a mint in the i6th-i7th c. A mariengroschen of
1529 belongs here. A thaler of 1659 with the titles of Leopold I. on rev.,
and on obv. Moneta Nova Gottingensis^ sold at the Reinmann sale,
1891-92, Part ii., 6592, for 675 marks.
Granada, a mint of the Almohades (516-668) and of the Moorish
Kings. There are coins indicating that they were struck within the walls
of the Alhambra, the seat, as elsewhere in early times, of the whole
official machinery. Also a place of coinage of the later Kings of Spain.
Ferdinand VII. struck here the proclamation-money for the province,
dated nth September 1808, in gold and silver; there is a double gold
escudo of this series (m.m. a pomegranate) ; also a duro (money of neces-
sity), same year. G. GNA.
Grandmont, La Marche, apparently at the beginning of the I3th c.
the seat of the coinage of Hugues, Comte de la Marche, who is said in
1208 to have given the church of G. the duty of assaying his money.
Catalogue of Eiiropean Mints 109
Grave, N. Brabant, on the Maese, the source of boetdragers struck by
Thierri, son of Gerard, Count of Homes, about 1350, as guardian of
Jan. IV., Seigneur of Cuyck ; with Theodoricvs Dei. Gra. Dns. Parviensis
[Seigneur of Pervez].
Greierz, or Gruyere, Switzerland, the place of origin of a sol of 1552,
struck in the name of the feudal prince and count.
Greifswald, Pomerania, struck during the siege by the Swedes in 1631
pieces in tin of i, 2, 3, and 4 florins.
Greiz, Reuss, a mint of the Counts of Reuss, 1621-79.
Grenoble, Dauphiny, a seat of municipal and episcopal coinage, and
by a convention between Guignes VIII., Comte d'Albon, 1319-33, of
money bearing the names of the bishop and the dauphin. Granopolis, or
Gronopol.
Groningen, the seat of a very early coinage for the Bishops of Utrecht
(nth c.), for the city, and for that part of North Holland ; the copper
Groningen : braspenning, 1593.
money dating back to 1505, and that in silver also bearing the date in
many cases as early as 1455. In the latter metal there were the jager,
the kromstaert, the ordinary groot, the piece of eight stuivers, etc. The
dated convention-money with East Friesland, 1507, was perhaps struck
here. Some very curious siege-money appeared in 1577 with Ordinaris
pcnninck Voor de Hofman Hendrick van Leer. There was more than
one variety. A second example before us is struck on one side only, and
bears the double-headed eagle surmounted by a G, and round it Necessitate.
4. Feb. 1577. An oord or double Hard was coined here in 1591 and 1594
during the sieges by Maurice of Nassau. In 1672, during the siege by
the Bishop of Munster, square pieces of 50, 25, \7\, and 6j stuivers were
struck. Of the two former there are several varieties, one of those of 50
having a view of the town and ramparts, and of the 25 stuivers a portrait of
the Duke of Holstein-Plon, commander-in-chief of the Netherland forces.
Gronsfeld, probably the mint of the Brederoden, Seigneurs of Bronk-
horst, Barons of Gronsfeld, a leading Brabantine family from the I4th to
the 1 8th c. There is a § thaler of Johann Frantz, 1693, with a shield of
nine quarters. A daalder or thaler of Justus Maximilian describes him
as Count of Bronkhorst and Gronsfeld, Seigneur of Ebersteiri, Batenborg,
Alpen, and Honnepel. A J thaler of William van Bronkhorst, 1559,
bear the titles of Bronkhorst, Stein, and Batenborg. It was the head of
this house, Hendrick van Brederode, who was deputed in 1566 to convey
to the Duchess of Parma the demands of the Netherlands ; and there is
this other very interesting feature in connection with the family, that the
exact amount is known for which their ancestor purchased the original
signiory, instead of receiving it, as usual, in fee from the Crown. The
Brederoden raised troops at their own cost for the maintenance of the
struggle against Spain, and formally protested against the establishment
of the Inquisition in the Low Countries.
1 1 o The Coins of Europe
Gruitrode, Belgium, the place of origin of certain billon deniers of the
1 5th c. struck in the name of the military commandant.
Grunthal, a Polish mint under Augustus III., 1752-56. Copper
groschen.
Guardiagrele, Naples, in the Abruzzi, the place of origin of a bolo-
gnino of Lladislaus, King of Naples (1391-1405), with Gvar. in the field
on obv., and on rev. S. Leo. Papa, and a bust of the pontiff.
Guastalla, Duchy of Parma, on the Po, probably the seat of coinage
of the money destined by the Dukes of Mantua of the house of Gonzaga
for currency in this independent county, which was, however, from an
early period an appanage of the dukedom.
Gubbio, States of the Church, a place of coinage of the Montefeltro
family (1404-44), of the Dukes of Urbino (1444-1631), and of the popes
(1646-1798). De. Evgvbia. Evgvbii. or Evgvbivm. The Holy See
appears to have struck only copper here — baiocchi Gubbii.
Guben, a Polish mint under Augustus III., 1752-56. Copper groschen.
Guebivillcr, Alsace, the place of the common coinage of the abbeys of
Murbach and Lure, pursuant to a concession of Charles V. of Germany,
March 7, 1544. Thalers and florins of 60 kreutzer, with the divisions.
Guillaume-Leopold, Bp. of Strasburgh, used this mint from 1659 to 1662.
Guerande, a mint of John IV., Duke of Brittany, 1364-99.
Guingamp, Brittany, a temporary mint of Philip Augustus of France
during his occupation of that duchy (May-October, 1206), and one of the
Counts of Penthievre, a branch of the ducal house of B. A denier of
Alain de Goello, 1205-12, reads Alen Comes and Gvimgamp.
Giinzburg, circle of Suabia, a mint of Louis Constantin de Rohan,
Bishop of Strasburgh, 1760-73, and of the Emperor Leopold II. as Duke
of Luxem burgh, 1790-92.
Gurre, an early Danish mint. Castel. Gorge.
Giistrow, Mecklenburgh, a mint of the undivided duchy in the 1 5th- 1 7th
c., and probably one of the places of origin of the very interesting series
of coins in gold and silver of Albertus von Waldstein, better known as
WALLENSTEIN, from 1626 to 1632.
Gy, 14 m. from Besanc,on, a place of which a casual notice occurs at
the end of the I4th c., when the burgesses of B. insisted on their right,
under the diploma of the Emperor Henry IV., 1190, to restrain the
archbishop from striking elsewhere, and the primate sought to establish
an independent mint at Gy.
Haarlem, the source of certain square daalders and \ daalders struck
during the siege in 1572-73. Some are countermarked with a lion, three
stars on a crescent, a death's head and a lion, etc.
Haguenau, Alsace, a mint from the I2th to the I7th c. The early
money consists of deniers with Hage-Noive. In and after 1374 gold and
silver types appeared, and that with the rose was imitated in Italy. There
is a 2-kreutzer piece of the town with the titles of Ferdinand II. (1620-37).
Cat. Cisternes, 1892, Part iii., No. 2192.
Halberstadt, Prussian Saxony, a place of coinage of early bracteates
of the bishops and the advocates or lay administrators of the See ; there
is one of Bishop Ulric (1149-60). From the I4th c. (1363) the mint was
in the joint hands of the town and the chapter. There is money, all of
the lower values, from the I2th to the i7th c. We may note a grosch
of 1 540 of the St. Stephen type.
Halen, a Brabantine mint of the i4th c. Some of the pieces struck
Catalogue of European Mints 1 1 1
here have Moneta Hallensis. It was a place of coinage of John III.,
Duke of Brabant, 1312-55.
Hall, Wiirtemburg, an imperial mint down to 1385, and also a place
of coinage for urban pfennigen in the I3th c. There are dated pieces
from 1515. Three pfennigen = i kreutzer. The arms are a hand and
a cross. There was a coinage down to 1798. Sivebisch Hal, or Hallac
Svevicae.
Halle, Prussian Saxony, an occasional place of coinage of the Emperors
of Germany in the i8th c.
Hallenberg, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the See of Paderborn,
1 3th c. Deniers with Civitas Halnbrig, or Halnbrgnsis.
Hamaland-Wigman, a Danish feudal countship in the Middle Ages.
A denier belonging to it is cited by Sch., xi. 898. The coin termed a
iviegman was probably christened from the place or signiory.
Hamburgh, a seat of the archbishops, who in the loth-nth c. struck
money by imperial authority at Bremen, Stadun, Gerleviswert, and else-
where. The urban coinage nominally dates from the permission given
by the Duke of Holstein in 1325, although the attribution of certain
bracteates of the previous century to this place, bearing the gateway and
towers, is doubtless correct. In 1305 there was a convention with Lubeck
for the coinage of pfennigen. The right of coining gold was received in
1435. The albus, the schilling, and thaler, and their fractions and multi-
ples in billon or silver, and the ducat in gold, were current, as well as a
copper series, from 1574 to 1605. Some of the pieces bearing the name
of the town have the arms of the Von Hovel family either with or without
those of the municipality, and this circumstance may account for the
Schilling of Hamburgh.
presence of the castle. There is a rare ducat of 1497 and a double schilling
of 1524 with the Virgin and Child type — one abandoned in 1572.
Hamm, Westphalia, the seat of a small local coinage in copper during
the i7th and i8th c. A piece of 6 pfenningen, 1614, is the earliest which
we have seen.
Hanau-Miinzenberg, Hesse-Cassel, a mint of the independent Counts
from the i6th c. down to about 1730. A \ thaler of 1624 is in Sch., xiv.
472, also a kreutzer of 1669, No. 473.
Hanover, or Aldstadt, the seat of a mint in the I3th c. There are
bracteates with the lion of the Counts of Lauenrode and the counts
palatine of the Rhine. Hanover struck convention-money in 1481-82
and 1501 in concert with the Dukes of Brunswick- Luneburg, the Bishop
of Hildesheim, and several towns. Hanovers. The usual marks are a
trefoil, and a trefoil with three annulets or eyelets. There are marien-
groschen of 1552.
Hanover (Electorate] Mints : Alfeld, Altenau, St. Andreasberg,
St. Antonius, Bardewick, Bassum, Bodenwerder, Bruchhausen, Bursfeld,
Buxtehude, Celle, Clausthal, Dassel, Diepholz, Duderstadt, Elbingerode,
Eldazsen, Estebriigge, Freudenberg, Gerode, Halseliinne, Hoya, St.
1 1 2 7Yie Coins of Europe
Jacob, Lauenrode, Meppen, Miinden, Miindburg, Neustadt (near Ruben-
berg), Nienburg, Osterode, Otterndorf, Peim, Reinhausen, Richenberg,
Stade, Steuerwald, Verden, Wienhausen, Woelpe, Wunstorf.
Hapsal, or Gapsal, Esthonia, a mint of Schleswig-Holstein and the
See of Oesel, I4th-i6th c. Hapsal.
Harderwijk, Gueldres, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Gueldres,
and of the Bishops of Utrecht, 1 4th- 1 6th c. There is a £ groot of
Arnould van Homes, Bishop of Utrecht, 1371-79, with Hdeivig. A
thaler or gulden of Willem II., Duke of Gueldres, 1538-43, describes him
as Duke of Juliers, Gueldres, CleVes, and Berg, Count of Mark, Zutphen,
and Ravensberg, and Seigneur of Ravenstein. There is an interesting
denier of Eleanor, daughter of Edward II. of England, and guardian
of her son, Raynald IV., Duke of Gueldres, with the English leopard,
belonging here. Later, this place was a mint of the Batavian Republic
and for the Dutch East Indies.
Hasselt, N. Brabant, near Lille, a mint of the mediaeval Seigneurs of
Laon and of the Bishops of Lidge, and a place of feudal and general
coinage from the I2th or I3th to the i6th or i7th c. Copper money was
struck here.
Hasselt, Overijssel, a mint of the Bishops of Utrecht and of the
Spanish rulers of the Netherlands. There is a i philippus of 1563 and
similar pieces down to 1 593 struck here in the latter series.
Hattingen, a town in the dukedom of Cldves and county of Mark,
near the Roer, only known at present from coins struck there. It
was the mint of Engelbert I. and II., Counts de la Marck, I4th c.
A small piece of Adolf, Count of Cleves, 1417-48, reads on rev. Moneta
Hattenege.
Hatton-Chatel, Verdun, a mint of the early Bishops of Verdun.
Hadoniscastrv. See Verdun.
Hedel, a mint of the Seigneurs of Berg or s' Heerenberg, in the i6th c.
Heinsberg, Brabant, the seat of an independent lordship and duchy
from the 1 3th- 1 5th c., and the source, no doubt, of a considerable series
of billon and silver bearing the name. Comp. Gangelt.
Helmershausen, Saxe- Weimar, an early mint of the Bishops of
Paderborn and the Archbp. of Cologne.
Hcndrickcn, Loos, Flanders, a mint of Jean, Comte de Loos, 1256-80.
Enideri.
Henneberg, Saxe-Meiningen, the probable place of origin of some of
the coins of the Counts of Henneberg. But comp. Ilmenau.
Henrichemont, previously called Boisbelle, Dept. of Cher, France, the
princely fief of Maximilien de Bethune, Due de Sully, the Minister of
Henry IV. of France, after whom it was named. The principality con-
sisted of several properties, which had been independent and autonomous
from the Middle Ages, and struck money — Chateaumeillant, Borne,
Boisbelle, Orval, etc. The right of Sully was recognised by Louis XIV.
in 1644. In 1654 the Duke had a mint with a regular staff.
Heresburg, a mint of the Abbey of Corvei or Corvey, Prussia, loth-
I2th c.
Herford, Westphalia, an early seat of local coinage and of convention-
money between the Abbess and the town. There is a mariengroschen
without date with Man. Domi. Et Cii'i. Herv. : and a piece of 12
pfennigen, 1 670, reads Stadt Herford.
Hermanstadt, a special mint of the Prince of Transylvania, while the
town was beleaguered by the Turks in 161 1. A piece, denominated Grossus
Catalogue of European Mints 1 1 3
Regni TransyL, in silver, was struck here, as well as one of 5 groschen,
in 1613 ; both money of necessity.
Hersfeld, or Hirschfeld, Hesse-Cassel, on the Fulda, formerly the seat
of an abbey, which in the 1 2th- 1 3th c. issued bracteates. There is one of
the Bishop Johann, 1200-15, with the abbot seated.
Herstal, or Heristal, near Liege, a Brabantine mint in the Middle
Ages and down to 1324. Pepin le Gros, grandson of the founder of the
Carlovingian family, was known as Pepin van Heristal. Comp. Sch.,
xv. 1076-77. The money of the feudal lords of Herstal was struck here.
Henry I. calls himself both Dominus and Comes.
Hertogen-rode, Rhenish Prussia, a mint of the Dukes of Limburg
(i3th c.), of Renaud or Reynald, Duke of Gueldres, under a charter from
the Emperor Rodolph of Hapsburg in 1282, where it is described as
Rode, and subsequently, on the incorporation of Limburg with his
dominions in 1288, of John I., Duke of Brabant (1272-94). The Duke
of Gueldres above mentioned transferred his coinage from Limburg.
The place was otherwise known as Rolditc (Rode-le-Duc).
Hesse -Darmstadt Mints (minor) : Alsfeld, Assenheim, Biedenkopf,
Biidingen, Burg-Milchling, Biitzbach, Dieburg, Erbach, Griinberg,
Hatzfeld, Herbstein, Isenburg, Lichtenborg, Lorsch (abbey), Neustadt,
Nidda, Niederolm, Niederwesel, Offenbach, Ranstett, Rhens, Raedelheim,
Rothenberg, Seligenstatt, Siedel, Wetterau, Wimpfen.
Hessian Mints (minor) : Eschwege, Frankenberg, Fritzlar, Geln-
hausen, Geismar, Minzenberg, Neustedt, Oldendorf, Breitungen,
Rauschenberg, Vacha, Volkmersen, Wolfhagen.
Heukelom, Vianen, the name of a seigniorial fief in the Low Countries
in the Middle Ages. A denier of Jan van Arkel, described as unique,
occurs in Sch., xi. 819. Possibly it was struck in the locality. Comp.
Vianen.
Heusdcn, Brabant, a supposed mint of the Heeren of H. in the I2th c.
See an interesting note in Schulman, xiv. 305.
Hildburghausen, Central Germany, the presumed mint of the Dukes
of Saxe-Hildburghausen down to the union with Saxe-Meiningen.
Hildesheim, Hanover, formerly and at two successive epochs a place
of considerable importance and a seat of coinage. A siege -piece in
copper of 1658 belongs to this town. A grosch of 1699 reads
Hildeshei : Stadt ; Geldt. The money of the Bishops was struck here in
I
1 1 4 The Coins of Europe
the 1 7th and i8th c. There was also a civic coinage. A mariengroschen
of 1544 is mentioned by Sch., xx. 1183, as not known to Knyphausen.
Probably the most remarkable piece minted here, as it doubtless was,
was the four ducats in gold with the remarkable portrait of Charles V.,
1528.
Hjorring, Jutland, a Danish mint in the I2th c. Heringa.
Hochst, "Hesse-Darmstadt, the place of coinage of the Archbishops of
Mayence.
Hoerdt, Has Rhin, a mint of the Counts de la Marck and of the Dukes
of Cldves, 1 5th- 1 6th c. Man. Nov. Hverde.
Hohenlohc, Honlve, Wiirtemberg, the seat of an ancient principality
in Middle Franconia, of which the name occurs on a numerous and
interesting series of silver and copper coins, but of which the princes had
mints at no fewer than eleven places from the I4th to the igth c. :
Neuenstein, Weickersheim, Forchtenberg, Gnadenthal, Langenburg,
Kirchheim, Meinhard, Waldenburg, Unter-Steinbach, Schillingsfiirst, and
Barenstein.
Hohnstein, Meissen, Saxony, the probable source of a thaler of 1570
with the name of the feudal lord. Sch., xv. 1967.
Holstein Mints: Itzehoe, Neustadt, Oldesloe, Ploen (1731), Ranzau
(1650-68), Rendsburg, Steinbach (1600-20).
Hamburg, Hesse, a mint of Sophia, Duchess of Brabant and
Countess of Hesse, and of her son Henry, i3th c. (Moneta in Hon.}, of
the counts palatine, of the Duke of Zweibriicken (1464), and of the
landgraviat. The coinage was not numerous.
Haarn, N. Holland, on the Zuyder Zee, a busy mint in the i7th and
1 8th c., principally for the coinage of money destined for the Dutch East
Indies.
Horde, one of the mints of the Dukes of Cleves, i5th c.
Horn, Lippe, a mint of the Counts, I3th-I4th c.
Homes. See IVecrt and Wellcm.
Horohausen, Prussia, a mint of the Abbey of Corvey in Minden,
ioth-i2th c. The Emperors granted the abbey the right of coinage here
as well as at Meppen and Hernburg.
Horsens, Jutland, a Danish mint, I2th c. Hors.
Hotter, Prussia, in the regency of Minden, a seat of coinage in the
i6th c. A mariengroschen of 1552 was struck there.
Huhlhitizcn, Gelderland. See Toul.
Huissen, near Arnheim, one of the mints of the Dukes of CleVes, I7th c.
Hungarian Mints (minor) : Enyedinum, Felsoebanya, Goelnitz,
Kaschau, Pecs, Rosnau, Szomolnok, Telkibanya, Ujbanya, Vissegrad,
Zathmarbanya.
Hungen, Hesse-Darmstadt, a mint of the elder branch of the house
of Solms, which struck money here, as did the younger at Lich, Laubach,
and Roedlingen, i6th-i8th c. A grosch of Ernst II., 1613, is cited by
Schulman, xiv. 539.
Huriel. See Brossc.
Huy, or Hoye, Belgium, a mint of the prince-bishops of Liege in the
1 2th and I3th c. The mint-mark a lion. It was also an imperial mint.
Ichora, an early Russian mint.
Ilmenau, Saxe-Meiningen, a mining district within the ancient feudal
county of Henneberg. There is a mining thaler of 1693 struck here, as
well as other pieces.
Catalogue of European Mints 1 1 5
Imola, Forli, a place of coinage of the Riario family pursuant to a
papal grant of 1477. The right extended to any place within the county
(1477-99)-
Incisa, Tuscany, the place apparently intended on an imperiale of
the I4th c. with Marchionv. Acise on obv. There is a second place of
the same name in the Sardinian States of Terra-firma.
Innspriick, a mint of the Dukes and Arch -Dukes of Austria, I5th-
i6th c.
Ionian Isles. See Scio. The Venetian money struck for Corfu, etc.,
was probably coined at home, and the same remark applies to the
English currency.
Iserlohn, Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the Counts de la Marck, I3th-
i4th c. Deniers bear Iserhlon Civits.
Isny, Wurtemburg, the seat of a local coinage in the i6th c. There is
a batz struck here in 1516. Isne, or Isny. At the Reinmann sale, Part
ii., Nos. 6774-75, two Isny thalers of 1538 and 1554 sold for 600 and 505
marks. See them described at large in Schulthess, ii. 550, 551.
Issoudun, Berri, a mint of the Seigneurs of Deols, of Philip Augustus,
and from 1188 to 1195 of Richard Coeur-de-Lion of England. Exoldvn
Castro, or Exoldvni.
Iverdun, canton of Vaud, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian
princes. Ebmdunum.
Iviqa. See Ebusus.
Ivoy, now Carignan, Ardennes, a mint, 1 3th- 1 4th c., of the Counts of
Cluny. Moneta Nova Yve, or Yvodin, or Monnaie D Ivoix.
Ivrea, Piedmont, the place of origin of a republican obolo of the I4th
c. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 1691.
Jaca, or Jacca, Arragon, an ancient town and the seat of a mint.
Jaegerndorf, Austria, a mint of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary,
and of the Margraves of Brandenburg. Moneta Carnoviensis.
Jassy, Moldavia, probably one of the seats of coinage of Roumania.
Javouls, near Mende, Dept. of Lozere, a Merovingian and episcopal
mint. The See was transferred at the end of the loth c. to Mende in
Gevaudan.
Jena, or lena, Prussian Saxony, a seat of coinage for early bracteates
and pfennigen with a lion's head or a bunch of grapes, 1 3th- 1 5th c.
Ihene.
Jever, Oldenburgh, a mint of the feudal lords in the nth c., and one
of the Counts of Oldenburgh and East Friesland, 1 5th- 1 6th and I7th c.
At a later period the Princes of Anhalt-Zerbst and the Czars of Russia
employed it.
Joachimsthal, a mining district in Bohemia, a mint of the Counts of
Schlitz, who are said to have struck here the Joachimsthaler, or piece
with the standing figure of that saint, as early as 1518. The word thaler
is sometimes derived from this source.
Jougne, princ. of Orange, a mint of the house of O., I5th c. A gros
of Louis de Chalon, 1418-70, with Gros. Mont. D. lonke, is referred
hither.
Jugon, Brittany, a mint of John IV., Duke of B., 1364-99.
Jttltch, or Juliers, a mint of the Dukes of Juliers, subsequently Dukes
of Juliers, Cleves, and Berg. Ivliac. There were several others, men-
tioned elsewhere. There are 4-stuiver pieces of William the Rich, Duke
of Juliers and Berg, 1583 and 1587, with a swan as a mint-mark. This
1 1 6 The Coins of Eiirope
place struck money of necessity during successive sieges in 1543, 1610,
and 1621.
Jupille, Lie"ge, Belgium, the place to which deniers of the I2th c. with
Amannd V. are referred.
Kachin, an early Russian mint.
Kaschau, a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes.
C. or C.-M.
Kaufbeuren, Bavaria, the source of a grosch of 1535.
Kempten, Bavaria, an abbatial mint in the I3th c. for bracteates, and
subsequently for thalers and florins of gold (i6th-i7th c.) ; also the seat
of an urban mint from 1501, or earlier. In that year the town struck
money for Ulm. The bracteate series bear Princeps Campidvnh., or
Hildegardis Regina ; the town pieces usually have Campidone.
Kessenich, Limburgh, the seat of the coinage of Jan I. de Wilde,
Seigneur of Brunshorn, consort of the Lady of Kessenich. The money
has Kesse.
Kief, or Kiev, on the Dnieper, the first known capital of Muscovy, and
the seat of the ancient Archbishopric of St. Sophia, was doubtless the
place of coinage not only of certain silver coins of Byzantine type, but of
a limited gold coinage emanating from the archiepiscopal See. Exist-
ing specimens of the money appear to belong to the loth c., and bear
Grand-duchy of Kief: denarius, loth c.
Christian types and primitive legends. They closely resemble the
Servian and Bulgarian currency of the Iith-i2th c. Comp. Moscow and
Nijny- Novgorod.
Kiel, Holstein, one of the mints of the Counts of H. (Moneta
Kilensis}. Others were Oldesloe (Odesto) Rendsburg, Flensburg, Neu-
stadt, Rangau, Ploen, Steinbach, and Itzehoe. The last is distinguished
by the words, Cimtas Etsccho, and by three towers ; the rev. usually
reading Moneta Holsacie.
Kinroy, Limburgh, the seat of the coinage of Jan II., Seigneur of
Kessenich.
Klarcntsa, Glarentza, or Chiarcnsa (anc. Cyllene), in the Morea, and
probably the mint of the Princes of Achaia, of the Villehardouin family,
of the Kings of Naples, of the house of Anjou, etc., down to the i6th c.
This principality was originally given to Geoffrey de Villehardouin about
1 205 at the partition of the lower empire after the Fourth Crusade.
Knijphausen, Oldenburg, the mint of the independent seigneurs or
heeren of that place down to the present century.
Koepnik, Brandenburgh, a mint of the Margraviat of B., I2th c.
Kolpina, an early Russian mint.
Kolyma, a Russian mint under Catherine II.
Konigsberg, Prussia, a place of coinage of Frederic II. of Prussia
(1740-85).
Catalogue of European Mints 1 1 7
Kremnitz, or Kormocz Banya, Transylvania, a mint of the early Kings
of Hungary, 1 6th- 1 7th c., and of the Waiwodes or Princes of Transylvania
or Stebenburgen in the I7th c. There is a \ thaler of Lladislaus I., 1506,
with his titles and a shield of eight quarters on obv., and on rev. S. Lladis-
laus on horseback, from this place of coinage.
Kroeben, Posen, a Polish mint in the I3th c.
Kroepelin, Mecklenburgh - Schwerin, perhaps, with Marlov, the
earliest mint of the Dukes of M., as both are cited in an instrument
of 1325.
Kroppenstadt, a mint of the Abbey of Corvey in Minden, Prussia.
Krossen, Poland, apparently the source of a grosch of Joachim and
Albrecht, Margraves of Brandenburgh, 1512.
Kuinre, W. Friesland, probably the mint of the Seigneurs of Kuinre
in the I3th c. Sch., Cat. ix. 218-21 ; xv. 749-54. The earliest appear to
have borne no name of ruler or lord, and have only Moneta Kvenri. On
a denier of John, early I4th c., he styles himself Miles de Cuinre. There
were the denier and gros. We have not met with higher values or with
gold.
Kyburg, Canton of Zurich, a seat of seigniorial coinage from 1328.
The Counts also struck money with their arms at Diessenhofen, Burg-
dorf, and Wanzin.
Laibach, Carniola, a mint of the Dukes of Carniola or Krain, and of
the Emperors of Austria for the province.
Landau, Alsace, issued money of necessity in 1702. Blanchet. Also
during the siege of 1713 pieces of 2 florins 8 kreutzer, the \ and the \.
Landegg, Hesse, a mint of the Abbey of Corvey, in Minden, Prussia,
1 3th c.
Landskrone, a Danish mint, i6th c. Lans. Kr. There are coins of
1525, struck by Soren Norby, with the lamb of Gothland, or with three
lions, and the reading Severin S. Norby.
Langres, Haute -Marne, a mint of the Bishops, in accord with the
Carlovingian princes and the Dukes of Burgundy, from the gth to the
1 3th c. Lingonis Urbs or Civitas.
Laon, a Carlovingian mint of early origin, and probably of episcopal
ownership, although, as usual, the name of the sovereign is added, doubt-
less to impart authority and weight to the coinage. Bishop Gaudric
(1106-12), however, acquired very bad repute by suffering his Flemish
mint-master Thierri to bring bad metal from his own country, and place
the bishop's name and crozier on pieces of such low alloy that nothing
worse, it was said, had ever been seen. This state of things was not
peculiar to Gaudric or to Laon. It was a general abuse ; and we per-
ceive that a normal stratagem on the part of minor feudatories, secular
and clerical alike, was to melt down the regal money and recoin it with
a plentiful admixture of alloy. Laudunensis.
Laon, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia. La Clav.
L Argentine, Viviers, the name of the place where the Bishop of V.
received from Philip le Bel, in 1293, permission to strike money. It is
described as a chateau, but, as elsewhere, was perhaps the tower where
the mint lay.
Laroche, Luxemburgh, a mint of Wenceslas II., Duke of L., 1383-88.
Welsfeil.
La Rochelle, an Anglo-Gallic mint and one of Charles VII. of France,
both before and after his accession in 1422, as Duke of Aquitaine ; of
1 1 8 The Coins of E^lrope
Charles de France, brother of Louis XI., 1469-71 ; of Henry III. of
Valois, 1576; of Louis XV., 1731-42; and of the later French rulers,
m.m. a ship.
La Tour d Glaire, Ardennes, a mint of the Seigneurs of Chateau-
Renaud or Renault, in the I7th c. This and Charleville, equally with
Bouillon, imitated other types. Both Nicolas Briot and Daniel Goffin
were employed here and at Charleville, etc., as engravers.
Lauenburg, Pomerania, apparently the place of origin of a \ thaler
of Frederic VI. of Denmark, 1830.
Lausanne, a Merovingian mint, and from the Qth to the I4th c. a
place of coinage for the See and town. Some pieces bear on obv. Sedes
Lavsane, and on rev. Civitas ; others, Bcata Virgo. The former arose
from the traditional belief that this place was the site of the ancient
Civitas Equestris. The types were copied by the feudal Lords of Vaud.
See Nyon and Thierrens.
Lavagna, a mint of the Fieschi family, i6th c. Cotn. Lavanie.
La Vanctte, Barony of Les Hayons, Luxemburgh, the mint in the I7th
c. of Lambert d'Oyenbrugge de Duras, brigadier in the French army,
1624. A variety of coins proceeded from this place, chiefly imitations or
contrefac.ons of Niirnberg, Frankfort, Hamburg, Bouillon, Holland, etc.;
and the engraver, Daniel Goffin, was employed here. A demi-patagon
bears Lambertiis De Duras B\ard\ Suprennis Hayoncn. From the dis-
appearance of what must have been a considerable coinage it may be
inferred that the mint was suppressed.
Lecce, Naples, a Neapolitan mint, 1495-99.
Lecco, Lombardy, a mint of a branch of the Medici, 1431. Co. Le-vci.
L'Ecluse, or Sltiys. See Slu'ys.
Lcctoure, Dept. of Ger, a mint of the Vicomtes de L., Lomagne, and
D'Auvilars, who represented the Comtes d'Armagnac, of the Bishops,
and of Edward III. of England as Duke of Aquitaine. The town in
ancient times was divided into three quarters: the Bishop's, the Viscount's,
the King's or Duke's. Lactora Civ., Cii'itas Efi. or Santigino.
Lceuardcn, W. Friesland, a mint for the province in the i6th c.
There is a silver piece of 28 stuivers, 1580, with Mo. No. Ord. Frist. s£.
Lcwwar. Cvsa., and a second of about the same date of the Daventer
type, punched with L., probably for this place. We do not know whether
the 2O-ducat piece of 1601 with the arms of W. Friesland on obv. and the
legend Antiqva Virtvte et Fide, and on rev. the legend Concordia
Frisicc Libertas, with four shields (for the four divisions of the prov.)
united by a riband, may not be assigned here.
Leeucn, Gelderland, the reputed source of a denier with Lewe and a
head facing.
Leghorn, a mint of the Medicean Dukes of Florence or Etrtiria.
Lciningen, Baden, Alt or Old, the place of origin of some of the
money struck and issued by the early Counts after 1608, the date of the
original monetary concession, though other towns (Hardenberg, Dachs-
burg, Westerburg, etc.) shared the coinage. There are pieces with Lein.
Et. Dags. Com. in Lein. Et. Rixing.
Lcipsic, Saxony, the place of origin of bracteates in the I2th c., and
the general mint of the Dukes of Saxony of the Ernestine branch from
the 15th c. There is a bracteate with Marchio. Otto. De. Lipi. Some
pieces have Lipcens, others, S. L. for Signuin Lipsiense. On some of the
currency the Dukes of Saxony bear the title of Margraves of Misnia or
Meissen. There is a rare piece struck during the siege by the Saxons
Catalogue of European Mints 1 1 9
in 1549. The thaler of Augustus III. of Poland, 1754, was minted
here.
Lc Mans. See Mans.
Lemberg, Austrian Poland, a mint of the Kings of Poland of the
Jagellon dynasty, I4th-i5th c.
Lemgo, Lippe, a mint of the Emperors, of the Counts of Lippe, and of
the Bishops of Paderborn. Lemgoens, or Lemego Civitas. The deniers of
Cologne were imitated here with the mark Colonia.
Lens-en- Artois. See Boulogne.
Leopoldstadt, Hungary, the source of siege-money (poltura) during
the troubles and disorders of 1704-7.
Lepanto, a mint of Philip, Prince of Taranto, I4th c.
Le Puy, France, Dept. of Haute-Loire, the place of coinage of a
denier with Podiensis. See Cat. Robert, No. 2267.
Lescun, a barony in Beam, the seat of a local coinage in or about
1374 ; but no specimens are known or at least identified.
Les Hayons, Luxemburgh, Dept. of Noire-Fontaine. See La Vanette.
Lesina, Dalmatia, the place mentioned on a Venetian colonial bag-
attino of the I5th c. with 5. Stephanvs Pont. Lesinensis. A Venetian
mint in 1549.
Leucha. See Toul.
Leuchtenberg, Bavaria, a landgraviat and doubtless independent mint
in the i6th c., but under imperial sanction. The money is of rather
peculiar and archaic type. There is a batz of 1535 of Johann VI. with
lohan Langra In Levcht.
Leyden, not an ordinary mint; but in 1574 an issue took place of
pieces of 5, 10, and 20 stuivers, made from the leaves of Books of Hours.
Sch., Cat. ix. 1190-91. In the course of that and the preceding year
several pieces in silver and copper, including a liard of the hospital of St.
Catherine, were struck.
Liege, the mint of the imperial coins of the Hohenstaufen dynasty
struck for Flanders in the loth and nth centuries, and one of the long
series of prince-bishops down to the present century. Comp. Moresnet.
Liegnitz, a mint of the Dukes of Silesia in the I3th c., and of succes-
sive rulers, including the Counts of Brieg and Dukes of Liegnitz-Brieg,
down to the end of the I7th c. The writer has a 6-groschen piece struck
by George Wilhelm, 1673. The Dukes also struck at Reichenstein.
The town acquired the right of coinage in 1425 from the King of Poland.
There are uniface hellers or pfennigen in 1622 with L.
Ligny, originally a fief detached from the county of Bar in 1231 as
the dowry of Marguerite, daughter of Henri II., on her marriage to the
Duke of Limbourg. Coins in gold, silver, and billon were struck here
in considerable proportions in the I4th c., including some of the money
of John of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia. From letters of indemnity of
1376 we learn that at that time the dies for the coins struck by successive
C. of L. in the I4th c. — agnels, francs a cheval, ecus d'or, nobles, gros,
and deniers — were in the hands of a goldsmith named Guesclin le Char-
pentier. Moneta De Lineio.
Lille, one of the Flemish towns which struck the maille at a very
early period with LI. It is mentioned as a place of coinage under
Baudouin V., Count of Flanders, 1036-67. Insvlae, quasi L Isle, occurs
on some pieces. The ecu de Navarre of Louis XV., 1718, was from this
mint, which was employed both by that king and Louis XVI. Pieces of
5, 10, and 20 sols in copper were struck by the French governor, M. de
I2O The Coins of Europe
Boufflers, during the siege by the Allies in 1708, with his arms on the
obv.
Limbourg, near Diirkheim, Bavaria, the place of origin of a curious
denier (Sch., xiv. 487) struck in the name of Emich, Count of Leiningen
(whose capital was at Diirkheim), as Advocate of the Abbey of Limbourg.
Limbourg, Brabant, the seat of coinage from a very early period of
the money of the Seigneurs of Limbourg and of the Dukes of Brabant.
There are deniers or esterlings of John I., Duke of Brabant, 1261-94,
from this mint, and probably the money of his mother Adela, during her
regency (1261-69), 's assignable hither. Linborgh or Limborc.
Limoges, a mint of Dagobert I. (628-38), of Eudes, King of Paris or
France (887-98), of the Vicomtes de Limoges and Dukes of Brittany as
V. de L., and of the Valois and Bourbon Kings of France. There is a
piece of 30 sols of Louis XVI., 1791, struck here. See Barbarin and
Lemona in Cat. of Denom. A gold sol of Dagobert I. with his bust, one
of the earliest pieces of such a type, was found at Merton, Surrey, some
years ago, in the hands of poor people, and was eventually sold to the
national collection at Paris for £180. It had probably belonged at one
time to the daughter of Dagobert, who died and was buried at Merton.
There is a piefort of Jean III., Vicomte de Limoges, with Turonus
Lemovic. By the Treaty of Bretigny, 1360, this mint was ceded to the
King of England, and in 1365 Michel Beze struck for the Black Prince
various denominations in silver and billon.
Lindau, Bavaria, the seat of a coinage in the nth c. There are
imperial bracteates, semi-bracteates, and deniers down to the I3th c.,
with the arms of the town, the linden-tree, or a cinquefoil of it, and on
those of Frederic II. (1220-1250) the Guelph lion.
Littnich, Prussia, a civic mint, where the French gros tournois was
imitated. Coins bearing the name occur very rarely.
Lippe ajid Schanmburg-Lippe Mints. See Blanchct, ii. 68, 69.
Lisbon, the general place of coinage of the later Portuguese money.
Philip II. of Spain struck coins here from 1580. But even in the I7th c.,
under Peter II., many pieces were struck at Bahia, Porto Rico, and Rio.
The money for Brazil down to 1825 was chiefly coined at Rio and Bahia.
LIS. or Lisboa.
Lissa, Posen, a mint of the independent Kings of Poland.
Livcrdun, formerly a fortress belonging to the Bishops of Toul, now
Dept. of Meurthe, F ranee; a place of coinage of the Bishops, iith-i4th c.
Loano, Sardinia, Div. of Genoa, a seigniorial fief of the Doria family,
i6th c. There is a scudo della galera of Gio. Andrea Doria, Prince and
Count of Loano, 1590-1606. We may also note a luigino with the name
and titles of Gio. Andrea Doria, Prince of L. 1665, with his portrait and
coat of arms.
Laches, Touraine, the source of a denier of the nth c. with Locas
Castro on either side.
Lodtve, Herault, the seat of an episcopal coinage, I2th-I4th c., with
the name of a canonised prelate (Fulcran) on most or all of the deniers.
The money was long current in the diocese with that of Paris and Tours,
belonging to the royal series.
Lodi-in-Crema, N. Italy, the place mentioned on a danaro bearing on
obv. the name of Frederic II. (1220-50), and on rev. Lavdensis. There
is also, belonging to this place, a denaretto of Gio. da Vignate, signore,
1410-13, with Lavde on rev.
Lodose, an early Swedish mint. L.
Catalogue of European Mints 121
Lons-le-Saulnier, Dept. of Jura, formerly part of the Duchy of Bur-
gundy, an ancient town, whose fortifications are mentioned as having
been demolished in 1291 ; a Carlovingian and Burgundian mint, and
subsequently one within the jurisdiction of the See of Besangon. Its
operations, after some period of suspension, were resumed about 1120,
and there are coins belonging to this revival with Ledonis. VilL; and in
the field Be. The Counts of Macon and Vienne also struck money
here. There is a denier of Hugues IV., Duke of Burgundy, 1218-78,
belonging to this place. B\urgus\ Ledonis.
Loo, West Flanders, the source of a denier, I2th c., with an eagle and
Te Lo.
Loon, N. Brabant, near Ravenstein, an ancient feudal lordship.
There are coins of Arnould VIII., 1280-1328. Some of these, at least,
were most probably struck at Loon itself. Comp. Hassell.
Loos, near Lille, a French or Brabantine mint in the nth c. and
later. It issued in the names of its local rulers esterlins, doubles tournois
in billon, and gros, with their divisions. Comp. Hasselt.
Loreto, or Loretto, Macerata, Italy, the place mentioned on an autono-
mous danaro of the i4th c. with De Lavre Tv»i., and on rev. Sea. Maria.
Louvain, S. Brabant, a place of great importance in former times,
and doubtless that of coinage of the deniers connected with it, as well
as of the money of the earlier Dukes of Brabant. John III. (1312-55)
certainly employed this mint, as well as Philip le Hardi after his
marriage to the heiress of Flanders.
Liibcck, or Lijbeck, N. Germany, a mint in the earlier half of the I3th
c., by virtue of the imperial authority given in 1226. Deniers exist with
the double-headed eagle, the name of the Emperor, and that of the town.
In 1305 there seems to have been a monetary convention with Ham-
burgh for the coinage of pfennigen. Gold money, described in a
document of 1339 as florenus aureus de Florencia, and on the pieces
reading Flore. Lvbtc., was struck here in evident imitation of the Italian
type. In 1403 and 1411 there were conventions with Wismar, Ham-
burgh, Rostock, Stralsund, and Luneburg, for the fabrication of pfen-
nigen for common use. The earliest thaler was in 1528 ; the mint
closed in 1801. Lvbica, or Lvbicens. An interesting early dated piece
is a 5 mark of 1506, with Qvadrans Marce Lvbtcem., 1506. There are |
or ort thalers of 1622, and \ thalers of 1632. We have for 1706 a silver
piece marked the ig2nd part of a thaler. The schilling was the money of
account; there are pieces of 16, 32, and 48 sch. courant.
Lucca [Flavia], a successive seat of coinage of the Lombard and
Frankish kings, of the marquisate and dukedom of Tuscany, and of the
imperial, republican, and seigniorial governments from the 7th to the iQth
c. Cat. Rossi, 1880, Nos. 1718-70. From 1342 to 1369^6 Pisani family
held the lordship. The rarest money connected with the city is that of the
Lombards, and of Hugo, Marquis of Tuscany, and of Hugo II. and
Giuditta (Judith), Dukes of Tuscany (970-1001) ; there is a denaro of the
two latter with DvxTvscie and Ugo in a monogram on obv., and on rev.
Dvx Ivdita, and in the field L-vca. There are pieces (a tessera or token
of silver and a quattrino) attributed to the rule of Castruccio de' Cas-
trucconi (1316-28). The coins of the Napoleonic dukedom of Lucca
and Piombino were probably struck here. On the earlier types the
Sanctus Vultus, as it is called, in varied or modified form, seems to
be merely an idealised portrait of one of the emperors. It was intro-
duced in the I3th c.
122
The Coins of Europe
Lucera, in the Neapolitan territory, 9 miles W.N.W. from Foggia, an
ancient mint.
Lucerne, Switzerland, the place of coinage for the canton from 1415.
Bracteates, plapparts, etc., in early times, and down to the present c.
a variety of money, in-
cluding the pieces of 40
batzen and 4 franken.
Liide, orLitgde, Prus-
sian Westphalia, a mint
of Conrad, Archbp. of
Cologne, 1238.
Ludinghausen, Prus-
sia, the name men-
tioned in 974 in the
grant of a mint by
Otho II. to the Abbot
of Werden. See Wer-
den.
Lund, or Liaiden, an
early Dano - Swedish
mint. Lvd.
Lune, Hanover, near
Luneburg,a mint of the
Counts de la Marck.
Liineburg, Bruns-
wick, the seat of a
local coinage in the
1 6th c., as well as of
the money of the Dukes
of Brunswick of the
Liineburg branch.
There is a doppelschil-
ling = -jV thaler of 16
sols, with the head of
St. John the Baptist.
The source, during the
Thirty Years' War,
1 6 1 8-48, of a gold ducat
and silver thalers of
1622, with the name of
Duke Christian and the
mottoes : Tout avec
Dicu, and Gottes Freint
und Der Paff. Feindt.
Luneville, France,
Dept. of Meurthe, a
mint of the early Dukes
of Lorraine. Several
coins of Matthew II.
Double thaler of Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg, 1655. ( 1 2 1 8-5 I ) belong here.
Liniuille.
Lusignan, Dept. of Vienne, a seat of coinage in lieu of Limoges, i7th c.
It was removed hither in 1656-57 from Limoges.
Luttingen, Palatinate, the place of origin of an esterlin or sterling of
Catalogue of European Mints 123
Rupert or Rutrecht I. (1353-90), with Monet. Lvddem,and the portrait of
the Count facing. On the reverse occurs R-vpertvs Dvx, and a shield
of the Bavarian palatinate.
Lttxemburgh, capital of the ancient county, afterward duchy and
grand-duchy, and a mint of the rulers of this territory from the I2th c.
Wenceslas I., Emperor, King of Bohemia, and Duke of L. 1353-83,
entered into a convention with 'the See of Treves, as we see that other
rulers of L. had done elsewhere, for a common currency, indicated on a
gros with the arms of the two powers quartered, and the legend
Wincel\ Dvx Et. Boemvd. Archps. Socii. 1st. Monete. F'ce Lvcebvrg. In
1795 a piece of 72 asses was struck here during the siege by the French.
Luzille, a mint of the Emperor Charles IV. as Count of Luxem-
burgh, 1346-53.
Lvov, Poland, a mint of Casimir the Great, 1333-70.
Lyons, the seat of a mint of the Kings of Burgundy and Austrasia,
Pepin, Charlemagne, Charles de Provence, Charles le Chauve, etc., of
the German Emperors (as Kings of Burgundy), and of the bishops and
archbishops down to 1413, as well as of the Counts of Lyons, who, with
those of Feurs and Roanne, held the territory of the See in the loth
c. A denier of Conrad I., 911-18, was struck here. The privilege to the
archbishops dates from 1157, and this coinage lasted probably until the
royal mint was at length transferred, at the end of the I5th c., hither, pur-
suant to an ordinance of Charles IV. so far back as 1413-14. Several
specimens of the money of the Counts of Lyons exist. A denier tournois
of Henry IV., 1607, and a piece of 3 deniers of Louis XVI., 1791, belong
here. There is money of necessity of 1 793. Comp. Bechevilain.
Maccagno, Como, a mint of the Mandelli family, I7th c. There is a
gold zecchino, with the titles of the Emperor Ferdinard II. on rev., and on
obv. Mon. N. Ai>. lac. B.C. Mac. Com. 7'a. Q.M.F., and the portrait of
Giacomo Mandelli.
Macerata, States of the Church, 21 miles from Ancona, the place of
coinage of the original feudal lords from the I3th c., and of the popes
from Boniface IX. to Pius VI. An early grosso bears the standing figure
of St. Julian.
Macon, a mint of Philip I. of France (1060-1 103), of the Dukes of Bur-
gundy, and of the Valois dynasty down to the end of the I5th c., when it
seems to have been removed to Lyons, whither an ordinance of Charles
IV., 1413-14, had already directed its transfer. Misconus, Mutiscon, etc.
Madrid, the mint of the later Kings of United Spain down to the
present time. The money struck for currency in Mexico, South America,
and other colonial possessions, with or without the Pillars of Hercules,
belongs here for the most part ; but many, as the peso of Ferdinand VII.,
1810, coined at Mexico, and that of 1821, coined at Zacatecas, etc.,
formed an exception. M. crowned. Comp. Mexico.
Maele, between Bruges and Ghent, now an insignificant village, but for-
merly a feudal fortress, and the seat of Louis of Crecy and his son Louis of
Maele, Counts of Flanders (1322-84). It was perhaps here, as well as at
Bruges, Ghent, or Malines, that his extensive coinage in all metals was struck.
Maesijck, Belgium, Prov. of Limbourg, 14 miles S.W. of Ruremonde,
a mint of the See of Liege in the i6th c. A \ ernestus of Ernest of
Bavaria, 1582, belongs here.
Maestricht, or Vroenhof, one of the seats of the Merovingian coinage
under the moneyer Adalbertus, who also worked at Utrecht, Durstede,
124 The Coins of Europe
etc., and a principal mint of the Bishops of Utrecht in the I2th and of
those of Liege in the I4th c. Some of their small coins bear the imperial
name coupled with their own. There is a denier of Raoul of Zeeringhen
and Frederic Barbarossa. M. was also a mint of the Flemings and
Spaniards from the I4th to the i6th c. A tuin of John IV., Duke ot
Brabant, 1414-27, and a philipsdaalder of Philip II. of Spain as King of
England, 1559, belong here. The Bishops, both of Utrecht and Liege,
struck money at St. Peter-te-Maestricht. There are pieces of 40, 24, 16,
8, 2, i, and \ stivers issued during the siege by the Spaniards in 1579,
and of 100 and 50 st. in silver during that by the French in 1794. The
higher values of the former series are plated, the others copper.
Magdeburg, Pruss. Saxony, a royal or imperial mint in the loth c.,
and down to the I5th, of the archbishops and the town separately or con-
jointly. Bracteates and semi-bracteates succeeded by pfennigen. The
former bear the name of the town and the bust of St. Maurice. This
place seems to have been the cradle of the dukedom and kingdom of
Saxony, the earliest names mentioned in connection with the line having
been burgraves of M. in the loth c., and having probably had an interest
in the municipal coinage.
Maguelonne, Dept. of Herault, a Visigothic town and the seat of a
bishopric ; it was destroyed in 737, and rebuilt in the i ith c. The See was
transferred to Montpellier in 1536. M. is now a mere village. A papal
bull of 1266 censures the Bishop for coining imitations of the Arabic
dirhem — silver pieces of 10 deniers — for the use of foreign traders in the
town or diocese. The ordinary money followed the types of Melgueil,
known as the inonnaie inelgoricnne. Comp. Substancion-Melgueil. The
accompanying denier of Maguelonne (end of nth c.) bears on rev. four
ornaments or symbols, usually termed annulets, but possibly meant for
eyelets or oilets, as in an early Latin document, quoted by Blanchet, they
seem to be referred to as oculi.
Majorca, a mint of the Almohades in Spain (516-668), and of the
special money struck by the Kings of Spain or of Majorca from the 1 3th to
the 1 8th c. for the Balearic Isles, with Rex Maioricarvm. This or rather
the capital, Palma, was the place of origin of siege-pieces of 1821 and
1823, made current in the name of Ferdinand VII. for 30 sous.
Malaga, a mint of the Almohades in Spain, 516-668.
Malines, or Mechlin, one of the three mints employed for his ambitious
and beautiful coinage by Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders, 1346-84, and
a place of coinage of the Dukes of Burgundy as Dukes of Brabant. A
denier noir of Philip le Bon, 1419-67, was struck here : also a double
patard of 1488.
Mai mii, a mint of the earlier Kings of Denmark, I4th c. Malmoiens.
Manfredonia, a place of coinage of the early Kings of Sicily (i3th c.).
An obolo of Manfred II. has on the obv. in the field MA.
Mannheim, grand-duchy of Baden, formerly part of the duchy or
kingdom of Bavaria. Erected into a township in 1606. M. was the mint
Catalogue of European Mints
125
of the grancUduchy of Baden from 1803 to 1826. We have a rare
Mannheimergulden or f thaler of 1608, with a portrait of Friedrich IV.,
Count Palatine of the Rhine, on obv. and the arms on rev. There is also
a double grosch of 1792 of the jubilee of Carl Theodor of Bavaria.
Manopello, Naples, a place where Charles VIII. of France granted to
Count Pardo Orsini, 1495, the right of coinage.
Manosquc, Basses -Alpes, Mannesca or Mannasche, a mint of the
ancient Counts of Forcalquier, 1 2th -i 3th c. There is an early denier,
evidently attributable here, with Manu .'. Esca and on rev. Moneta,
perhaps copied from the type of Le Puy.
Mans, or Le Mans, cap. of the ancient province and countship of
Maine, twice held by the Crown of England ; a mint of Charles le Chauve,
if not of Louis le Debonnaire, subsequently of the Bishops under royal
authority, and from the nth to the i5th c. of the Counts. In 1425,
Henry VI. of England struck money here — gold salutes, grandes and
petites blanques, and deniers tournois.
Mansfeld, Prussian Saxony, the seat of the mint of the Counts prior
to the division of the house into branches. Bracteates of the I3th c.
with a figure on horseback, holding a standard, which developed in the
1 6th into the type of St. George and the Dragon. There is a grosch
of 1574 of this evolutionary character, and from that date a continuous
series of money in gold and silver all bearing the same symbol. The
early money exhibits, besides the horseman, the arms of Mansfeld (a
lozenge) and somewhat later pieces a crowned lion with Mansf.
Mantes-sur- Seine, the place of origin of a piece struck by Philip I.
after 1081 with Medantenne.
Mantua, a place of coinage of certain anonymous bishops (iath c.),
of the republic ( I3th c.), with Virgilivs on obv., and of the Gonzaga family,
Mantua : Virgilius type, i3th c.
Captains, Marquises, and finally Dukes of M., down to the middle of the
1 8th c. Comp. Casale. The scudo d^oro and the double or doppio were
coined under Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550-87) and his successors ; and there
is more than one variety. Ferdinando Gonzaga (1612-26) struck pieces
126 The Coins of Europe
of 2, 4, 8, and 12 ducats or scudi, and the double scudo and a piece of 40
sesini in silver. Carlo Gonzaga (1627-37) introduced the ttngaro, a gold
type borrowed from the Hungarian series, and continued the silver
denominations. The portraits of the Dukes on the earlier money are
executed with great care and skill. During the I7th and i8th c. a
profusion of soldi and sesini in copper was issued. Notice must be taken of
an interesting series of money of necessity belonging to the years 1629-30,
and consisting of a scudo, ^ scudo, and soldo. Of the scudo there are
three or four varieties : one reading Manlvae below the feet of St. Andrew
holding cross and pyx on obv. ; a second Man. Obsess. ; while a third one
differs in having a shield on obv. with Mantve Anno Salvtis. 1629, and
on rev. 160 [soldi]. The soldo follows this type, which was probably the
latter. A third scudo is dated 1630. The cast soldo, which was issued
during the siege of Mantua by Bonaparte, was produced at Milan.
Marburgh, Marpitrgk, or Marborch, Upper Hesse, a mint of the See
of Cologne and of the city, I3th-i6th c. Early bracteates of Hesse with
the lion and Marbvrch^ or Marebvrg, or with two lambs' heads separated
by a tower and Marsb-vrg, belong here, as well as deniers of Sophia,
Duchess of Brabant, with Mareborchi, and of her son Henry. Marburgh
was a mint of the Counts and Landgraves of Hesse from the I4th to
the 1 7th c.
Marsal, Lorraine, a mint of the Bishops of Metz, nth c. There is a
very rare silver plaque of Ademar de Monthil (1327-61), a division of the
same, and a piece in copper with the same characters and legend.
Marsberg, Westphalia, the presumed place of coinage of a grosch of
1607.
Marseilles (Afassilia), a seat of coinage for the silver pieces struck by
Greek settlers in servile imitation of the Phocean type, and successively
a Merovingian, Carlovingian, Provencal, Arragonese, and French regal
mint. The Counts of Provence, however, made considerable use of the
widely prevalent types of Otho emanating from the Pavian mint and of
the favourite currency of M elgue il (monnaie melgorienne). Civitas Massilie,
Massilicnsis. The Spanish masters of Provence also struck money at
Saint- Remy, Nice, and Tarascon.
MarvJjols, Dept. of Lozere, a mint of the I5th c. (1418). M.m. J
between the first and second words of the legend.
Massa- Carrara, Central Italy, an independent signiory and duchy,
appertaining during some centuries to the Malaspina and Cibo families.
A somewhat extensive coinage, of which we probably possess imperfect
remains, seems to have taken place here. Special attention may be
directed to two items in the Remedi Cat. 1884, Nos. 1750-51 : a double
scudo d'oro of 1582 and a mezzo-ducatone of 1593, both pieces of remark-
able rarity, and belonging to the reign of Alberico Cibo Malaspina (1559-
1623). His successor coined a piece of eight bolognini in silver. This
series determined with Maria Beatrice, Duchess of Massa, 1792, who
merely issued soldi and quattrini. The dominion passed to her son the
Duke of Modena.
Massa di Marcmma, Tuscany, the place of origin of an autonomous
grosso of the I4th c. with De Massa. on obv.
Massa-Lombarda, or Ducale, Polesine of Rovigo, a place of coinage of
the Este family, i6th c. Only the grosso, double grosso, quartino, and
quattrino appear to have been struck. The pieces usually have Masse
Lombarde, Lombard, or Lombar, to distinguish them from the coinages of
cognominal places.
Catalogue of Eiiropean Mints 127
Massegra, the place of origin of a quattrino with Di Becca Ria in
three lines on rev. Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1778.
Matelica, Italy, 24 m. W.S.W. of Macerata, a place of papal coinage
under Pius VI. (1775-99).
Maubeuge, France, Dept. of Nord, formerly part of the county of
Hainault. It is 11 miles from Avesnes. There is a sterling of John I.,
Count of Hainault, 1289-1314, and of John II. D'Avesnes, struck here.
It was one of their mints.
Mauleon, the name (prior to 1736) for Chatillon-sur-Sevre, the seat of
a seigniorial coinage commencing about 1215, when Savary de Mauleon,
Seneschal of Poitou, was invested by Jean Sans Terre [John of England],
Count of P., with the right of striking money of the Poitevin standard.
The family subsequently merged in that of Thouars.
Mayence, or Maintz, a Carlovingian mint and one of the archbishops,
who, however, also struck money at Amoeneberg, Neustadt, Treysa, etc.
Of the archiepiscopal series some of the earlier are bracteates of superior
work. The Florentine gold type was imitated here as at Cologne ; the
lily was perhaps acceptable as an emblem of purity and from the direct
Mayence : i kreutzer, i8th c. 3 pfenningen, 1760.
allusion to it in Scripture. In the last century copper pieces from i to 12
kreutzer, circular, oblong and octagon, were issued, and during the siege by
the French there was a coinage of necessity of 5, 2, and i sols. The Em-
peror Maximilian 1 1. accorded the right of coinage of florins to the Convent
of St. Alban here in 1578, with an ass as the arms and S. Alban. Martyr.
Meaux, Champagne, Dept. of Seine-et-Marne, a mint of the Frankish
Kings, 8th c. A denier d'or of Pepin le Bref, struck here, was sold at
Paris in 1885 for 955 fr. It was also an early episcopal mint, iith-i2th
c., and at one time at least in concert with the Counts of Troyes. The
money seems to have obtained credit and a considerable width of currency,
by virtue of conventions between the Bishop and neighbouring potentates,
as far back as the commencement of the loth c. The treaty of 1208 with
the Countess of Champagne gave the latter two-thirds, and the Prelate
one-third, of the revenue arising from the admittance of the Meaux coin-
age into her territory. After 1225 the type seems to have been made
conformable to that of the nouveau provinois published in that year.
See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 376-80. Meldis Civitas. The convention-
money between Meaux and Troyes reads Meldis Civita on obv., and
Trecasi Civi on rev.
Mccklenburgh Mints: Boitzenburg, Doemitz, Eutin, Gadebusch,
Gnoien, Grevermuhlen, Gustrow, Kroepelin (1325), Malchin, Marienche,
Marlow, Parchim, Ratzeburg, Ribnitz, Siilze, Tessin, Warnemunde,
Wittenburg : (M.-STRELITZ), Friedland, Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz,
Schoenberg.
128 The Coins of Europe
Meddersheim, Hesse-Homburg, a mint of Adolf, Count Palatine,
1607.
Medcbach, Pruss. Westphalia, the place of coinage of deniers of the
Archbp. of Cologne, I3th c., with Civitas Medebeka.
Medola, Lombardy, ? a mint of the Dukes of Mantua, 1593-1626, as
Marquises of M. Marchio Medvla, or Medv.
Megen, N. Brabant, on the Maese, the source of a denier of John III.,
Duke of Brabant (1359-1415), with loh. Com. Meg. and on rev. Moneta
Megem.
Megyes, a Transylvanian mint under the independent waiwodes. M.
C\ivitas\
Mehun-sur-Yevre. See Celle-sur-Cher.
Meiningen, a mint of the Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, I7th-i9th c.
Meissen, Saxony, a mint from the I ith c. of the Emperors, Margraves,
Bishops, and Burgraves. There appear to be only bracteates of various
types with Misni., and groschen with Grossvs Nows Misnensis. Some of
the money of the Margraves of Meissen or Misnia was struck at Leipsic.
Comp. Magdeburg.
Meisscnheim, Hesse-Homburg, a mint of various princes in the i5th-
i6th c.
Mellc, Poitou, modern Dept. of Deux-Sevres, one of the numerous
Carlovingian mints, and that of which specimens from various finds are
least rare, so far as the deniers of Charlemagne are concerned. There is a
denier of this place struck in gold — perhaps the earliest instance of the
modern practice and of what is termed in France apiece de plaisir. Pic-
tai>i Civis., and Mctzullo or Metvllo. The discovery of rich silver mines
in this vicinity is supposed to have led to the establishment of the mint,
which was also employed by the Counts of Poitou and by Richard I. of
England. There are deniers with Ricardus Rex and Pictaviensis disposed
on rev. in three lines. The last independent Count of Poitou was Alphonse,
brother of Louis IX., 1241-71, of whom there are deniers resembling
those of Richard. But there are deniers of Philippe de France, son
of Philip IV., 1311-16. See Salle-Lc-Roi.
Mende, the Mimatum of Gregory of Tours, cap. of the ancient episcopal
fief or county palatine of Gevaudan, and the seat of a coinage for the
county and diocese from the nth or i2th to the I4th c. The deniers, to
which the currency seems to have limited itself, bear the effigy of the patron
of the town and cathedral, and the premier Bishop, St. Privatus. The
resistance of the bishops on repeated occasions to attempted encroach-
ments on their right shews the profitable character of the latter. Mima
or Mimas Civitas.
Meppen, a mint of the Abbey of Corvey in Prussia, ioth-i2th c.
Mcran, capital of the ancient county of the Tyrol, and the mint of the
Counts down to the time of Sigismund of Hapsburg, Arch-Duke of Austria,
Margraf of Elsas, and Count of the Tyrol, who bequeathed his hereditary
dominions to Maximilian I. in 1496. There are denarii and grossi of
Meinhard I. and II. 1253-95.
Meraude or Poilvache, Duchy of Luxemburgh, a mint of the Emperors
Henry IV., 1280-88, and Charles IV., 1346-53, as Counts of L. Esmer-
avda or Meravdiensis.
Merovingian Mints. The tentative catalogues of mints and moneyers
connected with this epoch and family of coins still remain very imperfect,
unsatisfactory, and obscure. Among hundreds of localities specified as
occurring on pieces a limited number is recognisable ; but of the bulk the
Catalogue of European Mints 129
identity is open to question or positively incapable of settlement. See
Blanchet, Manuel ' de Numismatique, 1 890, i. 42-100. The names of known
places are comparatively very few, and comprise Avignon, Avranches,
Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle, Amboise, Amiens, Angers, Le Puy, Clermont-
Ferrand, Strasburgh, Arras, Aire, Autun, Orleans, Auxerre, Bayeux,
Bourges, Brienne, Bordeaux, Chalons -sur-Saone, Cahors, Cambrai,
Chartres, Le Mans, Dijon, Dorostadt or Durstede, Angouleme, Jumieges,
Geneva, Grenoble, Lausanne, Limoges, Laon, Lyons, Marsal, Marseilles,
Macon, Melun, Meaux, Melle, Metz, Mayence, Namur, Nantes, Nevers,
Paris, Poictiers, Rennes, Segrais, St. Denis, Sens, Souvigny, Soissons,
Toulouse, Tournai, Troyes, Treves, Maestricht, Toul, Tours, Gap, Vannes,
Besan5on, Vienne, Vendome, Verdun, Vue, Arthon, Saint - Philbert-
de-Grandlieu, Le Port-Saint-Pere, etc. Besides these more or less con-
siderable centres, there were numerous other points where this coinage
took place, alike in France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Germany, not to
add England ; in some instances the place of mintage is doubtful, and in
a few it is not mentioned, and on the whole we support the theory that the
moneyers adopted the principle of going on circuit, and striking and
stamping at each stage a certain quota of bullion or bar-metal, according
to instructions or treaty, for fiscal and other purposes. The description of
the localities where this monetary system was carried out certainly
favours the hypothesis that the coinage was the work of functionaries
constantly or periodically removing from point to point, and making it
part of their office to enable the tax-payer in a town, village, manor,
domain, curtilage, or in fact assessed settlement of any kind, to pay his
quota in a convenient medium. The abundance and variety of the trientes
seem to tend to a proof that an immense aggregate of these small
pieces was struck at different times, rather than that any considerable
output took place at a single juncture or locality. Whatever is to be
said of the triens in its day, and of the gold florin of Florence and the
Venetian ducat, when the latter appeared at the dawn of a revival of
enterprise and commerce, the financial importance and interest of all
these pieces were very considerable ; and we ought perhaps to add the
florin tfor and other gold types of Louis IX., a coin which may be
regarded as contemporaneous with the gold issues of the two Italian
republics, though perfectly different in fabric and character. In regard
to the Florentine and Venetian movement, it is obvious that the primary
considerations were the establishment of a standard and the possession of
a gold currency politically and religiously associated with the State.
It was an additional security for trade and a crowning symbol of
autonomy. About 580 it is supposed that Gontran, King of Burgundy,
and also Gondovald, who succeeded or displaced him, struck the tremissis
in Burgundy and Provence, the latter doing so in the name of the Emperor
Maurice Tiberius, assassinated in 582. Comp. Merovingian Money in
Cat. of Denom.
Merseburg, capital of a circle of Prussian Saxony, the seat of a mint
in 973, and of continuous coinage down to the I7th c. Pieces, at first of
the bracteate fabric, bear a figure of St. Laurence, or a bishop's head and
Merseb, or, still later (1622), a cock and MB.
Messerano, Piedmont, an ancient principality of the Fieschi family,
which, either here or at Crevacuore, struck a long series of coins in silver,
billon, and copper from the I5th to the iyth c. The largest denomination
was the silver tallero, first introduced here by Francesco Filiberto
Ferrero Fieschi, 1588-1629.
K
1 30 The Coins of E^lrope
Messina, a mint of the Norman Dukes of Apulia and Sicily, uth-i2th
c. Operata In Vrbe Messana. Subsequently a seat of coinage for the
Roman (German) emperors and the Spanish or Arragonese masters of
the island. There is a taro of Martin I. of Arragon, King of Sicily,
1402-9, struck here with Martin D, Gra. Rex Sicili. [and on rev.] Ac.
Arag. Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1796.
Metz, Lorraine, a place of coinage of the Kings of Austrasia, and
especially of Theodobert, who was the first of that line to substitute his own
portrait for that of a Roman emperor, and the capital, and doubtless mint,
of some of the successors of Clovis and of the Carlovingian princes. A
denier of Lothaire (840-55), with Mediomatricorum (Moselle) on reverse,
belongs here ; it was found at Wijk-bi-Durstede, near Utrecht. From a
very early date, M. was an episcopal mint, and in 1192 was ceded to the
burgesses for five years in consideration of a payment of 500 livres of
Metz, with the power reserved to the Bishop to resume his position for
1 200 livres, which does not appear to have been exercised till about 1551,
when the redemption-money was borrowed from the chapter. But the
mint was ceded soon after to Henry II. of France. Comp. Vic. The
most ancient episcopal piece may be a denier with the name of St. Peter
(see Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 433) ; there is money of Bishop Bertram
(1179-1212). The coinage ceased about 1663. The civic angevine or
double gros of Metz was copied in the Netherlands by the feudal seigneurs
of Stevensweerd, Reckheim, and Stein. There is a peculiar coinage con-
nected with this ancient city in the form of a long series of small pieces
struck in the names of the Sheriffs or Aldermen (maitres-echevins) from
1562 to 1663. See Cat. Robert, 808-914, where a large number are figured.
There is an interesting siege-piece of 1552 with the portrait of Henry II.
of France and Henrico II. Franc. R. Christianis Opt. Principi and on
rev. Met. Liber Obsid. Car. V. Imp. et Germ. Oppvg. Franc, a Lot/tor
Dvce Cms. Foelitis Propvg. 1552. Metz was a place of coinage under
the Bourbon Kings of France and under the First Republic (with the
m.m. AA).
Menlan, or Meullant, Seine-et-Oise, a place of coinage of Hugues II.,
Count of M., nth c. There is a denier with the unusual reading
Hvgonis Militis and on rev. Mvileini Casta. This Hugues was at that
time associated with his father and was simply an escuyer or miles.
Meung-sur- Loire, a place of coinage under Louis XIV. Liards of
1654 with E.
Mexico, a city mentioned as the apparent place of origin of the
Spanish coins marked ?, , or ME. in a monogram, which occurs also on
the Mexican series itself. A roughly-struck irregularly-shaped silver
coin before us is marked on the only inscribed side with a cross and the
date 1611, ?, and Rei. It seems to belong to the colonial series during
the troubles with Holland about that time.
Middleburgh, Zeeland, the place of mintage of the siege-money struck
during the siege by the Spaniards in 1572-3-4. There is a velddaalder
and the half, and a copper coin, all square. Of the daalder there
are 2 or 3 varieties. One before us has the date 1574, with the arms of
Zeeland at the top, and is struck on one side only. And see also Sch.,
xvi. 1084. The copper piece reads Deo Regi Patriae Fidel. Middelb.
1573. At a later period Middleburgh was one of the Dutch colonial
mints, and struck money in the name of the Batavian Republic.
Catalogue of European Mints 131
Milan, a Lombard and Carlovingian mint in the 8th and Qth c. ;
subsequently one of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, and in succession the
seat of coinage of the republic, of the Visconti and Sforza-Visconti
families, of the French, Spanish, and Austrian rulers or occupiers of
Lombardy, and of the kingdom under Napoleon I. Like Rome, Ferrara,
Pesaro, and Venice, Milan enjoyed the advantage of a man of genius in
some of its numismatic productions : from 1483 to 1500 Leonardo da
Vinci designed at least one coin for the Duke Lodovico II Moro. Charles
VI. of Germany (1711-40) issued as Duke of Milan some roughly-struck
copper pieces of irregular form with his portrait, and we have soldi and
\ soldi in the same series of his daughter Maria Theresa, of whom there
is a rare silver scudo as Duchess of Milan, 1779, as well as lower deno-
minations. There is a Spanish lira and \ lira of Joseph II. of Germany
struck here on the occasion of his inauguration as Duke of Milan, July
25, 1781. It is known as the lira del juramento. During the siege of
Mantua, Bonaparte struck at Milan billon pieces of 10 and 5 soldi ; and
there is likewise a cast soldo of very thick and coarse fabric belonging to
the same series. There are several very rare proofs of the coinage of the
Cisalpine Republic (1800-4) m silver and bronze. Cat. Rossi, 1880,
Nos. 2641-47. Also some of that of 1848. Francis Joseph of Austria
continued to employ this mint down to 1859. Mdiola. Mediolanvm.
Dvx Mediolani or Mil., or M.
Miletus, a mint of the Norman Counts (nth c.). A doppio follaro of
Roger I., 1072-1101, belongs here.
Minden, on the Wesel, Prussian Westphalia, the seat of coinage of
the bishops. There are bracteates in the series. A piece of 8 grosschen
was struck during the siege by the Duke of Brunswick in 1634.
Minorca, a mint of the Almohades in Spain (516-668), and possibly
with Majorca one of Mohammedan coinage down to about 1260, when
the Balearic Isles were formed into a kingdom by Arragon. Subsequently,
under Alfonso V. (1416-58), there was a special coinage for this island
with Minoricannn.
Mirandola, Italy, the place of origin of a billon quattrino with S.
Passid, Mirandvl., and the mint of , the Pico family from 1515 to 1691.
Money in all metals was struck here ; and from the fact that the earliest
Pico (Gianfrancesco, 1515-33, a man of learning) issued the double
zecchino in gold, it is to be perhaps inferred that the coinage began some
time before his accession to the lordship. The portrait on the early pieces
exhibits a peculiar form of berretta.
Mirecourt, Vosges, a mint of Ferri III., Duke of Lorraine, 1251-1303.
Mitau, capital of Courland, and perhaps the seat of the coinage of
the independent Dukes of Courland (representing the extinct Teutonic
Order) after 1561. The money is of Polish type, and does not appear to
have lasted beyond the end of the same century, although the duchy was
not extinguished till 1795. We have before us a piece with the bust of
the Duke on obv. and Mon. Ar. Dvcvm Cv. E. Sem. (silver money of
the Dukes of Courland and Senigaglia) ; the rev. reads ///. Gros. Ar. Tr.
Dvci'm Cvr. Et Sen. 1 596. There are also 6-groschen pieces, schillings,
and thalers, belonging to this series ; but they are all rare. Some add
Lithuania to the titles.
Modena, the seat of the coinage of successive forms of government
from the I2th to the present century. From 1226 to 1294 there was an
issue of grossi, danari, and bolognini under imperial authority, with De
Mvtina, or D. Mvtin. on rev. Between 1294 and 1306 Azzo d'Este held
132 The Coins of Europe
the lordship ; there is a 'grosso with Marchio, and in the field A Z O.
From 1306-36 the republican system was renewed so far as the coinage
was concerned ; but the Este family remained in power, and ruled over
Modena, Ferrara, and Reggio. For a short time Modena itself was
under papal jurisdiction, Leo X. having purchased it of the Emperor
Maximilian for 3000 ducats ; and there are coins struck for this place by
him and his successor. After some vicissitudes, Modena was eventually,
with Mirandola and Reggio, vested in the ducal house of Este, which
reigned here down to 1803, and from 1814 to 1859. It is observable that
the democratic genius or tone of the Modenese smaller coinage was
retained long after the firm establishment of the Este family on the
throne. A testone of Ercole II., 1534-59, reads on rev. Moneta Comimi-
tatis Mvtine. But in later reigns Nobilitas Estensis, or some other
motto, was substituted. Alfonso II., 1559-97, struck a gold scudo of 103
soldi. See Cat. Rossi, 2735-6-6 bis. Cesare d'Este, 1597-1628, had the
ungaro in gold, a favourite Italian imitation of the type introduced in
Hungary under Matthias Corvinus. Heavy gold was struck here by
Cesare d'Este and his successor Francesco I., 1629-58 — by the former a
very rare doppio scudo, and by the latter the multiples of 4, 8, 12, and
24. These, though very rare, did not produce very high prices rela-
tively at the Rossi sale (Cat. 1880, Nos. 2753-59). Louis XIV. struck
here in 1704 pieces in billon of 5, 10, and 15 soldi, with the standing
figure of St. Gemininus holding the oriflamme inscribed with Avia.
Pervia.
Modena : 80 sesini in silver, 1728.
Moers, Rhenish provinces, a mint of the Counts, subsequently (1707)
Princes, of Moers, from the I4th c. Moirs.
Moirans, near St. Claude, Jura, an abbatial mint, I2th-i4th c.,
employed by the Abbot of St. Ouen-de-Joux or St. Claude, and the
subject of legal proceedings in 1373 on the part of the Bailli of Macon,
who shewed that the money was an illegal imitation of regal types. The
coinage consisted of gold francs-a-pied, francs d'argent, blanques, etc.
A franc-a-pied of Guillaume de Beauregard, abbot, 1348-80, reads G. Dei
Gratia Abas. Santi Ogend\; and there appears to have been more than
one variety. The mint was suppressed by the Duke of Burgundy in
1513. Its products are peculiarly rare.
Mojaisk, a Russian mint subsequently to its acquisition in 1457.
Molhuysen, a local or municipal mint. There are pieces of 4 thaler
of 1703 and 1707 in billon.
Molsheim, Alsace, a mint of Jean IV. de Manderscheldt-Blankenberg>
Catalogue of European Mints 133
1569-92, and of Charles de Lorraine, Bps. of Strasburgh, 1593-1607. The
latter also struck money at Saverne. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1792.
Monaco, the seat of coinage of the seigniorial houses of Grimaldi and
Matignon-Grimaldi (1640-1893). But the numismatic series is apparently
incomplete, and of late years the Prince of Monaco has largely used the
French money and exclusively the French denominations. Formerly,
and down to the close of the last century, the scudo, danaro, pezzetta,
hiigino, etc., were current, but no pieces of high value. In 1838 a pattern
franc was struck, and from the same die pieces of 20 and 40 francs in gilt
bronze. There is also a jeton of 2 fr. for the cercle de Monaco without
date.
Moncalieri, Piedmont, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Savoy,
1421-1630.
Moncalvo, Piedmont, a mint of the marquisate of Monteferrato,
I4th-i5th c. There is a rare j grosso in silver of Gio. I. Palaeologo,
1338-72.
Mons, Hainault, the seat of the earlier as well as later coinage of the
Counts of Hainault down to the I4th c. There is an esterlin of Jean III.
D'Avesnes, Count of H., 1280-1304, with Moneta Mantes. The States of
H. struck here in 1577 siege-money with Pace Et Ivsticia, and from 1579
to 1587 the Duke of Parma established a Spanish coinage as lieutenant of
Philip II. in the Netherlands. See Berg.
Montalcino, Prov. of Sienna, Tuscany, a republic from 1555-59 under
the protectorate of Henry II. of France, and a place of coinage during
that period. The pieces bear Henry's name. There is a very rare scudo
d'oro of 1557 (Rossi, No. 2833, 650 lire). From 1555 to 1559 pieces occur
with R.P. Sen. Monte Illicino.
Montalto, Ascoli, a papal mint in the i6th and iSth c.
Montanaro, Piedmont, an abbatial mint, 1547-82. Only low values.
Montbeliard, Burgundy, a title assumed in the loth c. by the ancient
Counts of Elsgau. In 1631, after several changes, the fief was carried
to the Count of Wiirtemburg by his marriage with the heiress of M., and
remained subject to W. till 1792-93, although it had been formally ceded
to France in 1536. The coinage of W. for this signiory consisted of gros,
kreutzer, liards, and batzen, which date from 1574 to the i8th c.
Monteferrato. See Casale.
Montelimart, Dept. of Drome, a seignioral fief and mint of the family
of Adhemar, Seigneurs de la Garde, I2th-i4th c. The regal and pro-
venc,al money were imitated here. The domain was united to the Crown
under Charles VII. and Louis XI. in two separate parcels.
Montf errant, Auvergne, a place where Philip le Bel in 1290, "pour la
necessite de ses affaires," sought to set up a mint, but was induced to
shift it elsewhere on the protest of the Bishop and Chapter of Clermont.
Mont-Lavi, near Blois, the supposed source of a denier of Gui I. de
Chatillon, Count of Blois, 1307-42, with G. Co. Blesis., and on rev. Mont.
Ladrivie.
Montlucon, Borbonnais, a mint of the Sires de Bourbon and of the
Dampierre family, i3th c., 1202-14, 1249-69. Deniers of this family bear
various legends, as Meat. Borbonensis. for Mahaut II., Countess of
Nevers, Suzeraine of Bourbon-Lancy = jure maritij or lo : D : Castri :
Villani. for Jean de Chateauvillain, Sire de Bourbon. Monthicon. or
Dominns Monluconis.
Montluel, a Savoyard mint, 1 503-30.
Montpellier, a seigniorial mint, and subsequently (by marriage) one of
134 The Coins of Europe
the Kings of Arragon, the Kings of Majorca (a branch of the house of
A.), and the Bourbon dynasty in France. Montispesulanum. The town
and signiory were sold to France in 1349 for 120,000 gold e"cus. Comp.
Castelnau.
Montr euil-Bonnin, Poitou, a mint of the Counts of P., I3th c. In
1267 the mint-master was adjudged to pay a penalty of 1250 livres
tournois for deficiency of standard.
Mont Saint Michel, near St. Omer, a mint of the King of France,
while that of Normandy was in English hands about 1420.
Monsa, in the Milanese, a seat of seigniorial coinage. Ettore
Visconti, 1412-13.
Moresnet, Belgium, Prov. of Liege, where perhaps was struck in 1848
certain money for the Free Commune of Moresnet under the protection
of France and Prussia with a curious Janus head of the two monarchs,
Louis Philippe and Fred. William IV. We have before us two types of
a 2-franc piece.
Aforlaijc, Brittany, a place of coinage of the ancient Counts of Beam
and of the Kings of Navarre from the nth to the I7th c. Beam was
united (with Navarre) to the Crown in 1607. It appears that at one
period the office of mint-master to the Counts was hereditary, and that a
dispute between him and Gaston V. about 1160 was settled by the ordeal
of iron, the moneyer (Geraud) paying 100 sols and a tithe of his emolu-
ments (probably for the current year) to the Priory of Sainte-Foy de
Morlaix. The latter, by a grant of 1077, was entitled to a tithe of the
whole revenue arising from the coinage. The mint here was situated in
the Hourquie (Lat. Furcia), the name and site of the present place for
holding the fairs ; this word explains the legend on some of the coins
Onor Forcas.
Moscow, the principal mint of the Grand-Dukes of Muscovy and of
the Czars of Russia from the i6th c. to 1724. There were at least four
mints there. Comp. Kief.
Moiisson, or Pont-a-Monsson, Lorraine, a seat of coinage of the Dukes
of Bar, I4th c. Two pieces of Henri IV., Duke of B., 1337-44, were
struck here. Motions. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1167 and 1530. It
seems also to have been a mint of the Abbey of St. Vannes at Verdun ;
subsequently annexed to the See of Reims.
Moiizaivc, a chateau and mint of Wenceslas I., first Duke of Luxem-
burgh, 1353-83. Movzadies.
Mouzon. See Reims.
Moyenvic, Dept. of Meurthe, France, the place of coinage of certain
anonymous episcopal coins of the I3th c.
Mue, or Le Mue, a town in France, to which is referred a gros tour-
nois of Philip le Bel (1285-1314) with Mvdencis Civfs.
Muhlhausen, or Muhlhaus, Alsace, a mint of the Emperors and ot
the early Landgraves of Thuringen, and a place of coinage down to the
1 8th c. There is a remarkable piece of Frederic Barbarossa (1155-90)
belonging here, with Fridericvs Imperator Mvlehvsigensis. Denarivs,
and the Emperor on horseback. The grosch, pfennig, and heller
were struck here. Milhvsina.
Muhlheim, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Berg, I4th-I5th c., of
the Dukes of Cleves, I4th c., and of the Dukes of Juliers and Berg,
1 5th- 1 6th c. Some very early dated pieces were coined here from
1482.
Mtinchen, or Munich, since the i8th c. the capital of United Bavaria,
Catalogue of European Mints 135
but originally the seat of government of the Munich branch. It seems
to have been a mint from the I5th c., and to have produced bracteates
and pfennings, and subsequently larger pieces. The m.m. was a monk's
bust in allusion to the name. But the Dukes of Bavaria struck money at
several other places, either independently or in alliance with their neigh-
bours. The Counts of Fiirstenberg employed this place of coinage,
having apparently none of their own.
Munkdco, a Transylvanian mint under the Waiwode Franz II.
Racoczy ( 1 703- 1 1 ). M-M.
Minister, the place of coinage of the bishops, as well as the civic
mint, during a long series of years. The copper was probably early ; we
have a piece of 3 pfenningen, 1602. The thaler of 1661, struck after the
recovery of the town by the bishop, is scarce, as is the florin of 1694 with
the bishop's title as Seigneur of Borculo.
Munsterberg-Oels, Prussia, a seigniorial mint in the I7th c.
Munsterbilsen, Limburgh, an abbatial mint in the Middle Ages, with
upright figures holding a crucifix and a book, and the legend Scti
Amevr.
Mifrato, a Corsican mint, 1763-64.
Murbach and Lure (or Ludre], France, Dept. of Saone, the source of
a small silver abbatial coin with S. Leod. Egarivs and St. Ludger seated
on obv., and on rev. Moneta Nova Mvr. et Lvdr. 1624. Probably two
kreutzer.
Musocco, Sardinian States, a mint of the Marchese di Vigevano Tri-
vulzio (1487-1523). The privilege of coining money was confirmed by
Louis XII. of France, and the dignity of a marshal was conferred on him
by that prince. The St. George type was used here on some of the
grossi ; and they also bear F. Mare., or Marescallvs Fran.
Musso, the supposed place of origin of a quatlrino of Gio. Gia-
como de' Medici, Count of Musso, 1528-32, with lo. lac. D. Med.
M. Musi.
Mytilene, a mediaeval seigniorial mint of the Gattilusio family, a
branch or scion of the Palaeologi (1355-1449). There is a copper coin
with Meteli. on rev., and qvattro B. for value. The tornese and a type of
the agnello were current here.
Nagybanya, Transylvania, a mint of the Kings of Hungary (Emperors
of Germany) and of the Princes of Transylvania, I7th c. There is a
doppelthaler of Matthias II. struck here.
Namur, a mint of the Counts of Luxemburgh, I4th c., and the place
of coinage of the convention-money, or Moneta Sociorum, 1342-45,
between the Counts of L. and of Bar and the Bp. of Liege. Also a mint
of the independent Counts of Namur. Nam-uric.
Nancy, an ordinary mint of the Dukes of Lorraine after its acquisition
136
The Coins of Europe
in 1155. Two deniers of Bertha of Suabia (1176-95), widow of
Matthieu I., were struck here. The grands ecus of Antoine, 1508-44,
also probably belong to this mint. The Dukes freely imitated here and
Teston of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 1508-44 : silver.
elsewhere the regal types and names even so late as the reign of Louis
XIV. In 1796 a piece, evidently intended as a pattern for a French
decime, proceeded from the foundry of one Thuillie. A rare specimen
of the Nancy mint is the grande plaque of Marie de Blois, regent and
Main-bourse of Lorraine, 1346-48.
Nantes, a mint of the Dukes of Brittany in the gth c., and an
occasional one of the Kings of France. A Hard of Louis XVI., 1787, and
a piece of 25 sols struck during the siege by the Vendeans about 1793,
belong here.
Nanteuil-le-Haudoin, 10 miles from Senlis, Seine-et-Oise, a fortified
Catalogue of European Mints 137
town or position, a supposed place of coinage of a younger branch of the
house of Vexin and of origin of certain pieces with Castrvm Nat, or
Nata \Nantoligum Cos/rum], belonging to the reign of Louis VII.,
1137-80.
Naples, a place of coinage of the Byzantine emperdrs (641-741), and
later an autonomous mint of some anonymous ruler using the St. Jannarius
type of \\\&follaro, probably one of the Norman line, struck money here
till the end of the nth c. The coins of Roger I. and II. of Sicily, or of
Sicily and Naples, are very Oriental in their complexion, and like the
Amalfitan gold taro were evidently borrowed from Mohammedan originals.
The Normans were succeeded by the house of Anjou, which held pos-
session till the middle of the I5th c., and thenceforward, to the fall of the
Bourbons in 1860, this city has followed the fortunes of the south of Italy,
and issued money in the names of the Arragonese, Spanish, German, and
French occupiers, with occasional intervals of republican reaction. The
usual Italian types occur in this series. Charles II. of Spain struck a
\ taro and a gold piece called a scudo riccio, perhaps in reference to the
gnurled edge. The silver piastra of Joseph Napoleon, 1807, describes
him as King of the Two Sicilies, Prince of France, and Grand Elector of
the German Empire. A notable incident in the numismatic annals of
Naples is the democratic movement of 1648 under Mas. Aniello of Amalfi,
when they struck the copper piece = 3 tornesi, known as the publica
del popolo, with the titles of Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and a
crowned targe with S.P.Q.N. on obv., and on rev. Pax- Et Libertas,
1648.
Narbonne, a Visigothic mint. Narbona. Probably in the Carlovingian
era one of Milon, Count of N. There is a denier with Milon, and on rev.
Pe[ptnus] R[ex\. It is cited among those in operation for the regal
coinage in the Edict of Pitres, 864. In 1266 the Viscounts of N. and
the Archbishops concluded an amicable arrangement for a common
coinage, the former using a key, the latter a mitre, as a symbol. There is
a long series of this currency limited to petits and doubles tournois of a
prescribed weight and fineness. The Marechal de Joyeuse struck money
here in the time of the League.
Narva, Russia, Dist. of St. Petersburgh, a mint of Charles XI. of
Sweden, 1660-97, with the name and arms of the town on rev. and a
crown with C beneath it on obv. and the motto Dominvs Protector
Mevs.
Nassau Mints (minor) : Beilstein, Dietz (transferred from Beilstein
in 1692), Dillenburg, Elfeld, Eppstein, Grensau, Hachenbuch, Her-
born (1681-95), Holzapfel, Idstein, Kircheim, Koenigstein, Limburg
(transferred to Wiesbaden in 1830), Lorch, Oberlahnstein, Weilburg
(1749-54).
Naumburg, a mint of the bishops and town from the nth to the 1 7th
c. Lower values. The earlier pieces represent the Bishop seated or
standing. Nvwemb, Nvemb, NN. or N. The Bishops of Naumburg-
also struck money at Zeitz (M. Cicen.).
Nesle, Dept. of Somme, a regal mint with some feudal qualification in
the nth and I2th c. Nigella, or Niviella Vicus. The "gros de Nesles,"
struck under the Valois and Bourbon Kings (Henry 1 1. -IV.), probably
owed its name to the Tour de Nesle at Paris.
Nestwede, an early Danish mint. Noestvede.
Neubrandenbourg, Mecklenburgh, a mint of the Dukes of M., I5th c.,
with Moneta Brandepo.
138 The Coins of Europe
Neufchateaii, Vosges, a seat of coinage of the early Dukes of
Lorraine, of a series of anonymous pieces, which may be either of
a municipal or an ecclesiastical character (Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1693-
1704), and of certain coins struck by Gaucher de Chatillon, Comte de
Porcien, after his marriage with the widow of Thibaut II., Duke of
Lorraine, in 1314. Monetary treaties were made between the Duke and
the Count in 1318 and 1321 with a view to the adjustment of the relative
standards of the currencies. Moneta Nom Castri.
Ncufchatel, or Neuenburg, the seat of coinage for the canton, and
from the I4th to the i6th c. of money struck in the names of the families
of Hochberg, Longueville, and Orleans-Longueville. It subsequently
issued batzen and kreutzer with the titles of the Margraves of Branden-
burg and the Kings of Prussia ; and in 1806, having been erected into a
principality in favour of Alexander Berthier by Napoleon I., began a
series of batzen, etc., with the marshal's name and titles down to 1810.
There is also a pattern 5-franc piece, which does not seem to have been
published, and which bears no date.
Ncuss, Prov. of Dusseldorf, Prussia (the Roman Novesium\ the source
of a double gros without date, bearing the name of the city.
Nevers, the seat of a seigniorial coinage of varied character from the
8th to the 1 7th c. The last Duke of N. sold his French domains in 1659
to Cardinal Mazarin. Nivernis, or Nivernis Cvt.
Nidaros, a Norwegian mint under Magnus III., 1093-1103, and also
one of the Archbishop, i6th c. Olaws Dei Gra. Arc. Ep. NicfSen.
(Archbp. Olaf Engelbrektsson, 1523-37). Comp. Drontheim.
Nieheim, Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the See of Paderborn, i3th c.
Civitas Niehem.
Nicuvci'ille-lez-Namur, a mint of the Counts of Namur, I4th c., and
particularly of Guillaume I. (1337-91).
Nijny- Novgorod, Central Russia, a very early Russian mint, and
probably in existence concurrently with that at Kief, which dates back to
the loth c. In 1852 a find or trouvaille was made here of dies similar in
design to the coins which have come down to us of the Duchy of Kief or
Kiov.
Nimmhegcn, Gelderland, a mint of the early Counts of Gueldres, I ith
c., and of a long and varied series of coins, including bracteates, some
bearing the imperial titles, down to the I7th. The groot, the briquet, the
stuiver and double stuiver, the peerdeke, the schelling, the daalder of 20,
28, and 30 stuivers, and gold money, issued from this place.
Nio (los}, European Turkey, a place of coinage in the I3th c. of
Ludovico of Savoy, 1284-1302.
Niort, Dept. of Deux -Sevres, a mint in the loth or perhaps gth c.,
given in 1019 by the Duke of Aquitaine to the Abbey of Cluny : the
Director was at that time Odilon. This concession was ratified in
1079.
Nismes, an early French mint, though apparently not much employed.
There is a very rare denier of Louis IX. belonging here ; it is said that
only two specimens are known.
Nivelles, Brabant, an abbey, which doubtless struck within its pre-
cincts the coins bearing its name. The original concession is dated
1040, and was confirmed in 1209. Nimella. Deniers and mailles.
Nizza, or Nice, Monteferrato, Piedmont, a mint of the Counts of
Provence, of the house of Anjou, I3th c., and of the Dukes of Savoy, 1521-
1636. A siege-piece of Charles II., 1543, occurs in Cat. Rossi with (on rev.)
Catalogue of European Mints 139
Nic. A. Tvr.c. Et Gall. DPS. 1543 ; it fetched 220 lire. Its authenticity
seems to be questionable.
Nogent-le-Roi, Eure-et-Loir, a seat at the beginning of the nth c.
of the coinage of Roger, son of Eudes, King of France. There are deniers
with Regerius Eps, and on rev. Nuicete Cas. Roger was Count of
Chartres and Bishop of Beauvais. Amaury III. De Montfort also struck
money here with Nocentis Cat. It is noticeable that the former signalised
his ecclesiastical rank only. See Beauvais.
Nogent-le-Rotrou, county of Perche, the seat of a seigniorial coinage,
similar to that of Chateaudun, from the second half of the I2th c., at one
time in connection with the monastery of Saint Denis de Nogent. Perti-
censis. Pierre, son of Jean, Count of Brittany, enjoyed in 1265 the right of
coinage in the counties of Perche and Chartres.
Norden, Hanover, a mint of the Counts of East Friesland, I5th c.
Nordlingcn, Bavaria. See Schulman, xvii. 1195.
Northeim, Hanover, 12 m. N. by E. of Gottingen, the place of coinage ot
a mariengroschen of 1554. At the Reinmann sale in 1891-92, Part ii., No.
6954, a thaler of 1671 with the titles of Leopold I. and on obv. Man:
Nova : Civit : Northeimans : fetched 600 marks.
Novara, a seat of republican coinage under imperial sanction, I2th-
I4th c. and in the I5th c. of the Farnese family. A money of Pier
Luigi, Duke of Parma (1545-47), bears on rev. Novaria, or Novarice.
Marchio. Giov. Visconti, Bishop of Novara, 1329-42, struck money
here as Count of Domodossola. Comes Assole. This mint was closed
in 1547.
Novellara, Modena, probably the place of origin of certain coins of
small values struck by the Counts of Novellara of the house of Gonzaga,
1 6th- 1 7th c. No., or Novel.
Novo-Torjok, an early Russian mint.
Noyon, a bishopric which, with Tournay, was annexed to the
proprietary domain of the Abbey of St. Medard at Soissons in 531. It
was a mint of Charles le Chauve and Eudes in the 9th c., and of the
Bishops and Counts from the lothor nth. A denier of Renaud, 1175-
88, bears a double crozier significant of the former union of the two
dioceses ; but the earlier money is not at present known. Naviomus.
Niirnberg, Bavaria, an important place from a very early period, and
the source of a long and extensive series of coins in all metals. Much of
the money was really struck under the authority of the burgraves else-
where : at Neustadt, Zenn, Swabach, etc. There is a gold ducat of 1507
with Moneta Vrbis D. Nvrmbcrg and the date, and on rev. a standing
figure and Sanctvs Lavrencivs. We may also mention the ducat of
1617 commemorative of the Reformation, reading Ecclesia. Norica.
Ivbilans.
Nyon, Cant, of Vaud, Switzerland, a place to which the mint of Louis,
Seigneur de Vaud, was transferred in 1299, on account of his interference
with the rights of the Bishop of Lausanne. He compromised the matter
in 1308. Nyon reverted to the Counts of Savoy under Le Comtc Vert,
Amadeus VI.
Obenbach, a mint of the Archbishop of Treves, Werner von Falkenstein
(1388-1418). A gold ducat reads Moneta Nova Ovenb.
Oberkirch, Alsace, one of the provisional or necessitous mints of the
See of Strasburgh about 1682, when the city took possession of the
coinage within the walls.
1 40 The Coins of Europe
Oberwesel, Prussia, 19 miles from Coblentz, a mint of the Archbishops
of Treves, 1 4th- 1 5th c. Wesalia.
Odense, an early Danish mint. Odsvn. Odn. Ottois.
Oettingen, Bavaria, the capital of a once independent countship, after-
wards a principality, a mint from the I4th to the i6th c. In 1458 the
Duke of Bavaria forbade the imitation of his coinage by the Count of
Oettingen. There were other mints at Wemdingen (1395) and Waller-
stein. Pieces in all metals — florins, thalers, kreutzers, batzen, pfennigen —
were struck. There are square coins with Vo., a dog and a St. Andrew's
cross. Ofing., or Otingensf, usually occur.
Oldcnburgh, now the capital of a grand-duchy, but in the 1 5th c. was
a seigniorial fief with an independent Graf or Count. There is a grote of
Nikolaus, Count of Delmenhorst (1423-47) with Nicolai Domini
Oldenbor1, and a stuber of Johann XIV., 1505, with lohs. Coma1, in
Oldcbor1 Anno Domini MCCCCCV. This city seems to have been the
seat of the money of necessity struck by Christian I., King of Denmark,
during a long series of years (1448-81). A 4-skilling piece of Frederic I.
of Denmark, 1532, represents the King seated on his throne, the arms of
O. at his feet.
Oldcnburgh Mints : Birkenfeld, Jever, Kniphausen, Vechte, Wildes-
hausen.
Olmutz, the seat of coinage of the prince-bishops.
Oppenheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, a mint of the Emperors (i2th c.), of the
Counts palatine of the Rhine (i3th-i4th c.), and of the town. Oppen-
hcim, or Oppcnh.
Opsolo, or Opslo, Sweden, the place of mintage of money of necessity
struck by Christian II. during the war against Frederic I. of Denmark
in 1531.
Orange, 12 m. N. of Avignon, the capital of the former county or
principality of the same name, and the place of origin of a series of coins,
at first limited to small silver deniers, from the I2th to the I7th c. The
earliest pieces bear W. Priccps. Arasc., and on rev. Imp. Fredericus,
the original concession having been granted by Frederic Barbarossa in
1178 to Bertrand I. de Baux, first Prince of O., of whom, however, no
money seems to be at present known. The later coinage in silver and
gold, with the portraits of the reigning sovereigns of the house of Orange-
Nassau, is very well executed and very interesting. But gold had been
introduced under Raymond IV., 1340-93, of whom there are francs-a-
pied and florins. The types of Lyons, Le Puy, Gap, and Saint-Paul-
Trois-Chateaux, were copied on the older money. A franc-a-cheval of
Raymond IV. has been mentioned ; but no example is known. The
silver e*cus and their divisions, and the gold pistoles of Guillaume de
Nassau, the Silent, Philippe Guillaume, Maurice, Frederic Henri, Guil-
laume, and Guillaume Henri (1544-1688), represent the most important
features in this series. Two douzieme d'e"cu of Guillaume Henri, 1661 and
1665, differ in the shields ; the former bearing the arms of France, the
other those of Orange — the lions and cornets. Arasc., Aur., Aurastce,
etc.
Orbec, an early Danish mint. Orbeg.
Orbetello, Tuscany, the place of origin of a few coins (1782-98) of
Ferdinand IV., King of the Two Sicilies. There is a piece in copper of
4 quattrini, 1782, with Reali Presidii. Qvattrim '////., 1782, in four lines.
Ore/lies, Dept. of Nord, near Douay, a seat of municipal or urban
coinage from the end of the I2th c. (1188). Mailles, with Orcsiet.
Catalogue of E^lropean Mints 141
Orciano, near Pesaro, a seigniorial mint of the Marchesi d'O. of the
Obizzi family, 1790-96.
Orgelet, Dept. of Jura, arrond. of Lons-le-Saulnier, a mint between 1341
and 1350 of Jean de Chalon, Comte d'Auxerre et de Tonnerre, who was
disqualified by the regulations of 1315 from striking money in France. In
1363 his son was using the mint, and like his father was excommunicated
by the Primate of Vienne. Billon only.
Orleans, doubtless a Merovingian mint, as one of the sons of Clovis,
on the division of the kingdom in 511, made it his capital. It was a
Carlovingian place of coinage and one of Eudes, 987-98. A piece of
24 sols of Louis XV., 1767, was struck here, and one of the same value of
Louis XVI., 1787.
Ortenburg, Austria, the seat of a coinage of thalers, etc., 1636, of
Cardinal Wiedmann, Count of O.
Ortona, Naples, a mint of Joanna II., Queen of Naples, 1414-35 ; of the
town, 1459-60; and of Charles VIII. of France, 1495. Charles struck a
cavallo here with (on rev.) Orto?ia Fidelis R\egi\ F\ranciceY\
Orvieto, Papal States, a communal mint from 1341 to 1354, and the
place of origin of a bolognino with Vrbs Vetvs and V. in field between
three stars on obv., and on rev. Sea. Maria.
Osnabriick, Hanover, the mint of the bishops and chapter, I2th-i3th c.
The distinguishing symbol is a wheel. There is a curious series of
pfennigen and deniers in copper of a later date, with their multiples, apper-
taining to the See and town, including a piece of 9 pf. A thaler of Leopold
I., 1693, was struck there ; and money of necessity appeared in 1633.
Ostend, the home of a denier of the I3th c. with a full-faced bust of
St. Martin and Ostd.
Otterndorf, a mint of the duchy of Lauenburgh, 1 7th- 1 8th c. Danish
money was struck here in 1830.
Oudewater, S. Holland, besieged and burned by the Spaniards in
1575, the place of origin of money of necessity in tin issued at that time.
We have met with a piece of 40 stuivers.
Oye, Kasteel van, or Castle of Oye, Brabant, an occasional or special
place of coinage of Marie de Brabant (1371-90).
Paderborn, Pruss. Westphalia, a seat of urban and episcopal coinage
from the I3th c., with interruptions, to the i8th.
Padua, the seat of a tolerably extensive coinage of the republic, I3th-
I4th c., and of the Carrara family down to the commencement of the
Padua: Francesco II., 1388-1406. Copper.
1 5th, when the city and territory were annexed to Venice (1405). The
aquilino, carrarino, and grosso carrarese in silver, and some exceedingly
142 The Coins of Europe
curious copper pieces of at least two types, belong here. The Venetian
coinage seems to have been executed at headquarters, like that for
Bergamo, Friuli, etc. The mint was closed in 1405-6. It is proper to
mention that the copper money above referred to is set down in the
Rossi Catalogue, 1880, as belonging to the category of tessere or tokens ;
but this is a doubtful point.
Palermo, a mint of the Arab emirs of Sicily, loth-nth c., and of the
kingdom of the Two Sicilies, I7th-I9th c.
Pallant. See Cidlemborg.
Palma, cap. of Majorca, and probable place of mintage of certain
coins mentioned under Majorca. Some of the pieces bear a P.
Palma-Nuova, Udine, the place of coinage of thick plated pieces of
50 and 25 centesimi with the Italian titles of Napoleon I., struck during
the blockade by the Allies in 1814.
Pamiers, a mint of the ancient Counts of Foix (iith-i4th c.), whose
domains were amalgamated with Beam. Fnxii. No specimens which
can be confidently attributed to this place are known ; but certain pieces
of low standard, struck here about 1420, were suppressed or prohibited
by the Crown in 1421-22.
Pampeluna, Navarre, the principal town of this part of Spain in the
Middle Ages, and probably the seat of coinage of the Counts of Bigorre
(9th-i4th c.). Henry IV. of France, after his accession to the throne of
that kingdom, and the annexation of Lower Navarre to the Crown, struck
coins for special currency there, and the later Bourbon princes have done
the same thing.
Parchim, Mecklenburgh, a seigniorial mint, 1 4th- 1 5th c. Moneta
Parchem R. Civit. Dni. D. Werle. The same person had a second mint
at Malchin (Moneta Malchinen.*).
Paris, a mint of the successors of Clovis I. in that portion of his
dominions after 511, more particularly of Clovis II., of the Kings of
Neustria, of the Capetian, Valois, and Bourbon Kings of France, and of
the Napoleon dynasty. A denier of Charles le Chauve was struck here.
During the First Revolution the Hotel des Monnaies produced for the
first time the modern type of the franc (in a 5-fr. piece only) and the
centime ; and Monneron issued his series of medaillcs, or copper tokens,
in substitution for assignats, of which the worth at one period declined,
till it required from 15,000 to 25,000 livres in paper to pay for a pair of
boots. These tokens, for which Monneron had a patent, were for 2 and
5 sols, and a second firm, Lefevre & Cie, brought out similar ones for 10
and 20 sols. The earlier coinage of the modern kingdom of Greece pro-
ceeded from this mint, as also did and does that for the Colonies. Prob-
ably nearly all the essais or patterns of various dates, in which this
series is so rich — even those for the Franco- Italian pieces — were of the
same origin.
Parma, the seat of a coinage under imperial authority by virtue of a
concession from Philip of Suabia, King of the Romans, in 1207. The
earliest pieces with which we have met are oboli, with the name of Philip
on obv. and that of the town on rev. Under Frederic II. (1220-50) the
fabric and style greatly improved. This was subsequently a mint of
several of the popes, of the Farnese family, and of the more modern
duchies created by Napoleon I., and in favour of Marie Louise. Some
of the coins of the Farnesi were struck, however, at Piacenza, and were
evidently the work of some distinguished artists. Of the money of Marie
Louise, ex-Empress of the French, as Duchess of Parma and Guastalla,
Catalogue of European Mints 143
there are only two dates, 1815 and 1830. Some of the later Farnesi or
Bourbons struck gold pieces of high values. There is an especially rare
double scudo of silver of Ottavio Farnese (1547-87), which fetched 370
lire in the Rossi sale, and a testone of the same Prince struck to com-
memorate a splendid victory in 1553. A piastra of Turkish type was
struck for the Levantine trade by the last Duke but one, and was sup-
pressed, it is said ; only two examples existing. One sold at the Rossi
sale for 50 lire.
Passariano, or Passerano, a seigniorial fief of the Radicati, Counts of
Cocconati, i6th c. The territory was eventually ceded to Savoy.
Passau, Bavaria, a mint of the bishops in the early part of the i6th
c., and perhaps of the Counts of Passau and Weisskirchen. There are
batzen of 1516, 1518, 1522, etc. The thaler was struck down to the i8th
c. Comp. Schlitz.
Pau-in-Bearn, one of the mints of the ancient Counts of Beam,
nth c. Coins of Henry IV., 1589-1610, were struck for Navarre here,
and perhaps also for Beam.
Pavia, a mint of the Gothic kings, 5th and 6th c,, of the Lombards
(whose capital it became), 7th c., and of the emperors, 8th-i3th c. There
is, belonging to this city, a gold tremissis of one of the Lombard kings,
7th c. Remedi Cat., 1884, No. 2124. In the I3th c. it was for a short
time a republic, and afterward became subject to the Visconti family
(1350-1464). There is a very rare gold siege-piece of 1524, with 1524
Ces. PP. Ob., struck on the occasion of the blockade by the troops of
Francis I. We have seen this also in silver. The Lombard kings
adopted on their denari the Christiana Religio type of Louis le De"bon-
naire.
Pequigny, in the neighbourhood of Amiens, a barony which appears
from a charter of 1300 to have then enjoyed the right of coinage ; but no
money is known.
Pereiaslavi, an early Russian mint.
Pergola, one of the mints of Pope Pius VI. (1775-99). Only bronze
or copper money.
Perigueux, Dordogne, a mint of Philip le Hardi in 1280, and down to
the 1 5th c., when Charles VII. struck money there and at Dome.
Peronne, Dept. of Somme, the place of origin of an early denier with
Perronensis Mo.
Perpignan, cap. of the ancient Prov. of Roussillon, now dept. of
Pyrenees, a place of coinage under Arragonese auspices from the com-
mencement of the I2th c., and of municipal, as well as of regal, money.
It shared the destinies of Roussillon in being successively under Spanish
and French masters, each of whom governed the operations of its mint.
The civic currency seems to date from 1427 ; the denominations author-
ised by royal ordinances, 1427-1528, mention gros, half gros, deniers,
doubles, sanars, menuts, etc. But for general circulation we find as early
as 1349 pieces of higher value and imitations of the French ecu (for, the
latter with the A of the Paris mint reversed for difference. Perpignan
was also the seat of a Franco-Spanish coinage in 1642-55, consisting of a
sol, double sol, and menut, with Perpiniani Ville., or P. in the heart of
the cross. Another early mark was a double P. The mint seems to have
been closed in 1659.
Perugia, a republican mint in the I3th c., and from the time of Leo
X. to the end of the i8th c. an occasional one of the popes. See Cat.
Rossi, 1880, No. 3428, for a notice of the scudo struck in twenty-four
144 The Coins of Europe
hours during the Revolution, with Repvbblica Romano. Pervgia A. VII.,
and on rev. Scvdo within a wreath. Rossi had a copper proof, said to
be unique.
Pesaro, Italy, Prov. of Urbino-e-Pesaro, the place of coinage of the
money of a branch of the Sforza family, which held the principality in
the 1 5th- 1 6th c. There is a very finely executed copper sesino of
Giovanni Sforza (1489-1510). The sovereigns of Urbino, the Borgia, and
Leo. X., also used this mint. Giovanni Sforza struck silver money here,
as well as that in bronze or copper. A piece in the former metal has on
rev. a standing figure of St. Paul and Pavlo Cvstodi. The copper
coinage is of more than one type. Armand (Mcdailleurs Italiens, ii.
1 18) mentions a sesino without a reverse, ascribed to Francia. If so, both
this and the one figured in the text were from the same hand, as well as
the silver. The coins and medals with the legends Patria Recetita,
Securitati Pvblicae, etc., appear to be referable to the period of Sforza's
restoration (1503-10), which would suit Francia.
Petersheim, near Maestricht, the seat of a coinage of oboles by
Willem, Seigneur of P. in the beginning of the i4thc., with Wies1. De.
Petersem.
Phalsburg and Lixheim, Meurthe, a principality erected by the
Emperor Ferdinand II. in 1621 in favour of Henriette, sister of the Duke
of Lorraine, wife of the Baron d'Ancerville, son of the Cardinal de Guise.
The mint, presumably established here, struck some very well-executed
coins in silver and billon with the bust of the Princess. The Lorraine
types were more or less imitated.
Piaccnza, a Lombard mint (7th-8th c.), and one of the Emperors
(i2th-i4th c.), of Giovanni da Vigriate, Lord of P. (1410-13), and of the
Popes (1513-45). A single piece, a silver grossetto, reading Placentia
Avgvsta, and on rev. Redemptio Nostra, commemorates a brief interval
of autonomy in 1 500. The city was subsequently a seat of the coinage
of the Farnesi, Dukes of Parma, and fell in succession under the power
of the Empress Maria Theresa, the Duke of Savoy, and the Parmesan
branch of the Bourbons.
Pierre-Chatel, Vaud, Savoy, a mint of Louis II. (1302-50). There is
a double parisis with Lvdovuvs de Sa\baudia\, and on rev. Man. Pet.
Castri. It appears to have struck money down to 1359.
Pinerola, Piedmont, the place of coinage of the Princes of Achaia of
the house of Savoy, 1334-1400.
Piombino, an urban mint by virtue of an imperial grant, 1 509, and a
place of coinage of the Appiani and Ludovisi (1594-1699). Pr. Plumb.
or PL Comp. Lucca.
Pisa, a republican mint under imperial authority (i2th-i4th c.), of
Charles VIII. , King of France (1494-95), of a second republican period,
and of the Medici and their successors in the grand-duchy of Tuscany.
Some very beautiful coins bear the name of Pisa as the place of origin,
and there are a few small silver pieces, without the title of any ruler, about
1714 — perhaps municipal currency. These have on obv. the Virgin and
Svp. O nines Speciosa, and on rev. a cross with Aspice Pisas. There is a
danaro or mezzo-grosso of the Emperor Henry VII. with Pise on rev.,
which was doubtless struck before his death in August, 1314, at Ron-
convento, near Sienna.
Pistoia, Tuscany, a mint of the Lombard Kings, 7th c.
Pithiviers, or Pluviers, France, Dept. of Loiret, a mint of Philippe I.
of France, 1060-1 108.
Catalogue of European Mints 145
Ploermel, a mint of John IV., Duke of Brittany, 1364-99.
Podewin, Olmiitz, a castle belonging to the See in 1241, where Conrad
III. in that year gave the Bishop the privilege of founding a mint.
Poictiers, a mint of the ancient Counts or Dukes of Aquitaine, of
Richard I. of England as D. of A., and of the Valois and Bourbon Kings
of France.
Poilvache, a mint of the Counts and Dukes of Luxemburgh. A
denier noir of Marie d'Artois, Dame de Poilvache (1342-52) was struck
here. Cat. Robert, 1886, 242. Comp. Merande.
Point d'Ain, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, I4th c.
Pomeranian Mints : Anclam (formerly Tanglin), Camin, Coeslin,
Colberg, Damm, Demin, Franzburg, Garz, Gollnow, Greifenberg, Greifs-
wald, Gutzkow, Pasewalk, Pyritz, Riigen, Riigenwald, Schiewalbein,
Schlawe, Stargard, Stettin, Stolpe, Treptow-am-Rega, Ukermiinde,
Usedom, Wolgast, Wollin.
Pomponesco, Lombardy, a seigniorial fief of the Gonzage, Counts of
P., 1583-93. Low denominations only.
Pont-de-Sorgues, Provence, supposed to have been a mint of the
Counts of Provence and the place of origin of the small silver pieces
which bear Comes Palaci. and Dux Marchio Pit., with the sun and moon
in the field.
Pontoise, a mint of Philip I. and Louis VI. of France (1060-1137).
Deniers. Pontesive, Pontise, or Pontisar. Cash'.
Ponzone, Sardinia, the mint of some anonymous marquis. Closed by
order of Henry VII. in 1310.
Poperingen, a mint of Philippe d'Alsace after the abandonment of
Saint Omer about 1128, and of Thierri d'Alsace, Count of Flanders,
1128-68.
Portia, a seigniorial fief, and perhaps mint, of Prince Annibale
Alfonso, 1701.
Portuguese Mints : Bahia, Camora, Ceuta, Corunna, Goa, Gulmarens,
Lisbon, Miranda, Villa - Rica, Porto, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro,
Tuy.
Posen, or Poznan, a place where in the I3th c. Paul Grzymala, Bishop
of Posen, struck denarii in conjunction with the Duke of Poland. It con-
tinued to be a Polish mint till the I5th c. This was perhaps the seat of
coinage of the grand-duchy of Posen down to the present c. We have
before us a 3-groschen piece of 1816.
Prague, Bohemia, the principal seat of the Bohemian coinage from
the loth to the i8th c. There are deniers of fine silver of the early
dukes. The prager - grosch = 12 pfennigen, was first struck under
Wenceslas II. from dies engraved by Florentine artists, whom he had
invited to his court. It was extensively imitated. There are deniers,
groschen, and gold ducats of John, the blind king, who fell at Crecy in
1346, and various coins of Frederic, Count Palatine and King, 1619-20,
consort of Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of Great Britain, including
pieces of 24 and 48 kreutzer with two different portraits. Charles VI.
struck here, we believe, the rare coin, dated 1 740, and with the ordinary
titles, but of exceptionally thick fabric ; it is sometimes classed with siege-
money. Braga, Praga, or Civitas Prague.
Preny, Lorraine, a mint of Matthew II., Duke (1218-51). A denier,
said to be unique, is described in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1208. There is
also a grande plaque of John I. (1348-89) belonging to this place.
Preto, Ouro Preto, or Villa Ricca, cap. of the Brazilian prov. of Minas,
L
146 The Coins of Europe
and during some considerable time an active Portuguese mint for colonial
purposes.
Prisrend, a fortress in Servia in the Middle Ages, and the place of
coinage of pieces bearing Prisrenh in Slavonic characters, with a seated or
standing figure of Christ.
Provins, Seine-et-Marne, a mint of the Counts of Champagne, and on
some pieces associated with Sens. Pruins, or Privins Casto. This was
a seat of long and extensive coinage, but the types are mostly unin-
teresting and degenerate. The portrait of the earlier coinage becomes
toward the second half of the I3th c. what was known as the peigne or
comb, through the ignorance or carelessness of the engraver. A corrupt
type of the Roman interregnal money, struck in the name of the Senate,
was executed at P. in the second half of the I2th c., and follows the lines
of the original, except that its origin is betrayed by the peigne cham-
pagnois.
Prussian Mints (minor) : Dirschau, Koenigsberg (closed in 1798),
Malborg, Marienburg, Memel, Oliva, Samland, Schlochau, Thorn. (PROV.
OF POSEN) Bromberg, Fraustadt, Gnesen, Kroeben, Lissa, Posen,
Zuin. (PROV. OF SAXONY : Circle of Magdeburg) Alsleben, Armstein,
Aschersleben, Barby, Croppenstadt, Falkenstein, Frosa, Gardelegen,
Giebichenstein, Hakeborn, Halle, Oschersleben, Osterburg, Osterwick,
Reinstein, Salzwedel, Schoenebeck, Seehausen, Seligenstadt, Stassfiirt,
Stendal, Tangermiinde, Ursleben, Wegeleben, Werben, Wernigerode,
Wolmerstadt. (Circle of Merseburg} Artern, Beichliningen, Belgern,
Bibra, Bornstadt, Coelleda, Eckartsberga, Eilenburg, Eisleben, Freiburg,
Heringen, Herzberg, Hettstadt, Kelbra, Landsberg, Liebenwerder,
Mansfeld, Memleben, Merseburg, Miihlberg, Naumburg, Nebra, Querfurt,
Rabensvvalde, Rennstadt, Sangerhausen, Schraphau, Skenditz, Stolberg,
Torgau, Wettin, Weissenfels, Wiehe, Wittenberg, Zeitz. (Circle of Erfurt}
Bleicherode, Clettenberg, Ellrich, Erfurt, Helligenstadt, Lipprechtrode,
Lohra, Miihlberg, Miihlhausen, Nordhausen, Ringleben, Salza, Schleu-
singen, Thamsbriick, Trefurt, Vargula, Weissensee.
Pskow, an early Russian mint. Comp. Fraustadt.
Puy, or Le Pu_y, Haute-Loire, the seat of a long series of episcopal
coinage from the loth to the I4th c., the original grant having been made
to the 28th Bishop about 920. The right was contested by the Vicomtes
de Polignac on two different occasions, when the See paid 25,000 and
20,000 sols as a compromise. Deniers, oboles, and pougeoises, or £ ob.
Podiensis.
Puy-Saint-Front, Perigord, a mint of the early Counts, in association
with the town, from the loth c. There were periodical dissensions on the
subject of this joint, currency.
Puygiron, Dept. of Drome, a mint of the Counts of Valentinois and
Diois of which we hear in 1327 through the condemnation of some of the
workmen to be burned alive for uttering false money.
Quedlinburg, Prussian Saxony, the seat of a convent in 928 and of a
conventual or abbatial coinage in 994 by virtue of a grant from Otho III.
There are bracteates, groschen, thalers, ducats, and copper money,
usually bearing a figure of the Abbess, standing with a book, a lily, etc.,
in her hand. In the I5th c. the Abbey made some concessions to the
town. Qvitveli, Gvddelbv., Qvidelgebvr., Cvedellnbv, Qvidelige, etc., are
readings on pieces. The ladies superior of this establishment were often
personages of high rank. There is a thaler of Dorothea of Saxony, lady-
Catalogue of European Mints 147
abbess, 1617, and a \ thaler on the death of Anna Dorothea of Saxe-
Weimar, lady-abbess, 1704.
Quentovic, Artois, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, and one of
the Counts of Flanders by the concession of Charles le Chauve. It is
mentioned in the Edict of Pitres, 864. See Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 280,
where an esterlin reading Cventovici is ascribed to Cnut I., King of
Denmark and Northumbria, but more probably belongs to his son
Charles. See Encre.
Quimperle, Brittany, a mint of John IV., Duke of B., 1364-99. Kiper.
Keperlet.
Ragnsa, Dalmatia, the seat of an almost unbroken republican coinage
from the I2th to the close of the i8th c. The earliest money belonging
to this place appears to be the silver grosso with the figure of St.
Blazius ; the latest pieces, silver thalers, were struck down to 1798. One
before us has a female head evidently copied from the portraits of Maria
Theresa, though intended for the goddess of liberty. The perpero and ^
p. and the Venetian mezzanine were also at successive periods current
here ; but neither proceeded from the local mint.
Ragusa, Sicily, an ancient town, to which, rather than to the cog-
nominal place in Dalmatia, should be referred the copper coins modelled
(like the augustale of Frederic II.) on the classical type, and (we appre-
hend) improperly described as follari. One before us (nth or I2th c.),
found in the Island of Sardinia, has on obv. a head intended for the city
with Moneta Ragusii, and on rev. a castle and Civitas Ragusii.
Rambervillers, Vosges, the place of origin of certain anonymous
episcopal coins of the I3th c. — possibly of the Chapter of Metz.
Randerode, or Randerath, 10 m. N.W. of Juliers, a seigniorial mint of
the I4th c., where the gros tournois was imitated by the local lords. Sch.,
xii. 504, and xiv. 319.
Randers, Jutland, a Danish mint, I2th c. Ranrosia, Radrvsias.
Ratisbon (Regensburg\ Bavaria, the seat of imperial, ducal, and epis-
copal coinage, and subsequently of an urban series under the control of
the Dukes of Bavaria and the See of Ratisbon. There is a denier of
Henry I., 995-1004, struck at this mint. We have before us a curious
sede vacant e thaler of 1787 with the shields of all the bishops and a
mitred bust of the deceased one, enclosing the papal type of St. Peter, with
the keys, in a boat.
Ratzeburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, formerly an episcopal See, now a
principality, partly in Denmark. There is a thaler probably struck here
in the I7th c.
Ravenna, a mint of the later Byzantine Emperors, of the Ostrogothic
Kings (5th-7th c.), of the Lombard Dynasty, of the Bishops in conjunction
with Charlemagne, of anonymous Archbishops, 1 3th- 1 4th c., (perhaps) of
the Republic of Venice, and of the Popes at two or three intervals of time.
148 The Coins of Europe
We have before us a small bronze coin of the 5th c. (part of a follaro)
with Felix. Ravenna and a turreted head on obv., and on rev. Ravenna in
a monogram within a wreath. The money struck by Venice for this city
was more probably coined in the capital. Felix. Ravenna., Rv., DC.
Ravena., or Eclesie. Ravene.
Ravensperg. Some of the Dukes of Gueldres enjoyed the title of Count
of R. On a gold-gulden of Raynald IV., 1402-23, he is styled Co. R.
There is a copper sechscr of 1621 with Nvmtnvs Ravenspvrg, and a piece
of 12 pfennigen in copper of 1659, belonging to this place.
Recanati, Deleg. of Ancona, the source of some autonomous coins
between the i4th and i6th c., with De. Reca. Neto. on obv., and on rev.
Mari. A.; others have De Racanati. and D. Rccaneto., with S. Flavianvs
on rev.
Reckheim, Brabant, a free barony and a mint of the Heeren or
Seigneurs of Sombreffe and Vlodorp, who copied the Metz types. A
silver daalder of Hermann van Lynden, 1603, was apparently struck here,
as well as other pieces of the Seigneurs of Lynden. There is also a
considerable copper coinage.
Rccklinghaiisen, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Archbp. of
Cologne 1 4th c., of the Seigneurs of Broech and Counts of Limburg,
and of the Counts of Recklinghausen. At present it is the capital of
the dukedom of Arenberg, and was in the last century the seat of coinage.
Relnichsven, and Nvm. Rihlinght's.
Redon, Brittany, a mint established by John V., Duke of B., in 1422.
A denier of the I3th c. reads Scs. Martinus and Redonis Civi.
Regensburg. See Ratisbon.
Reggio, a seat of episcopal coinage in the ijth c., and of papal coinage
(1512-23). There is a denaro of Nicolo Maltraversi (1233-93). Reggio
subsequently formed part of the duchy of Modena under the Este
family. There is a mezzo scudo of Ercole II., with the title of Duke of
Reggio only, and a copper quattrino with Regivm Lepidi — a recollection
of the Roman name.
Reichenstein, Silesia, a mint of the Seigneurs of Rosenberg and the
Dukes of Liegnitz-Brieg.
Reims, Champagne, a mint of the Merovingian, Carlovingian, and
Austrasian kingdoms, of the Counts of Champagne, of the Archbishops
(sometimes in concert with the former), and finally of the Crown. The
last archbishop who struck money appears to have been Jean de Craon,
1355-73. The Comte" was incorporated with the See in the nth c., and
the mint of Mouzon, formerly belonging to the Abbey of Saint Vannes at
Verdun, was taken over about the same time. Re. Remus, Rimus, etc.
A denier of Charles le Chauve has Remis Civitas. One of Henri de
Dreux, archbp. 1227-45, reads on rev. Tebau Comes.
Remiremont, Vosges, with Saint Die", an ancient abbatial mint, and
one of the earliest places of coinage of the duchy of Lorraine, and Lor-
raine and Bar. The ecclesiastical series have the names of St. Peter and
St. Amatus, and a cross cantoned with Ro Ma Ri Cvs. See Cat. Robert,
1886, Nos. 1668-82. Romaricvs., or Romarti.
Rennes, Brittany, a mint of the Dukes of Brittany and of ihe Kings
of France from Louis XL It is supposed that it may have been a
Merovingian mint under a duke contemporary with Dagobert I. A gold
franc of Francois II., the last independent Duke (1458-88), has Francixvs.
Dei. Gracia. Briton. Dvx., and an ecu. d'or of Louis XII. reads (after the
union) Lvdovicvs. D: G : Francor. Rex : Britonv : Dvx. It was prob-
Catalogue of European Mints 149
ably in the' interval between the death of Charles VIII. in April 1498,
and her remarriage to Louis XII., that Anne, daughter and heiress of
Francis II., struck the remarkable piece dated 1498, where she describes
herself as Queen of France and Duchess of the Bretons, and does not
name a consort. Rennes was also a mint of the Valois and Bourbon
lines. The ecu of 6 livres of Louis XV., 1723-5, was struck here. It is
to be suspected that the numismatic records of the city are very frag-
mentary.
Retegno, a mint of the ancient family of Trivulzio, 1676-1726. There
is a rare ducatone doppio of Antonio Teodoro, 1676. All the larger
pieces have the effigy.
Rethel, subsequently Retel-Masarin, Ardennes, an important and
prolific mint of the Counts of R. and Counts of Flanders, etc., certainly
prior to 1315, as it is cited in the Monetary Regulations published in that
year, down to about 1629. The Champagnois types were at first imitated
here. The domain underwent many changes of ownership, and finally
came into the possession of Cardinal Mazarin. Regitestensis, or Reg.
Estensis. In 1357 we find Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders, striking
here, and elsewhere within the county, moutons d'or and gros d'argent.
Arches and Chateau-Renaud were two fiefs appurtenant to this property.
Reuss Mints : Dochlau, Gera, Greiz, Schleiz.
Reuss, a principality in Upper Saxony, now divided into Reuss-Greitz
and Reuss-Schleitz. But there were formerly five divisions : Reuss-
Greitz, Schleitz, Gera, Ebersdorf, and Lobenstein. All have struck
money in silver and copper. There is a grosch of Heinrich III. of
Reuss- Ebersdorf, 1814. Heinrich XX. of Reuss-Greitz struck a doppel
thaler in 1851, which is now rare. Of the Lobenstein branch there are
pfenningen, etc., of Heinrich LXXIL, thus establishing the antiquity at
least of the family.
Revel, on the Gulf of Finland, the seat of a small civic coinage in the
1 3th and I4th c. under Polish control. There is the schilling in silver
and the solidus. It also struck some of the money (thalers, marks,
schillings, and ferdings) of the Order of Livonia. There is one of
Heinrich de Galen, 1555, with Hinr : De : Galen : Ma : Li : and on rev.
Mo : No : Revalie : \ 5 5 5.
Rheda, Prussia, in the regency of Minden, formerly the seat of a local
coinage, chiefly, if not exclusively, of copper money — the pfenning and its
multiples. There is a 4-pfenning piece of 1659.
Rheina, Prussian Westphalia, the source of pieces of 1602 of 12, 8,
and 6 pfenningen, some counter-marked with a bar with three stars
and 3 R.
Rheinau, Cant, of Zurich, a place of coinage of bracteates formerly
ascribed to Fishingen.
Rheinmagen, Prussia, Lower Rhine, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia.
Rio.
Rhenen, Utrecht, 17 m. from Amersfoort, one of the mints of the
Bishops of Utrecht in the I4th-i5th c. There is a very rare gold ducat
of Frederic of Blankenheim, Bp. of Utrecht, 1394-1422, with Rijnesis.
Rhenen was also a mint of the See of Cologne, 1 5th- 1 7th c.
Rhenish Mints (minor) : Brauweiler, Bretzenheim, Biidelich, Biiderich,
Biirnheid, Cloten, Saint -Corneli, Cranenburg, Dahlen, Dinslaken,
Duelken, Saint-Eucharius (Treves), Geilenkirchen, Gerresheim, Gladbach,
Hammerstein, Hechingen, Herzogenrade, Heyde-Terblyt, Junkheit, Kern,
Lennep, Liessem, Malmedy, Manderscheid, St. Maximin, Mere, Miinster-
150 The Coins of Europe
Eiffel, Neuenaar, Niederwesel, Priim, Ratingen, Rommersheim, Saar-
briicken, Siegberg, Simmern, Sinzig, Solingen, Sponheim, Vallendar,
Veldenz, Wassenberg, Waldfeucht, Wetzlar, Wielberg, Wipperfurt,
Xanten.
Rhodes, a seigniorial mint of Leone Gabalas, I3th c., who appears
to have struck here a bronze coin with Greek legends ; for a short
time a place of Genoese coinage, same c. ; and the mint of the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem from the beginning of the I4th c. to the
conquest of the island by the Turks in 1522. Down to the time of Gio.
Battista Orsini, Grand Master from 1467 to 1476, only the ^igliato and
aspro in silver were struck. Orsini issued a gold ducat copied, even to
the legend on rev., from that of Venice. The double was introduced at
the beginning of the i6th c., and there is a very rare piece of P'abrizio
del Carretto, G. M. 1513-21, which at the Rossi sale in 1880, No. 3687,
fetched 2000 lire. The first G. M., Fulco de Villaret (1310-19), coined
a grosso of a special type, differing from the subsequent series of
gigliati.
Riazan, an early Russian mint.
Ribe, an early Danish mint. Ri. and a wheel.
Ribeaupierrc, near Colmar, Alsace, a seigniorial mint from the I3th
c. It received a concession from Charles V. of Germany in 1550, and
we have a silver florin or gulden with the name Egenulfus, and the
date 1564.
Ribnitz, a Mecklenburgh mint in 1430.
Riel, a mint of the Archbishops of Cologne, 1 4th- 1 5th c. There is an
early dated gold florin of Thierry II. of Mceurs, 1414-63. Cat. Robert,
1886, No. 2046. This piece follows the style of those of the Palatinate.
Rictbcrg, Westphalia, a seigniorial county, now part of the princi-
pality of Kaunitz. The independent proprietors formerly coined money
of low values. There is a i thaler lantnmncz, with the titles of Fer-
dinand II. (1620-38), and a copper piece of 4 pfenningen, 1703.
Riga, a mint of the Knights of the Order of Livonia, i6th c. There
is a solidus of Hermann von Bruggenau, Master in 1536, struck here,
as well as other pieces. Riga was also a seat of the coinage of the inde-
pendent Kings of Poland, and at one period of those of Sweden. There
is a rare thaler of Charles XL, 1660.
Rimini, a republican autonomous mint in the I3thc., and a seigniorial
one of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta in the I5th. The coins are un-
common. The republican grosso and $ grosso bear the figures of St.
Gaudentius and St. Julian and DC Arimi No, or D. Arimino. Other
forms are, Arimini, or Riminensis.
Riom, Puy-de-D6me, the capital of the portion of Auvergne given by
Louis IX. to his brother Alphonse. There are deniers with the chatel,
copied from the gros tournois, and Anfours., or Alfunsus., Comes., and
Riomcnsis., or De. Riomensis.
Rochefort, Dept. of Jura, N. of Lons-le-Saulnier, the place of origin of
a denier of Tristan de Chalon, Comte d'Auxerre, about 1363, with S.
Cabilon. and Rocofort. Now a village.
Rode. See Hertogen-rode.
Rodez, or Rhodez, Dept. of Aveyron, a seigniorial mint of the ancient
Counts of Rovergue and Rodez, iith-i4th c. There seems to have been
in or about 1160 a compact between the secular lords and the bishop,
by which the latter struck the money, and received during the continu-
ance of the process 12 deniers per week. Rodes Duco., or Rodes Civis.
Catalogue of European Mints 1 5 1
Rodigo, Lombardy, probably a mint of the Gonzage of Mantua,
1483-96, as Marquises of R.
Rogoredo, (?) Sardinian States, near Bellinzona, a mint of the Tri-
vulzio family, Marquises of Vigevano, i6th c.
Rolduc. See Hertogen-rode.
Romans, Dept. of Drome, a mint under Charles VI. of France (ord. of
Sept. ir, 1389), and of Francis I., 1515-47, for Dauphiny. A point under
second letter.
Rome, an Ostrogothic and Lombard mint, 6th-8th c., and one of the
Popes from the 8th, at first under Carlovingian control or sanction ; the
seat of coinage of the pieces struck during the absence of the pontiffs in
the name of the Roman Senate and people ; and finally of the Holy See
down to the reign of Pius IX. and the formation of the modern kingdom
of Italy. Many of the papal coins, however, were struck elsewhere — at
Avignon, Perugia, Bologna, Terni, San Severino, Gaeta, Paris, etc. One of
the most remarkable pieces connected with the city is the irregularly-shaped
silver ducat of Clement VII., coined during the siege of Rome by the
troops of Charles V. in 1527, with the arms and title on obv., and Dvcato
within a wreath on rev. Two years only previous, the same pontiff had
issued a jubilee 5-sequin piece in gold, with sanguine and triumphal
inscriptions. The coinage for the Roman Republic of 1798-99, consisting
of a gold and silver scudo and a baiocco and 2^ bai, was engraved by
Tommaso Mercandetti. In 1846 Pius IX. struck a scudo, a baiocco,
and a \ bai ; the die of the scudo was soon afterward accidentally
broken or damaged. But we have also a pattern scudo of the same
date, with the arms of the senior cardinal, Riario Sforza, and the legend
Sede Vacante. At the Rossi sale in 1880 occurred a very extensive series
of papal coins from Adrian I. (772-95) ; and a few of the silver danari
and of the scudi d'oro realised very high prices. A danaro of Teodoro
II. and Lamberto (898-900) brought £17 : 123., and one of Giovanni XI.
(930) was carried to .£30. Two gold zecchini of Pio III. (1503) produced
£74 and ^72. Others realised .£36, ^29 : I2S., etc. The result was at
the time a surprise. There is a 2o-franc piece of Napoleon I., 1813,
belonging to this mint with the wolf and twins on rev.
Romorantin, near Blois, a seigniorial mint, which produced pieces of
the Blois-Chartres type, with Remorantini., or Remerensis. One piece
bears T. Co. Remvr., and is attributed to Thibaut V., Count of B.,
1152-91.
Ronciglione, Viterbo, the seat of a temporary coinage during the
German occupation of the prov. of Viterbo, 1799-1800. A silver proof of
the madonnina of 1799 nas on rev- LJ Incendio. Di. Ronciglione. Anno
1799., with a view °f the city in flames. A papal mint, 1799, Sede
Vacante.
Ronco, in the Genoese territory, a mint of the Spinola family, Marquises
of Roccaforte (1647-99).
Roquefeuil, Nismes, originally an independent fief, but carried by
marriage into the lordship of Anduze-Sauve. The deniers, only struck
between 1169 and 1239, are imitations of those of A., and read Roca-
foliens, and on rev. Lex Prima M\pnetel\ in allusion to the fineness.
Roskilde, an early Danish mint. Rose.
Rostock, Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, the seat of a long and tolerably
extensive coinage, chiefly of the lower values, from the I2th to the igth c.
There were several monetary conventions between R. and other towns.
As early as 1361, R. had an unrestricted right of coinage. The earlier
152 The Coins of Europe
mark was, like that of Wismar, a bull's head on a triangular shield, for
which a griffin passant was afterward substituted. RO-SS- TO, Rostocke,
or Rostokcen. R. became in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. one of the mints of the
undivided duchy of Mecklenburgh. There is a silver piece with Civitas
Magnop [Rostock], and on rev. Moneta Wysmar. Cat. Robert, 1886, No.
2165. Comp. 2155.
Rothau, near Strasburgh, a mint of the Counts Palatine of Deux-
Ponts-Veldenz, mentioned in a document of 1621. No money known.
Another seat of coinage, of which no remains exist, was Schelstadt in
the same vicinity. The Counts also struck money at Weinbourg in the
1 6th c
Rothweil, or Rottweil, Wiirtemburgh, a mint after 1512 for pieces in
gold and silver with an eagle and globe. It seems to have continued
down to 1623, under which date there is a very rare thalerklippe, or square
thaler, of 1623, with the titles of Ferdinand II. on rev., and on obv. Moneta
Nova Rotwilensis. 1623. Reinmann sale, 1891-92, Part ii., No. 7037,
2550 marks=^i47 : los, The Townshend collection of Swiss coins has
a grosch of the I5th c., and a second of 1622, as well as a dicken of the
latter date, with Moneta • Nova • Rotwilensis • , or Moneta • N • Rotwcle • ,
or Mo • No • Rotwilensis •
Rouen, a more or less busy place of coinage from the Carlovingian
era. This mint was employed by the successors of Charlemagne, by the
Capetian dynasty, by some at least of the independent Dukes of Nor-
mandy, by Henry V. of England (1420), and by the Bourbon Kings of
France. Our knowledge of the numismatic series of the Dukes of Nor-
mandy has been considerably increased of recent years by finds, especially
that of 1885. Some of the issues, with the name of St. Romanus, patron
of R., are supposed to have been under the common authority of the
church or chapter of Rouen and the dukes, and at their joint charge.
None of the products of this mint possesses more than a normal docu-
mentary interest, and many are of extremely barbarous and illiterate
work. Perhaps one of the earliest specimens of this seat of coinage is
the denier with the corrupt legend Vlo Tvici Rex, and on rev. Rotom.
Ch'ita., ascribed to a temporary possession by Louis IV. of France, 936-
54, during the minority of Duke Richard ; but this seems doubtful and
unlikely.
Roussillon, the seat of a seigniorial coinage from an early period.
The town shared the vicissitudes of the prov. of R., which at various
periods was transferred from Arragon to Majorca, France, etc., but was
during some time under the monetary jurisdiction of autonomous counts,
of whom there are coins struck here or at Perpignan. A denier of the
I2thc. bears on rev. Rosilonus. While it was under the Spanish sway, R.
issued deniers in its own name, but on the larger money is associated
with Barcelona. Comp. Perpignan.
Rovigo, the place of origin of a Venetian anonymous bagattino,
1 5th c.
Roye, Dept. of Somme, the conjectural place of origin of a maille with
the name of Simon, the moneyer of Philippe d' Alsace at Amiens and
Crespy (1155-61), on obv., and on rev. R. between a crescent and a
star.
Rudolstadt, -near Weimar. See Schwarzburg.
Rugen, the seat of a seigniorial mint in the 1 3th- 1 4th c. Pfennigen
and bracteates. Rvgian.
Rummen, an early Brabantine mint of the local heeren. Sch., Cat.
Catalogue of European Mints 1 5 3
ix- 373-75- There are various types of groot and denier noir, or swaart,
of Jan van Wesemael, Arnoud van Orije, etc.
Ruremonde, or Roremonde, 21 m. from Venray, Gueldres, one of the
mints of the Dukes of Gueldres, I4th-I5th c., and of Philip II. of Spain.
Some of the former series struck here and at Venrade are curious as
demonstrating the armorial differences between damoiseaux or minors
and those of full age.
Russon, prov. of Limburg, Belgium, a mint of the heeren or seigneurs
of that place, I4th-i5th c. A gros tournois of Jean de Louvain has
Moneta. Rvthes\ Sch., ix. 376.
Saalfeld, Saxe-Meiningen, an abbatial mint down to 1350, when the
abbot ceded the right to the town. There is a large bracteate with Scs.
Petrvs Apostolvs in. Salfelt. It was also an early place of coinage of the
Counts of Schwarzburg, and received in 1448 from the Duke of Saxony
a concession for the lower values. The place does not appear to have
produced any coinage of importance. A heller of 1726 has T.E. in a
monogram under a ducal crown.
Sabbionetta, Lombardy, in the Milanese territory, formerly an inde-
pendent duchy in the Gonzaga family (1559-1671), and a seat of coinage.
The Dukes also struck money at Bozzolo.
Sagodoura, Moldavia, the place of coinage from 1771 to 1774 of pieces
of 5 kopecks and 3 dengi in the name of Catherine II.
Sahagun, Ldon, an ancient abbatial establishment, to which Queen
Uraca and Alfonso VII. successively (1116-19) conceded the right of
coinage.
Saint-Aignan, Touraine, a mint of the Sires de Donzy. Coins of the
Blois type. Sancti Ainiano.
Saint-Andre, formerly Straeten, the seat of a seigniorial coinage in
the 1 5th c. by Matthias, son of Jan, Bailli of Goch in Gelderland, with
Mathias. Van. Der. Stras., or Strate.
Saint-Andre de Villeneu-ve-Lez-A'vignons, a place of coinage under
Charles VI. of France (ord. of Sept. 1 1, 1389). Orig. m.m. a point under
2oth letter and from 1540, R. The mint was transferred to Orleans late
in the reign of Louis XIV.
Saint- Ba-von, near Ghent, a mint of Louis de Creepy, Count of
Flanders, 1312-46, if not of Margaret of Constantinople, 1244-80.
Setint-Bertin, Flanders, a mint of Charles le Bon, Count of Flanders,
1119-27.
Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, a mint of Charles de Blois, about 1314, during
his contest for the duchy.
Saint-Denis, France, a mint of Charles le Chauve.
Saint-Die, Vosges, one of the earliest places of coinage of the duchy
of Lorraine, and probably at a prior period an abbatial mint, whence
came the pieces with a crozier and a book, and the reading Deodatus, or
Deodatus Usus. Some very barbarous pieces in bad state are described
in Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1663-66. The rulers of L. used this mint from
the time of Gerard d' Alsace (1048-70). Sa. in. Diei.
Saint-Gall, Switzerland, an abbatial mint from 947 for pieces of brac-
teate fabric, and an urban one from 1415. The addition of the gold
collar to the rampant bear was given by Frederic III. in 1475. There
are uniface pieces in gold and silver with the civic arms. The plappart
of 1424 is the first dated Swiss coin at present known. There is a very
early and rare dicken of 1505 with Moneta Nova Sancti Galli, and an-
154 The Coins of Europe
other of 1511 slightly varied. The Abbey of Beda Angherrn, in this
canton, also struck money. We have met with the thaler, \ thaler, and
20 kreutzer.
Saint-Gengoux; a mint of Louis VII. of France (1166), and possibly
also of the Abbey of Cluny. Comp. Cluny.
Saint-Genix, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, 1341-55.
Saint-Georges de Boschennlle, diocese of Rouen, a possible abbatial
mint, of which Blanchet (Manuel, 1890, i. 2) cites a bas-relief exhibiting
the process of coining hammered money in the nth c. It was perhaps
a transfer from actual life.
Saint -Gery, near Cambrai, the seat of an ancient abbatial mint,
eventually incorporated with that of C. It possibly existed in the time
of Charles le Chauve (840-75), and in 934 the Count of Cambrai enjoyed
the revenues of the abbey and a moiety of those of the castle. The pre-
tensions of the Count were set aside in 947. None of the coinage of
Saint-Gery seems to be known.
Saint-Gilles, Toulouse, one of the mints of the early independent
Counts of T., at least from the nth c. A denier of Alfonso, 1112-14,
reads Anfos. Conies., and Onor. Sci. Egidi. Others, which may have
been struck here, at Toulouse itself, or at Pont-de-Sorgues, have Comes
Tolosc., and Marti Puincie. The product was known as the monnaie
egidienne, and included the type of the paschal lamb, which is found in
the arms of Toulouse, and in weights of that city of the I5th-i6th c.
The Marechal de Joyeuse struck money here in the time of the League
(1586).
Saint-Jean d1 Angcly (Angeliacus), near Cluny, an early mint, incor-
porated in the i ith c. (1030-9), by the widow of Guillaume le Grand, Duke
of Aquitaine, with Cluny.
Saint-Jitlien and Salics, two chateaux of Matthieu de Foix, Comte de
Comminges and (by marriage) Vicomte de Beam, where in 1421-22 he
struck without authority certain money, which was suppressed in 1425 by
order of the King.
Saint- Laurent-les-Chalon, a mint of the Dukes of Burgundy, i5th c.
Ancerna, or Angrognia de. S. La u rend.
Saint- Lo, La Manche, near Coutances, a French mint under the Mero-
vingian dynasty and during the reign of Philip le Hardi (1270-85), and
occasionally at a later period coins with the distinctive mark C occur.
Henry V. of England struck money here in 1420. A franc d'argent and
other issues of Henry IV. of France, 1608, belong to this place.
Saint-Martial, an ancient abbey in or near Limoges, and the seat of
an independent coinage from the nth c. down to 1315, when the sole
right was vested in the Vicomtes de Limoges. In 1307 we find Jean III.,
V. de L., doing homage to the Abbot for the chateau, the chatellenie, and
the mint. See Barbarin and Lemona in Cat. of Denom.
Saint-Maurice d^Agaune, Valais, a mint of the Counts of Savoy I3th
c., and of the Seigneurs of Bargen, Sogern, and Nellenburg. The first-
named acquired the imperial authority to strike here. The early Savoyard
and other pieces bear an image of the local saint. A piece called moneta
maurisiensis is supposed to belong to this place. See Blanchet, ii. 265.
Saint- Medard de Soissons. See Soissons.
Saint-Mihicl, or St. Michael, duchy of Bar, diocese of Verdun, a mint
of the abbots and of the ancient Counts and Dukes of Bar at least from
the date of a charter granted by Richet, Bishop of Verdun, to the Abbot
Uldaric in 1099, and renewed by a successor, with leave to coin in the
Catalogue of European Mints 155
name of the abbot, in 1124, and (it is supposed) with right reserved to the
See of Verdun to use the mint. This is the only mint which was re-
tained by the Dukes of Lorraine and Bar after the union, about 1420, of
the two domains and titles. There is a rare esterlin of Edward I., Count
of B., 1302-37, belonging here. S. Michael.
Saint-Omer, an abbatial, seigniorial, and communal mint, Iith-I2th
c. Probably the money was struck, for the most part, within the Abbey
of St. Bertin, and perhaps the abbatial series and that of the Counts of
Flanders were for some time concurrent. The former read Andomarus,
and on rev. Bertinus, or S. Pet\r\us, with a figure holding a key or a
crozier ; some exhibit two croziers for the Abbeys of St. Omer and St.
Bertin. The communal coinage lasted during a year only, having been
given to the burgesses by a charter of the Count of Flanders in 1127,
and withdrawn in 1128. Baudouin VI., Robert I., Charles le Bon, etc.,
employed this mint (1067-1128). S. Om., Ome., Omer, or Omes.; some-
times St. Ome.
Saintonge, the seat of a seigniorial mint in the Middle Ages. It be-
longed successively to Angouleme, Aquitaine, Anjou, and Aquitaine, and
was united to the Crown by Charles V. of France. Steinas. The
coinage of the Abbey of St. Mary, founded by a Count of Anjou in the
nth c., was long vested in that house.
Saint-Paul-Trois-Ckateaux (Augusta Tricastrinoruni), an episcopal
mint from a very remote date. The Emperor Frederic Barbarossa con-
firmed the right in 1154. Money was struck here for the Dauphin under
Charles VI., with a crozier as a mark of the Bishop's jurisdiction, and
a proviso that the latter shared the profits. The earliest pieces bear
Ave. Gra. Plena, and on rev. Santi Pauli. Other pieces read Eps.
Santi Pauli Tricastrin. There was an attempt here to imitate the
Florentine gold money in a piece with Flor. Ep. Tea. disposed so as to
resemble Florentia.
Saint- Petersburgh, the mint of some of the Czars in the last and pre-
sent c., opened in 1724. Some patterns of the Czarina Anne, 1740, and
of John or Ivan III., 1741, belong here, as well as pieces of 10, 5, and 2^
thaler in gold, and 9 groschen in silver, struck for the grand-duchy of
Oldenburgh.
Saint-Pierre, Metz-in-Lorraine, supposed to be a church or monastery
where a mint was established by the Bishops of the See or the Dukes of
Lorraine. But see Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 433.
Saint-Quentin, Picardy, probably the place of origin of the feudal
coinage of Vermandois, which does not appear to have lasted beyond
1214, when the fief passed to the Crown. Scs Quintinus. Veranumiu,
etc. In 1589 Philippe de Longueville, Governor of Picardy, struck
money here in the name of Henry III. with H. D1 Orleans D. A. Longa-
vill. Faciebat, or S.Q. 1589.
Saint- Remy. See Marseilles. In 1302 the Seneschal of Beaucaire
was ordered by Philip le Bel of France to seize and sequestrate certain
tournois de Saint-Remy, struck by the Count of Provence, and allowed
to circulate outside his territory.
Saint- Symphorien d'Ozon, Savoy, a mint of the Counts of S. from
about 1330 to 1 60 1, when this place was ceded to France.
Saint-Trond, Metz-in-Lorraine, now in Belgium, prov. of Limbourg,
a supposed mint of the Bishops of Metz when the town was within that
diocese. A mint of Robert de Langres, Bishop of Lie"ge, 1240-47.
Trvdonen.
156
The Coins of Europe
Saint-Venant, near St. Omer, one of the places of coinage of the com-
munal mailles, formerly spread over so large a portion of Flanders.
Vnent, or Vnaento.
Saint-Waast, near Arras, an abbatial mint in the nth c., and one
employed by Robert le Frison, Count of Flanders, 1073-93. Robert II.,
Comte d'Artois, 1250-1302, struck a denier here with Vcdaste.
Saintc- Severe, Bourbonnais, a fief of the house of Brosse-Huriel, and
apparently a place of independent coinage in the I3th c. There is a
denier with Vgo. Vicecomcs. and Sancta Severn.
Saintes, Charente-Infdrieure, a mint of Louis VII., King of France
(1137-80). Steinas.
Salamanca, a Visigothic mint. Salmantica.
Salc-au-Comtc, Perigord, a mint of the Counts of P., 1322.
Salerno, the place of origin of some of the coinage of the Dilkes of
Beneventum, and probably a principal mint of the duchy of Salerno and
of the Norman kingdom of Sicily and Apulia under Robert Guiscard and
his successors.
Salics. See Saint-Julien.
Safins, Dept. of Jura, an ancient town, fortified in 1411 by the Duke
of Burgundy. In 1257 the Comte de Chalon, a relative of the Duke by
marriage, had a mint here. The place was besieged by the French in
'477) !595? 1636, and 1668.
Salle-le-Roi, Poitou, a mint and hunting-seat of Richard I. of Eng-
land about 1190 in the neighbourhood of Les Essarts, where there were
silver mines. In 1784 a discovery of this place of coinage was made,
and a denier of Richard was found there.
Salm, Lorraine and Luxemburgh, a principality, of which the two
branches have struck money from the I3th c. to 1782. The arms are
gules : 2 salmons arg., surrounded by 4 croisettes arg. There is a
demi-gros a 1'aigle of Henri V., Count of Salm in Ardenne or InfeVieur,
1297-1308.
Saluzzo, Sardinian States, a mint of the marquises from 1221, the
date of the investiture of Manfredo III. by Frederic II. with the fief, to
1 563. M. Salvtiarvm. The coinage of this State in the latter part of
the 1 5th and commencement of the i6th c. embraces some pieces of
singular merit and artistic beauty, particularly the scudi of 1503 and
1516, to which reference may occur hereafter.
Salzburg, a mint of the Bishops and of the Dukes of Kaernthen or
Carinthia from the loth c., and of the former down to the i8th. Some of
the episcopal money bears the addition Ac Epus. Gvrcen (Bishop of
Catalogue of European Mints 157
Gurk), and some were struck in conjunction with the Dukes. It is a re-
markably well-executed series, and comprises pieces both in gold and
silver, some square, of striking boldness and beauty of workmanship.
Attention may be drawn to a gold ducat of 1654 with a rosebush and the
motto Alles mit Gott Vnd Derzeit, in the name of Sophia, daughter of
the then prelate. Money of necessity appeared in 1593, 1620-24, and
1731-32.
Sampigny (Sampimacvtn). See Verdun.
San Benigno di Fruttnaria, an abbatial fief, 1529-82. Abb. S. Beni.,
or Benigni. Comp. Montanaro.
Sancerre, Dept. of Cher, a seigniorial mint from the nth to the I7th
c. The deniers recall the legend that the place was founded by Julius
Caesar ; they are mostly anonymous. Sacrum Ccesaris, Dominus Ccesar,
etc. Etienne II., 1037-47, placed his name on the money — StepJianvs
Come.
San Gervasio, Sardinian States, a mint of the house of Savoy,
1448-53.
San Giorgio, a seigniorial seat of the Milano family, Marquises of San
Giorgio. Giacomo IV. struck a tallero of silver, engraved by Roettier,
with his titles, etc., but whether here or not is uncertain.
San Marino, the ostensible place of coinage of pieces of 10 and 5
centesimi, 1864, of which there are varieties. But these were actually
struck at Milan.
San Martina dell' Argine, a fief of the Gonzage, Princes of Bozzolo
.}, 1614-71. Santo. Martin.
San Severino, one of the papal mints during the revolutionary period,
1797. There are the 5, i\, i, and ^ baiocchi struck here by Pius VI.,
and a quattrino.
Santa Fiora, a palatine fief of the Aldebrandischi, I3th c.
Santa Maria di Castello, an unknown mint, to which there is an early
reference, according to M. Blanchet, mentioning " Moneta Sanctae Mariae
de floreni Castellani."
Santarem, Estremadura, a temporary mint of Antonio, Prior of Crato,
who, after the death of Henry the Cardinal, King of Portugal, in 1580,
asserted a title to the crown. He struck here a copper ceitil, and i, 2,
and 4 reales in silver.
Santia, Sard. States, a Savoyard mint, 1630.
Santiago, the place of coinage in the nth c. of certain ecclesiastical
institutions, invested by Alfonso VII. of Castile and Leon with the
privilege of striking money.
Saragassa, or Zaragoqa, a Visigothic mint. Cesar. Avgvsta. And one
of the Spanish Kings. Z.
Sarrebourg, France, Dept. of Meurthe, a place of Merovingian
coinage, and a mint of the Chapter of Metz, of certain anonymous money
of the 1 3th c., etc.
Sassari, Sard. States, the supposed place of coinage of certain money
struck by the judge or advocate of the commune, early I5th c.
Saumttr, the place of origin of a denier struck between 950 and 1026
by the Abbey of St. Florent, with Beati. Florentii and a cross on obv., and
on rev. Castrv. Salmvrv. and a key.
Savona, Sardinia Terra-firma, a seat of anonymous republican coinage
with Moneta Saone or Saona (i4th c. ), and the place of origin of a \
patacchina in billon, and perhaps other money, struck by the authority
of Louis XL, King of France (1461-64), with Civitas Saona and an eagle
158
The Coins of Europe
on obv., and on rev. Comvnis Saona, a cross, and a fleur-de-lis. Francis
I. of France struck here three varieties of the testone and a pattachina.
Saxon Mints, minor : (i.) the Electorate, Duchy, and Kingdom :
Altenzelle, Bautzen, Buchholz, Colditz, Dohna, Freiberg (transferred to
Dresden, 1556), Frohnau, Grimma, Groitzsch, Grossenhain, Klein-
Schirma, Leissnig, Loessnitz, Oschats, Pegau, Flauen, Schneeberg,
Strehla, Taucha, Wolkenstein, Zittau, Zwickau.
Saxon Mints (ii.) Duchies, etc., within Saxon territory : (SAXE-
WEIMAR) Allstedt, Apolda, Arnshaug, Bergau, Bargau, or Bargel, Berka,
Capellendorf, Cranichfeld, Gebstaedt, Gleisberg, Lobdeburg, Magdala,
Mittenhausen, Remda, Rothenstein, Saalborn, Suiza, Tanrode, Weida,
Windberg. (SAXE-COBURG) Cella St. Blasii, Gleichen, Grimmenstein,
Ichtershausen, Koenigsberg, Krawinkel, Neustadt-am-Heide, Reinhards-
briinnen, Volkerode. (SAXE-MEININGEN) Camburg, Reichmannsdorf,
Roemhild, Wasungen. (SAXE-ALTENBERG) Eisenberg, Kahla, Lucka,
Meuselwitz, Miinsa, Poelzig, Roda, Schmoellen, Windischleuba. (AN-
HALT) Ballenstadt, Coethen, Coswig, Dessau, Gernrode, Hagenrode,
Harzgerode, Miihlstadt, Nienburg, Ploetzkau, Rosslau, Thesa, Zerbst.
(SCHWARZBURG) Arnstadt, Clingen, Gehren, Goldsthal, Greussen, Gross-
Koerner, Keula. (S. - RUDOLSTADT) Blankenburg, Frankenhausen,
Friedeburg, Kefernburg, Koenigsee, Leutenberg, Schlotheim, Stadtilm.
Saxony. Duchy and kingdom of ^ -...• . c T,, , . ••
Saxotty Duchies in lMin's' See Blanchet, „. 101-6,
Saxony, Prussian J ^ r '» l^~^
Schafhausen, Switzerland, the seat of the cantonal coinage from the
date of the monetary concession in 1333. The earliest were bracteates.
Many of the pieces embody the legend or idea conveyed in the name.
It was also a mint at an early period of Savoy and other States lying in
or on the borders of Switzerland.
Schleiz, Reuss, the source of bracteates of the Counts of Lobdeburg-
Arnshaug, with a bull, a bull's head, or a man carrying a bull's head in
his hand, I3th c. A mint of the Counts of Reuss, 1622-78.
Schlitz, Hesse -Darmstadt, the seat of coinage of the independent
Counts of Schlitz, Passau, and Weisskirchen, whose castle still exists ;
i6th-iyth c. The money usually bears on the rev. the imperial arms and
titles. As early as 1516 the discovery of the rich silver mine of Joa-
chimsthal, Bohemia, and its appropriation by the then Count, led to the
Catalogue of European Mints 159
coinage of large silver pieces with the imperial or royal titles by the owner.
The first bear date in 1518. The right of coinage is said to have been
abolished by the Emperor Ferdinand in 1528, shortly after the death of
Louis, last independent King of Bohemia, in 1526. There is a thaler of
this type with the name and titles of Louis, dated 1525. See Joachims-
thai supra.
Schmalkalden, Hesse, a mint of the Counts of Henneberg, I3th c. ;
of the Landgraves of Hesse, I4th-i5th c. In 1455 tne Duke of Saxony
interdicted the coinage by the latter of pfennigen of bad quality. Smal.
Smalkald., or a crowned S.
Schonau, Baden, the place of origin of thalers of Theodore von
Milondorck, 1542, and of 4-heller pieces of John Gottfried de Blancha,
1755-
Sckoneck, Prussian Poland, in the regency of Dantzic, on the left bank
of the Rhine. A seigniorial mint in the I4th c. There is an esterling of
Hartard (1316-50) ; it is of excellent execution, and is figured in Cat.
Robert, 1886, No. 2159.
Schoonhoven, S. Holland, the place of issue of tin money of necessity
during the siege by the Spaniards in 1575. We have the 12, 6, 5, 4,
and 3 stuivers with S. in a wreath.
Schoonvoorst) Brabant, a seigniorial mint, where the popular gros
tournois was counterfeited. See J. de Chestret de Haneffe, Renard de
Schonau, Sire dc Schoonvorst : Un gentilhomme financier du XIVme
siecle, 1892.
Schwabach, Bavaria, a mint of the Margraves of Brandenburgh, i$th
c. A solidus of Friedrich III., 1440-71, was struck there. Also an
occasional place of coinage of the Kings of Prussia.
Schwalenberg, Prussia, a seigniorial mint of the I4th c., connected
with the ancestors of the house of Waldeck-Pyrmont. There are deniers
of the Counts Volquin, Widekind, etc.
Schivarzburg, near Weimar, Saxony, with Koenigsee, Rudolstadt,
Remda, Stadtilm, and Arnstadt, the place of coinage of the Counts of S.
and S. -Rudolstadt. There are bracteates of the I4th c. The earliest
thalers were in 1515. Co. I. Sc. There is a rare \ thaler on the death
of the Countess Emilia, 1670, and a very curious piece of 1791 with a
wild man and woman as supporters of the shield on rev.
Schwarzenberg, Bavaria, the probable place of origin of at least some
of the coinage of the princes of that place, now of little importance, in
the 1 7th- 1 8th c.
Schweidnitz, or Svidnitza, Silesia, the seat of local coinage from the
1 4th to the 1 6th c., with a boar or a boar's head. The right of striking
160 The Coins of Europe
money was purchased from the Duke of Bohemia in 1361 and from
Poland in 1369. Only low values known. Stveinig, or Sivieni. The
town of Reichenbach had the right of coinage here given by the Duke of
Silesia in 1351.
Schwerin, Mecklenburgh, an episcopal mint in the I3th c., and of this
branch of the grand-ducal family after the division between Schwerin
and Strelitz.
Schiverte, Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the Counts de la Marck, I3th c.
Schtvyz, Switzerland, the seat of a coinage from 1424. Svitensis.
Comp. Bellinzona.
Sao, the place of origin of a very rare gold zecchino struck by Filippo
Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (1421-35); of a Genoese coinage of grossi
and tornesi ; and of pieces of the same class with the names of the
Genoese podestas of the Giustiniani family (i5th-i6th c.). One has
Civitas. Chio. Monet. Ivstiniana.
Sebenico, Dalmatia, the possible place of coinage of certain silver
bagattini of the Republic of Venice, but more probably struck at V.
Sedan, Champagne, originally a fief of the See of Reims, and, after
many vicissitudes, the property, by marriage with Bouillon, of Henri de
la Tour d'Auvergne, Manfchal de Turenne (1591). It remained in that
family till 1721, and we owe to the great Turenne himself and some of
his successors a very remarkable series of coins in gold, silver, and
billon, particularly the large e"cus from 1591 to 1594, with the portraits of
Turenne and his wife, Charlotte de la Marck, who brought him the pro-
perty. Comp. Bouillon.
Segovia, Old Castile, an early Spanish mint, to which are assigned
certain ecclesiastical coins of the nth c. struck by monasteries, and the
seat of a coinage in the I7th c. Pieces of 50 reales in silver, of 1618, 1623,
1626, belong here. The elder Don Carlos used this mint from 1833 to
1840 for occasional issues of silver and copper, with his name and
titles.
Selwerd, probably the seat of the Dukes of Gueldres as chatelains or
seigneurs of that place, if not of Coevorde, I4th c. A groot or gros of
Reinold or Raynald III., 1344-57, reads Reinold. Dns. Kovord.
Scmendria, Servia, one of the mediaeval mints of the Kings of Servia,
who imitated the Venetian mafapan, or rather, perhaps, followed more
closely than Bulgaria the fabric and metrology of that time. But there
are varieties which may lay claim to originality of pattern. We have
before us one where the patron-saint appears to present the standard to
the Prince.
Senlis, Dept. of Oise, a mint of Hugues the Great, Duke or King of the
Franks of Neustria, and Count of Paris, 923-56.
Sens,Dept. of Yonne, a Merovingian,Carlovingian,and seigniorial mint,
9th-iith c. The archbishops at one period seem to have had an interest
in the coinage ; and comp. Auxerre and Provins. The money, deniers
and oboles only, was current throughout Champagne, and was imitated
at Provins. Senones Civitas.
Serain, diocese of Cambrai, a seigniorial fief belonging to the Counts
of Ligny in 1304. There are esterlins and rijder-grooten or gros au
cavalier of Waleran I. and II. (1304-53), with Moneta Nova Serenensis.,
Moneta Seremne., or Moneta Serain.
Seville, a Visigothic mint. Ispali. And of the Spanish Kings. S-E.
S1 Heerenberg. See Berg,
S> Hertogenbosch. See Bois-le-Duc.
Catalogue of European Mints 161
Siegen, .Pruss. Westphalia, a mint of the See of Cologne, I3th c.
Segen and Segensis.
Sienna, Tuscany, a Carlovingian mint and a seat of republican coinage
under imperial authority from the nth to the i6th c., except a brief
period of subjection to the Duke of Milan (1390-1404). About 1550 it
fell into the hands of the Medici family. A rare gold scudo of Cosmo I.
reads Cosmvs Med. Flor. Et. Satiar. Dvx. On rev. is Sena Vetvs
Civitas Virginis. The latter inscription commonly occurs on the
autonomous money. It may be remarked that the Sienese, in celebra-
tion of a victory over the Florentines, struck a piece of 4 gold scudi of
udo di oro, isth c.
the ordinary type, on obv., but having on rev. Manvs Tve. Domine
Fecerunt Me. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 4813, 250 lire.
Sierck, a mint of the Dukes of Lorraine in the I4th and I5th c.
Cicrk, Cirkes, or Sicrk.
Sigtuna, or Zigtuna, the place of coinage of the earliest esterlings of
Sweden during the reign of Olaf Skdtkonung, 1001-26. Zin. Zitvn.
Silesian Mints: Bernstatt, Breslau, Brieg, Frankenberg, Franken-
stein (transferred in 1507 to Reichenstein), Freistadt, Friedeberg, Glatz,
Glogau, Goerlitz, Goldberg, Herrnstadt, Jauer, Klein-Glogau, Kreuzberg,
Lausitz, Liegnitz, Loewenberg, Liiben, Munsterberg, Namslau, Neisse,
Nickolsdorf, Oels, Ohlau, Oppeln, Ratibor, Reichenbach, Reichenstein,
Sagan, Schweidnitz, Striegau, Trachenberg, Trebnitz, Wartenberg,
Wohlau.
Sinigaglia, a mint of the Delia Rovere family, Dukes of Urbino
(i 6th c.).
Sirmium, a fortress in Bulgaria, of which the Governor, Sermon,
struck in or about A.D. 1019 small gold siege-pieces during the struggle
for Bulgarian independence against Byzantium or Constantinople. These
pieces bear a monogram on obv., and on rev. the name and rank of
Sermon in native characters.
Sisteron, Basses-Alpes. See Forcalqnier and Toulon.
Sittart, or Sittard, a Brabantine mint in the I4th c. There is a groot
of Waleran de Born struck here. Sch., Cat. vii. 492.
Sitten, a Merovingian mint (Sidvnis) ; subsequently of uniface coins
bearing the bust of St. Theodolus, probably by virtue of the imperial
grant of 1274. An episcopal mint from 1457 to 1780. Svitensis.
Skoplje, a mediaeval fortress of Servia, where money was struck with
the name of the place of origin in Slavonic characters.
Slagelse, an early Danish mint. Slahlov.
Shiijs, Zeeland, a mint of Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy, in 1492,
as Damoiscau or minor. It struck money of necessity during the siege
by Maximilian I. of Austria in 1492 in the name of the Archduke Philip :
a gold florin and a briquet and double briquet in silver.
M
1 62 The Coins of Europe
Smallenberg, Prussia, a mint of the Bishops of Cologne, I3th c.
Civitas Smalnberg, or Smalenbtirgi.
Sneek, W. Friesland, the source of coins bearing Snekensis and a
shield quartered with an eagle and three crowns.
Soest, Prussia, an occasional mint of the Emperors of the West.
There is a denier of Otho III., 983-1002, struck here. A series of copper
pfenningen, from the i6th to the i8th c., belongs here. Those of the 1 8th
c. which most usually occur (1700-50) have Stadt Soest and a key.
Sofia, capital of the principality of Bulgaria, and the seat of a coinage
since 1880.
Soissons, the capital and probably the mint of Clovis I. and perhaps
also of Pepin le Bref. Subsequently one of Louis le Uebonnaire, who
conferred the privileges and profits on the richly endowed Abbey of Saint
Medard at Soissons, founded by Sigebert, King of Austrasia. At this
time the coinage was carried out in the palace. Money was struck here
in the name of Charles le Chauve, perhaps by the abbey ; but subse-
quently the Bishops and Counts of Soissons acquired in succession the
jurisdiction, the latter holding from the See, which ceded the right, no
doubt, for a consideration. One of the Counts married Agathe de Pierre-
fonds ; and there is a denier, possibly struck at the now famous Chateau
de Pierrefonds, with Moneta Canon \Conori\ on obv., and on rev. De
Pierefons. The ordinary money of Soissons reads Suesswnis, or Mon.
Suessionis.
Solfcrino, Lombardy, a seigniorial mint of a branch of the Gonzaga
family, Marchesi di Solferino (ijth c.).
Solms, a seat of seigniorial coinage, I7th c. A grosch of Ernst II.,
1613, is cited by Schulman, Cat. xiv. No. 539.
Solothurn, or Soleure, an abbatial mint from 930 to 1381, when the
city purchased the right from the Abbot of St. Ursus, and struck money
down to the last c. Solodvrcnsis.
Sommiercs, Anduse, a seigniorial fief of the united lordships of
Anduse and Sauve, a mint of that family, ioth-i3th c., and in 1236 a
royal seat of coinage. Deniers and oboles with Andusiensis, De
Andusia, Salvicnsis, or De Salve. The capital B on obv. may indicate
the house of Bermond, in whom the lordship was vested in the loth-
uth c.
Sondcrshausen, Schwarzburg, the seat of coinage of the principality
of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
Sora, Naples, the seat of an independent duchy down to 1462 of
the last Duke, Pier Gian. Paolo Cantelmi (1459-61). Rossi, Cat. No. 4844,
had a bolognino, which fetched 185 lire.
Soragna, Parma, a former principality in the Meli-Lupi family, i8th
c. A gold zecchino of Nicolo Meli-Lupi, 1731, occurred at the Rossi
sale, and brought 90 lire.
Sorrento, Naples, a mint of the Lombard Princes, nth c.
Souvigny-lc- Vieux, Dept. of La Manche, France, the seat of an ancient
Cistercian priory, which, from the nth c., had a right of coining money.
There are only deniers of a low standard of silver, with a bust of Saint
Mayeul facing or in profile. At a later date the priors and the Sires de
Bourbon struck convention-money at Souvigny at the common cost as a
means of settling disputes which had arisen by reason of encroachments
on the part of the seigneurs. In 1320 Philippe le Long, King of France,
extinguished the rights by payment of 15,000 bons petits tournois = about
240,000 fr. Scs. Maiolvs and Silviniaco, or Borbonensis. Some deniers
Catalogue of European Mints 163
have the bust of St. Mayeul and a cross cantoned with D.B. (Dominus
Borbonensis].
Sonzdal, an early Russian mint.
Souzoun, an early Russian mint.
Spalatro, Dalmatia, the place of origin of certain small billon pieces
of the 1 3th c., with Spa Catt ino disposed in three lines on obv., and on
rev. a cross. In and after 1397 the Ban or Waiwode of Bosnia, on
behalf of Sigismund, King of Hungary, struck here various coins bearing
a shield with an armed arm and his titles as supreme waiwode or voyvode
of Bosnia and vicar of the kingdom of Lladislaus, and on rev. the
patron-saint, St. Dominus or Doimus. The grossi coined here by the
feudal dukes formed a source of trouble to Venice, as it was represented
in 1410 that the standard was below that of the Republic and injured her
interests.
Spanheim, a seigniorial mint of the Counts of Spanheim, I4th c.
Schulman, Cat. ix. 554, cites a gros tournois of Johan II. 1357-1403.
Spanish Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 281.
Spira, an ecclesiastical mint for the Archbishops.
Spoleto, the place of origin of a bracteate danaro, struck on a large
flan, with Wido. Gragia. Di. Re. It was struck by Guido, Lord of Spoleto,
939-44, who probably occupied the ancient castle of the exarchs of
Ravenna. Spoleto also produced a few anonymous ecclesiastical coins
with Spoletanvs, or Spoleto, on rev., and was a place of papal coinage,
1 5th and i8th c. There are 2-baiocchi pieces of the Roman Republic,
1798-99, struck here.
Stadtberg. See Marburg.
Statt, prov. of Liege, a mint of Thibaut de Bar, Bishop of Liege,
1303-13.
Stavelot, or Siablo, Belgium, prov. of Liege, the seat of an abbey
said to have been founded in the 7th c. by Sigebert, King of Austrasia.
There is abbatial money of the i6th c. with the imperial titles on
rev.
Stavoren, on the Zuyder Zee, formerly a town of great importance, a
mint of the early Counts of West Friesland in the nth c. It is at
present an insignificant village.
Steenwijk, Holland, the seat of a coinage of necessity during the
siege by the French in 1580, and perhaps also during that by Maurice of
Nassau in 1591.
Stein, or Steyn, Austrian Illyria, a seigniorial mint of the I4th c.,
where the boetdrager of Louis de Maele, Count of Holland, was imitated.
Comp. Carin.
Stcnay, Lorraine, French dept. of La Meuse, a temporary mint of
Louis XIII. during his occupation of Lorraine, 1635-39. Comp.
Florence.
Stendal, Prussia, formerly the capital of the Mark or March of
Brandenburg, and the mint of the early margraves from the I2th c.
There are groschen, pfennigen, and other low values, of Joachim and
Albrecht, struck there in 1513. The town acquired the right of coinage
in 1369. Standi.
Stettin, Pomerania, or Pommern, now part of Prussia, a mint of the
Dukes and Kings of Poland and of the independent Dukes of Pommern,
1 2th- 1 7th c. The duchy was divided between S. and Wolgast in 1295,
and reunited in 1625. There is a profusion of early bracteates with an
infinite variety of designs. The Dukes had nearly thirty other mints,
164 The Coins of Europe
among which we may specify Griefswald, Rugen, Stargard, Stralsund,
and Wolgast. A schilling of Bogeslas X., Duke of Pommern, 1502, was
struck at S. ; also perhaps a grosch of Duke Franz, 1617, and a double
schilling of Bogeslas XIV., 1622.
Stevensiveerd, Gueldres, a mint of the Seigneurs of s' Heerenberg,
1 5th- 1 6th c. Sch., xi. 37. At a somewhat later epoch it struck the
copper dute or doit for local use. Comp. Berg.
Stezau, a fortress of Servia in mediaeval times, and the place of origin
of coins bearing Ctczauh.
Stockholm, an early place of coinage of the Kings of Sweden, with
and without the royal titles. A dickthaler of Stene Sture, the younger
(1512-20), reads on obv. Mone. Stockholm. 1512, and on rev. 5. Eric-vs
Stockholm or of 1573.
Rex Svecic. There is also copper money of the i6th c. with the name of
the capital only.
Stolbcrg, Pruss. Saxony, circle of Merseburg, the place of origin of
bracteates of the i2th or i3th c., with a stag to 1., of later uniface pieces,
with a stag's head and Stol. or Stalb., and from the concession of a grant
in 1467 to the Counts, the seat of a considerable coinage in gold, silver,
and copper. The thaler and its divisions, first struck in 1544, the
kreutzer and batz and their multiples, and the albus, were current here,
and the gold ducat. The gold is very rare. A ducat of 1743 shews on
the obv. a stag with his horns entangled in a pillar ; but a very beautiful
one of 1818, struck to commemorate the golden wedding of Christian
Friedrich, exhibits a free stag on obv., and on rev. /. Ducat. D. XI. Nov.
1818. There were two or three branches of this house — Stolberg-Stolberg,
Stolberg-Rochefort, and Stolberg-Weringerode — of which all had the
coining privilege.
Straeten. See Saint-Andri,
Stralsund, Pomerania, the seat of the coinage of Jasomar II., Prince
of Rugen, and of convention-money between it and other towns in the
duchy. There are very early pieces, both in silver and billon, bearing
on obv. an arrowhead, and Moneta Svndensis.
Strasburgh, Alsace or Elsas, a Carlovingian or Frankish mint.
There is a denier of Pepin le Bref, 8th c., struck there. The episcopal
coinage under imperial authority, and with the secular titles, commenced
in pursuance of a concession from Louis the German in 873. The bishops
began by placing a crozier in the field, and then their initials in the legend
of the coinage ; and there is an engraving in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1754,
of a well-executed denier of Bishop Odbert (906-13). The gros tournois
was current here in a local imitation at an early date. In the nth c.
these powerful prelates substituted their own names and effigies for those
of the suzerain (965-92), perhaps by virtue of an amplified grant from
Catalogue of European Mints 165
Otho II. in 974, when that Prince conferred the right cum omni integri-
tate ; and at the end of that c. we find a bracteate system intro-
duced by certain lay seigneurs as well as by the occupants of the See, to
be continued down to the I3th, with a variety of types and symbols, side
by side with an apparently independent imperial series of the usual
fabric. The I3th c. witnessed the rise of a municipal interposition, in
consequence of the progressive debasement of the bracteates ; during a
few years (1298-1306) the city struck anonymous pieces of episcopal type ;
the influence and spirit of the burgesses gradually triumphed ; and
finally, in 1 508, the Emperor having vested the gold coinage exclusively
in the borough, the Church lost its ground completely here. The bishops
struggled in vain from 1592 or before to recover their ascendancy, and
struck money elsewhere (comp. Guebwiller, Giinzburg, and Molsheitn) ;
there is also evidence of the crisis in money of necessity of 1592, struck
by the city during its contest with Bishop Charles de Lorraine. In 1681
S. became French, and the monetary patterns were modified. From
1693 the m.m. was BB. In 1815 a decime was issued here in the name
of Louis XVI II.
Stuttgart (Stvggarten, or Stvgardi on coins), cap. of Wtirtemburgh, the
place of origin of some of the ancient coinage of this duchy and kingdom,
and since 1423 the only mint for this State. There is a long series of
coins in all metals and various denominations. We may note a small
square gold piece without date with a view of Stuttgart.
Substancion, or Siistancion-Melgueil, near Maguelonne, a Merovingian
and Carlovingian mint, of which the precise site is not known. Svstan-
cione. The See of Maguelonne was transferred hither in 737. It was the
seat of a seigniorial coinage from the loth c., and of an episcopal one
from the I3th to the I4th. The types were borrowed from the royal
coinage with the name of Carloman, and from that of Narbonne, and
appear to have acquired popularity, as the monnaie melgorienne was
widely spread over the south and west of France. The peculiar form of
cross is also found on seals of the Bishops of Melgueil.
Sulmona, Naples, in the Abruzzi, the place of origin of a bolognino
of Charles III. of Durazzo (1382-86), and of a carlino and cavallo of
Charles VIII. of France (1495). On tne latter occur the letters S.M.P.E.
for Sidmo mihi patria est — a quotation from Ovid's Tristia.
Susa (Segusio, or Sectisia), Sardinian States, perhaps the earliest mint
of the Counts of Savoy. There is a danaro of Umberto II., 1091-1103,
struck here. It has on rev. Secvsia. But comp. Acqtiabella. Under
Amadeus IV. (1233-53) Susa ceased to appear on coins, and Sabavdia is
substituted.
Sutri, Papal States, conjectured to be the Flavia Sidrio mentioned
on coins of Desiderius, King of the Lombards, 755-74. More usually
known as Colonia Sutrina.
Swinemunde, Prussia, in the prov. of Stettin, a mint of the earlier
Kings of Hungary. There are small billon pieces (deniers) of Louis II.,
struck there in 1517, 1520, and 1523.
Swiss Mints (minor) : Appenzell, Diessenhofen, Disentis, Engelberg,
Fishingen, Glarus, Gotteshausbund, Graubiindten, Haldenstein-Schauen-
stein, Kyburg, Laufenburg, Muri, Nyon, Peterlingen (abbey, 962), Prun-
trut, Rheinau, Sitten, Solothurn, Stein, Tessin or Ticino, Thurgau,
Unterwalden.
Swiss Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 962-67.
Systerbeck, a Russian mint under Catherine II.
1 66 The Coins of Europe
Tagliacozzo, Naples, a mint of Pope Alexander V., 1410. There are
two bolognini with Talia. Coza. on rev.
Tarascon (see Marseilles], Provence, the mint of Rend and Charles
III. d'Anjou, 1434-86, Counts of Provence. In 1483 the Archbp. of
Aries gave leave to the mint-master here to strike his money at Mont-
dragon in consideration of an annual payment of 20 ecus d'or of the
money of the King of France, which tends to shew that the mint at T.
had then closed. The m.m. is a tarasque, a nondescript monster, which
used to be carried in procession in the streets here and elsewhere on
certain occasions.
Tarbes, Hautes- Pyrenees, a mint of Edward I. of England as Duke
of Aquitaine.
Tarragona, a Visigothic mint (Tarraco, Tiraone), and one of the
Spanish kings.
Tassarolo, a seigniorial fief of the Spinola family (1604-90), and the
probable place of origin of certain coins, some with portraits, including a
tallero with its divisions, a scudo, a luigino, a piece of 8 bolognini, etc.,
all very rare. The coinage is connected with the duchy of Massa-
Carrara ; one or two examples bear the portrait and titles of Alberico II.,
1662-90.
Teano, a Lombard mint, i ith c.
Termini, a mint of the King of Naples, 1515-21.
Termondc, or Dendermonde, E. Flanders, a mint mentioned in a
document of 1 108. Guillaume de Juliers, grandson of Gui de Dampierre,
Count of Flanders, struck money here in 1302-3. It remained a mint of
the Counts of F. and of the Dukes of Burgundy ; and by virtue of a
concession from Philip le Bon (1419-67) the local Brotherhood of Our
Lady struck money here.
Terncs, Les, Auvergne, present dept. of Cantal, probably the place
intended on a coin of Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Saint-Pol, 1317-44,
with the legend lohanes. Comes. Santi. Pavli. E. T. Nois.
Terni, States of the Church, the place of origin of billon pieces of 8
and 6 baiocchi, 1797, money of necessity in character. Comp. Perugia.
Teschcn, or Teck, Styria, a mint of the Dukes of Teschen (1529-79), of
the bishops, of the town, and of the Emperors Ferdinand III. and IV. as
Kings of Bohemia. There is a thaler of Wenzslaw Adam, Duke of Teck,
with Wcncesla D.G. Dvx Tesine. 1560.
Thann, Alsace, a mint of the Landgraves of Alsace, I5th c., of the
municipality down to 1505, and for a short time reopened in 1623.
Moneta Nova Tannensis. There are gros of the town with S. Theo-
baldus episcopus.
Thicrrens, near Moudon, Cant, of Vaud, Switzerland, the place of
coinage of certain contrefai^ons of the money of the Bishop of Lausanne
by Louis, Seigneur de Vaud, a cadet of the house of Savoy.
Thionville, France, Dept. of Moselle, a mint of Henri II. le Blondel,
Count of Luxemburgh (1246-81).
Thionville, Luxemburgh, one of the earliest known mints of the
Counts of L., 1 2th c. Tionville.
Thorn, Brabant, the place of coinage of an important conventual
establishment under the government of abbesses, 1 5th- 1 7th c. There is
a gold angel of Margaret of Brederode, abbess, 1531-71, and liards,
double liards, halves and quarters, belonging to this institution. Some
bear the name of the Abbess Anna de la Marck, who, like the preceding,
was the member of an illustrious seigniorial family. The Abbess
Catalogue of European Mints 167
Margaret copied the Goslar (Hanover) type with the Virgin and Child
on obv. and a lion on rev., on a gros or groot reading Moneta Nova
Arge : D : M : B . The same abbess struck a \ daalder of a novel type
with Denarivs Nows Qvindecim Stvfferorvm, of which there seem to be
two varieties.
Thorn, Prussian Poland, a mint of the Teutonic Order I3th-i5th c.
In 1436 the Grand Master surrendered the right of coinage to the town
for half the profits. Thorn was also a mint of the independent Kings of
Poland, whose money bears Moneta Dvcatvs Prvcie, or the double
Jagellon cross and the double Prussian eagle. This was in the i6th c.
the common Polish mint for the whole of Prussia under that Crown.
There was copper currency (solidi) down to about 1770. A solidus of
1761 has the crowned monogram of Augustus III. of Poland, and on rev.
Solid. Civitat. Thorun. There is a rare solidus belonging here of John
Casimir, King of Poland (1648-68), for East Prussia.
Thonars, Poitou, a viscounty in the Middle Ages, whose representa-
tive intermarried with the house of Mauleon. In 1226 Henry III. of
England granted to Hugues I., V. de T., the right of striking money of
the Poitevine standard to be current throughout the province with his
own.
Tiel) a mint of the Emperors of the West of the Hohenstaufen
dynasty. Deniers of Henry II. (1002-24) a°d of Conrad II. (1024-39)
were struck here.
Tiftis, Georgia, an early Prussian mint.
Tirlemont, Brabant, the source of mailles of the I3th c. with the
paschal lamb.
Tirnova, Bulgaria, possibly, with Sofia, the chief, if not only mint, of
the principality since 1880.
Tivoli, near Berne, the place of origin of a piece of 5 baiocchi
(madonnina) of Pius VI., 1797.
Todi, Papal States, an autonomous (i3th c.) and papal (1450) mint.
Toledo, a Visigothic mint, and one of the Kings of Castile and Leon.
I2th-I5th c. Alfonso VIII., 1158-88, struck here dinars with Arabic
characters and his title as Emir of the Catholics, or Alf. There is a coin
of Beatrice of Portugal, consort of John I., 1379-90, with her name and
titles as Queen of Castile and Portugal. Joseph Buonaparte, King of
Spain, 1 808-10, employed this mint. Toleto, T.O., or Q.
Tongres, prov. of Liege, a mint of Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege, and
Due de Bouillon, 1364-78.
Tonnerre. See Chateattbclin, Orgelet, etc.
Torgau, Prussian Saxony, a mint of the Dukes of Saxony of the
Ernestine branch, i6th c.
Torriglia, possibly a place of coinage of the Lomellini family, I7th c.
There are luigini of Violante Doria Lomellini, Contessa di Lomellini
(1665-67), supposed to belong here.
Tortona, Piedmont, an imperial mint, 1 2th- 1 3th c. ; a grosso and ^
grosso have on obv. IWirator Fr., and on rev. Terdona. This place was
at one time within the territory of the Dukes of Milan.
Toul, France, Dept. of Meurthe, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia
(6th-8th c.), of the Carlovingian line of kings, and of the bishops of the
See, io-i4th c. It is possible that a copper coin of Jean d'Huhlhuizen of
the I3th or I4th c., described by Schulman, Cat. xv. 316, is part of
this episcopal series. It is clearly not a seigniorial piece. A curious
denier of Otho (956-62) has the name of the town written from right to
1 68 The Coins of Europe
left, OLL VT. Other forms are Vrbs TV///, Tvllo Civls, Tvllensis, etc.,
but the place first appears under the name of Levcha Civitas. The
coinage of this See is poorly and carelessly executed, and the earliest
productions are degenerate copies of Carlovingian types.
Toulon, a seat of a special unauthorised coinage, during the confusion
in France about 1589, by the Admiral Bertrand de Nogaret, who also
struck money — pieces of 6 blanques — at Sisteron or Forcalquier.
Toulouse, one of the chief cities of the kingdom of the Visigoths, a
Merovingian and Carlovingian mint, one of the Bishops and the Counts
of T., of whom the latter seem to have usurped the coinage, perhaps
with rights reserved to the See, and of the Kings of France of the Valois
and Bourbon dynasties. It was also the centre of the system of mone-
tary weights for a lii>ra and its parts, etc., long prevalent in the South of
France as far as the Pyrenees, and of which the precise history is
scarcely yet fully understood. Some of these poids were clearly nothing
more ; but the livra of Toulouse, Bordeaux, etc., appears to have belonged
to a different category. The most singular feature about it and its
divisions is that they are dated.
Tournai, a bishopric given with that of Noyon, from 531 to 1146, to
the Abbey of Saint Medard at Soissons, founded by Sigebert, King of
Austrasia. No remains of any episcopal or other money of that period
have come down to us ; but on the coinage of the i2th c. the prelates of
both Sees bear a double crozier in token of the ancient union or alliance.
The Bishops of Noyon also used the mint here. At a later period there
are coins of the Counts of Flanders, the Kings of France (from Philip III.)
and Spain, and of Albert and Isabella after the cession of Brabant to
Austria. In 1306 T. was one of the eight royal mints of France. There
are siege-pieces of 1521, 1581, and 1709.
Tournus, Saone-et- Loire, the seat of an abbatial mint from 889 by
virtue of a concession by Eudes, King of France, confirmed by his suc-
cessors. The earliest coins signify that they were struck by the permis-
sion of Lothaire, and cannot be older than 955. Some of the pieces bear
Caput Regis.
Tours, a Carlovingian mint and, during the early Capetian period
under Hugues Capet and his immediate successors, a place of great
monetary importance. The Abbey of Saint Martin was a celebrated seat
of coinage, and laid the foundation of the Tournois standards, which
preceded that of Paris established under Philip Augustus, but was re-
tained and employed by him in all the coinage outside the regal precincts
or le sermcnt de France. Louis IX., however, was the first to introduce
the gros tournois, and to place the French currency generally on a sounder
and more practical basis. A signal movement such as that at Tours,
even before the time of Louis IX., inevitably exercised a powerful influ-
ence on all sides, and affected the coinage of Champagne and other
adjacent provinces, as it eventually did, where the striking type of the
gros appeared, that of many parts of Europe. The earlier French
kings employed this mint for the provinces beyond the Loire, and
distinguished their money from that of the abbey by the simple legend
Tvronvs Civfs. Thibault le Tricheur, Count of Tours, about 950, also
used it.
Transylvania* Minis. See Blanchet, ii. 181.
Trau, Dalmatia, a seat of Venetian colonial coinage. A bagattino
has on obv. S. Lavrentivs TragT.tr. N.M., and on the rev. Sanctvs
Marcvs Venet., with the facing lion.
Catalogue of European Mints 169
Tregui'rc, Cotes du Nord, a mint of Charles de Chatillon or Blois, a
competitor in 1341 for the duchy of Brittany by reason of his marriage
with the niece of Duke John III.
Tresana, a place to which are referred certain coins in silver and
bronze of the Malaspina family, i6th c. But the appropriation seems
doubtful. Perhaps a place of coinage of the Lombard kings.
Treves, or Trier, a mint of the Kings of Austrasia, 7th-8th c. (7V.),
and the seat of an ecclesiastical and imperial coinage from the loth c., if
not earlier. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 1863-64.
Treviso, a mint of Charlemagne, of some of the later emperors, of the
Count of Goritz, and of Venice. The reverse of a danaro of Charlemagne
reads Tarvis. The Count of Goritz (1319-23) struck the aquilino and
picciolo, which have Comes Gone., or Comes Gor., and on rev. Tarvisiu,
or Tarvisivm.
Trevoux, Les Dombes, Burgundy, originally a chateau which de-
veloped into a town, a mint of the Sires de Thoire and Villars in the I2th
c., and subsequently of the Dukes and Sires de Bourbon and Bourbon-
Montpensier. Les Dombes or Dombes was united to the Crown in
1527 ; but the coinage was resumed, and continued till the closing years
of the 1 7th c. ; the latest piece which we have seen is one of 4 sols of
Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, 1665. The Due de Maine, the last
beneficiary of the mint, renounced it under unsatisfactory circumstances,
in having fabricated money in imitation of regal types of a lower standard
to enhance the commercial advantage. At an earlier stage the coins of
Dombes, of which there is an extensive and important series in gold,
silver, and billon — including a gold piece of Jean II., 1459-75, weighing
six times as much as an ordinary teston, and probably a piece de plaisir —
had attained great celebrity and were copied in many directions, even in
Italy ; the \ dcu or piece of 5 sols, with the youthful portrait of Marie de
Montpensier, is said to have been greatly used in foreign commerce, and
to have been long at a premium in Turkey as a bijou or jewel, which they
termed a timmin. There is a curious contrefaqon of a Venetian ducat
struck here about 1620, which is said to have evoked a remonstrance
from the Doge — an involuntary tribute to the reputation of the mint.
Trevo.
Trient, a seat of episcopal coinage from the I3th (perhaps i2th) to
the 1 6th c. The most important piece in this series is a munt-medaille
of Bernardt Clees, Bishop from 1524 to 1539. Rossi Cat, 1880, No. 4899.
The mint closed in 1776. There is a proof in silver of the last gold sequin
struck there.
Trieste, an episcopal mint, 1 2th- 1 4th c. The bishops also struck
money in the I3th c. at the Castle of Pastorium. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No.
495, places under this head a piece belonging to Trient.
Troyes, in Champagne, a mint of the Counts of Champagne. A
denier of Henry II., Count from 1 180 to 1 197, belongs here. Also of the
League, 1586, Louis XIV. and XV. A \ louis of the former, 1694, and a
hard of the latter, were struck at T. Trecasi Civi.
Truxillo, Spain, prov. of Ca$eres, the place of origin of a peseta of
Ferdinand VI L, 1808, struck as a proclamation of his authority, with
Proda. en la C. de Trvxillo Rno. de Guat.
Tiingen or Thiengen, duchy of Baden, formerly in the landgraviat
of Kletgau or Kleggau, a fief successively of the Sees of St. Blasien and
Constanz, and of the Barons von Kreukingen, and perhaps a mint of all
these lords, but at present known only as the place of coinage of certain
1 70 The Coins of Europe
bracteates of the i4th c., with T|, attributed to the contemporary
Seigneurs of Kreukingen.
Tunsberg, a Norwegian mint under Magnus III., 1093-1103.
Turennc, a mint of the Vicomtes de T. from the nth to the I4th c.
Their money was current in the dioceses of Cahors, Limoges, and Peri-
gueux. In 1263 the V. did homage to Henry II. of England for his
chateaux, his fiefs, and his mint (pro monctd sud et jure cudendi cam).
Raimundus De Turena, R. Vicecomes and Tiircnne, with a cross canton-
ing E\eaulicu\ etc. The earliest known coins are of Raimond I.,
1091-1 122.
Turin, the possible place of coinage of the small bracteates of Lom-
bard fabric discovered in the vicinity, with coins of Charlemagne and
Desiderius. A mint of some of the rulers of Savoy. There are coins of
Filippo (1297-1334) and of Ludovico, Prince of Achaia (1402-18 : Torim>s
Cn'fs), as well as of the Piedmontese Republic, 1798-99 ; of a gold
2o-franc piece struck by Bonaparte in commemoration of the Battle of
Marengo, I4th June 1800, with IJ Italic dclivrcc a Marengo ; of a 5-franc
piece of Napoldon, 1811 ; and of the more recent sovereigns of Sardinia
and Italy.
Turr, an early Russian mint.
Udinc, a mint of the patriarchs of Aquileia, I4th c.
Ulm, or Uberlingcn, Bavaria, a royal and imperial mint from a very
early date ; but it does not appear to have produced anything but hellers
and schillings till 1546, when we find a dated thaler. In 1552 Charles V.
conceded the right to coin gold and silver. The ancient hellers bear
a V. During the Thirty Years' War Ulm issued a regiments thaler in
1622, and during a siege by the Imperialists in 1704 a florin and a piece
of 21 florins in gold and a gulden in silver. The mint is said to have
been closed in 1773, of which date there is a kreutzer of thick fabric.
Comp. Kcmptcn.
Unna, Prussia, circle of Hamm, a mint of the Counts de la Mark.
Vnncus or Vnnts.
Urbano, in the Bolognese territory, the source of a siege-piece in lead
of papal type, with F[orte] V[rbano], struck during a blockade by the
Imperialists about 1706.
Urbino, an imperial mint under the house of Hohenstaufen, and at a
later period of the independent Dukes of Urbino, of the Montefeltro,
Delia Rovere, and Medici families. See a note in Cat. Rossi, No. 3193, as
to the doubtless improper ascription of a quattrino of Julius II. with the
Delia Rovere arms to this place. The celebrated Lorenzo de' Medici, called
the Magnificent, was Duke of Urbino from 1516 to 1519. Armand men-
tions Paolo di Ragusa, Clemente di Urbino, and Francesco Martini as
artists at U. about this date. It is believed that the coins of the I5th
and 1 6th c., bearing the names of Castel Durante and Fossombrone,
were really struck at Urbino itself. Clement XL, 1700-21, struck a mezzo
scudo here in 1707.
Uri, the place of a local coinage of uncertain antiquity ; the first
concession was in 1424. There was a convention between U., Schwyz,
and Unterwalden in the i6th c. ; but coins with the separate marks of
Uri and Unterwalden are also found for that period. Gold pistoles of
the St. Martin type were struck here. See one figured in Cat. Robert,
1886, No. 2174. Vranie.
Utrecht, a mint of the Merovingian era, of the ancient Bishops of the
Catalogue of European Mints 1 7 1
diocese, and of the provincial Government during the republican period.
The same Merovingian moneyer, Adalbertus, who worked at Durstede
and elsewhere, has his name on coins belonging to this place. During
the 1 8th c. Utrecht was one of the mints for the Batavian Republic and
the Dutch Indies. In 1812-13, Napoleon I. struck pieces of 20 francs, i
fr., and \ fr. ; at that time Holland still formed part of the French Empire.
Utrecht is the mint of the present kingdom of the Netherlands. There
is a curious denarius of Otto van Gueldres (i3th c.), Bishop of U., as
Advocate of the See, and another of Bishop Willem van Gueldres, with the
bust of the Bishop on rev. and that of the Emperor Henry IV. (1056-
1 106) on obv. A denier of Willem van Briig, 1054-76, presents on the rev.
one of the earliest views of a city on a mediaeval coin. There is a small
silver piece of PVederic of Baden, with Mon. Epi. Traicc. and the date /
1498. Schulman, Cat. v. 131, cites an obole of an early bishop of U.
struck in West Friesland. A botdrager or double groot of John of
Virenburg, Bp., 1364-71, is termed Moneta de Zalandia. We may notice
a rare leeuendaalder of 1578 with the shield supported by two lions, the
original type of the denomination, and between 1519 and 1606 several
unusual varieties of the daalder and \ daalder, and of the rose-noble and
\, some of the former with the portrait of William the Silent ; also a pie-
fort of the gold rijder of 1620 differing from the current issue, and weighing
19 gr., and varieties of the double ducat in gold, 1683, 1706, 1742, etc.
Use's. Dept. of Card, a seat of Carlovingian, if not of Merovingian, coin-
age, and opened as an episcopal-capitular mint in the gth c. It appears
that in the I2th (1145) the chapter alienated its share in part to the
Seigneur d'Uzes. There is an obole of Bishop Raymond III., 1208-12,
with Use on rev.
Valence and Die, Dept. of Drome, two episcopal mints from 1157 to
1456, when the seigniorial rights were ceded to the Crown. Valence was
united to Die in 1276. Gros, \ gros, carlins, and deniers. The money
of Die, before the union of the dioceses, reads Civitas Diensis ; that of
Amede'e II. of Saluzzo, 1383-90, has A. De : Saluc. Administrator
Ecclesiar. &* Comitat. D. Valenc. E. Dn.
Valencia, a Visigothic mint, and one of the early Kings of Arragon,
1 3th c. Valencie Maioricarvm. And of the Kings of Spain. V.
Valenciennes, an occasional mint of Louis le Debonnaire, and of the
Emperors of the West (i4th c.). See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos. 31, 32. Two
variant thalers of Louis of Bavaria (1314-47) were struck here. Also the
place of coinage of some of the Counts of Hainault and of Flanders, and of
the Dukes of Burgundy. Some of the money of Margaret of Constantin-
ople (1244-80), and Jean d'Avesnes (1280-1304) of Hainault, belongs here.
Under the later Counts it became an important mint, and from the time
of Gtiillaume III., 1356-89, the sole one. In 1793 a piece of 3 livres in
bell-metal was struck during the siege of the town by the Duke of
York.
Valetta, the mint of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem after their
investiture by Charles V. in 1530 with the Island of Malta, and down to
the close of the i8th c. There is a rare silver ingot struck as money of
necessity during the siege of 1799.
Valladolid, a place which appears under the initial V. on certain coins
of the Counts of Urgel, I3th c., with Urgellensis, Comes Urgelli, etc. At
a somewhat later period the bishops appear to have had some interest in
the coinage, on which occurs a crozier. Low values only.
172 The Coins of Europe
Vannes, a mint of John I. , le Roux, 1237-86 ; of John IV., 1364-99 ; and
of John V., 1399-1442, Dukes of Brittany. Veneten, or Urbs Venetensis.
Varennes, a mint of the See of Verdun, and the place of origin of a
\ gros of Cardinal Louis, Duke of Bar, with Semgros. Varen.
Vasto, Abruzzi, a fief and perhaps mint of the Marquis Cesare d'Avalos,
1706. Mar. Vasti.
Vaud, or Waadt, a separate canton of Switzerland since the present c.
The Savoyard deniers and other money struck within this territory from
1273 to 1536 probably belong to Geneva or Lausanne ; some of them are
marked with IV. The cantonal coinage dates only from the present c.
A silver ecu of Louis XVI., 1792, is countermarked to pass for 40 batzen
or 4 franken within this district.
Vauvillcrs, Haute-Saone, the seat of a seigniorial mint, denounced by
an edict of 1554 as the source of unlicensed imitations of the regal and
imperial types ; the carolus of Besanc.on was copied. Chatelet in the
Vosges was included in the charge. But there seems to have been an exten-
sive coinage in all metals at the latter place. A denier of Gauthier de
Beauffremont has Mo. Ar. Sup. Vvsis. Nicole 1 1. du Chastelet, 1525-62,
struck t'cus an soldi and many other types with Nicolaus du Chastelet,
or Nicol. A Castelleto Sup. Vusis, and Moneta Dni DC Vaui'illers. The
Hard and double Hard were struck here. The known coinage seems to
be limited to these two persons.
Vendomc, originally belonging to the county of Anjou, and supposed
to have been at one time an appanage of the See of Chartres, whose pre-
lates were seigneurs of the Chateau of V. Reunited to the Crown in
1712. In this town and district use was long made of the currencies of
Tours and Angers, and the autonomous coinage cannot be referred to a
date anterior to the middle of the I ith c. The Counts, afterwards Dukes,
of V. did not place their name on the money till the I3th c. The earlier
types are imitations of those of Chartres and Blois ; the later shew the
influence of Tours. Vindocino Castro, Udon Caosto, or Vedome Castr.
An obole, thought to indicate a monetary convention between the Count
of V. and the Vicomte de Chateaudun in the I3th or i4th c., reads on
obv. Idvni Castr., and on rev. Vidodnensis. The alliance was probably
of some duration, as the crescent of C. appears on many of the ano\iymous
coins of V.
Venice, possibly the place of coinage of some of the numerous (twenty-
four) varieties of danaro published by our valued and erudite correspond-
ent Count Nicolo Papadopoli (whose numismatic labours are so widely
known), and issued more or less under imperial authority between the 9th
and 1 2th c., and from the latter date till the close of the Republic the
seat of an autonomous mint. Pieces in all metals were struck here in
1848, and it was an occasional mint of the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom.
Venrade, Brabant, a mint belonging to the Heeren of Kessel. Sch.,
Cat. ix. 384.
Venray, 21 m. N. of Ruremonde, a mint of the Dukes of Gueldres
and Juliers, I5th c. A double groot of Raynald IV., Duke of Gueldres,
1402-23, was struck here. It was for some time an active mint.
Ventimiglia, Sardinian States, a seigniorial fief. Gio. Requesco,
Count, 1725.
Vercelli, a seat of autonomous coinage, i3th c., under imperial
sanction, and a mint of the Dukes of Savoy, 1 6th- 1 7th c. Vcr., or V.
Verdun, France, Dept. of Meuse, a somewhat prominent Merovingian
mint, and subsequently one of the emperors from Louis le Ddbonnaire to
Catalogue of European Mints 173
Henry L'Oiseleur, and of the bishops from the loth to the I7th c.
1633). The original concession to the See was from the Comtes de
Verdun, of whom, however, no money is identified. Down to the middle
of the nth c. the bishops added the imperial titles to their money (as
the Counts indeed may have done before them, even withholding their
own names). About the middle of the I3th c. there was perhaps the
same sort of municipal jealousy as at Metz, and we hear of the episcopal
currency of Toul being confined to the rural districts, and possibly it was
struck out of the city. The early French regal types (gros tournois,
denier, blanc a la queue, etc.) were imitated at V. A very fine grand ecu
of Charles de Lorraine- Chaligny, Bp. of V., 1616-22, is figured in Cat.
Robert, 1 148 ; this and other productions of the same reign are attributed
to the engravers B[ailly] and G[ennetaire]. In the Merovingian pieces
this place is indifferently described as Verduno, Vereduno, Virdun,
Virdimo, Virdunum, Virdunis civitas, etc. Other mints of the See were
Dieulouard, transferred about 1616 to Mangiennes, Hattonchatel, Dun,
and Sampigny. Comp. Saint-Mihiel and Varennes*
Vergagni, Genoese territory, a fief and perhaps mint of the Spinola
family, iyth c.
Verona, a mint of the Lombard kings, 7th-8th c. ; of the emperors, loth
c. ; of an autonomous republic, 1 2th- 1 3th c. ; and of the successive rulers
of that part of Lombardy, except that the Venetians do not appear to
have struck money here. There are coins of the La Scala or Scaliger
family, Lords of Verona (1262-1381) — the grosso and the soldo, both in
silver.
Vesteras, an early Swedish mint. Westear.
Vevey, canton of Vaud, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian princes.
Viviscussi.
Vezelise, Meurthe, formerly in Lorraine, and a mint of the Dukes of
L. and Bar. Veseli.
Vianen, 21 m. N. of Luxemburgh, a mint of the early Seigneurs of
Brederode. We may call attention to a rare daalder of Heinrich van
Brederode, with his bust to r., his gauntlets and plumed helmet in front
of him. The legend (Nisi Doininvs Frvstra) is divided by the shields of
Brederode, Vianen, and Mark. On the rev. is a quartered escutcheon
with Mone>. No\ D1. Bred1. Lt. D\ Viari. There is a f thaler of Fried-
rich Adolf, 1715, Count of Lippe and Seigneur of Vianen.
Viborg, an early Dano-Swedish mint. Viber, Pibr. Probably the
place of coinage of the bishops, I2th c., whose coins bear Wiberga or
Kelil (St. Killian or Ketil).
Vic, near Metz, a temporary mint of the Bishops of M. about 1556,
while the right of coinage within the city was in the hands of Henry II.
of France. The latter complained of the debased standard issued at
V. Here Henri de Vernueil, Bishop of Metz from 1612, struck the last
episcopal money of that diocese.
Vicenza, the place of origin of an apparently autonomous aqtiilino
with Vicencie on obv. and Civitas on rev. I3th c.
Vich, or Ausonna ( Vicus Ausonice\ Cataluiia, probably an early Carlo-
vingian place of coinage, and a mint of Wilfred II., Count of Barcelona,
906-13, of which he left by will a third of the profits to the church here.
There is an anonymous denier of one of the bishops with Episcopi Viet.
and Santi Pctri. V. was also a Franco-Spanish mint during the French
occupation of the province, 1642-48.
Vienna (Wien\ a mint from the I2th c., and a place of coinage,
1 74 The Coins of Europe
chiefly for lower values, of the early Dukes and Arch-Dukes of Austria.
The seat of the mint of the Austrian Empire since 1806. The earliest
gold siege-piece is that struck here on the occasion of the blockade by
the Turks in 1529. The archbishop coined a thaler at V., with the
permission of the Emperor Joseph, in 1781. There is a superb one struck
by the Numismatic Society of V. in 1888, in honour of Maria Theresa, in
two varieties : one with a plain, the other with an inscribed, edge.
Vienne, Dauphiny, formerly a place of great consideration and im-
portance, and by the Council of 892 declared the metropolis of France.
There was a Venetian settlement in Haute-Vienne in 977, and the quarter
where the colonists fixed themselves was known as the Rue des Venicicns.
The town of V. was both a Merovingian, a Carlovingian, and a Burgundian
mint, as well as, at a somewhat later period, a local one, and a seat of
coinage of the archbishops and dauphins. One of the archiepiscopal
pieces has on obv. Vrbs Vienna, and on rev. Caput Gallic. There is a
denier of the loth c. of municipal origin, having on obv. Vrbs Vienna and
a monogram in centre, and on rev. S. Mai'rici-vs and a cross. Some
pieces of the same period indicate a monetary convention between the
primates and the Crown of Provence.
Viennois, a district of France, in which formerly existed several mints
employed by the Comtes d'Albon, I ith-i 5th c., namely : Sesana, or Sisena
(1155), Avisans, Chaneuil, Veynes, Grenoble, Tronche (near Grenoble),
Pisangon, Cremieu, Serve, and Romans. Humbert II. (1333-49) still
used the mint authorised by Frederic Barbarossa at Sesana.
Vierzon, Berri, a seigniorial mint from the I2th to the I5th c., when,
after several changes, it was reunited to the Crown of France.
Viesville, Hainault, a place of coinage of the ancient Counts of
Namur, I3th c.
Villa di Chicsa, a mint of Alfonso IV. and Pedro IV. of Arragon
(1327-87).
Ville-Franchc, a seat of the French coinage under Louis XIII. A
double tournois of 1614 was struck there.
Villeneuve. See Beaucaire and Satnt-Andr/.
Vih'ordc, S. Brabant, near Brussels, a seigniorial mint in the Middle
Ages, and one of those of the Dukes of Brabant.
Vimy, Pas de Calais, a mint under Louis XIV. Liards of 1654
with V.
Visby, an early Danish mint. Visbycensis.
Visd. See Wezet.
Visigothic Mints. See Blanchet, ii. 271-72. Many are very doubtful.
Viterbo, a place of coinage of certain pieces in silver and billon with
Patrimoniv. Beati. Petri., and of others with the name of St. Laurentius,
I2th-i3th c. It was a papal mint from 1303 to 1490, and Pius VI. struck
bronze money here in 1796-97. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,
when they left Rhodes in 1522, remained for some time at Viterbo and
at Candia, and may have struck their money on the spot.
Vitforia, near Parma, a supposed place of coinage of pieces with the
name of Frederic II. and S. Victoris. about 1247.
Viviers, Dept. of Ardeche, on the Rhone, the seat of an episcopal
coinage from the I2th to the I4th c. It seems that in 1293 the mint was
known as 1'Argentiere. In 1307 leave was given for the circulation of
the money outside the diocese. Vivarii, or Vivariensis. Some pieces
have the initial and title of the bishop. Low values only.
Vlissingen. See Flushing.
Catalogue of European Mints 175
Vollenh'oom, Overijssel, the place of origin of a J groot of Jan van
Diest, Bishop of Utrecht, 1322-41.
Volterra, Tuscany, a seat of episcopal coinage, 1 3th- 1 4th c. Only
pieces of low value with De. Volterra, or D. Vvlterra.
Vroenhof. See Maestricht.
Wadstena, or Wadstein, E. Gothland, the place of origin of a square
4-mark piece struck by the Dukes of Finland and Sodermanland during
the war with Eric XIV., 1568.
Waelhem, near Malines, the mint of Philippe de Bourgogne during his
administration of the duchy of Brabant for Jean IV.
Walcheren, Holland. The French defenders struck a piece in lead
in 1813 with Regiment de Valcheren during the siege by the English.
Waldeck, W. Germany, probably the mint of the principality of
Waldeck-Pyrmont. In Sch., xiv. 547, there is a remarkable gold ducat of
Christian and Wolrath IV., 1616. There is a very fine thaler of 1813.
There was probably a mint here in the beginning of the I3th c., if not
earlier.
Waldeck Mints (minor) : Arolsen (1732-1840), Corbach, I3th c. (Cvr-
bekec, Corbeck, or Corbecia), Nieder-Wildungen.
Walincourt, Hainault, now Dept. of Nord, the place of coinage of
Guillaume I., Count of Hainault (1305-6), and of a gros of Jean, Seigneur
de W., probably struck in 1306-7, when he received the authority from
the Count, as the See of Cambrai promptly procured an injunction
against the mint as being within that diocese. The gros above mentioned
reads Johannes Dns. De Wai., and on rev. Moneta Nova Waullancort.
Wangen, canton of Berne. See Kyburg.
Waremme, prov. of Liege, a mint of Thibaut de Bar, Bishop of Liege,
1303-13.
Warendorf, probably the mint of the copper money (kupferdreier]
of the 1 6th- 1 7th c. bearing the name of the place. The earliest which we
have seen is a 12 pf. of 1594 with Stadt Warendorp and a portcullis.
Warsaw, formerly part of the kingdom of Poland, erected into a
grand-duchy by Napoleon I. under the government of the King of Saxony,
and now belonging to Russia ; a mint of which little seems to be known.
A rare gold ducat of Frederic Augustus, King of Saxony, as Duke of
Warsaw, 1812, reads Aurens Nummus Ducat. Varsov. The revolution-
ary money of 1831 was struck out of Poland.
Weerdt, Limbourg, 14 miles from Ruremonde, the chief mint of the
Seigneurs of Homes, 1 3th c. Philip de Montmorency struck a silver piece
here, copied from the type of the Bolognese lira, with Moneta Nova
Argen. D\pmint\ I\n\ W\eerdt\.
Weimar, Saxony, a grand-duchy formed in 1484. There is a series of
thalers and other pieces from the i6th c. down to the latter end of the
i8th c. There is a thaler of Friedrich Wilhelm and Johann, 1583, with
their portraits, and thalers and \ thalers of Amalia, Regent of Saxe-
Weimar and Eisenach, 1763. It is to this series and locality that we
have to refer the curious thaler of Johann Ernst II. and his seven
brothers with all their effigies (1605-20). Weimar was also a mint of the
Counts of Orlamiinde.
Weissenhorn, Bavaria, the place of origin of a gold florin of Anthony,
Baron of Fugger (1530-60), with a quartered shield and Ant. Fvgger D.
in Weissenhorn. There is a series of coins and medals of this great
house in both its branches, from the i6th to the i8th c., struck either
176 The Coins of Europe
here or at Augsburg. At the latter place was published the well-
known collection of portraits : Fuggerorum ct Fuggerarum Imagines,
folio, 1593.
Well, near Lidge, the possible place of coinage of Jan van Arendal
and of the Seigneurs of Rheidt and Well (i5th c.).
W els feil. See Laroche.
Wendcn, Livonia, a mint of the Order of Livonia, who also struck
money in gold and silver, sometimes in conjunction with others, at Riga
and Revel.
Werden and Helmstadt, Prussia, in the circle of Duisburg, an abbatial
mint in the Middle Ages, and down to the i8th c. The schellings of
Campen were copied here. A piece of 6 sous on the Dutch model of the
Abbot Hugo d'Assindia is cited by Sch., xiv. 617. Comp. Ludinghausen.
Werl, Prussian Westphalia, a mint of the Counts of Recklinghausen
and of the See of Cologne. The latter money (in copper, 1602) bears the
arms of the town — a key on a cross.
Wernigcrode, Prussian Saxony, a mint of the independent Counts,
whose castle lies a little distance from the town, from the I3th to the
1 8th c. The earliest issue was of bracteates. There is a convention-
gulden of this place, 1 764.
Wertheim, Baden, the place of coinage of pfennigen of silver struck
by the Counts by virtue of an imperial licence granted in 1363, and of
money of the Counts of Stolberg and of Loewenstein-Wertheim. Werthen.
Wesel, a mint of the duchy of CleVes, I4th-i5th c.
Wesscrn, Limbourg, a mint of the Seigneurs of Homes in the I3th c.
Westphalian Mints (minor) : Alen, Anholt, Beckum, Eversberg,
Halteven, Mark, Stadtberg, Stromberg, Tecklenburg, Telger, Vlotho,
Vreden, Werne, Winterberg.
Wezct, a mint of the Lords of Reckheim. Here the Netherland
contrefa<^on of the Bolognese lira appears to have originated. Also a
mint of the Bishops of Liege in the I2th c. We have a denier with
Enirrdvs Ep., of which the identification is difficult. Some have sup-
posed it to belong to Bishop Reginard (1025-39). Vioza, Vicsez, or We.
Wied, Prussia, the ostensible place of origin of certain silver and
copper money in the last and present century. It possesses copper mines
and a silver finery. But the coins were probably struck at Berlin.
Wicdenbrtick, Prussian Westphalia, probably the mint of the copper
money (kupferdreier), bearing its name.
Wielun, Poland, the place of coinage of money struck by the Duke
of Oppeln, Governor of Poland and Red Russia, on behalf of Louis of
Anjou, 1 3th c. Moneta Welv. Ct.; Moneta Rvssie.
Wiesbaden, Nassau, a mint of the duchy of Nassau, I4th-I7th c.
Wijk-bii-Dunrstedc, in the province of Utrecht. See Durstede.
Wijniges, West Friesland, the seat of a mint for that province in
1634. Schulman, xi. 91, cites an inedited variety of the gold ducat struck
there.
Wilna, probably the seat of the coinage of the Dukes of Courland, as
well as of that of Lithuania before and after its annexation to Poland.
The money struck by the Dukes in the i6th c. was on the model of the
Polish currency emanating from Dantzic and Riga.
Windisch, canton of Aargau, a Swiss mint under the Merovingian
princes. Vindonissa.
Winsum, W. Friesland, a mint of the Counts of W. F., nth c.
Winshem.
Catalogue of European Mints 177
Wismar, Mecklenburgh-Schwerin, a seat of coinage in all metals from
the i/thc. ; but in recent times copper only seems to have been struck
there. It was one of the mints in the 1 7th- 1 8th c. of the undivided duchy
of Mecklenburgh. Moneta. Wismar. and on rev. Civitas. Magnop. The
mint seems to have produced nothing after 1854. There is a rare piece
representing a thaler and a half, without date, but about 1680, with a three-
quarter figure of St. Laurence, holding the gridiron, a shield of arms in
front of him, and the legend Fir ma • Est • in Domin .'. Spes. Et • Fid-vcia •
Nostra • , and on the rev. the outer circle has a legend : Wismariam •
A Cvnctis • Protege • Christe Malts.'. The inner circle, embracing a
quartered shield, reads Devs. Dat. Cvi. Vvlt. This coin was obligingly
lent to us, with many others, by Messrs. Spink and Son of London.
Comp. Schulman, Cat. xx. 1208. A gold ducat of Wismar, 1743, occurred
at the Reinmann sale, 1891, No. 867. In 1715, during the siege by the
allied Russians, Danes, Saxons, and Hanoverians, the town struck money
of necessity for I, 4, 8, and 16 schillings.
Wissembiirg, Alsace, an abbatial mint from 1275, and a municipal one
under imperial sanction 1 5th- 1 7th c. The abbatial money bears Widen-
fire [? the name of an abbot — Wilfrid], the other Weissenbvrg. Am.
Rhei. This is the place of origin of a very early and rare denier,
described in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1791. Comp. also Nos. 1978,
1988.
Wittenberg, a mint of the Electors of Saxony and of the town, I3th-
i6th c. Shield with two swords and W.
Woerden, Holland, the place of origin of a square piece of 4 stuivers
in lead, struck during the siege by the Spaniards in 1575.
Woerth-am-Sauer, Alsace, a mint of Lichtenberg, 1587-1632.
Wolfenbiittel, Brunswick, the seat of a branch of the house of Bruns-
wick, and the place of origin of a tolerably long series of coins. Money of
necessity was struck here in 1627 by the commandant of the fortress.
Wohlau or Wohlau, Silesia, the source of pfennigen of the I4th c.
with a bull's head and IV. V. for Wulavia; there were pieces of 24
kreutzer during the Thirty Years' War (1621-22). It was also a mint of
the Counts and Dukes of Brieg.
Workum,VJ. Friesland, a seat of local coinage, I4th c., with Wolderv.
and an eagle and three fleurs-de-lis.
Worms, Hesse Darmstadt, the place of origin of a denier of early
fabric similar to those of Louis le Ddbonnaire of the temple type, and a
mint of the Bishops of Worms from the gth c., as well as perhaps of the
See of Treves. The most ancient denier of the bishops is one of Henry
(1217-34). There is also civic or municipal money in gold and silver.
Wormacia.
Wurtembtt-rg Mints (minor) : Aalen, Argen, Bartenstein, Biberach,
Brenz, Buchau, Buchhorn, Christophstal, Elwangen, Esslingen, Forchten-
berg, Giengen, Gmiind, Gnadenthal, Goeppingen, Heilbronn, Helfenstein,
Kirchberg, Koenigsegg, Langenargen, Langenburg, Limpurg, Mainhard,
Marbach, Mergentheim, Montfort, Neckarssulm, Neuenstein, Oehringen,
Ravensburg, Riedlingen, Rottenburg, Siilz, Tettnang, Tubingen, Unter-
steinbach, Waldburg, Waldenburg, Waldsee, Wangen, Weickersheim,
Weingarten, Weissenau, Woellwarth, or Wallworth.
Wurtzburg, the mint of the bishops. Money of necessity has been
repeatedly struck here.
Xeres, a mint of the Almohades (516-668).
N
178 The Coins of Europe
Yennc, a mint of the Counts of Savoy, I4th c.
Ypres (Ipra, or Ipre), the mint of Philippe d'Alsace, Gui de Dampierre,
and others, Counts of Flanders after the acquisition of Artois. It appears
that certain English nobles were struck in this locality, if not in the town
itself, by a concession granted to Edward III. by the towns of Ghent,
Bruges, and Ypres in 1345. The coin is said to have originated in a
victory by Edward over the French in 1340 ofFSluijs.
Yves, Namur, a mint of Gaucher, Count of Porcien (1312-22).
Zacatccas, Mexico, one of the principal colonial mints of Spain in
former times. It was still employed under the Spanish Bourbons in
1821, and is said to be still in operation.
Zamosc, Poland, the source of a silver coin of 2 zlote", struck in 1813,
as money of necessity.
Zantc, one of the places named on the Venetian copper gazzctte struck
for the Ionian Isles under Venetian rule.
Zara, Dalmatia, the place of origin of a series of siege-pieces in
silver, the double-headed eagle crowned, between Zara, 1813, and on
the other the value. There are pieces of 18 fr. 40 c., 9 fr. 20 c., and 4 fr.
60 c., besides a countermarked baiocco of Pius VI. The Venetian money
for Zara may have been struck here or at Venice itself.
Zator, Galicia, formerly an independent duchy, for which we have a
piece of 30 kreutzer of Maria Theresa of 1776, with Archid. Avs. Dvx
Os-w. Zat.
Zicgcnhain, Hesse, the mint of the local seigneurs in the I3th c., and
subsequently of the Landgraves of Hesse. CygcnWga.
Ziericzcc, the place of coinage of siege-money in tin for 20, 15, and 10
stuivers, and for i stuiver, in 1575-76 during the Spanish siege.
Zofingen, Switzerland, canton of Aargau, a place of independent can-
tonal coinage by a concession of the Emperor Frederic II. in 1239.
There are bracteates of the Counts of Froburg, I3th-I4th c., with Z — O;
other money down to the i8th c.
Zolder, Limburg, the mint of Jan van Elteren, Seigneur of Zolder,
Zonhoven, Vogelshanck, and Houthalen, and of his successor Henri van
Bastogne, I4th c. The coins are billon, imitated from the Liege type,
and read lohs. De Eltcren. Dns. De. Voge., or Moneta. Nova. Svlrens.
Zonhovcn, Limburg, the place of coinage of the Archbp. of Cologne,
Engelbert de la Marck, and of Henri de Bastogne, with Engelb. D. Mar.
Dns. Son., and Her. DC. Bast. Dns. Sonvc. There are only deniers in
billon.
Ziig, the place of origin of bracteates of late date with the arms of the
canton and of coins of the I7th c. Tvgiensis.
Zurich, a Merovingian and Carlovingian mint ; a place of coinage
of Otho I. (Tvrcgvm, or Tvrec\ of the dukedom of Suabia, loth
c., and the bishops ; and the source of a long and important series
of numismatic productions in gold, silver, and billon, nearly down
to the present time. In 1045 Henry III. accorded to the Abbess of
Frauenmiinster the right of striking money here, and there are brac-
teates of the 1 3th- 1 4th c. with a church, the bust of St. Felix, that
of the Abbess, etc. The abbey ceded the right to the city in 1514.
There are some interesting types of the thaler (including those with
the three martyrs carrying their heads, and with a view of the city)
and also of the gold currency. Pieces prior to the i8th c. are scarce.
The dicken or \ thaler was imitated by the engraver of a double groat of
Catalogue of European Mints 179
Daventer. Zvrich, Zv. Reip. Tigvrina or Thvricensis, Moneta Tigurina.
Among the rarer products of this mint may be cited a gold coin struck
in the reign of Charles le Gros, with Mon. Nova Av. Thvricesis on obv.,
and on rev. Civitas Imperial ; a dicken of 1504, a thaler of 1512, of which
there are varieties, and others of 1526, 1558, and 3-thaler klippe of 1559.
All of these belong to the imperial epoch. The thaler and ^ thaler of
1773 are also said to be uncommon, especially the latter.
Zutphen, Gelderland, on the Yssel, the probable place of origin of a
briquet of Charles le Temeraire, Duke of Burgundy, 1475, having as a
mint-mark a lion running to left. Sch., xv. 200. Other pieces struck here
in billon and copper occur. It was an occasional mint of the Spanish
rulers. During the siege by the Spaniards in 1586 the town issued 3
stuivers or sols in lead and copper.
Zweibriiggen, Bavaria, formerly in the Palatinate, apparently the
source of a thaler of 1623, with the titles of the Duke of Juliers, CleVes,
Berg, Mark, Ravensperg, and Ravenstein.
Zwolle, a mint at which convention-money was struck in the i6th c.,
prior to 1576, in pursuance of the treaty between it, Campen, and Daventer.
Also an imperial and civic mint in the i6th and I7th c. A grosch of
the German type was struck here in 1601. A silver coin of Zwolle,
apparently money of necessity, struck on a square flan, bears on obv.
Zwollae 96 [1596], and on rev. a shield with the legend Devs. Refvgivm
Nostrum.
II. CATALOGUE OF EUROPEAN
DENOMINATIONS
The items marked * have been taken from Mr. Peter Whelan's Numismatic
Dictionary (1856), as they stand, the writer not having met with them. He
regards many as very doubtful, and others are almost certainly incorrect ; the
latter category we have, as a rule, rejected.
Abbaze, a special silver currency struck by Russia for Georgia, con-
sisting of 5, i, and 2 abb. i8th c.
*Abra, Polish silver, value is.
Achtentwintig, a silver coin worth 28 stivers. There is also the half.
1 7th c. W. Friesland, Emden, etc. There is an Italian imitation of the
Emden type. See Sch. v. 582.
Achtstuiverstuk, a piece of 8 stivers. i6th c. Brabant. There is
also the tienstuiverstuk or 10 stivers, etc.
Achtsehner. See Zeyner.
Affonsim or grosso affonsim, the 4-dinheiro piece of Alfonso V. of
Portugal, 1438-81. There is the half.
Agnel. See Mouton and Lam.
Albertin, a silver coin so called from Albert, Archduke of Austria,
Governor of the Netherlands, in conjunction with his consort Isabella.
The busts are either accollated or vis-a-vis. There is the double.
Albertin, a gold coin of the same princes and type, with the two
busts facing each other on the Spanish model.
Albulo da S. Pietro, a billon coin of Lucca under republican rule, of
the Of to type. The rev. has a full-length figure of St. Peter with the
keys.
Albus, i.q., blanque, blanc, bianco, bianco, witpenning, a billon or plated
coin, current in Germany and the Low Countries from the I5th c. A
mannheimer gulden of 1608, of which there is the half, is described as
being worth 26 albus. Apiece of two albus of Orange-Nassau, 1684, is
cited by Schulman, Cat. v., No. 494. Comp. Raderalbus. The city of
Cologne struck pieces of 4 and 8 albus.
Alfonsino, a name by which the gold florin of Alfonso I., King of
Arragon, Sicily, and Naples (1433-58), is supposed to have been known or
recognised.
Alfonso, the gold Spanish piece of 25 peseta struck under Alfonso
XII., 1871, etc.
*Allevure, Swedish copper, the lowest value.
1 82 The Coins of Europe
Alpha et Omega, an allegorical or figurative emblem, which presents
itself on many mediaeval coins of bishops and secular rulers, and which, like
other Western types, was imitated in a more or less degenerate form by
the moneyers of Northern and Eastern Europe. See p. 61.
Altininck, a Russian silver or billon piece of three kopecks struck
under Peter the Great and his immediate successors.
Alttnichlic, Turkish silver, value 35. 60 para.
Ambrosino, a name of the silver Florentine grosso of the first republic
(1250-1310), derived from the figure and name of the patron-saint on rev.
Angelet, a gold coin belonging to the Anglo-Gallic series. The half-
salute. Comp. Engels.
Angevin, the term by which the money struck at Angers was known,
as distinguished from that of Tours. One of the earliest modern coins
with the denomination expressed is a double angevin of Charles de
Valois, Count of Maine, with Anicvins. Dobles. on rev.
Angcvinc, or double gros, a denomination used for the double gros in
the diocese of Metz, 1 4th- 1 5th c. It was imitated at Verdun and in the
Netherlands.
Anglo-Gallic money, a very extensive series in gold, silver, and billon,
struck by the Kings of England as sovereigns of France from Henry II.
to Henry VI., by the Black Prince, and by the Regent Duke of Bedford.
Angster, a Swiss denomination (cantons of Schwyz and Lucerne), igth
century.
Anselmino, a silver type of Mantua, i6th c., from the effigy and name
of St. Anselm on rev. It seems to have been struck only under Vincenzo
and Francesco IV. Gonzaga (1587-1612).
*Aperbias, Maltese.
Aquilino, a small silver coin struck at Padua during the republican
epoch (1200-1300). It reads Padva Re&ia CIVITAS, and owes its name
to the eagle significant of imperial suzerainty. The same denomination
was struck at Treviso by the Count of Goritz (1319-1323).
Aquilino, a silver coin of Genoa of the i4th or I5th c. with Fidclivm
Imperii and an eagle with outstretched wings on obv., and on rev.
lanve et District. Remedi Cat. 1884, No. 1447, 320 lire.
Ardite, Spanish and Franco-Spanish currency of very low value, I7th
c. The Spaniard used to say : " No vale un ardite."
Arcndes groot. A Brabantine and Dutch coin of the I4thand follow-
ing centuries. Schulman, Cat. v., No. 228, cites the quarter of Louis IV.
of Loos.
Arendeschclling,?*. Dutch and Flemish coin of the i4th, 1 5th, and i6th
c. See Sch., Cat. 4, No. 297. There is the half.
Arendesrijksdaaldcr, a Low Countries denomination, like the preced-
ing, issued during the i6th c., probably from an Arensberg model.
There is one with the titles of Rudolph II. (1576-1612).
Argento, the name conferred on a silver coin struck by Pope Clement
V. at Carpentras, near Avignon, early I4th c. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 793,
and comp. No. 888, where a piece of similar appellation is cited as struck by
the Prince of Castiglione (Francesco Gonzaga, 1593-1616). The latter
seems to have been = ^ scudo d'oro.
Armellino, a silver coin of Guidobaldo II., Duke of Urbino (1538-74),
with an ermine to r. on obv. and the figure and name of St. Crescentius
on rev.
*Armoodi, Turkish gold.
Arnaldus or Arnaldensis, a small billon coin of the See of Auch or
Catalogue of European Denominations 183
Agen in Aquitaine. Five a. were = 4 deniers tournois ; it corresponds to
the pite or pougeoise. Agenensis.
Arnoldusgulden, a copper weight of the type of the gold ducat of
Arnould, Duke of Gueldres, 1423-73. Apparently of the period.
Artesienne (Monnaie), the generic appellation bestowed in public acts,
as it may have been in contemporary parlance, on the money of Artois,
more especially the commercial currency of mailles, which were struck
with local differences at nearly all the towns in this district, as well as at
Antwerp, Brussels, etc. Comp. Maille.
Artilitk=T, Italian grossetti, a silver coin of the republic of Ragusa.
The word is said to be of Turkish origin.
Asper or Aspar, a Turkish billon coin current in Asia Minor, in the
time of Byron and Hobhouse, for about the 3oth part of a penny. In
Barbary they used to have the ^ asper or bonrbe.
Aspro, a silver coin of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at
Rhodes, I4th c. The Rhodian danaro.
Assis, a silver coin = 6 kreutzer or a schilling in the old monetary
systems of Basle and Strasburgh-in-Elsas. There were the a., the
double, and the half. A double a. of Basle is dated 1624, and a. of the
same city, 1695, 1697, and 1708. In 1795 a siege-piece of 72 a. was
struck for Luxemburgh. The Strasburgh series of this type is a tolerably
numerous one, and includes some well-executed pieces ; the three faurs-
de-lis were introduced after the French occupation in 1681, in lieu of the
ancient Us; but the legend still preserved for some time the word
Rcspublica.
*Attine, Turkish silver, value 5d.
Aubonne, a silver crown, with the half and quarter, of Lorraine, i8th
c. It owed its name to M. d'Aubonne, the director of the mint from
1724 to 1728, in which year he was succeeded by M. Masson.
Augustale, a gold coin of Sicily under Henry VI. and Frederic II.
(1194-1250), modelled on the ancient Roman aurei. It occurs with the
portrait of Frederic II. (1197-1220). There is the half, which is the scarcer
of the two.
Ausbeutethaler, a silver mining thaler of Saxony, Brunswick- Luneburg,
Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel, Anhalt-Bernberg, etc. Some of these pieces,
more especially those of Brunswick, are very striking and very admirably
executed. They often occur of a large module, and are marked with
values from i^ to 4 thalers. There is a particularly fine one of 1657 for
Brunswick- Luneburg, with the head of the Hanoverian Horse turned back.
*Bache, Zurich, billon, value ifd.
Baer-pfenning, a billon coin of St. Gall, Switzerland, i$th c., with the
gold-collared bear rampant.
Baetsner=& deniers, a small billon coin of Strasburgh-in-Elsas, the
184 The Coins of Europe
6th part of a dick-pfenning. There are also the drei baetzner or \ dick-
pfenning.
Bagattino, bagai, a trifle, a small bronze coin of Venice, first struck in
the earlier half of the I5th c., and largely employed for the colonies.
The type varied according to circumstances. Nicolo Trono (1471-3)
struck the double. The piece with Trono's name has the special interest
and importance of possessing a portrait of the Doge, attributed by
Armand to Antonello, and different from that on the lira Tron. The
bagattino was the Venetian unit in copper. There is the half of some
reigns. A bagattino of the I5th c. struck for Zara has a half-figure of St.
Simeon and Simeon Ivsti's Prof eta. The remarkable bagattino of Nicolo
Trono, 1471-1473, is conjecturally attributed to Luca Sesto or to Antonello,
contemporary moneyers at Venice ; and the same origin is claimed for
the lira Tron. Comp. Lira.
Baioccbella, a small billon coin of Fano under papal government.
There are several varieties.
Baiocchetto, a small silver coin of the Farnesi, Dukes of Castro, i6th
c., with the effigy and name of St. Savinus on rev.
Baiocco, the papal centime. 100 baiocchi are=i scudo. In 1712
Clement XI. issued a silver piece of 80 bai. During the revolutionary
periods, 1796-99 and 1848-49, a very varied series of baiocchi was struck by
Pius VI., Pius IX., the Roman republic, etc. That on circular flans in
white metal is said to have been struck at Paris.
*Bajoire, Genevese silver, value 45. 6d.
Banco, a standard of currency, which virtually came into operation in
the 1 6th c. when the Venetian banks were obliged to seek from the
Government power to avert failure by reducing the weight of the gold
ducat. In West Friesland, during the troubles with France, the autho-
rities instituted an artificial monetary standard termed Bank-paiement or
Bank-gelt, analogous to Banco. The latter expression constantly occurs
on the copper coinage of the north of Europe, and seems to be employed
as a mark of distinction from Courant. Schulman, xi. 95, cites a curious
piece, which he describes as a proof in piedfort, belonging to the West
Friesland series. It bears date 1677, and is inscribed with 6 Sittivers
Bank Payement. It has been the practice of all countries for the Govern-
ment or Crown to tamper with the current silver and copper coin, and
profit by the difference in weight or alloy. English history has a fair
share to shew under this head, and a late Jewish Chancellor of the
Exchequer even went so far as to suggest an experiment on the gold by
introducing a half-sovereign token worth 8s. Comp. Bursarienzeichen.
Bano, the unit of the copper currency of the kingdom of Roumania.
There are pieces of i bano ; 2, 5, and 10 bani. The bano = centime.
Barbarin, from barbe, in reference to the bearded face of St.
Martial, a billon coin of the Abbey of Saint-Martial, first struck at the
commencement of the i2th c., and copied by the Vicomtes de Limoges.
Obv. Scs. Marcial. Rev. Lemoricensis. Gui VI. V. de Limoges (1230-63)
endeavoured to replace it by an altered type with his own name in 1263 ;
and both were eventually replaced in the Viscomtd by an improved and
varied coinage, copied from the royal or the Breton money. See
Lemona.
Barbone, a silver coin of Lucca, i7th c., with the crowned and
bearded Sanctus Vultus.
Barbuda, a piece of 3 dinheiros, struck under Fernando I. of Portugal,
1367-83, representing on obv. a profile of the king, crowned and visored,
Catalogue of European Denominations 185
and on rev. a cross surcharged with the besanted shield, and cantoned
with four castles. The king bears on his shoulder a similar shield, and
before and behind the bust occur L.P. in a monogram, surmounted by a
besant.
Barile, a silver type used by Alexander de' Medici, first Duke of
Florence, 1531-7. It has the figure of St. John the Baptist to r.
Barrinba, a gold colonial coin of Portugal of low standard, struck
for Mozambique, and reckoned as = 2^ meticaes or 66 cruzados de conta,
each cr.= loo reis. There was the half, igth c. (1847-53).
Bastido, bastioes, a silver denomination of the Portuguese Indies = 300
reis, and struck at Goa under Sebastian about 1551-54, deriving its name
from the figure of the cognominal saint on obv.
Batz, a small plated or copper coin of Switzerland and Germany (Baden,
Wiirtemburg, etc.), but (from the name) probably originating in Berne.
There are pieces of from 2 to 48 batzen, the higher values being in fine
silver. 10 batzen = I frank.
Bazaruco, a billon Portuguese coin of the I7th c. (1617), apparently
struck at Goa under the authority of the Viceroy of India, having on
obv. F\ilippus\ II. R\ex~\ P\prtugalli<z\, and on rev. /[»] H\pc\ S[fgno]
V\inces :] = 60 reis. There were the 2.\ and the 5 b. pieces of similar fabric,
but of variant type. The b. itself and the 2^ b. bore on obv. a St. Cathe-
rine's wheel, and the latter was on that account termed a roda.
Beard-money. See Borodoraia.
Beguinette, the specific name of the maille blanche struck by Villaume
de Nancy, moneyer to the Count of Bar, 1370-74.
Beichlinger thaler, a denomination current in Poland. There is one
of Augustus II., 1702.
Berlinga, a silver toin of Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
(1412-47), with the duke on horseback galloping to r. ; on rev. St.
Ambrosius seated.
*Besklie) Turkish silver, value 35. 2d.
*Beslic or Bestic, Turkish silver, value 5 aspers, 3d.
Bezzo or quattrino bianco, a small silver coin of Venice, somewhat
similar to the older soldino. One of Andrea Gritti (1523-39) reads
Andreas. Griti. Dvx., and on rev. is the lion.
Bianchetto, a billon coin of the Marquisate of Monteferrato, under the
Palaeologi (1380-1480), who also had the maglia (or maille) di bianchetto
in bronze or copper.
Btssolo, a billon piece of the Duchy of Milan under Gio. Maria Ettore
and Giancarlo Visconti, 1402-12. It probably owed its name to the
bisda or viper, the cognisance of the family, on the rev., the obv. being
occupied by a bust of St. Ambrosius, the crosier in his r. hand, and the
1. raised in the act of benediction. It does not seem to have been
reissued. The word is a corrupt form or contraction of bisciolo. A
descendant of the Dukes used to reside in the mansion now converted
.into the Biscione Hotel at Milan.
Bissona, a silver coin of Louis XII. of France, struck at Milan as
Duke (1502-12). On obv. occurs : Lvdovicvs. D.G. Francor. Rex and
the arms of France between two crowned vipers.
*Blaffert, Cologne, a small coin.
*Blamneer, Westphalia, money of account.
Blanca, a plated coin of Castile and Leon, I5th c., corresponding to
the French blanque, and German albus, witpenning, breite-grosschen,
and silber-groschen.
1 86 The Coins of Europe
Blanque, and detni-blanque, and grand-blanquc, a billon coin of the
French and Anglo-Gallic series. These coins continued in use till 1791.
Sch., Cat. 4, No. 460, where is cited a piece of six blancs de Montagny.
A grand-blanque Tournaisis was struck by Charles VII., 1422-61, for
France, and a denier = two blanques or albi by Charles V. for the county
of Holland.
Blutzger, an episcopal type formerly current in the Swiss cantons of
Orisons, Coire, and Haldenstein. They are known of many years from
1644 to 1842. They were also struck for the town of Coire or Chur.
Bokmisch, a coin belonging to the former bishopric of Fulda, now
part of Hesse-Cassel.
Bolognino, a silver coin of Bologna from the autonomous republican
period (nth c.) to the last century. There is the half as well as the double.
Comp. Fcrrarino.
*Bon-gros, Hesse-Cassel, silver, value 2d.
Borodoraia, the popular name given to the Russian beard-money, of
which there are existing specimens in copper of various dates, 1699,
1705, 1725, etc. The obv. bears the Russian eagle and the date, the rev.
a nose and mouth with the beard and moustache, with the legends dengui
usiafi (money received), sborodi pochlina usiata (beard-tax received), or
dague platchena (tax paid). This species of currency was really a token.
Bossonaya, a billon coin of the ancient Counts of Barcelona.
Botdrager, Holland, episcopal money of Utrecht, a type of the double
groot or gros, silver, I4th c. There is the \ and ^, otherwise the groot
and \ groot.
Bourbe. See Asper.
Bourbonnais, a type of the French denier under Louis VII. (1137-80),
King of France, of which there were at least three varieties : the B. a la
tete, the B. a la tete barbue, the B. i\ la main bdnissante, from the mints
at Bourges and Mantes.
Bourdelois, a variety of the French denier struck under Louis XI.
(1461-83).
Bourgeois, a term for the Toulouse denier of Philip le Hardi (1270-
85). It was called the Bourgeois de la langue d'Oc or Languedoc.
Bourgeois, a term applied to two or three kinds of billon currency
under the prolific reign of Philip le Bel (1285-1344). We find the b. fort,
the b. simple, and the maille bourgcoisc. The Dukes of Lorraine adopted
it ; there is an inedited variety of Ferri IV. (1312-28) struck at Bruges ;
and Bruges itself preserved the type and name under the Spanish rule,
calling it the Burgensis Novus.
Box-thaler, a coin formerly struck in several parts of Germany, and
enclosing a series of pictures, sometimes not of a very conventional
character. One of the posthumous thalers of Charles V. for Besangon,
1660, is of this type.
Bracteate, from Gr. ppdxciv, to crackle, or Latin bractea, metal foil,
a peculiar uniface species of money current in N. Germany, Switzerland,
the N. Netherlands, and Lombardy from a period of unknown antiquity
in the middle ages down to the i6th c. It exists in gold, silver, and
copper, of which the silver types are the commonest. It is nearly, if not
quite, always anepigraphic (one of Pertarit, King of the Lombards, 671-
686, struck at Pavia, has Per.}, and many specimens and types are of a
very rudimentary style. Sometimes, however, the bracteate occurs with
the appearance of having been the product of a carefully and artistically
prepared die, and we have before us one of Mayence of quite an elaborate
Catalogue of European Denominations 187
pattern, though uninscribed and uniface. When we look at their flimsy
and fragile texture, it becomes a source of surprise that such large
numbers should have survived. The precise place and office of the
bracteate in the extensive area over which it once circulated are not
readily determined. It possessed scarcely any intrinsic value, nor was
its current rate expressed ; and although it was light to excess, it was not
portable without risk of injury even in the small wallets used in the
middle ages as receptacles for specie carried on the person. It was cer-
tainly not available for ornamental purposes. Yet that it was used in
commerce, and even broken into halves and quarters, appears to be cer-
tain. The purchasing power of such money was of course much greater
in former times, and the rate at which it and its fractions were accepted
was probably understood. In Bavaria a modification of this form of
currency took place in the I2th c., retaining the flimsy fabric, but adding
a rev. There are varieties of this species of coin. In one the obv. has
a coiffed head, and the rev. an angel carrying a cross. The peculiar cur-
rency of Mantua and Aquileia in the middle ages was a direct evolution
from the bracteate.
Braspenning, a copper penning or pfenning of the 1 5th c. Fricsland.
Comp. Jager.
Bravuda, a Portuguese denomination mentioned in official regulations
belonging to the reign of Duarte I., 1433-38, and apparently = 3 dinheiros.
Breite-groschcn, a term for a plated or billon groschen of Mansfeld,
1514.
Briquet or Vnurijzer, and the half, a silver coin of the I5th c. current
in Holland, and so called from the short thrusting sword (briquet} in the
lion's claw. Schuhnan, Cat. v. 1883, cites a half vuurijzer of the I5th c.
of one of the Bishops of Utrecht.
Briquet, double. The double of the foregoing.
Brod, a copper mining piece of Dortmund of the i8th c., is termed a
Paderborner Brod.
Bruit, a piece of four stuivers, current in the bishopric of Liege,
1 6th c.
Bryman, the double gros, I4th c., billon. Brabant.
Bugue, a small silver coin of Metz in Lorraine, 1 5th- 1 6th c. There is
the half. A remarkable series is described in Cat. Robert, 671-698.
Bursarienzeichen, a copper piece of 3 pfenningen, 1608. Munster.
*Bushe, Aix-la-Chapelle, value 4 hellers.
Butken, a name given to the half-groot of Groningen, 1 5th- 1 6th c. A
butken appears to have been = 2 plakken.
Cadiere, a name given to the gold currency of Brittany and to a billon
type struck under Charles VI. of France for Dauphiny. There is a cele-
brated c. d'or of Anne of Brittany, 1498, the earliest French coin with a
.date, where she styles herself Queen of France and Dux Britonum. This
royal lady was naturally very proud of her Breton origin and rank.
*Cagliaresco, Sardinian copper, value 6 to a soldo.
Cagliarese, a copper coin of Cagliari, Sardinia, struck by the Kings of
Spain as Kings of Sardinia, by the Emperor Charles VI., and by the
Kings of Sardinia of the House of Savoy. There is also in copper a piece
of 3 cagliaresi.
*Calderilla, Spanish copper, the Cuarto, value 4 maravedis.
Camillino, a silver denomination of Correggio, near Modena ; it
derived its name from Camillo, Count of Correggio (1580-97).
1 88 The Coins of Europe
Canello. See Patacdo.
Cantem, the Bulgarian centime. There are bronze pieces of 10 kantem,
1 880 and 1887.
Cantonal, the name engraved on the rev. of two silver Spanish coins
of five peseta and ten reales struck at Cartagena in 1873 during the siege
by the Centralists.
*Capfllone, Modena, silver, value 3d.
*Caragronch, mod. Greece, silver, value 55.
Carambole, the e"cu de Flandre struck by Louis XIV. for 80 sols, with
the quartered arms of France and Burgundy. There are several
varieties : c. aux palmes, aux insignes, etc.
Carlino, a small silver coin of Bologna under papal sway and of the
Two Sicilies. A piece of 12 carlini = 5 lire. Also a coin of Vianen in the
Netherlands, struck on the Italian model. The short-lived Neapolitan
Republic struck a piastra of 20 carlini and two varieties of pieces of 6
carlini.
Carlino, a gold denomination of Carlo Emmanuele III., King of
Sardinia (1730-73). The rev. bears the annunciation.
Carlino, a copper as well as a silver denomination at Malta, i6th c.
Carlino nuov>o, a gold coin of Sardinia, 1786-93 = ,£4 : i6s. or 120
francs. There was no subsequent issue of it ; but in later reigns we have
nearly equivalent values under other names.
*Carlo, Lombardy, silver, value 53.
Carlovingian money, the name by which we generally understand the
coinage of the Franco-German empire from the time of Pepin le Bref,
A.D. 752, to the death of Louis V., A.D. 986. The mints at which this
coinage took place are neither so numerous nor so doubtful as in the case
of the Merovingian series, many of the names which we find in the earlier
list present themselves in the later one. Pepin alone is shewn to have
had 35 mints. M. Blanchet assigns to Charlemagne 82 ; and to this
additions might be made. So it is with some of the other emperor-
kings ; and it appears to be evident that the system of production was
different from our own ; for we must recollect that the royal or im-
perial money formed only part of the whole body of currency, and
did not perhaps amount to nearly as much as the aggregate feudal
output.
Carnabo or Cornabo, a silver coin of the Marquisate of Monteferrato
(i5th c.) and of the feudal lords of Desana of the Tizzone family (early
i6th c.).
Carolin, half, and quarter, gold coins of Wiirtemberg, i8th c., so called
from Charles Alexander, Duke of Wiirtemberg. The same denomination
existed in Sweden under Charles XII. (1697-1718) ; there were pieces of
i and 2 caroliner.
^Caroline, Swedish silver, value is. 6d.
Carolus, a billon coin of Charles VIII. of France, of which there were
3 or 4 varieties and the half ; the ordinary type, that for Dauphiny and
that for Brittany. The piece was = 10 deniers tournois.
Carolus gulden. Silver gulden of Charles V. struck for the Nether-
lands, 1543-55. The same name was given to the piece struck by him or
in his name at Besan^on, of which imitations were made at Vauvillers in
I554-
*Castellano, Spanish gold, the ancient coin [? same as Castillon\.
Castillon, Spanish gold, probably from bearing the arms of Castile.
Catechismus or Glaubensthaler, a variety of 1668 in the Saxon series,
Catalogue of European Denominations 189
with portions of the catechism upon it, possibly designed for presentation
to children. '
Cavallo, a copper coin struck by Ferdinand I., King of the Two
Sicilies (1458-94), having a standing horse on the rev. It continued in
circulation down to the igth c., and retained its old name even when the
horse was replaced by other types. In 1781 it is said on a grano of
Ferdinand IV. that it is = 12 cavalli.
*Cavallucci, Naples.
Cavalot, a silver or billon coin struck by Charles VIII. of France at
Naples and Aquila in three varieties.
Cavalotto, a small silver coin struck at Asti by Louis XII. of France
during his occupation of the Milanese.
Ceitil or Ceptil, early Portuguese copper currency, 1 5th- 1 6th c. = 6th
of a copper real, w. 18 gr. Also a denomination in copper of the Bishops
of Aquila in the Abruzzi in the i6th c.
Cent, a Danish copper coin,- with its multiples in silver, struck for the
Danish West Indies.
Centesimo, a copper coin equal to the hundredth part of an Italian
lira.
Centime, the looth part of the French franc of the latest type. The
first centime was struck under the First Republic.
Centime, the Spanish equivalent of the centime. It is the denomina-
tion employed for home use and the colonies (Philippines, etc.). There
is a piece of 10 centimes for the miniature republic of Andorra in the
central Pyrenees, 1873. It was probably struck at Paris. The republic
is now under French protection.
Cervia, a silver coin of Massa-Carrara or Di Lunigiana, the princely
fief of the Malaspina family. A piece of 4 cervie, 1610, which occurs in
Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1752, appears to be an instance in which the
denomination was independent of the type, which properly has a stag or
hind on rev. and the motto Velocivs Ad Coelvm. See ibid. No. 1753.
Chaise, a gold coin in the early French series, representing on the
obv. the monarch seated on his throne or chair. Comp. Clinckaert.
190 The Coins of Europe
*Chclon, Polish billon.
C/tiavarino, a copper or bronze coin of Frinco under the Mazzetti
family (i6th-i7th c.), owing its name to the papal type of the keys and
tiara.
Chipotois, perhaps an alternative name for the \ obole of the Bishops
of Auch or Agen in Aquitaine, otherwise known as an arnaldus, and = a
denier tournois, less a fraction.
*Choustack, Polish billon, value 2d.
*Christian [Christiern], Danish gold, value i6s. 5d.
Christiana Religio, a legend and (with the usually accompanying
Temple) type introduced into European coinage by the moneyers of
Louis le Ddbonnaire. The denarii with this distinctive feature were
extensively copied both in Western and Eastern Europe, and acquired
in some cases a very degraded form. The imperial money itself retained
the symbol and motto during centuries ; there is a denarius or obolus of
the Emperor Henry II., 1002-24, struck for Lucca, bearing the temple on
a contracted scale without the Christiana Religio. The sacred edifice
itself had been a constant feature in the pagan coinage, and the words
were almost requisite to indicate a new cult.
* Christine, Swedish silver, value is. 2d.
Cinquantina, the piece of 50 reales in silver struck by Philip III.
and IV. and Charles II. of Spain, with the value expressed on the
face.
Cinquina, = 5 grani, a silver denomination of the Knights of St. John
at Malta and of other Italian states, i6th c. There is a very rare one of
Pietro del Monte, Grand Master at Malta, 1568-72. Em. de Roban
(1775-97) struck the moiety.
CinquinliOi the Portuguese piece of 5 reis under John III. (1521-57).
Clemmergulden, the term applied to a gold ducat of the Dukes of
Gueldres, i5th c. There are several varieties.
Clinckaert, \ clinckaert, and £ clinckaert, a gold coin, with its
divisions, answering to the French chaise. 1 4th- 1 5th c. Holland. The
earliest was probably that struck at Antwerp by the Emperor Louis IV.
(1314-46).
Cnapkoeck, the \ goudgulden or gold ducat of the Low Countries
(Groningen, etc.) in the I5th and i6th c.
Cob. See Duro.
*Colon\n\ato, Spanish silver ; the Pillar Dollar is so called.
Compagnon, a term applied to a type of the gros blanc struck under
Jean le Bon of France (1364-80) ; the two sides divide the titles ; and on
rev. is a castle surmounted by a Us.
Conceic^do, a gold Portuguese coin = 4800 reis, struck by Joiio IV.
(1640-56) in 1648, having the scriptural legend on rev., and on obv. a cross,
of which one of the limbs is screened by a crowned shield. In the mint
Catalogue of European Denominations 191
at Lisbon is a pattern of one with the name of Pedro II.; it was perhaps
ordered and withdrawn, as no such coin is known.
Constantin, the name applied to the gold money of Louis Constantin
De Rohan, Bishop of Strasburgh, i8th c.
*Conto, Portuguese computation, 1000 millreis.
Convention-money, a principle, analogous to that of certain states of
ancient Greece, by which a currency was tolerated or recognised within
a stipulated radius at a fixed standard. The practice does not seem to
have come into vogue in the Low Countries till the I4th c. (see Drielander*
Jager, Rozenbeker, and Vierlander). The earliest trace of this sort of
treaty was, we believe, in the monetary arrangement in 1240 between
the town of Lindau, Bavaria, the Bishop of Costanz, and others. This
was long prior to that between John I., Count of Namur (1297-1331), the
Count of Flanders, and the Duke of Gueldres ; and we are not to forget
the somewhat later compact of Edward III. of England (1345) with the
Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Duke of Brabant at a time when the
extension of English commerce and coinage rendered such facilities of
peculiar importance to that country. There are very curious types of
1479 for Daventer, Campen, and Groningen, and of 1488 for Daventer,
Campen, and Zwolle ; the latter convention appears to have been still in
force in 1588. A proof \ daalder on a square flan, and daalders of 1584
and 1588, with the titles of the Emperor Rudolph II., were struck for the
three towns in common. The majority of the German princes, both lay
and ecclesiastical, used convention-money during the i8th and even
igth c.
Coquibus, a denomination in silver of the Bishops of Cambrai, I3th-
I4th c., and also current in the diocese of Metz and in the Netherlands.
The name is said to have been a popular sobriquet, occasioned by the
eagle on the piece being mistaken by the common people for a cock — a
not improbable error, as that bird is frequently delineated on coins of all
ages in such a manner as to be mistaken for a pigeon or a sparrow.
Cornabo, a silver coin of the marquisate of Saluzzo, I5th-i6th c.
Cornado, a billon coin of the ancient kingdom of Castile and Leon,
1 3th c.
Coroa de prata, a piece of 1000 reis, struck under Maria II. of Portugal
(1837).
Coronato, a silver coin of low standard of Ferdinand I. of Arragon,
King of the Two Sicilies, 1458-94, so called from the legend : Coronatvs
Qu\f\a Legitime Certavi. There are at least two types of this, and one of
the following reign, that of Alfonso II., 1494-95. Of those of Ferdinand,
one has on obv. the portrait, and on rev. a cross ; the other has on rev.
St. George and the Dragon, and behind the bust on obv. T. for Trinacria.
The Alfonso coin has the St. George reverse with the Z1., and on the
other side the ceremony of coronation as in the engraving. The type of
the coronato struck by Ferdinand, probably the latest one, has the portrait
on obv., and the St. George and Dragon on rev. Behind the bust occurs
T. for Trinacria, as on some of the money of the Norman Kings of
Sicily.
*Coronilla, Spanish gold. Vientin D'Oro, value 20 reals.
Coronnat, a name officially applied, from a large crown in the field,
to a type struck at Marseilles in and after 1186 by the Counts of Pro-
vence, Kings of Arragon, and Counts of Toulouse. The piece, of which
six went to the gros d'argent in 1230, occurs in a document of 1186 as
Novus Regalis Coronatus, or Regalis Massilie Coronatus j it may probably
1 92 The Coins of Europe
have led to the introduction of the coronato into Sicily, though the legends
and types differ.
Cotale, a silver coin of Florence under the republic, with S. Joannes
Batista, and the saint seated, on obv., and on rev. Florentia and the lily.
Cotrim, a billon Portuguese coin of the i$th c. = 5 ceitis.
Courant. See Species and Banco.
Couronne, a term improperly applied to coins otherwise than of
French origin, and in that series there is no such denomination, except
the gold ecu a la couronne, first issued under Philip VI. (1328-50).
Courtisson, a coin of Charles le Chauve, 840-75, noticed by Schulman,
Cat. in, No. 345.
Crabbelaer, the same as the Vlieger. A piece of four patards.
Crazia, a billon denomination of Medicean Florence under Cosmo I.
(1537-74). There is also the piece of 2 crazie or the doppia crazia.
*Croat, Spanish silver. The gros d'argent of Arragon.
Cromstcert, or Kromstaert, the Dutch groot or gros with the lion.
1 5th c. Holland.
Crosazzo, a Genoese silver coin, I7th c. The reverse has the usual
Conrad titles, accompanied by a cross with four stars. There are the
double and quadruple crosazzo, as well as the crosazzo di stampo largo, or
the coin on a larger flan. See Remedi Cat., 1884, Nos. 1480-1517, for a
probably unique series of crosazzi. No. 1480, a piece of 6 cr., weighing
230 gr., brought 280 lire.
*Cruchc, Swiss billon, value W.
Cruzada and dobra cr., a gold denomination of Castile under Pedro I.,
1350-68, weighing (the cr.) 92^ gr., and of fine standard. The titles are
on both sides : the obv. exhibiting the bust of the king crowned ; the rev.
the arms of Castile and Leon. The m.m. is S- — probably Saragossa.
The cr. was = 75 reaes or reales in 1451, but the value fluctuated. It was
one of the pieces admitted into circulation in Portugal.
Cruzado, Crusatus, a gold Portuguese coin, so termed from the share
borne by Alphonso V. (1438-81) in the Turkish Crusade. There is a
variety designated the Calvario Cruzado. Philip II. of Spain, after his
occupation of Portugal, issued a rare piece of four cruzados, of which
there are at least two varieties. Those of Henry the Cardinal, 1578-80,
are also rare. John, Prince Regent, 1799, afterward John VI., issued a
cruzado of a new type, called the cruzado nuevo = 400 reis. Comp. Pinto.
Cruzado, a silver coin of Portugal = 4 tostdes, or 400 reis, with the half.
First struck under Antonio (1580), and again introduced after the restora-
tion of independence by John IV. Pedro II. in 1688 had a cr. novo =
480 reis, instead of 400, weight 347 gr.
Cuartilla, a copper coin = j real, struck in 1860 for the Spanish
colony of Chihuahua.
Cuarto and double c., copper denominations of Spain under Ferdinand
and Isabella (1476-1504), Joanna, Queen of Castile, her son Charles V.,
and the later monarchs of that country. The word is sometimes spelled
Quarto, q.v. The most usual type bears the Castle and Lion on either
side for Castile and Leon. Originally = j and \ real.
Da Venti, da Sedici, da otto, da quattro, da due, a term employed at
Venice and elsewhere in Italy to denote multiples of the mint according
to the metal — in the gold the ducat, in the copper the bagattino. The \
giustina maggiore is sometimes termed the Da Quaranta, the whole
being = 160 soldi.
Catalogue of European Denominations 193
Dalar, the Polish form of thaler, first struck under Sigismund III.,
1587-1632, and = 30 groschen.
Daler, a copper coin of fictive value in the Swedish series, 1715-19.
There are pieces of this character struck in the lifetime of Charles XII.
anonymously, the majority under the auspices of Baron Gorst, who ended
by placing his head on one of them, and subsequently on the block.
The daler with the baron's portrait, 1719, is scarce.
Danaro, the Italian form of denier, and current in the Peninsula in
various States or other centres with local modifications. At Venice
alone, in the course of about 200 years, as many as 24 varieties of the
coin were struck under imperial authority, or at least with the titular
sanction of successive emperors. The danaro and its moiety continued
to be the sole ordinary currency till the grosso was introduced. Multiples
of the d. itself were struck, however, long after that period. As late as
1755, Honore III. Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco, issued a piece of 8
danari in copper. Comp. Denariits and Denier.
Dauphin, grand and petit, two denominations in billon struck under
Charles VII. of France for Dauphiny. The legend adds to the titles Et.
Dalphs. Vienesis.
Davidsharp, the gold florin or goudgulden struck by David of
Burgundy, Bishop of Utrecht, 1455-96, with the effigy of St. David and
his harp. There is the double florin of this type.
Decime, a French revolutionary copper coin, of which several patterns
exist, equal to 10 centimes. One was issued for Louis XVIII. at Stras-
burgh in 1815. It was also struck in 1838 for Monaco, and in 1840 for
France, as a pattern for a proposed new copper coinage under Louis
Philippe. Comp. Dixain.
Dei Gratia, a formula, which appears on the legends of mediaeval
coins at least from the 9th c. Eudes, King of France, 887-98, styles
himself Gratia Domini Rex. A gros tournois of Gui de Luxemburgh,
Count of St. Pol, goes somewhat farther than usual, and completes the
self-complacent assumption by reading on the obv. in an inner circle
Gracia Domini Dei nri : Factvs Sum, which may, after all, refer to the
fabrication of the coin. It was a phrase which originated in the politic
alliance between Church and State, and which recommended itself to
the secular authority as a strengthening influence and an unimpeachable
sanction. Yet it never became general, and is frequently absent from
the currencies of those princes who nominally, at all events, exercised a
vicarious office under the Crown.
Delia giustizia, a silver type of the Rep. of Lucca, 1 8th c., having on
rev. Ivstitia. Et. Pax.
Denar, the modern Serbian franc or lira = the Roumanian lev. Comp.
Dinar.
Denaretto, a name given at Arezzo and elsewhere to the denaro or
danaro of small module. It is virtually = obolo.
O
194 The Coins of Europe
Denarius, a name found on the silver pieces of Boleslav III. of
Poland, 1102-39, and on some of those of Orange, I2th-I3th c., corre-
sponding to the French denier. It is also a term used in a generic sense
on a silver piece of 30 stufer of Batenborg, i6th c. The obv. reads
Dene? NOTJVS D. Batenb0. Triginta Stvfer. It is described in the Rein-
mann Cat., 1891-92, Part ii. 4966, as a thaler. Probably denarius was
understood in the Netherlands and the German-speaking countries as the
name of the French denier. A double denarius of Orange (Raymond III.
or IV., 1314-93) reads : R. Dei. Gra. Princps., and on rev. Ai>r\isci\
Du\_plex~\ D\enarius\ III. G\rana\ XX. These pieces weigh in fact 23
grains.
Denga (token), a small amorphous billon coin of the Dukes of Kief,
Vladimir, and Muscovy, struck as early as the I5th c., if not before, at
Kief and Novgorod, subsequently at Moscow down to 1704 or later ; and
in copper, of a regular and larger module = \ kopeck piece. It is no
longer current.
Denier, denarius, danaro, dinheiro, dinero, dinar, etc., a silver billon
and copper denomination current throughout Europe in and after the
Middle Ages. It was an inheritance, and generally a declension, from
the Roman coin. The Carlovingian deniers, even before the reform of
the system under Charlemagne, were of good standard and workmanship,
Early denier of Charlemagne.
and so continued till the close of the 9th c. Schulman, iv. 399, cites a
grand denier of Charles le Chauve struck for Luxemburgh. The French
denier tournois in copper first appeared under Henry III. (1574-89), and
was = \ Hard or double. As the value differed in various localities, the
French acquired the habit, as with the Hard, of distinguishing their issues
as Denier de France. Pieces of 3, 6, and 12 d. were struck from the time
of Louis XIV. to the Revolution, but the weight was apt to fluctuate. In
Lorraine, under Leopold I., 1690-1729, appeared billon pieces of 12, 15, 30,
and 60 d. In Metz the denomination was equally adopted ; and there
is a billon piece of early date called Quartus Denar. In Brunswick-
Liineburgwe meet with a minute variety so termed, and said to be = I3th
part of a mattier. The Strasburgh thaler contained 144 d.
*Denushka, or Dengop. Russian copper, the half kopeck.
Diamante, a silver type of Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara, 1559-97,
deriving its name from the diamond ring enclosing a flower on obv.
There seems no reason for ascribing this name to the St. George type
of the grosso of Ercole I., 1471-1505.
Dicken, a Swiss silver coin of the ijjth, i6th, and I7th c., the fourth
of a thaler. Perhaps so termed from its thicker fabric in comparison
with other pieces. There is the half. A dicken of Berne, 1492, is the
earliest which we have hitherto noticed. The type was imitated in the
Netherlands.
Catalogue of Eiiropean Denominations 195
Dicken of Schaffhausen, 1633.
Dickgroschen, the thick type of the grosschen.
Dickpfenning, a billon coin of Strasburgh-in-Elsas, 1 7th- 1 8th c. = 6
baetzner, and apparently = 48 deniers.
Dickthalcr, the Austrian thaler of small and thick fabric, dated 1484,
with the portrait of the Archduke Sigismund. There is the half of the
same type. Later thalers of Mansfeld, etc., bear the same designation.
There is a dickthaler of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1765. A double dickthaler
of Munster, 1647, is cited by Sch., Cat. ix. 606. A most rare dickthaler
of Hamburgh, 1505, is described as being a i^ markstiick.
Dijonnois, the local term assigned to the Burgundian money struck at
Dijon.
Dinar, pi. dinara, silver currency of the modern kingdom of Serbia or
Servia. A dinar is = 100 para. There are pieces of 5, 2, and i dinar
and 50 para in silver, and of 10 and 20 dinara in gold.
Dinerillo, a small copper coin of Philip III. and IV. of Spain, and of
Louis XIII. and XIV. of France, struck for Valencia, I7th c. It seems
to be identical with the dineruelo, said by Whelan to be current in
Arragon.
Dinero, the Spanish denier, struck for Navarre, I7th c., and the
Balearic Isles, 1 7th- 1 8th c. The term was employed in Spain to signify
money generally, like the French argent.
Diiilieiro, the Portuguese denier. A copper coin of the 1 5th- 1 6th c.
One. of John III. (1521-57) is offered by Schulman, Cat. xi. 774. But the
piece was struck by Alfonso V. (1438-81). It was suggested, perhaps, by
the copper currency of Castile and Leon under John II.
Dinher, a gold coin of the Arab Emirs of Sicily, nth c.
DioboloS) two oboloi. Currency of the modern kingdom of Greece
= 10 lepta.
* 'Ditto Bolo [? diobolo\ Ionian Islands, copper.
Dixatn, a billon coin of the reign of Louis XII., equivalent to the
Karolus of his predecessor. A piece struck in bell-metal in 1791 during
the French Revolution = -fa of the Itvre, and the prototype of the decime.
Dobla, a double scudo or piece = 16 silver lire of Genoa, I7th c. On
the obv. the Virgin is crowned by two angels.
Doblen^a, or duplo, a denomination of the ancient Counts of Barce-
lona.
Dobler, a copper coin, double dinero, of Spain, struck for the Balearic
Isles, 1 6th- 1 8th c.
Doblon, the double escudo, a familiar Spanish gold coin = 5 silver
piastre. There are the doblon de a cuatro and the d. de a ocho or onza
= about ^3 : 45. Said to have been struck for Mexico.
196 The Coins of Europe
Doblon scncillo, in the old Spanish monetary system a phrase used to
express the value of 60 reales, although no coin of such a denomination
has ever existed. A sort of money of account, like the mark and the
livre, or the Venetian lira di piccoli and /. di grossi.
Doblone, a denomination applied to a pattern piece in bronze of
Clement XI. (1700-21) with Doblone Doppio D'ltalia, the papal arms,
and Clement XI. Pont Ma.r.
Dobra, a gold Portuguese coin struck under Pedro I., 1357-67 = 82
soldi, and weighing 92-3^ gr. — the 5oth of the marc of gold.
Dobra, a gold Portuguese coin, struck in and after 1732, and = 4
escudos, or 6400 reis. There is the half and quarter. The d. was = 64
tostoes of silver.
Dobra de Banda, a gold Castilian coin of Juan I. [John of .Gaunt],
1379-90=120 reaes, with the usual rev., and on obv. a shield bearing a
transverse band. It was current in Portugal.
Dobrao, dobrdcs, a gold Portuguese piece, originally worth 20,000 reis
= about ^6': 125. English. There is the meo-dobrao or half. But the
later dobrao was reduced to 12,800 reis. The dobrao appears to have been
first coined under John V., and to have acquired the name of a Joamcse.
Dodkin. See Suskin.
Doppelschilling, a copper coin of Soest. A double schilling.
Doppcl-thalcr, a double thaler.
Doppia, a Venetian gold coin of the I7th c., equal to 12 lire or 2 gold
scudi.
Doppia, a gold coin of Mantua, 1 6th- 1 7th c. Equal to 2 gold scudi.
Doppio grosso, or double groat, a silver denomination issued at
Venice under Francesco Foscari (1423-57), with a half-length figure of
St. Mark on rev.
Doppionc, a gold coin struck by Louis XII. of France during his
occupation of the Milanese (1500-12); a piece of 10 gold scudi or 5
doppic, struck in 1641 by the Duke of Savoy during the siege of Coni.
Comp. Coni.
Donzain, a plated or billon French piece, the twelfth of the franc
d'1 argent under the Valois Kings, and the twelfth of the silver ecu d' argent
under Louis XIII. and his successors. There are various types, as the
douzain au croissant of Henry II. of France. The older type was also
current in Burgundy under its autonomous Dukes.
Drachma, a silver coin of the modern kingdom of Greece. 100 lepta
= i drachma ; 5 lepta = i obolos. There are pieces of 5 and 2 drachmai,
i drachma, and \ drachma or 50 lepta.
Dreibatzner, a silver piece of 3 batzen current in the city of Stras-
burgh.
Dreier, a copper coin of Weidenbruck (i7th c.), Wurtzburg, etc.
Dreilander, a type of gros and double gros current in three States.
Comp. Vierlandcr and Snaphaan.
Dreiling, a billon or copper coin of the Archbishopric of Treves (i5th
c)., of Hamburg, and Schleswig-Holstein. There is a dreiling of Otto
von Ziegenhain, Archbp. of Treves (1418-30). In Schleswig it was the
half of the sechsling.
Dreipolker (3-polker piece), a billon coin struck by the Margraves of
Brandenburg for East Prussia, and by the Kings of Sweden for Poland.
There are 3-polker pieces of Swedish origin struck at Riga of 1622, 1623,
1624, and 1644.
*Drittel, Mecklenburgh silver, value is. One-third of Rix dollar.
. Catalogue of European Denominations 197
Duarius, a piece of two kraicjars or kreutzers struck for Hungary,
1 7th c. Base silver or plated.
Ducat, dukaat, a gold denomination strictly applicable only to a very
limited range, and probably of Venetian origin. It was introduced at
Venice under the Doge Giovanni Dandolo (1280-9), and underwent two
or three changes of type. It is sometimes erroneously used in reference
Gold ducat of Ferdinand II., 1636.
to the German and Netherland series ; yet a few cases are known where
a German coin is expressly so called. A double ducat of the Palatinate,
struck by Frederic V., 1610-23, reads on rev. Moneta. Nova. Avrea.
1612, and in an inner circle II. DV. CA. TI. Reinmann sale, 1891, No.
646, 805 marks = .£40 : 55. There is one of George III. for Hanover,
1815, and of Stolberg, 1818. Of the Venetian ducat in gold, in a few of
the later issues, there are the \ and the j ; the latter differs in having on
the rev. the legend Ego Svm Lvx Mvn \di\ This numismatic term is also
found in Lorraine in the i6th and I7th c. Charles III., Duke, 1545-1608,
struck the single, double, and quadruple ducat. See Cat. Robert, 1886, Nos.
1448-50, wherein the two latter are figured ; the quadruple is dated 1587.
Charles IV. of Lorraine had a double ducat. During the revolutionary
crisis of 1831,3 gold ducat was struck at Brussels for Poland. Comp. Grosz.
Ducat, a silver denomination of Venice, first struck, it appears, under
Girolamo Priuli (1559-67), with the \ and \. On the rev. we read
Dvcatvs Venetvs, and 124 for the value — 124 soldi. The silver ducat
was also modified from time to time ; it was continued down to the close
of the republic.
Ducat, a silver coin of Walmoden-Gimborn, 1802. Equal in module
and weight to an ordinary gulden.
Ducatdo, a gold Portuguese coin, to which reference is made by the
authorities as ordered by Sebastian (1557-78), when he was at Guada-
lupe ; but no specimen is known.
Ducaton, or Ducatoon, the \ and the double, a name conferred on the
larger silver coinage of the Low Countries during the I7th and i8th c.,
and corresponding to the English crown and French grand ecu. It was
also struck for the Dutch Indies with the special colonial mark below
the shield. The ducaton and even the double are, for the most part,
very common, the half much less so. A ducaton, double d., etc., were
struck at Amsterdam in 1672-73, during the siege by the French, from the
plate of the burghers. There is a very carefully engraved and struck d.
of 1727 for W. Friesland by Knol, with a turnip as a m.m.
Duetto, a billon coin of Lucca = 2 quattrini, with Otto Imperator and
Lvca on obv., and S. Petrus and a standing figure of the saint on rev.
Diiit, or Doit, a Dutch copper coin = 8th of a stuiver. There are in-
numerable varieties, as well for the home currency as for the colonies.
Duplone, the Swiss double ducat or florin =16 francs. It has been
198 The Coins of Europe
struck for several of the cantons and for the Confederation. In 1800 a
piece of 32 francs — a quadruple ducat or double duplone, was issued in
the name of the latter.
Duro, or Douro, the name of a silver piece = about 5 peseta, struck at
Granada by Ferdinand VII., 1808, as money of necessity. Also part of
the monetary system of Spain under the law of the 26th June 1864.
Whelan says that the d. was known at Gibraltar as the Hard Dollar or Cob.
Dtitgen, Dantzic silver, value 3 groschen.
Dvougrivenik) the Russian 20-kopeck piece or double grivenik.
*Ebroeer, Danish silver, value 14 skillings. The Justus Judex. [The
type is also found in gold.]
Ecu, the gold, old Fr. escu, a French coin struck under the Valois
and earlier Bourbon kings, and presenting at different times several
types, as the porc-tpic, a la couronne, au soleil, au bandeau, aux lunettes,
etc. In 1625, during the suspension of the Tower mint at London, owing
to the Plague, the French quart d^ecu or cardecu (as it is said to have been
spelled) was made for a short time legal tender by proclamation.
Ecu, the silver, a French coin first struck, with the half and other
divisions, under Louis XIII., 1642. There are cssais of 1641. This
belonged to the scheme for the general improvement of the coinage.
The old franc d'' argent, however, continued to appear even so late as the
reign of Louis XIV. The Spaniards term this denomination the escudo,
the Italians the scudo, the Hollanders the schild, pi. schilden.
Ecu du Parlcmcnt, the silver e"cu of Louis XIV. with the aged bust,
curled peruke, and embroidered cravat, published about 1709.
Engcls, the Teutonic Angel or Angelet, a Saxon denomination for a
kipper or plated thaler of 40 groschen, with an angel as part of the type.
There is an engel-groschen of Saxe-Weimar, 1567. In the Low Coun-
tries, a gold piece of the same character was struck, and is generally
described as an angelot.
Engelsk, a Danish esterling = 3 penningen. Early I5th c.
Engcnhoso, a gold Portuguese coin, first struck in or about 1561 by
Sebastian (1557-78), and worth 500 reis. It is said to have been engraved
by Joao Gongalves of Guimaraes, and is remarkable as the first piece in
this series bearing a date, which occurs in the angles of the cross on rev.,
and as having the legend on that side in an inner circle. The novelty
of the type suggested the name. Fernandes (Mem. 1856, p. 143) figures
one of 1 563.
Engroigne, a small coin of Burgundy. Blanchet.
Ephraimitc, a byword for the pieces of 8 groschen struck at Berlin
by Frederic the Great about 1759, from the name of one of the directors
of the mint.
Equipaga, the \ macuta or \i\ reis. Portuguese colonial currency.
Erncstiis and half ernestus, a type of denier struck by Ernest of
Bavaria, Count of Loos and Bishop of Lie"ge, 1582, with the imperial title
on rev.
Escalin, schelling, or schellinck, a silver or billon coin of various
types struck during a lengthened period in the Low Countries, and = 3
stuivers. There are the half and double. The roosschelling bears a
floriated cross, the hoodjeschelling the stadtholder's bonnet or hood on a
staff in the claw of a lion rampant. A third variety bears a ship, and a
fourth (of Albert and Isabella, 1598-1621) a peacock. Comp. also Snap-
haamchelling.
Catalogue of European Denominations 199
Escalin, a copper denomination struck by Russia during the period 'of
occupation for Prussia, 1759-61.
Escalin, a plated coin struck by the third French Republic for the
colony of St. Domingo, with the emblem of Liberty on one side and the
value on the other.
Escndillo, a gold coin struck in Spain under Charles IV. (1793), and
probably = 10 reales. Isabella II. issued a similar piece in 1857, which
was perhaps suggested by the French 5 francs in gold.
Escudo, the Spanish equivalent for the Italian scudo and French fau,
and the Spanish monetary basis under the law of 1864, which made
it= 10 reales. Among the patterns struck in or about 1864 we meet with
a piece of 4 reales or 40 cent5- de escudo ; there appears to have been
a twofold method of computation or subdivision, by the escudo and real.
Espadim, a Portuguese coin — (i) in billon, (2) in gold — of the I5th c.,
which owed its name to the hand grasping a sword on obv. in a tressure,
with four besants in the curves. The rev. has the shield in a similar
enclosure. The billon piece belongs to the reign of Alfonso V., the gold
one to that of John II. They differ in type, and there are varieties, again,
in the gold coin, which usually weighs from 58 to 65 gr.
Esphera, (i) a gold Portuguese coin of fine standard, weight 32^ gr.,
struck under Emmanuel (1495-1521) for the colonies, with the half. An
example of the latter, figured by Fernandes, has on obv. Mea, crowned,
and on rev. a globe traversed by a band. (2) A silver P. coin, struck at
Goa in the i6th c.
Estenevant, a very early denomination for the money of Besancon,
from the bust or effigy of St. Etienne or Estienne placed upon it. We
find the livre estenevant mentioned in 1 507. The type was imitated by
the Princes of Orange and the Seigneurs of Charenton ; and the money
itself was long current in Burgundy and the Viennois.
Etschkreutzer, the name given in the Tyrol to the kreutzer, which is
said to have owed its origin to that region, and to have been current
there in the I3th c.
Fanain and half fanain of silver struck under Louis XIV. for Pondi-
chery and the Isle de Bourbon, as well as, perhaps, for the other French
colonies in the Indian Ocean. The f. of smaller module continued to be
struck under Louis XV. and XVI.; the flan is usually too small for the
die, owing possibly to the employment of that of the grand fanam for
the more diminutive coin.
Fanam, a copper coin known as the f. an cog, struck under Louis
Philippe, 1836, for Pondichery.
Pel, ,3. Moorish billon or base silver denomination belonging to the
coinage of the Kings of Granada. Coins of irregular form, often de-
noting where, if not at what date, they were struck. Comp. Granada in
C. of Mints.
Feldthaler,feldklippe, the German expressions for siege-pieces struck
in the course of a campaign by the besiegers.
Fennig. See Pfenning.
Ferding, a silver coin struck at Riga and Revel in the i6th c., and be-
longing to the currency of the Order of Livonia = \ thaler. Whelan adds
that it was used as money of account at Libau, and as Russian currency.
Ferrarino, a billon piece = \ bolognino, struck at Ferrara during the
republican epoch with the sanction and name of the Emperor Frederic II.
Pert (or Fort\ a small billon coin of Savoy, I4th c. = 4 pites or 2
2oo The Coins of Europe
oboles. The equivalent of the Savoyard denier. Originally 12, subse-
quently 8 fert, made a grosso or gros, and 12 gros were reckoned to the
florin de petit poids.
Fert, the name apparently given to a gold coin of Louis, second Duke
of Savoy (1440-65), from the motto over the shield— one used by the family
at least since the ijth c. The fiction as to the word representing the
initial letters of a legend relevant to the defence of Rhodes by Count
Amadeus IV. can no longer be entertained. See Mrs. Bury Palliser's
Historic Devices, etc., 1870, p. 230. The motto, which is of course sig-
nificant of fortitude or endurance, does not seem to have been employed
after the i6th c. A silver scudo of Carlo II., 1504-53, exhibits a shield
on the reverse, dividing the wordfe — rt.
Filippo, a name applied to the silver testone of Milan under the reign
of Philip III. of Spain, and continued by his successors. There is the i,
\, and \ of the later princes ; and Charles II. of Spain struck a \ filippo
on a larger flan.
Filippo, a gold coin of Milan under Spanish rule. Philip IV. struck
the filippo and double filippo. On the reverse occurs Mcdiolani.
Fiordaliso, a gold coin of the Two Sicilies under Joanna, Queen of
Naples (1343-81). The obv. has her title as Queen of Sicily, Jerusalem,
etc., and the field is strown with lilies. It is virtually the gigliato type,
common to this region, in gold with certain differences.
Flabbe, a piece of 4 stivers. The \ snaphaan, i6th and i;th c. Base
silver. There is the double flabbe. Groningen, etc.
Flindrich, a piece of 3 stivers or sous, struck for Jever and for East
Friesland, i6th c.
Flitter, an early copper coin of Lippe, Germany. Whelan adds that
it was small copper of Brunswick, and that the word imports a spangle.
Florette, a variety of the French gros struck under Charles VI. (1380-
1422) = 20 deniers tournois or 16 d. parisis. The name arose from the
three fleurs-de-lis crowned on the obv.
Florim, an Arragonese gold coin, I4th-i5th c., modelled on the Italian
original. It was also current in Portugal, where it seems to have been
= 70 reis.
Florin, fiorino^ from fare, a flower, a silver coin of Florence, prob-
ably of as early a date as the I2th c. It was continued during the
whole of the republican epoch with sensible modifications and varieties.
Comp. Guelfo grosso. The prevailing type is the bust, seated figure, or
standing one, of St. John the Baptist on obv., and on rev. the lily.
Florin, a gold coin of the same State, introduced about 1250, and
executed on the model of the silver piece, of which it represented the
multiple often. It acquired, like its successor at Venice, a great repute,
and was extensively copied in Italy, Germany, and even France (at Bar-
le-Duc).
Florin, a gold coin of the duchy of Berg, or s' Heerenberg, West-
phalia, copied from the Metz type. One of Hermann Friedrich has on
the rev. Florenvs. Dni. Montensis.
Florin, a gold coin in the French and Anglo-Gallic series, 1 3th- 1 4th
c. Of the latter there are the half and quarter.
Florin, a name found on the first silver coinage of Louis Napoleon,
King of Holland, 1807. It was subsequently altered to the gulden. The
gold pieces of the Netherlands are sometimes loosely described as
florins. A very singular one of Raymond IV., Duke of Gueldres, with the
Bolognese type on rev. is still preserved in the original gold box, and is
. Catalogue of Eiiropean Denominations 201
supposed to have been carried on the person of the ancient owner as a
charm ; the obv. has the Madonna and Child.
Follaro, fromfollts, a wallet or purse, a copper coin of the Byzantine
Emperors, 7th-8th c., if not later, and of the Norman Kings of Sicily
and Sicily and Naples, Iith-I2th c., struck at a variety of places (Naples,
Gaeta, Messina, Ravenna, Ragusa in Sicily, Amalfi, Brindisi, etc.,
and by the Princes of Taranto (1100-31). Both the Byzantine and
Sicilian follaro, ut
Norman coins present the effigy of St. Januarius, and probably these
were from the Naples mint. One of the smaller module (if it really is
of this type at all), perhaps a ^ or J, belonging to Ragusa in Sicily, bears
on obv. a head in the ancient Greek style, intended for the Tyche of the
city. The follaro seems to have varied in weight and value, and to
have been worth at different times 20 and 40 nnmmi. See Nummiis.
Fort, the term assigned by the French numismatists to a rare gold
coin of Charles de France, Duke of Aquitaine, struck at La Rochelle,
with the quartered shields of France and England and the legend
Karolus. Regis. Francr. Films. Acqiritanor. Dux, and a ship on both
sides. Comp. La Rochelle in Cat. of Mints. The specimen of the fort
examined by Blanchet weighed 7 gr. 76. There is also a silver gros of
Charles with the quartered arms.
Fort, a silver type of Lyons in and after 1368 = 2 deniers viennois.
Fort. Comp. Fert.
Fort bourgeois. See Bourgeois.
Forte, a term applied rather to the standard than to any particular
coin in the Portuguese monetary vocabulary, to distinguish the internal
from the colonial currency. The phrase probably had the same origin
in France and Savoy.
Franc, a gold coin of France of two distinct kinds : faefranc-d-ptedaad.
franc-a-cheval, current in France and Brittany during the Valois period,
and originally designed to represent a figure on foot or on horseback.
Both types were imitated in Flanders, Holland, and the Two Sicilies.
Franc, a silver French coin of the later Valois kings, and of the house
of Bourbon, being nearly equal in size to an English crown. The decree
calling it into existence bears date Mar. 31, 1575. There is the half.
Improved patterns of both were submitted by Briot in 1618, but were not
adopted. It was superseded in 1642 by the grand ecu.
Franc, a silver coin of the See of Metz, I7th c., but at present only
known in the £ and j ; 1621-60.
Franc, a silver coin, only preserving the name of the original pieces,
and first introduced in a multiple of five during the French Revolution.
The earliest modern piece appears to be that of Napoleon as First
Consul, An. xi.
Francescone, the name received by the scudo of silver on the acces-
2O2
The Coins of Europe
sion of Francis of Lorraine to the throne of Etruria in 1737. There is
the half. The designation was retained by his successors for some time.
Franc/io, a form of the French franc used in the Napoleonic kingdom
of Etruria, and in that of Westphalia, 1806-13.
Francois (for, the name given to the gold ducat of Lorraine under
Francois II. (1726-37). Comp. Francesconc.
Frank, a form of the franc struck in Switzerland in silver, and in gold
in 5 and 10 frank pieces for the Napoleonic kingdom of Westphalia.
Frignaccho, fricaccnse, or frisaccho, the name given in public docu-
ments to the danaro of the patriarchate of Aquileia, c. 1410.
Froedrich, the name sometimes given to the gold ducat of Frederic
II. of Prussia. It was also struck by his father Frederic William
(1713-40). There is the half of the former and the third of the latter.
Funfer, a Swiss billon piece = 5 haller, struck by a convention in 1450
between Berne, Fribourg, Lausanne, Solothurn, and Wiflisburg.
. Fusil, a silver coin of the i$th c. belonging to Hasselt, near Lille, and
to the See of Liege (isth c.) with the half and double.
Fyrke, the name on a small copper coin of Gustavus Adolphus, King
of Sweden, 1627.
Galley halfpence. See Suskin.
Callus-pfenning, a billon coin of St. Gall, Switzerland, with the bust
of a saint, struck either for the abbey or city, or both, 1373-1415.
Gazzcfta, a Venetian copper coin = 2 soldi, of which variant types were
struck for the several colonies of the republic— probably in most cases at
home. One has Corf. Zant. Cef. for Corfu, Zante, and Cephalonia ;
another Dalma. Et A/dan. Of the latter there are pieces marked /. and
//., and varieties. The gazzetta seems only another name for the earlier
colonial tornesc. These pieces rarely occur except in the issues of the
last century, and even then in sorry state. They were, as a rule, very
roughly struck. They covered the whole area of the Venetian colonial
possessions : Candia, Cyprus, the Morea, the Ionian Isles, Istria, Dal-
matia, and Albania ; and those for the Isles and the Morea include the
word Armata in the legend, as though they were also applicable to the
pay of the ships on foreign stations.
Gazseffino, the name borne by a small Venetian coin under the Doge
Leonardo Loredano (1501-21). A diminutive, perhaps, for domestic use of
the colonial gazzetta.
Gchelmdcdaalder, a silver coin with the helmeted shield, i6th c.
s' Heerenberg, Batenborg, etc.
Gehelmde groot, a groat of the same type. Holland. i6th c.
Gcnevoise, the ecu of Geneva = 80 sols or 1 2 florins of the old standard.
1 8th c. (1794).
Genovino, a gold coin of Genoa dating back to the imperial or
Conrad period (i3th-i4th c.). There is the | and the j. It corresponds
'Catalogue of European Denominations 203
to the Venetian and Florentine gold currency in value and weight. At
the Dillon sale in London, 1892, No. 575, occurred a piece QilQgenovini
d'oro, weighing 2 oz. 2 dwt. 23 gr., with the date 1641, and of the usual
type. It was perhaps the same as that which sold at Remedi sale, 1884,
No. 1479, for 130 lire.
- Genovino, a silver coin of the same republic of later origin, with the
£, j, and \. In Remedi Cat. 1884, 1523, a mezzo genovino of silver of
1577 occurs.
Gentil, a gold coin of Fernando I., King of Portugal (1367-83),
apparently suggested by the French chaise, but exhibiting on rev. the
usual arms of Portugal in an inner circle, and in an outer one eight
castles disposed round. Weight, 63^ gr.
Georges, the gold florin with the dragon type which appeared in
France in 1340, but was not reissued.
Georgino,^. silver Genoese coin of the i8th c. with the saint on horse-
back on rev., and Est. Probitate. Robvr. Comp. Luigino.
Gigliato (gtglto, lily) and the half, a silver coin equal in weight and
dimensions to a grosso or ^ grosso, belonging to the Sicilian series, and
to that of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at Rhodes, and of the
Kings of Cyprus of the Lusignan line. The word is due to the terminal
embellishments of the cross on rev. Some of the g. of Sicily represent
on obv. the king seated in a chair, of which the arms are formed of lions.
The early gigliati of Rhodes are rare, especially in fine state. There was
a find at Ephesus, however, of those of Helion di Villa Nova (1319-46).
Gigot and half gigot, copper coins of Brabant. i6th and I7th c.
Giiilio, with the £, \, and j, a silver coin of the papal and other Italian
series, apparently so called from the Pope Julius II. One of the most
interesting relics of this type is the Giulio struck in 1 586 by Cesare d'Este,
Duke of Modena, on the occasion of his marriage with Virginia de'
Medici, and bearing both their arms. In A mittimus to the Jiibilee at
Rome, 1625, a giulio is said to be worth 8 soldi, and 10 g. to be = a gold
scudo.
Giustina maggiore= 160 soldi, a large Venetian silver coin, with its
numerous divisions, first struck in 1571, and so termed from St. Giustina,
on whose name-day (October 7) the Battle of Lepanto was fought in that
year. There are the \, \, £, TV, and -5^.
Giustina minore, a similar piece in the same metal, but of smaller
module, also with its divisions. Both types have the legend Memor
Era Tvi Ivstina Virgo. The minore was imitated by Cesare d'Este,
Duke of Modena (1597-1628). The Modenese giustina, which had no
actual fitness of nomenclature, was = 20 bolognini.
Glocken-gulden, the familiar type of Brunswick, etc., with the bell,
which is found both with and without the clapper.
Glocken-thaler, the same denomination and type. There are the
divisions down to the 7th. All are rare in really fine state.
*Goesgen, Hanoverian money of account.
Gosseler, a silver denomination current at Daventer in 1534, with the
double, and at Campen in 1561. 40 gosseler were=i silver daalder.
See Goslar in Cat. of Mints.
Goudgulden, or Gold Gulden, a gold gulden or florin, 1 5th- 1 8th c., '
Germany and Low Countries ; it occurs in the Anglo-Hanoverian series.
Some of the feudal potentates imitated the type. It is in fact a form of
the gold ducat.
Gouden Rijder. See Rijder.
204 The Coins of Europe
Grano and half grano, copper currency of the Knights of Malta and of
the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons and Murat. The former had it in
the 1 6th c. Twelve Sicilian cavalli were = i grano = i centime and a
fraction ; there were multiples of 2, 3, 5, and 10 gr. in that series in
copper, and of 10, 15, and 20 gr. in silver. The silver scudo was =120
gr., and that of Francesco I., 1825-34, is scarce. The Maltese standard
was much lower than the other.
Grave, a Portuguese silver coin of the I4th c. = 3 dinheiros.
Greivinik, a Russian coin of base silver = 10 kopecks, struck under
Peter the Great and his immediate successors. There is a rare copper
one of Catherine I., 1726.
Greschen, a copper coin of Transylvania and Hungary, ijth and iSth
c. The Magyar gros.
Griffon, a Brabantine and Dutch term for the double gros or groot in
the 1 5th c., derived from the type, a griffin holding in its claw a short
sword or briquet. Schulman, Cat. v., No. 208, notices the double, dated
1487, with the name and titles of Philip the Bold. There is also the
half. See also Sch., xv. 203, for an account of an inedited griffon of
Philip le Bel, 1482-92. Comp. Briquet.
Gros, Groot, Grosch, Greschc, Grosz, Grosso, Grote, a coin apparently
of Italian origin, and equal to four danari or deniers, the highest denomi-
nation previously available. The Venetian grosso or matapan, struck
under the Doge Arrigo Dandolo (1192-1205), was the pioneer in this
direction, and was followed at intervals by similar multiples in other parts
of Europe, especially in France by the famous and popular gros tournois.
Its success proved the importance of it at the time of its original issue ;
it was the great piece, as distinguished from the danaro or penny. The
same notion underlay the primary gulden -groschc n of Saxony. The
early Dukes of Milan issued silver grossi both of 5 and 8 soldi. In the
French series, under the Capetian dynasty, there were two or more
varieties of the gros tournois which, as we shall see, was freely copied by
other States. Mary of Burgundy (1476-82) struck one variety known as
\.\\Qgros a I M. from that letter occupying the obverse, as in one of the
Mary Stuart series. It appears that in the province of Zeeland in 1602 a
daalder was = 60 grooten ; in 1657 an ort, struck at Elbing under
Swedish authority, was said to be = 18 groschen of Polish standard.
There is a copper grosch of Catherine I. of Russia, 1 727 = i kopeck. The
town of Utrecht formerly coined a billon piece as low in value as the 8th
of a groot. For further particulars of the Venetian grosso see the writer's
" Coins of Venice" in Antiquary, 1884, and grosso 'infra.
Grosch, the German groat or gros. See Gros.
Grossetto, a copper coin of Venice = 4 soldi, introduced under the
Doge Antonio Veniero (1383-1400), and weighing 38 gr. 9 car. A
triple gr. of the following reign (1400-13) weighs 100 gr. The i gros-
setto was struck under Andrea Gritti (1523-38). The piece of analogous
character current in Dalmatia and Illyria was worth only f of the Vene-
tian grossetto.
Grosso, the Italian form of gros. The Venetian grosso was sometimes
called a matapan, from the Cape of that name, where the fleet of the
Republic had at that juncture won a success. Compare Giustina. The
coin was appointed to weigh 44 gr., and was of fine silver. The Milanese
grosso was practically in currency down to the last century, but instead
of being worth 8 soldi, as under the autonomous Dukes, passed for 5
only, the value being usually expressed.
Catalogue of European Denominations 205
Grossone, a Venetian silver coin = 8 grossi, introduced under Fran-
cesco Foscari (1423-57), and existing in two types. See Antiquary, ix.
253-
Grossone, a silver coin of the Two Sicilies under Ferdinand and
Isabella. The obv. and rev. divide the names and titles. On the latter
is a yoke and a sheaf of arrows.
Grossone, a silver coin of the Republic of Pisa under the Emperors,
but sometimes with autonomous legends. One has on obv. Popvli
Pisani, and on rev. the Virgin and Child with Protege. Virgo. Pisa.
Charles VIII. of France also struck a grossone here with his titles and
the arms of France, but with Pisanorvin Lib. in the obv. legend.
Grosz, pi. groszy, the Polish form of grosch, and a very early deno-
mination in that country. A \ grosz of Sigismund I. occurs with the
date 1509. The coin remained in use under the later kings, and under
Russian rule, in pieces of J, i, and 3 gr. There is a 10 groszy Pols in
poor silver and a 3 gr. in copper, apparently struck at Brussels, and
issued during the political disturbances of 1831.
Grote, a billon or silver coin, with its multiples and moiety, of
Bremen, Oldenburgh, etc. It was also struck by the Seigneurs of
Jever, Oldenburgh, etc., and by the Counts of Bentinck at Knijphausen,
down to the present century. A piece of 9 gr. is cited by Schulman,
ix. 514.
* Grouch, Turkish, silver, the piastre. Guerche, Goorooch.
*Groupe, Turkish computation. A bag of money.
Guelfo grosso, a term applied to a variety of the silver fiorino of
Florence, with the standing figure of St. John. There are several
varieties. This coin appears to have been struck in 1363, and one type
has a fox under the saint's feet, significant of Pietro Farnese, general-in-
chief of the Florentine forces ; it is said to have been struck under the
walls of Pisa. Cat. Rossi, i. 1880, Nos. 1290-95. Instead of the usual
legend on the rev. of the silver fiorino it reads Dct Tibi Florere Christus
Florentia Vere.
Guenar and demi-guenar, a name applied to the blanque for Dauphiny,
with a cross on rev. cantoned with two Its, a crown, and a dolphin. A
blanc and i blanc of the same reign for ordinary circulation followed the
type with variations ; and Charles VI. issued other patterns for
Dauphiny itself. Henry V. of England, also had the blanc gue"nar.
There was a curious trouvaille a few years ago at Vucht, near Bois-le-
Duc, of a type of this denomination, suspected to be the work of a
coeval forger.
Guiennois, a gold coin in the Anglo-Gallic series.
Guiennois, a silver piece in the same series = 10 guiennois noirs.
Guiennois, a billon piece in the same series, the loth of the g.
d'argent.
Guiennois esterlin, a silver piece in the same series — 5 g. noirs, or \
g. d'argent.
Guillemin, a term applied to the municipal currency of Forcalquier,
Provence, in the I2th c.
*Guillot, Brabant, copper, value one-sixth of a [sol or stuiver].
Guinea, the name which appears on the face of a commemorative gold
coin struck at Christiania on the accession of Christian VI., 1730.
Guishem or Guillem, a species of currency in billon of low standard
struck by Jean de Grailly, Comte de Foix, and interdicted in 1421-22 by
the Crown.
206 The Coins of Europe
Gulden, a coin of the Low Countries and of Germany, apparently
originating in the Gildepenningen or money of the trading corporations or
gilds, which were formerly very numerous. The word is derived iromgeld,
money, and the form gulden and guilder (applied to the British currency
for Guiana) are alike incorrect. The value of the gulden has fluctuated.
The modern Dutch piece is = is. 8d. English, and is indifferently termed
a gulden and a florin. A pattern silver piece of Louis Napoleon, 1807, is,
however, expressly described on the face as a florin. In the iyth and
1 8th c. pieces of 7, 14, 30, and 50 g. in gold were struck for the United
Provinces. That of 50 g. with the posthumous portrait of William the
Silent, 1687, is an ordinary daalder struck in the superior metal ; it was
probably a piece de plaisir. See Goudgulden.
Guldcngroschcn, or great gulden. See Klappciniinze.
Guldenthaler, a term applied in some of the German series to a
thaler of smaller module and lighter weight = § of the higher standard —
a piece between the gulden worth 2od. English and the thaler worth
about 35. Both the guldenthaler and the \ were current at Niirnberg in
the 1 6th c.
Guldenthaler and the half, silver coins = 60 and 30 kreutzer respec-
tively, of the Swiss canton of Basle, i6th c. The rev. bears the imperial
Halbbatzen, or half batzcn, money of convention, 1628, between May-
ence, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort-on-Main.
Halbling, a small coin of the Swiss canton of Basle, as well as of
other Swiss and German States under that or a similar name. Comp.
Helbelin, Haller, Heller, and Scherfe.
Haller, a small copper coin of the Swiss canton of Zug. A plated or
washed piece of 3 haller scarcely equals a centime in dimensions. It
appears probable that this piece and the heller or £ pfenning, first intro-
duced at Halle in Swabia, were identical ; both succeeded the haclbling,
helbclin, or scherfe, which had itself, under one or other of those names,
appeared at Brunswick and elsewhere, and superseded the ; archaic
bracteate.
Hardit, or hardi (?) from Fr. hardes, a gold coin of the French and
Anglo-Gallic series. Charles VII. of France struck one at La Rochelle
as Duke of Aquitaine (1451-61).
Hardit, or hardi, a billon coin of the same series. The Scotch hard-
head appears to be a corruption of hardit,
Heaume, a name for the double groot in the Bishopric of Liege,
1 5th c.
Helbelin, the \ pfenning of Strasburgh, I4th c.
Heliens, deniers current in Perigord in the time of Count Helie II.
(nth c.). Blanchet. Comp. also id. i. 288.
Heller, a billon or copper coin of small value, introduced at a very
early date into the currencies of Hesse, Treves, etc. The most ancient
are of the bracteate or semi-bracteate fabric, and in fact the heller is an
evolution from the haelbling. 8 hellers = i kreutzer, and i heller = ^
pfenning.
Henri, the name given to a gold florin struck at Bayonne by Henry
II. of France in 1553. The rev. has Dvm Totvm Compleat Orbem.
1553. There is the double.
Henriques, a gold Castilian coin of Henry or Henriques IV. of
Castile, 1454-75, with the usual rev., and on obv. the figure of the king
Catalogue of European Denominations 207
seated on his throne ; it was a copy of the French chaise. The piece
was current in Portugal.
Hirschguldcn, a denomination of Wiirtemburg, I7th c., from the stag
on rev. There is the half.
Hoedjeschelling, a schelling or escalin with the stadtholder's bonnet,
1 7th c. Zceland, etc. See livid-penning.
Hohlpfenning, a billon uniface coin of German origin, allied in fabric
to the bracteate.
Huitain, a copper coin of the canton of Geneva, belonging to the
class of money of necessity, and made to pass current, 1602, for twelve
instead of eight sols. The obv. reads Geneva • Civitas • 1602 ; the rev.
Post • Tenebras • Lvx • Povr • XII • Sols.
Hvid-penning, a piece of 4 penningen, current in Denmark, I5th c.
Comp. Hoedjeschelling. The interest of these two terms appears to lie
in the circumstance that they shew the contemporary designation for
what we are wont to call the bonnet.
Imperial, a gold coin of Catherine II. of Russia = 10 roubles. There
Imperial of Catherine II. of Russia, 1767.
is the double. It is one of the handsomest types in the Russian gold
series.
Imperial, half, a Russian gold coin of a different type = 5 roubles, 1 5
kop. ; first struck in 1801.
Imperiale, a silver coin of the Del Carretto family, Marquises of
Cortemiglia. There is one of Ottone, 1300-14, with Odonvs Marcho. de.
Char. Reto. The same denomination was used by the earlier Visconti of
Milan, I4th c. One of Barnabo Visconti has on rev. Imperialis in three
lines, the word Vicecomes being understood. The family name was
originally an official vicariat.
India, a silver Portuguese coin ordered to be struck in 1499 on the
model of the Venetian marcella, weighing 60 gr., and = 33 reaes or reals.
It seems to be known only from a history of the reign of King Emmanuel
by Damiao de Goes. See Fernandes, Memoria, p. 116.
Irakli, special copper currency struck by Russia for Georgia.
Isabella, the name, rather popular than official, conferred on the
doubloon or ico-reales piece in gold struck under Isabella II.
*Izelotte, German silver, value 2s. gd.
Jager, or halve braspenning, a piece of 2 stivers, billon or copper,
1 5th c. Groningen. There is the double jager = 4 stivers, and a j jager,
convention-money between the town of Groningen and the Count of East
Friesland in 1507. See Schulman, Cat. v. No. 681. There are early
dated jagers and double jagers of Groningen from 1455 downward.
208 The Coins of Europe
Jaques, the name of a Spanish copper coin, said to owe its name to
Jaca or Jacca in Arragon, which may be they indicated on some of the
money of Ferdinand VII., otherwise identical with the pieces of 8 mara-
vedi. But it seems to be open to doubt whether the \vordjagites was in
general acceptance, although the initiaiy may signify the Jaca mint.
Jeton, a production generally to be regarded as distinct from a coin,
and owing its name to its office as a token cast among the crowd on
special occasions, yet in certain cases very probably used as money.
Such, for instance, appear to be those of Philip II. of Spain, struck at
various places in the Spanish Netherlands, and known as oorts ; and we
engrave one of the same monarch, 1582, which may have been struck in
Spain, as it differs from others of Flemish origin in our hands. It was
perhaps accepted in payment as a double Hard within the precincts of
the palace — formerly a wide radius. There is, however, an immense body
of these monuments, issued on all sorts of occasions, and the greater part
must be clearly distinguished from the normal currency.
Joamese, Portuguese gold, value ,£3:11:2. So called from John V.
The \ dobra. The popular name in England, where great numbers of
this and the dobra have been melted, \vasjoey.
Jubelgroschcn, a groschen struck in commemoration of any event.
Jubiletuns thaler, a commemorative thaler.
Jultusloeser, money of necessity struck by Julius, Duke of Brunswick,
1574-80 ; there are groschen and thalers (with the multiples to 10) in silver.
jus/o, a gold coin struck by Joao II. of Portugal, 1481-95, apparently
= from 540 to 600 reis, and first issued in 1490. Its name was suggested
by the reverse legend Justus Ut Palma Florebit.
*Jux, or Juck, Turkish, 100,000 aspers.
Kaiserthaler, the silver thaler without date of Maximilian I. (1493-
1519), having on obv. a three-quarter portrait of the Emperor or
Kaiser to 1.
Kanna Drick, an oval copper coin struck for the Swedish miners of
Trollhatta, W. Gothland ; there is an octagon piece of 2 kannor dricka.
Kipperthaler, or copper-thaler, a plated or billon thaler of Bavaria and
Saxony. But the latter seems to have varied from the Bavarian piece,
and to have been current for 4 grosschen only.
*Kitzc, Turkish gold. A Bag, value 30,000 piastres.
Klappemunze or guldengroschen, the name conferred on the earliest
silver thaler of Saxony (1486-1500). There are at least two varieties. In
the Reinmann Cat., 1891-92, Part ii., No. 4432, where a specimen sold for
245 marks, or ,£12 : 55., it is described as "Aeltester Giildengroschen."
.Catalogue of E^tropean Denominations 209
Klippe, a generic term for pieces of money struck abroad on a square
flan.
Klippingcr, Swedish square coins, generally money of necessity. The
face-value is, of course, irregular and arbitrary. A piece of 8 ore of John
III., 1591, is of the size and weight of a £ or.
Koertling, a species of groschen struck at Osterode in Hanover for
the Dukes of Brunswick-Celle or Zell in the I5th c.
Koggerdaalder, a silver coin worth 30 stivers, ryth c. IV. Friesland.
There is a triple koggerdaalder of 1601, struck, as it is supposed, expressly
for the Diet or Congress of that year. A 20 ducat piece in gold prob-
ably refers to the same occasion.
Kopek (Russ. kapeek\ the unit of the later Russian coinage. 100 k.
= I rouble.
Kopfchcn, the name conferred on a billon coin of Juliers and Berg,
1 5th c.
Kopfcr doppelschilling. See Doppelschilling.
Kopferzivolfer, a billon coin of Hamm and Osnabruck, iyth c.
Kopf stitch, a silver coin of the Diocese of Treves, i8th c.
*Kopy, Bohemian money of account.
Kornthaler, a silver coin of Hesse-Cassel, I7th c.
Korsvide, a Danish silver coin, I5th c.
Kreutzer, or Kraicjar, a billon or copper coin, originally reckoned as
= 4 pfenningen or 8 heller, and widely diffused through Northern Ger-
many, Hungary, etc., and even found at Batenborg and elsewhere. It
is said to have had its genesis in the Tyrol. At a very early date two
standards were recognised, the heavy and the light kreutzer : the former
being reckoned 48 to the gulden and 72 to the thaler ; the latter 60 and
90 respectively. The as sis of Strasburgh and Basle was = 6 kreutzer.
A piece marked 60 kr. was struck for Strasburgh-in-Elsas about 1685
with the three fleurs-de-lis, and one of 80 for Anhalt-Bernburg, as money
of necessity, in 1592.
Krona, a silver coin of Sweden and Norway, equal to a franc. It
occurs in the former series in the I7th c. The old krone was = 4 marks.
Kroncnthaler, a silver denomination of Nassau, igth c., and of
Bavaria, id. = 5 francs.
Kruisrijksdaalder, or Kruisdaalder, silver crown or e"cu with the
Cross of Burgundy, struck by Philip II. for the Netherlands. It is also
known as the Bonrgonsche Knits Rijksdaalder.
Kwartnik, the j groschen of Poland, struck under Casimir the Great,
I333-7O» an(i Vladislas II., Jagellon, 1399-1434, as well as by Louis of
Anjou for Poland and Red Russia.
Lam, the Flemish imitation of the French mouton and agnel cTor.
The former was known in the Low Countries as the groot lam.
Lammpfenning, a class of copper coins, slightly varying in the de-
tails in different issues, struck by the Swiss canton of St. Gallen, I4th c.
See Poole's Cat, 1878, p. 155.
Land Munze, money belonging to a particular province, as distinguished
from scheide munze, or money qualified to pass throughout the empire or
kingdom.
Laub-thaler, the name by which the Germans christened the French
ecu of 6 livres from the laurel branches within which the shield is enclosed.
Whelan says that it was also applied to the Prussian thaler with a similar
wreath.
2 1 o The Coins of Europe
Leal, (i.) a silver denomination of Portugal, I5th c.= 10 reaes or reals,
of which repeated mention is made in documents of that period. In one
of 1441 it is said that the coin was to pass for 12 r. (ii.) A copper
denomination of the same country, i6th c., belonging to the Indian
series, and struck at Goa ; apparently = the dinheiro.
Leeitendaalder, silver crown with the lion (/cu au lion}. There is a
rare variety, struck for the town of Utrecht in 1578 during the troubles
with Spain. See Cat. Cisternes, 1892, No. 1608 of Part i., for a leeuen-
daalder apparently imitated by an Italian moneyer.
Leeuengroot, a groot or gros of the same type. Louis of Maele, Count
of Flanders (1346-84), struck a copper piece of the same pattern as this
variety of the gros.
Leijcesterdaalder, the popular name given to the silver crown with the
reputed head of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1 586-96. There is a stuiver
of same dates ; and the half, fifth, tenth, twentieth, and fiftieth parts as in
the ecu Philippus, except that there is no fiftieth of the latter.
Lonona, or Lcmocia, an altered type of the old barbarin of Limoges,
introduced by Gui VI., Vicomte (1230-63), just prior to his death, with
his own name on the face, and rejected by his vassals or subjects, who
made a treaty with his representatives to call in the obnoxious currency,
" licet esset legalis."
Leone Mocenigo, a silver coin of 80 soldi struck for Dalmatia and
Albania by the Venetian Government under Alvigi Mocenigo II., 1706.
The rev. has Dal mat. Et. Alb. 80. There are the i, j, and \.
Leone Morosino, a silver Venetian coin struck under the illustrious
Doge Francesco Morosini (1688-94), perhaps in commemoration of his
military exploits in the Morea. On obv. he appears kneeling before St.
Mark with a spear in his hand, and on the rev. is Fides. Et. Victoria.
There are the divisions.
Leonina, the 2-scudi d'oro piece struck by Leo XII., 1823-29. The
scudo d'oro was perhaps also known by the same name.
Leopard, a gold coin in the Anglo-Gallic series.
Leopold, the appellation bestowed on the Lorraine gold ducat under
Duke Leopold (1690-97). There is the double and half.
Lcopoldone, a silver type of Pietro Leopoldo I. of Lorraine, 1765-90,
Grand-Duke of Tuscany = 10 paoli. It is a name for the silver scudo
of this reign.
Lcpton, the unit in the copper coinage of the Ionian Isles under
British rule ; of the Greek Republic under Capo d'Istria, 1828-31 ; and
Lepta of Greek Republic and the Ionian Isles.
of the kingdom of Greece, when it became the 5th of an obolos. The
word signifies something very flimsy or thin. The 3O-lepta piece,
struck by the British Government for the Ionian Isles, 1819, was the
prototype of the English groat of 1836. Capo d'Istria issued a piece of 20
lepta in copper.
Leu, or Lew \livre\ a silver coin of the independent Governments of
• Catalogue of European Denominations 2 1 1
Bulgaria and Roumania, equal to a franc or lira and 100 bani. There
are of Roumania the 5 leua, the 2 leua, the i leu, the \ leu (50 bani), and
a 2o-leua piece or Alexander in gold.
Liard (?) from Fr. Her, to bind, a copper or billon coin struck in the
Netherlands and in France in the I7th c., and down to the close of the
1 8th, generally without note of denomination. There is also the double ;
and one of Philip V. of Spain, 1709, struck for Brabant, is very unusually
marked 2 L. for the value. There are ^ liards of Luxemburgh, Reck-
heim, and many other places ; and a | 1. of the Abbey of Thorn in
Brabant. In France, on the introduction of the coin under Louis XIV. to
supersede the double, it was called on the rev. in some of the issues, for
the sake of distinction, Liard de France.
* Libra Jaqnesa, Spanish, silver, value y>. id., money of account in
Arragon and the Balearic Isles. Comp. Jaca in Cat. of Mints, and
Jaques supra.
Lira, a silver denomination of several of the Italian republics in the
1 5th c. and down to the present time. The Genoese scudo of silver was
= 8 lire. The Venetian lira Tron (1471-73) is remarkable as being one of
the very few coins of this State with the likeness of the doge. Giovanni
Cornaro II. (1709-22) struck a pattern lira of the ancient type, with his
titles, and his figure kneeling to r., the ducal bonnet at his feet, and
above, the Virgin and Child in clouds. The rev. corresponds to the
current liretta; but the piece, as a whole, was not circulated. Rossi
Cat., 1880, No. 5436. In 1800-2 the Austrian masters of Venice, pur-
suant to the Treaty of Campo-Formio, struck there pieces of 2 lire, \\
lire, i lira, and f lira, in silver of low standard. Alberico Cibo Mala-
spina, Prince of Massa-Carrara (1559-1623), struck the terzo di lira, 1587
and 1592, with In Mac Gloriari Oport. on rev.
Lira Dalmata, the lira current at Zara, Cattaro, etc., and throughout
Servia and the adjacent regions. It was probably worth a third less
than the Venetian one. The term is, of course, the Italian form for the
local appellation.
Lira di piccoli, grossi, or perperi, Venetian money of account, prob-
ably calculable by weight, according to the number of pieces coined to
the pound in billon, silver, and gold respectively, as the gold, and not
silver, perpero was doubtless here understood.
Lirazza, the name of a silver type current at Venice in the latter half
of the 1 8th c. (1762-97). It was = io gazzette. The rev. has Diligite
Ivstitiam and a seated figure facing ; in the exergue, X. for the value.
Comp. Traro.
Liretta, and the half, a silver Venetian coin struck under Domenigo
and Aloysio or Alvigi Contarini (1679-83), and down to the close of the
republic. The later issues are of very base metal. On rev. occurs
Ivstitiam Diligite, and a figure of Justice with the scales. Domenigo
Contarini struck pieces in silver of 20, 18, and 4 lirette for Zara.
Lis, a name applied to a gold piece of Raymond IV., Prince of
Orange, 1340-93. Sch., xv. 1763, varied from Duby.
Lis, a silver denomination of France in 1655, with its divisions, and
at the same time (1655-57) a gold one, with two angels on rev. supporting
the shield. The lis d'argent was = 20 sols ; on the rev. of one occurs
Domine. Elegisti. Lilivm. Tibi. There was the \ and the \. Neither
metal appears to have been reissued after 1657.
Lisbonino, a gold coin of Portugal, I7th c. = 4000 reis. There are
the and .
212 The Coins of Europe
Livonese, a special currency for Livonia and Essthonia, struck by virtue
of an ukase of the Czarina Elizabeth, 25th October 1756. It consisted of
pieces of 96, 48, 24, 4, and 2 kopecks.
Livra, with its divisions to the i6th, a monetary value or weight,
current in the South of France, at Toulouse, Bordeaux, Cahors, Rodez,
Orthez, etc., from the middle of the i3th to the I5th or even i6th c. ;
chiefly struck in bronze, and perhaps to be distinguished from the
ordinary series of these monuments, which expressly state their object
and equivalent.
Livre, a term for money of account in France, or at least in Paris,
in the nth c., where we hear of a payment of 100 libra auri. This,
like the mark, was an idea borrowed from Italy, probably from
Venice.
Livrc, or Livre Tournois, the same as the Italian lira, a French silver
denomination or unit superseded at the Revolution of 1792 by the
modern franc. The old silver tcu was = 6 livres tournois. We have not
seen the unit except as a siege-piece struck at Aire-sur-la-Lys in 1641.
The piece of 10 livres, coined by General Decaen, Governor of the He de
Bourbon in 1810, was known as \.\ie piastre Dccacn.
Louis, the name of the gold coin first struck in 1640 at the reforma-
tion of the French currency under Louis XIII. There is the half, the
double, the quadruple, and the octuple louis. The last two are of excess-
ive rarity. The type and denomination continued in vogue till the
Revolution of 1791. At the Reinmann sale in 1891-92, Part i., No. 155,
a piefort of the ^ louis of 1644 (misprinted in Cat. 1614) /etched 560
marks — about £28.
Louis XV. Louis U'or, 1717.
Luigino, a silver coin of Genoa, 1668, of which one type is varied
from the georgino; see Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 1638 ; a second has a
wholly different reverse with a Janus head and the value, (ii.) A silver
coin of Maria Maddalena Malaspina-Centurioni, Marchesa di Fosdinuovo,
1667, with M. Mad. Mai. S. O. W. Dei. Fosd., with a portrait to r.,
and on rev. Et. Redem. Mevs. Dns. Adiutor. 1667, with shield, (iii.) A
silver coin of Gerardo Spinola, Marchese di Arquata, 1682-94. Cat.
Rossi, 1880, Nos. 196, 1458.
*Lunga, the currency of Leghorn, as distinguished from that of
Florence.
*Lusbnrger [or rather Lticeburger\, Luxemburgh silver penny [denier],
temp. King Edward I. ; forbidden in England, temp. Edward III.
Macuta, mea macuta, and 2 to 12 macutas, etc., Portuguese colonial
currency struck for Guinea and Mozambique, and probably indebted for
its name to the Makua or Makuana, the tribes behind Mozambique. See
an interesting note in Fernandes, p. 266.
'Catalogite of European Denominations 213
Madonnina, the 5-baiocchi piece of Pius VI. (1796). There are
several varieties.
Madonnina, a silver coin of Genoa, i8th c., with the double and half.
Magdalon, a gold type of the Counts of Provence, 1434-86, bearing
the effigy of St. Mary Magdalen.
Maglia. Comp. Rianchetto.
Maille, a small coin of base silver common to Antwerp, Brussels,
Ghent, Alost, Bruges, Courtrai, Douai, Lille, etc., during a lengthened
period. It was = £obole.
Maille, blanche, noire, parisis, poitevine, tournois, bourgeoise, dif-
ferent varieties issued under Philip le Bel of France (1285-1314) and
some of his successors.
Maille tierce, another name for the third of the gros tournois, struck
under Philip IV., both of the O long and O round types.
This piece was also struck by Ferri IV., Duke of Lorraine (1312-28).
Maille (for, a denomination struck in 1347 for the See of Cambrai by
Jehan Bougier of Arras, the bishop's moneyer, in imitation of the
Florentine type, with a legend resembling the original coin.
It is to be generally observed that the occasional issue of the maille, denier, or
obole in the superior metal has been thought to proceed from the usage of com-
pleting by this more convenient method some large transaction on the part of a
ruler or other prominent personage.
*Malla, Spanish, copper, 2 Mallas = I Denier [dinhero]. The smallest
coin at Barcelona. [The Spanish maille.]
Maley-groschen, a type of the German imperial series in the i3th c.
= two Bohemian groschen of debased standard.
Malnco, the popular name for the cast bronze or mixed metal pieces
of 80 reis struck for the Aqores in 1829 as money of necessity. They
were made current for 100 r., but were soon superseded. See Fernandes,
p. 312, where a specimen is figured and the circumstances explained.
Mancoso, a gold type of Lucca under republican rule, with the name
of Charles IV. and the shield bearing Libertas. The rev. has the Sanctus
Vultus.
Mancusus, a gold coin of the ancient Counts of Barcelona, nth c.,
when they abandoned the use of the Arabic currency.
Mantelet, another name for the petit royal d'or.
Marabotin, struck by the Almoravides and Almohades, 453-539, a
name given to the Arabic dirhem or dinar, which circulated in the South
of France so late as the i ith-i2th c.
Maravedi, (i.) a gold coin of Sancho I. of Portugal, 1185-1212; (ii.)
the unit of the Spanish copper money from the time of Ferdinand arid
Isabella. Philip II. issued pieces of i, 2, 3, 4, and 6 m. But the more
usual divisions under the later sovereigns are i, 2, 4, and 8. Many of the
earlier issues are countermarked with higher or lower values. The term,
like marabotin, is doubtless Moorish, and the currency may well have
been an inheritance from the Mohammedans. Ferdinand VII. struck a
piece, corresponding to the 8 maravedi, for Majorca, 1812, with 12 for the
value.
Marc, a term given in France and Italy to money of account. In
1093, 9 marcs of silver were given by the King to rebuild a church which
had been burned. The French probably derived this sort of computation
from the Italian traders. They substituted the marc for the livre as
m. of a. under Philip I.
2 1 4 The Coins of Europe
Marcella, or lira marcello, the name given to the Venetian silver lira
or Da dieci [soldi] after the death of Nicolo Trono and accession of
Nicolo Marcello (1473), when the short-lived practice of placing the
portrait of the chief magistrate on the coinage determined. The designa-
tion was continued in later reigns, and under Agostino Barbarigo there
was the i marcella for colonial circulation. But under Marcello's imme-
diate successor, Pietro Mocenigo (1474-76), the mint struck two types of
the lira — the marcella and the moceniga or lira moccnigo.
Marcello, the name which is attached to a silver coin of Francesco
III., Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1540-50. Cat. Remedi, 1884, 1704.
Marchesino, a small silver type of Ferrara, 1 4th- 1 5th c., under the
house of Este, Marchesi di Ferrara. The rev. has a small shield with
DC. Fcrari. A,
Marchctto and half marchctto, a small copper type struck under the
Venetian Doge Antonio Priuli (1618-23) and some of his successors. It
reads on rev. Nosier. Defensor.
Marcuccio, a Venetian copper coin of low value, struck under the
Doge Bertuccio Valier (1656-58).
Mariengroschcn, a variety of this denomination, probably derived
from Marienburg in Prussia or Marienthal in Franconia. Several of the
German States struck it and its multiples up to 24.
*Maricn Gulden, Brunswick.
Mark, Venetian money of account. See Marc.
Mark, money of the Prussian abbey of Essen = 26th part of a
reichsthaler.
Mark, a coin of Sweden, either of copper or of silver, but more
Charles XII. Silver mark.
usually the latter. There is a copper mark of 1591, struck on a broad
and thin flan. Small pieces in the same metal were issued for the mines
of Hogenas.
Mar A, a coin of Denmark. There is a piece of Frederic III., 1651,
called ////. Marck Eben-czer. In 1670, 4 marks were = i daler, 12 to a
gold ducat.
Mark (or marque}, copper money of Mayence, running from I to 12
kreutzer, with various initials : N\ieues\ T\hor\, G\roszes\ T\lior\, R\ani\
T\Jwr\ etc. One has Holzzeichen. These strange pieces are circular,
oblong, and octagonal. They seem to belong to the iSth c. See Cat.
Cisternes, 1892, Part i., Nos. 2217-20. A piece of 3 marks was struck at
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1670 as money of necessity.
Mark, a modern German denomination and the money of account of
the empire. It is worth rather less than an English shilling. There are
the 2 and 5 in silver and the 10 and 20 in gold.
Marka, pi. markaa, the Russian currency in silver for Finland. There
are pieces of 2 markaa, I marka, and 50 pennia.
Catalogue of European Denominations 2 1 5
Marque, a special designation for coins struck at Bellac by Hugues,
Comte de la Marche, in and after 1211, with Ugo Conies Marchie.
Masse (for, a French gold coin first introduced under Philip III.
(1270-85), and owing its designation to the mace, which the king holds in
his right hand. The type was continued by Philip IV. only. Comp.
Reine d'or.*
Masson, a silver coin of Lorraine, i8th c. It was struck under
Leopold I., 1690-1729, but only between 1728-29, as its name was derived
from Masson, the director of the mint in succession to D'Aubonne
(1728).
Matapan, the Venetian grosso. See Grosso.
Matthiasgroschen, a billon coin of Goslar, Hanover.
Mattier, a coin of Brunswick- Luneburg =13 deniers of copper of
small module, i8th c. Whelan says that it was = ^ mariengroschen.
Mechalaer, a Brabantine .coin of the I5th c., equal to i groot.
There was the double.
Afedaglia. At Bologna under the Bentivoglio family (i5th c.) it
seems to have been the practice to combine, as in Germany, the medal
with the coin. See Cat. Rossi, 1880, Nos. no, 773-74.
*Medjedeer, Turkish, silver, value 35. 5d., 20 piastres.
*Meissner Gulden, Saxony, money of account at Leipsic.
Merovingian money, a term somewhat loosely applied to an
extensive series of coins, usually of barbarous fabric, and in gold, the
metal often of a pale colour, which was concurrent with the Byzantine
gold solidi and besants, and evidently aimed at copying the types of
Justinian and other emperors. They are uniformly thirds of the solidus
(tiers de sot), and vary more or less in execution. They were very widely
diffused over the western portion of the continent of Europe, and were
intended to supply a convenient medium of exchange for higher values.
In Southern Italy and in Visigothic Spain the same type was current in
silver. But the Greek besant itself was also employed for special pur-
poses at Venice, and possibly elsewhere. There is a piece of this
kind wjth the name of Canterbury as the place of mintage. One
result of a comparative absence in England of the Merovingian system
on any appreciable scale, and of the apparent failure to employ the
Roman small brass, was that in that country the indigenous silver penny
and copper styca commenced at a far earlier date than on the Continent,
and in Southern Britain were probably supplemented by the plentiful
remains of the anterior British money in copper, tin, and billon. See
Merovingian Mints in Cat. of M.
Merovingian moneyers. See Blanchet tibi supra. The names are
extremely numerous, and many more or less doubtful. In Blanchet's
list the same person is often cited under variant forms of his name.
Metica, a native African denomination, adopted, like the parddo, by
the Portuguese Colonial Government in some of the currency for Mozam-
bique or for East Africa. Compare Barrinba.
2 1 6 The Coins of Europe
Mezzanine, a silver coin of Venice, first struck under Francesco
Dandolo (1328-54). There are varieties.
Michaels gulden, a silver denomination of Bernmunster.
Mijn Heerens - stuiver, a billon coin of the Bishops of Utrecht,
1 5th c.
Millares, or Moneta miliarensis, silver pieces = 10 deniers, struck by
Berenger de Fredol, Bishop of Maguelonne in 1262-63, for the benefit of
those in his diocese trading with the East. They were imitations of the
Arabic dirhem, and in 1266 drew from the Holy See a bull rebuking the
bishop for his impiety.
*Milrea, Portuguese, gold, value 45. 5d.
*Milrei, Portuguese, silver, value 45. 5d., 1000 or 960 reis. Whelan
adds that in Brazil the value was reduced to 2s. id.
Mining-pieces, money of two classes : (i.) that coined for mines, and (ii.)
for the miners. The former are generally of silver, and often of large
size and elaborate and artistic design. They occur in the Brunswick,
Saxon, and Sicilian series. The latter are usually of copper and of low
values, and belong to Sweden, the North of France, etc. The earliest
coin of this widespread fabric which we have seen is an extremely
rare 2-thaler piece, with the name and titles of John Casimir, Duke of
Saxe-Coburg, Juliers, CleVes, and Berg, 1629. The obv. has the Duke
on horseback, and the rev. the usual many-quartered shield. There is
another of later date belonging to Wismar = \\ th., and we have
engraved, for the beauty of its condition and the uncommon type, one of
Brunswick, 1657. Probably the view of Blanchet {Manuel, 1890, i. 105),
that the coins of the Carlovingian epoch with Metal. German, are
ascribable to the product of the mines of Bohemia and the Hartz, is
correct.
Minuta, apparently the recognised appellation of a small billon coin
of Genoa, i5th c.
Minuta, or Menut, a small copper piece struck by Louis XIII.
and XIV. of France during the occupation of Cataluna (1642-48) at
Oliana, Puigcerda, Vique, Agramont, Perpignan, and in several varieties.
*Miobolo, Ionian Islands, copper [? the £ obolos].
Mirtilon, the epithet for a double louis of Louis XV., with the two
interlaced cursive Ls between two palm-branches.
Mistura, the name assigned to billon money struck at Avignon under
Gregory XIII., Sixtus V., and Clement VIII. (1572-1605).
Mite, a copper or billon coin of very small value current in Brabant
and Holland. Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders, 1346-84, struck a
billon mite with Fl. There are the multiples of three, four, six, and
Miten of Ghent, 1583-84.
twelve. A piece of 12 miten or myten of Ghent in copper is cited by
Sch., Cat. ix. 420, and another of Brussels, 1593, xiv. 290^. Comp.
Miiterken.
Catalogue of European Denominations 2 1 7
Mitte royal tournois, a French billon coin struck under Philip III.
and IV., 1270-1314, with the titles and a forked cross on obv., and on
rev. a castle without a legend.
Mocenigo, the name given to the Venetian lira or silver piece of 10
soldi (Da Dieci) after the Doge Pietro Mocenigo (1474-76), and appar-
ently continued, like the marcello, in the following reign.
Moidore, or Moeda (Moneta, money), a gold Portuguese coin struck
both for the home currency and for the colonies. It seems to have been
recognised as a name for a definite piece in the i8th c., and was equal to
4000 reis, or about 275. English. There is the ^ (mimoeda) and the j
or qitartinho.
^Monaco, Italian, silver, value 45. 4d. [The local name Tor the scudo
at Monaco.]
Moneta, a token of value issued under recognised or asserted authority.
It is a term which is common, with slight modifications, to all the
European languages of Latin origin ; and the idea is also found in the
most ancient Oriental, Arabic, and Mongolian systems of currency or
exchange, as in the Tartar word tengha, an emblem, which is reproduced
in the Russian tantgha, the source of the well-known piece called a
denga.
Moneta palatina, or palaci, a silver denier, sometimes erroneously
ascribed to Charlemagne, but more probably belonging to the reign
of Charles the Simple (898-923), bears on reverse this reading. The
words may have originally referred to the old rank of the house of Pepin
as mayors of the palace, and illustrate the importance of the royal
precincts even down to a much later epoch. The Palace is specified
among the Carlovingian mints in the Edict of Pitres, 864, and at that
period signified the royal abode for the time being. The elaborate and
far-stretching system germinating and centring in the residence of the
prince was the basis of the territorial terms palatine and palatinate.
Such families as the Carrara at Padua, the Scaligers at Verona, the
Gonzage at Mantua, and the Visconti (Vicecomites) at Milan were at the
outset merely imperial delegates or representatives. A silver denier of
Raymond, Count of Toulouse and Provence, describes him as Comes
Palaci.
Moraglia, a copper denomination, i6th c., of Agostino Tizzone, Count
of Desana, with Moneta Deciensis on obv., and on rev. S. Germanvs. with
an effigy of the saint facing.
Mordowkis, imitations of kopecks by the Mordevas and others for the
purpose of embellishing their dress.
Morveux, a variety of the silver teston of Charles IX. of France, with
a laureated bust, below which are A and O ; it is supposed to have been
struck at Orleans by the Huguenots.
*Mostoska, Russian, copper, 4 to a kopeck.
2 1 8 The Coins of Europe
Mourisca, an early Castilian coin, current in Portugal = 2| libra or
libras. There was the double. I4th-i5th c.
Mouton, the name of a gold coin struck in France intermittently from
the reign of Philip IV. to that of Charles VI. (1314-1422), and imitated
by Louis de Maele, Count of Flanders (1346-84). It is otherwise known
as the Agnel, the type being that of the paschal lamb. There is the
i or petit agnel.
Munzlamm. See Lammpfenning.
Miinz-rccht, the right to strike money, a commercial privilege which,
like the mark-recht, or title to a market, was conferred in Germany and
the Netherlands under a variety of conditions, as regarded the share of
the accruing advantages.
Murajola, a papal silver coin of the i6th c. See Cat. Rossi, 1880,
No. 601.
Miiterken, a piece of 6 mites. Billon, i6th c. Nimmhcgen, etc.
Napoleon, the name conferred on the 2o-franc gold piece under
Napoleon I. (1805-15), and still associated with it.
Negenmanneke, a type of dute or doit, current in the Southern Nether-
lands under the Spanish and Austrian rule.
Ncu-groschcn, a Saxon denomination (1847) for a new standard, the
groschen = 10 pf. There are the pieces of 2 neu-groschen, i, and \.
Niquet, a type of the French double tournois of billon with a Us
surmounted by a crown (Charles VI., 1380-1422).
Niquet, an Anglo-Gallic billon coin of Henry VI. of England, with H.
Re.v. Angl. Heres, Franc, and a leopard under a Us.
Niquet, a billon coin of Besangon, 1 4th- 1 6th c., with the half. It is
one of those which bear a posthumous portrait of Charles V. of Germany,
who in 1 533 authorised the representatives of the Burgundian family of
Bouhelier to strike this type with their own names and arms, and in this
document speaks of the niquet as anciently current in Burgundy.
Noble, a gold coin struck for various provinces of the Netherlands in
the 1 6th c. on the model of the rose-noble of Edward IV. The original
imitation — that of Gorcum or Gorinchen — followed the lines of the
English piece very closely. See Schulman, De £ Imitation des Monnaies
Etrangcres aux Pays Bas Mcridionaux, 1892. There are the half and
quarter of the later copies ; but none is at present known of the Gorcum
one. Schulman, Cat. ix. 117, cites a \ noble schuijtken of Philip the
Good and Maximilian (1482-97). In the Proposal addressed to Henry
VIII. of England by Nicolas Tyery in 1526 for a new Irish coinage, this,
the salute, the maille, the denier, the Hard, etc., are named as projected
denominations. It is perhaps remarkable, looking at the intimate rela-
tions between Edward III. and the Netherlands and the monetary treaty
of 1345, that the Flemings or Hollanders did not attempt to copy so
admirable a type even more promptly.
Nomine Domini or Domini Nomine, a phrase and title which consti-
tuted the prototype of Dei Gratia. The words almost invariably occur
in initials only, N.D. or D.N., and are found on the coins of the Ostro-
goths in the 6th c. Eudes, King of France (887-98), adopted the form
Gratia Domini, which ultimately became the modern and Western
development of the notion, as contrasted with the Oriental or Moham-
medan feeling resident in the original dictum.
Nitmmus (Gr. v6[j.os, vtpeiv}, like the German scheide miinze, anything
intended or suitable for distribution ; the perhaps nominal unit of the
Catalogue of European Denominations 219
Byzantine bronze coinage, which circulated in Greece, Asia Minor,
Southern Italy, and Sicily from the 7th to perhaps the loth c. There
were the multiples of 5 (pcntamimmo), 10 (decanummo), 20, 30, and 40,
the last being = follaro or doppio follaro. The respective values are
usually indicated by Roman numerals.
Obole, obolos, obool, the term applied to the half danaro or denier by a
sort of analogy with the ancient Greek standard or division of value.
The moiety of the Carlovingian denier is usually so called. It is more
frequently than otherwise employed from an ignorance of the correct
denomination. Compare, however, Obnlus.
Obolino, a name for an obolo of smaller module. It is always
questionable how far these terms were sanctioned by authority or by
contemporary usage.
Obolos, a piece of 5 lepta in the modern Greek currency.
Obnlus, and the half, a silver denomination of Hungary under Bela
IV., 1235-70, with the word between two lions' heads. Also the name
expressly conferred on certain pfennigen of 1378 struck by the Margraves
of Moravia at Glatz with I. G\lacensis\ O\biilus\. The obulus continued
to be the Hungarian unit during centuries, and was = \ denier. 400
went to the Hungarian florin of gold by virtue of the Edict of Buda,
1447.
Ochavo, the half quarto or cuarto in the Spanish monetary system under
Ferdinand and Isabella (1476-1504) and their successors. The same
name, or octavo, appears to have been identified with the third brass
Roman coins which, in the absence or dearth of other currency, long
passed in Spain and the South of France as an equivalent for the local
money. Whelan mentions that the word is locally corrupted into chavo
or chovy.
*Ochosen, Spanish. The smallest gold coin.
Oertli, a Swiss name for the j gulden, 1 7th- 1 8th c.
Oirt Stuver, an ecclesiastical coin or token. Billon or base silver.
Arnheim.
Oncia, mezza oncia, and quarto di oncia, a silver denomination of the
Knights of St. John at Malta, of the Two Sicilies, and of the Dukes of
Savoy, 1 8th c. Vittorio Amedeo II. (1713-18) had the 2-oncie piece.
The oncia of the Bourbon Kings was coined from the local mines, and
occurs both of thick and widespread module, the former the scarcer,
and of the dates 1733 and 1791. The Maltese oncia, the \ and j, were
= 30, 15, and "j\ tari. The type seems to have been struck only by
Emmanuele Pinto, Grand Master, 1741-73.
Ongaro. See Ungaro.
On-le-vault, the denier blanc of Cambrai = 2 deniers tournois, coined
in 1347 by Jehan Bougier of Arras for the Bishop of Cambrai. The
denier noir of the same coinage was called valtan, which seems to have
an allied sense. They were something which supplied a popular want.
22O The Coins of Europe
Onsa. See Livra.
Oortje, oordje, or oorf, a double plack or double Hard.
Or, pi. ore, an early Norwegian coin originally — 24 penningen and
the loth of the silver mark, but afterward reduced or debased, and
practically equivalent to the Danish and Swedish pieces.
Or, pi. ore, a Danish coin originating in a common source with that of
Sweden, but apparently never issued to pass current for so high a value,
as a modern piece of 5 ore is only equal to the 4th of an early Swedish
or.
O'r, pi. ore, a Swedish copper coin, which dates back to the time of
John III., 1569-92, and underwent certain changes of module and weight,
till it was restored to something like the i6th c. standard in the time of
Frederic I. (1718-49). The ore coined in the first half of the iyth c. were
derived from the copper of the mines of Dalecarlia in N. Sweden.
Ortclin, the J pfenning of Strasburgh, I4th c.
Ortsthaler, or quarter thaler, a Saxon denomination of 1661, with the
half.
Ortug, a Swedish coin struck in the I5th c. at Stockholm under Carl
VIII. (1448-70).
Ortug, a Norwegian coin = 8 penningen. Probably similar to the
last.
Osella, a term applied to a long series of coins in all metals, but usually
in silver, struck by the Doges of Venice and by the Dogaresse for distri-
bution as presents. Among these are some of the most varied, artistic,
and pleasing examples of Venetian numismatic art. The osella was
struck from the time of Antonio Grimani (1521-23) down to the close,
with the exception of the reigns of Nicolo Donato (1618) and Gio-
vanni Cornaro (1624-30). This was, after all, only a form of the practice
existing in other parts of Europe. The first gold osella occurs under
Alvigi Mocenigo (1570-77), and was struck to commemorate the victory
at Lepanto. One in bronze, struck in 1585 by Nicolo da Ponte, seems to
have been intended as a memorial of the foundation of the Rialto Bridge.
On the rev. we read Fvndamenta. Facta. Prid. Kal. Ivnii. 1585. The
Dogaressa also coined oselle at Venice in her own name. There is a
silver one of the consort of Marino Grimani (1595-1606), which reads on
obv. Mavrocena. Mavrocena. [portrait of the Dogaressa to 1.], and on rev.
Mvnvs. Mavroccnae. Grimanae. Dvcissae. Venetiar. 1597. There was
the double osella in gold and in silver, and the osella di Murano in gold
and silver.
Pagode, a gold coin struck by France under Louis XV. for Pondi-
chery.
Paolo, the loth of the silver scudo, and equivalent to the giulio, a
silver denomination of the dukedom of Ferrara (i6th c.), of the popes, and
of the Dukes of Tuscany of the house of Lorraine. Ercole II., D'Este,
Duke of Ferrara (1534-59), struck several varieties. The Tuscan paolo
in 1830 was = 5th of a silver florin. There is the piece of 2 paioli. Cat.
Rossi, 1431.
Papetto, a silver papal coin struck by Pius VII., Gregory XVI., and
Pius IX. There is the half.
Par, pi. para, the copper currency of the modern kingdom of Serbia
or Servia. 100 para are = i dinar. The denomination is of Turkish
origin, and used to be employed in the Russian provinces of Moldavia
and Wallachia, 1771-74. The Russian piece was — 3 dengi.
Catalogue of European Denominations 2 2 1
Pardao, pardoes, a gold Portuguese colonial coin of the i8th c. = 5
tangos, or about 320 reis.
Pardao or Xerafin, the £ rupia of Goa, worth 300 reis. There is
the meo p., and a variety known as the pardao de Dio, 1806, from the
legend. i8th c. From a document of 1548 it appears that the piece was
originally struck on a square or irregular flan ; it was perhaps, like the
macnta in Africa, an evolution from the native coinage.
Parisis, the name originally attached to French coins of the Paris
standard, fixed under Philip Augustus at j above that of Tours. It con-
tinued in use in such parts of France as were subject to the Crown down
to the time of Louis XIV. ; but it gradually lost its technical significance.
There were the p. d'or, the p. d 'argent, the p. noir, and the denier and
sol parisis. There is a very rare double/, d^ argent of Charles IV., 1328,
with Moncta Duplex on rev. -Louis XI. struck a variety called the/, de
I'anmonerie. The/, d'or first appeared in 1329. The denier and sol p.
were imitated by the Dukes of Lorraine in the I4th c. See one of Ferri
IV., 1312-28, figured in Cat. Robert, 1886, No. 1298.
Parpajola, or parpaillot, a coin common to Switzerland, Italy, and
Savoy. It was struck at Asti by Louis XII. of France and Charles V.
of Germany. There is the half. The earliest are of Swiss fabric ; Berne,
and the Swiss generally, abandoned the type in 1528. At Correggio, in
Italy, the piece seems to have been = 3 soldi.
Patdca, a Portuguese coin of the 1 7th- 1 8th c. = 320 reis. They exist
of the reign of John IV. (1640-56), and are frequently countermarked
with higher or lower values.
Patdca, a copper Portuguese denomination = 2 cuartos.
Patacdo, a silver Portuguese coin of the i6th c. (1555), struck for, and
presumably at, Goa, and perhaps the prototype of the rupias of thick
fabric of later date. Fernandes alludes (p. 333) to zpatacdo of fine silver
of the present century, popularly known as a canello — 4 cruzados, and
weighing an ounce ; but he could not refer to an example.
Patacchina, a silver coin of the Republic of Genoa during the French
occupation (1396-1406). It bears the titles of Charles VI. of France and
of Conrad, and the quartered arms of France and Genoa. There are
several varieties.
Patacon, or patagon, a name apparently common to the Brabantine
and Portuguese series, 1 5th- 1 8th c., but probably of Portuguese origin.
The silver dollar = from 600 to 640 reis. The word signifies the same as
piefort, or a heavy foot, the coin weighing an ounce ; hence the sobri-
quet of leg-dollar. ' The Low Country patagon was = 50 stuivers.
Patacon, the Portuguese heavy copper piece of 40 reis, early igth c.
Patard, a Brabantine billon coin ( = Dutch stuiver), with the quad-
ruple, double, and half, in the I5th c., struck at Antwerp, Malines, Cam-
brai, etc. The e"cu d'or of Cambrai was worth 40 p. The bishops of
that See and of Lidge issued pieces of 30 p. in silver, and Philip le Beau,
Duke of Burgundy (1495-1506), the -eighth of a p. for Luxemburgh,
1502.
Patard, a billon coin of Louis XI. of France, struck for Perpignan.
There are two varieties. A demi-patard occurs in the Franco -Italian
series of Louis XII. for Milan (1499-1513). Henry II. struck it for Pro-
vence with P. beneath two lis and the Prove^al cross.
Patte dole, a variety of the gros blanc (a type of the old g. tournois of
a larger module), struck under Jean le Bon (1364-80) of France, with an
expanded Us.
222 The Cains of Europe
Pavilion, a gold coin of the French and Anglo-Gallic series. Of the
latter there are two types, both struck at Bordeaux.
Peqa, a gold Portuguese coin under Maria II. (weight, 145 gr.)
with a diademed bust to left on obv., and on rev. a shield resting on
foliage. Another name for the dobra.
Peerdekc, ^\.pccrdckcn, the third of the snaphaan. Silver. Nimmhegcn,
Groningen, etc. There is a scarce one of Zutphen with Fata Viam In-
venient, and Mom. Nova Civita. Zvtpha. in the iSth c.
Peeter, or Pietre, a gold coin of Louvain, Brabant, I4th c., imitated
by Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege and Duke de Bouillon, 1364-78. The
name was due to the effigy of St. Peter.
Pegione, a silver coin of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan, I4th c. On
obv. occurs J?. Ambrosio Mcdiolan, and the saint seated ; and on rev.
Comes. Virtvtvm D. Mediolani.
Penni, pi. pennia, a Russian copper coin struck for Finland = a
French centime. There is the i penni, 2 pennia, 5 pennia, 10 pennia.
1865-66.
Peregozi, the local name given in a document of 1276 to the currency
of Perigord, otherwise described as pierregordins. A variety of the
denier. In 1305 two Florentines engaged to supply to the Count 20,000
marques of white money of pierregordins between the 2oth May and the
25th July.
Pcrpcro, and the half, silver denomination of Byzantine origin, intro-
duced into the Republic of Ragusa in the I3th c. or thereabout. Also
a gold value used at Venice as money of account.
Peseta, a Spanish silver denomination = in 1774, 2 reales ; in 1868, 92
French centimes, the piece corresponding to the French livre. It was
struck during the Peninsular War at Barcelona, and in 1873, during the
Revolution, at Cartagena. In 1874 the younger Don Carlos struck,
apparently out of Spain, probably in Italy, a piece of 5 pesetas with
Dios, Patria,y Rey on rev. There was a reissue of it in 1886. Of the
Barcelona series of 1811 there are the 5 p. and i p. in silver, and the
1 6 reales or 10 p. and 20 p. in gold, bearing dates between 1809 and
1813. Two 5 p. pieces of 1821 and 1823 were issued for circulation in
the Balearic Isles. By the law of 1868 the peseta replaced the escudo as
the monetary unit and money of account.
Peseta, a silver denomination struck by Christian VII. of Denmark
in 1777 for Iceland, Greenland, and the Feroe Islands.
Peso, the name of a silver siege-piece struck for Girone, in France, in
1808 during the Peninsular War.
Pezza, a gold coin of the Medici family, Dukes of Florence or
Etruria. There is one of Cosmo III., 1718, struck at Leghorn, somewhat
similar in type to the scudo of silver which is known under the same
name. It bears a rosebush and the legend Gratia Obvia Vltio Qvcesita.
It was known as the pezza d'oro delta rosa. Of the silver there are
earlier examples in the same reign.
Pezzetta and mezsa-peszetta (Fr. piecctte), billon currency of Monaco,
1 8th c., and of the Swiss canton of Fribourg, id. the single and
double pezzetta or piecette.
Pfaffenfeindthaler, the name applied to a silver siege-piece or money
of necessity (1622) struck during the Thirty Years' War.
Pfenning, penning, or fennig, a copper coin of North Germany and
the Low Countries, equivalent to the French centime. In Alsace or
Elsas it occurs in the I4th c. A copper series of \, i, 2, 3, 4, and 5 pf. was
Catalogue of European Denominations 223
in use in Cuilemborg in 1590-91. Saxe-Meiningen struck a piece of \\ pf.
in 1740. There is a vierstuiverpenning or 4-stuiver piece, and in 1848
the Netherlands issued a negotie-penning of 10 gold florins (Schulman,
Cat. xv. 877). The coin entitled a Brodt Penning, 1789, was employed
at Cologne for distribution among the poor during a scarcity ; the Anglo-
Saxons and Hollanders had an analogous currency. On an early speci-
men belonging to Utrecht we read Dit is der Armen Pe., and (on rev.)
Moneta. S. Martini. — from the legend of St. Martin and the beggar.
Pfenning, a silver denomination mentioned in a grant from the
Emperor Charles IV., in 1363, to the town of Wertheim in Baden.
Pfetmanchen, a small coin of the Prussian abbey of Essen, I7th c.
The I2oth part of a reichsthaler. In the Diocese of Treves it was a term
applied to the albus. Comp. Mark.
Phenix, the name of the silver coin struck by President Capo d' I stria
under the Greek Republic, 1828 = rather less than a lira. An appro-
priate appellation for a coinage significant of national revival.
Philipsdaalder, silver crown struck by Philip II. of Spain for the
Netherlands. There are the divisions down to the 4oth part. See next
article.
Philippus, and the half, a name given to the silver crown and its
divisions struck by or for Philip II. of Spain during his occupation of
the Low Countries. There is the half, fifth, tenth, twentieth, and fortieth
parts. The last was — 20 mites. A type of the Philippics or daalder, with
his portrait and titles, was struck at Antwerp after the relinquishment of
the Low Countries of Flanders by the Spaniards in 1580. There is a
pattern evidently issued posterior to the occupation of Portugal by
Philip, as the shield quarters the arms of that kingdom. Indeed it is
remarkable that so late as 1593 coins with the name of this prince con-
tinued to appear in the country, where he had made himself so deservedly
obnoxious, side by side with those associated with comparative political
freedom. But the circulation of Spanish, as well as of Austrian, money
in this oppressed region was not arrested till the end of the iSth c.
Piastre, a Spanish silver coin of eight reales. It dates from the reign
of Ferdinand and Isabella ; comp. Piece of Eight. The Medici of
Florence coined both the gold and silver piastre ; the gold p. of Cosmo
II., 1610, engraved by Scipione Mola, is considered the chef d'&uvre
of the Florentine mint. The Turkish p. is a totally different piece,
worth about 3d.
Piataltinik, the Russian 15-kopeck piece.
Piatar, a piece of 5 Russian kopecks of large module, struck from
1758 down to the beginning of the present c.
Piatatchek, the Russian 5 -kopeck piece in silver.
*Picchaleon, Sardinian, copper. The centesimo.
Picciolo, a small copper coin of Malta, first struck without, and then
with, the name. Apparently = i grano. There is a piece of 3 pice.
Piece of Eight. See Real.
Piedfort, or Piefort, an expression frequently employed to denote pieces
of money struck on an unusually thick flan. Patterns have more often
than not been issued on the Continent in this shape, and the piedforts in
the French series are particularly numerous. Some evidently passed
current. But among the Germans and Low Country numismatists the
term is sometimes applied to what appears to be more properly a double
piece ; not one of small thick module, but of twice or thrice the usual
weight.
224 The Coins of Europe
Piedquailloux, the sobriquet of a Hard struck under Henry IV. of
France, having H. crowned between three Us, and on rev. a hollow
cross. .
Pierregordin. See Pcregozi.
Pignatelles, the term applied to the pieces of 6 blanques struck by
various personages in France during the political anarchy about 1 586,
and down to 1 595 or later. They were nominally = 24 deniers, but fell to
half their value.
Pilarte, a billon coin of Portugal, first struck by Fernando I., 1367-83,
and = 2 dinheiros.
Pinto, a gold Portuguese coin of the i8th c = 4oo reis. There is one
of 1721. It was = the cruzado nuevo of later date.
*Pistareen, Spanish, silver, value iod.; the fifth of the dollar, 4 reales.
Pistole=% thaler, a very early gold denomination of Spanish origin,
and thence introduced into the coinage of the Netherlands under the
house of Nassau ; into the Duchy of Lorraine (the pistole, the double,
and the half) under Charles III. (1545-1608) ; into the Scotish currency
during the colonisation of Darien ; and into Switzerland. The canton of
Geneva had the pistole and the triple pistole. There is also a pistole of
the first King of Wiirtemburg, 1810, and a double one of Carl, Duke of
Brunswick, 1828, with Zehnthaler on rev. The lo-thaler piece of Jerome
Napoldon, King of Westphalia, 1812, is sometimes called a double
pistole.
Pite, or pougeoise, an early currency of Savoy under the Count
Aimon (1329-43). The unit was = i obole ; 4 made a fcrt or fort d lane
and 12 a gros domain. The value is indicated by points.
Plappart, early currency of some of the Swiss cantons and of the city
of Strasburgh. There is the half. A plappart of 1424 for St. Gall is the
oldest dated piece in the Swiss series. Berne relinquished the type in
1528. Comp. Blappert.
Plaque, plak, or plack, the ^ butken or ^ groot; a billon coin of which
the value probably varied in different places at different periods. There
is a piece of 12 plakken struck by Philip II. in 1560 for Overijssel.
Plaque, great or grande, a billon or silver coin current, 1 4th- 1 5th c.,
in Brabant, the Bishopric of Liege, Lorraine, and France. There is an
extremely rare one of Marie de Blois, Regent of Lorraine, 1346-48. The
g. pi. was first struck in France under Charles VII. (1422-61).
Plaqitette, a silver coin of the Bishopric of Lie"ge, i6th c. Sch., Cat.
ix. 464. The diminutive of plague.
Plotar, a Swedish siege-piece of 1715 and 1747 in copper, intended to
pass for a silver daler or \ daler.
Poillevilain, a nickname given to the gros tournois a la queue, struck
under Jean le Bon, 1350-64, after the master of the royal mint.
Poitcvin, a name given to the denier current in the ancient county of
Poitou. In 1265 Alphonse, brother of Louis IX., struck as Count of P.
poitevins nouveaux with a demi-lis for France and the arms of Castile,
and the legend Pictavie. Et. Thol. (Poitou and Toulouse).
Polk, pi. polker, a billon currency of Brandenburg and of the Kings of
Sweden for East Prussia and Poland. See Driepolker.
*Polpoltin, Russian, silver, the quarter rouble.
Poltina, or poltinink, a Russian silver coin = £ rouble.
Poltorak, a Polish denomination for the 24th of the talar. It may be
the same as \hepolturat, described by Whelan as Hungarian copper.
Poltur, pi. poltura, money of necessity of Hungary and Transylvania,
Catalogue of European Denominations 225
early iSth c. (1704-6). There are pieces of i, 10, and 20 p. Maria
Theresa also struck the unit.
Poluska, pi. poluski, and the half =| and j kopeck, small copper pieces
struck for Siberia under Peter the Great and Catherine II. Perhaps it
was originally a provincial currency.
Popolino, a name borne by the silver florin of Florence, struck in 1307.
They resembled the gold in type.
Pore-epic, a type of the gold ecu coined under Louis XII. of France
(1497-1515), and reissued by a few of his successors. Louis introduced
into his Franco-Italian series &gros au p. struck at Milan, with St. Am-
brose on obv., and a porcupine under a crown on rev.
Portitgaloser, a gold denomination of Denmark, i6th c. = 10 crowns.
A^ portugaloser of Christian IV., 1592, brought 275 marks=^i3 : 155.
at the Reinmann sale in 1891-92. On the obv. the inner circle reads
Nach Portvgalischen. Schrot. V. Korn.
Portuguez, a gold Portuguese coin = 10 cruzados or 3900 reis, and
weighing generally about 712 gr. It was first introduced, after the
important discoveries and conquests of the Portuguese in America and
Asia, by Emmanuel (1495-1521) with a unique historical legend: Primus
Emanuel R. PortugallifB Alg. Citra Ultra in Africa Dominus Guinee • In
Commercii • Navigatione • ^Ethiopia • Arabice • Persice • India\e\. This
reading is derived from Fernandes, Memoria, 1856, p. 113. Mention else-
where (p. 123) occurs of pieces of 15 cruzados struck by Emmanuel at
the request of Pope Leo X. But these are not known to exist. The
Portuguez itself of the original type has the appearance of a coin not
intended for general circulation, and that of John III. offers a modified
legend. Both, but especially the first, are extremely rare.
Portuguez, a silver Portuguese coin of the early part of the i6th c.
(1504), with the half, respectively = 400 and 200 reis. Said to have been
struck from the dies of the p. di ouro. Fernandes (Memoria, 1856, p.
115) cites authorities to prove the production and existence of these
coins ; but no examples seem to be at present known. Perhaps they
were never circulated.
Pougeoise, a variety of the \ obole current in the 1 3th- 1 4th c. in
Poitou, Puy-de-D6me, and other parts of France, as well as in Savoy,
where it was also called %.pite. Some of the small coins of the Bishops of
Puy bear Poles. Puei. or Poles del Pueij and an obole, or the \, struck at
Acre, perhaps by a French crusader, has the reading Pvges. The name
was doubtless derived from Le Puy.
Pougeoise. See Pite.
Pouly, Russian copper money, from poul, leather, from which it was
doubtless an evolution.
Prdmie (prcemia, prizes), coins struck in Germany and Switzerland to
distribute at schools, usually \ thalers.
Q
226 The Coins of Eiirope
Prcrvinois, the product of the mint at Provins, Champagne, which
attained a wide celebrity and acceptance down to the I3th c., although
it was not distinguished either by originality or by excellence. Under
Thibaut IV., Count of C., 1225, what were called the nouveaux proviruris
were issued, with the pcigne or degenerate head surmounted by three
towers, a recollection of the Touraine source of the Champagnois
money.
Publica — "^ tornesi, a small copper coin of the Two Sicilies, 1 7th- 1 8th c.
The name refers to the prevailing idea of the base metal being issued for
the general convenience.
*Pulslaty, Hungarian, silver, the half florin.
Pyramiden-thaler, a thaler in the Saxon series struck to commemorate
a death or other event in the royal family, with an inscription in the form
of a pyramid on the reverse.
Quarantano, or piece of 40 soldi, a silver denomination of the
dukedom of Parma under Ranuccio II., 1646-94. The rev. has
Monstra Tc Essc Matron, and the Virgin and Child supported by
two angels.
Quartarolo, and the double, a Venetian bronze or copper denomina-
tion of the 1 3th and following c. It seems to have been first introduced
under the Doge Pietro Ziani (1205-28), and the double under Lorenzo
Tiepolo (1268-74). The quartarolo was also struck at Verona by the Duke
of Milan during his temporary occupation.
Quartinho. See Mocda.
Quartino, a silver denomination of the duchy of Parma and Piacenza,
and of other independent Italian States.
Quartino d'oro, the fourth of the sat do, struck under Pope Benedict
XIV., 1740-58, Anno I.
Quarto, a silver denomination of Reggio under the Este family. The
j scudo.
Quarto, a copper denomination of Spain. Compare Ctiarto. From
1 80 1 the British Government struck copper pieces under this name for
Gibraltar, and during part of the period, between 1808 and 1811, the
French introduced a coinage of A, I, 2, and 4 q., with and without date.
Some of these are extremely rare. In 1754, or earlier, the Spaniards had
a currency of quartos for Cataluna. We have seen the I, i$, 2, 3, and 6
q. of various dates down to 1841.
Quattrino, a billon, and afterward a copper coin of Venice, Rome,
Florence, Reggio, the Two Sicilies, etc. The quattrino of the popes was
often distinguished as quattrino Romano. There is a piece of 3 quattrini
of Cosmo III., Grand-Duke of Florence, 1681. The Venetian quattrino (in
copper) was not introduced till the reign of Fr. Foscari (1423-57). In
some political dissension at Florence in or about 1417, after the election
of Martin V. to the papal chair, a popular ballad contrasted his Holiness
not very favourably with his opponent Braccio di Mentone, Lord of
Perugia. In this fugitive composition there is a curious reference to the
quattrino :
" Braccio il valente,
Che vince ogni gente :
Papa Martino
Non vale un quattrino."
Quattrino Pantcrino, a Lucchese variety of this piece with the arms
Catalogue of European Denominations 227
of the Republic supported by a panther. There is no legend. Remedi
Cat., 1884, No. 1626, dated 1691. The same Government put forth other
types of the quattrino in copper with the figure of St. Paulinus.
Quern. See Tern.
Rabenpfennig. See Rappen.
Raderalbus, a type of the albus or blanque current in the dukedom
of Juliers, I4th c, and in that of Berg, i5th c. One of Adolf, Duke of
Berg, 1408-23, is cited by Sch. xiv. 456.
Raderschilling, a schilling of the same type, current in the diocese of
Treves, i6th c.
Raitgroschept) a copper coin of Bohemia, 1 6th- 1 7th c. We have met
with them of 1572, 1583, and 1605.
Rapp, rappen, a small billon coin of Switzerland, equal to a ^ centime.
10 r. appear to have been=i batz. The word is traced to Raben, or
crow ; a crow's or raven's head appearing on what was thence termed the
Rabenpfennig.
* Rathsprcesentger, German, silver, value 8d. Aix-la-Chapelle.
Rathzeichen, a silver denomination issued under the authority of the
city of Cologne, 1730. There are two or three varieties.
Raymondine, or Raymondesquc, an appellation for the local money of
Albi in the Toulousan, from the presence on all the coins of the name of
Raymond, a Count of T. in the loth c.
Real, originally a Spanish silver coin, worth about \ franc, or 5d., and
apparently issued for the first time, with the double, under Ferdinand
and Isabella, in a variety of types. It is possible that the coins of the
same name in silver and gold, struck in the Low Countries during
Spanish sway, were also known as reales ; but terms are often misapplied
by the authorities. A piece of 50 reales in silver was struck at Segovia
at various dates by Philip III. and IV. and Charles II., and one of 100
in gold by Philip IV., of Spain. In the Franco-Spanish series we have a
piece of 5 reaux, 1641. A small silver piece, named on the face a reaal,
was struck for the Dutch settlement of Cura^oa in 1821. Also a Portu-
guese silver and copper denomination, 1 3th- 1 6th c. The former was
= 10 dinheiros or 40 reis. There was the r. dobrado = 80 r. or 4
vintems.
Reale, a type struck by the Counts of Provence, of the house of
Anjou, in imitation of the Sicilian augustale of the Emperor Frederic II.,
1 3th c.
Regalis Aureus, the original name given to what was subsequently
known as the royal d'or. It appears to have been first struck by Louis
IX. at Noyon.
*Regensburger, Ratisbon money of account.
228 The Coins of Europe
Regiments thaler, the name of a silver coin struck at Ulm, during
the Thirty Years' War, in 1622.
Rei, rets, the unit of the Portuguese monetary system and the money
of account. The value has varied at different periods, but the coin
approximately represents the French centime and Spanish centime. The
lowest multiple with which we have met is a \\ piece of 1695, and the
highest is the dobra = 20,000 r. 4000 r. = i moeda. There is a very
scarce piece of 18 r. struck under John IV.
Reichsthaler, royal thaler, a thaler struck either by, or under, the
authority of the German emperors.
Reine (for, a name, probably a popular one, bestowed for some un-
explained reason on the petite masse d'or of Philippe III. of France,
1270-85. It has been conjectured, on the other hand, that it was
struck by Louis IX. in honour of his mother, Queen Blanche, and
that it is the denier or florin d'or a la reine mentioned in ordinances
down to the time of Philip le Bel. No coin, specifically so termed, is
known.
Resellado, the word on a 5-peseta or lo-reales piece of Ferdinand
VII., 1821, indicating a recoinage.
Rigsbankdaler, Royal Bank daler, a Danish silver coin.
Rijdcr, a name probably applied in the Low Countries to any money
bearing a horseman as part of the type. The gouden-rijder is equiva-
lent to the French cavalier and the Scotish rider of James VI. Schul-
man, Cat. xiv. 51, describes at some length an inedited one of Willem
V., Count of Holland (1349-89), struck for that province. There is the
half. At a later period the denomination underwent two successive
changes : a transfer to a smaller and thicker flan about 1580, and, again,
to a broader and thinner one about 1615. A pattern of this latter
variety in piefort, dated 1620, weighs 19 gr., and varies from the ordinary
coinage. Comp. Snaphaanschelling.
Rijderdaalder, silver crown with horseman, i6th c. S1 Heercnberg.
Rijderguldcn, properly, we apprehend, a silver coin of that denomina-
tion, having on one side a horseman.
Robustus, a term apparently applied to the silver crown of thicker
module struck in the Low Countries in the i6th c., similar to the thaler
of Sigismund of Austria, 1484.
Robustus, a coin with its half and quarter, temporarily current in
Flanders in the i6th c. Sch., xii. 192-94. Comp. Antwerp in Cat. of
Mints.
Roda. Comp. Bazaruco.
Rolabasso, a silver type of the Marquises of Saluzzo, early i6th c.,
with the titles on obv. and an eagle bearing a small shield in claw, and
on rev. Christvs Rex : Venit in Pace : Homo : Factvs.
Rollbatzen, or Rollbatz, currency of the Bishops of Passau, Bavaria,
in the i6th c.
Roosschelling, or escalin H la rose, a silver coin of W. Friesland,
1 7th c., with the legend enclosed in leaves, flowers, and fruit. Comp.
Escalin.
*Rosina, Tuscan, gold, value i8s. 3d. Mezza Rosina.
Rothklippe, Danish siege-money of the i6th c.
Rouble, a Russian silver coin, originally struck under Peter the Great,
and much improved in 1717. There is a rare and fine pattern for a new
coinage in 1707. The word is derived from v. roobet, to cut, and pre-
serves the tradition of the primitive money of leather cut into strips, and
Catalogue of European Denominations 229
stamped with values. Catherine I. in 1726 struck a large square rouble
in copper, and Nicholas I. for the first time introduced pieces of 3, 6, and
12 roubles in platinum. Under Alexander I. roubles and \ roubles were
struck by Bolton at Birmingham as an experiment prior to the introduc-
tion of a similar press at St. Petersburgh.
*Roup, Polish, silver, value 5d.
Royal, or Aureus Regalis, a gold coin of France, first struck under
Louis IX., and continued by some of his successors down to Charles V.,
of whom, however, no specimen is at present known. Philip III. struck
a petit r. and Philip IV. a double r.
Royalin, and pieces of 2, 4, and 8 r. Money struck by France under
Louis XV. for Pondiche"ry.
Rozenbeker, a silver or billon variety of the groot, current in Brabant
in the I4th c. There were convention rozenbekers and the \ between
Joanna of Brabant and Philip le Hardi (1384-89). The name appears
to be derived from Roosebeke, a village near Ypres. But the same
denomination was struck, later on, at Antwerp, both in gold and
silver.
*Rubic, Turkish, gold, value is. gd. ; 35 aspers. Rubich.
*Runstyck, Swedish, copper, value one-sixth of a farthing.
Ruspo and mezzo ruspo, a gold denomination of Gio. Gastone de'
Medici, Grand-Duke of Florence (1723-37), and his successors of the
house of Lorraine. The type gives on obv. the titles and lily, and on
rev. the seated figure of St. John to 1.
Ruspone, apparently the same as the ruspo.
*Ryks-Ort, Danish, silver.
S.R'J.A. Sancti Romani Imperil Archidapifer.
S.R.I.P. Sancti Romani Imperil Princeps.
Saiga, the name of certain silver pieces in the so-called Merovingian
series.
Saint Andriesgulden, a gold coin of the Counts of Holland, I5th c.
It occurs with the name of Philip le Bel of France and the legend Co.
Ho. A type of the Hanoverian thaler bears on one side the saint sup-
porting his cross. There are the divisions. Some have the titles of
George III. of Great Britain as King of Hanover.
Saint Maartensgulden, a gold piece struck by the Bishops of
Utrecht, I5th c.
S. Thome, a gold Portuguese coin, struck in the Portuguese Indies as
early as 1548, and in vogue down to the present c. It was = 1500 reis.
There was the half, and at a later period the double. Under Alfonso
VI. (1656-83) it is said to be = 4 rupias of Goa.
S. Thome" novo, a reissue of the old piece in or about 1710 (an order
for its fabrication is made in 1713). It occurs in the tables published
by Fernandes, pp. 346-49, and is described as extremely rare, and - 1 5
pardoes or xerafins of Goa.
S. Vicente, a gold Portuguese coin= 1000 reis, struck at Lisbon (?) in
1555 at the time the Inquisition was introduced, with the significant
legend Zelator Fidei Usque Ad Mortem. There is the half.
Salute, a silver coin of Sicily under the house of Anjou, which
adopted this emblem in place of the eagle, and a gold one in the French
and Anglo-Gallic series. The obv. represents the Salutation of the
Virgin. The gold salute of Henry V. is of great rarity, that of Henry
VI. very common.
230
The Coins of Europe
Salvatorthaler, a Swedish silver coin of the i6th and i;th c., having
the effigy of the Saviour on one side. A similar denomination existed at
Jever in Oldenburgh. There is the half.
Sampictrino, the name of the i\ baiocchi piece of Pius VI. (1796).
There are varieties.
Sanar, a kind of sol, doubtless in billon, specified in the ordin-
ance of Charles V. of Spain, 1528, limiting the municipal coinage of
Perpignan.
Sanctus Vultus, the expression found on the mediaeval and later cur-
rency of Lucca, and apparently intended to apply to the effigy which
occupies the obverse — originally an idealised one of an emperor, but at a
subsequent period a mere fanciful portrait, usually crowned and bearded,
and from the latter circumstance conferring on some of the pieces of the
•
J3th c.
i 8th c.
Lucchese money the epithet barbone. The Sanctus Vultus seems to
have been an attempt similar to the Dei Gratia movement, to convey to
the ignorant and credulous majority an impression of some relationship
between their ruler and the Deity.
Santa Crocc, a silver coin of Lucca, iyth c. = 25 soldi. The rev. has
the Volto Santo and a cross.
Santo Martino, a silver coin of Lucca = 15 soldi, I7th c., with
Rcspvblica Lucensis, etc., and on rev. the name and legend of St Martin.
Sassnaer, the name of a type of groot and \ groot struck in 1489 for
Philip le Bel, Duke of Burgundy, as Count of Holland. Sch., xv. 418-23,
and xx. 237.
*Schaaf, Hanoverian. Money of account at Emden.
Schanthaler, a coin of a commemorative or jubilee character struck
at an accession, marriage, etc.
Scheepsschelling (Escalin ait navirc], a silver piece current in the
Dutch province of Utrecht, and so called from the type of the ship,
usually in full sail, on obv., 1 7th- 1 8th c.
Schelling, Fr. Escalin, q.v.
Schcrfc, another name for the halbling or \ pfenning. Comp. Haller.
Schild. See Ecu.
Schilling, a silver coin struck in the dukedom of Prussia and by the
Kings of Sweden and Poland for East Prussia. It was the currency of
the Teutonic Order from the I4th to the I5th c. Also a denomination in
the Swiss cantons of Glarus, Zug, and Zurich. There is a place called
Schillingsfiirst in Bavaria, and there was a mint there, but apparently
not an early one.
Schindcrling, a name assigned to a coin struck at Gratz and else-
where pursuant to an order of the Emperor Frederic III. in 1461.
*Schlante, Swedish, copper, value id. Slantar, or Loo Penningar.
Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler, silver convention-money of the circle
of Schmalkalden, Hesse-Cassel, i6th c.
. Catalogue of European Denominations 231
Schulpfenning, the money of various values (from a few batzen to 4
ducats) presented to the pupils at Swiss schools in former times at the
annual examinations or breakings-up. The practice appears to have
commenced about 1 560, and in some of the cantons survived till the end
of the last c. The majority of the pieces are undated, in order that the
same die might serve from year to year. In Geneva medals were sub-
stituted for money in 1616. Comp. Pr. The German Catcchismus type
was probably designed for a similar purpose.
Schiisselpfenning, a silver coin current in Korbach and Waldeck.
S chiisselpfenning Heller, a billon coin of the See of Treves, i6th c.
Schussthaler, a type of the thaler struck by David von Scrapplau,
Count of Mansfeld, 1610. Sch., Cat. iii. No. 312.
Schutzenthaler, the term given to the money awarded to successful
marksmen in Germany and Switzerland. The earliest of the modern
Swiss series is that of Berne, 1830. In Germany, as well as in Switzer-
land itself, however, there were earlier productions of this character
awarded under different circumstances. A square thaler of John George
II. of Saxony, K.G., 1678, was struck at the inauguration of the new
shooting-houses ; it has on obv. the gartered shield, and on rev. Hercules
standing with club and lion's skin. There is an Austrian thaler of the
same kind, issued for the competition in 1868.
Schware, pi. schwaren, copper currency of Bremen, iSth-igth c.
There are pieces of 2^, i, and ^. Five s. were = a grote.
Schwart groschcn, or black groschen, a term applied to a Saxon denomi-
nation of 1482.
Scudo, properly the Italian counterpart of the French ecu, and at the
outset a. coin in gold or silver with a shield of arms on the reverse. The
Venetians, besides their gold ducat, had a scudo d'oro under the Doge
Andrea Gritti (1523-39), with the lion enclosed in a shield ; there are the
half and the double ; but the type was not continued. The double or
doppia seems only to have been coined under Nicolo Donato (1618) and
4 Scudi di oro of Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1612-26.
Giovanni Cornaro (1625-30). The latter reign produced a third
experiment in the shape of a pattern for a gold piece on a thicker flan
than the ducat and scudo, but corresponding to the former in module.
It reads on rev. Noster. Defens. Cat. Rossi, 1880, No. 5295, 99 lire.
Some very remarkable and covetable specimens of the gold scudo, its
divisions and multiples, are found in the papal, Tuscan, Mantuan, and
other series. Pieces of 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 12 scudi were struck by the
Popes and the earlier Dukes of Mantua. A 4-scudi piece in gold of
Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (1587-1612), is dated 1600. There
is a very interesting \ scudo of Florence of Nicolo Guicciardini, gonfalo-
232 The Coins of Europe
niere, entering into the class of siege-money, and referable to 1 530, when
the city was expecting an attack by Alexander de' Medicis. It has on
obv. lesvs. Rex. Noster. Et. Devs. Noster. with a cross and a crown of
thorns : in the field, N. and a shield. On the rev. is Senatvs. Popvlvs.
Q. Florentines., with a shield and the lily. A specimen sold at the
Rossi sale in 1880 for 255 lire. The scudo d1 oro del sole was a variety of
the Genoese gold crown of the Conrad type, with the castle surmounted
by a sun. The same denomination existed at Lucca. There is one
dated 1552 with the name of Charles IV. and the Sanctus Viiltus, but
with Libertas, as usual, on the shield. In silver the Italian States coined
numerous varieties of the scudo, including the scudo della galera. A
silver type at Venice, known as the scudo della croce, was introduced
under Nicolo da Ponte (1578-85) = 140 soldi. There are the half and
quarter. Cat. Remedi, 1884, No. 1716, describes a silver scudo of
Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, 1612-26, said to be inedited, with
Ferdinandos D. G. Dvx. Man/. VI. and a bare-headed bust in armour to
r., and on rev. Et. Montis. Ferrati. IV., a shield of arms, and below,
soldi no. The Dukes of Modena (1737-96) struck a triple scudo
di argento. There is one of 1 739 with Veteris Monumentum Dccoris, and
a second of 1780 with Proximo. Soli on rev., the latter an inopportune
motto so near to the close.
Sechser, a copper denomination belonging to Ravensperg or Ravens-
burgh, Prussian Westphalia, early I7th c.
Sechsling, a copper coin of Schleswig-Holstein under Danish rule.
Equal to two drielings and \ schilling.
*Sechstels, Saxony, silver, value 5d. ; 4 good groschen.
Sede Vacantc, a term found on a numerous assortment of papal and
episcopal coins, while the See was under the control of the senior
cardinal or the chapter. The later pontifical sede vacantc pieces have
the arms of the cardinal delegate. There was an actual vacancy at the
period when Lladislas, King of Naples, took possession of Rome, and
coined a grosso there (1413-14) ; but the term is not found on the
money till 1549, in the brief interregnum between Paul III. and Julius
III.
*Segross, Polish, billon, value 4d.
Seisino, Franco -Spanish copper money struck at Barcelona and
Gerona during the French occupation of Barcelona, 1642-48.
Semis, the half of the solidus, which circulated so widely in mediaeval
Europe in servile imitation of the imperial gold piece so called. The
moiety was the least usual.
Semprevivo, a silver Milanese coin, so called from the plant semprc-
•viva (house-leek), only struck under Francesco II. Sforza (1522-35).
There were two values, the s. of 5 and of 10 soldi. The same prince
placed the sempreviva on his trillina. Perhaps it was a favourite emblem
with him or his moneyer.
Sesino, a billon, base silver, or copper coin of Venice, Milan, Man-
tua, Ancona, etc., under the old regime. It continued in use at Mantua
down to the i8th c. Schulman, xv. 1791, mentions four varieties struck
by Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, 1412-47. The Genoese
Republic coined a silver piece of 8 sesini in 1653.
Sesthalf, Dutch, silver, value 5d.
Sestino, a bronze or copper coin struck in the name of Louis XII. of
France as King of Naples (1501-3), with Lvdo. Fran. Regniq. Neap.
R. on obv., and on rev. Popvli Commoditas.
Catalogue of European Denominations 233
*Shakee, Turkish, silver, value 3^d.
* Shustack, German money of account in Prussia, Poland, etc.
Siege-money, or Money of Necessity, pieces struck in all metals (gold,
silver, copper, lead, tin), and even in leather and paper or vellum, from
the Middle Ages. One of the doges of Venice in the I2th c. is said to
have issued leather tokens during an expedition in the Levant for the pay-
ment of his fleet. This class of currency was of all forms, often square,
and usually for artificial or abnormal values. Gold was seldom em-
ployed, and some of the siege-money in that metal is spurious. The
earliest, perhaps, was the gold ducat or florin struck at Vienna in 1529
during the Turkish blockade, with a rough portrait of Ferdinand I. In
the course of the present Catalogue, and of that of Mints, a large
number of the known examples is given ; but the monograph of Maillet
is naturally more complete. It should be observed that money of necessity
is of two. descriptions : that issued by the besieger and by the besieged ;
the latter only belongs to the locality itself. Comp. Feldthaler. In
February 1573-74, during the struggle against Spain, William of Nassau,
as Stadtholder, directed. the magistrates of Holland, Zeeland, and West
Friesland, to countermark all pieces in circulation above 7 grooten or
a i real with an artificial and higher value, the difference being treated
as a loan to the States for one year. Both prior to this date and long
subsequently, the practice of counter-marking the money of all countries
to pass current in the Netherlands seems to have extensively prevailed.
The perturbed and precarious condition of the States checked the output
of ordinary currency.
Silica, or Siliqua, and the half, a denomination in base silver of the
Gothic and Lombard Kings of Italy (5th-8th c.). Those of the former
dynasty bear the names of Roman emperors on the obv., and on rev. the
monogram of the Gothic sovereign, the object being to introduce a
Uniface Lombard silica or half silica, 7th c.
change of rulers only by degrees. Whelan says : " Siliqua. The carob
bean. The carat weight."
Sixain, the moiety of the douzain, q.v. Francis I. (1515-47) struck
the sixain a la salamandre couronnee, and we find the denomination
mentioned in the ordinance of Charles V. of Spain, 1528, relative to the
234 The Coins of Europe
coinage of Perpignan. Louis XIII. of France issued from the Barcelona
mint a s. with his portrait in 1642 during the French occupation of part
of Spain.
Skefpenning, or Skef, the half of the Norwegian penning.
Shilling, a Danish copper denomination, with its multiples in silver.
It seems to have fluctuated in weight and size from time to time. Comp.
Banco, Courant, and Species.
*Slet Dollar, Danish. Slecht, a 4-mark piece.
Snaphaan, a piece of 3 stuivers. Low Countries. There was the \
and the j.
Snaphaanschclling, escalin with horseman (escalin au cavalier), struck
by Philip II. of Spain for the Netherlands.
Sol, or Solidus, a gold coin imitated during the Middle Ages from
Byzantine models, and current in France and Italy. It was less diffused
than the tremissis or triens. Both were struck for the Lombard Kings
of Italy and the solidus by some of the emperors.
Sol, originally a billon, but subsequently a copper coin in the French,
Swiss, and other series under variant forms of the word. It cor-
responds to the German solidus, Italian soldo, and Spanish sueldo.
There is a copper series of i, 6, and 12 sols, struck for the pay
of the soldiers at Geneva in 1590. The Swiss sol continued in use
both in copper and billon down to the establishment of an uniform
currency. Copper pieces of i and 2 sols were issued under the first
French Republic, 1'an 2, in more than one variety, and of 2 sols 6
deniers in 1791. The sol was then evidently =12 deniers. There are
pieces of 3 and 6 sols in billon struck by Leopold II. for Luxemburgh,
1790, and of i sol in copper. During the siege of Mayence by the repub-
lican forces in 1793, a coinage took place of I, 2, and 5 sols, apparently of
French origin, and perhaps for the pay of the troops. During the Penin-
sular War Ferdinand VII. issued a silver piece of 30 sous with the corners
clipped, and one of the same value for the Balearic Isles in 1821 and
1823 of circular form. At Lille (1708) the French defenders struck pieces
of 5, 10, and 20 sols.
Soldino, a small silver coin introduced at Venice in the I4th c., and
subsequently current in other parts of Northern Italy. Louis XII. of
France struck it at Asti.
Soldino nuovo, a modified type of the older coin, introduced under
Andrea Centarini (1367-82).
Soldino vessillifero, or Vesillifero, a type of the soldino, representing
the Doge, as standard-bearer of Venice, receiving the banner of St. Mark
from the patron-saint. It first occurs, we believe, under Andrea Dandolo
(1328-54). On one side (obv.) we read : Andr. Dandvlo. Dvx., and on
rev. Vexillifer. Venecia. The piece, which remained in circulation till the
time of Francesco Foscari (1423-57), was suggested by the Florentine
dignity of Gonfaloniere.
Soldo, a copper coin struck for some of the Italian republics, for
Austrian Lombardy, for the Napoleonic kingdom of Etruria, 1803, for the
kingdom of Italy under Napoleon, 1806-13, ar>d for the duchy of Lucca and
Piombino. The soldo appears to be specified in the coronation-oath of
the Venetian Doge, Giacomo Tiepolo, 1229, but has not been precisely
identified. The Dukes of Milan made their grossi at different times = 8
and 5 s.
Soldo novo da S. Paolino, a billon coin of Lucca, i8th c., with an
effigy of St. Paulinus on rev.
Catalogite of European Denominations 235
Soldone, a billon coin of Venice =12 soldi. In the later issues the
value is marked in the exergue.
Soldone, a copper coin of Mantua, i8th c. One of Charles VI.,
Emperor of Germany, has on rev. Soldone di Mantova. \ 732.
Solidus, originally a billon or base silver, and eventually a copper
coin of the Teutonic Order, of the Margraves of Brandenburgh as Dukes
of Prussia, of the Kings of Poland, and of the early Prussian monarchs.
One of 1529, described as silver, is cited by Schulman, ix. 539, and we
have before us an exceedingly rare copper example dated 1 568, and
struck for Lithuania or Livonia. At Metz the copper solidus was current
in 1655, as well as the ^ and j, and at Dantzic, Thorn, Elbing, etc., it sur-
vived down to the last quarter of the i8th c. There is a J solidus of 1655.
Sophiendukaat, a gold denomination of Johann George, Duke of
Saxony, 1616.
Sortett-gulden, a silver coin of the Archbishops of Mayence. They
were also current in the iyth c.
Sorting, copper currency of Denmark under Frederic III. (1648-70).
So-vrano, a denomination struck by Francis I. of Austria in 1831 for
the dukedom of Milan and Austrian Lombardy. Comp. Sovren.
Sovren, and the double, a gold denomination introduced into the
Austrian Netherlands by the Emperor Francis. Comp. Sovrano.
Spadin, a denomination introduced into the episcopal coinage of
Metz by Renaud, brother of the Count of Bar, bishop from 1302 to 1318,
who sought to adapt his money in type and weight to that of Bar.
Spadin, a silver coin of the city of Toul, I4th c., imitated from the
types of Ferri IV., Duke of Lorraine.
Species, a standard of currency in certain parts of Germany and in
the north of Europe, apparently answering to the modern dollar of com-
merce. There is a i species thaler of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, 1783.
In Denmark and Sweden the form was at first Rigsdaler - species,
which was abbreviated, when it was sufficiently well understood. The
weight of this type was formerly by no means uniform or trustworthy in
those countries ; but the later Kings of Denmark have restored the char-
acter of this currency. Comp. Banco.
Spilegroschen, a Saxon denomination for a small silver piece = a
denier in size and weight, under Ernst, Albrecht, and Wilhelm, Dukes of
Saxony, 1464-86. Query, a sort of card-counter.
Sprenger, a piece of two schellinks or \ crown in N. Holland.
Ssoiuzayia, the name given to early Russian convention -money,
bearing the titles of two princes.
Stadtfenning, a pfenning struck for a township.
Statendaalder,s\\ver crown struck for general currency in the Nether-
lands during the struggle for independence, i6th c. There is the
moiety.
Statenschelling, a coin of the same class for the lower value. Sch.,
Cat. iv. No. 298 ; Cat. v. No. 181 (a proof weighing 9.3 gram.).
Stellino, a silver coin of Florence, only struck under the reigns of
Cosmo I., De' Medici (1537-74), to repay the loan from the Genoese.
On obv. occurs Cosmvs M[edJ] R[ei] P\iublic(Z\ Floren. Dvx II., and a
portrait to r. The rev. has i". Joannes Batista, and the saint seated.
The name is due to a star on the obv. as a mint-mark.
Stephanusdaalder, a daalder or thaler of Nimmhegen, etc., with the
head or figure of St. Stephen.
Sterbdenkmunze, a species of German commemorative-money struck
236 The Coins of Europe
at the death of a sovereign or other ruler. It passed as ordinary
currency.
Sterling, or Esterling, a term given to the silver unit in the early
coinage of many European States, and possibly derived from the original
genesis of the piece in the east of Europe. The usually high standard of
the sterling may have led to its gradual identification with the only sense
in which it survives.
Stick, a small copper piece of Cologne, i8th c. (stich Kohlnisch), which
seems to have passed current at the Swedish mines of Avestad.
Stooter, the twentieth of the silver crown, with the reputed head of
the Earl of Leicester. Plated ; 1 586-87. The same type occurs with the
titles of Rodolph II., 1577.
Stothemke, bronze currency of Bulgaria. We have a piece of 2
stothemke, 1882.
Strichli-dicken or diken, a silver denomination of the Swiss canton of
St. Gallen, 1619 = 6 batzen or 24 kreutzer. There is the half. These
pieces seem to have remained current in more than one variety down to
1635. In the Townshend Collection there is a pattern of the diken,
1620.
Stubcr, another form of Stuiver, q.v.
Stuiver, Stufe, Stufer, Stiiber, a billon or copper coin of Germany and
the Low Countries, corresponding to the French sol or son, the Italian
soldo, etc. There are innumerable types, as well as varieties of size and
weight. The stitisch stumer and its moiety were struck in the i6th c.
in pursuance of the monetary convention between the imperial towns of
Campen, Daventer, and Zwolle. There are the \ and j, and for the
Netherlands the double. Pieces of I and 2 stuivers frequently occur
struck in gold for the United Provinces during the i8th c. Comp. Oirt
and Oortje. Of the ordinary Dutch stuiver 20 \vere= i gulden or is. 8d.
English.
Stuiver, a silver denomination used in the multiple form during the
siege of Amsterdam by the States in 1578, and existing in a series of 40,
20, 10, and 5 stuivers. There are two or three varieties, and the issue
appears to have been made in two separate instalments from the silver
plate of the Old and New Church. We have also the i and \ stuiver
in copper, and the 48 stuiver in silver struck for Batavia, 1644-45. Prob-
ably there was also a piece of 24 stuivers in silver ; but we have not yet
met with it. A double stuiver was struck by the Bishop of Utrecht, 1 5th
c. A proof struck in copper by the Bishop, Uavid of Burgundy, 1455-
96, is cited in Schulman, 1880, No. 426.
Stykke, pi. stykker, same as Dutch stuk, A.S. styca, a Norwegian silver
coin, the fourth of a rigsdaler courant.
*Suado, Austrian, silver, value 45. 8d.
Suanzig, a silver type of Francis of Lorraine, Emperor of Germany,
1 745-65, with the bust within a laurel wreath. Probably struck at
Vienna. In Remedi Cat, 1884, No. 1387, the piece seems to be im-
properly assigned to the Tuscan series.
Sueldo, the Spanish form of Soldo, struck under Ferdinand VII.
Whelan says: "12 Dineros = i Sueldo; 12 Sueldos = i Libra, value
2d."
Suskin and Dodkin, the names given by the authorities of London
and by Stow (Survey of London, 1633, p. 137) to the danari or obole,
brought by the Genoese and other Italian traders to Galley Quay, and
prohibited by Parliament, 13 Henry IV. and 4 Henry V. according to
Catalogiie of European Denominations 237
Stow. But it was a much older grievance, and arose from the inferior
standard of the foreign currency. The historian of London recollected
these pieces in use ; but they were, he says, reluctantly taken. The
words are of course English corruptions. They were also known as
Galley halfpence, from Galley Quay in Thames Street, where the Italians
landed their goods.
Syfert, Hanoverian, copper, current at Emden.
Szelong, the Polish and Lithuanian solidus, first of silver or billon,
subsequently of copper. The original szelong was = 1 2 denarii, and its
multiples were the dvoiak (double), troiak (triple), czvorak (quadruple),
and szostak (sextuple). Comp. Solidns.
*Taija, Spanish, copper, value the 4th of a real.
Talaro, talari, the designation given to the thaler of Maria Theresa of
Austria, 1780, which is, or was, periodically re-struck for the commerce of
the Levant, Abyssinia, Ashantee, etc.
Tallard, the name given to the silver ecu of Lorraine, i6th c. Cat.
Robert, 1886, No. 1454.
Tallero, the Italian thaler. It first appeared at Florence in 1570
under Cosmo I. De' Medici. The Dukes of Tuscany of the house of Lor-
raine continued to coin it till the present c. Some of the earlier pieces
and their divisions have interesting portraits and reverses. The Venetian
piece of 10 lire, 1797, is occasionally cited as a tallero ; but it is worth at
least 8s. English money, and is, if anything, a double t. The Rossi
Catalogue ascribes this appellation to some of the later silver pieces of
large module, struck about the year 17 50 and afterward, with Repvblica
Veneta and a personified bust of the republic on rev., and on the obv. the
name of the doge. But these appear to belong to the Osella series, and
it may be questioned whether, the portrait varying, it was not intended for
a likeness of the dogaressa.
Tanga and meia tanga, Portuguese silver colonial currency for Goa,
worth 60 and 30 reis respectively of local standard. The t. has on obv.
bust and titles, and on reverse value crowned. Early i8th c.
Tarin, a type struck by the Counts of Provence of the house of
Anjou, 1 3th c. The earliest bear, between two lis, K for Karolus (Charles
I. of Anjou).
Taro, a gold denomination of the Arab Emirs of Sicily (loth-nth c).,
Lombard Dukes, with Opvlenta Salerno. Beneventum, 7th c. ; of the Two
Sicilies under the Norman rule, nth c. ; and of Amalfi, nth c. The two
latter types were loans from Mohammedan coins. One of Roger I. of
Sicily has T on one side for Trinacria. • The Amalfitan taro may have
been struck by a temporary Sicilian ruler or occupier.
Taro, a small silver coin of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at
Malta (i6th-i8th c.). There are pieces of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16, and 30
tari. The last was = i scudo di argento. There is a very rare 3-tari piece
of Gregorio Caraffa (1680-90), who had such a romantic escape from being
executed in lieu of being raised to the head of affairs. Rossi Cat., 1880,
No. 1814, cites a 2-tari piece of Gio. de Homedes, 1536-53, dated 1553;
but there is^one of 1538. The Maltese taro was introduced about 1525 ;
it represented about 8Jd., five = a scudo, but it differed from time to time
in value and weight ; the i6-taro piece is very rare. Charles II. of Spain
(1665-1700) struck a 2-tari piece for the Two Sicilies.
Taro, a copper coin of the Knights of Malta, i6th c. It was confined
to a few masters. Gio. Paolo Lascaris, Grand Master, 1636-57, struck
238 The Coins of Europe
a copper 4-tari piece, seldom found in good state, and usually counter-
marked. There are several dates, 1636, 1641, etc.
Tehetvertak, the Russian silver piece of 25 kopecks or J rouble.
Tercenario, the \ and the \, a copper currency of the Norman Princes
of Apulia and Sicily, i ith-i2th c. Pieces occur with the value expressed :
Mcd. Tcrc. and Quarta. Tcrcenarii.
Terlina, a billon coin struck by Louis XII. of France at Asti.
Terlino, a coin of Alba in the Abruzzi, i6th c.
Tern, a small coin of the ancient Counts of Barcelona, the I2th of the
quern.
Ternaria, Vecchia, a value expressed on an Italian token of the i6thc.,
and perhaps concurrent with one in actual money of the same period.
Tersarolo, or Terzarolo, a billon denomination current at Milan
under the Visconti, I4th c. There is one of Galeazzo Visconti, as Lord of
Milan and Verona, with Comes Virtvti'in on reverse. The third of the
danaro.
Testoon, teston, testone, tostao, a term applied in different languages
to a coin with a head or portrait, apart from its strict denomination, and
eventually given to one of a certain size irrespectively of its proper mean-
ing. The European testoon is usually of the dimensions of an English
florin and of the weight and value of a quadruple groat or double julio.
Thaler, daler, dalar, daalder, tallcro, dollar, a silver coin widely dif-
fused over the Teutonic countries of Europe, and adopted under varying
forms of the name elsewhere. Numerous varieties occur in the schau-
thalcr, klippethaler, I'icariatsthaler, etc. A very remarkable and rare
one of Saxon type was struck in 1 584, probably at Ruremonde, in the
name of Rudolph II., as Duke of Gueldres, with Nvmvs. Dvc. Gef Ad.
Leg. Imper. F. The name is generally supposed to be taken from
Joachimsthal in Bohemia, where the silver mines were worked about
\
1518. But the coin existed long prior to that date. A singular series or
group of thalers was issued by Ludwig of Bavaria between 1825 and
1832 on all sorts of public or even personal occasions. They are, as a
rule, tolerably common, and occur in unused state ; but that having on
rev. a small full-length of the king standing at a table, on which his
hand rests, the crown and sceptre at his side, and dated 1825, is valued
by Schulman of Amersfoort at 135 gulden. A very erotic type is said to
have been struck by one of the early electors of Saxony in honour of his
mistress.
Catalogue of European Denominations 239
Theler, a spurious copper coin struck at Frankfort in 1703, or perhaps
later. Obv. has an escutcheon enclosing a cross, beneath which occur
three annulets ; rev. reads I Theler 1703.
Timmin. See Trevoux in Cat. of Mints.
Toison. Sch., Cat. vii. No. 122.
Tornese, pi. tornesi, a coin of base silver, and subsequently of copper,
current at a very early period in the Levant, where the Venetians
acquired a portion of what is now known as Turkey in Europe at the
commencement of the I3th c. Also a denomination of the Two Sicilies
and (under the form of turnose) of East Friesland, etc. The term is of
course derived from the French tournois. There is a piece of 3 t. struck
for Naples, 1648, and a series of 10, 8, 5 (1797-98, cast), 4, 2, I, and ^ t.
for the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons and the Neapolitan Republic.
Tornesello, a bronze coin, suggested by the colonial tornese, and intro-
duced at Venice under the Doge Ag. Barbarigo (1486-1501).
Tornez and meo tornez, the Portuguese imitation of the French gros
tournois under Pedro I., 1357-67.
Tostdo, tostdes, a Portuguese silver coin = 100 reis, and equivalent to the
French testone. There is the half or meo tostdo and the gold piece of 5
tostoes or 500 r. The latter seems only to exist of Henrique I., 1578-80.
It seems to be improperly designated in the absence of a portrait or head.
It originally appeared in the I5th c. A countermarked t. of Philip II.
of Spain as King of Portugal, struck at Lisbon, is cited by Sch., xi.
778.
Tournois, denier, the unit, first of the silver or billon, and subse-
quently of the copper, coinage of France. The term tournois is derived
from the ancient standard of the money of St. Martin de Tours. The
copper denier tournois was first introduced under Henry III. in 1575,
and remained, with the double, in use till the middle of the following c.
The last survival of this currency is in the doubles of Guernsey ; but
there is no denier.
Tournois, double, a copper coin of France, i6th-i7th c. = 2 deniers
tournois.
Tournois, gros, a coin of fine silver, first struck by Louis IX. (1250-
70) at the mint of the Abbey of St. Martin, and — four silver deniers.
The type of the obv. is said to be a copy of an Arabic dirhem of Acre of
1251 ; but the rudimentary chatel seems to be symbolical of the place of
origin, and may be seen further developed in the early Brabantine gros
au portail. Philip III., the successor of Louis, 1270-85, struck the
\ gros or maille tierce, and of the coin itself there are two varieties —
a FO rond and d fO long. The g. t. was imitated in the Low Countries
and in Germany, sometimes even to the preservation of the Touraine
legend, especially by the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Brabant
and Juliers. The word occurs in the corrupt forms of turnose and tornese,
q.v., as well as in the Scotish turner.
Tournois, livre. See Livre.
Traro, or Da Cinque [soldi or gazzette\ a small Venetian base silver
coin of 1 8th c. The rev. has Ivdicivm Rectvm and a figure of Justice.
On the obv. of one specimen occurs : Pax. Tibi. Mar. Evan. M., the
winged lion to 1., and in the exergue, 1722.
Tremissis, the third of the solidus or sol of gold. See Triens.
Triens (tiers de sol), a gold denomination, more properly called the
tremissis, copied throughout the greater part of Western Europe from
the 6th to the loth c. It probably sprang from a German or Netherland
240 The Coins of Europe
source. Desiderius, King of the Lombards, 755-74, struck tremisses
stellati, so called of course from the star used as a mark or a symbol.
Trillina, a billon piece of Milan under Galeazzo Maria and Bianca
Visconti (1466-68) and some of their successors. It appears to have
been — \ of the testonej and the design for both under Lodovico Maria
Sforza (1494-1500) was made by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at
the court of the Duke. The same hand engraved the die for the double
testone in gold.
Trouvaille, a word familiar enough to numismatists in connection
with periodical discoveries under all sorts of conditions of ancient coins
of all countries, by which new types and varieties are brought to light,
and rare pieces sometimes made commoner. Copious notices of these
finds occur in the French and other foreign Numismatic Transactions.
Two of the most important of recent years were those of early papal
danari at Rome and of early French royal and feudal money in the Rue
Neuve du Temple at Paris.
Tutn, a Brabantine and Dutch billon coin of the I4th and I5th c.
The single and double groot or groat of the type of the lion enclosed in
a hedge.
Turnosc, a silver coin of Frankfort-on-the-Maine, East Friesland, etc.,
a degenerate type of the gros tournois. It occurs as a coin of the Counts
of East Friesland as early as 1 504. Comp. Tornese and Wapenturnose.
Tivccblanksfcnning, a piece of two plated pennings or pfennings, cur-
rent in Brabant in the i6th c. There are some with the head of Charles
V. of Spain (1515-56).
Tvueeguldenstiik, a piece of two silver gulden or florins. It occurs
with variations, and seems to be similar to the Leeuendaalder or Lion-
thaler.
Tynf, or tymf= 18 Polish groschen, a billon coin of Poland and
Prussia, i8th c., and the name of certain pieces struck by Elizabeth of
Russia during her occupation of part of Prussia, 1759-62. The Polish
tynfs were struck by Augustus III. at Leipsic. There is one of Frederick
II. of Prussia, struck at Konigsberg in 1752. Blanchet (ii. 194) states
that Peter the Great struck the tynf ; but this is doubtful.
Ungaro, or Ongaro, the Italian name for the Hungarian gold type of
Matthias Corvinus, with the Virgin and Child, imitated both by several
of the Italian States and in the Low Countries. We find it struck at
Correggio in the Modenese, 1 6th- 1 7th c., and by Cosmo III. of Tuscany,
1670-1723.
Unicrijksdaalder, the rix-dollar of the Low Countries, issued con-
currently with the Spanish money (1586-87).
Vacquette, or bacquettc, a billon piece struck by the Vicomtes de
Beam in the early part of the I5th c., with a cow as the type ( = obole or
petit denier). The piece under this name long continued in use, and
was coined under Henry IV. of France and Navarre for Beam, with two
crowned H.'s and two cows in the field. There is an imitation of the
gros de Nesle, 1 587, with three cows in the field.
Valtans, the name which we find given to certain billon deniers of
Cambrai, 1347 = 1 denier tournois. Comp. On-le-vault.
Velddaalder, a daalder or thaler struck for military emergencies. One
of Groningen, 1577, was so termed. Comp. Feldthaler.
Vereinigungsthaler, a denomination of Anhalt-Dessau, 1863.
Catalogue of European Denominations . 241
Vereins miinze, currency common to a group of districts and towns,
or to a country. See Convention-Money.
Vertugadin, the name or sobriquet bestowed on the e"cu d'argent of 5
livres-, issued by Louis XV., with the circular shield surmounted by a
crown. There are the ^, j, -fa, and -fa.
Vessillifero. See Soldino vessillifero.
Vterch, irierchen, billon coinage of the Dukes of Pomerania of the
branches of Stettin and Wolgast, 1492. The vierch was apparently = \
pfenning.
Vierer=4 deniers or denarii, a small coin of the Swiss canton of
Berne, introduced in 1828. Also of Strasburgh-in-Elsas.
Vierlander, the double groot or gros, so named from enjoying a cur-
rency in four States. Philip le Bon, Duke of Burgundy (1433-67), as
Count of Holland, struck the vierlander and the double or piece of 8
stivers.
Vikariat thaler, a denomination applied to the money issued by the
Electors, Vicars of the Empire of Germany, during an interregnum.
Vintem, a copper Portuguese coin — 20 reis, struck for Guinea.
There are the multiples of 2, 4, 6, and 12, the last = 240 reis.
Vintima, a piece of 20 soldi in silver struck by General Paoli for
Corsica during the republican epoch (1755-69).
Vizlin, the name by which a silver coin equivalent to the thaler was
struck at Ragusa in Dalmatia down to the close of the i8th c., with the
bust of the emperors and finally that of Liberty, which is borrowed from
the effigy on the thalers of Maria Theresa.
Vlieger, a piece of four patards. Base silver. i6th c. Brabant.
Vlieguyt, the name of a Brabantine billon piece struck in the I5th c.
by the Seigneurs of Vilvorde. A denier noir or swaarte.
Voetdrager, a name for the groot in circulation within the dominions
of the Counts of Holland, I3th-i4th c. Silver.
Vuurijzer. See Briquet.
Wapcnturnose, a type of the gros tournois struck in the feudal
county of Berg in the I4th c., with the arms or ivapcn of the Count.
IVaydir, apparently the fifth of a glockengulden or bell-thaler.
Weidertaufer thaler, the thaler of the Anabaptists, struck at Munster
in 1534.
Weight, poids, pezza, etc., a term given to metallic standards, which
represented the legal balance of current coins, and became in some places
and instances interchangeable with the coins themselves. In the South
of France and on the borders of Spain, from the I3th to the I5th or i6th
c., the livra and its parts in bronze was in general employment as a
test of the authenticity of the multiform currency, and also, it may be
apprehended, as an actual coinage ; a conspicuous feature is the presence
of dates, which begin as early as 1238. By a natural transition the
record of the prescribed weight was afterward transferred to ordinary
money, and in some countries this practice still continues. The chrono-
logical fixture of the issue was obviously of importance as an aid in
identifying the weight with its counterpart. The gradual fall of such
expedients into disuse, when the coinage grew less complex, mints less
numerous, and education more diffused, left no vestige of the old custom
beyond the suggestive appellations of certain coins, such as peseta,
drachma, and oncia. The weights of ancient European pieces have been
preserved and collected on an extensive scale, and include those of
R
242
The Coins of Europe
many well-known and interesting coins, among which we may mention
the gold Anglo-Gallic salute of Henry VI. The Franco-Spanish livra
seems to have conformed to the weight of Cologne, eight ounces troy to
the Ib.
Weinachtsthaler, the name of the thaler of 1518, with the portrait of
Maximilian I. to 1., wearing berretta and the order of the Golden Fleece.
Weissgroschen, a small silver or billon coin of the Bishops of
Munster.
Weisspfenning, a piece belonging to the same class current in the
city of Cologne.
Wiegman, a Danish coin of the loth c., similar in weight, value, and
fabric to the silver penny or esterling. Comp. Hamaland- Wigman in
Catalogue of Mints.
WUdemannsgidden, or thaler, a silver coin of Brunswick (with its
divisions), bearing the curious historical type of the Wild Man. It also
occurs with two wild men in the same series, and in copper, and with a
wild man and woman on a silver coin of Schwarzburg, 1791. The
ordinary type is imitated on a gulden of Gertrude of Bronkhorst, 1577.
Witpenning, or IVittenpcnning, white or plated pfenning of Wismar,
Rostock, Stralsund, Wolgast, and other towns in the I4th and following
centuries. It is named in conventions of 1381, 1403, and 1425 = a
sechsling or \ schilling. The albus of the N. of Europe.
Xerafin. See Parddo.
* Yuzlik, Turkish, billon, value 2| piastres, 3d.
* Zahl pfennig, German, brass, the jeton or reckoning penny.
Zanobino, a Florentine imitation of the Venetian ducat by a Zurich
banker and merchant named Lampronti in 1805, struck with a view to
employment in the Levantine trade, on the strength of the repute gained
by the original type. But the speculation failed, and the limited number
Catalogue of European Denominations 243
coined are said to have been melted down with very few exceptions.
Cat. Rossi, 1880, Nos. 1443-44. The piece is figured in Plate IV.
Zecchino, an Italian gold denomination, properly belonging to Venice,
where the first was struck during the reign of Gio. Dandolo (1280-89).
It derived its name from Zecca, the.Venetian form of Giudecca, where the
mint lay. It was probably suggested by the Florentine piece issued
some years earlier, and was in its turn copied elsewhere. It underwent
modifications of type and fabric from time to time. Cristoforo Moro,
Doge (1462-71), had a copper zecchino of the gold type. Francesco
Molini (1646-55), Silvestro Valier (1694-1700), etc., issued pieces of 10 z.
Of Pietro Grimani (1741-52) we have the 24 z. ; of Paolo Renier (1779-
89) the 12 z. ; and the last Doge, Lod. Manin (1789-97), crowned the list
with a piece of 100 z.
Zehner, a loth part of a thaler. Swiss canton of Chur. The acht-
zehner appears to be a multiple of the same piece ; but Whelan describes
it as a silver coin of Sweden.
Zeskin, the name of a silver or billon coin struck by Philip le Bon,
Duke of Burgundy, in 1428, as Count of Holland. Comp. Suskin.
Zlote, zloty, a copper coinage of Poland and the former republic of
Cracow.
Zwaarte and double zwaarte, the Dutch term for the denier noir or
unplated billon money.
Zweier, a copper piece = 2 pfennigen, current in Styria in the i6th c.
* Zweydrittel, Mecklenburgh, silver, value 2s. Two-thirds of rix dollar.
Danish, value 2s. lod.
Zwolf-groschen, a copper coin or Kippermiinze of Brandenburgh,
1 7th c.
III. SOME DATED LISTS OF EUROPEAN
RULERS
The reader should be admonished that all such lists often begin abruptly,
and are otherwise imperfect, owing to the absence of full information. Insertions
between square brackets are supposititious. For farther particulars, for which
space would be impracticable, see Grote, Miintzstudien, 1877. It must strike
the attention how very frequent, in the French lines more especially, the changes
of succession are through the absence of male heirs.
I. GERMANY
Dukes of Bavaria
889 Luipold, Governor of Bavaria
and of Austria.
907 Arnoul (Ratisbon, Salzburg).
937 Eberhard, afterwards Ber-
thold, brother of Arnoul.
948 Heinrich von Saxe, brother
of the Emperor Otto. Heim-
ricvs.
955 Heinrich II.
976 Otto I., DukeofSuabia. Otto.
983-85 Heinrich III.
985 Heinrich II. (re-established).
Henrici's or Hinricvs.
995 Heinrich IV. of Saxony.
1005 Heinrich V. of Luxemburg?!.
1027 Heinrich VI., afterwards
emperor.
1044 Heinrich VII.
1049 Conrad I. von Zutphen.
1053 Heinrich VIII.
1056 Conrad II. of Franconia.
1057 The Empress Agnes.
1061 Otho II., Duke of Saxony.
1070 Welf I. d'Este.
iioi Welf 1 1.
1120 Heinrich IX., brother.
1126 Heinrich X.
1139 Leopold.
1141 Heinrich XI. of Austria.
1156 Heinrich XII.
1 1 80 Otho III. von Wittelsbach.
1 183 Louis I., Duke of Bavaria and
Count Palatine of the Rhine.
Otho IV.
Duke of Upper
1231
1253 Louis II.
Bavaria.
1294 Louis III
afterwards empe-
ror, son of preceding and
brother of Rodolph, Count
Palatine of the Rhine.
1347 Stephen.
1375 John, Stephen, and Frederic,
brothers.
1397 Ernest and William, brothers,
sons of John. E. W.
1438 Albert I., son of Ernest.
246
The Coins of Europe
1460 John and Sigismund, brothers
of preceding.
1467 Albert II., brother.
1508 William IV. and Louis V.
Wilh. et Lod.
1550 Albert III. A Iberto.
1579 William II.
1598 Maximilian I.
1651 Ferdinand Maria Francis
Ignatius Wolfgang.
1679 Maximilian II.
1726 Charles Albert Joseph, after-
wards emperor.
1745 Maximilian III., Joseph.
1778 Carl Theodore.
1799 Maximilian Joseph II.
Kings
1805 Maximilian Joseph I.
1825 Louis I.
1848 Maximilian II.
1864 Louis II.
1886 Regency of Prince Luitpold.
Counts and Dukes of Berg
1259 Adolphus VII. Adolphvs.
1308 Adolphus VIII. Adolphvs.
1360 William I. Wilhelm.
1 380 William II., first Duke. Wil-
helm.
1408-23 Adolphus IX. Adolfvs.
Grand- Duke of Berg
1806-7 Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoldon I.
927 Siegfried.
937 Ge'ron, Count of Stade and
Hatzfeld.
965 Thierri.
983 Lothaire, Count of Waldeck.
1003 Werner.
1010 Bernard, son of Thierri.
1018 Bernard II.
1046 William.
1056 Odo I., Count of Stade.
1082 Henry I.
1087 Odo II.
1 1 06 Rodolph, brother.
1115 Henry II., son of Odo II.
1128 Odo III., son of Rodolph I.
1130 Conrad von Ploetzk.
1134 Albert I., von Ascanien.
1127-42 Henry Przibislav, Prince
of Servia.
1156-58 Jakza, pretender. Jaksa
de Copnie.
1170 Otto I. Otto.
1184-88 Heinrich von Gardelegen.
He. Co.
1184-88 Otto II., Henry and Albert.
1188-1206 Otto II. and Albert II.
1192-1220 Albert II. Alberte.
1220 John I. and Otto III.
1266 John II., son of John I.
1285 Otto IV. and Conrad. Con-
rad, Otto. Marchio.
1292 Otto V., Albert III., and Her-
man. Otto. Alber.
1293 Albert III. A.
1298 Conrad I.
1304 John III.
1307 Waldemar I. Woldcmar.
1319 Waldemar 1 1. von Landsberg.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 247
1322 John IV., brother. 1535 Joachim II.
1324 Louis I. of Bavaria. Lode-vie. 1571 John Georges.
1352 Louis II. of Bavaria. Lode- 1598 Joachim Frederic.
ivich. 1608 John Sigismund, Grand Mas-
1365 Otto VII. Oott. ter of the Teutonic Order,
1373 Charles IV. of Bohemia, Duke of Prussia.
emperor. 1619 Georges William.
1378 Wenceslas of Luxemburgh, 1640 Frederic William.
emperor. 1688 Frederic III., first King of
1411 Sigismund of Luxemburgh. Prussia, in 1701.
1415 Frederic I. von Hohenzollern, 1713 Frederic William I.
Burgraf of Niirnberg. 1740 Frederic IV.
1440 Frederic II. Fredericvs. 1786 Frederic William II.
1470 Albert III., Achilles. Albt. 1797 Frederic William III.
1486 John Cicero. Johs. 1840 Frederic William IV.
1499 Joachim, with his son Albert. 1861 William Louis.
Joachi et Alb. 1888 Frederic V.
1513 Joachim I. Joac. P. William III.
Dukes of Brunswick
1139 Henry the Lion, m. Matilda 1252 Albert.
of England. 1278 Albert II.
1195 Henry the Long and William, 1318 Otto, Magnus, and Ernest.
sons. 1368 Magnus II.
1213 Otto, son of the latter.
Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel
First Branch
1409 Henry I., son of Magnus II. 1514 Henry IV., son of Henry
1416 William I. and Henry II. II.
1482 Frederic I. and William II., 1568 Julius.
sons of William I. 1589 Henry Julius.
1495 Henry III. and Eric, sons of 1613 Frederic Ulric. D.s.p.
William I.
Second Branch
1634 Augustus, son of Henry of 1735 Ferdinand Albert Charles,
Luneburg son.
1666 Rod. Augustus, and his 1780 Charles William Ferdinand.
brother Antony Ulric. 1806 William Frederic
1 704 The latter alone. 1815 Charles Frederic William.
1714 Augustus William. 1830 William, brother. D.s.p.
1731 Lewis Rodolph.
248
The Coins of Europe
Brunswick
1409 Bernard, son of Magnus II.
of Brunswick.
1434 Otto and Frederic, sons.
1478 Henry I f0
1532 Ernest }
1546 Henry and William, sons of
Ernest.
1592 Ernest II., son of William.
\
sons of
William.
-Luneburg
161 1 Christian
1633 Augustus
1636 Frederic II. >,
1648 Christian Lewis I
1665 George William /
1705 Sophia-Dorothea, m. in 1682
George Lewis of Hanover,
afterwards George I. of
Great Britain.
Counts and Dukes of Cleveland
1347 John. Johannes.
1368 Adolphus III. Adolphvs.
1394 Adolphus IV., Duke in 1417.
Adolp.
1448 John I. lohs.
1481-1521 John II. lohs. Senior.,
etc.
1511 John III.
1539 John William I. Joan. Gvili.
1562-1610 John William II., Duke
of Cldves, Juliers, Berg, etc.
Ob.s.p.
Counts and Princes of East Friesland
1441 Ulric I. Vlricvs.
1466 Enno I. E?no.
1491 Edzard I. Edzard.
1528 Enno II.
1540 Edzard II.,
with Christopher
and Johann ;
withjohann alone.
1599 Enno III.
1625 Rud. Christian.
1628 Ulric II.
1648 Enno Ludwig.
1660 George Christian.
1665 Christian Eberhard.
1708 Georg Albrecht.
1734-44 Carl Edzard, Prince of East
Friesland.
Kings and Emperors of Germany
800 Charlemagne.
814 Louis le Debonnaire.
840 Lothair I. Louis the German.
876 Carloman. Louis the Young.
88 1 Charles le Gros.
887 Arnould, natural son of Carlo-
man.
899 Louis, son.
912 Conrad I., King of Germany.
Charles the Simple, King of
France and Lorraine.
919 Henry the Fowler. Hen-
ricvs.
936 Otho I., King of Germany ;
King of Italy, 961 ; empe-
ror, 962. Oddo.
961 Otho II., King of Germany ;
emperor in 973. Otto.
983 Otho III., King of Germany ;
emperor in 996. Oddo.
991-7 Otho III., and Adelaide,
his grandmother. Otto. Rex.
Adaldcida or Ahtaltet.
1002 St. Henry II. of Bavaria,
King of Germany ; King of
Italy, 1004 ; emperor, 1014.
Heinricvs.
1024 Conrad II., the Salic. C/ti'on-
rad.
1039 Henry III., King of Bur-
gundy in 1038 ; emperor in
1045.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 249
1056 Henry IV., King of Germany ;
emperor in 1084.
Rodolph, Duke of Suabia,
pretender.
Herman of Luxemburgh, pre-
tender.
Egbert, Margraf of Thur-
ingen, pretender.
1106 Henry V., emperor in mi.
1125 Lothair, Duke of Saxony;
emperor, 1133.
1138 Conrad III. of Hohenstaufen.
Cvnra.
1152 Frederic I. Barbarossa.
Frederi.
1169 Henry VI., King of the Ro-
mans ; emperor, and King of
Italy and the Two Sicilies.
Heinric.
1198 Philip, a Tuscan nobleman,
King of Germany. Philipi's.
Otho IV., King of Germany
and Italy, and emperor.
Otto.
1212-50 Frederic II., son of Henry
VI. Friderici's.
1222 Henry of Suabia, King of the
Romans. Deposed in 1235.
1246-8 Henry Raspe of Thuringen.
1247 William of Holland.
1250-4 Conrad IV.
1257 Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
Ricard.
Alfonso V., King of Castile.
1273 Rodolph of Habsburgh.
Rvdolph. Rom. Re.r.
1292 Adolphus of Nassau. Adol-
phvs.
1298 Albert I. of Habsburgh, Duke
of Austria. Albti's.
1308 Henry VII. of Luxemburgh,
King of the Romans and of
Italy ; emperor. Henricvs.
1314-22 Frederic of Austria, son of
Albert I.
1314 Louis I V. of Bayaria. Lvdo-
vicvs.
1347 Charles IV. of Luxemburgh ;
King of the Romans, Italy,
and Bohemia, and emperor.
Karol.
1349 Gunther of Schwarzburgh,
King of the Romans ; a few
months only.
1378 Wenceslas of Luxemburgh.
1400 Robert, Count Palatine of the
Rhine.
1410 Jossus of Luxemburgh.
1411 Sigismund of Luxemburgh;
King of Germany, Italy,
Hungary, and Bohemia, and
emperor. Sigismv'dvs.
1438 Albert II. of Austria.
1440 Frederic V. Fri.
1493 Maximilian I.
1519' Charles V. Carolvs. Kara.
1558 Ferdinand I., brother.
1564 Maximilian II.
1576 Rodolph II.
1612 Matthias.
1619 Ferdinand II.
1637 Ferdinand III.
Leopold I.
1705 Joseph I.
1711 Charles VI.
1740 Maria Theresa of Austria,
daughter.
Charles VII. of Bavaria.
1745 Francis I. of Lorraine and
Maria Theresa.
1764 Joseph II.
1792 Francis II.
1806-71 No emperors or kings of
Germany.
1871 William I. of Hohenzollern.
1888 Frederic.
William II.
Landgraves of Upper Hesse and Hessc-Cassel
1308 Otto.
1328 Heinrich II.
1377 Hermann.
1413 Ludwig II.
1458 Ludwig III. of Hesse-Cassel.
1471 Wilhelm I.
1493 Wilhelm II.
1509 Philipp.
1567 Partition into Cassel and
Darmstadt branches.
250
The Coins of Europe
Electors of Hessc-Cassel
1567 Wilhelm IV.
1592 Moritz.
1627 Wilhelm V.
1637 Wilhelm VI.
1663 Wilhelm VII.
1670 Carl, brother.
1730 Friedrich I.
1751 Wilhelm VIII.
1760 Friedrich II.
1771 Wilhelm IX., Count of Hanau.
1802-21 The same, Elector of
Hesse.
1821 Wilhelm II.
1847-66 Friedrich Wilhelm.
Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt
1567 Georg I.
1596 Ludwig V. (of undivided
Hesse).
1626 Georg II.
1 66 1 Ludwig VI.
1678 Ludwig VII.
Ernst Ludwig.
1739 Ludwig IX.
1768-90 Ludwig X.
1806-30 The same, Grand-Duke of
Hesse.
1830 Ludwig II., Grand -Duke of
Hesse.
1848-66 Ludwig III., Grand-Duke
of Hesse.
Landgraves of Hesse- Homburg
d. 1638 Friedrich I.
d. 1708 Friedrich II.
d. 1736 Casimir Wilhelm.
d. 1751 Friedrich Carl.
1751-1820 Friedrich Ludwig.
1820 Friedrich III.
1829 Ludwig.
1839 Philipp.
1846 Gustaf.
1848-66 Ferdinand.
Dukes ofjuliers
1357 Guillaume I. Wilhmvs.
1361 Guillaume II. Wilhelmvs.
!393 Guillaume III. Wilhelmvs.
1402 Reinhold. Rciri.
1432 Adolphe. Adolf.
1437 Gerhard VI. Gerhdvs.
1475 Wilhelm IV. Wilh.
1511-22 Johann III. Johs.
1483 Magnus II.
1503 Albrecht VI.
1547 Johann Albrecht I.
1576 Johann V.
1592 Johann Albrecht II.
1622-33 Albrecht von Waldstein.
1636-95 Gustaf Adolf.
Some Dated Lists of E^tropean Rulers 251
Dukes and Grand-Dukes of Mecklenburgh-Schwerin
1592 Adolf Friedrich I.
1658 Christian Ludwig I.
1688 Friedrich Wilhelm.
1713 Carl Leopold.
1747 Christian Ludwig II.
1756 Friedrich.
1785 Friedrich Franz I.
1837 Paul Friedrich.
1842 Friedrich Franz II.
Grand-Dukes of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz
1658 Adolf Friedrich.
1708 Friedrich III.
1752 Adolf.
1794 Friedrich IV.
1816 Georg.
1860 Friedrich Wilhelm.
Counts Palatine of the Rhine
959 Egon von Ehrenfried.
989 Herman I., Count Palatine of
Aix-la-Chapelle.
1035 Otto I.
1045 Henry I., younger son of
Egon, named Count Pala-
tine of the Lorraines by some
historians.
1 06 1 Herman II., brother.
1085 Henry II., son of Henry I.,
Count Palatine of the Rhine.
1095 Siegfried von Ballenstadt,
grandson.
1140 Herman III., Count of
Staleck.
1143 Willem von Ballenstadt.
1156 Conrad von Hohenstaufen.
1196 Henry III. of Saxony, son of
Henry, Duke of Bavaria.
1213 Henry IV.
1215 Louis I. of Wittelsbach, Duke
of Bavaria.
1228 Otto II.
1253 Louis II.
1294 Rodolph I. and Louis.
1317 Adolf.
1327 Rodolph II., brother.
1353 Ruprecht I., brother.
1390 Ruprecht II. Rvpert.
1398 Ruprecht III., emperor in
1400.
1410 Louis III. Lvdivi. C.P.R.
Dvx Ba.
1436 Louis IV.
1449 Frederic I., brother.
1476 Philip, nephew.
1508 Louis V. Lvdwic.
1544 Frederic II., brother.
1556 Otto Henry and Philip. Otto
and Phi.
1559 Frederic III., grandson of
Ruprecht III.
1576 Louis VI.
1592 Frederic IV.
1610 Frederic V., afterward King
of Bohemia, married Eliza-
beth, daughter of James I. of
Great Britain, 1613.
1650 Charles Louis I.
1680 Charles II.
1685 Philip William of Bavaria-
Neuburg.
1690 John William Joseph.
1716 Charles Philip, brother.
1743 Charles Theodore of Bavaria-
Deux-Ponts ; in 1777 Duke
of Bavaria.
1799 Maximilian Joseph, Duke of
Bavaria ; king in 1806.
252
The Coins of Europe
Electors of Saxony
960 Herman Billing, Duke of
Saxony by imperial conces-
sion.
973 Bernard, Duke of Angria.
Bernhardvs.
1010 Bernard II.
1062 Otto or Ordulph.
1073 Magnus.
1 106 Lothaire of Supplenbourg, by
imperial concession.
1137 Gertrude of Supplenbourg
and Henry the Proud.
Henry the Lion.
1 1 80 Bernard III. of Ascania-
Anhalt. Bernhard.
1 21 1 Albert I. A.
1260 Albert II.
1298 Rodolph I.
1356 Rodolph 1 1.
1370 Wenceslas, brother.
1388 Rodolph III.
1418 Albert III., brother.
1423 Frederic I., Margraf of Misnia
and Landgraf of Thuringen.
1428 Frederic II. F.
1464 Ernest. E.
1486 Frederic III.
1525 John, brother.
1532 John Frederic.
1547 Maurice, grandson of Albert
III.
1553 Augustus, brother.
1586 Christian I.
1591 Christian II., with John
Georges and Augustus.
1611 John Georges I., son of 'pre-
ceding.
1656 John Georges II.
1680 John Georges IV.
1695 Frederic Augustus II.
1733 Frederic Augustus II.
1763 Frederic Christian.
Frederic Augustus III.
Kings
1806 Frederic Augustus I.
1827 Anthony I.
1836 Frederic Augustus II.
1854 John.
1873 Albert.
Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order
1195 Heinrich Walbot.
1 200 Otto von Kerpen.
1206 Hermann Bart.
1 2 10 Hermann von Taiga.
1239 Konrad, Margraf of Thu-
ringen.
1253 Peppo von Osterna.
1257 Hanno von Sangerhausen.
1274 Hartmann.
1284 Bouchard.
1290 Konrad von Feuchtwangen.
1303 Siegfried von Feuchtwangen.
1311 Carl Beffart.
1324 Werner von Orsein.
1331 Louis, Duke of Brunswick.
1335 Dietrich von Altenberg.
1342 Ludolf von Weitzau.
1345 Heinrich von Dusemer.
1351 Winric von Kniprode.
1382 Konrad I.
1390 Konrad II.
1393 Konrad von Jungingen.
1407 Ulric.
1410 Heinrich von Pleuen.
1413 Hermann Gans.
1414 Michael von Sternberg.
1422 Paul Russdorf.
1441 Konrard von Erlichshausen.
1450 Ludwig von Erlichshausen.
1467 Heinrich III.
1470 Heinrich IV. von Richten-
berg.
1477 Martin von Wetzhausen.
1489 Johann von Tiefen.
1498 Frederic, Duke of Saxony.
1512 Albert, Margraf of Branden-
burgh, first Duke of Prussia.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 253
II. SOUTHERN GERMANY, HUNGARY, ETC.
Margraves, Dukes, and Arch- Dukes of Austria
928 Leopold.
983 Albert I. and Henry, brothers.,
Leopold II.
1040 Leopold III.
1044 Albert II.
1056 Ernest.
1075 Leopold IV.
1096 Leopold V.
1136 Henry II., first Duke of
Austria.
1177 Leopold VI., brother of pre-
ceding.
1194 Leopold VII.
1246 Frederic II. F.
1251 Ottokar, King of Bohemia in
1253-
1273 Rodolph I. of Hapsburg,
afterwards emperor.
1308 Albert, Duke of Austria and
of Styria, emperor.
Frederic.
1330 Albert II., brother of preced-
ing. Dvx Albertvs.
1358 Albert III.
1395 Albert IV. and William.
W. A.
1404 Albert V., emperor.
1404-10 Ernest. Ern.
1406-1 1 Leopold IV. and Albert V.
L. A.
1406-39 Frederic IV. F.
1411 Albert V., emperor 1438-39.
Alb.
1453 Ladislas, King of Hungary.
L. R.
J457-63 Albert VI. Albertvs. Archi-
dvs. Avstrie.
1458 Frederic III., emperor 1452.
Frid. Ro. Imp.
1493-1519 Maximilian. Maximili-
anvs, etc.
Emperors of Austria
1806 Francis I.
1836 Ferdinand L, abdicated in 1848.
1848 Francis Joseph 1.
Dukes and Kings of Bohemia
871 Borzivoi, son of Hustivitus,
first Christian Duke of
Bohemia.
895 Spitignew I.
907 Wratislas L, brother.
928 Wenceslas I.
936 Boleslas I. the Cruel, brother.
Boezlav.
967 Boleslas II., the Pious. Bolez-
lavs. Boveslav.
999 Boleslas III., the Blind. Bo-
lizlavs.
1002 Jaromir. Jaromi. Dvx.
1012 Udalric, brother. Odalricvs.
Vdalricvs.
1037 Bracislas I. Bracizlav.
1055 Spitignew II. Spitilnev.
1061 Wratislas II., brother, King
of Bohemia in 1066. Wrat-
izlvs.
1092 Conrad I., King of Bohemia.
1093 Bracislas 1 1. , Kingof Bohemia.
Bracizlavs.
noo Borivoi, son of Wratislas II.,
King of Bohemia. Borivoi.
1 107 Sautopluk, brother, King of
Bohemia. Svatopole.
1 109 Otto of Moravia. Otto Servs
Dei.
254
The Coins of Europe
1 109 Wladislas, duke. Dvx Wla-
dislavs.
1125 Sobieslas I., duke. Dvx Sva-
zolslavs.
1140 Wladislas II., duke ; king in
1157. Wladizlavs.
1174 Sobieslas II.
1 1 80 Frederic, duke. Dvx Frid-
ricvs.
1190 Conrad Otto, grandson of
Conrad I.
1191 Wenceslas II., son of Sobies-
las I.
1192 Przemislas Otakar I., king in
1 200. Rc.v Otackan's.
1193 Henry Bracislas.
1 196 Wladislas V.
1230 Wenceslas I. IVenceslavs D.
1253 Przemislas Otakar II. Ota-
karvs Rc.v.
1278 Wenceslas II., King of
Bohemia and of Poland.
Wen. Rex. or IV. II.
1305 Wenceslas III., King of Hun-
gar y ( 1 30 1 - 5 ). IVenceslavs
Tcrtiits.
1306 Rodolph.
1307 Henry of Carinthia.
1310 John of Luxemburgh. Johes.
or Johannes Priinvs.
1347 Charles of Luxemburgh, em-
peror in 1355. Karolvs
Primus.
1378 \Venceslas IV., emperor. W.
Rex.
1419 Sigismund, brother.
1437 Elizabeth and Albert of Aus-
tria. A.
1440 Ladislas or Wladislas.
1458 Georges of Kunstadt, seigneur
of Podiebrad. Gcorgivs
Primus.
1471 Wladislas II., son of Casimir
I V., K ing of Poland. Wlad-
islai's Secvndvs.
1516-26 Louis. Lodovicus Primus.
Kings of Hungary
looo Saint Stephen, son of the
Duke Geiza, and descendant
of Toxis, chief of the Huns.
Stcphanvs Rex.
1038 Peter the German, nephew
of preceding. Petrvs.
1042 Samuel Owon or Aba,brother-
in - law of Saint Stephen.
Samvhel.
1044 Peter the German.
1047 Andrew I., descendant of
Toxis. Andreas.
1 06 1 Bela I. Dvx or Rex.
1063 Salomon. Salomoni.
1074 Geiza or Geyeza I., called
Magnus. Dvx Mvxnas, or
Gevca Rex.
1077 Ladislas I. Ladislavs.
1095 Coloman or Colan. Caiman.
Lvbanvs or Colvmbanvs
Re.
1114 Stephen II. Ste or Ste-
phanvs.
1132 Bela II. Bela.
1151 Geiza II. Geisce Re.
1161 Ladislas II., usurper, uncle.
Ladivslas.
Stephen III. S.V.R.
1172 Stephen IV.
1173 Bela III., brother of Stephen
III. Bela.
1196 Emeric, or Henry. Hen-
ricvs.
1204 Ladislas.
1205 Andrew II. Andreas.
1235 Bela IV. Bela Qvartvs, or
Bele.
1260 Stephen IV. Stephan.
1272 Ladislas III. Cumanus. La-
dislai.
1290 Andrew III. Andreas.
Charles Martel d'Anjou, pre-
tender.
1301 Wencelas of Bohemia.
1305 Otto of Bavaria. Ot 'fonts.
1310 Charles I. d'Anjou. Karo-
lvs.
1342 Louis I. d'Anjou. Lvdovicvs.
1383 Marie d'Anjou. Maria.
1385 Charles II., the Little.
'Some Dated Lists of E^tropean Riders 255
1387 Sigismund of Luxemburgh,
emperor. Sigismvndi.
1437 Albert of Austria. Albertvs.
1440 Ladislas IV. of Poland.
Wladislavs.
1441 John Huniades, Governor. Jo-
hancs N.D.R. Vngarie Gi>.
1452 Ladislas V. Posthumus. La-
dislavs.
1458 Mathias Corvinus. Mathias.
1490 Ladislas VI. Wladislavs.
1516 Louis II. Lodovicvs.
1526 John Zapoly, Count of Sce-
puse. Joani Zapol, or
Joannes.
1527 Ferdinand I.
1540 John Stephen, or Sigismund.
1564 Maximilian I.
1576 Rodolph II.
1608 Mathias.
1619 Ferdinand II.
1637 Ferdinand III.
1656 Ferdinand Francis and his
brother Leopold Ignatius.
1705 Joseph I., son of the Emperor
Leopold I.
1711 Charles IV., brother.
1740 Maria Theresa of Austria and
Francis of Lorraine.
Princes or Waiwodes of Transylvania
1526 Johann I. Zapoly.
1540 Johann II. Sigismund Zapoly
(lohan. Sigism.}, and till
1560 his mother Isabel,
guardian. Ysabe.
1571 Stephen I. Bathory. S.B.D\c\
S[pmlyo].
1576 Christof Bathori. Chr. Bath.
De. Som., or C.B.D.S.
1581 Sigismund Bathori. Sigt.
B.D.S.
1598-1605 Rodolph II., Emperor
of Germany.
1602 Moses Zekel von Semenfalva.
1604 Stephen Botskay. Stepha
Bochkay, or Stephanvs.
1607 Sigismund Rakoczy. Sigis-
mvndvs Racocii.
1608 Gabriel Bathory. Gab. or
Gabriel Bathory.
1613 Gabriel Bethlen Gabor. Ga.
Bet., or Gabriel.
1630 Catherine of Brandenburgh,
widow. Cath. D.G.N\atd\
M\archionissd\ B\randen-
bnrg\.
Stephen Bethlen. Stepha.
Bet.
1631 Georges Rakoczy I. Georgivs
Rakoci.
1649 Georges Rakoczy II. Geor.
Rako.
1658 Achatius Bartsay. Acha.Bar.
1660 Johann Kemeny. loan Ke-
meny.
1662 Michael I. Apafi.
1 682-99 Emerich Tokoli, or Teckly.
Erne. Thokoli, or Tockel.
1690-99 Michael II.
1703-11 Franz II., Rakoczi. Fran-
cis cvs fl.
III. POLAND, COURLAND, RUSSIA, ETC.
Kings of Poland
Miecislav, or Miesko, Prince
of Poland. Mesico.
992 Boleslav the Great, King of
Poland. Bolaslav.
256
The Coins of Europe
1025 Miecislav, or Miesko II.
Misico. Polonii.
1034 Rixa, widow, regent.
1040 Casimir I.
1058 Boleslav II., Smiali. Bzlvas,
or Blezlvas.
1079 Vladislav I., Hermann. Vlad-
islav.
1102 Bolislav III., Vouyywousty.
Dvris Bolczla, etc.
1139 Vladislav II. Vloavs, or
Voldislavs.
1148 Boleslav IV., Kedzierzawy.
Bolczlas.
1173 Miesko III., Stary. Mesico.
1202 Vladislav III., Laskonogi.
Vcnelav.
1207 Leszek Bialy, the Wise.
Letncvs.
1227 Boleslav von Wstyliwy.
Bolczlavs Dvx.
1279 Leszek II.
1289 Henrich Lagodny.
1295 Przemislas.
1300-5 Wenceslas, King of Bohe-
mia. Vcn.
1300-33 Vladislav IV. Lokietek.
1333 Kasimir III., Wielki, the
Great. A'. A1., or Kaziniiri.
1370 Louis d'Anjou. Lodvici. K.
Vugaric.
1 The last resigned in 1795, and
1382 Vladislas V., Jagello. Wlad-
islavs Rex.
1434 LladislasVI. W.R.mVlad-
islai.
1447 Kasimir Jagello. Kasimirvs.
1492 Johann Albert. /. Alberti.
1501 Alexander Jagello. Alex-
ander.
1506 Sigismund I. Sigismimd
Prim.
1548 Sigismund II., Augustus.
1573 Henri de Valois, Due d'An-
jou.
Stephen Bathory, Prince of
Transylvania.
1 586 Maximilian of Austria.
1587 Sigismund III.
1632 Lladislas Sigismund.
1648 Johann Kasimir.
1669 Michael Koribut Wiesno-
wiski.
1674 Johann III., Sobieski.
1696 Interregnum.
1699 Frederic Augustus I. of
Saxony.
1704 Stanislas I., Lezinski.
1709 Frederic Augustus I. again.
1733 Frederic Augustus II.
1763 Frederic Christian of Saxony
1764 Stanislas II., Augustus.1
died at St. Petersburgh in 1798.
Dukes of Courland
1563 Gothard Keller.
1587 Friedrich.
1639 Jacob.
1683 Friedrich Kasimir.
1698 Friedrich Wilhelm.
1711-37 Interregnum.
!?37 Jean Ernest de Biron.
1741 Ludwig Ernst V., of Bruns-
wick-Bevern.
1759 Carl Christian, son of Fried-
rich Augustus, King of
Poland.
1762 Jean Ernest de Biron again.
1769-95 Pierre.
Grand-Dukes of Kief
988 Wladimir I., Swiatoslavitch.
1016 Swiatopolk.
1018-54 Jaroslav I., Wladimiro-
vitch.
1073-78 Swiatoslav Jaroslavitch.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 257
Grand-Dukes of Moscow
1362 Dmitri Ivanovitch Douskoi.
1389 Vasili Dmitrivitch.
1425 Vasili Vasilievitch Tiomny.
1462 Ivan III., Vasilievitch.
1505 Vasili Ivanovitch.
1 533 Ivan IV., Vasilievitch, Tzar of
Russia.
1584 Feodor Ivanovitch.
1598 Boris Feodorovitch Godou-
nov.
1605 Dmitri Ivanovitch.
1606 Vasili Ivanovitch Chouiski.
1610 Vladislas Vasa, son of Sigis-
mund III. of Poland.
1613 Michael Feodorovitch Ro-
manof.
1645 Alexei Michaelovitch.
1676 Feodor Alexievitch.
1682 Ivan Alexievitch, brother.
Peter Alexievitch, the Great,
brother.
Sophia, sister, at first Regent.
1725 Catherina I. Alexievna.
1727 Peter II., Alexievitch.
1730 Anna Ivanovna.
1740 Ivan IV., Antonovitch.
1741 Elisabeth I., Petrovna.
1762 Peter III., Feodorovitch.
Catherina II., Alexievna.
1796 Paul I., Petrovitch.
1801 Alexander I., Paulovitch.
1825 Nicolas I.
1855 Alexander II.
1 88 1 Alexander III.
IV. NORTHERN KINGDOMS
Kings of Sweden
995 Olaf Skotkonung. Olvf,Rex. 1319
Zhevm. 13S°
1 022 Anund Jacob. Anvnd, Rex. 1361
S. 1363
1051 Ernund III. 1389
1056 Stenkill. 1396
1066 Eric VII. and VIII.
1067 Haquin I. 1440
1080-90 Halstan. 1448
1080-1112 Ingo I. 1457
1 112 Philip. 1465-
1118 Ingo II. 1497
1129 Suerker I. 1520
1155 Eric IX. 1523
1161 Charles VII. 1560
1167 Cnut. Kanvtvs, Rex. S. 1568
1196 Suerker II. 1592
1208 Eric X. or XI. Er. 1604
1215 John I. Ihs. Hesn.
1250 Waldemar. Walr. 1611
1275 Magnus I. M. 1632
1290 Birger. 1654
•63 Magnus II. M.
9 Eric XII.
Haquin II.
Albert.
Margaret.
Eric II. of Pommern.
Eri-
Christopher. Kristofer.
70 Charles VIII. Knutsvn.
64 Christiern I. Crissternne.
7 Interregnum.
1501 John II. of Denmark.
Christiern II.
Gustavus Vasa.
Eric XIV.
John III.
Sigismund III. of Poland.
Charles IX., Duke of Suder-
mania. .
Gustavus II., Adolphus.
Christina.
Charles X., Gustavus.
258
The Coins of Europe
1660 Charles XI.
1697 Charles XII.
1719 Ulrica Eleonora, sister, and
Frederic of Hesse-Cassel.
1751 Adolphus Frederic II.
1771 Gustavus III.
1792 Gustavus IV., Adolphus.
1809 Charles XIII., Duke of Suder-
mania, uncle.
1818 Charles XIV., Bernadotte.
1844 Oscar I.
1859 Charles XV.
1872 Oscar II.
Kings of Denmark
935 Harold II.
985 Sven Tveskaeg, King of Den-
mark and England.
1014 Canut.
1035 Harthacanut.
1042 Magnus.
1046 Magnus and Harald Haar-
draade.
1047 Sven Aestrithson.
1076 Harold Hein.
1080 Canut II.
1086 Olaf Hunger.
1095 Erik Hezegod.
1104 Niels.
1134 Erik Emune.
1137-47 Eric Lam.
1138-41 Olaf.
1147-57 Sven Graths.
Canut V.
1 154 Waldemar I.
1182 Canute VI.
1202-41 Waldemar II.
1232 Erik Ploupennig.
1250 Abel.
1252 Christopher I.
1259 Erik Glipping.
1286 Erik Menved.
1319-33 Christopher II.
1340 Waldemar IV.
1376 Olaf Haakonson.
1387 Margaret, Queen of Den-
mark, Sweden, and Norway.
1396 Erik of Pommern.
1440 Christopher III. of Bavaria.
1448 Interregnum of a few months.
Christiern I. of Oldenburgh.
1481 John. lohs.
1513 Christiern II., King of Swe-
den, 1520.
1523 Frederic I. of Denmark and
Norway.
1533 Interregnum.
1534 Christiern III. of Schleswig-
Holstein.
1559 Frederic II.
1588 Christiern IV.
1648 Frederic III.
1670 Christiern V.
1699 Frederic IV.
1730 Christiern VI.
1746 Frederic V.
1766 Christiern VII.
1808 Frederic VI.
1839 Christiern VIII.
1848 Frederic VII.
1863 Christiern IX. of Sonderburg-
Gliicksburg.
Kings of Norway
933-35 Erik I., Bloddxe. Eric.
Rex.
995-1000 Olaf I., Tryggvesson.
Onlaf, Rex Nor.
1000-1014 Sven Tjugeskegg.
etc.
1000-1015 Erik Haakonsson Jarl.
Olaf Svonske. Olvf.
Rex Zbevgx.
1014-15, 1028 Knut. Cnvt. Rex
Anglor.
1015 Haakon • Eriksson Jarl.
Aacone.
'Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 259
1015-28 Olaf II., Haraldsson.
Vnlafi + E + A nov.
1035. Magnus I., Olafsson. Mag-
nvs. Rex Nar.
1046 Magnus I., Olafsson, and
Harald III., Sigurdsson.
Mahnvs. Aralt, Rex.
1047 Harald III., Sigurdsson.
Harald, Rex No., or Arald.
Rex Nar.
1066-69 Magnus II.
1067 Olaf III., Kyrre.
1093 Magnus III.
1103-22 Eystein I.
1103-30 Sigurd I.
1130-35 Magnus IV.
1130-36 Harald IV. ; Sigurd II.
1 136-61 Ingo I.
1 142-57 Magnus V. and Eystein II.
1161-84 Magnus VI. ; Haco III. ;
Sigurd III.
1177-1202 Swerre, competitor.
1201-4 Haakon IV.
1205 Ingo II., Baardsson.
1217 Haakon V.
1263 Magnus IV., Haakonsson.
Rex Magnus.
1280-99 Erik II., Magnusson.
Ericvs.
Haakon V., Magnusson.
Haqvin. dvx, Norwegie. •
1219 Haakon V., Eriksson.
1255 Haakon VI., Magnusson.
Haqvinvs, Rex.
1380 Olaf V., Haakonsson.
1389 Erik III. of Pommern.
V. GREECE AND THE ISLES
Princes of Achaia
1205 Guillaume de Champlitte.
1209 Geoffrey I. de Villehardouin.
1218 Geoffroy II. de Villehardouin.
1245 Guillaume I. de Villehardouin.
G. Princeps.
1278-1285-1287 Charles I. and
Charles II. d'Anjou. Naples,
K. R. Princ. Ach.
1289 Florent de Hainaut and Isa-
belle de Villehardouin.
Florens, P. Ache.
1297 Isabelle de Villehardouin.
Isabella, P. Ach.
1301 Philippe de Savoie and Isa-
belle. Phs. D. Sab. P.
Ache.
1307 Philippe de Tarente. Phs.
P. Ach. Tar. p. R.
1313 Louis de Bourgogne and
Mahaut de Hainaut. Lodo-
vic. D. B. P. Ache.
1315-16 Ferdinand of Majorca,
pretender. Fnans. P. D.
Maioric.
1316 Mahaut de Hainaut, alone.
Mahav, or Mahavta.
1318 Jean d'Anjou-Gravina. lohs.
P. Ache.
1333 Catherine de Valois-Tarente
and Robert de Tarente.
1346 Robert d'Anjou - Tarente.
Robt. P. Ache.
1364 Marie de Bourbon and
HuguesdeLusignan-Galilee.
1370 Philippe II. d'Anjou-Tarente.
1374-81 Jeanne of Naples and
1376-81 Otto of Brunswick.
1381 Jacques des Baux.
1383 Interregnum.
1396 Pierre de St. Exupery.
1402 Marie de St. Exupery, Regent.
1404 Centurione Zaccaria.
260
The Coins of Europe
Dukes of Athens
1205 Othon de la Roche.
1225 Gui I. de la Roche.
A then (G.)
1263 Jean de la Roche.
1280 Guillaume I. de la Roche.
Dns G. Dvx Athens.
1287 Gui II. de la Roche. Gvtot,
Di>x AtW, or Gi>i.
1308 Gauthier de Brienne. G.
Despots of Epirus
Angelas Com
1205 Michael I.
nenus.
1214 Theodorus Angelus Com
nenus.
1230 Manuel.
1237 Michael II.
1271 Nicephorus I.
1296 Thomas.
1318 Nicolo Orsini.
1310 IMCOIO ursmi.
1323 Gio. Orsini. lohs. Despotvs.
1335 Nicephorus II.
Signori of Mytilenc and of Aenos in Thrace
1355 Francesco I. ,Gattilusio. F.G.,
or Franciscvs Gatilvxivs.
1376 Jacopo Gattilusio. Jacoln>s
Gatilvxivs.
1396 Francesco II. Gattilusio.
1400 Doimo Gattilusio. Dorinvs
Gatclvxis.
1449 Domenico Gattilusio. D.
Domincvs G.
1459 Nicolo Gattilusio. Nicolavs
G., or Nyovlaoys.
Genoese Lords of C/n'o
1304 Benedetto I., Zaccaria.
1307 Pala?ologo Zaccaria.
1314 Martino and Benedetto II.,
Zaccaria. M. and B. Zacha-
1314 Martino alone. M. Z.
S[crvus] Impator\is\
1362 The Giustiniani.
Sebastocrators of Thessaly
1271 Johannes I. Angelus Com-
nenus.
1296 Constantinus Angelus.
1303-18 Johannes 1 1. Angelus Com-
nenus.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 261
VI. THE NETHERLANDS
Seigneurs, Counts, and Dukes of Gueldres
870 Guichard.
910 Gerlac I.
937 Geoffroi.
978 Guichard II.
Mengose
1001 Wiking.
1025 Guichard III.
1079 Alix. Otho of Nassau, Count
of Gueldres.
Gerard of Nassau.
1134 Henry. Henricvs.
1163 Gerard II. G.
1182 Otho I.
1207 Gerard III. Gerar.
1229 Otho II. Otto.
1271 Raynald I., Duke of Gueldres.
Reynaldv.
1326 Raynald II.
1343-44 Eleonora, regent or guar-
dian. Alynora Dvcissa.
1344-61 Edward. Edewardvs.
1371 Raynald III.
1372 Mary and William of Juliers.
Wilh.
1402 William IV.
1423. Arnould, Count of Egmont.
Arnold.
1472 Charles le Tdmeraire, Duke
of Burgundy, the last duke
of Gueldres having disin-
herited his heir Adolphus.
un-
certain
863 Thierri I.
T^ . fThierri II.
Dates I T,, • • TTT
J Thierri III.
. \ Thierri IV.
n VFlorent I. [? de Voogd.]
1061 Thierri V.
1091 Florent or Floris II.
1 1 22 Thierri VI.
1157 Florent III. Florenz.
1190 Thierri VII.
1203 Ada.
1204 Willem I.
1223 Florent IV. Florens.
1235 Willem II.
1257-58 Florent of Holland, regent.
1266 Florent V. F. or Florentivs.
1296 John I. /.or lohes.
1299 John II. of Hainault.
1304 Willem III. W. or Gvillelm.
1337 Willem IV.
1356 Willem V. Gvill. Gvll.
1377 Albert of Bavaria. Albert.
1404 Willem VI. Gvill. Gvillelm.
1417 Jacqueline.
1421 John of Bavaria. loJf.
1428 Philippe le Bon, Duke of Bur-
gundy.
1 06 1 Waleran.
1 08 1 Henry.
1118 Waleran II.
1139 Henri II.
1170 Henri III.
Dukes of Limburg in Brabant
1 2 10 Waleran III.
1226 Henri IV.
1246 Waleran IV.
1276 Ermengarde and Raynald,
Duke of Gueldres.
262
The Coins of Europe
Counts and Dukes of Luxemburgh
963 Sigefroi, brother of Godefroi,
Count of Verdun.
998 Frederic I.
1019 Gilbert I.
1057 Conrad I.
1086 Henri I.
1128 Conrad II.
1136 Henri II., the Blind, son of
Godefroi, Count of Namur,
maternal grandson of Con-
rad I. Hanri.
1196 Guillaume I.
Thibaut, Comte de Bar.
1214 Ermesinde de Luxemburgh
and Waleran, Duke of Lim-
burg.
1226 Henri III., Count of Luxem-
burgh and of Ligny, Marquis
of Arlon. Hanri.
1280 Henri IV.
1288 Henry V., emperor in 1308.
H. or Hcnricvs.
1309 John, the Blind, King of Bo-
hemia and Poland.
1346 Charles, King of Bohemia
and emperor. Karol.
1353 Wenceslas, first duke, and
Jeanne. Wincel.
1383 Wenceslas 1 1., emperor. Wen-
eel.
1388 Jodocus of Moravia, emperor.
lodoc. March. Dns. Moraine.
1402 Louis d'Orleans.
1407 Jodocus restored.
1411 Anthoine de Bourgogne, Due
de Brabant. Ant/to.
1415 Elizabeth of Goerlitz and John
of Bavaria. Elizab. loh.
1451 Philippe le Bon, Duke of
Burgundy, by purchase.
Counts of Namur
908 Berenger of Lomme.
973 Ratbode I., Count of Lomme
and Namur.
Ratbode 1 1., Count of Namur.
Albert I., his brother.
1016 Albert II.
1037 Albert III., Count of Namur
and Brugeron. Albertvs.
1105 Godefroid.
1139 Henri I., the Blind. Einric.
1189 Baudouin V.
1196 Philippe the Noble.
12 1 2 Pierre de Courtenay et Yo-
lande.
1216 Philip II.
1226 Henry II.
1229 Margaret and Henry of
Vianden.
1237 Baudouin de Courtenay.
1263 Gui de Dampierre. G. or
Gido.
1297 John I., Heervan Slijs. lohes.
1331 John II., lo.
1335 Guido. G., or Giydo.
1336 Philip III. Phis.
1337 William I.
1391 William II.
1418 John III.,
Johannes.
Gi'illelmvs.
Gvilleln.
called Thierri.
1814 Willem I.
1840 Willem II.
Kings of the Netherlands
1849 Willem III.
1889 Wilhelmina I.
The grand-duchy of Luxemburgh has passed to the Duke of Nassau.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 26,
Seigneurs of Reckheim
1397 Willem I.
1400 Willem II.
1442 Willem III.
1480 Isabel and John of Pirmont.
1501 Gerard of Pirmont.
John of Pirmont and Anne de
la Marck.
1541 Robert de la Marck.
1545 John of Hamin.
1 6th c. The Vlodorp family.
Herman van Lynden.
1603 Ernest.
1636 Ferdinand.
1665 Francois Gobert.
1703-8 Ferdinand Gobert.
Counts of s* Heerenberg
1331 Adam III. Ade. D. Mote.
Margaret, his widow. Mar-
greta.
1354 William I. Wilhelmvs.
1387 Frederic III. Fredericks.
1416 William II. Wilhelm, Dn.
de Berge.
1465. Oswald I.
1506 William III.
1511 Oswald II. Oswald.
1546 William IV. Gvil, etc.
1577 Frederic of Berg. Fre. C. D.
Mo., etc.
1626 Henry. Henricvs.
1627-31 Herman Frederic. Her.
Frid.
Bishops of Utrecht
870 Odibald.
goo Egibold.
901 Ratbod.
918 Balderic.
977 Folkmar.
991 Baudouin.
995 Ansfrid.
1010 Adelbold.
1028 Bernold.
noldvs.
1054 Wilhelm.
1076 Conrad.
1099 Burckhard.
1113 Godebald.
1128 Andrew de Cuyk, adminis-
trator.
1138 Heribert.
1152 Herman.
1 1 56 Godefroi.
1178 Baudouin.
1196 Arnould.
1197 Thierri I.
1198 Thierri II. of Namur.
1213 Otho I. of Gueldres.
1215 Otho II. of Lippe.
Bernoi, or Ber-
Wilhelmvs.
Conradvs.
B-vrcardv.
Hvman.
Theodoricus.
1228 Willebrand.
1235 Otho III.
1249 Godwin.
1250 Henry of Vianen. Henri-
cvs.
1267 John I. of Nassau.
1288 John II. of Zirk.
1296 Willem II.
1301 Gui of Hennegau.
1312 Jacob.
John III. of Diest.
1317 Frederic II.
1341 Nicolo Capucci.
John IV. of Arkel.
1364 John V.
1371 Arnould of Horn.
1379 Florent. Floren.
1393 Frederic III. Frederic.
1425 Suederus.
1433 Rodolph of Diepholt. Rodlp.
1456 Gisbert.
1457 David de Bourgogne.
1496 Frederic of Baden.
1519 Philippe de Bourgogne.
264
Datfs ) Bruno I.
known
The Coins of Europe
Counts of West Fries! and
1038-57 Bruno III.
1057-68 Egbert I.
1068-90 Egbert II.
Kings of the Belgians
1831-65 Leopold I. of Saxe-Coburg. 1865 Leopold II., son.
Counts of Flanders
862 Beaudouin I., son-in-law of
Charles le Chauve, and Grand
Forester of Flanders.
879 Beaudouin or Baudouin II.,
Count of Flanders, Boulogne,
and Ternois.
918 Arnould I., Count of Flanders,
and, on the death of his
brother Adolphe in 933, of
Boulogne and Ternois. He
associated in 958 his son
Baudouin III., who died in
961.
965 Arnould II
988 Baudouin
Marchio.
1036 Baudouin V.
1067 Baudouin VI., Count of Hain-
ault, yVm- u.voris.
1070 Robert I., Count of Flanders
and Alost. Koberti.
1093 Robert II.
I ill Baldwin VII.
1119 Charles of Denmark, cousin-
german.
1127 Guillaume de Normandie,
cousin.
1128 Thierri D'Alsace, cousin.
Rainolidvs.
IV. Baldi'ini's
1168
1 191
1194
1206
1244
1280
1303
'305
1322
1346
1384
Philippe D'Alsace, Count of
Flanders and Yermandois.
Ph. Comes or Philippus.
Marguerite, sister, with Bau-
douin Y. of Hainault and
YIII. of Flanders.
Baudouin IX., Count of Flan-
ders and Hainault, Emperor
of Constantinople. B. Comes.
Jeanne and Ferdinand of
Portugal.
Marguerite, sister, and Guil-
laume de Dampierre, her son.
Gui de Dampierre, brother of
Guillaume.
Philippe de Thielte, adminis-
trator. Filp.
Robert de Bethune. His son
Louis d. I'itA patris.
Louis de Crecy, Count of
Nevers, and
Flanders,
Rethel.
Louis de
Flanders,
thel.
Marguerite, daughter, in.
Philippe le Hardi, Duke of
Burgundy.
Maele, Count of
Nevers, and Re-
Cottnts of Hainault
998 Rainier IV.
1013 Rainier V. Rennadvs.
1030 Rainier VI.
1031 Richilde, and Baldwin V.,
Count of Flanders.
1071 Baldwin II.
1099 Baldwin III.
1 1 20 Baldwin IV.
1 1 70 Baldwin V.
1195 Baldwin VI.
Baldevin.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 265
1206 Jeanne.
1244 Margaret of Constantinople.
1280 Jean II., D'Avesnes. lohs.
Johannes.
1304 Guillaume I., le Bon. G. or
Gvllelmvs.
1337 Guillaume II. Gvllelmvs.
1345 Marguerite II. and Louis IV.
of Bavaria, emperor.
1356 William III. of Bavaria.
Gvllvs.
1389 Albert of Bavaria, regent.
Albert of Bavaria, Count of
Hainault.
1404 William IV. Gvilm.
1417 Jacqueline of Bavaria, m. (i)
John IV., Duke of Brabant,
(2) Humphrey, Duke of Glou-
cester.
1427 Philip le Bon, Duke of Bur-
gundy. Phs.
Bishops of Ltige to 1744
856 Francon.
903 Etienne.
920 Richer.
945 Hugues I.
947 Farabert or Floribert.
954 Rathier.
956 Baudri I.
959 Eraclius.
972 Notger or Notker.
1008 Baudri II.
1018 Walbodon.
1021 Durand.
1025 Reginard.
1039 Nithard.
1042 Wazo.
1048 Theodwin.
1076 Henri. Henric.
1092 Otbert. Obertvs.
1119 Frederic.
1 12 1 Alberon I. Albero.
1128 Alexandre. Alexand.
1136 Alberon II. of Gueldres.
1145 Henri II. of Limburg. Hen-
ricvs Secvndvs.
1166 Alexandre II. A.
1167 Raoul. Rot. Rode.
1191 Albert I. Alb.
1 194 Albert II.
1 200 Hugues II.
1229 Jean II. lohs.
1238 Guillaume.
1240 Robert. Robt.
1247 Henri III.
1274 Jean III. of Enghien.
1282 Jean IV. Johannes.
1292 Gui.
1296 Hugues III. of Chalon.
Hvgonis.
1301 Adolphe of Waldeck. AdvlJ.
1 303 Thibaut of Bar. Thcob.
1313 Adolphe II. de la Marck.
1345 Engelbert de la Marck.
1364 Jean V. of Arckel.
1378 Arnould of Homes.
1390 Jean VI. of Bavaria. lohs dc
Bavaria.
1418 Jean VII. of Walenrode.
1419 Jean VIII. of Heinsberg.
lohes.
1456 Louis de Bourbon. Zvdo.
1484 Jean IX. of Homes. Jo. de
Hor.
1506 Erard de la Marck.
1522 Cornelius van Berghen.
1544 Georges of Austria.
1557 Robert II. of Berghen.
1562 Gerard van Grosbeck.
1581 Ernest of Bavaria.
1600 Ferdinand of Bavaria.
1649 Maximilian Henry of Bavaria.
1688 Jean Louis of Elderen.
1694 Jean Clement of Bavaria.
1724 G. Louis of Berghen.
1744 Jean Theodore of Bavaria.
Counts of Loos
1 107 Arnould V.
1146 Louis I.
1171
1191
Gerard I.
Louis II.
266
The Coins of Europe
1218 Arnould VI.
1223 Louis III.
1229 Arnould VII.
1256 Jean.
1280 Arnold VI 1 1. A.m Arnoldvs.
1328 Louis IV. Lvdovicvs.
1336 Thierri de Heinsberg. T.
Com.
1361 Godefroi de Dalembrock.
Gotfridvs.
1363 Arnould d'Orey, Sire de
Rummen.
Jean d'Arkel, Bishop of Liege.
VII. ITALY AND SICILY
Kings of Italy
1805-14 Napoldon I.
1861 Vittorio Emmanuele II. (of Sardinia).
1878 Umberto I.
Ostrogothic Kings
493 Theodoric.
526 Amalasunda.
Athalaric. D. N. Athalaricvs
Rex.
534 Theodath. D. N. Thcodathos
Rex.
536 Matasunda, widow. Mono-
gram.
540 Ildibad.
541 Eraric.
Baduila or Totila. D. N. Ba-
di'ila Rex.
536 Witiges. D. N. Witigcs Rex. 552 Theia or Thila. Domnvs Theia.
P. Rex or D. N. Theila Rex.
Lombard Kings
568 Albwin or Alboin.
573 Cleph.
Government of the Thirty.
586 Antharis.
591 Agilhulf.
615 Adelwalt.
625 Ariowalt.
636 Rotharis or Rudhar.
652 Rodoald or Rudwalt.
654 Aripert.
66 1 Pertharit or Gunbert.
662 Grimoald.
672 Pertharit again.
680 Cunipert and his father, 679-
88. D. N. Cvnincpert.
702 Luitpert.
Raginbert.
Aripert 1 1. D. N. Aripert Rex.
713 Ansprand.
Luitprand. D. N. Ltpran.
744 Hildebrand.
Rachgis.
749 Astulph. D. N. Aistvlf Rex.
756 Desiderius. D. N. Desider.
774 Athalgis. Monogram.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 267
Kings of Italy and Emperors of the West
754 Pepin le Bref.
774 Charlemagne.
781 Pepin II. or Carloman.
812 Bernard, natural son.
814 Louis le Debonnaire.
820 Lothair I.
844 Louis II.
876 Charles le Chauve.
Carloman of Bavaria.
The imperial throne vacant.
879 Charles le Gros.
888 Berenger of Friuli.
Rodolph II. of Burgundy.
889 Guy of Spoleto.
891 Lambert, son.
896 Arnold of Bavaria, son of Car-
loman of Bavaria.
899 Louis III. of Provence.
Louis IV., the Young.
926 Hugh of Provence.
931 Lothair, son, associated.
946 Alberic of Tuscany.
950 Berenger II. of Ivry.
Otho I., King of Germany.
Norman Dukes of Apulia
1075 Robert Guiscard. Ro. or Rober.
1085 Roger Borsa. Rogcrivs Dvx ; Rog. Dvx, Salerno, etc.
1 1 1 1 William. W. Dvx Apulia, or Gvi. Dvx.
1127 Roger II. R.
Roger III.
Dukes of Bencventum
651 Grimoald I., king in 662.
663 Romoald I.
683 Grimoald II.
690 Gishulf I.
707 Romoald II. A'.
721 Andelas.
722 Gregory. G.
729 Godescalc.
733 Gishulf II.
750 Luitprand. L.
758 Arrigis. A.
787 Grimoald III. Grimvald.
806 Grimoald IV. Grimoald
Filivs Ermenrid.
817 Sigo I. Sigo Princeps.
832 Sicardus. Sicardv.
840
851
854
878
88 1
884
890
897
900
1043
Radelchis. Radelchis Prin-
ceps.
Radelzar.
Adelchis.
Galderis.
Radelchis II.
Ajo.
Ursus.
Greek domination.
Guido, Duke of Spoleto.
Radelchis II. again.
Atenhulf, Prince of Capua.
6 1 Pandulfus, Prince of
Capua.
Landulfus, Prince of Capua.
Princes of Capua
900-10 Atenhulf.
943-1059 (?) Pandulfus I.
Landulfus II.
1059 Richard I. Richard. Princeps.
1 1 06 Robert. Robertvs. Princeps.
1136 Anfusus.
Anfusus, and his father Roger
II., King of Sicily. Obv.
A. P., rev. R. R.
268
The Coins of Europe
Dukes of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio
1195 Salinguerra, Ghibeline chief.
1196 Azzo I., D'Este, Podesta of
Ferrara.
1208 Azzo I., D'Este, perpetual sig-
nore, Marquis of Ancona.
1212 Salinguerra and Aldrovan-
dini, son of Azzo.
1215 Salinguerra and Azzo II.,
brother of Aldrovandini.
1264 Obizzo D'Este, grandson of
Azzo II., Lord of Ferrara,
Reggio, and Modena.
1294 Azzo III.
1308 Fulco, natural son.
1317 RainaldoandNicolo,nephews
of Azzo III.
1344 Obizzo 1 1., D'Este. Qp.Mchio.
'353 Aldrovandini II., son.
1361 Nicolo II., brother. Nichol.
Marchio,
1388 Alberto, brother.
1393 Nicolo III.
1441 Lionello, natural son. Leon-
dh> Marchio.
1450 Borso, brother, first duke.
Borsivs Dvx.
1471 Ercole I., brother. Hercules.
1502 Alfonso I. Alfonso's.
1534 Ercole II. Hercules II.
1559 Alfonso II. A If OUSTS II.
1 597 Cesare, grandson of Alfonso
1.
1628 Alfonso 1 1 1., Duke of Modena.
1629 Francesco I.
1658 Alfonso IV.
1662 Francesco II.
1694 Rainaldo.
'737 Francesco III.
1780-96 Ercole III. Rainaldo.
Grand Masters of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Malta '
1 534 Pietro da Ponte.
1535 Desiderius de Saint Jaile.
1536 Jean d'Homedes.
1553 Jean de Lavalette Parisot.
1568 Pietro da Monte.
1572 Jean Levesque de la Cassiere.
1586 Hugo de Loubens Verdale.
1595 Martin de Garzez.
1601 Alof de Wignacourt.
1622 Louis Mendez de Vascon-
cellos.
1623 Antonio de Paule.
1636 Paul Lascaris Castellard.
1657 Martin de Redin.
1660 Annet de Clermont.
1660 Raphael Cotoner.
1663 Nicolas Cotoner.
1680 Gregorio Caraffa.
1690 Adrien de Wignacourt.
1 697 Raimond Perellos de Rocafort.
1720 Michele Antonio Zondonari.
1722 Antonio Manuel de Vilhena.
1736 Raimond Despuig de Monte-
ne"gre.
1741 Emmanuele Pinto de Fon-
seca.
1773 Francisco Ximenes de Tex-
ada.
1775 Emmanuel de Rohan.
1797 Ferdinand de Hompesch.
1 The coinage of the Order, prior to its settlement in Europe, does not come
within the scope of the present work.
Captains, Marquises, atid Dukes of Mantua
{The Countess Matilda.
Republic.
Lodovico, Count of San Bonifacio.
Some Dated Lists of European Riilers 269
1272 Pinamonte Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua.
1293 Bardellone Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua.
1299 Bottesilla Bonacossi, Lord of Mantua.
1310 Passerino and Bectirone Bonacossi, Lords of Mantua.
1329 Lodovico I., Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua.
1360 Guidone Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua.
1369 Lodovico II., Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua.
1382 Francesco I., Gonzaga, Captain of Mantua. Francischvs.
1407 Gio. Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, lohs. Fracisc.
1444 Lodovico III., Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.
1478 Federigo I., Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.
1484 Gio. Francesco II., Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.
1519 Federigo II., Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and (c. 1533) Marquis of
Monteferrato. Fed.
1540 Francesco III., Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Marquis of Monte-
ferrato.
1550 Guglielmo and Margherita, Dukes of Mantua and Marquises of
Monteferrato.
Mezzo-testone, 1564: silver.
1587 Vincenzo I. Vincentivs.
1612 Carlo I., son of Lodovico Gonzaga, Due de Nevers, and grandson
of Federigo II.
1637 Carlo II., grandson, and Maria regent till 1647.
1675 Ferdinando Carlo and Isabella Clara of Austria.
1709 Mantua added to the empire and Monteferrato annexed to Savoy.
Dukes of Milan
1257 Martino della Torre, Lord of
the Milanese.
1263 Filippo, brother.
1265 Napoleon, relative.
1277 Ottone Visconti, Archbishop
of Milan.
1295 Matteo Visconti, nephew.
1322 Galeazzo Visconti.
1329 Azzo Visconti. Azo.
1 339 Luchino, uncle, and Giovanni.
lohes and Lvchinvs.
1349 Giovanni, son of Matteo I.
1354 Matteo II., Bernabo and
Galeazzo, illegitimate sons.
1385 Gio. Galeazzo, son of Gale-
azzo. lohs.
1402 Gio. Maria. lohanes.
1412 Filippo Maria, brother. Filip.
Maria.
1450 Francesco Sforza Visconti,
who married Bianca,
daughter of last duke.
270 The Coins of Europe
1466 Galeazzo Maria Sforza Vis- 1512 Maximilian, son of Lodovico-
conti. Maria.
1476 Giovanni Galeazzo Maria and 1515 Francis I., King of France.
Bonne of Savoy. lo. Ga. 1521 Francesco Maria II., son of
Bona. Lodovico Maria Sforza Vis-
1494 Lodovico Maria, son of Fran- conti. Francisms II.
cesco Sforza Visconti. Lvdo- 1535 Annexed to the Empire.
•vicvs M. Sf. Annexed to Spain.
1500 Louis XII., King of France. 1714 Annexed to the Empire.
Signori and Princes of Mirandola
1306 Francesco I., Pico, imperial 1533 Galeotto II.
vicar, Signore of Mirandola. 1550 Lodovico II.
1321-54 Interregnum. [Brendiparte. 1568 Galeotto III.
Paolo.] 1590 Federigo, Prince of Miran-
1354 Francesco II. dola and Marquis of Con-
1399 Francesco III. cordia.
1461 Giovanni Francesco I. 1602 Alessandro I.
1467 Galeotto I. 1637 Alessandro II.
1499 Giovanni Francesco II. 1691-1708 Francesco Maria.
. '. The title merged in that of Modena.
Princes of Monaco
1275 Rainerio I., Grimaldi. 1605 Onorato II., Grimaldi.
1300 Rainerio II., Grimaldi. 1662 Lodovico Grimaldi.
1330 Carlo I., Grimaldi. 1701 Antonio Grimaldi.
1363 Rainerio III., Grimaldi. 1731 Onorato III., Goyon-Gri-
1407 Giovanni Grimaldi. maldi.
1454 Catalano Grimaldi. 1793-1815 Interregnum.
1457 Lamberto Grimaldi. 1815 Onorato IV.
1505 Luciano Grimaldi. 1819 Onorato V.
1525 Onorato I., Grimaldi. 1841 Fiorestano.
1581 Carlo II., Grimaldi. 1856 Carlo III.
1589 Ercole I., Grimaldi.
Marquises of Monteferrato
967 Date of original concession. 1 1 1 1 Reginbar.
In or be-/Alram or Adelram. 1140 Girolamo III.
fore 991 \Ottone. 1183 Conrad.
991-1031 Girolamo I. 1192 Bonifacio I.
1040-84 Ottone. 1207 Girolamo IV.
1093 Girolamo II. 1225 Bonifacio II.
Some Dated Lists of European Riders 2 7 1
1255 Girolamo V. 1445 Giovanni III., Palasologo.
1292 Giovanni. 1464 Girolamo I., Palasologo.
1305 Teodoro I., Palasologo. 1483 Bonifacio I., Palasologo.
1338 Giovanni I., Palasologo. 1494 Guglielmo II., Palasologo.
1372 Secondotto Palasologo. 1518 Bonifacio II., Palasologo.
1378 Giovanni II., Palasologo. 1530 Giovanni Giorgio Palaso-
1381 Teodoro II., Palasologo. logo.
1418 Giovanni Giacomo Palasologo. 1533-36 Carlo V., Palasologo.
Signori of Padua
Jacopo da Carrara, d. 1190.
Marsilio da Carrara.
1318-24 Jacopo da Carrara, Signore of Padua.
1337-38 Marsilio da Carrara, Signore of Padua.
1339-45 Ubertino da Carrara, papal legate in Padua.
1345 Jacopo da Carrara, Signore of Padua.
1350 Jacobino da Carrara, Signore of Padua.
1355 Francesco I. da Carrara, Signore of Padua.
1388 Francesco II. da Carrara, Signore of Padua. /
1406 Francesco III. da Carrara, Signore of Padua. I ov
Dukes of Parma and Piacenza
1546 Pietro Lodovico Farnese, son 1694 Francesco.
of Pope Paul III. 1727 Antonio, brother.
1547 Ottavio Farnese. Oct. Far. 1731 Carlos of Spain.
1586 Alessandro Farnese. Alex. 1737 Filippo of Spain.
Far. 1765-1802 Ferdinand of Spain.
1592 Ranucio I. Farnese. Ran. 1815 Marie Louise, consort of
Far. Napoldon I.
1622 Odoardo Farnese. Odoardvs 1847 Charles III. de Bourbon.
Far. 1854-59 Robert.
1646 Ranucio II. Farnese. Ran.
Far.
Counts and Dukes of Savoy
1000 Berold or Berthold, Count of 1148 Umberto 1 1 1., Count of Savoy.
Maurienne. Vmbertvs.
1024 Umberto I., grandson of Louis 1188 Tommaso, Count of Savoy,
III., King of Burgundy. vicar-general of the empe-
1048 Amadeo I. ror in Piedmont and Lom-
1050 Pietro I., Marquis of Turin. bardy.
1070 Amadeo II., brother. 1233 Amadeo IV., Count of Savoy,
1080 Umberto II., Marquis of Susa Duke of Chablais and Aosta,
and Turin. Vmbertvs. vicar-general of the empire.
1 1 08 Amadeo III. Amedevs. Amedevs.
272
The Coins of Europe
1253 Pietro II., brother, and Boni-
facio, his nephew. Pctrvs.
1268 Filippo, Archbp. of Lyons,
brother of Amadeo IV.
1285 Amadeo V., brother of Ama-
deo IV. Ameds.
1323 Odoardo. Edvard.
1329 Aimone. Aitno.
1343 Amadeo VI., "the Green
Count." Amedei's.
1383 Amadeo VI I., the Red. Ame-
devs.
1391 Amadeo VIII., Count of the
Genevois, first Duke of
Savoy.
1439 Ludovico. Li'dovici's.
1465 Amadeo IX. Ainedevs.
1472 Filiberto. Philip.
1482 Carlo I. Karoh's.
1490 Carlo II. and Bianca,
regent.
1496 Filippo, brother of Amadeo
IX.
1497 Filippo II. Philibtvs.
1504 Carlo III., brother. Caroh's.
1553 Emmanuele Filiberto. Em.
Philip, or Filib.
1580 Carlo Emmanuele I. Car.
Em.
1630 Vittorio Emmanuele I. V.
Amcdci's.
1637 Francesco Hiacinto.
1637-40 Spaniards occupy Turin.
1638-47 Carlo Emmanuele II. and
his mother, Maria Cristina,
regent.
1647-75 Carlo Emmanuele II.,
alone.
1675 Vittorio Amadeo II., King of
Sicily and Sardinia.
1730 Carlo Emmanuele III.
1773 Vittorio Amadeo III.
1796 Carlo Emmanuele IV.
1802 Vittorio Emmanuele I.
1821 Carlo Felice.
1831 Carlo Alberto.
1849 Vittorio Emmanuele II.
Barons dc Vaud
1284 Louis I., Comte de Vaud, Seigneur de Bugey (son of Thomas,
Count of Piedmont, Flanders, and Maurienne).
1302 Louis II.
1350 Catherine, Dame de Vaud. She sells the domain to Amadeo VI.
of Savoy.
Marquises and Dukes of Tuscany and Grand-Dukes and Kings
of Etruria
828 Bonifacio, Count of Lucca and
Marquis of Tuscany.
845 Adalbert I., duke and marquis.
890 Adalbert II., duke and mar-
quis.
917 Guido.
929 Lambert, brother.
931 Boso.
936 Hubert, Duke of Tuscany and
Spoleto, Marquis of Camer-
961 Hugo.
looi Adalbert III.
1014 Renier.
1027 Bonifacio II of Modena.
1052 Federigo Bonifacio.
1055 Beatrice of Haute -Lorraine,
mother, and Geoffroi le
Barbu.
1076 Mathilde and Guelf of Bava-
ria, of the house of Este.
1115 Henry V. , emperor.
Some Dated Lists of Eiiropean Rulers 273
^ 1620
1119 1630
JJ3Hlmperial vicars. l6?o
H53 1723
1195;
II9S~IS33 Florentine Republic: 1737
The Gonfalonieri. 1765
1533 Alessandro de' Medici, Duke
of the Republic of Florence. 1 790
1536 Cosmo I. de' Medici, Grand- 1801
Duke of Etruria.
1574 Francesco Maria.
1587 Ferdinando I.
1608 Cosmo II.
1807
1854
1859
/. The grand-duchy was annexed to the kingdom of Italy.
Ferdinando II.
Christine de Lorraine, widow
of Ferdinando I.
Cosmo III.
Gio. Gastone I., last of the
Medici.
Francis of Lorraine.
Pierre Leopold Joseph of
Lorraine.
1 80 1 Ferdinand III.
7 Charles Louis, King of
Etruria.
Ferdinand III. again.
Leopold II.
Ferdinand IV.
Vicars, Counts, Podeste, and Dukes of Urbino
1155 Antonio di Montefeltro, im-
perial vicar in Urbino.
His son.
1236 Bonconte, Count of Urbino.
1255 Montefeltrano, Podesta of
Urbino.
1298 Guidone di Montefeltro.
Federigo, Count of Urbino.
1322-59 Rolfo.
Federigo.
1375 Antonio, Count of Urbino.
1404 Guidone Antonio.
1443 Ottone Antonio.
1444 Federigo.
1482 Guidone Ubaldo I.
1508 Francesco Maria della] Ro-
vere, Duke of Urbino.
1538 Guido Ubaldo II.
1574 Francesco Maria II.
1621 Federigo Ubaldo.
1623 Vittoria, m. Ferdinando II.,
Grand-Duke of Tuscany.
Signori of Verona
Jacobino della Scala of Ver-
ona.
1262 Martino I., Capitano del
popolo.
1277 Alberto I., Signore of Verona.
1301 Bartolomeo I.
1304 Albovino, imperial vicar in
Verona.
1311 Alberto II.
1329 Martino II.
1351-52 Can-Grande II.
1359 Paolo Albovino.
1365 Cane.
1375 Bartolomeo II.
1381 Antonio.
1387-92 Gianfrancesco.
Norman Kings of Sicily
1072 Roger I.; Grand-Count of Calabria and Sicily. Rogerivs Comes.
Simon.
T
274
The Coins of Europe
1105 Roger II. Rogerivs Comes, [after ii3ol] Ro. Rx. ; Rogerivs. Rex;
R. //., etc.
1 1 54 William I. W. Rex Dvx Apvl.
1 1 66 William II. W. R. Sicil. Dvcaf Apvl' Princ. Cap. or W. Rex II.
1 190 Tancred. Tacd. or Rex Tancre.
1193 Tancred, and Roger III. son, Kings of Sicily.
Tancred, and William III. son.
1194 William III. alone. G. R. or Gvi or Gvil.
1 He became King of Sicily in 1130.
Kings of Sicily
1194 Henry VI., Emperor of Ger-
many, and Constance. E.
He. C.
1197 Frederic I. f., etc.
1231 Frederic II. Fridcrict.
1250 Conrad I.
1254-68 Conrad II., or Conradin.
1258-66 Manfred, his uncle,
usurper.
1266-82 Charles I. of Anjou.
1282 Constance, daughter of Man-
fred, and Pedro I. of Arra-
gon. Costa P.
1285 James I.
1296 Frederic II.
1337 Peter II.
1342 Louis.
1355 Frederic III.
1377 Maria of Arragon and Mar-
tin I.
1409 Martin II. of Arragon.
1410 Blanche, widow of Martin I.
1412 Ferdinand of Arragon.
1416 Alfonso I. of Arragon.
1458 John I. of Arragon.
1479-1504 Ferdinand III. of Arra-
gon, the Catholic.
Kings of Naples
1282 Charles I. of Anjou.
1285 Charles II.
1309 Robert, brother.
1343 Joanna, m. (i) Andrew of
Hungary, (2) Louis of Tar-
anto.
1381 Charles III. of Durazzo.
1382 Louis I. of Anjou.
1386 Louis II. of Anjou.
Ladislas of Hungary.
1414 Jeanne II. and Jacques de
Bourbon.
1417 Louis III.
1433 Alfonso I. of Arragon.
1438 Rene".
1458 Ferdinand I. of Arragon.
1494 Alfonso II. of Arragon.
1495 Ferdinand II., Louis XII. of
France.
1496 Frederic III.
1501 Francis I. of France.
Kings of the Two Sicilies
1504 Ferdinand the Catholic.
1516 Charles V. of Spain.
1536 Philip II. of Spain.
1598 Philip III. of Spain.
1621 Philip IV. of Spain.
1655 Charles II.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 275
1701 Philip V. of Spain.
1707 Charles VI. of Germany.
1735 Charles III.
1759 Ferdinand I.
1806 Joseph Napoleon.
1808 Joachim Murat.
1815 Ferdinand I. again.
1825 Francis I.
1830 Ferdinand II., Bomba.
1859-60 Francis II.
Dukes of Salerno
840 Siconulphus.
851 Sigo II.
853 Ademar.
86 1 Waiferius.
880 Waimar I.
899 Atenulfus. Atn. or Ad. Pri.
900 Waimar II.
933 Gisulf I. Gisvlfvs.
978 Pandulfus I., Prince of Capua.
981 Pandulfus II.
Manso, Duke of Amalfi.
983 Johannes.
994 Waimar III.
1030 Waimar IV.
1052-77 Gisulf III. Gisvlfus Prices.
VIII. FRANCE
Sovereigns of France
987 Hugues Capet.
996 Robert.
1031 Henri I.
1060 Philippe I.
1108 Louis VI.
1137 Louis VII.
1180-1123 Philippe II. Auguste.
1223 Louis VIII.
1226 Louis IX.
1270 Philippe III., le Hardi.
1285 Philippe IV., le Bel.
1314 Louis X., le Hutin.
1316 Philippe V., le Long.
1322 Charles IV., le Bel.
1328 Philippe VI., de Valois.
1350 Jean II., le Bon.
1364 Charles V.
1380 Charles VI.
1422 Charles VII.
1461 Louis XL
1483 Charles VIII.
1498 Louis XII.
1515 Francois I.
1547 Henri II.
1559 Fran9ois II.
1560 Charles IX.
1514 Henri III.
Charles X., Cardinal de Bour-
bon.
1589 Henri IV.
1610 Louis XIII.
1643 Louis XIV.
1715 Louis XV.
1774 Louis XVI.
1792-1804 First Republic.
1804 Napoleon I., emperor.
1815 Louis XVI 1 1.
1824 Charles X.
1830 Louis Philippe I.
1848 Second Republic.
1851 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,
president.
1852 Second Empire.
1870-93 Third Republic.
276 The Coins of Europe
Anglo-Gallic Princes who struck money in France
, 151-1202 jEleonored'Aquitaine.
1189-99 Richard Cceur-de-Lion.
1216-72 Henry III., Duke of Aquitaine.
^Edward I.
Edward II.
Edward III.
1277-13771
Edward the Black Prince.
Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby, etc., 1347-51.
John of Gaunt.
'377-99 Richard II.
/-Henry IV.
Henry V.
1399-1460^ Henry VI.
John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, ob.
I 1435-
.'. The last point actually retained was Calais, lost in 1558. But the Kings of
England were titular Kings of France till 1813.
Comtes d'Angouleme
839 Turpion, brother of Bernard,
Comte de Poitiers, Comte
d'Angouleme and de Peri-
gord.
863 Emenon or Imon, brother.
866 Wulgrin.
886 Alduin.
Guillaume, Comte de Peri-
gord.
916 Guillaume I., Taillefer, Comte
d'Angouleme.
962 Arnaud Buration, Comte de
Perigord and d'Angouleme.
975 Arnaud Manzer, Comte de
Perigord and d'Angouleme.
1001 Guillaume Taillefer II.
1028 Alduin II.
1033 Geoffroi Taillefer.
1048 Foulques Taillefer.
1089 Guillaume III., Taillefer.
1 1 20 Wulgrin II., Taillefer.
1140 Guillaume IV., Taillefer.
1178 Wulgrin III., Taillefer.
1181 Mathilde, with her uncles,
Guillaume V. Taillefer and
Aimar.
Vicomtes, Comtes, and Dues d'Anjou
879 Ingelger.
899 Foulques I., le Roux.
940 Foulques II., le Bon.
962 Geoffroi I., Grisegonelle.
987 Foulques III., le Noir.
1040 Geoffroi II., Martel. Gos-
fridvs Cos.
1060 Geoffroi III., le Barbu,
nephew.
1069 Foulques IV., le Rechin,
brother.
1 109 Foulques V., King of Jerusa-
lem.
1129 Geoffroi IV., Plantagenet,
Comte d'Anjou, etc.
1151 Henry II., King of England.
1189 Richard, King of England.
11 99 John, King of England.
Some Dated Lists of Eiiropean Rulers 277
1202 Philippe II. Auguste, by 1434 Rene", brother.
sequestration. 1480 Charles IV., King of Naples,
1246 Charles I. de France, eighth cousin.
son of Louis VIII. 1481 Reunion to the Crown.
1285 Charles II. de France, King Henri, Due d'Anjou, after-
of Naples. wards Henri III.
1290 Marguerite d'Anjou and 1576 FranQois, Due d'Alengon.
Charles de Valois. Philippe d'Orleans, brother of
1325 Reunion to the Crown by Louis XIV.
Philippe. 1668 Philippe de France, son of
1356 Louis I. of France, son of Louis XIV.
Jean de Valois, and King of 1672 Louis Franqois de France,
Naples. son of Louis XIV.
1384 Louis II. of France, son of Philip V., King of Spain.
Jean de Valois, and King of 1710 Louis XV., afterwards King
Naples. of France.
1417 Louis III. of France, son of 1790 Louis Stanislas Xavier, after-
Jean de Valois, and King of wards Louis XVIII.
Naples.
(i.) Kings of Aquitaine
630 Caribert, King of Aquitaine, son of Clotaire II. Charibertvs.
631 Ilde"ric or Chilperic, King of Toulouse, died in 632.
636 Boggis and Bertrand, brothers of preceding, recognised Dukes of
Aquitaine, of Toulouse, and of Gascony by Dagobert.
688 Eudes, Duke of Toulouse and of Gascony, son of Boggis.
(ii.) Kings of Aquitaine
781 Louis I., son of Charlemagne, afterwards known as Louis le De"bon-
naire.
814 Pepin I. contests the crown with Charles le Chauve.
839 Pepin II.
855 Charles, second son of Charles le Chauve.
867 Louis II., le Begue.
. ' . Aquitaine united to France.
(iii.) Dukes of Aquitaine,
845 Rainulf I., Comte de Poitou. 932 Raimond Pons, Comte de
880 Rainulf 1 1. Toulouse & d'Auvergne.
893 Guillaume, Comte d'Au- 951 Guillaume III.
vergne. 963 Guillaume IV.
918 Guillaume II. 990 Guillaume V.
926 Acfred, Comte d'Auvergne & 1029 Guillaume VI.
de Velay. 1038 Eudes.
928 Ebles Manzer, Comte de 1039 Guillaume VII.
Poitou, Auvergne, & 1058 Guillaume VIII.
Limousin. 1087 Guillaume IX.
278
The Coins of Eiiropc
1127 Guillaume X., Count of Poi-
tou, Limousin, Saintonges,
and Gascogne.
1137 Eleonore d'Aquitaine, ;;/.
(1) Louis VII. of France;
(2) Henry II. of England.
1169 Richard I. of England.
1196 Otto of Brunswick.
1199 John I. of England.
1216 Henry III. of England.
1272 Edward I. of England.
1307 Edward II. of England.
1327 Edward III. of England.
1 362 Edward IV., the Black Prince.
1377 Richard II. of England.
1399 Henry IV. of England.
1413 Henry V. of England.
1422 Henry VI. of England.
1469-74 Charles, brother of Louis
XI.
Comics & Dauphins (PAuvergnc
819 Warin.
839 Geraud, son-in-law of Pepin, King of Aquitaine.
841 Guillaume I., father of Geraud.
846 Bernard I.
858 Guillaume II.
862 Etienne.
864 Bernard Plantevelue.
886 Guillaume III., first hereditary Count, Duke of Aquitaine.
918 Guillaume IV., son of Acfred, Comte de Carcassonne.
926 Acfred, brother.
928 Ebles, Comte de Poitiers.
932 Raymond Pons, Comte de Toulouse.
951 Guillaume Tcte d'Ktoupe, Comte de Poitiers.
963 Guillaume III., Taillefer, Comte de Toulouse & Pons, son.
979 Gui, son of Robert II., Vicomte d'Auvergne.
989 Guillaume IV., brother.
Dauphins
1145 Guillaume le Jeune.
1169 Robert, Comte de Clermont.
1234 Guillaume.
1246 Robert II.
1262 Robert III.
1282 Robert IV.
1324 Jean Dauphinet.
1351 Beraud I.
1356 Beraud II., le Comte Camus.
1400 Beraud III., Comte de Cler-
mont & de Sancerre.
1426 Jeanne, m. Louis de Bourbon,
Comte de Montpensier.
1436 Louis de Bourbon alone.
1486 Gilbert de Bourbon.
1496 Louis II. de Bourbon.
1501 Charles, Due de Bourbon,
brother.
1527 The King of France.
1582 Francois de Bourbon, son of
Louis II.
1602 Henri de Bourbon.
1608 Marie de Bourbon Mont-
pensier, m. Jean Baptiste
Gaston, Due d'Orleans.
1617 Anne Marie Louise d'Or-
leans, Mademoiselle de
Montpensier.
Counts
1155 Guillaume VIII., le Vieux.
1184 Robert IV.
1194 Guillaume IX.
1195 Gui II., brother.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 279
1224 Guillaume X.
1247 Robert V., Comte d'Auvergne
& de Boulogne.
1277 Guillaume XI.
1279 Robert VI., brother.
1314 Robert VII.
1326 Guillaume XII.
1332 Jeanne, in. Philippe de Bour-
gogne.
1360 Philippe le Hardi, Due de
Bourgogne.
1361 Jean L, great-uncle.
1386 Jean II.
1394 Jeanne II., m. Jean, Due
de Berri.
1422 Marie de Boulogne, m.
Bertrand, Seigneur de la
Tour.
1437 Bertrand I., de la Tour.
1461 Bertrand II.
1494 Jean III.
1501 Anne, m. John Stuart, Duke
of Albany.
1524 Catherine de' Medici, wife of
Henri II. of France.
1589 Charles de Valois.
1606 Marguerite de Valois.
Louis, Dauphin, afterwards
Louis XIII.
951 Frederic d'Ardennes.
984 Thierri I.
1024 Frederic II.
1034 Sophie de Bar, and Louis,
Comte de Mousson and
Montbeliard.
1093 Thierri II., Comte de Mous-
son, Montbeliard, Bar, and
Verdun.
1104 Thierri III., Comte de Mont-
beliard, Bar, and Verdun.
1105 Renaud I., brother, Comte de
Montbeliard and Bar.
1150 Renaud II.
1170 Henri I.
1191 Thibaut I., brother.
1214 Henri II. Henricvs Comes.
1240 Thibaut II.
1296 Henri III.
1302 Edouard I. Ed. Comes.
1337 Henri IV. H. Comes Barri.
1344 Edouard II. and his mother,
Yolande of Flanders, regent.
1352 Robert, first DUKE OF BAR
(1355).
1411 Edouard III.
1414 Louis, cardinal. Lvdovicvs
Kar.
1419 Rend d'Anjou, first DUKE OF
LORRAINE AND BAR (1431).
Comtes dc Blots
1218 Marguerite, eldest daughter of Thibaut V. and her third husband,
Gauthier d'Avesnes.
1230 Marie de Chatillon, m. Hugues de Chatillon, Comte de Saint-Pol.
1241 Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Blois and Chartres.
1279 Jeanne de Chatillon, m. Pierre, Comte d'Alenc_on.
1292 Hugues de Chatillon, cousin-german. H. Comes.
1307 Gui, Comte de Blois and Dunois, Seigneur d'Avesnes. Gvido
Comes.
1342 Louis I., Comte de Blois and Dunois.
1361 Louis II.
1372 Jean II., brother.
1381 Gui II., brother, sold Blois and Dunois in 1391 to the Due
d'Orleans.
1407 Charles d'Orleans.
1466 Louis d'Orleans, afterwards Louis XII.
1498 Reunion with the Crown.
280 The Coins of Europe
Counts of Boulogne
88- Hennequin, nephew of Baldwin le Chauve, Count of Flanders.
882 Regnier.
896 Erkenzer.
89- Baldwin le Chauve.
918 Adolphe, second son.
933 Arnould, Count of Flanders, brother.
965 Ernicule or Le Petit Arnould, son of Guillaume, Count of Ponthieu.
973 Gui a la Barbe Blanche.
97- Baldwin II.
1046 Eustache I.
1049 Eustache II., a 1'CEil.
1095 Eustache III. aux Grenons. Evstachivs.
1125 Mahaut de Boulogne, in. Etienne de Blois.
1 150 Eustache IV.
1153 Guillaume II., brother. Wilhelmvs.
1159 Marie, sister of the two former, in. Matthieu d' Alsace. Mathevs.
1173 Ide d' Alsace, ;;/. four times.
1216 Mahaut de Dammartin, HI. Philippe Hurepel, son of Philip Augustus.
1260 Marie, widow of the Emperor Otho IV., etc. The fief eventually
passed to Robert VI., Comte d'Auvergne.
Sires, Barons, and Dues de Bourbon
916 Aimar, Sire de Bourbon. 1262 Agnes, sister of Mahaut,
944 Aimon I., son. ;;/. Jean de Bourgogne.
980 Archambaud I. 1287 Beatrix de Bourgogne, m.
1034 Archambaud II. Robert de France, Comte de
1078 Archambaud III. Clermont.
1104 Archambaud IV. 1310 Louis I., first Due de Bourbon.
1105 Aimon II., brother of Arch- 1342 Pierre I.
ambaud III. 1356 Louis II.
1116 Archambaud V., brother. 1410 Jean I.
1171 Mahaut I., m. (i) Gautier 1434 Charles I.
de Vienne ; (2) Gui II. de 1456 Jean II.
Dampierre. 1488 Pierre II.
1215 Archambaud VI. de Dam- 1505 Susanne de France, in.
pierre. Charles II. de Bourbon.
1242 Archambaud VII. 1527 Confiscated to the Crown.
1249 Mahaut II. de Dampierre, 1651 Louis II., Prince de Conde",
m. Eudes de Bourgogne. byexchange with LouisXIV.
for Albretand other domains.
Kings, Counts, and Dukes of Brittany
843 Nomenoe", King of Brittany. 874 Pasquiten, Comte de Vannes.
851 Erispoe", King of Brittany. 877 Gurrand, Comte de Rennes.
857 Salomon, King of Brittany. Alan I., Comte de Vannes.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 281
907 Interregnum. The Norman
invaders.
937 Alan II., Barbetorte, grand-
son of Alan I.
952 Drogo, son of Alan II.
980 Suerech, Bishop of Nantes,
son of Alan II.
985 Hoel I., natural brother.
987 Conan le Tors, Comte de
Rennes.
992 Geoffroi I., son, Comte de
Rennes and Duke of the
Bretons.
1008 Alan III., Duke of the Bre-
tons. Alai. Rix.
1040 Conan II. ; his uncle, Eudes
de Penthievre, guardian.
Conanvs Comes.
1066 Havoise, sister, m. Hoel II.,
Comte de Cornouaille.
1084-85 Geoffroi II., Comte de
Rennes. Gavfridvs.
Alan IV., Fergent. Alanvs
Dvs.
1 1 12 Conan III., le Gros.
1148 Hoel III. Berthe, sister, m.
Eudon, Comte de Porhoet.
Rvdo Dvx.
1156 Geoffroi III., Comte de
Nantes.
Conan IV., le Noir.
1169 Geoffroi IV. of England.
1181-1201 Constance. Arthur I.,
son.
1203 Gui de Thouars, guardian
and regent for his daughter
Alix.
1206 Brittany seized by Philip
Augustus.
1213 Alix de Bretagne, m. Pierre
Manclerc de Dreux.
1237 Jean I., le Roux. Johannes
D-vx.
1286 Jean II.
1305 Arthur II.
1312 Jean III. le Bon.
1341 Jean de Bretagne, Comte de
Montfort, contests the duchy
with Charles de Chatillon
de Blois.
1364 Jean IV. de Montfort.
1399 Jean V.
1442 Francois I.
1450 Pierre, brother. Feints Dvx.
1457 Arthur III., uncle, Comte de
Richemont.
1458 Franjois II.
1488 Anne de Bretagne, m. (i)
Charles VIII. ; (2) Louis
XII.
1514 Claude de France, m. Fran-
gois, Comte d'Angouleme,
afterwards Francis I.
1536 Francois de France, dauphin.
Henri, brother, afterward
King of France as Henri
II.
(iv.) Counts and Dukes of Burgundy
915 Hugues le Noir, brother of
Richard le Justicier, Count
and Duke of Burgundy.
923 Gislebert, brother-in-law.
956 Letalde I., brother-in-law,
Comte de B.
969 Alberic I., son, Comte de B.
975 Letalde II., brother, Comte
de B.
979 Alberic II.
995 Otto Guillaume, Comte de
B., Dijon, & Macon.
1027 Renaud I., Comte de B.
Rainaldvs.
1057 Guillaume I., Comte de
Macon.
1087 Renaud II., Comte de Bour-
gogne and Vienne.
1097 Guillaume II. L'Aleman.
II — Guillaume II. L'Enfant.
1127 Renaud III., Comte de Bour-
gogne, Vienne, and Macon.
1 148 Beatrix, wife of Frederic Bar-
barossa.
1190 Otto I.
1200 Beatrix and Otto II. de
Meran.
1234 Otto III., le Jeune.
282
The Coins of Europe
1248 Alice de Meran and Hugues
de Chalon.
1279 Otto IV., Count Palatine of
Burgundy, son of Hugues.
1302 Robert PEnfant.
1315 Jeanne I., sister, and Philip
V., King of France.
1330 Jeanne II. de France and
Eudes IV., Due de Bur-
gundy.
1347 Philippe le Hardi.
1361 Marguerite de France, daugh-
ter of Philip V. of France,
and Louis de Nevers.
1382 Louis de Maele, Count of
Flanders and Nevers.
1384 Marguerite de Flandre and
Philip II., Due de Bour-
gogne.
1404 Jean Sans Peur.
1419 Philip le Bon.
1467 Charles le Temeraire.
1477 Marie de Bourgogne
Maximilian of Austria.
1482 Margaret of Austria
Charles VII.
1493 Philippe le Beau, brother of
Margaret.
1506 Margaret of Austria, again,
on his death.
1530 Charles V., nephew.
and
and
Comtes & Vicomtes de Carcassonne
(819)? Oliba I . of the house of Tou-
raine.
836 Louis Eliganius.
86- Oliba II. and Acfred I.
906 Bencion.
908 Acfred II.
934 Arsinde, spouse of Arnaud de
Comminges.
957 Roger I.
1 002 Raimond I. Rvmando or
Rami'in Co.
1012 Pierre and Guillaume, grand-
sons, and Pierre Roger and
Bernard, sons, of Roger I.
1034 Raimond Guillaume and two
other sons of Guill. Rai-
mond.
his
1 060 Roger III. Rodger or Roiger.
1067 Ermengarde, sister, m.
Raimond Bernard, Vicomte
d'Alby.
1070 Raimond Berenger I., Count
of Barcelona.
1076 Raimond Berenger II.
1083 Bernard Atton, Vicomte
d'Albi and first Vicomte de
Carcassonne.
1130 Roger I. Roger Comes or
The last Vicomte ceded
Seneschal of Carcassonne.
Con.
1150 Raymond Trencavel I.,
brother.
1167 Roger II.
1 1 94 Raymond Roger.
1209 Raymond Trencavel II.
domain to the King of France through the
Comtes de Chartres and de Blois
922 Thibaut I., le Tricheur, Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Tours.
978 Eudes I., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, and Meaux.
995 Thibaut II., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, Meaux, Beauvais,
and Troyes.
1004 Eudes II., Comte de Blois, Chartres, Tours, and Champagne.
1037 Thibaut III. Lost the C. of Tours in 1044.
1089 Etienne or Henri.
1 102 Thibaut IV., Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Brie.
1152 Thibaut V., Comte de Blois and Chartres.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 283
1191 Louis, Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Clermont, etc.
1205 Thibaut VI., Comte de Blois, Chartres, and Clermont, etc.
1218 Isabelle, daughter, Comtesse de Chartres.
1249 Mahaut, daughter, by the Sire d'Amboise.
1269 Jean de Chatillon, Comte de Blois.
1279 Jeanne de Chatillon. Sold the C. of Chartres in 1286 to Philippe le
Bel.
1293 Charles I., Comte de Valois, brother of the King.
1325 Charles II.
1346 Reunion with the Crown.
Seigneurs of Dombcs
13 — Humbert VII., Sire de Thoire and Villars.
1402 Louis II., Due de Bourbon.
1410 Jean I.
1434 Charles, Due de Bourbon.
1459 Jean II., Due de Bourbon. Johs.
1475 Pierre II., Due de Bourbon and Comte de Clermont. Petrus.
1503 Susanne de Bourbon, wife of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Mont-
pensier and Dauphin d'Auvergne.
1523 Francois I., King of France.
1560 Louise II. de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier.
1582 Francois de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier.
1592 Henri de Bourbon, Due de Montpensier.
1608 Marie de Montpensier and Gaston d'Orleans.
1627 Gaston d'Orleans, beneficiary Prince of Dombes.
1650 Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans (Mademoiselle).
Counts of Dren.r
1137 Robert I., by gift of Louis le 1309 Robert V. Robertvs.
Gros his father. 1329 Jean III., brother.
1184 Robert II. 1331 Pierre, brother.
1218 Robert III. 1345 Jeanne I.
1234 Jean I., and his mother Eleo- 1346 Jeanne II., aunt, second
nore de Saint Valery. daughter of Jean II., ;//.
1249 Robert IV. Louis, Vicomte de Thouars.
1282 Jean II. 1355 Simon de Thouars.
1365 Peronelle and Marguerite de Thouars, coparceners in the fief, which
they sold in 1377-78 to Charles VI. The latter conferred it on
the house of Albret.
Comtes de Foix
1012 Bernard Roger, second son of 1038 Roger I.
Roger I., Count of Carcas- 1064 Pierre, brother,
sonne. 1070 Roger II.
284
The Coins of Europe
1125 Roger III.
1149 Roger Bernard I.
1 1 88 Raymond Roger.
1223 Roger Bernard II.
1241 Roger IV.
1265 Roger Bernard III.
1302 Gaston I.
1315 Gaston II.
1343 Gaston III. Phebus.
1391 Matthieu de Castelbon.
1398' Isabelle, sister, m. Archam-
baud de Grailli.
1412 (?) Jean de Grailli.
1436 Gaston IV.
1470 Francois Phebus, afterwards
King of Navarre.
(i.) Dukes of Basse- Lorraine
959 Godefroi I., created duke by
Otho I.
964 Godefroi II.
976 Charles, brother of Lothair,
King of France.
992 Otho.
1006 Godefroi III. of Eename.
Godefridivs.
1023 Gothelon I., his brother.
Goaelo Dvx.
1043 Godefroi IV. Godefridivs.
1048 Godefroi V.
Godefroi VI.
1095-1140 Godefroi VII.
(ii.) Dukes of Lorraine
1048
1075
1115
1131
1 176
205
206
213
220
251
1303
1312
1329
1346
1390
Gerard d' Alsace. Gcrardvs.
Thierri. Deodericvs.
Simon I. Simon Dvx.
Matthieu I. Ma/ius.
95 Berthe de Souabe, widow
and regent, with Simon 11.
Berta. S.
Ferri I. de Bicht.
Ferri II. F. Dvx Lotor.
Thibaut I.
Matthieu II. M.
Ferri III.
Thibaut II. T. Dvx.
Ferri IV. F. Dvx or Fer-
ricvs.
Gauchet de Chatillon, Comte
de Porcien. G. Comes Par.
Raoul. R. or Radulphvs.
Marie de Blois, widow and
regent, and Jean I. Johannes.
Dvx Marchio.
Charles II. Karolvs. An-
toine de Vaudemont, com-
petitor. Anthonivs.
1431 Rend I. of Anjou, FIRST
DUKE OF LORRAINE AND
BAR. Rcnat^>s.
1453 Jean II. d'Anjou.
1470 Nicole d'Anjou.
1473 Rend II. de Lorraine- Vaude-
mont. Renatvs.
1 508 Anthoine. Ant/ton, or An-
thonivs.
1544 Francois I. Franciscvs.
1545 Nicole de Lorraine, regent.
Nico. C. Vavd. A dm. Loth.
B.
1555 Charles III. Caro.
1608 Henri.
1624 Charles IV. and Nicole.
1625 Francois II.
1626 Charles IV.
Nicole Francois.
1634-43 French occupation.
1638 Charles IV. again.
1675 Charles V.
1690 Leopold.
1729 Francois III.
Counts of Louvain, afterwards Dukes of Brabant
Lambert.
1015 Henri the Old or the Elder.
1038 Otho.
1040 Lambert II. Balderic.
Some Dated Lists of European Riders 285
1062 Henri II.
1075 Henri III.
1095 Godefroi I.
1140 Godefroi II.
1143 Godefroi III. Godefridvs.
1190 Henri I., le Guerroyeur.
Henc. or Hainricvs.
1235 Henri II.
1248 Henri III.
1272 Jean I. /. or Johannes.
1294 Jean II. Johannes.
1312 Jean III. lohis.
1355 Jeanne of Brabant, m. (i)
Guillaume III., Count of
Hainault, (2) Wenceslas,
Duke of Luxemburgh.
1404 Marguerite, Duchess of Bur-
gundy, niece of Jeanne.
1405 Antoine deBourgogne, second
son of Philippe le Hardi.
Anthonivs.
1415 Jean IV. lohanes.
1427 Philippe, Count of Saint-Pol,
Ligny, Limburg, Brabant,
and Luxemburgh. Phs.
, 1430 Philippe le Bon, Duke of Bur-
gundy. Phs. Dvx Burg.
Bishops of Metz, Marsal, and Epinal
929 Adelberon I. Addbero.
964 Thierri I. Deoderic.
984 Adelberon II. Adelbero.
1006 Thierri II. Deodericvs.*
1047 Adelberon III. Adelbero.
1073 Heriman. Herimannd.
1090 Poppo. Poppo.
1103 Adalberon IV. Adalbero.
1 1 1 8 Theodgere.
1120 Etienne de Bar. Stcphanvs.
1164 Thierri III. Teoderic\
1171 Frederic de Pluvoise. Fri-
deric1.
1173 Thierri IV. Teoderic1.
1 1 80 Bertrand. Bertranri.
1213 Conrad I. of Scharpeneck.
Conradvs.
1224 Jean I. d'Apremont. Johan-
nes.
1239 Jacques de Lorraine. Jacobus.
1261 Philippe de Floranges.
1265 Guillaume de Traisnel.
1270 Laurent.
1280 Jean II. de Flandre.
1282 Bouchard d'Avesnes. Bov-
card-vs.
1297 Gerard de Relanges. lerad
or Ge.
1302 Renaud de Bar. R. or Rena.
1318 Henri Dauphin.
1325 Louis de Poictiers.
1327 Ademar de Monthil. Ade-
marivs.
1361 Jean III. de Vienne. JoKes.
1365 Thierri V. de Boppart. The-
odc.
1383 Pierre de Luxembourg.
1388 Raoul de Coucy. Rad'.
D'Cocy.
1416 Conrad Bayer de Boppart.
Conrad\
1459 Georges de Bade.
1484 Henri de Lorraine.
1505 Jean IV. de Lorraine. Jo.
Cardinalis.
1550 Nicolas de Lorraine.
Charles de Lorraine.
1551 Robert de Lenencourt. Ro-
bertas Card'.
1555 Francois de Beaucaire.
1568 Louis de Lorraine.
1578 Charles II., de Lorraine.
Carol. Card.
1608 Anne D'Escars de Givry.
1612 Henri de Verneuil. [Vicar.]
Henri.
Master- Sheriffs of Met 2 who have struck money
1 562-67 Jean le Braconnier.
1577-88 Wiriat Copere.
1588-1605 Jacques Praillon.
1600-1 Claude Noblet.
286
The Coins of Europe
1 60 1 -8 Jean de Villers.
1602-9 Jean Bertrand de Saint
Jure.
1602-18 Nicolas Maguin.
1606-7 Charles Sartorius.
1610-38 Absalom Fabert.
1620-32 Jean Baptiste de Villers.
1630-31 Isaac Bague.
1633-40 Philippe Praillon.
1640-41 Adrien de Bonnefoi.
1641-48 Henri de Gournay.
1648-59 Nicholas Auburtin (eche-
vin-tresorier).
1659-63 Francois Fabert.
Vicomtcs de Narbonnc
78- Milon. Milo. 1192
802 Cixilane. 1 194
851 Alaric and Francon I. 1239
878 Lindoin. 1270
Mayeul. 1298
911 Gaucher and Alberic. 1328
Francon II. 1336
924 Odo and Wlerad. 1341
933 Matfred. 1388
966 Raimond I. Raitnvnd. 1397
1023 Raimond Berenger. Beren- 1424
gari.
1067 Raimond II., Bernard, and
Pierre. 1447
1080 Aimery, son of Bernard. Eij- 1472
mericus. \ 500
1 105 Aimery II.
U34Alphonse Jourdain, Comte
de Toulouse. Anfos. Di>.
1143 Ermengarde, daughter of
Aimery II.
Pierre de Lara, nephew.
Aimery III. Aimericvs.
Amaury I. Almaricvs.
Aimery IV.
Amaury II.
Aimery V.
Amaury III.
Amaury IV., brother.
Guillaume I.
Guillaume II.
Pierre de Tinieres, called
Guillaume III., uterine
brother.
Gaston I., Comte de Foix.
Jean de Foix.
Gaston. In 1507 the vis-
county was exchanged with
the Crown for the duchy of
Nemours.
Kings of Navarre
8 — Inigo-Ymenez (Arista).
852 Garcia Ymenez.
86- Garcia Ymenez.
880 Fortun Garces.
905 Sancho I., Garces.
926 Jimeno Garces.
931 Garcia I., Sanchez.
970 Sancho II., Garces.
974 Garces II.
looo Sancho III., the Great.
1035 Garcia III., Sanchez. Garcia.
1054 Sancho IV. Sancivs.
1076 Sancho V., Ramirez, King of
Aragon.
1094 Pierre I., King of Aragon.
1 104 Alphonse., King of Aragon.
1134 Garcie IV., Ramirez, King of
Navarre, grand-nephew of
Sancho IV.
1150 Sancho VI.
1194 Sancho VII. Sand-vs.
1234 Thibaut I., Count of Cham-
pagne, nephew of preceding.
Tebald. Rex.
1253 Thibaut II. de Champagne.
Tiobald. Rex.
1270 Henri I.
1274 Jeanne de Champagne and
Philippe le Bel, King of
France. Johana.
Some Dated Lists of European Rulers 287
1305 Louis X., King of France.
1316 Philippe le Long, King of
France.
1322 Charles le Bel, King of
France
1328 Jeanne de France and Philippe
d'Evreux.
1349 Charles II., le Mauvais, Count
of Evreux. Karol-vs.
1387 Charles III.
1425 Blanche and Juan II. of Ara-
gon. J. &* B.j Johanes.
1475 Eleonore, Queen of Navarre ;
Frangois Phdbus de Foix,
grandson ; and Madeleine of
France, mother and guard-
ian.
1483 Catherine de Foix and Jean
d'Albret. Johanes. Kathe-
rina.
1512 Ferdinand V., King of Castile.
Fernandvs.
1516 Henri II. d'Albret.
1555 Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine
de Bourbon.
1572 Henri I. de Bourbon, after-
wards King of France.
Comtes &* Dices de Nevers
888 Richard le Justicier, Due de
Bourgogne.
918 Seguin.
943 Hugues le Blanc, Due de
Bourgogne & des Francs.
956 Otto, Due de Bourgogne.
965 Henri.
987 Otto Guillaume, Comte de
Bourgogne and de Nevers,
son-in-law.
992 Mathilde, daughter, Comtesse
de Nevers, m. the Seigneur
de Maers, Monceaux, and
Auxerre.
1028 Renaud I., Comte d'Auxerre
and Nevers.
1040 Guillaume I.
1076 Renaud II., Comte de Nevers.
1089 Guillaume II., son, Count of
Nevers and (1095) Auxerre.
1147 Guillaume III.
1161 Guillaume IV., Comte d'Aux-
erre, Nevers, and Tonnerre.
Comes Guiilm. or Gviimo.
1 1 68 Gui, brother. Comes Gvi-
donis.
1175 Guillaume V.
1181 Agnes de Nevers, m. Pierre de
Courtenay. Comes Petrus.
1192 \ Mahaut de Courtenay, m.
1199) (i) Herve de Donzy.
Comes Ervevs.
1226 I (2) Gui de Forez. Gvido.
' Comes.
1257 Mahaut II. de Bourbon,
grand-daughter of preceding,
m. Eudes de Bourgogne.
M. Comitissa. Odo Comes.
1266 Yolande de Bourgogne, Com-
tesse de Nevers (/. Comi-
tissa.} m. (i) Jean Tristan de
France, Comte de Valois
(/. F. Regis. Francie), (2)
Robert deDampierre. Rober-
tvs Comes.
1296 Louis I. of Flanders.
1322 Louis II. of Crecy.
1346 Louis III. of Maele.
1384 Marguerite, daughter, m.
Philip le Hardi, Duke of
Burgundy.
1404 Philippe de Bourgogne,Comte
de Nevers, Due de Brabant,
etc.
1415 Charles de Bourgogne.
1464 Jean de Bourgogne, brother.
1491 Engilbert de CleVes, grand-
son.
1506 Charles I. de CleVes.
1521 Francois I. de Cleves, first
Duke of Nevers.
1562 Francois II.
1563 Jacques, brother.
1564 Henriette, sister, ;;/. Ludo-
vico Gonzaga.
1601 Charles II., Gonzaga.
1637 Charles III., Gonzaga.
. '. The last sold all his French property in 1659 to Cardinal Mazarin.
288
The Coins of Europe
Dukes of Normandy
912 Rollo.
927 Guillaume I., Longue Epe"e.
943 Richard I.
996 Richard II.
1026 Richard III.
1027 Robert le Diable.
1035 Guillaume le Conquerant.
1087 Robert II., Courteheuse.
1106 Henri I.
1135 Etienne.
1144 Geoffroi le Bel.
1151 Henri II.
1189 Richard I., Cceur-de-Lion.
1 199 Jean sans Terre ; Arthur, pre-
tender.
1204 Philippe Auguste, King of
France.
1361 Normandy is definitely re-
united to the Crown.
Counts and Princes of Orange
1173 Bertrand II., prince in 1178.
1 183 Guillaume II.
1225 Guillaume II. and Raimond
I.
1239 Raimond I. and Guillaume I Y.
1248 Raimond I. and Raimond II.
1279 Raimond III. and Bertrand
II.
1282 Bertrand III. and Raimond
III. Bt.wBtdi's.
1314 Raimond III. A'. Priccps.
1340 Raimond IV. and Catherine
de Courtrezon. A', de Bavico.
1393 Jean I. of Chalon and Marie
de Baux. Jo/is. De. Cabil.
1418 Louis de Chalon. Lvdvcvs.
1470 Guillaume V. de Chalon.
Gvillm. D. Cab.
1475 Jean II. de Chalon. Johs. D.
Cabillone.
1502 Philibert de Chalon. Phs.
de Cabillon.
1530 Rene de Nassau, nephew of
preceding.
1544 Guillaume VI. de Nassau-
Dilenbourg. cousin. Gvill.^.
1584 Philippe Guillaume de Nas-
sau. Philip. Gvilli.
1618 Maurice de Nassau.
1625 Frederic Henri de Nassau.
1647 Guillaume VII. de Nassau.
1650 Guillaume VIII.
1702 Francois Louis de Bourbon-
Conti.
1717 Louis Armand de Bourbon.
1718 Louis Francois de Bourbon.
Comtcs de Poitou
778 Abbon, Comte de Poitiers.
832 Ricuin and Bernard I.
838 Emenon, brother of last.
839 Rainulf I., Duke of Aquitaine
in 845.
867 Bernard II., son of Bernard I.
880 Rainulf 1 1., King of Aquitaine,
887-93-
893 Aimar, son of Emenon.
902 Ebles Manzer, son of Rainulf
II.
932 Guillaume I., Tete d'Etoupe.
963 Guillaume II., Due d'Aqui-
taine.
990 Guillaume III.
1029 Guillaume IV.
1038 Eudes, brother, Due d'Aqui-
taine & de Gascogne.
1039 Guillaume V., brother.
1058 Gui Geoffroi, called Guillaume
VI.
1087 Guillaume VII.
Some Dated Lists of European Riders 289
1127 Guillaume VIII.
1137 Eleonore d'Aquitaine, ;/£.,
1152, Henry II. of England.
1169 Richard I. of England.
1 1 97-98 Otto of Brunswick, nephew.
1199 John I. of England.
1204 Reunited to the French
Crown.
1241 Alphonse, brother of Louis
IX.
1271 Final reunion to the Crown.
Counts of Saint- Pol
1003 Roger.
1067 Hugues I., Candavene.
1070 Gui I. and Arnould, Baron
d'Ardres, his father-in-law
and guardian.
1083 Hugues II., brother of Gui I.
1130 Hugues III. Hvgo.
1141 Enguerrand.
1 1 50 Anselme, brother. Ansel.
Comes.
1174 Hugues IV. Hvgo Comes.
1205 Elizabeth and Gaucher de
Chatillon.
1219 Gui II.
1226 (?) Hugues V., brother. Hvgo.
1248 Gui III.
1289 Hvgves VI.
1292 Gui IV., brother. Gvido.
1317 Marie de Bretagne, widow
and regent, and Jean de
Chatillon
1344 Gui V. and Jean de Landas,
his father-in-law and guard-
ian. . Gvido.
1360 Mahaut, sister of Gui V., and
hei consort Gui VI. de
Luxembourg, Seigneur de
Ligny.
1371 Waleran de Luxemburgh.
Valranvs.
1415 Jeanne de Luxembourg, sister,
and Philippe de Bourgogne.
Phs.
1429 Jeanne de Luxembourg alone.
1431 Pierre I. de Luxembourg,
grandson of Gui IV.
1433 Louis.
1476 Pierre II.
1482 Marie, m. (i) Jacques de
Savoie ; (2) Frangois de
Bourbon -Vendome.
1495 Francois II. de Bourbon.
1545 Frangois III.
1546 Marie, sister, m. (i) Jean
de Bourbon ; (2) Frangois
de Cleves ; (3) Leonor
d'Orleans.
1601 Frangois d'Orleans.
House of Sully
8 — Hercenaud de Sully.
Herbert.
99- Hercenaut II. (died before
1064).
109- Gilon II. de Sully, son-in-law
of the Vicomte de Bourges.
n — Mahaut de Sully, m. Eudes
Arpin, who became jure
uxoris Vicomte de Bourges.
no- Agnes de Sully, sister, m.
Guillaume de Champagne,
Comte de Chartres.
1 1 50 Eudes Archambaud de Cham-
pagne, Sire de Sully.
1163 Gilon de Champagne.
1177 Archambaud II.
1217 Henri I.
1252 Henry II., Seigneur de Sully,
Boisbelle, and Orval.
1269 Jean I.
1281 Henri III., brother, ;//., c.
1286, the heiress of Chateau-
meillant.
1285 Henri IV., and his mother
Marguerite as guardian.
1320 Jean II.
1360 Louis.
1381 Marie de Sully, Dame d'Orval,
Chateaumeillant and Bois-
belle, m. (i) Gui VI., de
la Tremouilie, (2) Charles
d'Albret, Comte de Dreux.
U
The Coins of Eiirope
Seigneurs de Sully
1398 Georges de la Tremouille.
1446 Louis, Vicomte de Thouars.
1483 Louis.
1515 Francois, Prince de Talmond.
1524 Charles, Prince de Talmond.
1541 Louis, Due de Thouars.
1577 Claude de la Tremouille.
Seigneurs de Boisbelle
1415 Charles II., D'Albret.
1455 Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret,
Seigneur d'Orval.
1463 Jean d'Albret d'Orval.
1528 Marie d'Albret, m. Charles
de Cleves, Comte de Nevers.
1538 Francois I. de CleVes.
1665 Henriette de Cleves, m.
Ludovico Gonzaga.
1695 Charles Gonzaga, Due de
Nevers.
1597 Maximilien de Bethune, Seigneur de Sully by acquisition, Prince de
Henrichemont and de Boisbelle, Marquis de Rosny, etc. The great
Minister of Henri IV. His son Maximilien II. died vita patris.
1641 Maximilien III., Francois, Due de Sully, Prince de Henrichemont
and Boisbelle.
1 66 1 Maximilien IV. Pierre Francois.
1694 Maximilien V.
1712 Maximilien VI., brother.
Comtes de Toulouse
778 Chorson or Torsin.
790 Guillaume I., kinsman to
Pepin le Bref.
8 10 Raimond Rafinel.
818 Berenger.
835 Bernard, Duke of Septimania.
844 Guillaume II.
850 Fredalon.
852 Raimond I., hereditary Comte
de Toulouse.
864 Bernard.
875 Eudes.
919 Raimond.
923 Raimond Pons.
950 Guillaume Taillefer. Wilelino
or Gvilelnivs Co.
1037 Pons. Poncio Comes.
1060 Guillaume IV. IVielmo Come.
1088 Raimond IV. de Saint Gillcs.
Guillaume, Due d'Aquitaine.
1 105 Bertrand.
1 1 12 Alphonse Jourdain.
1114 Guillaume le Jeune.
1 1 20 Alphonse again.
1148 Raimond V. Alphonse 1 1.
1194 Raimond VI. Simon and
Amauri de Montfort, com-
petitors in succession, 1214-
18.
1222 Raimond VII.
1249 Alphonse de France. A.
Comes, Fil. Reg. Fran, or
A If vs. Com.
1271 Reunion to the Crown.
Comtes and Vicomtes de Turenne
8 — Raoul, Comte de Turenne.
Godefroi.
Rainulf.
897 Robert.
Bernard, Vicomte de Turenne.
Aimar.
Some Dated Lists of European R^llers 291
897 Archambaud, Vicomte de
Comborn, son-in-law.
Ebles.
Guillaume.
Boson I.
1091 Raimond I.
1 1 22 Boson II.
II43(?) Raimond II.
1191 (?) Raimond III.
I2i4(?) Raimond IV.
1243 Raimond V. Seigneur de
Serrieres, brother.
1245 Raimond VI.
1287 Raimond VII.
1304 Marguerite, m. Bernard,
Comte de Comminges.
1335 Jean de Comminges.
1339 Cecile de Comminges, m.
James of Arragon.
1350 Guillaume Roger, Comte de
Beaufort, etc., by purchase.
1395 Raimond Louis de Beaufort.
1417 Eleonore, sister.
1420 Amanieu, cousin.
Pierre de Beaufort- Limueil,
brother.
1444 Anne de Beaufort, m. Agne
de la Tour.
1490 Frangois I. de la Tour.
1494 Antoine, brother.
1528 Frangois II.
1532 Frangois III.
1557 Henri de la Tour, Marechal
de France.
Comtes and Dues de Vendome
958 Bouchard I., Comte de Ven-
dome, Paris, & de Corbeil.
1012 Renaud, Bishop of Paris, son.
1016 Eudes, son of Landry, Comte
de Nevers, nephew.
10 — Bouchard II. and his mother
Adele.
10 — Foulques 1'Oison, brother, and
his mother.
1031 Geoffroi Martel, Comte
d'Anjou, uncle, by purchase
from Adele.
1050 Foulques 1'Oison, again, by
donation of his uncle
Geoffroi, Comte de Vendome.
1066 Bouchard III. and his uncle
Gui de Nevers, guardian.
1085 Euphrosine, sister, m.
Geoffroi Jourdain, Sire de
Preuilly.
1 102 Geoffroi Grisegonelle.
1136 Jean I.
1192 Bouchard IV.
1 202 Jean II., grandson.
1207 Jean III. de Lavardin, grand-
son of Jean I. leha. or lohan.
1218 Jean IV.de Montoire, nephew.
lohan. Comes.
1239 Pierre de Montoire. Petrvs.
1249 Bouchard V. Bocard.
1271 Jean V. Jo /is.
1315 Bouchard VI., Seigneur de
Castres. Bo. Comes.
1336 Jean VI.
1366 Bouchard VII. and Jeanne
de Castille his mother,
guardian.
1374 Catherine, sister, m. Jean
de Bourbon.
1412 Louis I. de Bourbon.
1466 Jean VII. de Bourbon.
1478 Frangois de Bourbon, Comte
de Saint - Pol and de
Soissons.
1495 Charles de Bourbon, first
Duke of Vendome.
1537 Antoine de Bourbon and de
Vendome, King of Navarre
in 1555, having married
Jeanne D'Albret, daughter
and heiress of Henri, King
of Navarre.
1562 Henri, Due de Vendome and
King of Navarre.
1598 Ce"sar, natural son of preced-
ing, by Gabrielle d'Estrees.
1665 Louis II.
1669 Louis III. Joseph.
1712 Reunion to the Crown of
France.
The Coins of Europe
IX. SPAIN
Kings of Leon alone.
1157 Fernando II. Fernandas.
1 188-1230 Alfonso IX. Adefonsvs or Anfons.
(i.) Kings of Castile alone, (ii.) Of United Spain.
1157
1158
214
230
252
284
295
312
350
368
1379
1390
1406
1454
H55
1474
M75
Sancho III. Sancivs AV.r.
Alfonso VI 1 1. Anfys.
Henriquez I. Enrici's.
Fernando 1 1 1., King of Castile
and Leon. F. AV.r.
Alfonso X.
Sancho IV. Sanc/i. AV.r.
Fernando \\.
Alfonso XI. A If on si's.
Pedro the Cruel. Petn's.
Henriquez II. Enricvs.
Juan I. John nis.
Henriquez III. Enricvs.
Juan II. lohancs.
Henriquez I\-. Enrici's
Qartus.
•68 Alfonso, brother, pretender
or rival.
-1504 Isabel or Elizabeth I. of
Castile, and Fernando V ' . of
Arragon.
Alfonso V. of Portugal. Al-
fonsvs.
1504 Joanna of Arragon and Philip
I. of Austria.
1516 Carlos I., King of Castile
and Arragon.
1536 FilippoII., King of Castile
and Portugal.
1598 Filippo III., King of Castile
and Portugal.
1621 Filippo IV., King of Castile
and Portugal.
1665 Carlos II., King of Spain.
1700 Filippo V. of Anjou, King of
Spain.
1724 Luis. Filippo V. again.
1746 Fernando VI.
1759 Carlos III.
1788 Carlos IV.
1808 Fernando VII.
1833 Isabel II.
1 870 Amadeo of Savoy.
1873 Republic.
1875 Alfonso XII.
1885 Alfonso XIII. and Maria
Christina of Austria, regent.
X. PORTUGAL
Counts and Kings of Portugal
1094 Henri de Bourgogne, Count
of Portugal.
1 1 12 Alfonso I., Henriquez, first
King, and his mother Teresa
of Castile. Afusi or Al-
phomvs.
Some Dated Lists of European Riders 293
1185 Sancho I. Sancivs Rex.
1 2 1 1 Alfonso 1 1 . Domini A Ifonsi.
1223 Sancho II., Capel. Rex.
Sancivs.
1248 Alfonso III. Alfonsv.
1279 Denis. D. or Dio nisii Regis.
1325 Alfonso IV. A If.
1357 Pedro I. P.
1367 Fernando I. Fernandas.
1383 Joam I. Ihns.
1433 Duarte I. Edwardvs.
1438 Alfonso V. Alfonsvs Qvinti.
1481 Joam II. lohannes or
Johannes Secvnd'us.
1495 Manoel, cousin. Emanvel.
1521 J oam III. loas or loancs. III.
1557 .Sebastian, grandson.
1578 Henriquez, son of Manoel.
Henrriqvs.
1580 Anthonio, illeg. grandson of
Manoel.
Filippo I. [II. of Spain].
1598 Filippo II. [III. of Spain].
1621 Filippo III. [IV. of Spain].
1640 Joam IV. of Braganza.
1656 Alfonso VI.
1683 Pedro II., brother.
1706 Joam V.
1750 Josef I.
1777 Pedro III., brother.
1786 Maria Francisca Elizabeth,
widow.
1816 Joam VI.
1826 Maria II. Da Gloria.
1827-34 Don Miguel, pretender.
1853 Pedro V.
1861 Luis I.
1889 Carlos.
I. GERMANY
CONFORMABLY with the principle which we laid down and
attempted to justify in the Introduction, we now proceed to
supply a general synopsis, commencing with Germany, of
the numismatic productions of the European continent down
to the present time ; and we shall endeavour to overlook no
features of interest or monuments of importance in any of the
numerous series which are comprised within our scheme.
It must be obvious that to dwell on any but salient and
typical points and examples in a moderate compass is an
impossibility ; nor can it be requisite to bestow much
attention on coins or classes of coinage other than such as
appeal to our sympathy under some definite or special
aspect. As in the three previous divisions of the under-
taking we have spoken at considerable length of the pre-
vailing characteristics, sources, and nomenclature of the
several branches of this study, it remains the leading object
to group together in their geographical sequence particulars
most likely to be of service to the collector and amateur,
whether desirous of following the policy of the writer or of
working on different lines. Within the limits of Northern
Germany alone, were we to go no farther, we find abundant
material for illustrating the progress of coinage, and an
inexhaustible store of examples belonging to all the successive
stages of the art from its rudest infancy : its gradations of
296 The Coins of Europe
archaic work, its attainment and long preservation of the
highest excellence, and its gradual decline to the modern
mechanical and unheroic standard.
The former distribution of Germany into circles, long
after the date when it had been formed into a separate
kingdom by the election of Conrad I. at the Diet of Worms
in 8 1 1- 1 2, while to a large extent it is a mere matter of
history, necessarily governed during centuries, and through
nearly the whole of the most important period of our inquiry,
the operations and incidence of the coinage, as it affected the
relationship of the varying component parts of that great
political fabric to the Crown and to each other. At three
distinct epochs the entire German territory was apportioned
into four, six, and ten circles. In 1387, into Upper and
Lower Saxony ; the Rhenish Provinces ; Austria, Bavaria,
and Suabia ; Thuringia and Franconia. In 1438 the
divisions were changed and multiplied, and embraced the
temporal or ecclesiastical sovereignties of Brandenburgh,
Saxony, Cologne, Wurtemburg, Salzburg, and Mayence. But
in i 5 i 2 a readjustment, which with two or three important
exceptions lasted down to the date of the Confederation of
the Rhine under Napoleon, was effected by the Emperor
Maximilian I., and the country constituted thereafter ten
circles : Austria, Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Upper and
Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Upper and Lower Rhine, and
Burgundy. The loss of Burgundy, the erection of Prussia
into a kingdom in 1701, and the dismemberment of Poland,
were three agencies which sensibly affected the balance of
Europe ; but so long as the antique constitutional framework
and sentiment survived, personal and even dynastic changes
did not, for the most part, interfere with the internal
organisation of Germany or of the German Empire, and left
matters of executive detail unmolested ; and if this was true
of the portion of the imperial dominions under more im-
mediate central control, it was apt to be more so of those at
a distance — of the Netherlands, Italy, and Sicily. The
resistance of the monetary economy, vocabulary, and general
complexion to political disturbances and disruptions, contri-
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 297
butes to satisfy us that it was in principal measure of
municipal or other local origin, even where the coins pay
titular homage to the sovereign or suzerain for the time
being ; and the circumstance is a fortunate one, since it has
been instrumental in preserving a countless variety of types
and in the transmission of many interesting social and
popular traits.
The feudal coinage of Germany and the rest of the
Teutonic family may be considered the not unnatural result
of the dismemberment of the unwieldy and incongruous
empire of Charlemagne and its partition among several
rulers, of whom none possessed sufficient power and weight
to establish another great central authority. Charlemagne
himself had begun to feel the growing influence of the larger
territorial proprietors, both clerical and secular, and had in
some cases associated his name with theirs on the local
currency ; but, on the whole, he found it possible to replace
the lax Merovingian system, by which coins were struck at
an enormous number of places without an indication of any
supreme jurisdiction, by one which reduced the aggregate of
mints, and made the imperial name the most conspicuous
feature on a piece, wherever it was produced. It is difficult
to determine to what causes such a phenomenon may be due ;
but, although the immediate successors of that great prince
promptly betrayed their unfitness to fill his place, it is not
till the tenth century that we seem to discern very clearly
the symptoms of political disintegration so far as the coinage
of the Franco-German Empire is concerned, and find docu-
mentary evidence of the investiture of a host of vassals of
the Crown with a right alike politically and commercially
valuable.
In treating the German series it may be more convenient
to follow the modern classification which has been our guide
in the Catalogue of Mints ; and we shall accordingly survey
this and the other succeeding fields of research and material
in the order adopted by M. Blanchet, making it our aim to
draw attention to every object of more than usual interest
under each head from different points of view, and seeking
298 The Coins of Europe
to avoid repetitions of particulars already furnished in our
Catalogues and Introduction.
It will probably have struck the attentive observer of this
description of record, that each region has in early times, and
down to the close of the old regime, carried and fondly pre-
served on its coinage, tokens and memorials of popular be-
lief, local worship, and national observances and peculiarities.
This is very true of Germany, with the primitive and quaint
symbolism, the intricate heraldic blazon, significant of the
union or division of families, the testimony to feelings and
pursuits, and the innumerable tributes to public and private
occasions which might have otherwise passed into oblivion,
inscribed on its multifarious currency during so many centuries.
The domestic and social annals of this great country could
not be written in the absence of such archives, which have
alike survived paper, parchment, and oral tradition. And is
not such the case with the whole area involved in the present
undertaking ?
The imperial series of coins is broken in its continuity
by the periodical changes of dynasty. We have a rich
assemblage and succession of money, at first in silver or
billon only, but eventually in all metals and denominations,
and in the lower values, belonging to the Carlovingian,
Saxon, Franconian, Suabian, Hapsburg, and Hohenzollern
lines. Many of the earlier productions of the denier type
have not only their points of numismatic and archaeological
interest, but are carefully and tastefully engraved. With the
fifteenth century, however, commenced the best period of
medallic art, to which we are indebted for some of the finest
and most attractive specimens forthcoming from any part of
the world.
It can scarcely be predicated of any items in this
division or category, when we have crossed over into the
sixteenth century, that they are extravagantly rare ; and with
a few exceptions, independent of date, condition is always a
more insuperable difficulty and barrier than the actual
occurrence of coins. Among the German imperial thalers,
those of Maximilian I. and II., Matthias and Ferdinand II.,
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 299
are less easily procured, while those of Ferdinand III.,
Leopold I., Charles VI.1 and all the later reigns are abundant.
The German gold — the ducat or florin with its divisions and
multiples — has a tendency to grow less plentiful, as the call
for it is extremely limited, and the heavier values, ascending
to 10 ducats, are too costly to hold in the absence of some
special recommendation. Those of Leopold I. are among the
commonest and the least inviting. The rarest and most
desirable are, perhaps, the minor parts of the gold unit and
the favourite Hungarian pattern. In the majority of cases,
where absolute rarity is an attribute, it occurs that the coin
was struck at an obscure mint or under special circumstances.
The continental numismatists and experts have hitherto
enjoyed a monopoly in the acquaintance with these niceties.
Since I 876 the mints of the German Empire have been :
Berlin (A. or AA.), Hanover (B. or BB.), Frankfort-on-
Maine (C. or CC), Munich (D. or DD.), Dresden (E. or EE.),
Stuttgart (F. or FF.), Karlsruhe (G. or GG.), Darmstadt
(H. or HH.), and Hamburgh (J. or JJ.).
Making Westphalia our starting-point, it is necessary
to refer to our Catalogues, and to mention that in 1 179 this
district became part of the See of Cologne, after
Westphalia. , . . , /. , , , - ,
having formed a feudal duchy, which determined
in the person of Henry the Lion ; that portions of it were
acquired at a later date by Prussia ; that it was one of the
Napoleonic kingdoms from 1 806 to 1813; and that it
then reverted to its former rulers. Westphalia comprised
the territories between the Weser, the Rhine, and the Ems :
Eastphalia (Ostphalcii] those between the Elbe and the
Weser. The former naturally embraced within its confines
places of coinage and numismatic monuments which recalled
its successive rulers and numerous feudal subdivisions.
The most conspicuous coins in this district are those of
the Archbishops of Cologne, the Bishops of Paderborn and
Munster, the Abbeys of Corvei and Hervord, the Counts of
Salm, Bronkhorst, and Mark, and the town of Dortmund. The
1 A \ thaler of this prince, struck in the last year of his reign (1740), has
been attributed to the Prague mint, and is said to be scarce.
300 The Coins of Europe
See of Cologne struck money early in the thirteenth century,
and some of the abbatial pieces date from the same period.
In certain instances there was a convention between the
Church and the town, and in others the latter received the
privilege of a mint from the tenant-in-chief.
Notice may be taken of two very rare coins of Walmo-
den-Gimborn, struck by Count Ludwig, 1736-181 1, Prince
of the Holy Roman Empire, and a natural son of George II.
of Great Britain by the Countess of Yarmouth. They are a
ducat and a convention-gulden, both in silver and of the
year 1802. The former sold at the Reinmann sale in 1891,
No. 782, for 48 marks.
Jerome Napoleon, King of Westphalia, 1806-13, left
behind him fairly copious numismatic memorials of his reign.
In gold we find pieces of 40 franks, 1813, 20 franks, 1809,
and i o and 5 franks, 1813; in silver, the gulden or
| thaler, 1808-9-10-11-12-13, the 5 -frank piece, 1809,
the convention-thaler of I 8 10-1 i-i 2-1 3, and one of 1811
with Siegcn des Mans/cider Berghaues on reverse ; in base
silver or billon, the xxiv. marien-groschen, the 20 and 10
centimes ; and finally, in copper, the 5, 3, 2, and I centimes.
The least usual in occurrence are the 40 franks in gold and
the type of the |- thaler, with the unfilleted head to left.
But none is common in fine state.
In this portion of the Fatherland we have to look for
several important sources of coinage, as it comprehends so
many townships and governments which have
Provinces Possessed independent rights and undergone
striking vicissitudes. Among these we may
specify the cities of Cologne and Treves, the town of Aix-
la-Chapelle, and the dukedoms of Berg, Cleves, and Juliers,
originally separate jurisdictions, and in the course of time
united under the Electors of Saxony. Aix-la-Chapelle
struck some of the earliest dated money ; and in the early
currency of the three duchies will be found many examples
remarkable for their variety and workmanship. The Dukes of
Cleves entered into a monetary union in the sixteenth century
(1511) with other Powers, including the Duke of Bavaria,
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 301
and quartered the arms of their associates or allies on the
reverses. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Saxony, Prussia, and Bavaria at different points of time exer-
cised monetary control in this region, and issued landmilnz
or local currency in stubers or pfennigen for Berg alone or
Cleves and Berg ; and the ephemeral grand-duchy of Berg
and kingdom of Westphalia, from 1806 to 1813, have left
their footprints or vestiges in a coinage of the same class
under the auspices of Murat and of Jerome Napoleon. The
coins of Cologne, emanating from many sources, added
Sancta to the name Colonia in the time of Charles le Gros.
The Rhenish circle included, like that of Westphalia, many
abbatial and other seigniorial seats of coinage, some of an
occasional or temporary character, and a few which are
only known to us from documentary evidence. Of the
princely house of Hohenzollern, the two branches of
Hechingen and Siegmaringen formerly exercised monetary
rights: that of Hechingen down to 1804, the Siegmaringen
line to 1842. A very fine convention -thaler exists of
Hermann Frederic Otho, Prince of H — H, with the first-
named date and I-L- W- under the bust. The Prince sub-
scribed to the monetary treaty of 1838.
There is comparatively little to remark on the numis-
matic productions of these three principalities, of which all
have early work, in the form of the sterling' and
IS assau. .
Lippe. denier, to shew. Ihey adopted the thaler and
Waideck. VQ\<\ florin or ducat in due course ; the Counts
Lichtenstem.
of Nassau- Weilburg had leave to strike gold in
i 398. The Counts of Schauenburg-Lippe possessed a coinage
down to the close of the eighteenth century; the Princes
of Waideck and Dukes of Nassau to the present century.
There is a well -executed and carefully -struck Waideck
thaler of 1813, and a regular series in all metals of Nassau.
At several places in Nassau the Archbishops of Mayence
struck money ; Hachenbuch was a mint of the Counts of
Sayn, fifteenth century, and Westerburg of the Counts of
Leiningen-Westerburg in 1681. Of the Dukes themselves
the best-known and principal one is Wiesbaden. The in-
302 The Coins of Europe
dependent money of Lichtenstein appears to have ceased
in 1778.
There are bracteates belonging to this electoral domain
in its undivided state, and money of Sophia, Duchess of
Hesse- Hesse, daughter of the Landgraf Louis IV., and of
Cassel. her son Henry. The most ancient mint seems
to" have been Marpurg or Marburg, which occurs on the
mute bracteates with the Hessian lion. There must have
been a very extensive coinage from first to last ; but the
existing remains are not abundant beyond the small values
in silver and copper of the last and present century.
The Hessian series of thalers, at first of the Cassel
branch only, seems to go back to 1502, when we meet
with the thaler of Wilhelm, Landgraf of Hesse, and its
divisions. The thaler reads Wilhemvs ; D : G : Lantgravivs :
Hassie +, and on reverse Gloria Rei-Pvblice. 1502. There
is from this point of time to the present a continuous series
in all metals, of which the earlier are very seldom found out
of Germany. We may be permitted to refer to the Reinmann
Catalogue, 1891-92, for an extraordinarily complete sequence
of the landgraves and their money, which it must have
occupied a lifetime to accumulate. Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-
Homburg have formed part of Prussia since I 866.
We may take the opportunity to note a thaler of Hedwig
Sophia of Brandenburgh, 1669, as regent or guardian; a
piece of i 5 pfennigen of Frederic, Landgraf of Hesse-Darm-
stadt and Cardinal-Bishop of Breslau, 1680, with the shield
of arms on the reverse surmounted by a cardinal's hat ; a ^
thaler of Mary, daughter of George II. of Great Britain, and
consort of Frederic, Landgraf of Hesse-Cassel, 1763, as
administratrix of the county of Hanau, with her portrait
and a shield quartered with the arms of England ; and
thalers of Wilhelm IX., Landgraf of Hesse and Count of
Hanau, 1771 and 1794, with a large portrait to right. The
thaler of 1771 reads (obv.) Wilhelni D. G. Landg. & Pr.
Her Hass. Com. Han., and (rev.) Ex Visceribvs Fading
Bieber., 1771 — alluding to. the mines at Biber in the district
of Neuvied. Several seigniorial mints, both secular and
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 303
ecclesiastical, are found within the duchy, and some, of which
there are no known or identified specimens ; the Sees of
Cologne, Mayence, and Paderborn also struck money at
Amoeneberg and elsewhere.
The grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, since 1866 the
sole remaining sovereign branch, was detached from the
main stem in 1567, and the landgraviat of
riCSSC-
Darmstadt. Hesse-Homburg from the latter in 1596. Of
Hesse- both, but especially of Hesse-Homburg, the cur-
Homburg. . . .. -, r~.
rency transmitted to us is unusually scanty. 1 he
grand-duchy, however, embraces many places, notably May-
ence and Worms, which were busy and continuous seats
of coinage, besides a number of minor localities, such as
Burg-Friedberg, Hatzfeld, Isenburg, and Oppenheim, of
which we have interesting numismatic relics. Taking
Isenburg as an illustration of the intermittent survival of
a currency which probably proceeded without interruption
from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, it seems
singular that we have met with no more than four pieces
connected with this fief: a ^ thaler of Wolfgang Ernst
a Birstein, 1618, a gulden of 1676, and a reichsthaler and
i 2-kreutzer piece of I 8 1 1.
In the Catalogue of Mints there is a perhaps sufficient
account of the monetary history of this free city, now part of
the German Empire, but once the Frankish capital,
anvMairi" anc^ during centuries a republic. During two or
three years (1810-13) it became under Carl Von
Dalberg the seat of a grand-duchy, of which there are slight
numismatic recollections in the form of kreutzers and hallers.
The Margraviat, subsequently and at present grand-
duchy, originally severed from Hochberg in 1190, was
divided in 1517 into the two branches of
Baden. ^ Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach, of which
Baden-Baden. the former became extinct in 1771. The
Durlach. .
coinage is not very remarkable or varied, and
1 The late Grand-Duke, Louis IV., who die4 in 1892, left to the public his
hereditary collection, of which a catalogue would certainly be interesting, and
would greatly add, no doubt, to our knowledge of the series.
304 The Coins of Europe
Baden was till 1572 the sole mint. The territory was
perhaps more distinguished by the independent seats of
coinage, such as Breisach, Constanz, Freiburg- in -Brisgau,
Leiningen, Mannheim and Ulm, some of which enjoyed con-
cessions long anterior to that to the Margraviat in 1362.
The earliest money of Baden was of the mute bracteate
type, and legends do not occur before the time of the
Margraf Christoph (1475-1527).
This, one of the duchies erected into kingdoms by
Napoleon in 1806, was formed in 1496 out of the count-
ships of Urach and Neuffen. As a duchy it
*' dated from 1492 ; the countship of Montbeliard
was incorporated with it in 1631, and annexed to France
in 1792. The coinage does not seem to go back beyond
the fourteenth century, and had not attained much import-
ance till the fifteenth, from which time down to the pre-
sent there is an unbroken numismatic series in all metals,
but more especially silver and billon. Stuttgart was long
the chief, before it became the only mint. The coins in
gold, silver, and billon, exhibit the titles of the reigning
prince as Count or Duke of WUrtemburg and Teck, Count
of Montbeliard, and Lord of Heidenheim. We may specify
the double thaler of 1621 of the Duke Johann Friedrich,
with a four-quartered shield, and notice should be taken of
the very striking stcrbdenkthaler issued to commemorate
the death of the Duchess Elizabeth Maria, 1686, with a very
elaborate veiled bust.1 There was no copper money of
ducal or regal origin, except for Montbeliard, till 1 840.
For that fief we have a 4-kreutzer piece of 1698 and a Hard
of 1715. But within this frontier, as elsewhere, a variety
of personages had mints from a remote period, particularly
at Hall, Ravensperg, and Rottweil ; by reason, no doubt, of
the more limited output, these feudal issues are of far greater
rarity in all the series than the ordinary money of the
Crown. Several of the townships struck copper for local
use during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The
coins of Frederic, the first King of WUrtemburg, down to
1 Dillon Catalogue, 1892, No. 473.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 305
1810 or 1812, especially the gold, are scarce. It may be
of service to the collector to mention the rich assemblage of
thalers of Wurtemburg in the three portions of the Rein-
mann Catalogue, 1891-92. The numerous mints of the
Counts of Hohenlohe, of whom there were different branches
(Neuenstein, Langenburg, etc.), have bequeathed to us some
excellent specimens, particularly of the thaler, not in the
Reinmann Catalogue, during the seventeenth century. The
small uniface pieces belong to the era of the Thirty Years' War.
This ancient and historical domain, which existed as a
duchy from the sixth century, and underwent various
modifications and redistributions at successive
Bavaria. . . . ., . .
epochs, is associated, numismatically speaking,
with a long series of imperial and ducal coins of the denier
class, commencing with the tenth century and with an
unusually important body of what may be termed external
coinage, arising, in the first place, from the Palatinate of the
Rhine, and secondly from numerous seigniorial, municipal
or urban centres, of which we must content ourselves with
naming Augsburgh, Baireuth, Bamberg, Dillingen, Fugger,
Heidelberg, Ingolstadt, Kempten, Landshut, Leuchtenberg,
Lindau, Memmingen, Miinchen (or Munich), Niirnberg,
Regensburg (or Ratisbon), Spire, and Wiirzburg. The early
rise of these and other townships within the duchy into
prominence and power tended to reduce the electors of
Bavaria to the rank of grand feudatories under the empire ;
and to the numismatic student the productions of the
subordinate mints are apt to be of at least equal interest
with those of the ducal moneyers. From the sixteenth
century, however, the coinage of the electorate began to
assume considerable importance and to develop great
artistic merit ; and the thalers especially, from the reign of
Albert III. (1550-79), are to be particularly commended to
notice. There are very beautiful examples of Maximilian
Emmanuel (1679-1726), Carl Theodor (1777-99), and
Maximilian Joseph (1799-1825), and a curious series of
Ludwig I. (1825-48). Probably the chefs d'ceuvre of the
Bavarian mint are the heavy gold piece of Maximilian 1.
X
306 The Coins of Europe
(1596-1651), dated 1598, with the effigy of the canonised
Emperor Henry II., and the constitutional thaler of 1818,
with the reverse exhibiting on a block of granite the words
Charta ]\Iagna Bavaria. The Virgin and Child type on the
reverse of several of the earlier thalers may have been bor-
rowed from Hungary.1 Some of the gold money of Maxi-
milian (1848-64) was from the Hartz ore (Ex Auro Rheni.\
and presents a view of Munich on the reverse.
Of the copper money little is to be said : that of the
duchy and kingdom belongs to the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries only ; but Wiirzburg, Augsburgh, Baireuth, and the
Fugger family struck hellers and kreutzers in the seven-
teenth, some in connection with the Thirty Years' War.
There was a sparing and shy resort to this metal char-
acteristic of a majority of the German Powers in early times.
The uniface pieces, which we encounter between 1621 and
1623, are to be regarded as money of necessity.
The several independent coinages within the Bavarian
territory emulated that of the electorate in importance of
character and beauty of workmanship. We have before
us two rare pieces connected with Ratisbon : (i) a ^ thaler
of Joseph II. struck here in 1774, vitd matris, with his
portrait on obverse, and the cross-keys on the reverse with
the readings Non Dormit Custos, and Mon. Reip. Ratisp.
xx. Eine F. Mark, 1774; (2) a thaler of the see with the
shields of the bishops encircling the papal type of St. Peter
1 In the Dillon Catalogue, 1892, No. 834, the piece of John of Leyden,
King of Munich, is almost certainly a medal.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 307
in a boat with the keys and no legend, and on reverse in
eight lines, Regnans Capitvlvm Ecclesiae Cathedralis Ratis-
bomnsis Sede Vacante, MDCCLXXXVII. 10, Eine F. Mark.
The shield of the late prelate is left blank, and is surmounted
by his mitred effigy. There is also the episcopal coinage of
Eichstadt (Catalogue of Mints in v.} down to the end of the
eighteenth century. It was struck, however, at Niirnberg
(where there does not appear to have been any output of
local municipal money) from the fifteenth century. The later
bishops issued some very handsome pieces ; but the chefd'ceuvre
of the series is the sede vacante double thaler of 1790.
This classic and unhappy region, the theatre of much of
the tragical and grim drama known as the Thirty Years'
War, after certain political vicissitudes, was ulti-
p , . mately incorporated with Bavaria by the Treaty of
Westphalia (1648), carrying with it the electoral
title and dignity. It is invested with no slight historical
interest in the eyes of Englishmen on account of the in-
auspicious marriage of Elizabeth Stuart with the Elector
Frederic V. in 1613, and the fortunes of their children in
the persons of Prince Rupert and the Electress Sophia.
The numismatic annals of the Phalz or Palatinate seem to
extend from the fourteenth century to the union with
Bavaria, and include, amid a copious assortment and succes-
sion of lower denominations and unimportant coins, the
currencies of the counts in their several branches, those
coins struck at Heidelberg, Amberg, Neuburg, and elsewhere
in alliance with the Duke of Bavaria or the See of Mayence,
and some interesting examples in the more precious metals,
for instance, the dated gold florin of 1437 struck at Bach-
arach. Several independent coinages were constantly running
308 The Coins of Europe
parallel with those of the electors and dukes by virtue of
privileges or concessions accorded to bishops, abbots, towns,
and territorial dignitaries of all kinds ; and political boundary
lines did not preclude the employment of mints by person-
ages outside the immediate jurisdiction, on a principle foreign
to modern ideas and possibilities. We see this traversing
and entangled system exemplified at every turn ; and it is
not so apt to take us by surprise in the case of great
temporal or even ecclesiastical rulers, as where the Burgraf
of Ntirnberg in the absence of local facilities is found with
liberty to strike money for the city at a distance. It was an
inversion of the Merovingian plan, by which, as we judge, the
moneyer brought his primitive apparatus to every man's door.
In the Catalogues we have already dealt with all the
principal numismatic features of this division either under
the one or the other head. We have to add here, that, in
common with Silesia and the rest of the great battlefield,
the Palatinate issued in or about 1621 uniface copper
hellers of flimsy fabric for public convenience from more
than one mint, and that no expedient was neglected, and no
scruple used, to obtain, during that desperate and murderous
struggle in the name of Religion, the material for pay-
ing the expenses of the campaign. The collector should be
aware that there is money coined by Christian of Bruns-
wick out of the silver shrine of the Cathedral of Paderborn
with the legend : The friend of God and the enemy of the
priests, and pieces with Altera restat, struck on the amputa-
tion of the King's left arm, to signify that his right one
remained to him for use. We call attention to the interesting
coinage of the princely house of Fugger, the curiously archaic
work on some of the thalers of Leuchtenberg, of which none
is later than 1555, and to the fine Augsburgh inauguration-
piece of the Emperor Francis I. in 1745. Some of the
earlier money of Niirnberg is deserving of attention ; the
license to strike in gold dates from 1390. A ducat in that
metal of 1618 exhibits the St. Laurence type, which was
copied at Wismar. The thalers are of various dates : one
of 1629 has on the obverse the arms of the Palatinate and
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 309
on reverse those of Ferdinand II. with his titles. The more
recent money down to 1770, among which we find small
square gold pieces, sometimes presents a view of the city.
We have to refer to the present group or circle the coinage
of the Princes of Schwarzenberg, among which the amateur
will meet with a few highly attractive pieces. We may cite
a thaler of 1696 with the accollated busts of the prince and
his consort and two crowned shields. The legend on obverse
is Ferdinand' Et • Maria • Anna • , and on reverse Princeps •
A • Schwarzenberg Hcercs • Landgravia! in Sulz.
We now find ourselves entering on the threshold of a
vast network and honeycomb, of which the central feature
constitutes a comparatively insignificant portion.
Saxony : . . A . . . ,
Margraviat, as in this case there is in a larger measure than
Duchy, and jn ^g other divisions of Germany, at which we
Kingdom. ...
have been looking, tmperium, or rather imperia, in
imperio, and the reigning house bore to the minor constitu-
ents a relationship purely feudal. Moreover, both here and
in the remainder of the Saxon circle, the principle of parti-
tion among the more or less numerous members of the ducal
family was carried into operation at certain intervals to an
extent which tended still farther to decentralise authority ;
and altogether, throughout the Middle Ages down to the
last century, the Elector of Saxony, like that of Bavaria,
was little more than the superior lord and representative
before the Diet of the numerous virtually independent sub-
sections of the extensive region over which he presided.
But the division which is most generally quoted and under-
stood is that of 1485 into the Albertine and Ernestine
branches.
The most ancient possessors of the title of Margraf or
3io The Coins of Europe
Duke of Saxony associated with it that of Burgraf of
Magdeburg — a civil office which is enumerated among the
honours of the house even in the eighteenth century — and
were originally feoffees of the empire, who had perhaps
gradually converted a normal municipal preferment into an
hereditary administrative trust and rank, or, as in the case of
Brandenburgh, purchased the title and fief direct from the
superior lord. We trace nothing in the numismatic series
prior to an autonomous denarius of Bernhardt I. (973-1010),
of which we furnish an engraving in the text. It reads on
obverse Bernardhvs Dvx, and on reverse, in retrograde
characters,1 In Nomini Domini Amen — a preparation for the
Dei GratiA of later reigns. These pieces gradually de-
generated, and at last gave way to a system of bracteatcs,
which prevailed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
over the whole of Saxony, and was adopted by the burgraves
of Leisnig, Strehla, and Dohna, on one of whose coins we
meet with H\enricus\ D\ci} G\j-atid\ B\urgravius\. The
productions of this archaic era emanated from several mints,
as we shew elsewhere. Leipsic was a seat of coinage from
the twelfth century ; but, as was the case with other modern
capitals, it by no means occupied at first a foremost place
among the mints of the state.
There was no farther development, so far as we are
aware, till the opening years of the fourteenth century, which
witnessed the introduction of a series of excellently engraved
and struck groschen of good silver, usually ascribed to the
mint at Klein-Schirma. The earliest which we have seen
bear the name of Duke Balthazar (1408), and there are
1 This peculiarity of certain archaic coins may, it is suggested, have proceeded
from the neglect of the die-sinker or engraver to provide for the reversal of the
type in the striking process.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 3 1 1
others of his successors down to Frederic III. or the Wise
(1486-1500). Frederic whose prudent government, first in
conjunction with relatives, and ultimately alone, promoted
the numismatic in common with the political welfare of
his country, issued from the mint at Colditz (?) the first
Saxon thaler, which was known as the gulden groschen, and
of which there are two or three varieties. Of that which we
engrave the obverse and reverse are taken from two specimens,
where the differences are immaterial, for the sake of the
more perfect rendering of the type ; but in a third, which
Frederic struck with his own bust and name only, an im-
portant novelty occurs in the claim of the duke to be
lieutenant-general of the empire. On these coins, and those
which succeeded them — an evolution from certain rude
productions of Pomerania and Poland, as the latter were
3i2 The Coins of Europe
doubtless imitations of Byzantine models — we have the
opportunity of studying an infinite amount of instructive
detail in relation to costume, armour, heraldry, and family
history ; and the same school of design has preserved to us
the names, dress, lineaments, and domestic episodes of other
families and dynasties, which played a distinguished and
influential part in German political life. The module of the
Saxon currency, however, did not so frequently overstep
ordinary limits as that of Brunswick ; yet there are a few
wide-spread pieces of medallic appearance even in this series.
A very fine coin, probably three thalers, of Johann Georg
II., 1663, exhibits on obverse the facing full-length figure
of the duke, crowned and robed, the mantle partly thrown
back, and shewing the armour beneath ; his right hand
grasps a sword, while the left rests on a table, holding his
gauntlet and casque. The reverse has the gartered shield,
surrounded by the escutcheons of the house.
The constitutional and dynastic tie between Saxony and
Poland during three quarters of a century, with occasional
interruptions, is responsible for a series of Saxon coins struck
at Leipsic with the titles of the Electors Frederic Augustus
I. and II. and Frederic Christian (1697-1763) as Kings of
Poland (Reges Poloniaruvt) ; the shield on the reverse bears
the arms of Livonia ; and we have to notice the money of
the former as Vicar of the empire after the death of the
Emperor Joseph in 1711, where the reading on reverse
is: Frid : A ug : Rex Elector & Vicar ius Post Mort : lose :
Iniperat : MDCCXI. The regal assumption was by virtue of
his Polish dignity. What may be treated as the conclusion
of the old feudal platform is the lengthened succession of
currency of the last Elector and first King (1763-1827) with
a progression of portraits from adolescence to advanced age.
There is the thaler of 1764, where he appears as a mere
youth, in powerful contrast to the worn lines on the memo-
rial coinage of 1827. In the modern series by far the most
beautiful production is the war thaler of 1871.
But, wealthy as the Saxon currency is in silver, it has
not much to shew in gold till we arrive at the seventeenth
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 313
century, and in copper still less — the uniface hellers and
pfennigen of Comenz and a few other places, in or about
1622, representing all that we appear to have in the lowest
metal. We mention elsewhere the sophienducat of John
George I., 1616; and there is the vicariatducat of 1711
of Frederick Augustus I. ; and the last Elector, prior to his
elevation to the higher dignity, issued 5 and 10 thaler pieces,
some with, others without, the mark of value. At the
Reinmann sale in 1891, No. 208, the first gold ducat of the
new kingdom, I 806, fetched 80 marks.1 As far as the old
money is concerned, the great recoinage of 1692 inevitably
diminished its then existing volume.
The formation of this duchy dates back to 1485 ; but
within its limits, long prior to the partition of 1484-85,
several localities struck money both of bracteate
Weimar anc^ other fabrics, and there are coins of the ancient
Counts of Weimar from the thirteenth century.
The municipal influence equally prevailed here, and the
towns and burgraves enjoyed direct concessions in many
instances from the Emperor. There are some interesting
and rare thalers of the sixteenth century, and it is perhaps
worth while to note that struck (with the half) in 1763
by the Regent-Duchess Amalia, with her very charming
portrait
The earliest coinage of Coburg is associated with the
Counts of Henneberg, of whose domain the town and its
precincts formed part. But the Margraves of
Coburg. Brandenburgh and Meissen also employed the
mint, and in fact the most ancient coins are those
of John, Margraf of Brandenburgh, about 1308. Several
other feudal dignitaries, both lay and ecclesiastical, are found
striking money at different points within the duchy : the
Abbot of Nieuburg had a concession in 993 for a mint at
Hagenrode. The more modern grand - duchy of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha originated in 1680 through the division of the
estates of Ernest the Pious among his sons. A thaler of 1 764
1 At the same sale indeed the silver convention-gulden of 1 808 was carried to
200 marks.
314 The Coins of Europe
of Saxe-Gotha reads Frider. III. D.G. Gothan. Saxonvm Dvx.
This branch accidentally acquired a special English interest
and importance from the alliance between the British Crown
and the late Prince Consort, brother of the Grand-Duke
Ernest. There are some admirable thalers of the latter, 1819,
1835, etc., and a very pretty series of copper pieces with a
crowned E.
All the branches which we here enumerate arose from
the periodical redistribution of inheritances among the several
male representatives. Saxe-Meiningen became in
Mefnimren T68o tnc portion of Bernard, son of Ernest above
Saxe-Coburg- named, who transmitted the property or estates
Meiningen. to his undc Qiarlcs Frederic in 1733. The
Saxe-Coburg _ .. . .
and house of Altenbcrg was extinct in 1672, and its
Saaifeid. possessions were divided between Saxe-Wcimar
Hildburg- and Saxe-Gotha. That of Hildburghausen was
hausen. formed in 1825, and made Altenbcrg its capital.
\itenben'- "A-^ these princes, besides many minor feudatories,
enjoying from various sources the right to a sepa-
rate currency, have left numismatic reminiscences of their exist-
ence from the twelfth century to the present. The title of
Coburg-Meiningen seems to have been limited to the imme-
diate successor of Bernard in 1733. Of Saxc-Saalfeld there
is only abbatial or urban coinage, dating from a very early
period, as in 1350 the abbot ceded his pretensions to the
town. When we approach more recent times, Saalfeld is
found associated with Coburg ; a thaler of 1794 reads
Ernestvs Fridericvs D.G. Ds. Cobvrg Saalfeld ; and on one
of 1817 occurs Ernst Herzog su Sachsen Coburg tind Saalfeld.
On the whole, there is nothing of great importance to record
in connection with these titles or heads. Saxe-Meiningen
and Saxe-Altenberg have their own limited currencies, which
are not of common occurrence outside the immediate terri-
tory or at all events the German frontier.
The undivided government of Anhalt was originally a
fief created in favour of Henry, son of Bernard, Duke of
Saxony, in or about i 1 80, and was successively a mar-
graviat, county, and duchy. The margraves struck groschen
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E^t,rope 315
in the fifteenth century, and received the imperial authority
to coin gold in 1503. There are thalers from 1539. The
division of the house into branches seems to
Anhalt-Dessau. , . . . . ., TTf ,
Bernburg. have taken place m 1003. We have in our
Coethen. hands a small copper piece of Anhalt-Dessau,
belonging to that epoch, as well as a jubileums-
thaler commemorating the partition of 1603 and the reunion
for constitutional and financial purposes in I863.1 The bear
passant to left on the money which most usually occurs indi-
cates Anhalt-Bernburg. Without exception the coinage of this
region is scarce, particularly the gold, even of the last century.
This is a house of which there were several branches,
all striking money, which is chiefly of the lower denomina-
Schwarzburg tions, commencing with bracteates in the thirteenth
Schwarzburg- century. The thaler appeared in 1525, and in
Rudolstadt. I737 gold was obtained from the mines at Golds-
thai for the coinage of ducats or florins in that metal. Of the
bracteate series the most ancient appear to be the examples
with the double circle of pearls specified in a monetary treaty of
1290 between Schlotheim and Miihlhausen, and not directly
connected with the duchy. A later issue has a single circle.
Two interesting relics of S. Rudolstadt are the mortuary
money in memory of the Duchess ^Emilia and the thaler or
gulden of medallic fabric of 1796, with the singular type on
reverse of the Wild Man and Woman as supporters of the
ducal shield. There are thalers of Friedrich Gunther of S.
Rudolstadt of 1812, 1858, 1866, and, doubtless, other years.
That of i 8 1 2 is a convention-piece, of which the reverse is
from the same die as was used for Reuss, etc., and in fact
the sole difference is in the obverses of this issue with the
portraits and special titles. They all probably came from a
common mint — Leipsic ? — under Franco-Saxon auspices.
The within-named principality, divided at an early date
into four branches, and at present into two, Senior and
Junior, has issued from the twelfth century down-
ward a very considerable body of money, which is
seldom seen in England, and does not often present itself
1 But Anhalt-Zerbst became extinct in 1793.
3 1 6 The Coins of Europe
in continental catalogues. The original currency was on the
bracteate system : one belonging to the Plauen line has
Hadupm. for Henricus Advocatus de Plauen, indicating the
lay administrator of that province. There is a great risk of
confusion among the more archaic Reuss money through
the fifty or sixty persons of the name of Henry who
have borne the title, and, again, through the anonymous
character of many of the pieces. On some of those struck
at Schleiz we observe the head of the aurochs or bull, a type
so prevalent in Mecklemburgh, and here it occurs with the
addition of a flying fish above it or in the hands of a bearer,
who may be intended for the Count of Lobdeburg, issuer of
the coin ; the symbol seems to point to an early religious
or sacrificial idea, which was once very widely spread, and
seems to have travelled westward from Moldavia or Bog-
dana, where we observe the same thing on the money of the
mediaeval voivodes. We get the flying fish again at Bergau
in Saxony.
With the intricate territorial divisions and periodical
readjustments of this domain we are of course unable to deal
at length. In i 560 the house, tracing its
Urunswick-Limeburg. ° .
Grubenhagen. rise from the earlier half of the thirteenth
Calender"' century, branched into two stems, Dannen-
Wolfenbuttel. berg and Liineburg, subsequently Hanover.
The Celle line commenced in 1546, and
merged in that of Calenberg in 1705. The Liineburg one
eventually surpassed all the others in weight and consequence,
owing to the succession of the Elector George Louis in 1714
to the throne of Great Britain as the next heir of the
Electress Sophia.
From a numismatic point of view, however, the leading
consideration is the relationship of the duchy to the border-
ing or allied coinages before it acquired an independent
existence, and the probability seems to be that its currency
was at first in common with that of Saxony, and emanated
from the mints at Liineburg and Ebsdorf or Ebsdorp in the
vicinity. The primitive denarii with the name of Bernhard
(973-1010) afford no clue to the region of origin ; but there
Brunswick-Luneburg : triple thaler, 1657.
3 1 8 The Coins of Europe
are others of Bernhard II. (c. 1010-60) with Lvvnibvrhc and
supposed restrikes or imitations in the eleventh century of
similar pieces exhibiting the name of Vichmann or Wigman
II. (944-67). Why, if such were the case, money of the
See p. 231.
tenth century was reproduced in the following one, we do
not learn ; but we know that from the latter date the
obscurity and difficulty decrease. The fifteenth century
witnessed the introduction of the grosch and the thaler at
Brunswick, and the dukes associated themselves in course of
time with some of the noblest and grandest monuments in
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 3 1 9
the entire German series. All collectors must become aware
'of the large, wide-spread silver pieces coined from the Hartz
mines, and in many instances stamped with values from i^-
to 4 thalers. Of the same coin specimens may be seen with
and without the current rate, as if the process had been an
afterthought. One with an equestrian portrait of the Elector
Augustus, 1 664, has the stamp beneath the feet of the horse,
while a second, of 1655, is unmarked. But from about 1538
down to the last century this picturesque and luxurious coin-
age proceeded almost without interruption and with infinite
variety of treatment. The portraits of the dukes are excellent,
and are quite equal to the contemporary Italian work alike
in the boldness and freedom of touch and in the truthfulness
to life. Besides the Anglo-Hanoverian coinage noticed below,
pieces struck by the Elector George Louis shortly before his
succession to the British Crown should be interesting to the
English and American collector : there is the very fine thaler
of 1713 with the reverse legend In Recto Decus. Equally
in Brunswick and in Saxony the remains of gold currency
are scanty, nor do the evidences authorise us to suppose that
the metal was ever extensively employed. The imperial con-
cessions in this respect are limited to Emden, Goslar, Liine-
burg, and one or two other towns, without any proof of the
participation of the dukes in the movement.
This kingdom, which evolved from Brunswick-Ltineburg,
and dates only from 1814, was an appanage of the British
Crown till the death of William IV. in 1837. There
Hanover.
is a coinage of George V. including a 5 -thaler
piece from the Hartz gold of 1853. But as an electorate
Hanover produced a copious store and succession of money
in all metals, the gold pieces, especially of George I., being
scarce. We may particularise the Elector guinea of 1714,
320 The Coins of Europe
the 4-gulden of 1752, and the ducat of 1815. Much fuller
information than we can afford to give is furnished in the
elaborate volume by Mr. Atkins on Colonial Money.
But independently of the duchy and monarchy, the pro-
vince, and the town of Hanover or Alstadt itself, constituted
the site of many early mints and the source of a plentiful
and varied coinage, bearing the names of seigneurs, towns,
and religious establishments, among them being Aurich,
Diepholz, Gottingen, Goslar, Hildesheim, Osnabriick, and
9 Pfeiinigen of Osnahriick, 1625.
the Counts of Bentheim and East Friesland. Of the several
places of coinage within this area our Catalogue supplies
particulars. Hildesheim, which has experienced two periods
of prosperity, and preserves many traces of its former im-
portance, is associated with the famous 4-ducat piece of
Charles V., 1528. All the money of East Friesland is rare,
especially the gold. The series appears to extend from the
middle of the fifteenth to that of the eighteenth century.
There are two remarkable pattern thalers of Enno III., 1614
and 1616, struck on square flans. A gold ducat of Karl
Edzard, 1737, with a bust to right, reads on obverse
Carolvs Edzardvs D • G • Pr • Fris • Or • and on reverse
Dominvs Essi Et Witin. The shield is of six quarterings ;
in the fifth appears the crowned bull. The prince was also
Lord of Essen and Wittmund.
At one time an independent fief of the Counts or Graven
of Rustringen, this province and eventually grand-duchy has
successively followed the fortunes of Denmark,
Russia, and Germany. Within its boundaries we
count five mints, one or two of great antiquity. The
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 321
seigneurs or herren of Jever are supposed to have struck
money there in the eleventh century, and Wildeshausen
possessed an episcopal coinage in the twelfth. The grand-
duke issued in 1806-7, from the mint at St. Petersburgh,
gold pieces of 10, 5, and 2^ thalers on the German model.
At present and since 1864 part of Prussia, this terri-
tory long remained a separate duchy under Johann, son of
Albrecht I., Duke of Saxony, and his successors,
' and possessed its own mints and currency. The
principal seat of coinage was at Otterndorf.
Holstein first occurs to our notice as a dependency of
the Dukes of Saxony, who governed it by deputy. In
1460 the Estates of Holstein chose the
Holstein. r -r^ i • /~> 11
Holstein-Glucksburg. King of Denmark their Count, and the
Sonderburg. Emperor Frederic III. in 1474-75 erected
the fief into a duchy with full monetary
privileges. Holstein was incorporated with Denmark in
1773, and annexed by Prussia in I 864. Kiel appears to have
been the most ancient mint, as it received a concession from
the Count of Holstein as far back as 1318, having been pre-
viously, perhaps, his own monopoly. Of the three branches
there are coins to a limited extent. Altogether the salvage
of time has been scanty enough : in many of these extinct
or obscure governments political and financial agencies have
blindly committed to the crucible for recoinage or conver-
sion into bullion not a little of the material and testimony
requisite for a continuous numismatic study of the past.
For some account of the productions of these
Lubeck. r
Hamburgh, three members of the Hanseatic League we may
Bremen. refer ^o ^e previous sections.
This division of Northern Germany, parcelled out at an
early period into four separate governments, and ultimately
Mecklemburgh. consolidated into two grand -duchies,
Mecklemburgh-Schwerin. became the seat of numerous places of
: ltz' coinage by virtue of concessions from
the ancient dukes or from the Crown. As we pointed out
above, a distinctive symbol on many of the civic coins of
Wismar, Rostock, and other towns is a bull's head, a peculi-
Y
322 The Coins of Europe
arity transmitted from the Taurisci, the primitive occupiers
of Noricum, and common to Uri in Switzerland, and to
Schleiz in the principality of Reuss. We have also Urach,
one of the two districts out of which Wiirtemburg was
originally formed, where the name is supposed to imply the
same traditional notion and perhaps worship. There is a
very curious and significant pfenning of a seigneur of Werle,
struck at Malchin, bearing the emblem, with a cross between
the horns. The aurochs was succeeded in some places by
the griffin, a type borrowed from Pomerania. Such survivals
almost unquestionably point to a primeval order of society,
when the life of the pagus prevailed, and many obscure
forms of religious cult were in use among the remote popula-
tion which eventually became the great Teutonic race.
The oldest money of Mecklemburgh consisted of brac-
teates superseded by pfennings, schillings, and double schill-
ings. Of the thaler we do not hear till 1502, during the
joint reign of Henry the Pacific and Albert the Fair. Our
knowledge of the subject may be, probably is, imperfect ;
but there is an apparent absence of continuity and sequence
in the series of larger silver ; and we have not met with any
thalers between 1502 and 1540, when Henry was reigning
alone. There are: a ^ thaler of Albert, 1542, struck at
Gadebusch, and a thaler of John Albert, 1549. The former
is of a special type, and is singularly rare. The obverse
reads A\lbertus\ H\erzog~\ Z\ji\ M\ecklemburg^\ 1542; on
the reverse occurs Mo. Nova Gadebvs. The thaler of
1549 is remarkable for the form of the hat worn by the
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 323
duke. The earlier example was presumably, from its ex-
ceptional character, issued during a political emergency, like
the Brandenburgh money of the same period during the
pacification of Passau.
The historical interest of the later Mecklemburgh cur-
rency centres in Wallenstein, or Albrecht von Waldstein,
Duke of Mecklemburgh and Friedland, and one of the
prominent figures in the Thirty Years' War (1618-48). Of
this distinguished man we possess tolerably complete numis-
matic evidences extending from 1626 to 1632, in a suc-
cession of thalers with his full-face portrait and a 10 florin
or ducat piece of 1632, varying in the bust and the drapery.
We have seen no other denominations. The thalers belong
to 1626 (two varieties), 1627 (do.), 1628 (do.), 1629 (do.),
1630, 1631, and 1632.
There is an abundance of coinage of base alloy connected
with Mecklemburgh, not only belonging to the urban cur-
rencies of anterior date, but to the perturbed epoch of the
Seven Years' War (1756-63).
This province first presents itself to our notice as a sort
of duchy under the suzerainty of that of Poland, when the
separate coinage was restricted to bracteates, of
(Po'mmern) which one bears four rudimentary portraits repre-
senting the two dukes and their brothers sur-
rounding a cross. On some of those pieces we are
reminded of the Anglo - Saxon pennies in the presence of
324 The Coins of Europe
the names of moneyers, while on the identity of the sove-
reigns we are left to speculation. In the thirteenth century
Pomerania formed two divisions, Stettin and Wolgast,
each under its own duke. There are pieces reading Dvx
Stetin, and Dvc' Wolg. respectively ; and the whole was
not united till 1625. But even under the dual rule the
coinage, in the latter half of the fifteenth century, received a
powerful stimulus, and perhaps attained its climax, as we
perceive that in or about 1492 the region was provided
with gold, silver, and billon pieces in fair abundance, and
was under monetary treaties between the dukes and some of
the leading townships. The lower denominations at that
time comprised the grosch = 1 2 pf., the schilling = 4 pf.,
the witten = 2 pf., and the vierch (?) = ^ pf. At a subsequent
period, and during the troubles of the seventeenth century,
the standard of the money underwent debasement, and in
fact never regained its former importance, the Swedish
money for this district, though of poor metal, becoming the
leading feature, and preserving a good style. An interesting
daler of Christina, 1642, exhibits an elaborate coiffure and
ruff and the reading on reverse Moneta • Nova • Argent •
Dvcatvs • Povier : Besides Stettin and Wolgast, several other
municipal centres lay within these lines in the old days :
particularly Stralsund and Riigen. Of Stralsund the chief
distinguishing mark is a broad arrowhead ; some of the
small pieces are of fine silver, others of lower alloy. The
Dukes of Mecklemburgh employed the mint at Stargard and
the Margraves of Brandenburgh that at Schievelbein.
The actual history of Brandenburgh for our immediate
purpose opens with the sale of the margraviat in 1 4 1 5 by
the Emperor Sigismund to Frederic of Hohen-
zollern, Burgraf of Niirnberg, just as in all likeli-
and hood the Dukedom and Electorate of Saxony
Electorate. i , /- 1 , T , ,
Brandenburgh- ev°lved from the same source at Magdeburg.
Anspach. The original domain was formed out of the
BraBadyereuthgh" ancient Wendish territory, which probably em-
braced the whole of what is now Pomerania,
Prussian Saxony, and Prussian Poland, including Branden-
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 325
burgh itself, and underwent numerous modifications of frontier
and government before it was consolidated with the dukedom
of Prussia and other territories into a kingdom in 1701.
Of the reigning houses prior to 1415 there are copious
numismatic remains, commencing with bracteates of superior
fabric, and subsequently, as we see almost everywhere, deve-
loping, under the later margraves, into pfennigen, groschen,
thalers, and gold coins, with their divisions. Berlin was from
an early date one of the mints with a bear passant to
right, or a bear and an eagle ; but it was by no means
so largely used as Brandenburgh, Koepnik, and Stendal, or
even Frankfort-on-the-Oder. In addition to those in their
own immediate territories, the margraves are found striking
money in the fourteenth century in Saxony and Pomerania.
The groschen and thalers of the sixteenth century are well
executed, and usually bear characteristic portraits. Some of
the legends of Albert, who incorporated with his ancestral
estates those of the Teutonic Order, describe the margraf
as Duke of Pnissia : a grosch of 1542 has this reading;
a thaler of I 549 omits it. We note that in course of time
the bear disappears, and the eagle grows more conspicuous
and spreads its wings, so as, in the first -named piece, to
occupy the greater part of the reverse.
When we enter the seventeenth century we are con-
fronted with a double thaler of George William (1619-40),
where he is said to be Margraf of Brandenburgh and Duke
326 The Coins of Europe
of Prussia, Cleves, Juliers, and Berg. It has a three-quarter
portrait of the margraf robed and bonneted, grasping
sceptre and sword in either hand. The rehearsal of dignities
makes it necessary to observe that in 1610 the last Duke of
Cleves, Juliers,. and Berg had died s.p., and that Branden-
burgh and Saxony were competitors for the territory.
The primary numismatic monuments of the present
Prussian monarchy are to be sought in the coinage of the
Prussia. Dukes of Massovia (twelfth to thirteenth century),
The Teutonic the Knights of the Teutonic Order (1230-1530),
The Duchy, the Margraves of Brandenburgh, and the earlier
Kingdom. KingS of Poland. The greater part of Eastern
Prussia belonged de facto to the last Power during the
fifteenth and two following centuries, and the remainder
devolved on Brandenburgh, when the Margraf Albert about
i 5 30 took into his own hands the acquisitions of the Teutonic
Knights, thus preparing the way, when Poland declined and
suffered gradual disintegration, for the higher destinies of the
house of Hohenzollern in the then yet distant future.
Culm, a Hanse town in Western Prussia, is the sole seat
of coinage of which we hear, belonging to the ancient dukes
of Massovia, who nevertheless had Warsaw as their capital,
and of their currency we have no knowledge. The place
was subsequently the chief centre of the Knights, and doubt-
less their mint ; for in I 246 the Grand Master granted autho-
rity to the town of Elbing to strike pfennings of the Culm
type, which could at most be no more than modifications of
the original Massovian money. That the dukes and their
successors had a coinage we need not hesitate to believe,
nor, if it consisted of mute bracteates in lieu of the signed
pieces which followed, are we to wonder at its disappearance
or the failure of identification. It is at least certain that
during more than a century and a half the Grand Masters
placed their names and titles on a series of bracteates,
schillings of Polish standard ( = 1 6 pf), gold florins and other
currency, and that the first to whom any coins can be con-
fidently assigned, Winric von Kniprode (1351-82), thought
himself entitled to inscribe on the reverse Moneta Domi-
PRUSSIAN COINS, HTH-i8TH c.
Schilling of the Teutonic Order, i4th c.
Half-thaler of Maximilian of Bavaria as Administrator of Prussia, 1612.
Gold florin of Frederic William I., 1725.
Thaler of Frederic the Great, 1785.
128
The Coins of Europe
norum Pruci. As the office was elective, we hardly under-
stand why he used the expression Magister Winricus Primus
on a schilling before us.
The later annals of the Order of St. George, or, as it
afterwards became, of St. Mary, transport us to a different
region — Franconia, where under various auspices, especially
those of Maximilian of Bavaria, the Knights preserved a
more or less nominal existence down to the commencement
of the present century, with the names of Maximilian and
others as grand masters or administrators. There is an
interesting series from 1587 to 1618 of thalers, most of
which bear the full-length portrait of the Elector, his title as
Grand Administrator of Prussia, and an equestrian figure on
reverse surrounded by escutcheons. The thaler of 1587
and the \ of 1612 appear to be scarce. We have seen the
dates 1587, 1603, 1612, 1613, 1614, and 1618.
The coinage of Prussia itself, after the formation of the
kingdom, partook to some extent of the old Polish character,
and indeed there is nothing to be found in the former equal
in artistic attraction and mechanical merit to the best period
3 thaler of Frederic III., Margraf of Brandenburgh subsequently
first King of Prussia.
of the latter State (1588-1660). The operations of the
mint during the reign of Frederic I. (1701-13) appear to
have been on a frugal scale, and (if we may judge from the
small survival) to have been struck in limited numbers, as
the coins are uniformly of great rarity. Under the circum-
stances it may be desirable to enumerate such denomina-
tions as have occurred : —
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 329
Kronungsthaler, 1701.
Magdeburger thaler, 1701.
Thaler, 1702, 1703, 1704.
Gulden, 1704.
Thaler, 1705.
\ Thaler, 1707.
Thaler, 1711.
His immediate successor, Frederic William I. (1713-40),
occurs somewhat more freely on coins, and we meet with
the copper solidus, borrowed from Poland, with Solidus
Regni Pruss. The experiment, however, does not seem to have
outlived the reign, and Frederic II. (1740-85) introduced
the pfenning and its multiples. There could be no difficulty,
when the art of engraving on metal was so \vell understood,
in producing satisfactory work, and the money both of
Frederic II. and his father is alike excellent, while the latter,
and the Prussian currency generally henceforth, are plentiful,
although it is believed that about the period of the Seven
Years' War large quantities of copper groschen were im-
ported from England (? Birmingham) into Northern Germany,
and the state of the coinage in the Fatherland down to recent
times continued to be worse than in any part of the Continent.
But attention should be drawn to the rare pattern thaler
of 1750, with the head laureated and the bust in armour,
and below, in cursive characters, Vive le Roy. The reverse
exhibits the crowned eagle, with trophies in sunlight.
The province of Posen or Bydgost, subsequently a grand-
duchy, contained within it, from at least the thirteenth
century, several mints under Polish control or in
the employment of that state. Of these some
account is given elsewhere. Posen fell, on the partition of
Poland, to the share of Prussia, was annexed to the Saxon
grand-duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon, and reverted to its
former masters in 1815. A 3 -groschen piece of 1816 of
Prussian fabric may be part of the earliest issue after the
restoration by the Treaty of Vienna.
A considerable share of the Saxon territory, constituting
parcels of the kingdom of Prussia and the present German
Empire, was lost by the adherence of the last Elector and
330 The Coins of Europe
first King to the cause of Napoleon, and included the
ancestral estates of the ancient dukes. The most impor-
Prussian tant centres are Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Halle,
Saxony: Stendal, Mansfeld, Stolberg, Wittenberg, Erfurt,
Magdeburg, and Muhlhausen ; but the acquisition compre-
(2) Circle of hended the whole of the Saxon palatinate as well
Merseburg, , , , .- . . , ,
(3) Circle of as Thiiringen, and completely shifted the balance
Erfurt. of pOwer from one monarchy to the other, although
even under the former regime the germ of Prussian ascend-
ency, Brandenburgh, had exercised influence within this
range, and had seats of coinage at several points. From
1815 the prestige of Saxony may be considered as extin-
guished or eclipsed. The descendants of the Burgraf of
Magdeburg did not, as in the somewhat parallel case of the
house of Savoy, acquire an indemnity elsewhere.
We have called attention in our Catalogues to the more
remarkable productions, numismatically speaking, of this
region, of which the most conspicuous belong, perhaps, to
Mansfeld and Stolberg. The former is certainly an interesting
if a rather monotonous series, extending from 1521 to about
1790, and is seldom to be found in even tolerable preserva-
tion. The early gold money is of peculiar rarity. The
coinage of Stolberg, which embraces or concerns more than
one branch of that house, is almost equally unvaried, bear-
ing a stag on one side and a shield on the other, the horns
of the animal usually entangled in a column ; but the most
ancient examples — mute uniface bracteates — exhibit only
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 331
a stag to left ; these were succeeded by pfennings, also
struck on one side, with a stag's head and Stol. or Stalb.,
Gold florin.
and in due course we meet with the albus, kreutzer, batz,
thaler and half thaler, and gold florin. They are all scarce,
especially the bracteates and the gold.
The province of Silesia, of which the first mention in
modern history connects it with Poland, belonged in turn to
that dukedom, to Bohemia, Austria, and Prussia,
representing the gain of Frederick the Great from
the Seven Years' War. The most remote and
primitive currency associated with a region which at more
than one time felt the influence of Scandinavian conquest and
ascendency, presents itself, as usual, in the shape of brac-
teates of difficult attribution ; and a considerable number of
mints within this geographical area gradually yielded im-
proved and varied types, while they formed a common
ground or source for the monetary requirements of many
beyond the border. The bulk of the old Silesian coinage,
however, may be said to have been of an urban character
from the I4th century. Three of the leading mints were
Wratislav or Breslau, Glatz, and Schweidnitz ; and the first
was the place of origin of a long episcopal series in all metals
332 The Coins of Europe
dating from the thirteenth century. It is stated that the
Emperor Charles IV. accorded to the town in 1360 the right
of striking gold of the Bohemian type. There was also
money in this metal of the prince-bishops, and siege-pieces
in copper of more than one kind and denomination, as a
reference to the previous sections, will shew.
II. AUSTRIA
It is well known that during some centuries Austria,
the Eastern March or Mark, was governed by margraves
and dukes, and that after certain political vicissitudes it
passed into the possession of the house of Hapsburg. Under
that great and long-lived dynasty the country gradually
augmented its territory by cession, inheritance, or conquest,
until the original domain represented little more than a
province of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Hapsburgs
extended their sway over the Tyrol, Bohemia, Hungary,
Transylvania, and a share of Poland ; over Spain and a con-
siderable part of Italy and the Netherlands ; and over Istria,
Carinthia, Carniola, Moravia, and Styria. The title of the
Holy Roman Empire was derived from the succession to the
throne of St. Stephen of Hungary. Down to the beginning
of the present century Austria was the grand centre and
rallying- point of an immense dominion, second only to
Russia in area, and far superior to the latter in wealth and
importance. The course of modern events has sensibly
tended in general to reduce the Austrian outlying dominions,
and her sovereign no longer reigns in Italy, Sardinia, Spain,
and the Low Countries. Burgundy had ceased to be an
actual portion of the empire long before it disappeared from
the array of titles on the older money.
Necessarily confining our attention to the immediate
question, we discover nothing more ambitious or interesting in
the present series than bracteates and denarii, which remain
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 333
uninscribed down to the middle of the thirteenth century,
when a denarius occurs with Imfiator. F. and a crowned eagle
on reverse, attributed to the Emperor Frederic II. deposed in
1 246. All the evidences help to establish that the output
during this archaic era must have been equally prolific and
diversified ; and while legends are missing, there is no lack
of characteristic symbols and rude ideal portraits enclosed in
a floriated tressure and variously treated : in one a crowned
figure holds a sceptre and a falcon ; in another we see an
eagle with a human visage ; and in a third there is a stag's
head, as on some of the money of Stolberg. The favourite
Florentine gold type was adopted about 1330, and from
1457 more explicit legends and dates, with higher deno-
minations, contribute to form a new epoch in the coinage.
At this point of time the principal mints were Enns, Linz,
Graetz, and Neustadt. Already on coins of the Emperor
Frederic III. (1442-93) the somewhat arrogant motto, subse-
quently repeated by Charles V., presents itself: A\quild\
E\lectd\ I\uste\ O\innia\ V\incit\. But it was reserved for
the successor of this prince, the Arch-Duke Maximilian I.
(1493-1519), to identify his name and country with those
superb specimens of medallic art, the schauthaler of 1479
in its two or three varieties, and those which followed it,
after the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, down to 1518.
The 4-ducat piece of Charles V., 1528, may be accounted
part of this fine series, which was carried down to the present
century by the very carefully engraved thalers and their
multiples in gold of Francis II. (I. of .Austria) as late as
1829. Cognisance ought to be taken of the one issued as
money of necessity during the struggle with France, with
Franc • II • D • G • Conservator Castri • i 804, and on reverse
Mon • Nov • Castri • Friedberg : on the obverse occurs the
two-headed eagle crowned, holding a shield in either claw,
and V, E. F. Marck ; and on reverse a horseman spearing a
fallen enemy, the castle of Burg-Friedberg in the back-
ground : m.m. F.
But to the intervening period we have to refer a
splendid assortment of coins in all metals struck by the
334 The Coins of Europe
Holy Roman emperors from Ferdinand I., brother of Charles
V., to Leopold II. (1521-1792); particularly the thalers
and double thalers of Ferdinand (of which considerable
numbers have been recently found), Rodolph II., Leopold I.
and Claudia de' Medici with their busts accollated ; Joseph
I., Francis I. (struck at Augsburgh, 1745), and Maria
Theresa. In addition to the ordinary currency of the last-
named sovereign, we have not only that for the provinces
and dependencies, but the ubiquitous thaler of 1780, which
is accepted in China, Abyssinia, and Ashantee, and occurs
countermarked with Chinese characters,1 and the beautiful
jubilee piece of 1888, produced under the auspices of the
Numismatic Society of Vienna. Collectors should be aware
that there are two varieties of this noble thaler, one with a
plain, the other with an inscribed edge. The coinage of
Francis Joseph, which goes back to 1 848, of which year
there is, however, a coinage of his uncle and predecessor
Ferdinand, has accumulated into a voluminous assemblage
of types and denominations, among which we may cite the
2O-kreutzer piece of 1852 with the head to left.
In copper Austria lagged far behind her neighbours and
contemporaries, and for the arch-duchy and empire appears
to have possessed nothing prior to Maria Theresa. The
employment of this metal to any appreciable extent began
in i 800, when we have a series of 6, 3, I, ^, and \ kreutzer.
There are subsequent issues of 30 and 15 kreutzer, 1807, as
Emperor of Austria (money of necessity), of ^, ^, I, and 3
kreutzer, 1812; of \, \, and I kreutzer, I 8 1 6 ; of 2 kreut-
zer (of large, thick fabric), 1848; of \, \, I, 2, and 3
kreutzer, 1851 ; of 4 kreutzer, 1861, and doubtless others
intermediately. At present, the resort to bronze has become
a regular institution, and since 1858 the Austrian silver
florin has been computed as = 100 kreutzer, in lieu of 60,
according to the old standard.
The Austrian Tyrol, which was united to the arch-duchy
in the person of Maximilian I. in 1496 by the death without
issue of Sigismund, Margraf of Elsas and Count of the
1 It is periodically restruck from the old dies for commercial use.
COI'NS OF AUSTRIA AND THE TYROL, 1479-1760.
Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy : schauthaler, 1479.
Sigismund, Arch-Duke of Austria : J dickthaler, 1484
Ferdinand Charles : 3 kreutzer, 1638.
Maria Theresa : gold florin, 1742.
Maria Theresa : double liard for the Austrian Netherlands
Maria Theresa: kreutzer struck for Gorz.
336 The Coins of Europe
Tyrol, had been governed by independent counts since the
thirteenth century. We have before us a denarius of Count
Meinhard, who died in 1295, probably struck at
Meran. The most celebrated coins associated
with this district are the dickthaler and half thaler of the
Arch-Duke Sigismund, 1484, the thaler of Maximilian I.,
1486, both from the mint at Hall, near Innspruck, and
apparently by the same artist, and the convention-money of
1 809 issued during the struggle of Andreas Hofer against
Napoleon. The half dickthaler of 1484 is peculiarly rare,
and its existence has been questioned.1
Goritz, now part of the province of Illyria, possessed
during many centuries its own counts and its separate coinage ;
and some of the earlier copper pieces of Austrian
Gontz or orjginj next to those of Styria, belong here. A
soldo of Charles VI., 1733, is without legend, but
is recognised from the arms. The money usually bears the
crowned shield on obverse, and the value and date in a
cartouche on reverse. But Maria Theresa substituted her
portrait on some of the pieces, and Francis II. changed the
shield. The value was originally in soldi, afterwards in
soldi and kreutzer. The 15 soldi of 1802 was for Goritz.
These divisions of the empire, united in 951, had their
independent princes and currencies from a very remote date,
and even after their incorporation with Austria a
Istria and ... ™, . . .
Carinthia. special coinage. The early princes struck con-
Istrien and vention-money in alliance with their neighbours
Kaernthen. , . /-• r •> -r* 11 t .««*.<
and the Counts of the Tyrol ; but the later Dukes
of Carinthia possessed three mints — Voelkermarkt, Lande-
strost, and Saint- Veit. There are also thalers of the Rosen-
berg family.
The authority to strike money, conferred on the patri-
archs by the Emperor Louis II. in 856, is not known to
have been carried into effect so far as any extant
identifiable pieces are concerned. The known
coinage, limited to danari, oboli, piccoli, and bagattini,
1 One occurred at the Dillon sale, 1892, in lot 445. It exactly corresponds in
type and module with the thaler.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eitrope 337
extends from 1204 to 1437, when the see was held by
Louis, Duke of Teck or Teschen.
The independent Dukes of Carinthia had their mint at
Carniola or Laibach. Special money was struck by the
Krain. former Emperors of Austria for the duchy.
A margraviat, with denarii and pfennings, from the
tenth to the fifteenth century. After the union with
Austria the title appeared among those on some
•:'Maeahren0r of the coins of the arch-dukes, the multiplicity of
their dignities rendering it difficult to include the
whole story on every piece or issue. Probably the money,
where Moravia is specified, was intended for circulation
there, and the later Emperors of Germany struck special
issues for the margraviat.
Of all the states composing the Austrian dominions
Styria becomes the most interesting, when we look at the
fact that it seems to have been in advance of the
Stdermark rest °^ ^e arch-duchy in its numismatic develop-
ment, and to have possessed no money at any
period within accessible records except that of its counts,
margraves, and dukes, subsequently Dukes of Austria and
Styria or Steiermark. The gold coinage dates from 1491,
the copper from 1531, the thaler from 1574. The earliest
coinage appears to be the type of the denarius with Schilt.
von Steir. and a panther, which may represent the original
autonomous money prior to the final amalgamation with
Austria under the Arch-Duke Rodolph about 1278. This
margraviat or duchy possessed the heller and batz, the
pfenning, the zweier, and dreier, until in 1622 the marque
became the monetary unit, and there were pieces of 150,
75, 48, 15, and 12 marques, 300 marques being approxi-
mately = i thaler.
In addition to the provincial coinages and those for the
Austrian Netherlands and Austrian Italy to be presently
described under succeeding sections, we have a piece of
6 kreutzer struck for Farther Austria in 1802, with Vord.
Oest. Scheid. Munz., and another of 7 kreutzer of the same
date, with the usual title and no legend on reverse ; and a
z
338 The Coins of Europe
profusion of civic and local money proceeding, like that of
Northern Germany, from feudal or municipal sources.
Some of these special monetary rights were exercised down
to the eighteenth or even nineteenth century, as at Auers-
perg, Khevenhiiller, Kinsky, Rosenberg, Olmlitz, and Salz-
burg ; but the majority disappeared within the seventeenth.
All those which enjoy numismatic associations are enumerated
in the Catalogue of Mints. In the Salzburg archiepiscopal
series, extending from the tenth to the eighteenth century,
there is an almost unique maintenance of artistic treatment
and careful attention to detail ; and the thalers and double
thalers of the Cardinal-Archbishop Mattheus (1521-22)
strongly remind us of Holbein. The latest thaler in our
hands belongs to 1786.
The Bohemian numismatic records, furnished by a
succession of coins of the bracteate or the denarius module,
open with the tenth century, when the dukedom
remained singularly unsettled in its tenure, and
the list of rulers consists of a roll of obscure names, of whose
personality we gain very slight knowledge, until the crown
passed to the house of Luxemburgh in 1309. But the
surviving types of the mediaeval era deserve and repay
study by reason of their great variety of character and the
illustration which they seem to convey to us of the ideas
and development of a primitive people. It is evident that
the earliest moneyers had before them Byzantine types,
which they unskilfully copied, and that in course of time a
change of feeling led to the introduction of Christian and
Popish symbols, as the Temple, the Cross, the Hand, the
Bible, and the figure holding a globe, or with conjoined
hands adjuring an angel, as well as episodes borrowed from
local life, as in a piece where the duke is depicted in con-
flict with a bear. Prague was even in such remote days the
leading mint. The bracteates, which are of varying dimen-
sions, and generally uninscribed, are supposed to be pos-
terior to the denarii, and to belong to the later part of the
archaic period. The reign of Wenceslas II. (1278-1305)
marked a very notable advance in the coinage, for this king
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 339
received into his employment Florentine engravers, to whom
we are indebted for the celebrated and long popular and
widely current pragergroschen. But a later monarch, John
of Luxemburgh, the blind king, who fell at Crec.y in 1346,
carried the national money to still greater perfection, and
multiplied the denominations, during his lengthened reign.
He usually describes himself as Johannes. Dei, Gra. Rex. Boe.
Denarius of John of Luxemburgh (1309-46).
Et, Pol. The money became of superior fabric and of less
archaic spirit. We know with the name and portrait of
this sovereign, whose memory is of Anglo-Gallic interest, or
that of St. Wenceslas, the pfenning, the denarius, the grosch,
and the gold florin. With Louis I., of the house of
Jagellon, the last independent king, the thaler commenced,
owing the designation which it has ever since borne to the
silver mines of Joachimsthal, according to a tradition which
has been generally, though perhaps on insufficient ground,
accepted. The main point is that although a coin of this
fabric, size, and weight was undoubtedly in existence long
Joachimsthaler, 1525.
previously to the sixteenth century, there is no apparent
proof that the actual denomination was adopted and recog-
34° The Coins of Europe
nised. The Bohemian thalers range in date from 1518
to 1525, and were continued by the Counts of Schlick ;
there is a double one (doppelter zwitter thaler) of Stephen,
1526.
Of the history of the coinage subsequently to the
devolution of the crown on Ferdinand of Austria in 1527,
there is not much to be predicated beyond the remarkable
series of raitgroschen or ritgroschen in copper, struck for
this part of the empire about I 5 70. We have met with the
dates 1572, 1583, and 1605 ; the only other salient feature
under the present section is the brief and limited currency
of Frederic, Count Palatine of the Rhine, during his more or
less nominal tenure of the regal title in the years 1619-20.
The career of Frederic forms a chapter in the Thirty Years'
War ; and from his nearness by marriage to the Stuarts,"
these numismatic relics derive a special attraction in the
eyes of Englishmen and Americans. He appears to have
issued nothing beyond silver pieces of 48 and 24 kreutzer.
Of the latter there are two distinct types : one dated 1619,
with the lion of Bohemia on reverse and a crown on obverse ;
the other with a portrait and a shield of arms, and the date
Frederic of Bohemia : 24 kreutzer, 1620.
1620. The larger coin, also belonging to 1620, bears a
different bust. All are uncommon. Some of the later
Austrian copper money for Bohemia exhibits the value and
date on one side and the lion on the other, dispensing with
a legend. A pfenning of this class before us has I P.
1758.
In the Italian section, under VENICE, we propose to
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Etirope 341
furnish a short account of this province and city, both of
which were long numismatically associated with
<?' the RePublic- In the Catalogue of Mints several
entries refer to these heads.
We do not meet with any vestiges of a coinage which
can be clearly assigned to this ancient kingdom, which com-
mands our respectful sympathy with its struggles
Hungary. .
for freedom and its former achievements and
culture, till we reach the date when St. Stephen sat upon
the throne at the close of the tenth century. Of Stephen
himself, the founder of the Holy Apostolic Vicariat, we find
denarii of good fabric and workmanship and apparently of
Western origin ; and his successors in the eleventh to thirteenth
century adhered to the same description of currency — the
Andrew, King of Hungary, 1047-61. Denarius.
denarius and its divisions. In the course of the reign of
Bela IV. (1235-60) and Stephen V. (1260-72), as one fruit
of the Mongol invasion of 1241-42, and the contact which
it involved with Oriental or at least Byzantine habits, the
Government of Hungary was led to introduce into the
dominions a curious copper currency imitated from that of
Constantinople in respect to module and style, but exhibit-
ing on the reverse Christ or the Virgin enthroned. These
coins, of which there are varieties, do not appear to have
342 The Coins of Eiirope
been continued beyond the following reign. It is on the
money of Bela that the name of the country first appears in
full ; and he describes himself indifferently as Dux Ungarie
and Rex Sclavonic. The gold coinage of Hungary seems to
have commenced about I 309 with Charles Robert of Anjou,
who issued a florin or ducat = 200 denarii or 400 obuli, on
the model of those of Florence ; and the series was carried
down to the present time by his successors the rulers ot
Hungary and Austria- Hungary. Of the celebrated Matthias
Corvinus (1458-90), founder of the Library at Buda, there
are at least two types, which we ascribe to the mint at
Jagerndorf or Carnow ; and the original Italian prototype was
gradually lost, the Hungarian piece serving in its turn as a
pattern for the moneyers of Italy and the Netherlands. On
the ducats of Corvinus, as on some of the early Bavarian
currency, one side presents the name of a canonised monarch
Gold ducat of Corvinus.
centuries after his death ; and we find pieces struck in the
name of the Waiwode of Bosnia, as legate of the Hungarian
crown, styling him Vicar of the Kingdom of Lladislas. It
may be interesting to note that the effigy of St. Lladislas
holding a globe, found on one of the early types, resembles
the pattern on the reverses of certain Bolognese scudi of the
fourteenth century, and this conception survived in the more
modern orb.
Down to the time of Lladislas VI. (1490-1516) the
currency consisted of the gold florin, the grossus or grosch,
denarius, obulus and half obulus in silver, and perhaps the
old copper money above mentioned, unless it was with-
drawn. Between this epoch and the annexation to Austria,
which did not come into full effect till the end of the six-
teenth century, the thaler was added, with its divisions and
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E^lrope 343
multiples, and an aureus equivalent to twelve florins, the last
probably as a piece de plaisir. The monetary system had
then attained a high state of development. We have heard
of the Italian workman employed by a thirteenth-century
King of Bohemia : Matthias Corvinus obtained artists from
the same source, whom we find him recommending to the
Czar of Muscovy ; and the mints, which were numerous,
and varied under different reigns, were subject to the control
of a Count of the Chamber, whose name, with the place
of coinage or mark, appeared as part of the die. The
thalers of Lladislas VI. have Kretnitz and Tvrso [Kremnitz
and the director Johann Turso]. The m.m. is usually the
initial letter of the locality.
The Austrian administrators preserved to a large extent
the local or native complexion of the money from their first
entrance on the ground down to the present century. The
coins of the emperors for this region, till we come to some
of the more recent issues of Francis Joseph, continue to
exhibit the Hungarian type of the Virgin and Child and the
full-length figure of the sovereign, crowned and robed, with
sceptre and orb. On the reverse of a florin of Maria Theresa,
1754, she appears girt with a sword, suggestive of the repug-
nance of the Magyars to female sway. The copper money,
during that and the following reigns, was composed of the
poltur, gresch, and krajczar. There are pieces of I and 3
krajczar in 1848; but from 1868 dates a coinage closely
resembling that for the rest of the empire, except that the
reverse shews a quartered escutcheon, surmounted by the
crown, with angels as supporters.
It remains to be pointed out that long after the titular *
amalgamation of Hungary with Austria the political and
administrative union was very incomplete and precarious ;
and the formal embodiment of 1867 betrayed a sense of
uneasiness and insecurity on the part of the house of Haps-
1 We have more than once had occasion to accentuate the wide discrepancy
between nominal and possessory sovereignty as indicated in legends ; and we
must observe that the titles and dignities of some of the earlier European princes
became so multiplied, and often so unreal, that it was thought sufficient to enumerate
them to a large extent by initials.
344 The Coins of Europe
burg. It may not therefore be at all surprising that for a
. considerable space of time the Austrians held
1 ransylvama
or Steben- disputed possession of a territory occupied by
mrgen. jeajous an(j turbulent feudatories and bordered by
such neighbours as the independent waiwodes or voivodes of
Transylvania, who retained under their government a large
portion of the kingdom, and might naturally be more accept-
able to the Hungarians than the German conquerors. Conse-
quently from the moment when the Magyars were first
handed over to Ferdinand of Austria about 1526 to the
beginning of the eighteenth century, the annals of the
waiwodes run parallel with those of the German sovereigns ;
and it may be received as evidence of the preponderant power
of the former, that the coinage for Hungary within that epoch
was that of the waiwodes rather than that of the emperors,
and that currency in all metals, bearing their titles, was
struck at the recognised native mints.
We possess a singularly instructive and picturesque, and
nearly unbroken, succession of money, chiefly following the
familiar lines at first, and subsequently diverging into a
more original style, as on the curious thalers of Sigismund
Bathori about 1590, or borrowing from the Polish types, as
on a copper solidus of 1591 and a silver 3-groschen piece
of 1606. An invariable accessory to the portraits, so far
as we have been able to examine them, is the aigret or
heron's crest, which seems to occupy the place of a crown or
fillet. The titles readable on the Transylvanian coins differ
under various reigns, and seem to have been governed by
current circumstances. Both on those of early date men-
tioned below and of the seventeenth century from about
1620 to 1660, the legends claim on behalf of the prince to
be King-elect of parts of Hungary, Prince of Transylvania,
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 345
Moldavia, and Wallachia, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
etc. A thaler of Gabriel Bethlen Gabor (1613- 1630), struck
in 1621, declares him D • G • El • Hvngarica Dal\inati<z\
Cr\pati<%\ Sch\lavoni(z\ Rex, [and on reverse] Trans • Prin-
ceps et Sicvlor Com. One of George Racoczi, 1657, limits
the pretension over Hungary to the lordship of parts of that
kingdom (Par. Reg. Hvn. Dom.\ while, going back to 1593,
Sigismund Bathori is simply called Prince of Transylvania.
Of the older Hungarian and Transylvanian numismatic
productions the salvage can amount to no more than a
fraction of the original coinage, which has probably shared
the fate of all similar monuments at the hands of conquerors
anxious at the least cost to efface the vestiges of former
independence. We meet sparingly enough with the money
of necessity appertaining to the last struggle of 1/04-7-1 I
of the Waiwode Franz II. Racoczy against Austria after
the Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), and still more so with that
of earlier days, when Johann Sigismund Zapoly (1540-71)
was endeavouring to hold his ground in turn against Fer-
dinand I. and Maximilian II. (1562-65). There are uniface
thalers with I\phannes\ E\lectus\ R\ex\ V\ngarice\ and a
second with Io\Jtatmes\ Sc\_pucius\ Rex • Vn •, beneath which
occurs the Transylvanian bear perched on its haunches,
dividing a crescent and star, and the date 1565. The poltur
series comprises 1,4, 10, and 20 poltura with the crowned
arms separating the date on obverse, and the value in a
cartouche on reverse below the words Pro Libertate. When
346 The Coins of Etirope
a gold ducat of the Emperor Charles VI. in 1732 enumer-
ated very conspicuously and unusually among the titles that
of Prince of Transylvania, the struggle for independence and
autonomy in that direction had been, for the time at least,
abandoned. The siege-pieces of Ferdinand I., 155 2, for the
Turkish War, and those of Kossuth, I 848-49, are referrible
to Hungary proper, no less than a short series of thalers
displaying the names and arms of the princely family of
Batthyani (1764-1806).
III. SWITZERLAND
A limited number of the Merovingian trientes have come
down to us with indications of having originated in Helvetia,
while it was still a somewhat loose geographical expression,
and belonged to different Celtic or Prankish masters. These
coins possess no clue to the sovereign by whose authority
they were issued, but disclose the moneyer and mint, agree-
ably to the practice so widely diffused over the area where
they circulated ; and we perceive that, after the Gothic era,
of which there are apparently no reliable numismatic vestiges,
the seats of coinage were Avenches, Basle, Elgg, Geneva,
Lausanne, St. Moritz, Yverdun, Sitten, Vevey, Windisch, and
Zurich. But in this, as in other parts of Western Europe, the
inhabitants long continued to utilise the Roman currency.
Posterior to the Merovingian period the chief mints were
Basle, Chur, Zurich, and Bellinzona in Uri. The natural
difficulties of the country became an early source of freedom,
and after a series of almost miraculous victories over the
Germans, French, and Burgundians, between 1315 and 1476,
the national independence was virtually secured. During
centuries, however, Switzerland remained a common or
neutral soil for the production of a manifold variety of coins
by laymen and ecclesiastics, whose territory or estates were
situated on its borders as well as within its frontier ; and it
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 347
should be recollected that the original number and super-
ficial area of the Cantons were alike very limited, and that
in the earlier military movements, in resistance to foreign
aggression, only Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwald took up arms.
The Confederation, even as existing and recognised in 1499
and 1648, was therefore apt to find an inheritance of vested
rights in regard to monetary questions among other matters ;
and these were generally left undisturbed where the main
issue and object were the common defence against external
attack, and the public resources were barely sufficient for
that purpose.
While the ethnological associations of the Swiss have
always been German, and the country more properly belongs
to the Teutonic than the Latin group of States, the inhabitants
of this region, since the treaty with France in 1516, have
shown a tendency to favour their French neighbours, and in
1798 placed themselves under the protection of Napoleon.
The Helvetic Republic, as it was termed, lasted from that
date to 1803, and was composed of 19 cantons, exclu-
sively of that of Sarine and Broye. By the pacte of 1815
the number was carried to 22. In 1833 the decimal
system, and in I 848 an uniform Federal coinage, was adopted.
In 1865 Switzerland joined the Latin Monetary Convention.
Switzerland reflects in its vast and multifarious coinage
its political neutrality. It has borrowed from time to time
types and denominations from all the nationalities surround-
ing it. A collection of money of the Cantons will be found
to embrace the assis, the batz, the sol, the denier, the par-
paillot, the franc, the centime, the kreutzer, the schilling, the
vierer, the thaler, the piecette [pezzetta], the ducat, the
blutzger, the angster, the pistole, the oirtli, the haller, the
fiinfer, the pfennig, and the grosch.
The numismatic system may be broadly divided into
three periods of very unequal duration: (i) the separate
Cantonal coinage; (2) that of the Helvetic Republic, 1798-
i 804, which was overlapped by a short revival of the former
regime; (3) the new Federal coinage of 1848 on the
decimal principle adopted by Geneva in 1794, and by the
348 ' The Coins of Ettrope
Confederation in 1833. Of the second and third periods all
that can be said is, that the Helvetic Republic identified
itself with a very handsome and well -engraved series of
pieces in gold and silver,1 some of which survived the return
to the former political constitution, and that the acceptance
of uniformity yielded, on the whole, a disappointing result,
and has awakened an agitation for repeal, in order to enable
each canton to choose its own type, and to make each
currency legal tender throughout the Union. It deserves to
be recollected that so far back as 1344, and again in
1450, Zurich took the initiative in promoting a similar
scheme ; in the first instance without success, and in the
second with no permanent fruits. Geneva, two years only
after its accession to the federal Bond, established on its own
account (1535) a monetary basis, in which the florin ( = 2/th
part of a marc of Cologne standard) was divided into i 2 sols,
the sol into 1 2 deniers, the denier into 2 oboles, and the
obole into 2 pites or pougeoises. There were also periodical
approaches to a common understanding in the shape of
conventions among certain cantons for terms of years. But
there was no general accord till 1 848.
The solid interest and value attendant on a study of
this series are almost restricted to the independent work of
the Cantons from the Bracteate era — one peculiarly rich. in
this case — to the middle of the seventeenth century. We
have already entered into tolerably copious particulars of the
labours and product of the seats of coinage, with which the
territory abounded in former days, and have shewn how the
same place not unfrequently served two or even three
1 See Catalogue of Denominations, w. " Batz " and "Frank."
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 349
employers at one time. For instance, Chur in the beginning
of the seventeenth century was striking money concurrently
for the see, the city, and the feudal lord of Schauenstein-
Ehrenfels in right of his lands in Haldenstein and Lichten-
stein acquired in 1608 ; and Schaffhausen and Saint-Maurice-
Valais were during a long period open to various external
patrons under ancient imperial concessions or by virtue of
prescription.
The two agencies which chiefly contributed to demoralise
the Swiss coinage, prior to the French Revolution and the
rise of the Helvetic Republic, were the Thirty and Seven
Years' Wars, which led Switzerland to lower its own standard
in the inferior or mixed metals to obviate the danger of
being hampered by the deluge of coins of base alloy cir-
culating throughout Northern Germany. The effect outlived
the cause ; and the consequence is before us in a large volume
of uninviting examples, representing the ordinary medium of
exchange during upwards of a century and a half (1620-
1790). The connoisseur may profitably turn over the pages
of the Townshend Catalogue,1 where we see the vast, yet
imperfect, gleanings of a life, or glance through some of the
public collections at Zurich and elsewhere ; and he will
perhaps conclude that a select representative group of the
three or four epochs above indicated is sufficient to satisfy
ordinary curiosity and enthusiasm.
The debasement of the coinage and scarcity of specie in
the higher values were sensibly felt both before and after the
revolutionary era, and the Swiss admitted, within living
memory, the French louis d'or and the Napoleon in the absence
of an adequate local supply, and indeed continue to take the
20 and 5 franc pieces of the Third Republic part passu with
their own new gold issues. The financial exigencies of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had the effect of reducing
the stock of old silver currency and checking the output of
1 A Descriptive Catalogue of Swiss Coins in the South Kensington Museum,
bequeathed by the Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend. Edited by R. S.
Poole. Royal 8vo, 1878. The student will find it useful to refer to Ed. Jenner,
Die Miinzen Der Schweiz, 8vo, Berne, 1879, where he will meet with many
examples and issues not in the other work.
350
The Coins of Europe
new ; and the countermarked ttcus of Louis XVI. for some
of the cantons demonstrate the course taken to meet the
dilemma. These pieces, of which an enormous number were
at that time in the country, were found in many instances of
deficient weight, and the cantons stamped, to pass current
for 39 or 40 batzen, only such as were found to bear the
test of the scales. They have become very uncommon,
plentiful as they must have at the outset been.
There is scarcely any European series more difficult to
procure on an extensive scale or with an aim at complete-
ness even within definite limits ; and the catalogue of
rarities alone1 would be a long one. One might take
Zurich separately, or any other leading centre of production,
and exhaust his patience and resources in gathering together
the numismatic treasures of the best period — the middle of
the sixteenth century, where, from 1554 to 1561, the most
interesting thalers appeared. But even down to a later date
the large silver pieces, including those of Zurich and Basle,
with views of the cities, are well executed, and will bear
comparison with the contemporary work of other European
states ; and the same may be said of the gold. It is in the
billon money, which constitutes so heavy a percentage of the
whole, that the series fails.
Of the Counts of Greierz or Gruyere, to whom the right
of coinage was conceded by the Emperor Wenceslas II. in
1396, no numismatic evidences appear to be forthcoming
1 Compare Catalogues of Mints and Denominations, passim.
Descriptive O^ltline of the Coinages of Europe 351
except a billon sol of 1552, of which there is a pattern in
gold (Townshend Collection, p. 632), of Michael, Count and
Prince of Gruyere from 1539 to 1554. This piece reads
Mychael • Prin • Et • Co : Grver •
It may be mentioned that the canton and city of
Miihlhausen, although received into the Swiss Union in
1 5 15, and a free city since 1422, is not known to have
struck money otherwise than between 1622 and 1625, in
pursuance of the contract with two moneyers, Weitnauer
and Falkner, who engaged to observe the Basle standard.
The Townshend collection has only two examples of the
mint: a gulden and double gulden of 1623, both with
Monet a • Nova • Milhvsina •
The names of many of the mint-masters and engravers
have been preserved, and may be seen in Mr. Poole's Catalogue.
The rarities in the series are numerous, and setting aside the
Chur episcopal denier of Heinrich von Arbon (1180-93),
the gold dicken of Berne, 1492, the St. Gallen plappart of
1424, the so-called ecu d'or sol of Geneva about 1550, and
a few other nuggets, we may perhaps not be far from the
truth in affirming that the early money generally, but
especially the gold, and the whole coinage down to the last
century in a high state of preservation, offer almost insur-
mountable difficulties to collectors. In the Townshend cabinet
a large percentage is in indifferent condition, and there are
innumerable lacuna. The collection is not only deficient in
many rarities, but in ordinary pieces of the earlier part of
the present century.
We must not overlook a scarce 24-kreutzer piece struck
for the ephemeral canton of Sarine and Broye, formed out of
Fribourg in February 1789, and reunited to it, 3Oth May in
the same year.
35 2 The Coins of Europe
IV. POLAND
The Poles, like the Russians, probably employed skins
in commerce as media of exchange. But in some instances
at least, so far as we know, they were accustomed to use only
the scalp of the animal (pelliculum de capitibus). The metallic
currency begins with the tenth century, and continues in the
form of esterlings or denarii of good silver, of which occasional
trouvailles occur, down to the period of the union of Poland
and Livonia under the house of Jagellon. The strong
Jewish and Arab elements in the early political and social
constitution of Eastern Europe account for the presence
of Hebrew and Arabic inscriptions on certain bracteates
and other pieces belonging to this region, and presumably
struck or made current for the convenience and use of early
Oriental traders frequenting the towns and the periodical
fairs. They appear to be of the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, and one bears on the opposite sides the names of
a caliph of Bagdad and of one of the German emperors
called Henry — probably Henry VI. This circumstance
encourages the suspicion that it was a species of convention-
money.
No appreciable progress is discernible in the coinage
prior to the reign of Sigismund I. (i 5O6-48),1 when the fabric
and character underwent an abrupt reform, and the power
and prosperity of the country, owing to a more stable govern-
ment and the growth of the internal and Baltic commerce,
began to reflect themselves in a monetary series, which
reached its climax under Sigismund III. (1588-1632), but
betrayed no symptoms of decline till the close of the seven-
teenth century and the death of John III., Sobieski (1697).
The strength of the entire Polish currency centres round
Sigismund III., however, whose moneyers at Riga and
Dantzic, throughout the earlier portion of his protracted
1 The name of John of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia (1309-46), does not
occur in the lists of the sovereigns of Poland, yet on his coinage he claims to be
Rex. Boe. Et. Pol.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 353
reign, produced a succession of admirable silver and gold
types, which supplied models to neighbouring states.
It was in 1507, almost exactly at the commencement of
the previous reign, that dates were first inserted ; and the
practice was strictly followed in conjunction with a second
equally important and still more unusual, the mark of value.
The year and date appealed even to a not very highly
educated community.
The thaler of 30 groschen or marques had been intro-
duced in 1564 by Sigismund II. for Livonia, and was
continued by Stephen Bathori and the other independent
kings down to the close of the autonomy, when the Russian
poltina and rouble replaced it. There is a poltina of
the Czar Alexander I., 1814. Of the money of the grand-
duchy of Warsaw and the revolutionary movement of 1831
we speak elsewhere.
Henri, Due d'Anjou, elected king in 1573, and called to
the throne of France in the following year, is not known to
have had any distinct Polish coinage ; but down to the last
his own money describes him as ruling over both kingdoms;
and his gold ecus are among the earliest pieces in that metal
associated with Poland. There is a gold ducat of Sigismund
II. (1557) struck at Dantzic, with his crowned bust, and
others of variant types of Stephen Bathori, 1580, 1584,
1586; and we have the double and triple ducat with the
names of Lladislas (1632-48), John Casimir (1648-68), and
Michael Koribut (1668-74). John III., Sobieski (1674-97),
had the ducat of which we engrave the issue for 1677, and
doubtless the multiples which we have not seen ; and the
series extended to 1791, when the end was very near, and
the coinage was transferred to Leipsic.
This grand-duchy may be regarded as the source of the
first aggrandisement of Poland through the marriage of the
house of Jagellon or Jagiello to the heiress of the
LiLhivoniL°r Polish throne. The armed horseman on the
Russian money, eventually developed into St.
George and the Dragon, was of Livonian origin, and occurs
on the Polish coinage for that province under Alexander I.
2 A
POLISH COINS, i6TH-i8TH C.
Sigismund II.: 3 groschen, 1536.
Sigismund III.: 6 groschen, 1596.
John III. Sobieski : gold ducat, 1677.
Stanislas II., last King of Poland : thaler, 1766.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 355
(1501-6), and on later pieces, including an exceedingly
rare copper solidus of 1568 — by far the earliest production
in that metal yet noticed. The little piece is as it was
struck, before it was cut from the sheet of copper by some
negligent or defective process, which mutilated two transfers
from the die.
Livonia was the monetary seat of the Grand Masters of
the Fraternity of St. Mary, who struck gold and silver coins
during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries till the
Livonia. Order merged in the person of Gothard Ketler in
Duchy of 11563 in the duchy of Courland, of which the
Courland. , ~ .
original currency was on the Polish model, but
suffered modifying influences from successive political changes
down to 1795. The Archbishop of Riga, the Bishop of
Dorbat, Magnus, Duke of Holstein, and some of the Kings
of Sweden, used the mints at Riga, Hapsal, Arensburg, and
Narva, in this district or in Esthonia.
Some account of this temporary State from 1815, when
it was created by the Treaty of Vienna, to November 1846,
Republic of when it was annexed to Austria, will be found in
Cracow, the Catalogue of Mints.
The title of Duke of Prussia was assumed by the Kings
of Poland from Sigismund I., who on a 3 groschen of 1536
styles himself Do • To • Prussi •, and by the Mar-
East Prussia. _ .
graves of Brandenburgh subsequently to the
seizure by Brandenburgh of the possessions of the Teutonic
Order. Poland had at one time exercised at least a nominal
sovereignty over the whole of this margraviat, and her kings,
down to the end of the seventeenth century, are termed on
their coinage Grand Dukes of Livonia, Prussia, and Russia.
John Casimir claims, in addition, to be King of Sweden, by
which we may, perhaps, understand Swedish Pomerania.
Frederic Augustus I. and II. term themselves simply Rex
Pol. or Poloniarum ; but the native princes, although they
eventually relinquished their titular pretensions over Prussia
and Russia, always adhered to Livonia — the ancient home
of the Jagellons. Even after the annexation to Branden-
burgh, about 1525, East Prussia was long held as a fief of
356 The Coins of Europe
Poland, and the Elector was not recognised as an independent
sovereign till 1657. The death of John Sobieski in 1697
and the creation of the Prussian monarchy in 1701 were
two almost concurrent incidents, which combined, with the
internal discord fomented by Sweden and Russia, to accom-
plish the ruin of a political system and a national greatness
built up by the Jagellon dynasty, and sustained by two
or three of the elected rulers ; and during the whole of the
eighteenth century the Polish coinage shared the fortune of
the Crown, and was mainly of Saxon origin.
From the point of view of a collector, the series under
consideration presents numerous features of interest and
attraction. Contenting himself with a moderate selection of
the more ancient pieces struck for Poland or Livonia, his
attention is apt to be arrested when he arrives at the
sixteenth century by the good work on the money of
Sigismund I., II., and III., by the thalers commencing with
1560 or thereabout, and running to the reign of Stanislas
II., Poniatowski (1764-95) ; those of Sigismund III. and his
immediate successors are seldom procurable in fine state,
and the thalers of Sobieski and Frederic Christian, 1763,
are rare. The early issue of the last king, 1766, powerfully
and impressively contrasts with the later of 1788, where the
cast of expression seems to foreshadow the imminent
catastrophe. The gold and early copper are equally un-
common, and among the former the ducats and their
multiples are particularly desirable. The three-ducat piece
of John Casimir (1648-68), with a view of Dantzic on
reverse and a life-like portrait on obverse, is executed with
care, delicacy, and skill. A double one of Michael Korybut
(1669-74) reads Rex Polo. M. D. L. Rvs. Pr. and Ex Avro
Solido Civit. Thorvnensis Fieri Fee. Nor should it be for-
gotten that the franc d' argent, e'en, d'or, and other currency of
Henry III. of France are necessary adjuncts. In England
the acquaintance with the numismatic history of the Poles,
before the sale of the Albert Collection, was of the most vague
and limited nature.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 357
V. RUSSIA
The earliest introduction to our knowledge of Russian
monetary economy brings us into contact with a system of
barter, under which whole skins of squirrels, martins, and
other fur-bearing animals, with the claws and teeth intact,
were admitted as equivalents for a metallic medium. A
modification of this primitive and inconvenient policy at a
subsequent date lay in the use of strips of the leather so
obtained, stamped with certain characters ; and the same
material also assumed the circular form. But the denga,
which preceded the kope'ika as the Russian unit, may per-
haps furnish us with some justification for the surmise that
the prevalent shape of the second period of skin-money was
similar to the small, irregular oblong which we find current
from the time of Ivan the Terrible down to the general
reform of the coinage in the latter part of the reign of Peter
the Great (1707-17).
The most ancient metallic coinage of Russia or Muscovy
was of two distinct classes : I. The currency of the grand-
duchy of Kief or Kiev, bearing various Christian symbols,
but copied as to fabric and character from Byzantine pro-
totypes ; 2. The tribute-money exacted on repeated occasions
by the Crim Tartars, and carrying on its face an inscription
or token (tamghd) significant of its purpose and origin.1 The
latter scarcely fall within the category of currency, as there
is little doubt that the value struck merely represented the
amount of this levy enforced by the invader ; and the probably
limited production at Kiev of Gra^co- Muscovite pieces in
silver and gold, not unlike those in the Bulgarian and
Servian mediaeval series, and of the succession of deugai,
must have continued down to the seventeenth century to
answer all demands outside those met by exchange. In
1852 a find occurred at Nejine of an assortment of silver
1 See what is said below of a similar token on the Genoese colonial coinage
at Caffa in" the Crimea, and its apparent identity with the so-termed portal or
chatel on the French gros tournois.
358 The Coins of Europe
pieces answering to the references in the Russian annals in
1115 and 1257. They represent the duke seated and
crowned, holding in his right hand a long Latin cross ; the
reverse exhibits a kind of trident ; and the legends are in
incorrect Slavonic characters.
There is the possibility that the money paid to Tartar in-
vaders by way of tribute or ransom may have also served for
commercial objects in the same manner as in Poland. It
is certain that from having at the outset Arabic or Mongolian
inscriptions on either side, the obverse was in course of time
reserved for the titles of the grand -duke of Moscow or
Russia, as the ruler of the country was successively designated ;
and under Ivan III., Vasilievitch (1462-1 505), the foreign
element finally disappeared. It was this prince to whom
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary sent, about 1483, some of his
own workmen with a view to an improved coinage ; but a
pattern gold ducat of Hungarian type is all that is known to
have arisen from the experiment ; and it appears that, when
the Czar desired in those days to distribute pecuniary gifts,
he procured specie from his more advanced continental
neighbours.
The accession of the house of Romanoff in 1613 accom-
plished nothing in a numismatic respect. We find Ivan
Alexievitch (1682-89) ordering a special gold ducat with
his own portrait and those of his brother Peter (afterward
czar) and his sister Sophia (afterward regent). But the
earliest symptom of a movement forward presents itself in
certain roubles and half roubles of Peter the Great and his
immediate predecessor, of rather poor fabric and work, struck
prior to his tour and stay in Western Europe ; and that
remarkable episode contributed to stimulate progress to some
extent. Yet down to 1 704 the archaic denga still survived,
and it does not seem to have been till about 1711 that an
improved type in copper under the name of kope'ika appeared.
As denga signified a token, the new denomination implied
a lance, in reference to the armed horseman copied from the
currency of Lithuania. The kope'ika was accompanied by a
denga, forming the moiety. . In 1707, Peter had ordered
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 359
at the Moscow mint a pattern rouble of an entirely new
design and module, with the date in Arabic numerals, a plain
edge, and the value expressed ; and it is curious that Charles
XII. of Sweden issued a daler the same year of very
superior style. Which was the anterior we do not learn ;
but of the Russian experiment no immediate fruit came.
We have to wait till 1717 for a revival of the feeling, when
a rouble of somewhat larger module, with the date as well as
the legend in Russian characters, was published. The
climax was reached in 1723, to which belongs the issue of
a rouble of smaller dimensions with the date in Arabic
numerals, the Czar's initials in the angles of a cross (substi-
tuted for the double-headed eagle of 1 707 and 1717), and an
inscribed edge ; this was accompanied by that of pieces in
gold of three and six roubles, having on obverse the portrait
and on reverse the altogether novel St. Andrew type.
Already Peter had struck a curious gold coin, if not a
medalet, in remembrance of his father and mother, and we
have spoken of two other cases where gold was employed ;
but the grand-dukes of Kiev appear to have had none, that
which has been offered as such being more than question-
able ; and the coinage of 1723 may perhaps be viewed as
the earliest regular currency in that metal. From the
numerous very interesting patterns which have come down to
us, and a few of which we reproduce, it is evident that the Czar
meditated a farther development of his monetary system,
which was now on an immeasurably better and more honour-
able footing ; and his example furnished a precedent and
beginning which, as in other matters, his successors did not
neglect to utilise. The coinage of 1723 was the model with
certain variations and improvements for several subsequent
reigns. All the money emanated till 1724 from one of the
mints at Moscow, which had replaced Kiev, Novgorod, and the
other ancient seats of coinage, and was in its turn largely
superseded by St. Petersburgh. Later czars or emperors did
their part toward the achievement of the aim which the
real founder of their monarchy had had in his mind, and
Catherine I., Peter II., and Catherine II. more especially,
COINS OF PETER THE GREAT, 1707-24.
Pattern rouble of 1707.
if
Denga, 1704 (ancient type).
If 0
' '.!']/,) J '.
Kopeck, 1711.
at* Y
,."• x^^
\
'
/>x 'a ' LJ
^
Pattern 5 kopecks, 1723.
Gold 3-rouble piece, 1723.
Pattern kopeck, 1724.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 361
introduced fresh types or improvements of the old. Of
Peter's widow we possess the remarkable specimens of 1726
in copper and a grosch of 1727 in the same metal ; of Peter
II. a pattern kopeck of 1731 on an unusually thick flan ; of
Anne and John or Ivan III. (1740-41) several copper essays;
of Catherine II. an imperial and double imperial in gold ; of
the rulers from 1758 to 1809 a very handsome series of
5 -kopeck pieces in copper; and of Nicholas, 3, 6, and 12
roubles in platinum, ranging between 1828 and 1832.
From Peter the Great to the present time the Russians
have bestowed much care on their copper issues, and each
prolonged reign has been productive of repeated and varied
coinages, which are uniformly wrell engraved and well struck.
The Czar Alexander I. (1801-25), after testing their
capacity by a coinage of roubles and half roubles, ordered
of Boulton of Birmingham a complete set of presses on the
English principle for the St. Petersburgh mint.
The portraits on the silver and copper cease after
Catherine II., and Alexander I. placed his bust only on the
half imperial of 1801 and I 8 1 7, struck for Poland. It is
usually believed that the Emperor Paul, the son of Catherine,
was led to suppress this feature by his own unprepossessing
personal appearance ; but the idea of sanctity associated with
the office of the sovereign may have formed an inducement
to take a course so opposed to Western policy.
In our Catalogue of Mints numerous entries will shew
that the Russians, content at first with Kiev and Novgorod,
then with Moscow, where there were four mints, and Mojaisk
(the latter after 1457), and eventually with Moscow and
St. Petersburgh, gradually instituted many other places of
production ; and the Czars of Georgia certainly, and doubt-
less the numerous feudal chiefs within Russia itself, had
separate monetary systems, of which we are not likely to
gain very accurate particulars. The government has at
various times struck special money for Poland, Finland,
Livonia and Esthonia, Moldavia and Wallachia, Georgia
and Siberia. Of all of these an account is supplied else-
where.
362 The Coins of Europe
The titles on the coinage have naturally undergone
periodical modification consonant with the change of feeling
or circumstances. On the Kiev money of the tenth century
we encounter such antique forms as Vladimir, and this is his
money, or Vladimir on tJie throne, and this is his silver. A ruler
of the eleventh century, Swiatoslav Jaroslavitch (1073-78),
puts Money of Sviatoslaf. This was, as usual, for mutual
identification, and continued with variations down to the
time of the Romanoff dynasty, when a prince of that house,
Alexis Mikhailovitch (1645-76), styles himself great prince
of all the Great, Little, and White Russias. The Czarina
Anne on some pattern coins of 1740 claims to be Autocrat
of all the Russias. But from the death of Catherine II. the
legends become very laconic and succinct.
There are, beyond doubt, many rarities in the Russian
series with which we are still very imperfectly conversant.
Any early gold, the products of the parent-mints at Kiev
and Novgorod, the first type of the rouble and its half in
fine state, the patterns which we engrave and others which
we name, the rouble of Peter the Great, 1725, the double
imperial of Catherine II., 1767, the half roubles of Ivan III.
and Peter III., the half imperial of 1801, and the 12 roubles
in platinum of 1832, may be recommended to particular
notice.
VI. THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES
The two provinces of Bogdana or Moldavia and Wall-
achia, originally separate states under their own waiwodes,
Moldavia an<^ subsequently united with a varying measure
and of dependence or vassalage toward Poland,
Turkey, or Russia, were finally emancipated from
Turkish control in I 867, when Charles of Hohen-
zollern was elected the first Hospodar. Roumania became a
kingdom in 1881.
The independent coinage of Bogdana goes back to the
fourteenth century and to the reign of Bogdan I. (1350-66),
RUSSIAN COINS (CHIEFLY PATTERNS), 1726-40.
Catherine I.: coronation grievinik or lo-kopeck piece, 1726. Copper
Pattern kopeck of Peter II.
1730.
Copper uniface rouble of 1726.
Catherine I.: pattern uniface
kopeck, 1726.
Anne : grievinik, 1733.
Anne : pattern 2 kopecks, 1740.
364 The Coins of Europe
and chiefly consists of small silver pieces, many of which bear
the mystical bull's head surrounded by a rose, a star, and a
crescent, the reverses exhibiting heraldic devices. The name
of the sovereign usually occurs : Bogd. Waiwo., Petri. Wai-
wodi., Alexandri. ; and one prince describes himself in the
sixteenth century as Father of Moldavia. The legends are
sometimes partly in Greek characters. There appear to be
no coins posterior to 1666.
The money of Wallachia (i 360-1799), while it remained
a separate government of the same complexion as that of
Moldavia, is of a more varied and ambitious character, and
offers the common German and Low Country type of an
eagle surmounting a helmet ; but some of the later rulers
placed on the coins their bust draped in the kolpak. Pieces
of ten ducats in gold were struck for special purposes and
occasions.
Considering that Moldavia and Wallachia exercised
monetary rights during so many centuries, it is surprising
that specimens should so sparingly occur. The Russian
currency for the two provinces in the time of Catherine II.
(1771-74) limited itself to pieces of I, 2, and 5 para with
the values in Greek and Russian.
The modern kingdom of Roumania, comprehending
nearly the whole of this region, has possessed since I 867 a
coinage in all metals: in copper, i, 2, 5, and 10 bani;* in
silver, ^ and i leu, and 2 and 5 lei ; and in gold, 5, 10, and
20 lei. The leu is = a franc, and seems to be the same
word as livre or lira; 100 bani are = i leu. The bano is
presumably referrible to the titular appellation given to the
sovereigns of Bosnia.
From the eleventh century we have Bulgarian silver and
gold money of different kinds, including siege-pieces connected
with the struggles against the Greeks. But the
Bulgaria. ... _ , „,
most usual types are of the reign of Asan I. (II 86-
96) and his successors after the establishment of autonomy, and
1 There have been at least three coinages : 1867, I, 2, 5, and 10 bani with
no legend but Romania; 1879-81, 2 and 5 bani with titles as Hospodar
(Domnid Romaniei) ; 1882-85, 2 an<^ 5 ^jan* w'tn titles as
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 365
reproduce in a barbarous and degraded style the Byzantine
patterns. The series extends to about 1395 ; and subse-
quently to that period and down to 1879-80, when the
existing principality was formed by the Treaty of Berlin,
Bulgaria constituted part of the Ottoman Empire. The
modern currency comprises : in copper or bronze, I, 2, 5, and
i o stothemke ; in silver, -|- leu, I leu, and 2 leua or leva ; in
gold, the 20 leva or Alexander. In 1880 and 1887 bronze
pieces of 10 canteim were struck as patterns.
Servia has from the seventh to the fourteenth or fifteenth
century undergone, in common with all this group of states
or communities bordering on powerful and rapa-
Servia?' ci°us neighbours, numerous and violent changes
of fortune and boundary. Numismatically the
Servians may be regarded as belonging to the same category
as Roumania, Bulgaria, and Bosnia, but under the inde-
pendent Schupans or Zupans the province which we are
considering produced a currency which in the fourteenth
century displayed, with an obvious servility to Byzantine,
Servia : denarius of Byzantine type of Stephen VII., 1.336-56.
Hungarian, and Venetian prototypes, far greater care and
skill in the execution than those of Bulgarian origin. One
of the most remarkable specimens, from the celebrated
Montenuovo cabinet, is of concave fabric. There are a
few pieces outside the regal currency corresponding to the
seigniorial coinages of Western Europe, and struck between
1386 and 1452 by various personages in right of their
feudal tenures in Montenegro and elsewhere. Some of the
inscriptions are in Greek characters ; and it may be suspected
that in one or two instances the source of the coin is political,
and was the act of a competitor for the crown.
In regard to the question of early Servian gold, of which
366 The Coins of Europe
the reality has been impugned, it appears that the laws of
Stephen VII. Duschan mention under 1349 the perpero
carrevo in that metal as an existing denomination, and that
the double-headed eagle on certain zlatica or aurei of that
prince (or emperor, as he styles himself) is common to his
seal. The pieces hitherto recovered belong to the period
between 1275 and 1389. Looking at the evident import-
ance and prosperity which the kingdom acquired under
some of its early rulers, and the analogous practice of neigh-
bouring states, there is no prima facie improbability in the
hypothesis that Servia struck gold, and that the modern
trouvaille is genuine.
Servia retained its independence till 1459, when it fell
into the hands of the Turks ; but it became an autonomous
principality in 1804 and a kingdom in 1882. Since the
Treaty of Berlin there has been a separate currency : in
bronze, 10, 5, 2, and I para; in silver, 50 para, I, 2, and 5
dinar a ; and in gold, 10 and 20 dinara. The par is
approximately = i centime, and the dinar = I franc; 100
para= I dinar.
The most ancient money with the name of Bosnia, or
connected with it as a self-governing district, describes the
ruler as a Ban; a piece of Stephen I. (1272-00)
' Bosnia.
reads Stefan. Banvs, but the later coinage bears
the word Rex. The types are borrowed from Servia,
Aquileia, etc., and in common with the entire body of
Danubian money are unexceptionally Christian. The
territory, of which the confines were never very sharply
defined, was claimed, if not governed, at successive epochs
by Servia- and Hungary; in 1463 it became a Turkish
province, and it is at present an Austrian one, notwithstand-
ing repeated efforts to shake off a foreign yoke.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eziro&e 367
VII. THE LATIN EMPIRE OF THE CRUSADERS
An interesting and extensive body of coins in gold,
silver, and copper, but principally in the lower metal, owes
its origin and existence to the Fourth Crusade, when the
decadent empire of the East was finally destroyed in 1204
by the fall of Constantinople after a protracted siege and
the partition of the entire Greek territory and the Holy
Land among the Venetian and other sharers of the spoils
of war. Only a certain proportion of this immense
dominion lay within the European continent ; and, again, of
some of the states which arose under these circumstances
no numismatic memorials have been hitherto identified.
The types employed were either those to which the new
ruler had been accustomed in his own country or such as
were generally acceptable and familiar ; the Byzantine and
Venetian coinages were largely copied.
By virtue of this arrangement Greece was parcelled out
among a crowd of adventurers ; and under the nominal
suzerainty of the Latin emperors of Constantinople we
find-
The Kings of Saloniki (Thessalonica), which comprehended Mace-
donia and part of Peloponnesus.
The Princes of Achaia and Despots (regult) of Romania, including
Corinth, Corfu, etc.
The Dukes of Athens (Attica and Eubcea).
The Barons of Patras, etc., in the Peloponnesus or Morea.
The Three Despots (tertiarit) of Negropont or Eubcea.
The Despots of Epirus and Phocaea.
The Dukes and other proprietary lords of the Archipelago.
The Seigneurs of Mitylene and parts of Thrace.
The Venetian, Genoese, and Neapolitan lords of the Ionian Isles,
etc.
The Greek dynasts of Rhodes.
And in addition to these there was the Venetian assumption
of sovereignty over three-fourths of the empire (including
the Asiatic portion) and the Genoese colonies at Pera and
Caffa.
368 The Coins of Europe
This political metamorphosis sometimes strikes the
student as having its melodramatic and sometimes, perhaps
oftener, its depressing side. To the trading communities,
such as Venice and Genoa, these acquisitions were attended
by checkered results, and were never consolidated in a
sufficient degree to withstand the pressure of a strong
aggressive force from without. But the majority of the
minor fiefs fell an easy prey to the Mohammedan conquerors,
while many disappeared long before by cession or otherwise.
The lion's share ultimately fell to Venice, and the Venetian
colonial currency arose from the politic desire to spread the
name of the republic, and supersede other currencies,
wherever her empire extended ; and the absence of any
coinage, which can be confidently ascribed to the Latin
emperors, has been explained by the supposed use of
Venetian specie. The bailo or consul-general of the
republic at Constantinople was long indeed the actual
sovereign and a sort of lieutenant or vicar of the Doge ;
and a second important official was the bailo of Negropont.
Apart from those localities, where the Government itself
enjoyed direct jurisdiction, the noble houses of Cornaro,
Sanudo, Quirini, Grimani, Barozzi, and Michieli occupied
fiefs under Venetian protection.
The numismatic lessons to be learned from this great
historical incident and epoch are certainly not very im-
portant. The rolls of the numerous lines, which enjoyed
for a longer or shorter term the fruits of conquest, include
many distinguished names of statesmen, warriors, and men
of cultivated tastes — Boniface, Marquis of Monteferrato,
Charles of Anjou, Geoffrey de Villehardouin the historian,
Gui de Lusignan, and Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus.
But the majority of the host, which took the capital and
participated in the plunder, were warlike freebooters, of
whom a few have transmitted their names to us on coins or
in chronicles of the age, each elucidating the other. At the
same time two or three points of a curious character present
themselves to our observation and criticism. The Genoese
settlement at Caffa (Theodosia) in the Crimea found itself
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E^l,rope 369
subject to the payment of a tribute to the Tartars of
Kaptchak, and the money of the colony bears on the reverse
the tamga or cypher of the khans, in the same manner as
that of the earlier Dukes of Muscovy ; and it is this token
of vassalage which was copied on the gros tournois of
Louis IX., and has the appearance there of a portal or
an exaggerated Gothic M. On a coin of the barony of
Karytaena, struck by Helena Angelos, Dowager-Duchess of
Athens, heiress to one of the moieties, we discern the
unusual words S'F, standing for semi-feudi. In 1205
Boniface of Monteferrato apportioned Eubcea among three
of his captains, of whom one, Geoffrey de Villehardouin,
published a coin with the numerals III. on the reverse for
tertiarius. In 1346 Chio, taken from the Latins by a
Byzantine expedition, was recovered by one equipped by
Genoa at the charge of a local association or gild known
as the MaJione ; and the latter eventually became feoffees of
the Genoese, who surrendered the island, subject to an
annual tribute, in 1528. There is a series of coins emanat-
ing from this union, with the common Conradus legend, and
of various types ; and they seem to have outlived the
Turkish subjugation of Chio in 1566, just as those of the
Genoese colony at Pera did the fall of Constantinople into
the hands of Mahomet II., more than a century prior. As
far back as 1362 twelve members of the society had con-
stituted themselves into a syndicate to reconnoitre Chio and
Phocaea, doubtless for commercial purposes, and for judging
the capabilities for development.
VIII. KINGDOM OF GREECE
The numismatic history of this region, including the
Ionian Isles, is intimately associated with Great Britain.
The Islands themselves, after successive occupation by the
2 B
370 The Coins of Europe
Neapolitans, Venetians, Russians, Turks, French, were taken
by Great Britain in 1809, and finally annexed to Greece in
1862-64. The Greek kingdom had been formed in 1832 as
the climax of a long and anxious struggle, in which Count
Capo d'Istria, Byron, and the British Government were the
best friends to the cause of freedom. The battle of Navarino
contributed in 1829 to strengthen the hands of the re-
awakening nation. Within the period of their protectorate
( 1 809-64) the British struck in copper for the Islands pieces
of i, 2, 5, and 10 lepta, and a 30 lepta in silver. The last
coinage was in 1862 ; it had apparently commenced in 1819.
The uniform type was : obverse, the winged and radiated lion
of St. Mark, holding in its claw a sheaf of arrows enclosed
in a band on which appears a Greek cross, and the legend
lonikon Kraton, 1819; reverse, figure of Britannia, etc., as
on the ordinary English money of the time. The 30 lepta
is dated 1834, and formed the prototype as to the reverse of
the English groat of 1836. The series was engraved by
Wyon.
Between 1828 and 1831 the republic, to which Byron
had lent his last years, but which he did not live to see
established, struck pieces of I, 5, 10, and 20 lepta and a
pJienix in silver of I oo lepta. The type of all these coins
is the fabulous bird, figurative of the reviving nationality,
rising out of its own ashes under the influence of a ray or
beam of light descending from above ; a Greek cross sur-
mounts the head ;• and the legend is Ellenikc Politeia, The
reverse bears the value enclosed in a wreath, the date below,
and the inscription reading Kubernetes I. A. Kapodaistrias.
At the foot of the obverse occurs the m.m. aco^a.
Of the kingdom the first coinage was in 1833. There
had been apparently an intention, judging from extant
patterns, to employ the mint at Munich for the purpose ; but
the order was eventually given to Paris. This issue varies
in module from its successors, in being smaller with a
gnurled edge, and in making no mention of the name of the
sovereign, since the legend is simply Basileia tes Ellenos ; it
is altogether preferable in style to the money struck under
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 371
George I. which is of the most commonplace and unattract-
ive description.
The existing currency includes the silver drachma, its
multiples in gold and divisions in its own metal, and the i,
2, 5, and 10 lepta in bronze. The 5 and 10 lepta pieces
are known as the obolos and diobolos. The drachma is =
IOO lepta.
IX. TURKEY IN EUROPE
We merely refer to this division of our subject in order
to point out that the currency of the government of the
Sultan belongs by its origin and costume to Asia rather
than to Europe. But in certain respects it exerted an
influence over those of the provinces which at one time
formed part of the Ottoman Empire, and in emancipating
themselves did not wholly lose sight of their former associa-
tions. The coinage of Servia at the present moment follows
in name that of Turkey, where the prevailing unit is the par
and its multiples of 5, 10, 20, and 40.
X. THE NORTHERN KINGDOMS
The coinage of Denmark, which is very obscure and
involved for several reasons, seems susceptible of a classi-
fication into four leading periods : I, the early
Anglo-Danish and Dano-Teutonic coinage, much
of which partakes of an ecclesiastical character and tone
in consequence of the heads of the Church having been
customarily associated with the sovereign on the money ; 2,
the irregular and debased money in circulation during the
civil wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth century ; 3, the
commencement of a clearer chronological order and of a
372 The Coins of Eiirope
graduated currency under Eric of Pomerania (1396-1440) ;
and 4, the ultimate concentration of the kingdom by the
successive loss of Norway, Lauenburg, and Schleswig-Holstein
between 1814 and 1864.
The alliances of the Danes with German houses and
consequent gain of territory outside their true boundaries,
culminating in their share in the Thirty Years' War, where
their king, Christian IV. (i 588-1648), was a prominent actor,
may be judged to have permanently crippled their power at
home, as it brought with it disaster and disgrace in the field.
We are not immediately concerned with these political
questions beyond the influential bearing which they had on
the monetary production of the kingdom ; and it is certainly
worth notice that a considerable portion of the Danish coin-
age from the ninth or tenth century carries the impress of
that irresistible impulse to seek places of settlement or
objects of conquest at a distance, \vhich distinguished the
Swedes from the epoch when adventurers from that in-
hospitable region enrolled themselves in the Varangian guard
at Constantinople, to the days of the wild exploits and
ruinous policy of Charles XII. (1697-1718).
We have to recognise in the Danish numismatic records
two powerful factors then : i, a chronic tendency to
aggression or conquest ; 2, a lengthened experience of in-
ternal disunion (1232-1376), followed by the revolt of the
Swedish house of Vasa against Christian II. The former
accounts for a wide variety of coins, of which the country of
origin, in the case of the pennies of Canute I. of Denmark
and Northumbria, is sometimes disputed ; while the civil
commotions from the reign of Eric Ploupennig to that of
Valdemar IV. naturally gave rise to a multifarious and
obscure currency of base alloy, of which new examples are
from time to time brought to light. Students and critics
have probably no richer field for speculation than this, as, in
common with the Swedish and Norwegian, Danish soil
formed the common ground during generations for the
money of so many nationalities, with which the inhabitants
were interconnected, as well as for a century's yield of all
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 373
sorts of provisional and temporary mediums, of which the
exact history is wanting.
Contemplating the Danish series with the eyes of a
collector, rather perhaps than with those of an archaeologist,
attention is instinctively drawn to certain salient features of
interest and curiosity. We perceive the presumedly English
element in the coinages of the Anglo-Danish monarchs, and
we cannot fail to appreciate the style and taste of those of
the rulers of Denmark alone, particularly the silver denarii
of small module, but excellent workmanship of Magnus and
Sweyn II. (1042-75) which retain their English feeling, and
the large assortment of bracteates figured in the folio work
published at Copenhagen in 1791-94. Even at this early
epoch Denmark was beginning to turn its attention toward
north-eastern Germany, and to aggrandise itself at home ;
between 1389 and 1397, Margaret, daughter and heiress of
Valdemar IV., Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden,
brought to Eric of Pommern or Pomerania those three
crowns. " The Semiramis of the North," as Margaret has
been termed, is a landmark in these times.
Fresh troubles arose by reason of frequent changes in'
the dynasty and succession: from 1440 to 1481 we find
princes of Bavaria and Oldenburg on the throne. In
1533 an interregnum is terminated by the choice of
Frederic I. of Schleswig-Holstein (1534-59). Not long
after, we come to the names of Christian IV., who spent
many years of a long reign (1588-1648) either in foreign
warfare or in exile, and of Frederic III. (1648-70), when
Sweden invaded the kingdom and even laid siege to Copen-
hagen. From 1730 to 1746 there was an interval for the
first time of peace and prosperity, which preceded an almost
uninterrupted course downward to 1864, when Denmark had
374 The Coins of Europe
parted with Schleswig-Holstein and nearly all her colonies.
This historical sketch may be sufficient to indicate to the
numismatist or amateur general lines for his guidance and
use. We must not conclude that the checkered career of
this unfortunate country was a bar or even hinderance to the
accumulation from century to century of valuable and in-
structive monuments of the class which we are studying.
On the contrary, excepting the space of time occupied by
the civil wars in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, we
have it in our power to bring together a highly interesting
assemblage of pieces in all metals and of innumerable types,
stretching chronologically from the Middle Ages to the pre-
sent date. We may specify, by way of example, the coins
of Margaret, above mentioned, and her husband Eric VII.
(1387-1440); the first money with armorial cognisances
under their successor Christopher III. of Bavaria (1440-48) ;
the interregnal currency (January to September 1448), with
Moncta Regni Danice, the earliest known dated piece under
John (1481-1513), reading loh's Dei. Gra. Rex Danor. Ivssit.
me fieri. An. 1496 ; the first thaler or daler of 1513 ; the
gold ducat and its divisions and multiples, especially the
Justus Judex type of Christian IV., 1646; and the double
one of Frederic III., 1658, with a ship on reverse dividing
the motto Tandem, possibly intended for the Danish East
Indies; the double thaler of Christian IV., 1624; and the
singular klipping of 1648, with a laureated bust of Frederic
III. on obverse, and the reverse exhibiting a vase of flowers,
on the exterior of which occurs the same motto, Tandem,
as accompanies the later piece just noted. A rigsdaler
species of Christian VIII., 1840, is remarkable for the
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 375
German type of the reverse — the two wild men as sup-
porters of the canopied escutcheon. The coinage for Norway
under Danish rule comprises many very fine specimens artist-
ically considered, but facile princeps the superb 6-mark piece
of Frederic IV., I 704, having on the reverse side the crowned
lion wielding in its claws an antique curved battle-axe, which
in the analogous issue under modern Swedish government
(i sp. of Oscar I., 1846) is reduced to normal dimensions, and
parts with its archaeological significance. This symbol had
been handed down from the autonomous Norwegian coinage
of the thirteenth century. The copper money of the seven-
teenth and eighteenth centuries is of good fabric and metal ;
and that for colonial circulation has the characteristic reverse
of a ship in full sail, somewhat similar to the Dutch analogous
coinage and to the supposed prototype of 1658. The con-
tinuous hostilities of the Danes against their neighbours, or
on German soil in the cause of Protestantism, or in defence
of dearly acquired dominions at a distance from home, placed
the country, as it has placed the numismatist of later times,
in possession of a tolerably large volume of money of neces-
sity for the payment and transport of troops, usually the
main or only sources of expenditure, when provisions and
shelter were obtained at the cost of the enemy ; nor were
cases unknown, as we are aware, in which an invading army
resorted to the most unscrupulous methods for levying even
the stipend of the soldiers from the districts through which
it passed. The earliest examples of this currency are placed
376 The Coins of Europe
by numismatists in the fifteenth century, and cover the whole
reign of Christian I., 1448-81. A second body of coinage
of the same character belongs to the time when the kingdom
revolted, in the person of Frederic I., against the despotism
of Christian II., 1531-35. During 1563-64 a consider-
able number of pieces in gold and silver were struck by
Frederick II. of Denmark in the contest against Eric
XIV. of Sweden : ducats, marks, and skillings. The next
in order of date was the coinage of Christian IV. in con-
nection with the Thirty Years' War and that in Holstein
against the Swedes, the whole extending over nearly twenty-
six years (1622-48) ; and the series concludes with the
obsidional or occasional money issued by Christian V.,
1674-79, m a second war with Sweden, and by Frederic
VI. from 1808 to I815,1 while the Continent was agitated
by the ambitious schemes of Napoleon I. It may, in
fact, be predicated of Denmark and Sweden that civil
discord, mutual jealousy, and a common passion for inter-
vening in European affairs, were the three agencies which,
coupled with the unpropitious climate, have tended not
merely to preclude their advance, but to favour a retrograde
movement.
Of the mints and denominations a fairly adequate account
has been already supplied. The krona and or are at present
the silver and copper units in succession to the skilling ;
and the current coinage is composed of 20 and 10 krona
in gold, i, 2, 10, 25, 40, and 50 krona in silver, and I, 2,
and 5 ore in bronze. A krona is = I oo ore. Christian V.
issued in 1878 pieces of 20, 10, and 5 cents in silver of
the ship type, and I cent in bronze, for St. Thomas's. The
former monetary basis, the skilling, underwent many vicissi-
tudes, and fluctuated in value according to circumstances.
The skilling of 1622 in silver is heavier than that in copper
of 1812; and one of 1771 is on a larger flan and of
superior weight to a piece of 1710 current for Tolf skilling
Danske, with the legend Dominus Mihi Adiutor, and below
the date the letters C.W.
1 Including the rigsbanktegns of Frederic VI., 1813-14, for 16 and 6 skillings.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 377
The restless and adventurous spirit of the Scandinavians,
proceeding in part from their climatic conditions and in part
from the facilities which their seaboard and nautical
skill afforded for marauding expeditions, was com-
mon to the Swedes and Norwegians, only in a more marked
degree perhaps than to Denmark. Sweden presents itself
to our notice from the earliest period of its known history
as the home of a people who were constantly thirsting for
subsistence or dominion outside their natural geographical
frontiers ; and in this respect they resembled the community
which we have just treated. It is true, to a great extent, of
Norway, that it never possessed a national pulse, just as it
has never yielded anything important in history, literature,
or art. But while Sweden enjoyed during a considerable
interval a large share of power and prosperity, its sources of
political progress and military success partook of a nature
which was bound in the result to be destructive. It was the
insatiable ambition to extend the kingdom westward by con-
quest or alliances which weakened the monarchy at its centre,
and when the fruits of hard-won victory had been lost for
ever, left Sweden weak and poor, with no other indemnity
than Norway, the price of its loyalty to the Allies, and no
other consolation than the memorials of former greatness
legible in painting, medal and armorial shield.
The numismatic remains in the Swedish series open with
the denarii of Olaf Skotkonung about the end of the tenth
century from the mint at Sigtuna; and probably the ex-
tensive succession and volume of bracteates represent the
prevailing currency over the whole of this and the surround-
ing regions down to the thirteenth century, when an im-
proved coinage with portraits and other types was introduced
under Valdemar (1250-75). The periodical character of
the money was affected by the changes which occurred in
the distribution of territory or the balance of political power.
The united kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are
indicated by three rivers or by three crowns. Probably
the parent mints were Stockholm, Lodose, Opsolo, and
Abo, which were reinforced by others after the incorporation
378 The Coins of Europe
of Denmark with Sweden by the Treaty of Calmar in I 397.
That event proved of unforeseen importance, as Danish pre-
ponderance led to a revolt ; and Sweden remained during a
lengthened period under the government of Administrators,
who exercised the right of independent coinage. One of
these, Karl Knutson Bonde, assumed the title of king
(1448-67), and placed on his money a boat, the cognisance
of his family, and the legend Karolvs Rex S' G'. Other
currency of this era merely bears the name of St. Eric. Steen
Sture the Younger, administrator, 1 5 12-20, styled himself
Stcen Stvre Ritter, and struck the first Swedish thaler.
In 1523 commenced the reign of the celebrated Vasa
dynasty and the absolute autonomy of Sweden ; and from
this date we have down to the present moment an uninter-
rupted body of money of irreproachable execution both in
silver and copper, as well as, on a more limited scale, in
gold. In the sixteenth century the noble double daler of
John III., said to have been a coronation-piece, 1568, stands
alone as a chef (Tceuvre ; and the singular copper mark,
1591, deserves to be signalised. We have mentioned the
daler struck to commemorate the battle of Leipsic (or rather
Breittenfeld), 1631, and there is also the sufficiently well-
known posthumous one of Gustavus Adolphus, 1632. The
money of his immediate predecessors and his own earlier
coinage are, with the exception of the Salvator type, very
scarce, especially in good preservation. Of Gustavus there
are the heavy copper ore and their divisions, which continued
down to the end of the century, when the still more incon-
venient and artificial dalers of Charles XII. made their
appearance. Of Christina, daughter of Gustavus, there was
also a fairly abundant coinage in silver with full -face and
profile portraits and her natural hair or a wig of elaborate
proportions. This distinguished woman, assisted by the
counsels and sagacious policy of Oxenstierna, and her suc-
cessors, Charles X. and XI., struck money for Pomerania
and Livonia ; but the Minister of Christina virtually ruled
in her name. Her coinage comprised the gold ducat and
the heavy copper or and its divisions. Charles XL also
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 379
employed the mint at Narva in Esthonia for a short series
of coins with Dominvs Protector Mevs and the name and
arms of the town. Gold seems always to have been spar-
ingly issued in Sweden. We cannot quote any specimens
anterior to Gustavus Adolphus and of the posthumous date
1632 ; the later sovereigns struck the ducat and double
ducat, with the \ and \. The earliest \ ducat belongs to
1692 — an indication of the frugal resort to this metal at a
time when the country was meditating the output of a
copper medium at variance with all modern laws of fitness
and convenience.
Of the monetary products of the calamitous yet romantic
reign of Charles XII. (1697-1718) the beautiful silver daler
Charles XII. daler, 1707.
of 1707 ranks as one of the most remarkable. But of course
all the pieces associated with him and his sister and suc-
cessor, Ulrica Eleonora, have their biographical or personal
as well as historical interest ; and the probably realistic
portrait on the money of Charles himself, especially on the
daler of 1707 and the gold ducat of 1714, hardly prepares
us for the history of his strange melodramatic career. A
tragical episode in the Swedish annals during the troubles
attendant on his defeat and death was the fate of the Baron
von Gorst, who not only issued a set of copper dalers with
various mythological emblems, under the months of the year,
inscribed on them, but added one with his own effigy, which
cost him his head. The latter type is rare.
SWEDISH COINS, i6TH-i9TH C.
John III.: coronation double daler, 1568
Frederic I.: i gold ducat, 1692.
John XIV. (Bernadotte) : J skilling, 1832.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 381
To this and the immediately ensuing reigns belong those
extraordinary numismatic phenomena, the ponderous dalers
and their multiples, which are to be regarded as weights for
the purchase of goods rather than as coins. They are not
of unfrequent occurrence, although cartloads have been
melted in Sweden, but fine specimens and the largest sizes
are difficult to procure. There are, when we approach
more recent days, numerous specimens worthy of attention,
and on personal grounds those connected with Bernadotte
(1818-44) have a special value. He issued two distinct
types, the broad and the thick fabric ; nearly all the pieces
bear his portrait.
By the monetary concordat of 1872, the three northern-
most states of Europe adopted an uniform system and basis
founded on the krona.
In the class of currency in which we find other parts of
Europe so rich — the feudal coinage — Sweden never seems
to have produced much. The duchies of Finland and
Sudermania and the town of Stralsund, of which we possess
silver and billon pieces with Sundenszs, almost exhaust the
list so far as Sweden proper is concerned. But there is a
thaler of Oxenstierna, 1633, with his name, titles, and arms.1
While Sweden remained a German as well as a Scandinavian
Power, some of the secular and ecclesiastical dignitaries re-
ceived or assumed the title of Princes of the Kingdom. Such
was the case, among others, with the Bishop of Breslau.
The siege-money or special currency for political emer-
gencies chiefly arose out of the military operations between
the Swedes and Danes, commencing \vith the establishment
of Swedish freedom under Gustavus Vasa in 1521-23. But
there is also a series of pieces struck by the Dukes of Fin-
land and Sudermania, while they were engaged in a revolt
against Eric XIV., and later issues (1589-1603) of the Duke
of Sudermania alone, in his contest for the crown, which he
assumed in 1604 as Charles IX. Both he and his successor
Gustavus Adolphus resorted to a large extent through their
reigns to an irregular monetary system, and down to 1771
1 Reinmann Catalogue, 1891-92, Part iii. , No. 9459.
382 The Coins of Europe
there are many striking and desirable examples. The
numismatists often overlook the klippe 4 mark of 1569 and
8 ore of 1591, both of which must be regarded as falling
within the present category.
There seems to be the twofold probability that an inter-
change and community of currency, of which the
footing, extent, and duration are alike uncertain,
existed during centuries between united Norway and Den-
mark and England on the one hand, and between the Nor-
wegians and their Scandinavian neighbours on the other ;
and, again, that the Norwegians themselves originally pos-
sessed no regular national coinage. Transactions were
conducted by a system of exchange and service. The
greatness and celebrity of the country lay in its piratical
achievements, so far as common report goes ; but it has to
be recollected that the term Northman was a loose generic
phrase which comprehended all the sea-roving class frequent-
ing coasts or trading routes in former days ; and even among
such men there were a few who displayed solid qualities, and
aspired to something higher than plunder. Alternately de-
pendent on Denmark and Sweden, Norway has been further
impeded by a bleak unproductive climate and short agri-
cultural seasons ; and its monetary annals are bound up
with one or other of those governments. The cross-
hammers on certain coins of Sweden denote their special
destination for the Norwegian province.
There is a very considerable difficulty in adjusting the
chronology of the autonomous coinage of Norway, since it
seems to be a generally accepted view that, down to the
commencement of the eleventh century at least, the same
money was common to Northumbria and this part of
Scandinavia which during a protracted term extended to
the Islands, while, on the other hand, a large portion of the
country fell at an early date under Danish control. The
coins which have been transmitted to us as those of Nor-
wegian monarchs may or may not have emanated from
sovereigns of the whole region : some of them are mute
o o
bracteates ; others simply read Conies or Rex without any
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 383
further attribution. Those of Cnut have Rex Anglorum ;
but two or three exhibit Rex Nar. or Nor., or Dvx Norwegie.
Of Magnus L, the Good (1035-46), who ruled in Denmark,
there is an unusually interesting denarius with the reverse
legend lule. me. Fecit. On the coinage of Magnus IV.,
about 1260, we first encounter the lion holding the axe or
hatchet in its claws. Of that of the archbishops of
Throndhjem or Nidaros we speak above. This monetary
system lasted till the sixteenth century and survived the
independent regal currency, which seems to have ceased on
the annexation of Norway to Denmark by the Pomeranian
dynasty about 1389.
XI. THE LOW COUNTRIES
1. BELGIUM
Although the geographical idea conveyed by this head-
ing may tend at first sight to misguide, it is not very easy
to substitute for it any other more appropriate, unless we
classify the region intended as the Southern Netherlands.
The numerous independent sovereignties coexistent during
a very lengthened period on this soil rendered the country
as different in its aspect, boundaries, political and social
conditions, and military relationships, from the present
kingdom of Belgium as England under the Heptarchy from
England under Queen Victoria. In the same manner as all
the divisions of the continent, which we survey in turn, the
Southern Netherlands, as we may term this extensive area,
comprehended at the time when their numismatic history
acquired and possessed the largest share of interest, as well
as the maximum amplitude, a group of contiguous states,
each of which enjoyed an autonomy limited only by the
suzerainty of the emperor for the time being or (in the case
of minor fiefs) by that of the superior lord.
384 The Coins of Europe
The General Introduction and Catalogues will have in-
troduced the ordinary reader to a knowledge of the some-
times even perplexingly intricate monetary systems which
prevailed throughout the Low Countries during and after the
Middle Ages, and which in the southern provinces were yet
farther involved by the Spanish and Austrian occupiers,
whose coinages ran parallel with those of the Flemings and
Hollanders and even with each other. The practice of
instituting agreements for the employment of a common
coinage by the parties to them was, as we abundantly shew,
carried out from the thirteenth century on a small scale and
with indifferent success ; and the currency formed a constant
and grave source of contention between bordering states
and between ruler and subject.
The Southern Netherlands in their full feudal develop-
ment embraced—
1. The duchy of Brabant (including part of the duchy of Lower
Lorraine and the county of Louvain).
2. The county of Namur.
3. The county of Loos.
4. The prince-bishopric of Liege.
5. The duchy of Limburg.
6. The seigneury of Reckheim.
7. The duchy of Luxemburgh.
8. The county of Flanders.
Taking these sections categorically, Brabant was formed
out of the ancient county of Louvain, portions of the duchy
Dukedom °^ Lower Lorraine, and the duchy of Limburg,
of Brabant, between the opening years of the eleventh and
215-1404. tke conciudjng quarter of the thirteenth century.
Each of these constituent elements had at the outset
possessed its own princes ; and some of the money, bearing
the names of the contemporary rulers of Lower Lorraine
and Louvain, may indicate the existence of a monetary
concordat between Godefroi III. of Brabant-Limburg and
Lambert I. of Louvain — a circumstance which is likely
enough, and offers an earlier example of the usage than is
commonly mentioned or known. The arrangement must
have been made between 1006 and 1015.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 385
The duchy of Brabant, comprising the actual provinces
of Brabant, Limburg, and Antwerp (with Mechlin or Malines),
is associated with a succession of numismatic productions
which, from the somewhat primitive Louvain germ, evolved
toward the fourteenth century, in the long reign of John III.
(i 3 1 2-5 5), into a currency of equal volume, variety, and
importance, which was maintained by his successors and by
the Dukes of Burgundy after 1404. In the course of less
than a century the progress of commerce and the growth
of the towns had created a demand for a larger and more
diversified metallic medium ; and the numismatic nomen-
clature became rather complex. The monotony of the
denarius or esterlin was broken by the introduction, in the
last quarter of the thirteenth century, of the groot of various
types, including the tournois and the rijder or cavalier ; but
the first powerful impulse was given in the fourteenth
century, when John III. adopted the best foreign models
for his money, and coined pieces similar to the Florentine
florin, the French chaise and mouton, and the English groat ;
and it was here that the enlightened policy of convention-
money was carried out more freely and successfully than
elsewhere, enabling the same currency to pass throughout
Brabant, Hainault, and Flanders. The course of historical
events favoured and promoted the multiplication of mints
and types and the resort to higher values, no less than the
establishment of a more intelligible monetary economy.
The changes of dynasty from time to time, the fusion of
Brabant with Burgundy (1404) and of Burgundy with
Austria (1477), with the eventual entrance of the Spaniards
on the scene, and the rise of the Austrian and Spanish
Netherlands, swelled an already ever -increasing body of
numismatic types ; and whil,e in Brabant itself, no longer an
autonomous duchy, but under Charles V. a province subject
to a foreign master, the coinage of the monarchy was so far
systematised as to possess a statutory unit (the mite} and its
multiples up to 1440, the former Brabantine and Burgundian
specie, and still more the seigniorial currencies, contributed
to accumulate a mass of monetary tokens on the same
2 C
386 The Coins of Europe
ground, not very convenient for those who employed it, and
somewhat perplexing to such as followed at a distance.
The Spanish and Austrian occupations, extending altogether
from about the commencement of the fifteenth to the end of
the eighteenth century, and covering the most flourishing
period of Flemish commerce and art, left mainly undisturbed
the subordinate feudal and municipal coinages, which had
successively established themselves throughout this portion
of the Low Countries, and at most exacted from the fief or
township an heraldic or nominal recognition of sovereignty.
Even the more ancient great divisions, like Brabant, were
hardly more than in a titular sense absorbed, as they for the
most part preserved their local institutions.
The history and fortunes of this county at first correspond
very closely to those of Brabant. Its independence, dating from
the tenth century, determined in the same manner
(008*1421) anc* nearly at tne same point of time by cession
to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1421.
But its later annals were checkered by unusually numerous
political vicissitudes, before it finally fell to the modern
kingdom of the Belgians in 1831. By turn Burgundian,
Spanish, French, Dutch, Bavarian, and Austrian, its coinage
has necessarily more or less reflected its unstable and
precarious government from the epoch of incorporation with
Burgundy. The autonomous Counts of Namur between the
eleventh and fifteenth centuries struck an enormous number
of types and varieties at various mints, of which Namur
itself and Dinant appear to have been the oldest. Gui de
Dampierre (1263-97), on a denier of the lion type, describes
himself as Marquis of Namur (G. Marchio Namvcens}. In
the course of the fourteenth century — the most flourish-
ing era — Meraude, Viesville, Neuveville - lez - Namur, and
Bouvignes were other seats of coinage. To the higher metals
copper was added under Guillaume I. (1337-91) ; and when
we see that during that certainly prolonged reign no fewer
than eighty varieties of money in the less precious metals,
exclusively of the gold florin, were put into circulation, it
assists us in judging what a slender proportion even the
Descriptive OiUline of the Coinages of Europe 387
existing numismatic remains of this and other minor states
of the Netherlands, and the European continent generally,
bear to the original aggregate. It was at Namur itself that
the convention-money between the Count, Luxemburgh, and
Liege was struck about 1340.
The separate county of Loos is shewn to have existed
as a fief of the empire from the tenth century, when it was
Loos and granted to a son of the Count of Hainault. But
Rummen, not only is the list of holders of the honour im-
I0/-i3 7- pej-fec^ opening with Arnold V. in I 107, but we
are without any numismatic remains of an autonomous cur-
rency prior to Jean (1256-80), who, with his successors, had
a coinage principally borrowed from those of Liege, Brabant,
and Flanders. The moneyers of Jean himself, Petrus and
Georgius, who sign the pieces, struck nothing but mailles
and sterlings ; but the later counts gradually launched into
higher and more numerous denominations ; and the mone-
tary system had attained a somewhat similar development
to that of Liege when the cession of Rummen (part of the
territory) in 1331, and of the remainder of the fief in 1363,
to Arnold D'Orey, led to the seizure of Loos itself by
the Bishop of Liege four years after. There is
Dalembroek money °f Godefroi, struck at Heinsberg, in which
he describes himself as God. de Los. Dns. de
Heinsb. A curious piece of Arnold VIII. (1280-1328)
bears its value as a double denier on its face in the words
Moneta Dvplex.
The lordship of Rummen, severed, as we have seen,
from Loos in 1331, grew into a flourishing state, and under
a succession of owners of the houses of D'Orey and Wese-
mael built up a fairly notable numismatic record prolonged
to the close of the fifteenth century. Gold, silver, and
billon were current here, and the denominations were similar
to those of Loos ; French and Flemish models were followed.
Arnold D'Orey himself (1331-64) put on his money Dns.
De. Qvaecbecke. Arn. de Orey or Ernol. Dns. Rvminen. On
a cromsteert of Jean I. of Wesemael (1415-64) there is
the curious legend Moneta Romanorvm. The last heiress of
388 The Coins of Europe
that family, Jeanne of Wesemael, married Henry of Diest,
Seigneur of Stalle and Riviere. He issued coins with Dns.
de Rivia., and his widow with Dna. de Wismel. There
are evidences of the latter having had a very extensive
coinage of billon money.
The right of coinage was conceded by the Emperor
Louis IV. to the See of Liege as early as 908-9 ; but no money
anterior to the closing years of the same century
Liece.
has been recovered bearing certain indications of
belonging to this eventually very extensive series. The
first trace of a share of the bishops in the currency is in the
appearance of a crozier as part of the type of a denier of
Otto III. About 995, and to the neighbourhood of that year,
we may not be far wrong in assigning the origin of the
regular succession of money, which survived down to 1792,
with the name and effigy of St. Lambert, the patron of the
city and diocese, under the authority of the dean and
chapter. There is even a pattern for a schelling in 1852 of
similar type. But the last prelate who struck autonomous
money is said to have been Jean Theodore of Bavaria,
i 744-63. There are coins of a rare and curious character
from two points of view : short disputed reigns, like those
of Lothaire de Hochsted (1191-94), Simon de Limbourg
(i 194), and Thierri de Perwez (1390), and interregnal issues
by the praesules or prevots of the See, as Andr£ de Cuyk
(1121-23) and Albert de Rethel (1191-94), of whom both
left coins, and the latter, one with the unusual reverse of a
horse tethered to a tree and the legend Eqvvs Venalis.
The beginning of the fourteenth century was for Liege, as
for other governments, the great era of revival and develop-
ment, and the prince-bishops adopted, both from Flanders
and Italy, the gold types of the mouton, peeter, and florin, of
which the last had been already long copied elsewhere, and
the no less ubiquitous and popular gros tournois of France
and ambrosino of Milan. The liards of the sixteenth century
are of special interest as exhibiting the likenesses of the
bishops : one of Ernest of Bavaria, i 5 84, retains the titles
of Due de Bouillon and Comte de Loos, which had been
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 389
originally assumed by Jean d'Arkel two centuries before,
and the singular reverse legend Avdiatvr Altera Pars.
The Dukes of Limburg in Brabant possessed a separate
coinage from the eleventh century ; but our knowledge of it
is excessively scanty down to a few years prior
Limburg. ._,,,. i-Ai
to the cession of the duchy in 1288 to the Duke
of Brabant, who assumed the title of Dvx Limburgie on
the money which he struck at Limburg, Rolduc, and Bonn.
Of the independent rulers of the province Waleran IV.
(1246-76) has left an esterlin of the Rolduc mint.
This province and territory, a County from the tenth,
and a Duchy from the fourteenth century, belonged at
a subsequent period to the Dukes of Burgundy
Luxemburgh. __ . _ . r-r?
and the Kings of Spam. Louis XIV. of France
detached Thionville, Damvillers, Marville, Ivoy, and Mont-
medy, and from 1793 to 1815 the whole of Luxemburgh
remained in the hands of the French. Between that date
and 1867 it formed a grand-duchy under the Dutch crown,
and from 1867 to 1889 an independent appanage of the
kingdom of the Netherlands. By virtue of the Salic law,
on the demise of William III. without male issue this por-
tion of the dominions passed to the house of Nassau.
There are pattern-pieces of 5 francs and 10 centimes struck
in 1889 with Regence du Due Adolphe de Nassau, before the
duke de facto took over the government.
The ancient Counts of Luxemburgh have bequeathed no
records of their numismatic transactions, till we come down
to Henry II., the Blind, son of Godefroi, Count of Namur
(i i 36-96), of whom there are deniers of various types struck
at Luxemburgh. Henry III. (1226-1280) also employed
the mint at Thionville. From 1288 the history of the
counts is more or less identified with that of the empire
and of other parts of Europe. Henry V., who succeeded as
count in 1288, became emperor in 1308, and in 1309 the
celebrated John of Luxemburgh acquired the crown of
Bohemia, and assumed the title of King of Poland. Never-
theless we possess various gros and esterlings with his
original designation, of which some are copied from the
3QO The Coins of Europe
pennies of Edward I. of England. Two monetary conven-
tions, possibly arising from his calls elsewhere, were succes-
sively concluded about 1340 by John : one with the Count
of Bar, where the common coinage is termed Moneta
Sociorvm ; and the other with the Count of Namur and the
Bishop of Liege, struck at the Namur mint with the names
of the three contracting parties. His successor, Charles I.
(1346-55), was King of Bohemia and emperor, and de-
veloped the Luxemburgh coinage by introducing two
types of the gold florin and the chaise or clinkaert.
The next count, Wenceslas I. (1653-83), brother of Charles,
was made duke, and enjoyed a long and prosperous reign,
which was marked by a third monetary concordat with
Sarrebriick and Treves, and by continued activity in im-
proving and extending the coinage. He struck at Luxem-
burgh and at his chateau of Mouzaive imitations of the gold
Florentine and other types, and a variety of other money in
silver. Wenceslas II. (1383-88) and Jodocus of Moravia
(1388-1402, 1407-11), both in turn emperors, their suc-
cessors, and the Dukes of Burgundy, to whom Luxemburgh
was sold in 1444, continued the same class of currency.
From 1504 to 1577 we seem to have no monuments by
reason of the mints having been closed. But the Austrian
and Spanish masters of the Netherlands issued a large
volume of money, chiefly of the lower values, in sols and
liards, from the mints at Brussels and Guntzburg ; and in
1854 and 1860 bronze pieces of 10, 5, and 2\ centimes
were coined for the grand-duchy. There is also a 10
centimes of 1870. The currency of Maria Theresa bears
Ad Vsvm Dvcatvs Lvxem. The 6 and 3 plated sols, 1790,
and ^ Hard, 1789, of Joseph II., merely have the Luxem-
burgh shield, the value, and the date.
The seigneury of Reckheim was in the possession of
the Sombreffe family in the eleventh century, and remained
. in their hands till 1480, when the property passed
ReckheinT ^7 marriage to the house of Pirmont It again
changed owners two or three times through
heiresses, and belonged to the De la Marck, Vlodorp, and
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 391
other families, down to 1708. The house of Sombreffe
must have been one of considerable importance and weight,
and during their tenure of the fief a varied and extensive
coinage, partly copied from other Flemish types, was struck
at Reckheim, Bortheim, and other mints. These coins are
not easily appropriated, as there were three consecutive
lords of the name of William : on one of them we find the
addition, Dns, de Kerphen, seeming to shew that their
sovereignty extended to Kerpen in Julich or Juliers. The
later representatives, including Ernest van Lynden, created
a Count of the Empire in 1620, adopted as their numis-
matic models the current types of Liege, Brabant, Holland,
France, even Spain. There was no originality ; but, politi-
cally speaking, the lordship was during more than two
centuries a prominent feature in the life of the Southern
Netherlands.
Counts of Flanders
The feudal and virtually sovereign county of Flanders,
which at different epochs united with it other titular dis-
tinctions, as Ternois, Alost, Hainault, and Boulogne, and in
the person of one of the dynasty founded the Latin Empire
of the East, comprehended the two divisions of modern
Belgium so named, a portion of the Dutch province of
Zeeland, and the actual French departments of Nord and
Pas de Calais. The independent Counts, of whom the first,
Beaudouin or Baldwin I., 862-79, was Grand Forester of
Flanders, and son-in-law of Charles le Chauve, date from the
ninth century, but Arnould II. (965-88) appears to be the
earliest of whom we have coins. Saint-Omer, Ghent, and
Bruges were among the original mints, and there is a long
series of deniers and gros of various types down to the
commencement of the fourteenth century, when Louis II. of
Creq:y (1322-46) emulated his neighbours and countrymen
by the introduction of gold types, which, with a general
development of the coinage, were multiplied by his son and
successor, Louis of Maele (1346-84), the last count. Mar-
guerite, daughter and heiress of Louis III., carried the
392 The Coins of Eiirope
domains and title into the house of Burgundy by her
marriage to Philip le Hardi. The subsequent history of this
once great and prosperous Power is a chapter in that of
Spain, Bavaria, and Austria, of which it became in turn an
appanage. Among the more remote rulers of Flanders in its
days of autonomy the name of Baldwin IX. (1194-1206),
Count of Flanders and Hainault, and ultimately emperor of
Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade, is entitled to a
certain share of prominence as that of an interesting histori-
cal figure, whose currency, reading B. Comes, would have
otherwise commanded slight attention ; and a second point
worthy of note is the much later episode of Jacob van
Artevelde of Ghent, whose friendship with Edward III. and
espousal of his cause, in antagonism to his own sovereign,
Louis of Maele, seem to be associated with the acceptance of
the English gold florin of 1344 in Flanders, although such
a fact amounts to very little, especially as Edward entered
into regular monetary agreements with other states, and con-
tinental coinages were admitted by the Western European
mercantile class everywhere on a stipulated footing.
To the numismatist the productions of Flanders present
of course innumerable features of attraction, even if they are
somewhat bewildering in their almost inexhaustible abund-
ance and variety. In some respects the coinage prior to the
union with Burgundy is of superior interest ; and it embraces
not only that of Louis of Cre^y and Louis of Maele, Counts
of Flanders, Nevers, and Rethel, but those of a large group
of townships and minor fiefs. It may doubtless be predi-
cated of the splendid gold money of the fourteenth century,
that the types were chiefly loans from France ; but Flanders,
even at the height of its prosperity, was a secondary Power,
and under its Burgundian and other rulers it failed to sustain
its prestige even to this extent. In the Catalogue of Mints
some account will be found of the numerous seats of coinage,
of which the principal were, in the last days of autonomy,
Alost, Bruges, Ghent,1 and Mechlin. To them we owe the
1 Between this and Bruges lies the village of Maele, with the neglected ruins of
the chateau where in 1330 Louis of Maele, son of Louis of Cregy, was born. (See
Delepierre, Chroniques, etc., de fandenne histoire des Flandres, 1834, p. 123.)
COINS OF THE SOUTHERN NETHERLANDS.
Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders : gold lion (gehelmdleeti).
Gros au portail of John II., Duke of Brabant, 1294-1312.
Ernest of Bavaria, Bishop of Liege : Hard, 1584.
Brabantine Revolution : Hard, 1790.
394 The Coins of Europe
imposing and beautiful series of moutons, chaises, francs-d-
clieval, francs-d-pied, dctis au lion, Jieaumes or lions luaumh
and cavaliers or rijders, which once circulated in this district,
and of which the Dukes of Burgundy adopted only the lion,
substituting English and other models.
Counts of Hainault
The numismatic annals of this grand fief, which at one
time was carried by marriage into the house of Flanders,
and eventually shared the destiny of the latter in being in-
corporated with Burgundy, cover the normal period between
the tenth and fifteenth centuries, when so many Netherland
and German subordinate states rose and flourished, subject
to ulterior absorption by more powerful neighbours. The
seats of coinage were Mons, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, and
Walincourt, till the reign of Count William III. (1356-89),
when Valenciennes became the sole mint, and we discern the
usual evolution from the primitive denier with a sword, a
raised hand in the act of benediction (denoting clerical in-
fluence or partnership), or other common symbol, into a
currency of the same elaborate and ambitious character as
in Flanders. The same impulse affected the whole of
Western Europe about the first moiety of the fourteenth
century, when commerce began to develop itself, and the old
billon and even silver values no longer sufficed.
The collector may discover many examples deserving
his attention in this series, from the reign of the Countess
Margaret (1244-80) to that of Jacqueline of Bavaria (1417-
27), whose second consort was Humphrey, Duke of Glou-
cester, and who was deprived of her possessions by Philip
the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Gold was first struck by
Margaret II. (i 345-56), married to the Emperor Louis of
Bavaria. This princess introduced the florin ; and her suc-
cessor William III. (1356-89) added a profuse variety of
other denominations borrowed from France. A later sove-
Descriptive O^ttline of the Coinages of Europe 395
reign, William IV. (1404-17), struck at Valenciennes that
curious type of the hedged lion, which was copied in Holland,
and remained a favourite and standard emblem there till the
end of the last century.
Hainault participated in the political misfortunes of
Flanders, and between 1659 and 1678 lost an important
portion of its territory, which was annexed to France. There
are a few interesting billon pieces struck at Mons by the
States with the legend Pace et Ivsticia, 1577, in the con-
test with Spain, and others from the same mint coined by
the Duke of Parma in the name of Philip II., 1579-87.
The close dynastic alliance between England and Hain-
ault through the marriage of Edward III., in 1326, to the
daughter of Count William I. (1304-37), should be borne
in mind as a factor in the monetary relations between the
two countries and the origin of the English gold florin of
1344-
Counts of Artois
Artois, comprising Saint-Pol, Terouanne,Saint-Omer, Lille,
and several other towns, was originally erected into a County
by Charles le Chauve in 862 in favour of his son-in-law,
Baldwin I., first Count of Flanders, and was reunited to the
French crown in i 180 by the marriage of Philip Augustus
and Isabella of Hainault. The province successively passed
by marriage or treaty to Burgundy, Spain, and France, of
which since the Peace of Nimmhegen (1678) it has formed part.
No independent coinage is known ; but the Carlovingian
dynasty struck money at Quentovic and other places ; Philip
Augustus and some of his successors issued at Saint-Omer
and Arras deniers of the Paris standard ; and the later
Flemish, Spanish, and French masters of Artois have had
their currencies and mints on this soil, which has, nevertheless,
given rise to a peculiar type or series of types, known as the
Artesian, and during a lengthened space of time common to
Flanders and Hainault. These coins, at first often anepi-
graphic, and ranging in date between the eleventh and
396 The Coins of E^tr ope
thirteenth centuries, were to Artois and the rest of Flanders,
and to Hainault, what the municipal mailles were to so many
of the towns — a common medium. The Hards of Philip II.
of Spain, 1582, as Count of Artois, are carefully executed
and of rare occurrence.
Counts of Boulogne
This domain was formed out of portions of the county
of Ponthieu in the ninth century as a marriage portion with
Bertha, daughter of Count Helgaud, to the son of the Count
of Flanders. The fief subsequently passed into the houses
of Dammartin and Auvergne, to the latter of which its
subsequent history is referrible. Some account of the coin-
age will have been found in the Catalogue of Mints. The
celebrated family of Dammartin is credited, in the person of
Renaud de Dammartin (1191-1227), with having improved
the types, and introduced his name upon it, partly in the
vernacular, thus : Reinnault Comes, From the repeated
alliances with France the counts naturally acquired the
habit of imitating the denier parisis. The title was borne
by Alfonso III., King of Portugal (1248-79), in right of
his wife, Mahaut de Dammartin, both after his accession to
the throne and after her death in 1258.
Counts of Saint-Pol
The Counts of Saint-Pol, of the house of Candavene,
possessed a coinage from the eleventh to the beginning of
the seventeenth century with an ear of barley in the type,
from a supposed reference to the name Campus Avena or
Candens Avena. There is a considerable lacuna in the series
between 1205 and 1292. In 1306, Gui IV. (1292-1317)
entered into a compact with Joannino Tadolin of Lucca,
" le vendredy devant la feste Saint-Vincent," to engrave
and coin deniers and mailles to pass current in his territories
with those of the Crown of France. These pieces retain the
symbolical type belonging to Candavene, and read Gvido Comes
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 397
and Moneta Santi-Pavli. This personage had established in
1300 a mint at Elincourt, in the diocese of Cambrai, where
he was enabled to copy with greater impunity the money of
his neighbours and contemporaries ; and we have a variety
of denominations from this seat of coinage, more or less
exact contrefa^ons of the cavaliers of Valenciennes, the gros
au portail of Alost, the coquibus of Cambrai, and other de-
scriptions. His widow pursued the same monetary piracy,
and was obliged in 1337 to discontinue the practice of
melting down the French regal money and recoining it with
a mixture of billon imported from that kingdom. The
Countess Marie (1317-39) even went so far as to take into
her employment a messenger of the king, Aimery de la
Coste. In 1360, an heiress brought the county of Saint-
Pol in marriage to the house of Luxemburgh.
The coinage of Cambrai is believed to have been
exclusively regal or episcopal. The privilege to the See
dates from the reign of Charles le Chauve, and
Cambrai° was renewed by successive emperors down to the
close of the twelfth century. The earliest pieces
connected with this city are of regal origin, and bear the
names of Charles le Chauve and Zuintibold. The mints
were Cambrai (Cateau Cambresis) and Saint-Gery in the
vicinity ; but the latter was eventually amalgamated. The
mint of Cateau Cambresis is cited in the Imperial Charter of
1001. From a litigation which occurred between the See
and the Count of Cambrai, 934-47, it is augurable that the
secular lord was not entitled to any share in the rights or
profits attendant on the coinage, nor did the city ever
participate in them. But the chapter claimed a tenth, and
was accustomed, sede vacante, to exercise full vicarious
jurisdiction in this as in other respects. The two important
eras were the reigns of Gui IV. and Pierre IV. (1342-68),
when the currency became more diversified, and the first
gold appeared, and that of Maxim ilien de Berghes, the first
archbishop (i 5 56-70), who struck the gold ecus of 40 patards
and other new varieties, not forgetting mites of pure copper,
as distinguished from the deniers noirs of his predecessors.
398 The Coins of Europe
The operations of the mint determined in 1595; and
Cambrai was annexed to France in 1677.*
Originally, with Gaesbeck, Leeuwen, and Russon, an
appanage of the duchy of Brabant, and detached in order
to form a fief for Godefroi, younger son of Henri
le Guerroyeur, Duke of Brabant, 1190-1235.
The town was celebrated at an earlier period as the birth-
place of Pepin cl'Heristal. The domain reverted in 1324.
There are esterlings and deniers of Henri (1253-85), of
Jean I., Tristan (1285-1309), of Felicita of Luxemburgh his
widow as guardian, and of their son Jean II. (1309-24).
Herstal and Russon appear to have been the seats of coin-
age ; and possibly Gaesbeck was likewise.
\
Towns and Subordinate Fiefs
Within this circle lay a considerable number of urban
centres and smaller lordships which never acquired a very
conspicuous share in the government of affairs, and on the
other hand generally survived the vicissitudes to which their
more ambitious and formidable contemporaries exposed
themselves. Of all of these a perhaps adequate account has
been furnished in the Catalogues. We subjoin a list of
names :—
Agimont Dixmude
Aire Donck
Antwerp Douay
Arleux Eename
Arras Elincourt, Cambrai
Audenarde Encre
Beaumont Fagnolles
Bergues-Saint-Winoc Fauquembergues
Bethune Florennes
Bruges Gavres
Brussels Gerdingen or Ordingen
Calais Ghent
Courtray Ghistelles
Crevecoeur Gruitrode
1 Comp. Cat. of Mints r. " Cambrai," and Cat. of Danom. w. " Coquibus,''
" Mouton," " Patard," etc.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 399
Heusden-on-the-Maese x Saint-Berlin
Jupille Saint-Omer
Kessenich Saint- Waast, near Arras
Leeuw Salm
Lens-en-Artois Serain
Lille Sluys
Loo Stavelot
Louvain , Straeten [Saint Andre]
Malines or Mechlin Termonde
Mons Tirlemont
Munsterbilsen Tournai
Nivelles Vilvorde
Orchies Walincourt
Ostend Well
Pequigny Ypres
Perwez Zolder
Petersheim Zonhoven
It will be obvious that many of these localities are at pre-
sent on French soil ; but they formerly constituted part of the
great county of Flanders. Calais remained in the hands
of the English from 1347 to 1558, and was a prominent
mint of Edward III. and his successors down to Henry V.
or VI. But the classification of the Calais groats, half
groats, and sterlings or pennies, bearing the common name
of Henry is still somewhat unsettled. Nobles of Edward
III. (Second and Third Periods, 1360-77) with C in the
centre of the cross on the reverse are attributed to this
mint. The silver pieces bear the name of the place of origin :
Calisie, Villa Calisie, or Villa Calis, where we note the
distinction between Villa and Civitas, the latter being
applied to London, York, Durham, etc.
Of Antwerp we speak elsewhere. It was a place with
which the English were intimately connected by commercial
relations and monetary compacts. The treaty between Edward
III., the Duke of Bavaria, and the Duke of Brabant, just
when the first-named prince was developing his coinage by
the addition of the groat and noble and their divisions, not
to mention the gold florin, established about 1345 a common
basis of currency for the three Powers in the shape of a groat
with full-face bust and the interesting legend Moneta Nra.
1 In North Brabant, and at present in Holland.
4oo The Coins of Europe
Antwerp. Edward entered into similar arrangements with
other parts of the Netherlands. Here or at Brussels were
struck the admirable pieces in all metals, including copper,
of Charles V., Philip II., Albert and Isabella, and later
rulers. Some of the pieces bearing the names of Albert
and Isabella have the accollated busts, and others the facing
ones, in the Spanish taste. The coinage of Philip V. for
1703 includes a peculiar type of daalder with the portrait of
the king in unusually high relief, and almost of medallic
fabric. The copper series is very desirable ; it runs from the
reign of Charles V. to 1794; and the mite, which was imitated
at Ghent and elsewhere, formed the unit and basis of the
monetary law introduced by Charles, and proceeded to the
gold real = 1440 mites. The system was continued by
Philip II., who also had the oort or oirt and Hard in the
same metal for the various provinces under his government.
Bruges, Brussels, Ghent, and Tournai were four other
points where we shall see that the numismatic life was formerly
very active and diversified. Bruges and Ghent were two of
the principal mints of the later Counts of Flanders. Bruges
was largely employed by the Dukes of Burgundy ; while
Brussels, at first the place of origin of small communal
currency, became in turn the seat of coinage of the Dukes
of Brabant and the Austrian and Spanish sovereigns of the
Low Countries down to the reign of Maria Theresa.
Crossing the actual French frontier we meet with Lille,
Douay, and Saint-Omer. The last is remarkable for a very
ephemeral communal coinage (i 127-28). The majority of
the money is feudal or abbatial, and is confined to mailles
and deniers of small module. The ecclesiastical series ex-
hibits two juxtaposed croziers, in remembrance of the union
of the abbeys of Saint-Bertin and Saint-Omer.
The at present obscure fief of Encre or Ancre derived a
certain notoriety from having passed in the time of Louis
XIII. of France into the hands of the minister Conchini,
Mareghal d'Encre, who was executed in 1617.
The coinage of Heusden-on-the-Maese, North Brabant,
limited to deniers having on their reverse a wheel of six
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of 'Europe 401
spokes with annulets interposed, has formed a subject of
some difficulty. A trouvaille^ many years ago, at Maestricht
brought some of these pieces to light. The wheel is taken
to be the heraldic cognisance of the Seigneurs of Heusden,
commencing with Arnould I. about 1173, and the legend on
a coin of the latter, reading Arn. H. Sidv., is explained by
Schulman of Amersfoort * to signify Arnoldus Hvsidunice.
The Seigneurs struck money down to the fourteenth century.
In the modern redistribution of Netherland territory Heusden
became Dutch.
The coinage of the Spaniards and Austrians for Flanders
and other southern provinces extended from the reign of
Charles V. of Spain to the closing years of the eighteenth
century, and was in all metals. The former seems to have
ceased with Philip V. and the latter to have commenced
with Albert and Isabella of Austria about I 598. The series
is a highly interesting one, especially perhaps in the copper
liards and oorts of Ehilip II. and the liards in the same
metal of Maria Theresa, of which we engrave a double one
of 1 749. Some important examples in gold and silver
belong to the reigns of Charles V. and his successors, and to
those of Albert and Isabella. In 1790 the revolt of the
Brabanters produced a remarkable currency in gold, silver,
and copper, engraved by Van Berckel, and consisting of the
Hard and double Hard, the florin, 3-florin piece, and lo-sols
piece, and the 14 florins in gold. These coins are of
admirable execution, and exist in more than one variety.
Of the 7 florins we have met with no specimen. The latest
issue of German money was under Francis II., in 1794.
Kingdom of the Belgians
Numismatically, the Belgian monarchy cannot truly be
said to have yet attained an important or an interesting
1 Catalogue xv., No. 1078. See Mr. Schulman's very interesting note.
The name of the place in ancient documents is variously given as Huissele,
Husidinia, Hunsetti, Hunsate supermosa, etc.
2 D
4O2 The Coins of Europe
character. Its currency in all metals since its formation in
1831, with the exception of that in nickel, which is almost
the last survival of the kind in the continental series, is of
excellent quality ; but it has no special artistic pretensions,
and is historically inarticulate. It follows the decimal sys-
tem, and conforms to the Latin monetary concordat of 1865.
There has been a profusion of patterns or essais, but of no
particular moment. A 5 francs of Leopold I., 1848, was
engraved by Vanackre, and one of his successor, 1865, by
Jouvenel. In I 849 a piece of 2^ francs was issued for the
first and last time. In 1886 the plan was adopted of using
vernacular legends on the money. The series struck for the
Congo Settlement, 1887-88, reads Leop. II. R.D. Belg.
Souv. De LEtat Indep, Du Congo. The pieces of 10, 5, 2,
and i centimes have a pierced centre on the Chinese model.
On some of the coins of Leopold I. occurs a lion siegeant,
looking to right ; on others one rampant, to left, but without
the briquet or short sword still preserved on the Dutch
money, and an inheritance from Brabant.
-'. HOLLAND
The Northern Netherlands, in the Middle Ages, were
composed in a political sense, independently of the towns,
which developed themselves into prominence and power
from hamlets or pagi, of the county of Holland, the county
of West Friesland, the county of Gueldres, the seigneury,
afterward county, of Berg or s' Heerenberg, and the bishopric
of Utrecht. Over the whole of these feudal divisions
the emperors of the West claimed and exercised suze-
rainty, the reality and force of which varied according to
circumstances and the personal character of the reigning
prince. The geographical situation of Holland afforded no
ground for supposing that its eventual fate would differ from
that of the southern provinces ; but the religious element
interposed here to give a totally different direction to affairs.
The struggle of the Belgians against their foreign invaders
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 403
was a struggle against tyranny ; that of the Hollanders was
one against tyranny and Catholicism. The result, from an
historical point of view, was that the North was enabled to
form itself into a great and potent republic and a first-rate
European Power, while the South wore the Austrian yoke
only to exchange it at the French Revolution for another.
Both portions of the Netherlands became French ; but
Holland had done its part, like Venice, and had its day.
It had a glorious past to contemplate and cherish. During
two centuries it had known no foreign master.
Counts of Holland
This important and extensive domain was created by
Charles le Chauve in favour of Thierri I. in 863. Our know-
ledge of the earlier rulers of the province is very fragmentary,
and there are no numismatic remains, identifiable as belong-
ing here, prior to the twelfth century and the reign of
Thierri VI., 1122-57, who struck deniers, bearing a head
and a double cross, with Hollant. Yet it is possible that
the pieces of a similar kind, ascribed to Florent van Voogd,
with Conies. Jwlladie, a bust in profile, and on reverse Hollant,
may refer to Florent I., and be anterior. In the course of
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the progress in the
coinage was parallel to that in the other portions of the Low
Countries, obeying the wave which made itself felt over the
whole of Western Europe, and which changed the face of the
currencies throughout alike in respect to fabric and variety.
The primitive denier was gradually reinforced by the groot
of the tournois type, the ^ groot with the lion, the botdrager,
the agnel or klein lam, the mouton or groot lam, the florin,
and the clinkaert or chaise. The successive transfers to the
houses of Bavaria in 1345 and Burgundy in 1428 influenced
and enriched the coinage. The last count of the Bavarian
line issued money with the quartered shield of Bavaria,
Arnhem, Nimmhegen, Ruremonde, and Zutphen. The most
ancient mint of which we hear was Dordrecht, m.m. a
rose, which continued to strike money for the Dukes of
404 The Coins of Europe
Burgundy even after the succession of Maximilian in 1477.
There is an inedited gold florin of Philip II. of Spain, 1576,
with Phs • D • G • Hisp • Rex • Co • Hoi • and the date on re-
verse, and on obverse the quartered shield between two Ps
and Dominvs Mihi Adivtor.
Counts of West Friesland
The long-established topographical distinction between
East and West Friesland, of which the latter alone falls
within the immediate category, was possibly unrecognised
in former times, when not merely the nomenclature but the
territorial distribution was so different. As in the case of
the Counts of Holland, the list of the dynasts of West Fries-
land and the original nature of the currency circulating there
are equally obscure and unsatisfactory. The Merovingian
tremissis, reading Avdvlfns. Frisia, seems to import the
names of a moneyer and the district ; but the latter may
have been either this or the other one, then known under
a general designation. A denier of Conrad II., however,
with the word Fresonia, more than probably appertains to
the same region, and is ordinarily accepted and claimed by
Dutch numismatists as a numismatic product of North
Holland. Of the autonomous counts the money goes no
farther back than Bruno III., 1038-57, and at that time
the denier bore the names of the emperor and local sove-
reign on opposite sides. But his successor, Egbert I., sup-
pressed the imperial symbols, and inserted only Egbertvs
and a cross. Egbert II., the third and last of the dynasty
recorded, substituted a crowned full-faced bust and Ecbertvs,
legbertvs, or Vecbertvs, and on reverse the full-face heads of
St. Simon and St. Jude. The early mints were Stavoren,
Dokkum, Leeuarden, Bolswerd, Gernrode, and Winsum.
During the interval which elapsed between 1090 and
the formation of the Federal Union in 1579, there is
nothing beyond the Saxon currency for Friesland ; and as
this reads dubiously Saxon. Fris., Frisie., etc., we cannot be
sure whether West or East Friesland is intended, or both.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 405
The Dukes of Saxony ceded their interest as Governors of
Friesland to the house of Austria ; but the latter do not
appear to have issued any special money for this dependency.
Counts, afterward Dukes, of Gueldres
Gueldres became a county in 1019 and a duchy in
1339. It was incorporated with Juliers in 1371, with
Egmont in 1423, and with Burgundy in 1472. But the
house of Egmont continued down to a much later date to
strike money as Dukes of Gueldres, Juliers, and Zutphen,
and we also find coins with the names of Charles III. of
Lorraine (1555-1608), William, Duke of Juliers, and Philip
II. of Spain (1556-98), either intended to circulate here or
to assert a title to the sovereignty. Gueldres, in common
with the rest of the Low Countries, formed part of the
United Provinces till the Revolution, and of the French
dominions till 1814, when it was divided between Prussia
and Holland.
The whole interest for the present purpose centres in
the coinage of the autonomous counts and dukes from the
twelfth century, when the surviving memorials commence,
down to the absorption in Burgundy, and in that of the pro-
vince, when it struck independent money as a member of the
Confederation. The reign of Count Henry (1134-63) con-
stitutes the starting-point with the normal denier, which was
imitated from the types of Holland and Brabant, but on
reverse exhibited the ancient cognisance of the seigneurs —
three medlar flowers. Between the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries the money in use had been considerably improved
and extended by the introduction of larger denominations
and gold. On some of the grooten or gros and florins of
this period there are heraldic or other indications of a
common currency for two or more townships : one has
A.N.R.S. in the cantonments of the cross for Arnhem,
Nimmhegen, Ruremonde, and Sutphen or Zutphen. The
mints were Arnhem, Ruremonde, Hardewijk, and Venlo.
The gold types were the florin and rijder or cavalier.
406 The Coins of Europe
Seigneurs and Counts of s' Heerenberg
There is a long and important series of coins associated
with this feudal title from the time of Adam III., 1331,
first known holder of it, till 1631. The later feoffees
describe themselves as Counts of Berg and Lords of Bilant,
Hedel, Boxmeer, Homoet, and Wisch. There were at least
five mints — Berg, Hedel, Gendringen, Dieren, and Stevens-
weerd.
Bishopric of Utrecht
This ancient and powerful See, of which the jurisdiction
once extended over the provinces of Holland, Gueldres, and
Cleves, the lordships of Bentheim and Chore, etc., can be
traced back to the Carlovingian period, prior to the Scandi-
navian irruptions into Friesland in the ninth century, when
the territory which composed the diocese was laid waste and
the metropolitan seat reduced to ruins. In the following
one the bishops had rallied from their misfortunes, and in
936 we find the emperor bestowing ample monetary privi-
leges on Bishop Balderic. Nevertheless, a considerable
lapse of time occurred before the ecclesiastical coinage of
Utrecht acquired sensible importance or individuality, since
down to the eleventh century (1028) the money bore only
the names of emperors or saints (St. Lambert and St.
Martin), accompanied by a rude bust and a crozier, with
or without the word Baculus (Bacv Lv\ and it was not till
the termination of an interval (1250-1341) for which there
are no numismatic monuments, that an abrupt advance is
discernible in the type and style of the coins of Jan van
Arkel, who published grooten and other low denominations
with a very striking full-face portrait of the prelate. The
mints were Utrecht, Daventer, and Groningen. From this
time down to 1528, when the government of these haughty
and imperious dignitaries proved unpalatable to their sub-
jects, and the temporalities, with the right of coinage, were
sold to Charles V., there were three or four reigns, in the
course of which the money of the diocese attained the height
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 407
of its importance and splendour. The names of Frederic of
Blankenheim (1393-1425), Rodolph of Diepholt (1433-56),
and, above all, David of Burgundy (1457-96), are associated
with an interesting, rich, and curious succession of gold
types, culminating in that of the last mentioned with
Memento. Domine. David, and a half-length figure of David
playing on the harp. Many of these pieces are rare and
valuable, and command a high price in the Dutch market.
THE UNITED PROVINCES
This Federal organisation, dating from 1579, when
Holland, West Friesland, Groningen, Zeeland, Gueldres,
Utrecht, and Overijssel entered on the movement which
promptly resulted, under the leadership of William the
Silent, in the abandonment of this part of the Low Countries
by the Spaniards, is responsible for an immense volume of
coinage, commencing with money of necessity or of a special
character struck, under the wise original compact or under-
standing, by the respective members of the Union on their
separate account, but ultimately, when affairs became
more settled, developing into the system of each state issu-
ing its own currency at a fixed standard for general circu-
lation. Here we find the basis, which Switzerland at the
present moment desires to establish, anticipated by a couple
of centuries.
Some idea of the extent of this portion or branch of the
Netherland series alone must have been formed by such as
have studied the numerous monographs and are acquainted
with the contents of the great collections, either existing
or dispersed. In the Catalogues an effort has been made to
convey as much information as -possible within a moderate
compass and a definite plan. The coinage may be said to
range between 1579 and 1794, or thereabout; and it
divides itself into the domestic or internal and the colonial
408 The Coins of Europe
series. The wealth and prosperity of the country are vividly
reflected in the abundance of types, patterns, and issues
which, considering the territorial area, relatively surpassed
those of the German-speaking communities. The prevalent
denominations were the rijder or cavalier in gold of more
than one module, the imitations of the English rose-noble
and the half, the silver daalder, with the double and half,
the gulden (=20 stuiver) with its divisions (10, 6, 2)
and multiples, and the stuiver, its multiples, moiety, and
quarter. For the colonies a long and at first irregular
succession of money, commencing with 1601, and still main-
tained, in a certain measure followed the policy of the
English East India Company, by retaining the ordinary
characters and even types, and afterward by studying local
prejudices in the adoption of native legends and fabric.
Gold does not appear to have been struck for colonial use ;
but ordinary ducats countermarked for Java present them-
selves. Attention may be directed to' the scarce lead duits
for Ceylon about 1789-90, and particularly to one with a
bird perched at the top of a tree on obverse.
Nothing can exceed the beauty and splendour of the
large assortment of coins which it is possible to accumulate
within these limits. We may cite —
The gold rijder and i rijder of West Friesland of small module,
1585.
The so-called LEICESTER Series, 1586-1659.
The silver piece of Zwolle, struck on a square flan with Zwollae
[i5]96, on obverse a shield surrounded by Devs Refagivm
Nostrum.
The stuiver of Philip II. with the legend Moneta Nova Daventrie
occupying both sides, P. in the centre of the obverse and a
shield in that of the reverse.
The stuivers issued for Holland about 1600 with Avx. Nos. In
Nom. Dom.1 One is dated 1604.
The 2o-florin gold piece for West Friesland, 1601.
The colonial series struck at Amsterdam in 1601.
1 The mottoes on the Low-Country money were an eloquent echo of the
trials and sufferings of the people (see Introcl. pp. 36, 37); and down to the present
century we find such legends as In Deo est spes nostra ; Vigilate et orate ; Hac
nitimiir, hanc tuemur.
Batavia : 48 stuiver, 1645. Arg. (cast).
Batavia : $ stuiver, 1644. Copper
Bar of 4! stuiver. Copper.
Batavia : ^ gulden, 1802.
Louis Napoldon : i stuiver.
4io The Coins of Europe
The series of gold rijders of larger module, struck for various pro-
vinces.
The X.-stuiver piece of Zeeland, 1613.
The gold ducat of West Friesland, 1618, with the arms of the pro-
vince, accompanied by those of Ostergo, Westergo, etc.
The 48-stuiver piece for Batavia, 1645. Arg. (cast).
The £ and \ stuiver piece for Batavia, 1644.
The silver daalders or ducatons ( ? patterns) of 1671 and 1684.
The daalder of 1687 with the three-quarter bust of William the
Silent, struck in gold, to pass for 50 gulden.
The lo-escalin or schelling piece of 1693, struck for Zeeland.
The daalder or ducaton (? pattern) of 1742.
The \ ducatons of 1763 and 1787.
It was a very usual practice, on the part of the Hollanders,
to strike money in a superior metal either as a piece de plaisir
or for actual use. Pieces of I and 2 stuiver often occur in
gold, and still more frequently in silver. We may take the
opportunity to notice a piece belonging to Overijssel, of
widespread module, and apparently equal to four gulden,
without date, but with the arms of the provinces on reverse
enclosing those of Overijssel itself. The obverse exhibits a
horseman galloping to right over a walled fortress on the
sea, and bears the inscription Nemo • Bonvs • Nisi • Cvm •
Anima • Simvl • Amisit • Libertatcm • It was in Overijssel
that the gold ducat of Transylvania was imitated.
The LEICESTER coinage, struck and issued pursuant to
an order of the earl, dated from the Hague, August 4,
1586, continued from that year down to 1659, and is
found of a variety of types, all bearing the portrait of the
English Governor of the provinces of Zeeland, Gueldres,
West Friesland, and Overijssel. The denominations were the
daalder and its divisions down to the 5oth, the smaller pieces
being plated ; no gold or copper seems to be known. The
daalder of 1587 (Friesland) and the daalder and \ daalder
of 1595 are rare, especially the whole of 1587 struck on a
square flan. The survival of the currency, long after the
death of Leicester and the desertion of the cause by Eliza-
beth, may be explained by the reluctance of the Low
Countries to dissociate themselves from a great Protestant
prince and country. Pieces with the same effigy occur even
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 411
in the seventeenth century so low down as 1659; but the
type at last degenerated into a conventional figure destitute
of individuality.
The administration of Leicester was concurrent with the
choice and acknowledgment of William of Nassau as Stadt-
holder (1579-84), an office which was held by the Princes
of Orange with certain breaks, and made hereditary in
1747-
Tozvns in Holland
It is necessary, in calling attention to the somewhat
copious particulars already furnished, to recapitulate so far
as to subjoin a list of the chief municipal and feudal centres
within this territory, with certain additional remarks likely
to be of service to those concerned.
Alkmaar Fauquemont Ravenstein
Almeloo Fivelgo Ruremonde
Arnhem Franeker Schoonv7oorst
Batenborg Gembloux Selwerd
Bicht Gorkum Sneek
Bolsverd Groningen Stavoren
Born Gronsfeld Steyn
Breda Harderwijk Thorn
Bunde Hoorn Utrecht
Campen Koevorden ' Vogelsanck
Cuilemborg Leeuarden Weert
Cuinre Limbourg Workum
Daventer Maestricht Zalt Bommel
Dordrecht or Dort Megen Zutphen
Elsloo Nimmhegen Zvvolle
Enkhuisen Randerode
All these have been rendered familiar names by their former
numismatic activity. Dordrecht, Enkhuisen, Hoorn, Harder-
wijk, and Utrecht were the colonial mints. Stavoren was
an ancient seat of coinage of the Counts of West Friesland.
Batenborg, Bolsverd, Cuilemborg, Cuinre, Megen, Gronsfeld,
struck feudal money. The currency of Groningen in copper
commences at a very early date, and is long limited to the
braspenning, of which we have seen examples dated 1509,
4 1 2 The Coins of Europe
but which appeared still earlier. Gorkum or Gorinchen is
famous for the original contrefafon of the English noble.
The siege-pieces connected with the Northern Nether-
lands form a subject in themselves. The places for which
they were chiefly struck were Breda, Campen, Daventer,
Groningen, Maestricht, Utrecht ; but scarcely a foot of
ground on this soil is without some association of the kind.
As complete a view of them as could be supplied in such
a work as the present has been incorporated with the
Catalogues.
The Batavian Republic
(1795-1806)
The Provinces formed themselves in 1795 into a com-
monwealth, and created in this manner an epoch in the
monetary annals, although the coinage was exclusively of
the existing types. The Republic struck at Utrecht, Middel-
burgh, Hoorn, Dordrecht, and Daventer the gold ducat,
the rijksdaalder, the gulden, and the dute or doit. The dates
range between 1795 and 1806. The mint at Daventer
seems to have been most sparingly employed. The colonial
series was now continued, as usual, by the respective members
of the Union with the old mottoes down to 1807, when a
different system and style were adopted. The stuiver of
1799 for Java, of thick fabric, with the Savoyard knot,
belongs to this regime.
Kingdom of Holland
(1806- 10)
In 1794-95 the Batavian Republic had superseded the
Government of the United Provinces under a Stadtholder,
and in i 806 the kingdom of Holland was created in favour
of Louis Napoleon, brother of the Emperor. It lasted till
1810; and from 1810 to 1814 the Netherlands were united
COINS OF THE NORTHERN NETHERLANDS.
Denier of Louis le Debonnaire
struck at Durstede.
Gold noble of Zeeland, i6th c.
Siege of Da venter, 1578 : 2 stuiver.
Holland : duit, early ijth c.
Gold rijder of Utrecht, 1619.
West Friesland : 2 stuiver, 1646. Pattern in silver.
414 The Coins of Europe
to France. But the tenure of authority by Louis Napoleon,
brief as it was, was not destitute of numismatic results. We
annex a list of the new coinage which was thus introduced
from the Amsterdam mint :—
i Florin . . . 1807
50 Stuiver . . 1807
50 Stuiver . . 1808
The same . 1 809
2\ Gulden . . . 1809
I Rix Daalder . . 1809
The same (with a different
rev. and no value) . 1809
i Gulden . . 1809
10 Stuiver . . . 1809
5 Gulden (gold) . . 1809
10 Gulden (gold) . . 1809
20 Gulden (gold) . . 1809
i Duit (for Java) . .. 1808
.-. 2 types
The same . . . 1809
The same . . . 1810
.-. 2 types
The legend on all the money struck for home use was
never much varied. The florin of 1 807 reads on obverse
Nap.Lodew I.Kon. Van //#//., and on reverse Koninrik Holland
i F. 1807. The former side has a portrait common to the
whole series, and the latter a shield quartering the lion and
the eagle. The colonial pieces have -simply Java and the
date on obverse, and L.N. on reverse in separate letters or in
a monogram. The first issue of i 808 has no initials, but the
ordinary colonial mark and a piece clipped out, and the star
of six points which occurs on all these pieces stamped in.
The m.m. on the other money is a bee. Subsequently to
the union with the French Empire, Napoleon himself struck
money for Holland at Utrecht.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
(1814-93)
As in other parts of the colossal French Empire under
Napoleon I., the hereditary Stadtholder, William VI., re-
entered on his office in 1814, and assumed the title of King
of the Netherlands. The autonomous coinage was suspended
by political events till 1 8 1 6, and was then permanently
established. The money struck in this and the succeeding
reigns is tolerably abundant.
RULERS OF THE NETHERLANDS.
Charles V.: blankpenning, 1551.
Philip II.: copper oirt, i6th c.
i Leijcester daalder, 1595.
i daalder of Maurice of Nassau, 1601.
i2th of an ecu of William of Nassau, 1665
(afterward William III. of Great
Britain).
Pattern rixdaaHer of Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, i8c
416
The Coins of Europe
WILLIAM I. (1814-40)
Gold. i Ducat of the old type . 1814,1815
i Ducat of a new type . . 1817 (rejected)
i o Ducats . , . . . 1 8 1 8
i Ducat . . . . 1819, etc.
Silver. Rijksdaalder ( = i\ gulden) of old Utrecht type 1816, etc.
Gulden and i gulden . . . v.y.
Gulden, new type 1840
Billon. 5, 10, and 25 cents . v.y.
Copper. Cent and \ cent .
1818,1819, etc.
WILLIAM II. (1840-49)
Gold. i Ducat =5 gulden 1841
Double ducat . . 1842
i Ducat . 1843
Negotiepenning (10 ducats) 1848
Silver. Rijksdaalder . . . v.y.
Gulden and \ gulden . . v.y.
^ Gulden v.y. to . . 1 849
Gulden, i, and \ for Dutch East Indies . v.y.
10 Cents"(Gothic W.) . 1843
5 Cents . 1848
Copper. Cent and i cent . v.y.
WILLIAM III. (1849-89)
Gold. 20 Florins
5 Florins
Silver. Rijksdaalder
\ Gulden
Gulden .
£ Gulden
10 Cents v.y. from
5 Cents v.y. from
Copper ( 2 1 Cents
or < i Cent (two types) v.y. from
Bronze ( i Cent (two types) v.y. from
1850
1850
1849
1849
1850
v.y.
1849
1850
1880
1850
1850
Silver.
2| Gulden
i Gulden
25 Cents
10 Cents
5 Cents
WILHELMINA (1889-93)
1892
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 417
Independently of the internal currency for the Nether-
lands themselves, the Dutch Government down to 1889,
when that grand-duchy passed to the Duke of Nassau, struck
coins for Luxemburgh ; and it still continues to do so
for the East Indies : the gulden, ^ gulden, ^ gulden,
Til gulden, and -£§ gulden in silver, and 2^ cents, I cent, and
^ cent in bronze.
The minuter varieties in the monetary productions of the
Flemish and Dutch mints, both in pieces struck for local and
for general use, are so innumerable, that even in a mono-
graph it is found almost impossible to exhaust the subject,
and there exists, as a natural consequence, a vast assemblage
of coins, which are co jiire unique or inedited.
Looking back over the ground which we have traversed
from the existing standpoint under modern conditions, we
perceive how strangely and dramatically the tide of fortune
and empire has flowed backward and forward throughout
this picturesque and romantic region. The feudal or seigniorial
basis, replacing an even more barbarous or at least primitive
system of tribal life and government, constituted the source
whence from time to time men of stronger character sprang,
and exercised, occasionally during centuries, an authority
nearly approaching to that of sovereign princes over a wide
area outside their ancestral estates ; and there is the other
constantly-recurring phenomenon of a supreme dominating
influence, such as that of Charlemagne, Charles V., and
Napoleon, which laid under its general allegiance a country
abounding in brave and earnest men, but deficient in
material organisation. The force of religious circumstances,
in the case of the Northern Netherlands, accelerated the fall
of Spanish power and the rise of the United Provinces ; but
the German and French elements survived ; and Holland
and Belgium knew security and repose only when they had
parted with all that renders security and repose dear to a
nation. At present they exist by sufferance. The most
glorious days for them were those when they struggled for
freedom. When freedom came, it was too late.
2 E
4i 8 The Coins of Europe
XII. ITALY
The numismatic antiquities of the Peninsula and Sicily
in all their breadth and length have within a measurable
distance of time attracted the attention and study of
numerous able and enthusiastic inquirers who, in addition to
general views of the subject, have made special researches
into the coinages of particular provinces and towns. This
condition of affairs is apt to operate in two directions ; for,
on the one hand, it adds immensely to our knowledge of
the monetary products of the whole region, while, on the
other, it enhances the difficulty of supplying such a sketch
or outline of this branch of the matter as may prove satis-
factory and useful to collectors.
We have in the present case io deal with the Italian
coinages, introduced by the Ostrogoths at the end of the
fifth century, by the Lombards in the eighth, by the Franks
and Germans in the north, and the Normans and Arabs in
the south, between the eighth and twelfth, by the republics,
by Savoy and other States, by the Popes, by the towns, and
by the two successive kingdoms of Italy. These are the
grand landmarks and divisions, of which the separate treat-
ment has to be regulated by circumstances. The student
who seeks to acquire a minute conversance with any given
section can be at no loss for guides ; but it is our mission
to take a survey of the entire field on the principle which
we have followed throughout, and note all points which
appear to be important and of interest. The strength of
the Italian series principally resides in the urban currencies
and the fine cinquecento work, which begins about 1450 to
impart a new character to the money of -Florence, Milan,
Ferrara, Bologna, and Rome.
The Ostrogoths, whose rule over the northern part
extended from the end of the fifth to the second half of the
sixth century, long contented themselves with adding to the
Byzantine types, with the names of the emperors of the East,
their own monograms on the reverse side ; they soon learned
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 419
to strike money in all metals on the existing models ; and
their mints were Rome, Pavia, and Ravenna. We observe a
stealthy process, by which these princes gradually
Ostr^oths replaced the monogram by their full titles and
suppressed the bust and name of the reigning
emperor. Athalaric (526-34) put on his money D.N. [Domini
Nomine?] Athalaricvs Rex; and his immediate successor,
Theodahatus, evinced his sense of the growing declension
of the Roman power in the West by issuing the bronze
coinage with his own portrait, while he preserved on the
reverse the characters and types to which the people were
accustomed — the winged Victory, the S.C., and so forth.
This was a somewhat daring innovation, as under the old
Roman monetary law the bronze money was beyond the
control even of the emperors, and required for its legalisation
a decree of the Senate. The bronze nummus of Theoda-
hatus, of which there is a very fine example in the Grantley
Cabinet, reads on obverse D.N. Theodohatvs Rex. The
portrait is executed in the same style and taste as those
accompanying the imperial aurei of this period.
The Ostrogothic series comprised the solidus and triens
in gold, the silica and -g- silica in silver, and the 40, 20, 10,
and 5 nummi in bronze. Some of these pieces exhibit
curious legends, as Invicta Roma, Felix Ravenna, Felix
Ticinus, Victoria Prindpum, reminding us of the Romano-
British coins of Carausius and Allectus. The series of
nummi generally bear the value and a date indicated by the
regnal year in Roman numerals in the exergue — a practice
imitated by the Norman rulers of Sicily.
The successors of the Ostrogoths had been invited into
Italy by the Greek Exarch of Ravenna in 558, as the
Ostrogoths were led to come thither by the
Lombards Emperor Zeno in the previous century. The
result was analogous, and the new settlers were
enabled by the growing weakness of the Greeks to make
themselves masters of the whole of the kingdom, and even
of Sicily, where they succeeded in maintaining their ground
long after the fall of the Lombard dynasty in the north.
420 The Coins of Europe
The coins of the Lombards somewhat differed in
character from those of the Ostrogoths as well as from
those belonging to the Merovingian and imperial systems.
They are found almost exclusively in gold and silver ; and
the mints were Pavia, Lucca, Milan, Piacenza, and possibly
Treviso. A gold piece of Desiderius reads Flavia Sidrio,
and has been referred to Sutri. The silver currency (silica
and half silica) is of small module and of bracteate fabric ;
it occurs of more than one reign ; the earliest which we
have seen belongs to that of Pertharit (672-80). The
Christian legend of St. Michael the Archangel, or an angel
holding a casque, presents itself on some of the earlier
issues in gold. St. Michael enjoyed wide favour among the
mediaeval European artists or moneyers ; and the other
symbol appropriately illustrated the idea of Heaven smiling
on the efforts of the soldier. The Lombard money circu-
lated side by side with that of the Franks, by which it was
eventually superseded. Rotharis (636-52) discerned the
advantage of checking utterers of forgeries by imposing
severe penalties on convicted offenders, a piece of legislation
renewed by the Emperor Louis II. (849-75).
The gold coins of the Lombard kings are, for the most
part, of extreme rarity. One of Astulphus (749-56) fetched
1900 francs, and a second of Carloman (781) iioo francs,
at the Hotel Drouot in 1885. Nor are those in the inferior
metal by any means easily procurable, although in the find
near Turin many years ago a hoard of the reign of Desiderius
(756-74) occurred in conjunction with Carlovingian pieces.
The rise of the Prankish influence under the successors
of Pepin of Herstal constitutes another important era in the
Italian annals. The new dynasty, in the persons
of Pepin le Bref and his son Charles the Great,
while it established itself on Italian soil in a certain sense,
prepared the way by the magnitude of the empire, which
gradually submitted to its at least titular authority, for the
consolidation of the papacy and the development of the
republics. The political necessities of the Carlovingian
princes, owing to the absence of a centralised and properly
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 421
balanced jurisdiction, induced them to favour and support
the pretensions of the Holy See, and while this policy
tended to maintain their rule over outlying portions of their
dominions, it also laid the basis of a system which reduced
their power to an almost nominal point. During centuries,
Italy, like Germany and the Netherlands, remained an open
ground for successive adventurers, who supplanted each
other or who, quarrelling among themselves, opened the
country to some new force, ever ready to seize an oppor-
tunity for aggrandisement.
The Franks, who never possessed in the Peninsula more
than a feudal suzerainty, apart from their protectorate over
Rome, have left, however, traces of their presence and sway
incomparably more distinct and diffused than those of the
Goths and Lombards. These conquerors did not fail to
discern the value, as a mark of fealty and a vehicle for
publicity, of the principle by which the seigniorial and
municipal coinages carried on the face the evidence of issue
under their sanction ; and from the prominence which we
find accorded to the imperial name even by princes and
cities virtually independent of the Crown— nay, at first by
the pontiffs themselves — we must infer that such a feature
in the monetary economy was viewed as a source of protec-
tion and an improvement of title. But, independently of
the money issued in alliance with cities and princes, the
Franks at the first outset adopted the common expedient of
copying the type and module of the currency already in
vogue, and the moneyers of Clothair himself, when Italy
fell to his portion after the death of Clovis, were led, if they
were not instructed, to follow a style superior to any found
on their own currency, and recommended by its popular
acceptance.
The successors of Charlemagne were unable to uphold
in its integrity the vast empire which he left to them. The
Carlovingian line became extinct on the death of Louis IV.
(908), having enjoyed the sovereignty during even a shorter
period than their precursors, but leaving behind them far
more solid monuments of their existence and domination.
422 The Coins of Europe
The Franks themselves were, of course, strictly speaking,
of Teutonic origin and blood, and the term German is
employed in a generic sense to express the houses
G rman< °^ Saxony, Franconia, Hohenstaufen, Hapsburg,
etc., which by turn and to a fluctuating extent
exercised a supreme control over Italy in the Middle Ages
and down to the abdication of Charles V., when the balance
of power underwent a fundamental change, and schemes of
universal empire were for the time impracticable.
So long as the German supremacy in Italy lasted, it
made its impress on the coinage of that country, as the
Carlovingian one had done, and in a larger measure, because
the municipal and republican systems had now developed ;
Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, and several other cities had
constituted themselves into independent states ; and the
agency which at last contributed to ' overthrow the imperial
government in the Peninsula, during a lengthened space of
time seemed to strengthen it, owing to the hesitation of
newly formed Powers to repudiate a title which was little
more than nominal. So we see that even the Venetians,
within half a century of the date when they took Con-
stantinople and founded the Latin Empire, preserved on
their currency the titles of Henry IV. and V. side by side
with the autonomous legend S. Marcus Venecia. The
gradual withdrawal of the symbol of dependence, which
always partook more of the nature of a mutual compact
than of vassalage, imported the contraction of the imperial
authority and the absolute self-government of the republics
and towns.
The more or less transitory and evanescent complexion
of the successive dynasties or races, which overran and
occupied the Peninsula, is readily explainable when we
reflect that none of them had the means or opportunity to
consolidate their empire, and that neither the Ostrogoths
nor their successors acquired over the conquered region
mo're than a military control, which the next comer overthrew
or superseded. The governments which sought to establish
themselves on Italian soil neglected down to the last the
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 423
art of assimilating themselves to the country and people,
because they persisted in the false and artificial prin-
ciple of grasping more than they could hold, and sought no
bond with the Italians except that of the sword.
The Holy See, at a very early date, was permitted to
relinquish this class of external testimony to subordination ;
and elsewhere, as at Ancona, Rimini, Aquileia, and Arezzo,
the name of a saint or a spiritual superior often disguised the
existence and growth of temporal dominion.
The internal dissensions of Germany and constant dis-
putes as to the succession, which have tended to render the
lists of rulers so intricate and confused, operated
The
-Republics in facilitating the establishment of a large body of
and. . self-governed Powers throughout Italy under a
Principalities. /
variety of titles and constitutions. Some chose
the republican system, some the municipal ; some, after a
brief lease of democracy, fell into the hands of an individual,
who occasionally founded a strong, durable, and hereditary
dynasty, but who at the outset clothed his authority and
acts with popular or vicarious attributes. Such is the
history, modified by local conditions, of Venice, Florence,
Mantua, Padua, Milan, and many other places, whose original
rulers were consuls or tribunes, standard-bearers, captains,
or lieutenants of the emperor. The middle period of feudal
suzerainty was characterised by the efforts of the reigning
sovereign to conceal his weakness and of the Italian States
to conceal their strength.
A very full account has been given in the Catalogues of
the numismatic transactions of the governments into which
the Peninsula found itself gradually divided. The products
of each mint have been described under their respective
heads in the order of the alphabet ; and in a work which is
obviously incapable of grasping technical mimitice, a general
numismatic survey of Italy, while it formed the home of so
extensive a group of independent communities, appears to be
all that is requisite and feasible.
Collectors or students, when they first enter upon an
investigation of this field, find, as in the case of other
424 The Coins of Europe
European countries, an enormous volume of material and
an almost embarrassing range of choice ; and it is this
experience which induces many to work on special lines
either in regard to period or locality, to types or treatment.
Perhaps the prevailing bias is toward the Popes, the Franco-
Italian series, Venice, Savoy, or Florence, in nearly all of
which historical and artistic interest are combined, and there
is the supplemental recommendation of rarity and costliness.
The papal coinage would be sufficient to engross the
attention of an amateur, who might seek to accomplish
completeness in the early denari from the eighth
The Popes. . . J , • i
century, and in those pieces which owe their value
to the brevity of reigns or to the limited issue of money
in the more precious metals.1 The acquisition of the large
silver denominations prior to Clement X. in fine state,
and of all the copper down to quite recent times, is, however,
a task of no mean difficulty. The interregnal periods
(1049-1362 and 1527-28) furnish an assortment of coins
of a secular character struck in the name of the Roman
Senate, of Brancaleone d'Andalo, Charles of Anjou, Charles
V., of anonymous senators, and of the tribune Rienzi
( I 347-48), and some interesting and rare siege-money. The
first pontiff who issued copper appears to have been Inno-
cent VIII. (1484-92), of whom there is a piece from the mint
at Aquila, usually described as a cavallo. There is a con-
siderable aggregate of sede vacante pieces, generally of good
execution and of limited extent ; and as we approach the
present century, some of the money of necessity of Pius VI.
and of the Roman Republic pending the crisis of 1798-99,
and the coinages of such brief reigns as Leo XII. and Pius
VIII., are desiderata. To the republic belonging to the
latest years of the last century we have to assign, among
other productions, a remarkable piece of 2^ baiocchi, 1796,
with a head of St. Peter to left on obverse, the keys in his
hand, and the legend Apostolorvin Princeps.
The numismatic series of Pius IX. (1846-78) is long, and
the examples, for the most part, plentiful. The last pontiff
1 See the Catalogue of Mints, v. " Rome."
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 425
who exercised the right of coining, employed between I 846
and 1 866 four units, the baiocco, the centesimo, the soldo,
and the lira, not to mention the scudo d'oro. We have of
his reign the scudo, 2J> scudi, 5 scudi, and 10 scudi, and
100 lire, in gold ; the scudo, the lira, 2 lire, 20 baiocchi, 10
PAPAL COINS.1
Danaro struck by the Roman Senate, i3th c.
Scudo di oro of Julius 11.,'attri
Alexander VII. Paolo
Scudo di oro of Pius IX.
baiocchi, and 5 baiocchi, in silver ; the \ baiocco, I, 2, 3,
and 5 baiocchi, the ^,1,2, and 4 soldi, and the centesimo,
in copper. There is also the Gaeta series of i848,2 as well
as the revolutionary money, of which there are varieties in
silver, billon, and copper, circular and square. One set,
1 Comp. " Coins of the Medici, " infrd.
' Comp. Catalogue of Mints, vv. "Gaeta" and "Rome."
426 The Coins of Europe
consisting of 40, 20, 10, and 5 baiocchi, presents different
legends on each piece. Another set, also in mixed metal,
but of circular form, comprises 40, 16, 8, 4, 2, I, and ^
baiocchi. The copper, with Dio E Popolo, 1849, consists of
3, 2, i, and ^ baiocchi; of the first there are two varieties.
The first numismatic era of this republic was productive
of nothing calculated to denote the probability of the great
political and commercial development which
Venice.1 r
awaited it. Recent discoveries and identifications
have afforded actual knowledge of a fact which might have
been surmised, namely, that in the course of about three
centuries the Venetians struck at' least four -and -twenty
varieties of a silver denaro with the names of successive
emperors of the West. Count Papadopoli has laid us under
obligations by classifying these pieces in his pamphlet entitled
Sulle Origini Delia Vcneta Zecca, 1882, where careful
engravings of them may be found. But the evolution and
escape from this monotonous currency were very slow ; and
when the Government at last, in the twelfth century, not only
introduced the grosso or matapan,2 but made that the start-
ing-point of an absolutely autonomous coinage, we have to
confess that, while for the most part the standard was well
maintained, the treatment and taste left much to be desired.
The great departure from the feeble and inconvenient
machinery, where the denaro and its moiety were the only
currency of an indigenous origin, and the republic was
obliged to resort to foreign specie in the case of large trans-
actions or to calculation by weight, was perfectly analogous
in its conception and limits to that of other continental states.
In the type of the grosso there was little or no originality :
its style and spirit are quite Oriental ; and the sole point of
difference seems to be that while here the germ was Byzan-
tine, in the case of the French gros tournois the germ was
Arabic. The obverse of the Venetian coin is apparently a
direct copy from a seal of Orio Malipiero, the predecessor in
1 See three papers on the Coins of Venice, by the present writer, in the
Antiquary for May to July 1884.
2 Said to have owed its name to Cape Matapan, between Zante and Cerigo.
Descriptive O^ltline of the Coinages of Europe 427
the dogate of Arrigo or Enrico Dandolo, who introduced the
piece. Yet both in its general fabric and aspect the mata-
pan found many imitators : some successful, as the moneyers
of the mediaeval Servian coin of fine silver repeatedly struck
by the Bans of the fourteenth century ; others barbarous, like
the corresponding currency of Bulgaria. However, the fact
that the Bulgarian counterpart was in existence under Ansan
I. (i 186-96) may either help to shew that the original model
was not posterior at all events to 1192,01- that Bulgaria
borrowed the pattern immediately from a Greek source.
The principal authority for the Venetian series is
Schweitzer, of whose work, as well as of the other labourers
in the same field, we have already had occasion to speak
somewhat at large. It may be said that the coinage of the
republic is chiefly striking from the following points of
view : —
The introduction of the Grosso (about 1192).
Gold Ducat (about 1284).
Lira Tron (with bust of the Doge).
Bagattino (with bust of the Doge).
The experimental circulation of a second gold variety (the scudo).
The adoption of a species of bimetallism by the issue of a silver ducat
(about 1559).
The larger recourse to the inferior metal (1571-95).
The issue of a new type of gold ducat (1606-12).
The colonial monetary system.
The Osella series.
We have referred to the grosso. The gold ducat of the first
type followed it at a distance of about a century ; and more
than 200 years elapsed before (about 1501) the moiety
appeared ; nor is any quarter known anterior to I 577. The
more modern ducat was of thinner and broader fabric ; but
minute variations are perceptible in those of the original
module. The silver ducat also underwent changes of detail.
It is sufficiently remarkable that in the second half of the
sixteenth century, three large silver denominations, the ducat,
the giustina, and the scudo di croce, with their numerous
fractions, circulated concurrently, while to the gold ducat
was added the half, and not long after the quarter ; and
428 The Coins of Europe
about 1523 an idea of having a second gold piece, the scudo
d' oro, in emulation of other Italian states, was carried into
effect, but promptly abandoned.
Another temporary trial of .a more curious and important
character was the movement about 1470, by which the effigy
of the reigning doge was placed on a copper bagattino and
a new silver type termed the lira. It is clear from existing
specimens that of the latter at least two varieties were pro-
duced ; and different dies were employed for the copper and
the silver. Luca Sesto or Antonello, master of the mint,1
was probably the engraver of both. But the practice was
remarkably shortlived, and Nicolo Trono enjoys the distinc-
tion of having been the only Venetian ruler who appeared
on the currency. The experiment had a duration of two or
three years ; and these small pieces rank among the most
valuable and interesting in the whole body of numismatic
remains belonging to the republic.
From a comparison of documentary evidence with actual
examples we arrive at the conclusion that a very large share
of the colonial coinage was executed at home, and consigned,
as occasion required, to the various dependencies for whose
use it was destined. Experience must have shown the
Government that the best, if not sole, guarantee for the
maintenance of the standard was production under central
control ; and when we look at many of the coins for places
more remote than the Adriatic provinces and the possessions
on the Lombard Terra-firma, the workmanship and style are
strongly suggestive of a similar parentage. It should be
recollected that the Venetians, at the height of their power
and territorial expansion, included in their domain or empire
the towns and provinces of Padua, Brescia, Bergamo, Verona,
Vicenza, Treviso, Friuli, Ravenna, Dalmatia, Croatia, Albania,
Negropont, Candia, Cyprus, the Ionian Isles, and the Morea.
The republic studied the convenience of these numerous
dependencies by adapting the types, as far as possible, to
their respective wants or prepossessions.
It would be useless to reiterate what will be found stated
1 Armand (Medailleiirs Italiens, i. 46; iii. 165).
VENETIAN COINS.
Matapan, i4th c.
Gold ducat of Gio. Gradenigo (1289-1311).
Gold ducat and half of later type.
Mezzanine.
Bagattino or sesino with portrait of the Doge
Nicolo Trono (1471 73) : copper.
i2-ducat piece in gold.
43O The Coins of Europe
in the antecedent Catalogues in regard to this branch of the
matter and to the Venetian coinage generally. Political
changes or vicissitudes were constantly exerting their natural
influence in producing modifications and anomalies. The
title of the republic to her Adriatic provinces was success-
ively challenged by the Dukes of Austria, the Kings of
Hungary, and the Waiwodes of Transylvania ; and the
Venetian tenure of Ragusa is very faintly marked in a
monetary sense, since the coins of that city are almost
exclusively of a democratic type and of Oriental or Austrian
origin.1
The Osella, in gold, silver, and bronze, was a loan from
the common continental usage of uniting the attributes of
the Medal and the Coin, a piece available for both services,
and dates from the sixteenth century. A profusion of these
fine and attractive works of art came from the Venetian mint
down to the last days of independence, and indeed those of
more modern times were signalised by their sumptuousness
of style. The celebrated Rossi Catalogue, 1880, describes
with great minuteness some of the most remarkable examples,2
including the double oselle in gold. It is a question whether,
considering the phenomenally monotonous temper of the
ordinary series, this may not claim to be the salient feature
in the numismatic record ; and some of the later specimens
offer the additional and rare attraction of a female portrait,
which may be probably that of the Dogaressa.
The Zecca (a Venetian form of Giudecca) or Mint at
Venice has not been often employed since the fall of the
republic. The piece of lo-lire Venete, 1797, and the revo-
lutionary money of 1 848-49, were struck there, however ;
and there is a centesimo of the kingdom of Italy, I 808, and
two of the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, 1822 and 1834,
with the m.m. V.
The Venetian coinage, spreading over centuries, embraces
a fair proportion of rarities, among which we may quote —
1 See Catalogue of Mints, v. " Ragusa," and Catalogue of Denominations, w.
" Artiluk," " Perpero," " Vizlin," etc.
2 See also Catalogue of Denominations, v. "Osella."
VENETIAN COINS.
Silver ducat, later type.
Mezzo tallero.
*\
VrrH f V.^tr^
Osella : silver.
Double gazzetta : copper, iSth c.
432 The Coins of Europe
The gold ducat of Giovanni Dandolo.
Scudo d' oro.
Mezzo-scudo d' oro.
Doppia ( = 2 scudi d! oro).
Lira Tron ) wkh traits of the Doge
Bagattmo )
Silver ducat, first issue.
Triple grossetto (supposed to be a pattern).
lo-ducat piece.
1 2-ducat piece.
24-ducat piece.
loo-ducat piece.
The early Oselle, especially in gold.
The lo-lire silver piece of 1797.
.-. The die seems to have been broken while the
coin was being struck.
Any early copper in fine state.
Coins of short reigns, like that of Marco
Foscarini (1762-63).
The original territories of the Dukes of Savoy were
limited to the provinces of Savoy and Maurienne, which
were conferred at the end of the tenth century on
a son of the Marquis of Tuscany by Rodolph,
King of Burgundy. The Counts subsequently acquired the
Genevois, Chablais, Faucigny (1310), Vaud (1350), Piedmont,
Monteferrato, part of the Milanese, and Sardinia. The
county became a duchy in 1416, and a kingdom in 1720.
The princes of this house were titular Kings of Cyprus as
representatives of the Lusignan dynasty. When the king-
dom of Sardinia merged in 1861 in that of United Italy, the
patrimonial or ancestral estates in Savoy and Piedmont
passed by treaty to France.
The link with France had been periodically strengthened
by intermarriages and alliances ; but the geographical
situation of Savoy brought its rulers and people equally into
contact with Italy and Switzerland, and the Savoyard
coinage chiefly leans to the Italian side.
The series opens abruptly with deniers in billon of
Umberto II. (1080-1108); Umberto III. (1148-88) struck
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 433
the denier and obole in fine silver ; and we meet with
nothing of higher value till the introduction of the fort or
fert and douzain under Aimon (1329-43). Yet in the
preceding century the Counts had evidently risen in im-
portance and estimation : Tommaso and Amadeo IV.
(i 188-1253) were successively nominated vicars-general of
the empire ; the latter placed Sabaudia on the money instead
of Secusia (Susa) ; Piedmont is first noticed under Amadeo
V. (1285-1 323), and forms an addition subsequent to the
grant of the province by the Emperor Henry VII. in 1310.
Amadeo VI. (1,343-83) signalised his rule by ignoring the
ordinance of the Emperor Charles IV. in 1363, which required
on the face of the Savoyard coinage an acknowledgment of
suzerainty, and by. striking a gold florin on the model of the
famous Tuscan prototype. It was from this point that a steady
advance was made in the volume and style of the currency,
which had been so far restricted to the denier or denaro, the
obole, the fort or fert, the gros or grosso = 8 forts, and the
silver florin =12 gros. A distinction was drawn between
the money current in Savoy, in Piedmont, and in Sardinia ;
the portraits of the dukes began to appear on some of the
more leading pieces about 1482 ; and this feature was
carried to an extent which has left to us many conspicuous
specimens of medallic skill and taste. We have pieces in
gold, silver, and billon of Carlo I. and II., of Filippo II. and
Yolande, of Emmanuele Filiberto and Marguerite of France,
of Carlo Emmanuele II. and Christine of France, and of V.
Amadeo II. and Jeanne Marie de Savoie-Nemours. These
productions range from the commencement of the sixteenth
to the end of the seventeenth century.
Besides the Tuscan type of florin and the French one of
the cavalier, adopted by Amadeo VI. and IX. respectively,
Luigi (1439-65) employed two gold patterns, one described
in the Rossi Catalogue, the other figured in the text, as well
as a grosso and ^ grosso of Milanese design. There is a
very rare and valuable silver scudo of Carlo II. (1504-53)
with Charolus. Dvx. Sabavdie. Secvndvs, and his portrait to
right wearing the berretta : above, Fert, and below, 1508.
2 F
434 The Coins of Europe
The reverse exhibits the duke on horseback. The Rossi
specimen, from the celebrated Montenuovo cabinet, fetched
2050 lire. A testone of the same personage, undated, but
from the likeness referrible to a later year, shews a similar form
of headdress, which was common to Monteferrato, Saluzzo, and
Bologna, but was, we apprehend, immediately derived in this
instance from the first-named quarter. Carlo Emmanuele
II. and Christine dc France struck pieces of 2, 4, 8, and 20
scudi in gold about 1640-42, when they returned to Turin
after the Spanish occupation ; and Carlo Emmanuele alone,
1648-75, one of 10 scudi. Vittorio Amadeo III., King of
Sardinia, I 783-96, had the carlino nnoi'o in gold =120 lire ;
and later kings gold coins =20, 40, 80, and 100 lire.
From the seventeenth century at least the soldo seems to have
been the monetary unit ; there were 5 soldi in billon and
10 and 20 in silver. We are unacquainted with any copper
of Savoyard origin prior to Carlo Fmmanuele III., 1730-
73, of whom we possess ^ soldi.
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (1282-
1418) a branch of the house of Savoy, descended from a
brother of Amadeo IV. (1233-53), ne^ Piedmont, and struck
money at Turin with the title of Prince of Achaia, obtained
by the marriage of Filippo, Count of Maurienne, in 1301
with the heiress of Villehardouin.
Savoy, with the rest of the continental dominions of the
house of Sardinia, was erected at the French Revolution into
the Piedmontese Republic, of which there is a limited and
scarce currency in silver and copper. We have before us a
mezzo-scudo and a piece of 2 soldi. The former reads on
obverse : Libcrta • Virtu • Eguaglianza • , and on reverse : Delia •
Liberia • Pienwntese • Anno • VII • Rep • I • In the centre of
a wreath of flowers Mezzo Scudo. The other side exhibits
a helmeted figure of Liberty seated on rocks, with right hand
extended and the left holding fasces, etc. The 2 soldi reads
on obverse, Liberia Eguaglianza, and on reverse, Nazione
Piemontese ; within an inner circle, soldi due in script
characters. On the other side is a triangle, within a wreath,
surmounted by the cap of liberty.
SAVOYARD COINS, 13111-17x11 c.
Ludovico, first Duke (1439-65) : scudo di oro.
Carlo II. (1504-53): silver testone.
Emmanuele Filiberto (1553-80) : mezzo scudo di argento.
Carlo Emmanuele (1580-1630): scudo di oro.
Cristina and Carlo Emmanuele II. ; di Otto_(8 gold scudi), 1641
436 The Coins of Europe
The present group of money is altogether an interesting
and difficult one, and includes, as we have seen, some very
picturesque and fascinating examples, for which the French
is usually a competing market. .
The line of rulers commences, as in so many other instances,
abruptly. We have no coins prior to Onorato II., 1605-62.
The denominations in use at this period and down
Monaco. ... . . .
to the earlier years of the eighteenth century were
the scudo di argcnto, with the half and quarter, the luigino, the
pezzetta, the danaro, and multiples of 2, 4, and 8 of the last.
No gold seems to have been struck. The coins which
ordinarily occur are the decline and- 5 centimes of Onorato or
Honore V., 1819-78. A considerable share of the territory
was incorporated with the French Empire in 1860. For
the higher values the French currency was long employed,
and at Monte Carlo the loo-franc piece is a very familiar
object ; but the present ruler has issued a coin of this value
with his own portrait and title.
The most ancient autonomous government of Florence,
which eventually expanded into the grand-duchy of Tuscany
or Etruria, is that of an anonymous republic, which
FTuscan Or mrnted itself to the issue of a denaro of primitive
type, but of excellent fabric, with the name
and half-length bust of St. John the Baptist facing on
obverse, and the trefoil lily and Florentia on reverse. This
frugal currency was made to suffice the requirements of the
city till the thirteenth century, when a coinage of grossi took
place, and the gold piece, known as a florin, from the lily
which formed part of the type, was introduced. It was about
the same period that an important political change occurred
by the institution of the dignity of Gonfaloniere ; and it is
a significant circumstance that we find at the close of the
twelfth century symptoms of the decline of the imperial
authority in Tuscany and a cessation of the vicarious
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 437
governorship or lieutenancy, which succeeded to the older
feudal marquisate or dukedom under various houses.
The exalted office of Standard-bearer (Gonfaloniere],
which became almost hereditary in the Medici family after
1314, was an evolution or aftergrowth of the military
sentiment and policy of the Romans, which we find prevalent
among the Lombard masters of Italy and Sicily. The
Venetians shared the idea in the normal type of the coinage,
where the doge is habitually represented accepting the
national banner from St. Mark, and one variety of soldino
was called from this circumstance the vessillifero. The
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem merely substituted St.
John the Baptist for the other tutelary saint ; and, again, a
similar conception and custom underlay the German designa-
tion of Archidapifer, which is found on many of the early coins
as an honorific distinction of certain princes of the empire.
The Florentine numismatic series under the Gonfalonieri
consisted, let us recollect, of the denaro, the grosso of various
types, and the gold florin of more than one variety. A
peculiarity of the currency of this epoch is the presence of
the armorial bearings of each successive officer in the top
left-hand angle of the piece. In 1483 the money bore the
cognisance of the standard-bearer for that year, Giorgio de'
Medici ; and in the next century, although the republican
form of government still subsisted, that great family, through
the patriotism and munificence of its members, had attained
sovereign influence and rank. Toward the end of the
fifteenth century a tendency betrayed itself to supersede the
designation of Gonfaloniere by that of Governor or Chief of
the Republic, by which title Lorenzo de' Medici (1472-92)
the elder, his son and grandson, seem to have been recognised.
The first Duke of Florence, Alessandro de' Medici
(1533-36), styles himself on his money Alexander M\edicus\
R\eipubliccE\ Florcn. DVX. A testone of very fine work with
his portrait to left is ascribed to Benvenuto Cellini. It is
observable that the reverse of this piece, in place of St. John
the Baptist, exhibits the standing figures of St. Cosmus
and St. Damianus. His immediate successor Cosmo I. de'
438 The Coins of Europe
Medici (1536-74), reinstated St. John, but assumed the title
of Grand -Duke of Etrnria. To his long and important
reign belong the establishment of the Florentine coinage on
a greatly improved basis and the introduction of the scudo
di argento, for which several variant dies were made, perhaps
by Domenigo di Polo. The earliest reads on obverse, Cosmvs
Med, Magnvs. Di<.v. Etrvriae. [bust to right], and on reverse,
5. loannes Baptista. 1570. [standing figure of saint]. Of
Ferdinand I. (1587-1608) we possess a tolerably copious
store of examples, and between 1587 and 1606 the grand-
duke appears to have had at least four coinages, of which
there are many sub-varieties. The first and second (1587)
exhibit him in his cardinal's dress and hat ; the third (i 596)
omits the title in legend and alters the costume. The last
( 1 60 1 -6) presents a crowned bust in armour to right, and
Ferdinandvs • Med • Mag • Etr • Dvx • III • Pisa seems to
have been the usual mint; and a scudo of 1601 reads on
reverse, Pisa fu Vetvstac Maiestatis Memoriam. Cosmo II.
(1608-20) suppressed the family patronymic, and is described
on a fine silver scudo of 1620 as Cosmvs II • Magn • Dvx •
Etr • IIII • A shield, resting on a cross, or a floriated cross,
often serve as substitutes for St. John, who reappears at a
later period on the money of Cosmo III. (1670-1723) with
the Dei Gratia formula. The series, in which there is an
abundance of fine and diversified examples, concludes with
Gio. Gastone I. (1723-37), whose first silver scudo, here
engraved, has a reverse struck from a die used for Cosmo
III., 1712. The copper quattrino, so early an institution at
Venice and elsewhere, does not seem to have found its way
to Florence till the latter half of the seventeenth century; we
have seen nothing prior to the 3 quattrini of Cosmo III.,
1 68 1 ; but thenceforth the issue of this and other denomina-
tions was continuous.
The violent changes effected by Napoleon in Italy broke
into two portions the rule of the houses of Lorraine and
Bourbon over Tuscany by creating in 1801 the Kingdom of
Etruria in favour of the Duke of Parma. There is a lira of
this ephemeral government, dated 1803, pieces of 5, 6, and
COINS OF THE MEDICI FAMILY, 1533-1723.
1. Testone of Alessandro de Medici, first Duke of Florence (1533-37)-
2. Scudo di oro of Pope Clement VII. (Giulio de' Medici).
3. Testone of Cosmo I. de' Medici.
4 Small silver piece of Cosmo II. de' Medici.
5. Scudo di argento of Cosmo II. de' Medici, 1620.
COINS OF THE MEDICI FAMILY, 1533-1723.
Ferdinando II. cle' Medici : mezzo-scudo di argento, 1621.
Cosmo III. de' Medici : J scudo, 1677
The last of the Medici : scudo di argento, 1723.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 441
10 lire, dated 1807, from the mints at Pisa and Florence,
and a mezzo-soldo without date. The Bourbon series itself
ends in 1860. Between 1737 and 1798 there are in-
numerable productions of great merit in all metals, chiefly
emanating from Pisa, which continued to strike the money of
the grand -dukes almost to the last days of that regime.
Further particulars will be found in the Catalogues.
We have to refer to the Tuscan or Florentine section
the provisional coinage of 1859-61. We may specify the
florin of 1859 w^tn the lion bearing the gonfalon on obverse,
and the legend Governo delta Toscana, the 5, 2, and I
centesimi of the same year with Re Eletto, and the 5 lire of
Vittorio Emmanuele II., dated Firenze, Marzo, 1861. A
5 centesimi of 1861 has the m.m. N. for Naples ; but, until
Rome became the capital, Milan was thenceforth the leading
seat of coinage.
There were several other states and cities of the medi-
aeval and Renaissance epochs which emulated those of which
we have attempted some description, alike in political prestige
and artistic treatment of the coinage — two features which
are frequently found in conjunction. These places were
Bologna Malta
Ferrara Pesaro
Modena and Reggio Genoa
Mantua Saluzzo
Milan Naples.
Parma „. .. ( Palermo
Lucca * | Messina
In addition to the names here enumerated, it is very easy to
specify many others having reference to more or less import-
ant and continuous seats of coinage. As they are without
exception, it is hoped, included in the Catalogues, it may be
sufficient to group together such as were independent mints
of appreciable consequence : —
Amalfi Brescia Como Desana
Ancona Cagliari Correggio Faenza
Aquila Camerino Corte (Corsica) Gaeta
Arezzo Chieti Cremona Massa di Lunigiana
442
The Coins of Europe
Mirandola Padua Rimini
Monteferrato Pavia Savona
Musso Perugia Sienna
Novara Ravenna Treviso
Urbino
Verona
Viterbo
The most flourishing numismatic era for Bologna was
that during which it was subject to the Bentivogli, of whom
we have two series of gold types, one engraved
in the text, the other of Giovanni II., Bentivoglio,
remarkable for a boldly-executed portrait, of which the effect
Bologna.
is improved by the close-fitting berretta. Down to 1125
the city struck nothing but the normal denaro with the im-
perial titles. The mint was closed in 1861.
The leading feature and attraction in this case is the coin-
age of the Este family, from about the middle of the four-
teenth to the close of the sixteenth century, but,
above all, the money executed in fine archaic style of
Ercole I. (1475-1506), which may be classed with the pro-
ductions of the same period and school executed for other
Italian rulers. The gold scudo of his immediate successor,
Alfonso I. (1502-34), is worthy of attention ; and a testone
of the same reign displays the legend on reverse of St.
Ferrara.
fsl
George, which had been originally adopted by Ercole I. in
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 443
his later currency instead of the very preferable horseman in
the Greek taste on the piece shown herewith.
The dukedom of Ferrara merged in that of Modena and
Reggio under Alfonso III. in 1628, and there is a coinage of
the latter united honours down to 1796. The
Ree"aioand more ancient denominations employed here were
the grosso, soldo, grossetto, quattrino, bolognino,
and 4 bolognini^testone, with the ^ and ^, the scudo di oro, its
moiety and multiples, and the ungaro} The later princes
of this house, who assembled at Modena an extensive and
valuable collection of works of art, are styled on their money
Dukes of Modena, Reggio, Mirandola, etc. The old connec-
tion with Ferrara is recollected on a piece of 80 sesini of
Raynaldo I., 1728, where on the reverse we meet with the
figure of St. Contardus and £ • Contardvs • CEstensis • Pro-
tector • , while on a similar coin of 1727 occurs Mvtin • Prot •
Perhaps the former was current in the Ferrarese.
The numismatic series opens with billon quattrini of a re-
publican or autonomous type, assignable to the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, with 6\ Passid. Mirandvl, and
Mirandola. .
on reverse Vestali Pi. and the sacred fire. Between
this epoch and the next vestige of a local currency there is a
long and obscure interval ; and it is evident that we have
still to learn much touching the Mirandolese coinage of the
second moiety of the fifteenth century. Gian Francesco I.
Pico, Signore of Mirandola, 1499-1533, of whose life and
literary remains Sir Thomas More was the writer and editor,
is the first with whom are associable any coins of a seigniorial
cast ; and the earliest extant concession belongs to this reign
(1515), although the character of his money might have
encouraged us to conclude that his predecessors enjoyed a
similar right. Of this eminent man we know
1. A double zecchino with I.F. Picvs Mirand. D.C.C. and portrait
with berretta to left. Reverse, Amoris Miracvlvm.
2. A testone in silver.
3. A billon quattrino, reading on obverse lo. Fr. Pi. Miran. D Co.,
with portrait to left, and on reverse Om-ni-no in three lines
in the field.
1 See Catalogue of Mints, v. "Modena."
444 The Coins of Eiirope
And his successors at all events struck the secchino, the
scudo di oro, the paolo and ^ paolo. The names are pre-
served of Guazzalotti and of Petruccini of Florence as en-
gravers employed at Mirandola in or about this date. The
fief and title eventually merged in the dukedom of Modena
and Reggio.
The more modern unit in copper was the sesino, of which
one of unusually small module of Francesco II., 1662-94,
has a well-engraved portrait of the duke to left. The later
issues substitute the imperial eagle, and merely express the
value. The series so far worthily culminates in a handsome
silver scudo of Ercole III., 1780-96, with a portrait and a
shield of many quarters. The legend on reverse is Dextera •
Domini • Exaltavit • Me • 1/96,-and on the edge is inscribed
filensvra Et. Pretivm.
The imperial house of Palaeologos, which acquired distinc-
tion in the Crusades, had held this title and fief from 967 ;
but the information respecting its earlier numis-
Monteferrato.
matic history is unusually imperfect. The last
heir dying without issue, the possessions were disputed be-
tween Savoy, Saluzzo, and Mantua, and after a short inter-
regnum were adjudged by the Emperor Charles V. in 1536
to pass to Federigo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, who had
married Margharita Palseologo. They were finally trans-
ferred to the house of Savoy in 1709, when the Emperor
Joseph I. annexed the Mantuan dominions.
The coinage of Monteferrato is singularly uncommon,
although it must have seen a course of at least two centuries
and a half. The Florentine gold type was copied by Teodoro
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 445
I., 1306-38, at some period subsequent to 1310. The other
denominations were similar to those of the contiguous Italian
states. A testone of Guglielmo II. (1494-1518) reads
Gvlielmvs Mar Montferr, etc., on obverse, and on reverse
describes the marquis as Prince and Vicar of the Holy
Roman Empire — a distinction claimed by several members
of the house. The series is notable, in common with others
belonging to the same period and region, for the characteristic
costumes.1
As Ferrara so strongly relies on the house of Este, so it is
the Gonzage, Captains and Marquises of Mantua (i 329-1707),
who constitute the central point of interest here.
Mantua. T
It is a long and elaborate series ; but the
earlier stages, as we see to be generally the case, present
numismatic monuments of a primitive episcopal, democratic,
and seigniorial character in billon and silver of no value
beyond the denaro, while the Mantuan currency posterior
to Carlo II. and under imperial rule again recedes in volume
and character, until it survives in the copper sesino constantly
reissued down to the latter moiety of the eighteenth century.
The republican epoch is answerable for the Virgilius type,
of which a specimen has been engraved above ; 2 it is curious
in relation to the survival of the name of the great poet and
its choice as a legend, at a time when classical learning had
scarcely revived ; and the circumstance may form an addi-
tional piece of evidence bearing on the romantic side of the
history of the author of the ^Eneid. The middle time is
that to which we are indebted for the splendid pieces in gold
and silver, and some interesting little specimens in copper
toward 1660, of which we make mention elsewhere. It
would be an impossibility to form an unbroken succession of
the scudi in gold and silver, with the multiples of the former,
which were struck between 1564 and 1628 ; but occasional
examples present themselves, and among the lower denomi-
1 See Thomsen, Rossi, and Remedi Catalogues (1873-84), and Revue de la
Numismatique Beige, 1866, 4th series, vol. iv. pp. 190-99. At the end of the
fifteenth century an engraver and die-sinker named Carotto seems to have been
working for the marquises.
2 Catalogue of Mints, v. "Mantua."
446
The Coins of Europe
nations of that and the earlier period occur many coins of a
curious character. The gold money of Guglielmo and
Margherita, 1550-87, is particularly rare. A scudo of 1564
i»
*4 I
\
Vv'
Mantua : scudo di argento, 1622.
has the obverse similar to the piece engraved at p. 269, and
on reverse in the angles of the cross, G. and M. with the
legend In • Hoc • Signo • Ei\t]cias • Deinonia • As may be
perceived from the accompanying illustration, the George
and Dragon type was one of those employed at Mantua,
and the mode of rendering the tradition was somewhat
superior to that of Pistrucci !
The same process of political evolution is observable at
Milan from a coinage purely imperial to one issued under the
more or less nominal authority of the reigning sover-
eign or power, with the name of the city or a tutelary
saint, as meets our eyes almost throughout mediaeval Europe.
At Milan the Lombard kings and emperors of the West con-
trolled the coinage, wholly or in part, from the eighth to the
thirteenth century. Between the Carlovingian epoch and
the introduction of fine artistic work under the dukes there
was an interval of decadence and barbarism ; we find denari
of varying type and module which improved in fabric before
they exhibited much advance in style. Toward the period
when the city and territory fell into the hands of personal
rulers, the money bears a republican and autonomous impress,
with Mediolanvm on one side and the name and seated
Milan.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 447
figure of St. Ambrosius on the other ; and we next discern
the stealthy transition to a different form of government in
those pieces which retain the patron-saint, and replace the
cross and adjuncts on reverse by the titles and armorial cog-
nisance of the Visconti. It was the policy followed in all
instances, where daring and able adventurers profited by the
weakness or necessities of the empire to establish dynasties
in their own families ; and the details were naturally modi-
fied by local circumstances. The Visconti began in the
thirteenth century to assume a prominent position in Milan ;
in the fifteenth they had reached the height of their pros-
perity ; and the most interesting numismatic remains for us
are those which we owe to the genius and taste of Leonardo
da Vinci and other great masters. The testone with the
head of Lodovico // Moro (1476-94) is ascribed to Da
Vinci, who passed some years at the Court of Milan in this
reign. But the portraits, which we engrave, are almost
equally fine. One is the reverse of a coin of Gio. Galeazzo
Maria Sforza-Visconti (1466-76), with the bust of his uncle
Lodovico as regent ; the other two represent the duke him-
self at different ages. The early gold currency is of extreme
rarity ; the zecchino or ducat appears to have been first
struck under Gio. Galeazzo I. about 1385. Subsequently
to the Sforza-Visconti line, the Franco- Italian money of
Louis XII. and Francis I., and that issued by the Spanish
and Austrian occupiers down to 1792, constitute together
an extensive, costly, and important series ; yet among them
are many examples of Charles VI., Maria Theresa, etc., in
copper of quaint character, and there is the tallero of the
latter, presented herewith, struck in 1779 as Duchess (or
rather Duke) of Milan.
Connected with Milan by origin, and with Switzerland
by geographical or territorial allocation, is the great feudal
house of Trivulzio. Gio. Giacomo Trivulzio, created by
Louis XII. a marshal of France, describes himself on a
grosso before us as Marquis of Vigevano ; he seems to have
assumed the title of Duke of Milan; and in 1482 he
purchased for 10,000 florins of the Count of Sacco and
MILANESE COINS.
Gio. Galeazzo Maria Sforza-Visconti : testone.
Ludovico Sforza-Visconti, uncle of above and Regent :
testone (rev. only).
G. M. Sforza-Visconti.
Maria Theresa: tallero as Duke of Milan, 1779.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 449
Belmont the valley of Musolcino with the castle of Musocco
in the Swiss canton of Graubiinten. At Musocco he estab-
lished a mint. In 1493 he acquired by purchase the
feudal rights of the valleys of Rheinwald and Stufsanvien.
Political circumstances led him to transfer his mint to Musso ;
and in 1529 the castle of Musocco was destroyed by an
insurrection. Gio. Francesco Trivulzio, his son, again shifted
the seat of coinage to Roveredo, and this latter place retained
the privilege till the seventeenth century, when Teodoro Tri-
vulzio finally arranged to strike his money at Retegno. A
scudo and a triple scudo of 1676 describe him as a Prince
of the Holy Roman Empire and the Valleys of Musolcino,
tenth Count of Misocco (or Musocco), and fourteenth Baron
of Retegno, etc.
The numismatic chronicle of Pesaro is confined to the
period between the domination of the Malatesta and Sforza
families and the closure of the mint in 1622. The
Malatesta dynasty held the lordship from about the
middle of the fourteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century,
the Sforza from that time to 1512, and the Dukes of Urbino
during the remainder of the term, the mint being occasionally
Pesaro.
employed by others, as Cesare Borgia, 1500-3, and Leo X.,
1519-21. Giovanni Sforza, the last of that line, shared the
2 G
45 o The Coins of Europe
feeling of his relatives at Milan for the artistic treatment of
the current money ; and we reproduce a copper sesino
belonging to him, of which the style and spirit are unsur-
passed, while the legend on the reverse is singularly curious
for the period and country.
This ancient city, on which the labours of M. Yriate
have thrown a good deal of new literary light, enjoyed the
right of coinage from the twelfth to the fifteenth
century, when the mint was closed by a bull of
Pius II. (1458-64). Very few monuments appear to have
survived of its products. The ordinary types are the denaro
and grosso with the short cross and Arimini on reverse, and
on the obverse the standing figure of St. Gaudecius holding
a crozier in his left hand and raising the right in the act of
benediction. The republican period extended from 1250
to 1350; between 1432 and 1462 Sigismundo Pandolfo
Malatesta exercised a seigniorial sway over the city, and
struck the bolognino and picciolo with his own name or
initials and the effigies of St. Gaudecius or St. Julian.
The first intimation of an independent coinage for the
Parmesan district is the grant of Philip of Suabia not long
before his death in 1 208. Denarii of small
module or oboli occur with Philipvs on obverse
and Parma on reverse. The former exhibits the name of the
emperor so disposed that PH. occupy the centre above what
appear to be a crozier and a sceptre, and ILIPVS is placed
round the outer circle. The centre of reverse has a rudi-
mentary donjon, as shown in a more elaborate form in the
denari of Frederic II. about 1225. The money continued
to be of the ordinary communal type and scope down to the
advent of the Farnese family in the sixteenth century in the
person of Pietro Lodovico Farnese, son of Pope Paul III.,
1546-47. This once great and powerful house emulated in
its coinage the other Italian states : and we have examples
of a varied character with realistic portraits and reverses
embodying classical legends. Even down to the close of
the seventeenth century considerable attention seems to have
been paid to the work ; but some of the copper sesini fail
COINS OF PARMA.
/*$&*, \':t
as? mt n <
>./
Alessandro Farnese, 1586-92 : scudo di argento.
Odoardo Farnese, 1622-46 : scudo di argento.
Maria Louisa, Duchess of Parma and Guastalla :
5 soldi.
452 The Corns of Europe
from having been struck on too small a flan. With the
exception of the interval during which the ex-Empress
Marie Louise held the title and sovereignty in conjunction
with Piacenza and Guastalla, the Bourbons had the mone-
tary control down to 1859. Of Marie Louise (1815-47)
we have only two dates, 1815 and 1830 ; the duchess struck
the 40 and 20 lire in gold, and the 5, 2, and i lire, and the
10 and 5 soldi in silver. Her coins usually read [obverse
with portrait] Maria Luigia Princ • Imp • Arcid • D1 Austria
[reverse shield] Per La Gr • Di Dio DucJi • Di Parma Piac •
E Guast •
Here again we encounter the Lombard and imperial
monetary systems in operation, first in an absolute, and
afterward in a qualified, degree from the eighth
to the sixteenth century ; and we must not forget
to note the tremissis struck here by one of the Carlovingian
monarchs named Charles, with D.N. Carvlvs Rex., since that
dynasty made such sparing use of gold. The most flourish-
ing epoch in this particular case was the eighteenth century,
when a republican form of government prevailed, and a very
handsome series of coins of the St. Martin type was in
circulation. Lucca subsequently experienced successive con-
stitutional changes: from 1805 to 1814 it was (with Piom-
bino) a principality, created in favour of Elise Bonaparte
and her consort Felice Baciocchi ; from 1814 to 1847
Maria Louisa, widow of the King of Etruria, and her son
Carlo Lodovico, held it as a duchy ; in the last-mentioned
year it was exchanged for Parma and Piacenza on the death
of Marie Louise of France, and it eventually merged in
the grand-duchy of Tuscany, incorporated with the Italian
kingdom in 1 860. The two most striking features in the
Lucchese currency are the presence on many jjieces from the
thirteenth to the eighteenth century of the Sanctus Vultus
or crowned and bearded effigy of a royal personage with
this somewhat inexplicable legend, and the popular tradition
of St. Martin and the Beggar, admirably rendered on the
scudi and half scudi of the last century. The Sanctus
Vultus type occurs on a denaro of the Middle Ages and on a
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 453
copper quattrino of 1555, alike bearing the name of Otho,
which was thus perpetuated both here and elsewhere
centuries after the death of the last emperor so called. The
Lucchese themselves bestowed on this pattern the sobriquet
of Barbone. But, beside St. Martin, they courted the
patronage of St. Paulinus, who appears on a copper piece of
1757, holding in one hand the Church and in the other the
pastoral staff or crozier. The accollated series in gold,
silver, and copper, representing the sister of Napoleon and
her husband, is probably well known ; the copper is scarce.
We have before us the 5 and 3 centesimi of Felice and
Elisa, i 806, and the soldo, 1826, of Carlo Lodovico their son.
The coinage of Genoa, unlike that of Venice or even of
Florence, was subject to frequent interruptions in conse-
quence of the violent political agencies which
Genoa. ^ . b .
anected its independence. 1 here is no con-
tinuous succession of money ; but in the course of centuries,
as we show in our summary elsewhere, a very extensive
series of coins in all metals is due to this source. The list
of Doges extends from 1339 to 1794, when Girolamo
Durazzo filled the office. They were at first indicated on
the money by a number ; during a short term they placed
their initials on pieces ; and ultimately the rule was adopted
of representing the Government under the formula Dvx et
454
The Coins of Europe
Gvb. Reip. Genv. About the middle of the seventeenth
century a coinage took place of genovini of large module of
the Virgin and Child type in gold and silver, possibly in
imitation of the 50 and 100 real pieces of Spain; these
productions are not artistically remarkable, and seldom occur
in good state. The Virgin and Child was a favourite pattern
here; a crosazzo of 1677 places a sceptre in Our Lady's
right hand, and reads T*L*M*Et • Regc • Ros • Of copper
money there is very little ; the earliest which we have seen
belongs to 1773, and may be a half soldo. It may be open
to question whether a 4 denari of 1797 should be assigned
here or to Sardinia. In common with most of the Genoese
money after 1793, it has the Savoyard arms crowned, but,
except the value, Quattro D. and date, is anepigraphic. The
4 and 2 soldi, 1814, are billon, not copper. Of the Franco-
Italian coins we shall speak presently.
Some very characteristic and picturesque pieces of the
end of the fifteenth and commencing years of the sixteenth
century associate themselves with this old feudal government,
Descriptive Ozitline of the Coinages of E^{,rope 455
so famous by reason of the legend of Patient Griselda, par-
ticularly the testone of Lodovico II., 1475-1502,
the medaglia or scudo of the same with his
second wife, Margaret de Foix, 1503, and the coin of similar
module of 1516 of the widowed marchioness. The first and
third we copy in the present volume, the latter from a
peculiarly fine example recently found at Lyons ; the testone
is undated, but probably prior to 1504. In the scudo of
1503, the earliest dated coin of Saluzzo, if not of modern
Italy, the marquis and his consort face each other ; he in the
sort of berretta shown in the testoon, she in a wimple or
veil. The coin of the widowed Marguerite, 1516, presents
in the legend of the reverse the place of origin and the name
of the moneyer : J\anuce\ J\pJiannes\ C\lot\, the two latter
words in a monogram. Clot was a German medallist at
Genoa, and the fabric and character of the piece remind us
of several of those in the German series, of which we have
had occasion to speak.
In the previous sections a tolerably full view of the
general numismatic history of the very numerous places
Other throughout the Peninsula which exercised mone-
Italian tary autonomy will have prepared the reader to
ns' understand how, apart from the leading states, a
network of minor centres existed here in the Middle Ages
precisely as in other regions, and the information already
supplied may be sufficient for our immediate purpose.
The Catalogues, again, have denoted the localities where
Charles VI., VII., and VIII., Louis XI. and XII., Francis
Franco- ^'' Henry II., and Louis XIV. at intervals caused
Italian money to be struck in their names during the
French occupation of portions of Italy between
1396 and 1515. Almost all this currency was copied from
local models, but occasionally followed French types. It is
distinguished far beyond the ordinary Italian coinage, on
account of its entrance into the range of the French col-
lectors ; and many of the pieces realise very large prices.
The double gold ducat of Asti is valued at £60, the quad-
ruple testone of Francis I. at ^48, the double scudo of
456 The Coins of Eiirope
Naples at £40 ; and such figures have no justification in the
intrinsic superiority. Even for poor specimens the foreign
houses demand extravagant amounts ; and the difficulty of
obtaining these productions has led to the issue of re-strikes
at the Hotel des Monnaies of Paris. Of the money issued at
Sienna and Modena in the names of Henry II. and Louis
XIV. a sufficient account appears in the Catalogues.
Napoleon crowned his series of triumphs in Italy by
establishing the royal title in his own person, and placing
on his head the iron crown of the Lombard kings.
The
Kingdoms With this monarchical system, which did not
°f '^fi5 and ern^race Naples, Lucca and Piombino, and Sicily,
was instituted a coinage in all metals dated
between 1806 and 1814: the 40 and 20 lire in gold, the
5, 2, and I lire in silver, the 10 centesimi in billon, and the
soldo, 3 centesimi, and i centesimo in copper. The soldo
of 1806 is scarce. There are also siege-pieces of 1814 for
Palma Nuova ; 50 and 25 centesimi in billon. Of the
copper series there were at least three types of obverse, I 806,
1 8 1 o, and 1 8 1 I ; but the reverses seem to be identical.
A poorly -struck centesimo of 1808 has m.m. V., pre-
sumably for Venice. The 5 lire of I 8 1 2, struck at Bologna,
shews something like a fillet round the head. That of I 808
is quite plain.
The monetary system introduced by the house of Sar-
dinia calls for no special notice. It consists of the lira and
centesimo and their divisions or multiples, and discards the
soldo and the use of billon. The ordinary mint is Milan ;
it was transferred from Florence in 1861.
The present Italian Government for its African posses-
sions has struck a series of coins with a crowned bust of the
king and his title on obverse with the date 1891, and on
reverse Colonia Eritrea, with crowned eagle dividing value ;
there are the 5 and 2 lire, the lira, and 50 centesimi. The
piece of 5 lire is described below the eagle as Tallero — a
term more intelligible than lira to the African mind familiar-
ised with the coin of Maria Theresa.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 457
XIII. SOUTHERN ITALY
Although Lombardy is a term exclusively applied to the
northern division of Italy, the Lombards themselves spread
over the south, and established dukedoms at Beneventum
and Salerno, at first dependent on the kings and subsequently
on the Frankish monarchs. These princes, of whom there
were long dynasties, retained their power till the conquest of
the country by the Normans in the eleventh century, and
struck coins in gold and bronze on the Lombard model.
Grimoald III. of Beneventum (787-806), on the reverses of
whose money usually appears the monogram of Charlemagne,
as a token of submission, was the first who placed his full
name upon it. The Archangel Michael became common to
the currencies of the two southern fiefs, which were probably
struck at Beneventum and Salerno respectively. The gold
tari and other pieces sometimes read Opvlenta Salerno ; and
the former, from commercial motives, are usually bilingual —
Latin and Arabic ; we have already noted a similar pheno-
menon in the early numismatic development of Poland and
Russia.
The erection of possessions into dukedoms was char-
acteristic of a military people, who saw in the word duke
little more than the Latin equivalent. The term, as well as
comes and vicecomes, became familiar in the Middle Ages
throughout the whole of Europe. They all primarily
referred to leadership in war or attendance on the king in
his wars ; and we know that Vicecomes was adopted as a
family name by the ruling houses at Milan and Pesaro.
It has been shown that this was from the eighth century
the seat of a Byzantine mint, and that its fortunes obeyed
the frequent and strange revolutions which, from
Naples. i i r 11
the absence of a strong central power, have
always exposed Italy to the ambition of successive foreign
invaders. Naples was in turn governed by
Lieutenants of the Emperors of the East, Sth-Qth century.
Dukes of Naples or Apulia, 8th-ioth century.
458 The Coins of Europe
The House of Hohenstaufen . . . 1194-1266
Anjou . 1266-1435
Arragon . . 1435-1501
Louis XII. of France . . 1501-1504
The Kings of Castile . . . |
c • \ 1504-1708
Spain . j
The Duke of Savoy . . )
The House of Austria .... f 1"I3'I"35
The Spanish Bourbons . . 1735-1806
Joseph Bonaparte . i ,806-181 5
Joachim Murat . . j
The Bourbons again .... 1815-1860
There were also short intervals of democratic rule under
Masaniello in 1648 and the Neapolitan Republic in 1798-99.
This island had its separate political and monetary ex-
periences until it was united with Naples under the name of
the Two Sicilies by Ferdinand of Spain about I 504.
The Arabs and Normans held it from the ninth
to the twelfth century, and impressed on its coinage, as on
other parts of its history, their language, religion, and senti-
ment. The metals employed alike by the Arabs and
Normans were gold and copper to a principal extent,
although concave pieces of Byzantine style in silver are
referred to the reign of Roger II. (1105-54). The latter
almost exactly resemble the posterior productions of the
Servian princes and some of those in the mediaeval Cypriot
series. The chief seat of Arabic coinage was at Palermo ;
but the Normans employed this in common with Messina
and several places on the Terra-firma: Salerno, Amalfi,
Miletus, Bari, Brindisi, Naples, Capua, and Gaeta. The
source, value, and even date of the coins are often noted :
the first in full, the value by words or dots, and the date by
the regnal year of the sovereign. The legends of the earlier
rulers of this line were bilingual, in probable deference to the
requirements of a mixed population and of trade with the
East. Attention has been drawn to the striking departure
from existing models manifested in the types put forth by
Frederic II. as King of Sicily, and by independent re-
publican administrators at Gaeta and Ragusa.
The intricate political relationships of this country and
SICILIAN COINS.
Incuse silver denarius of Roger I. or II.
(1072-1130).
Copper coin of Jacopo II., 1285-95.
Robert (1309-43) : gigliafo.
Ferdinando I. : coronato.
Coronato. Another type.
Reverse only.
f .-II l&W-i-
\ ' * ' ."""3 "~— • \ -* "^"^
Ferdinando IV.: doppio scudo, 1791.
460 The Coins of Europe
its subjection in the course of centuries to so many
conquerors or occupiers of different races have
T'Vt T*
Sicilies° natura^y resulted in a proportionately complex
monetary system, more especially inasmuch as the
line between Sicily itself and Southern Italy is one not
always easily to be drawn. Looking back on the dynastic
changes of all kinds which have befallen this part of Europe,
there is slight room for surprise at the immense volume of
material which the student or amateur finds before him.
Amid such an inexhaustible assemblage it is difficult and
invidious to particularise, yet let us mention
The Norman gold ducats with Christian legends, the busts of the
princes, and the place and year of production.
The Norman copper follari and their divisions.
The augustale and £ of Henry VI. and Frederic II. of Germany
and the follaro of similar style of Ragusa.
. •. Of the augustale of Frederic there are varieties : one in the
possession of Lord Grantley is of unusually good work.
The silver types of the house of Anjou.
The silver and early copper of the house of Arragon.
The coins of Joanna II. of Naples and of Louis XII. of France.
The gold and silver pieces of Charles V. and Philip II. struck for
the Two Sicilies.
The rich and well-executed series of money in all metals issued by
the Bourbons, especially the early copper.
The coinages of the Republics of 1648 and 1798.
The wide-spread double silver scudi of Charles VI., 1733, and
Ferdinand, 1791, with the legend Ex Avro Argentea
Resvrgit.
The coinages of Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat, especially
the lower denominations.
The chronological rank or sequence of money is no
criterion of its rarity. Many of the pieces belonging to the
eighteenth or nineteenth century are more difficult to pro-
cure than those of far more remote date, which have been
hoarded or occur in finds. An approximately complete
assemblage of the copper coins alone of the Two Sicilies
would prove a task of incredible labour and duration, even if
condition were not a postulate. The examples which most
readily present themselves are the heavier gold and silver,
and these, from the limited call for them, are apt to dis-
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 461
appear. Ferdinand III. or IV. (1759-1825) struck during
his very protracted reign distinct series in copper of cavalli,
grant, and tornesi, with reverses borrowed from ancient Greek
types, and legends significant of the happiness of his subjects
under such a prince. No cabinet should be without speci-
mens of the currency of " Le Beau Sabreur " and that of
Joseph Bonaparte. Of Murat we find the 40 and 20 lire,
the 5 lire and 12 carlini, and poorly -preserved copper
money — we have met with the 3 grana, 1810; of King
Joseph there is scarcely anything but the scudo of 120
grant and the gold 20 lire ; his sway here was transitional.
Knights or Hospitallers of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem
at Malta
The coinage of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, of
whose annals and numismatic records the work of Furse
supplies so ample an account,1 dates from the establishment
of the Order at Rhodes, and embraced the period from I 307
to 1 796. The earliest monuments of the mint at Rhodes
are grossi and mezzo-grossi of Fulco di Villareto (1307-19),
which were replaced under his immediate successor, Elion
di Villanova (131 9-46), by the gigliato and aspro? both
of silver. Diodato di Gozon (1346-53), who instead of
Custos Hospitalis styles himself Grand Master, is sup-
posed, from a specimen engraved by Bosio, to have in-
troduced the first gold money in the shape of a zeccliino
distinct in type from that subsequently current ; but the
piece is not at present known, and Furse speculatively
values it at 3000 fr. A billon denier and a piece corre-
sponding to the aspro, but called the third of the gigliato,
were the only additions to the coinage, till Antonio Fluvian
struck the zecchino or ducat in gold in direct imitation of
the Venetian piece. Silver money of higher value and
grander module began to appear in the time of Pietro
1 Memoires Ntimismatiqiies de I ' Ordre Sotiverain de Saint Jean de Jerusalem.
Rome, 1885, imperial 8vo.
2 The aspro is still rare ; of the gigliato there was a troiivaille at Ephesus.
462 The Coins of Europe
D'Ambusson (1476-1 503), and Emery D'Amboise (1503-
I 2) added the double zecchino and the silver variety with
the paschal lamb and flag, together with the earliest copper
denari. It was during the rule of Philippe de Villiers de
1'Isle Adam (1521-34) that the seat of government was
transferred to Malta ; and this master was the first whose
portrait was placed on the currency, and moreover on a
sequin (or zecchino) of a novel type and on a faro, a new
silver denomination which, with its multiples, continued in
use down to the close. On the other hand, the Rhodian
gigliato and aspro did not survive the removal westward.
The cinquina, the carlino, and the grano, followed the new
sequin and the taro at intervals, the two former in silver, the
last the copper unit, and all . borrowed, like the gigliato
itself, from Sicilian types. Some of the masters struck
pieces of 2, 4, 10, 12, and 20 gold sequins, and several of
the later scudi and mezzo-scudi of 30 and I 5 tari, usually
with a portrait. The sumptuous and well - executed gold
money of the eighteenth century is of heavy fabric, and is
still of common occurrence.1
In forming a selection for the cabinet, some of the earlier
gigliati and aspri are desirable. The zecchini are, as a rule,
extremely common even in unworn condition, but are almost
invariably ill struck.2 On the other hand, the silver and
copper pieces seldom occur in good preservation, and many
are absolutely of great rarity. Furse values some of the
gigliati and aspri at from 2000 to 200 frs. Even 3 and 4
tari pieces of 1680 are estimated at 200 frs.; they belong
to the time of Gregorio CarafFa (1680-90), who was under
such fortuitous circumstances transferred from a prison to a
throne. Probably the figures furnished by Furse might be
exceeded in some cases, as the foreign standard of condition
is lower than the English — certainly than the present
1 A few years ago the Government of Malta sent over to England a hoard
of these handsome coins, which were sold at Sotheby's Rooms, but fetched only
the value of the metal.
- Finds of these sequins are occasionally reported. A considerable number
were sold in London within a short period. They were, for the most part, of
masters who are plentifully represented.
COINS OF THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM, HTH-iSTH c.
Helion di Villa Nova (1319-46) : gighato
Gio. de Homedes : 2 tari, 1538, lamb and flag type.
Gregorio Carana : 3 tan, i
Emmanuel de Rohan : scudo di oro, 1724.
Emmanuel de Rohan : scudo di argenK), 1723.
5 gram, 1757 : copper.
10 gram, 174(5 : copper
464 The Coins of Europe
writer's. The copper money is almost introuvable in fine
state, yet it includes a variety of interesting pieces,
particularly those of large module of the time of Paul
Lascaris Castellard (1636-57), which are often obliterated by
countermarks.
The only siege-piece connected with the Island and the
Order is the rough ingot of silver struck in 1798-99 during
the French investment. The series cannot lay claim to
much originality, but possesses a special interest and attrac-
tion from the peculiar character of those with whom it
associates itself.
XIV. FRANCE
The earlier coinage of France, like those of the other
divisions of Europe which we have been considering, forms
two grand sections, the imperial or regal and the feudal or
seigniorial ; and the latter, again, is classifiable under two
heads : the secular and ecclesiastical. There can be no
doubt that the oldest numismatic monuments of this kingdom,
entitled to rank as indigenous productions, are the so-called
Gaulish coins in gold, silver, and mixed metal, which date
from a period considerably anterior to the advent of the
Romans, and which it is yet found so difficult to distinguish
from the British series. The types of some of these pieces
exhibit details which were transferred to the later provincial
or local currencies, and which may therefore assist in
fixing more nearly the source whence the primitive Gaulish
coinage emanated. Others seem to be direct copies of
Roman brass.
The imposing volume of the existing remains of French
money scarcely requires to be augmented by too free an
admittance of what is usually known as the Merovingian
series ; and it is an undoubted fact that a very limited pro-
portion of the latter appertains to French soil ; nor should it
be forgotten, indeed, that the pieces of this character, to
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 465
which the largest share of importance is attached by numis-
matists and collectors, are such as differ from the normal
Merovingian currency in presenting the name and even
portrait of a sovereign — features which are usually treated
as having been introduced into Gaul under Theodobert, King
of Austrasia (534-48), but which we have already noted as
borrowed by Theodahatus, King of the Ostrogoths (534-36),
from the Roman imperial coinage. The products of mints
within French territory, as that term was understood in the
fifth and succeeding centuries down to the close of the Middle
Ages, constituted only part of a vast system by which the
greater portion of Western Europe was long supplied with
a gold medium in the shape of the solidus and tremissis or
triens by moneyers distributed over given areas, and acting
for local centres, provided with the requisite imperial authority
to strike and utter coins vouched by the names of the place
and the operative. From the uniformity with which they
were observed these conditions were clearly peremptory ;
and it is obvious, when we look at the vast stores transmitted
to us, that the practice lasted many centuries, and was
carried out on a large scale in France and elsewhere, although
the measure of production was unequal, as we are led
to infer from the comparative scarcity of finds in certain
cases and the abundant survival in others. The tendency of
recent years has been toward a fall in the commercial esti-
mation of the Merovingian family of coins as a whole ; while
special mints, alike for them and the later dynastic pieces,
command prices constantly on the increase.
A new era assuredly commenced when the rulers of
portions of France began to substitute characteristics, which
lent to their coinages a greater degree of personality and
directness, for the older principle ; and the initiative was
taken in that part of the territory which lay nearest to
Germany, and was most apt to be receptive of Teutonic taste
and precedent. As the Frankish influence spread itself over
France, the whole costume of the money in the lower metals
gradually assumed a similar aspect ; and the Carlovingian
denarius and its moiety served as the model for a different
2 H
466 The Coins of Europe
school or scheme of finance, where silver replaced gold as
the principal medium and money of account, and heavy pay-
ments were reckoned by weight or satisfied by specific con-
version of bullion into the amount immediately required.
Under such circumstances, since the Carlovingian dynasty
cannot be proved to have struck much gold, it is more than
possible that the improved or advanced Merovingian trientes
remained in use, and the archaic system of coinage pre-
vailed, until the development of commerce rendered a change
imperative, and the more precious metal began to find em-
ployment for currencies, associated with responsible govern-
ments and definite boundaries. The very few examples
which we encounter, after leaving the Merovingian race
behind us, such as the denier d'or of Melle and the solidns
or sou of Louis le Debonnaire, are now generally referred to
special occasions or private enterprise. We owe, however,
to the Merovingian regime our knowledge of infinitely
numerous points connected not merely with this study, but
with topography and history ; and it is a source of advantage
that, after an interval, the moneyers of France, and of the
Continent generally, thought fit to revert to the usage of in-
scribing the place, if not the author, of the coinage on the
dies. In some instances we see that down to much later
times the engraver or mint-master placed his signature on
his work ; but the names found on certain Carlovingian
pieces are doubtless those of feudatories, who associated them-
selves with the reigning sovereign on the coinage in the
manner so familiar to us.
The lists of French sovereigns prior to Charles le Chauve
are perhaps open to the objection that the predecessors of
that king, and notably Charlemagne and Louis le Debon-
naire, are more properly classed with the series of German
emperors. Both made use of Paris and other French mints ;
but they did so only in common with seats of coinage in
Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Italy.
Assuming that the denarii of Pepin le Bref and his
immediate successor, if not always or even usually of French
origin, were at all events current in France in its largest
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E^lrope 467
sense, they may without great impropriety fall under the pre-
sent category ; and among them occur, besides the common
Melle type, many alike interesting and rare. The coins of
Pepin himself are all difficult to procure, and are quoted at
high figures in foreign catalogues, more especially the
denarius with Dom. Pipi. and Eli. Most. Na., supposed to be
posthumous. These pieces are, as a rule, of small module,
and resemble the Melle obole of Charlemagne with Korlvs in
a monogram. The lead one, reading D.N.P.F.PP. Aug.,
with a helmeted bust in armour holding lance and buckler,
and on reverse, Renovat\io\ Ro. Imp. and a gateway, bears the
name of Rome, where it was doubtless struck, and we have
no hesitation in supposing the same to be the case with the
ordinary specimens exhibiting the legends D.N. Carlvs
Imp. Aug. Rex F\rancoruni\ et L\angobardorum\ and
Carlvs Rex Fr., and on rev. Et. Lang. Ac. Pat\ricius\ Rom
[anus]. Accompanying the latter is a monogram explained
to signify the name of Pope Adrian I., which might fix its
appearance between 772 and 795. Mention should also
be made of the type with Metal. German, an indication of
the early recourse to the mines of the Hartz region for ore,
and of a denarius attributed to Louis IV., on which a diademed
bust and the words Capvt Regis present themselves. From
a different point of view we cite the coins of Pepin with
Milo, and those of Charlemagne with Rodlan, because these
inscriptions are given to Milon, Count of Narbonne, and to the
celebrated hero of romance, Roland or Orlando, the emperor's
nephew.
A reference to the Catalogue of Mints will shew that,
while the number was enormous under the Merovingian
system, rather from the method of production than the
extent of output, the wider area of the Carlovingian rule,
coupled with political and social progress, maintained the
list at a somewhat high level, while the difference was by
degrees fully made up by the growth of the feudal coinage,
instituted in all parts of the realm by concessions from the
Crown. The consequence is that, in lieu of an immense
array of moneyers and mints, we are confronted, as we cross
468 The Coins of Europe
over from the Carlovingian to the Capetian dynasty, with a
host of feoffees, each of whom struck his or her own money,
and in course of time produced currencies which emulated
in variety, if they did not eclipse in artistic pretensions, the
regal one. The latter in the thirteenth century began to
follow two standards, those of Paris and Tours, of which the
Parisian was the higher by a quarter. The origin of the
Touraine scale was the gradual development of the abbatial
mint at Saint Martin de Tours, which rose from being a
purely local institution, like so many others, to the dignity
of one of the leading seats of coinage under Louis IX., and
the birthplace of the famous gros tournois.
Taking first in order the regal series, we proceed to
observe relatively the same gradual and leisurely progression
which has been marked elsewhere. During whole centuries
the French kings of the house of Capet, and their great
feudal dependents, following in their steps, remained con-
tent with the denier and the obole of the two standards,
struck at mints spread over various parts of the country, and
liable to variation and displacement from reign to reign.
In the time of Philippe II. Augustus (i 180-1223) twelve
seats of coinage are cited by the authorities ; the denier was
produced at all of these points, the obole at four only —
Paris, Arras, Bourges, and Laon, which may shew that the
circulation of the lower value was more restricted. When
we arrive at Louis VIII. (i 223-26) the coinage seems to
have relaxed in its activity, or, a very short term of rule
following a very lengthened one, the specie in hand was
perhaps sufficient to answer immediate demands. But it
was the eve of a second prolonged reign — that of Louis
IX. (1226-70) and of a revolution in the monetary system.
During the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile
(1226-29), Louis may not have initiated the great move-
ment by which he placed on a new footing the currency of
his country ; nor can we ascribe to an earlier period than his
first return from the Holy Land (1250) the introduction of
the gros — a denomination already current in Italy, the Low
Countries, and Germany, but unknown farther westward, and
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 469
struck in France on a model altogether different from that
followed elsewhere. It is rather singular, however, that
while the Venetian counterpart, belonging to the twelfth
century, was of Byzantine parentage, the 4-denier piece of
the French appears to have been copied in some of its
details from an Arabic original, where certain Oriental
characters on the obverse underwent at the hands of the
European engraver transformation into a gateway or chatel.
The principal feature in the new gros tournois of Louis
IX. was its standard and its utility in commerce. It may strike
a modern thinker that the addition of a groat to the coinage
of a great and powerful people was not a matter of peculiar
importance ; but it was a gain for which England had still
a century to wait ; and when we consider the other improve-
ments made by this prince in a similar direction, we may ask
the question, whether the step here taken was not adequate
to existing requirements. For, besides the gros, attributable
to the middle of the thirteenth century, Louis struck two
gold types : the royal or regalis aureus and the fau a" or,
both at present of great rarity. Other varieties in the same
metal have been named in connection with him, but appar-
ently without real authority. The error or misconception is
very likely to have arisen from the similarity of the title on
the agnels of Louis X. ; and, again, from the reference to the
same piece under different names. But one authority (Le
Blanc) certainly cites the chaise d'or under this king, whereas
the earliest known belongs to Philip IV.
Louis IX. was the restorer on a more modern basis of
the French gold currency, which had been in existence from
the most remote period of the monarchy, and probably the
circulation of the royal and ecu was at first very limited. Suc-
ceeding reigns added the petit royal, the agnel or mouton, the
•masse \ and the chaise; and the succession of the house ot
Valois in 1328 tended still farther to multiply varieties,
while occasionally types disappeared after a brief trial. Such
was the fate of the masse where the king holds in his right
hand the sceptre or mace, and which was discontinued after
Philip IV. Philip VI. of Valois (1328-50), whose beautiful
47O The Coins of Europe
currency is still comparatively common, having either been
hoarded or issued in large numbers, had no fewer than eight
distinct gold denominations : royal, couronne, parisis d'or,
e"cu, lion, chaise, pavilion, florin. Georges (St. George and the
Dragon) ; and of some of these there were variants. Each
ruler or government seems to have aimed, in diametrical
opposition to modern principles, at achieving novelty and
diversity ; and the result could not fail to be under any
circumstances permanent inconvenience and confusion.
It was in an even larger measure the same with the
silver and billon, in which the issues were, as we approach
the reign of Charles VI. (1380-1422), bewilderingly numer-
ous and, as a rule, destitute of any clue to the name or
value. We count as many as eighteen sorts of money in
the inferior metals in simultaneous or nearly simultaneous
use. It is true that some of these coinages not only spread
over a reign of forty-two years, and that some of them were
for particular provinces ; yet, on the other hand, the old
money would generally remain current, and no district was
without its feudal mint producing independent types and
values, while over an extended area, during almost two
centuries, the English kings exercised monetary rights, and
struck coins in all metals at at least twenty-three ascertained
points, the patterns and module so closely resembling those
of the regal series, that an inexperienced or careless observer
might readily mistake one for the other.
For us, of course, the policy, however unpractical and
inconsiderate, has been the means of accumulating a store of
numismatic examples and documents (so to speak) almost
unsurpassed in richness as well as in bulk. English and
American collectors may be conversant with the noble works
of Hoffman and Poey d'Avant, and may have formed from
them some mental estimate of the aggregate volume ; but
early French coins of the rarer descriptions are seldom seen
out of the country ; and a few trays in a foreign cabinet
usually represent all that is procurable or of interest. For
there is that other side to the question. Thousands of pieces
exist, especially in billon or silver of low standard, of which
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 471
the aspect is uninviting, and the particulars are barely
intelligible even to French experts ; and a second and more
select category is precluded from crossing the frontier by its
rarity and price. French coins of a particular stamp are
like French books in French bindings ; and it is, perhaps, a
clue to the smallness of the original output, that certain
pieces in the collection at the Bibliotheque are unknown
elsewhere. In general the entire range from Louis II. to
Louis VIII. (877-1226), confined to the more strictly French
series, becomes a difficult problem in the experience of the
foreign amateur, more especially certain reigns, where we
meet concurrently with coins of German or Italian origin of
superior fabric and workmanship, and of more or less common
occurrence.
Regarding the state of preservation in which the ancient
French money has reached us, we discover that the pheno-
menon is less connected with its chronological sequence than
with the metal of which it was composed and the degree of
care employed by the mint-master and his staff. A grave
difficulty and drawback in this series arose from the evident
want of skill or patience in preparing the metal and flans
even for the silver currency ; and this characteristic, which is
absent from the earlier coins, is very conspicuous in those
both of billon and finer quality from the fourteenth century
to the Revolution. Hardly one piece in fifty is round, and
there is not that slender proportion of entirely satisfactory
specimens. The most degraded epoch was probably that
between 1380 and 1610, comprising the reigns of eleven
monarchs ; and although greater attention was paid to
the gold, the flan was often too small for the die, and in
other cases the pressure was insufficient to render the type.
A comparison of the Franco-Italian series is quite sufficient
to establish the great inferiority of the French one : a coin
of Louis XII. or Francis I. from an Italian hand powerfully
contrasts with one produced at home ; and when we perceive
that the services of such men as Briot and Goffin were
secured even by its baronial subjects, and rejected by the
Crown, and contemplate the mournful gold coinage of Louis
472 The Coins of Europe
XIII., 1640, by the side of the Briot patterns of 1618, we
may satisfy ourselves that Official Ovvldom was as paramount
in Paris as it has ever been in London.
The uniform excellence of fabric of the French copper
from Henry III. to Louis XV. (1575-1774) forms a con-
sideration which has not perhaps been much studied, from
the apparent indifference of those most concerned to so
humble a topic. Yet it is on his deniers and doubles tour-
nois that we meet with the best portraits of Henry IV.,
while the series of Louis XIII. (i 6 1 1-42), including the rare
Navarre type of 1635, is most interesting from the graduated
diversity of busts of the king. The execution of these coins
reminds us very strongly of Briot ; and they differ in the
most marked manner from the- other productions of the same
epoch. They occasionally occur in piefort and in silver.
One striking characteristic of the whole series from the out-
set is the presence of French instead of Latin legends — an
apparent concession to popular convenience.
The reform in the coinage in 1640-1 comprehended the
whole system and the process of fabrication. It was no new
project. Henry II. had introduced the German system,
superintended by Aubin Olivier, who was expressly commis-
sioned to visit that country and obtain the necessary appa-
ratus. But officialism succeeded in limiting the improve-
ment to the production of medals, jetons, and pieces deplaisir,
while the ordinary currency was once more left to the
hammer. In 1618 Nicolas Briot submitted some patterns
of a very superior character ; but vested interests again
intervened, and they were pronounced too expensive. The
actual new coinage consisted of the louis d'or and the demi-
louis, the ecu d'argent of 60 sols and its moiety and minor
divisions down to a twelfth, and the double and denier tour-
nois with head to left. Of the silver ecu there are patterns
dated 1641 ; and pieces of 2, 4, 8, and 10 louis were struck
in small numbers for presents or orders. The louis was the
prototype of the English guinea.
Notwithstanding the introduction of this improvement
on the old principle and feeling, separate coinages for
FRANCE : COINS OF HENRY III. AND IV. AND LOUIS XIII.
(1585-1635).
Henry III.: franc d'argent, 1585, as King of France and Poland.
Henry III.: denier tournois, 1578.
Henry IV. double tournois, 1610.
Louis XIII.: double tournois, 1611.
Louis XIII.: pattern demi-franc d'argent by Briot, 1618. Piefort.
Louis XIII.: denier tournois, 1635 (for Navarre).
474 The Coins of Europe
Navarre and other constituent portions of the realm were
still deemed necessary, and the former denominations re-
mained in some instances current down to the reign of Louis
XIV., who struck the &u au soleil in gold, and of whom
there is before us a demi-franc of the ancient type with
a numeral stamped in to convert XIII. into XIIII.
The utilisation of residual currency for a new reign or
a different issue was carried out to a large and systematic
extent. Coins frequently occur struck over others, so that
the obverse and reverse are transposed, and this practice
seems to have been habitual under Louis XIV. and his
successor when the number struck proved to be in excess
of the demand ; and the surplus metal was thus turned to
useful account by creating a numismatic palimpsest.
The coinages of Louis XIV. and XV. are alike remark-
able on account of the duration of the reigns and the
youth of these monarchs when they were called to the
throne. Even where a collection is on representative lines,
it can scarcely dispense with specimens of the earliest,
middle, and later issues. The pieces with the young heads
from 1643 to 1651, and from 1716 to 1720 respectively,
are apt to prove more attractive ; and the minor divisions of
the ecus of Louis XIV., 1643-44, the louis and half louis of
1 645, and the Hard de France with crowned bust and French
legends; and the ecus of his successor, 1716, 1718, 1723,
the louis and half louis of 1717, and the copper money of
1719-21, as well as the undated Beam sol reading on rev.
Prodvit des mines de France, and the various pieces struck
for the colonies, 1717-52, maybe particularly mentioned.
The colonial sols or double liards between 1717 and
1722 are usually ill struck. Those of 1717 read: xii.
Deniers Colonies ; others have Colonies Francoises. For the
Windward Islands (Isles du Vent] there are silver coins of
12 and 6 sols, 1731, and one of 20 sols for the Indies, as
well as a currency in all metals for Pondichery — the pagode,
the royalin and its multiples, and the J ana m in more than
one variety. Of the older currency of Louis XV. the £cu
and half ecu of i 740-41 are deserving of attention by reason
FRANCE: COINS OF LOUIS XIV. AND XV., 1644-1741.
Louis XIV.: 2 sols,
Louis XIV.: Hard, 1655.
Louis XV.: the "John Law" sol, 1719.
Louis XV.: 6 sols struck for the Windward Isles, 1731.
Louis XV.: petit ecu. 1741.
476 The Coins of Europe
of their superior workmanship and style ; and the varied
types of the louis are curious. Mention has been made of
the quinzain, presumably a piece of I 5 sols ; but no example
of this reign seems to be known.
The reign of Louis XVI. offers no features of special
importance until we come within measurable distance of
the borderland between the old and new regimes, when we
meet with some striking types significant of the political and
constitutional changes which impended over France and the
king himself. A series of patterns, proceeding from a
variety of sources, marked the interregnum prior to the
establishment of the consulate, and a second one exists of
proposed patterns for the currency under the personal rule
of Bonaparte.
A glance at the first fruits of the mint under Louis
XVI. side by side with the coins on which he is presented
to us as a man prematurely stricken in years, might be alone
sufficient to point to some contributory agencies ; but the
unhappy king appears to have grown corpulent at a very
early age, if we may trust the portrait on a piece of 6 sols,
struck at Paris in 1783, before the Revolution broke out,
and when there could be no power, perhaps no wish, to in-
dulge in caricature. This was in reality the prototype, how-
ever, of the republican bust so familiar to us all ; and the
same realistic tendency, as distinguished from the more or less
idealised resemblance, manifests itself in the louis of 1788.
Amid the confusion and vacillation naturally attendant on
so stupendous and unprecedented a crisis, we cannot be sur-
prised to find, on the one hand, such an extraordinary piece
as the 30 sols of 1 791 in copper, with the portrait to left and
Louis X VI. Roi des Francois, and on rev. the seated figure of
Liberty, surrounded by democratic emblems and the legend
La Nation. La Lot. Le Roi ; or, on the contrary, the two-
fold movement in the coinage for reconciling parties by
reissuing from the old dies the youthful head of 1774 and
by preparing a pattern, very carefully engraved by Vasselon,
of an ecu, where the features of Louis are more prepossess-
ingly rendered, but the reverse is on the new lines.
FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY COINS, 1791-93.
Louis XVI.: pattern £cu, 1791.
30 sols, 1791.
Dixain, 1791.
3 deniers, 1792.
FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY COINS, i;9'-93-
5-centimes piece, countermarked. ? Mint waste
•T 4>»f j'-\
Descriptive Oittline of the Coinages of Europe 479
The first impulse of the democracy was to disturb the
regal system only in the form of external accessories and
artificial or inflated values at critical moments. The livre,
the sol, and the denier remained the monetary bases for a
short term ; but the centime and franc eventually super-
seded them. We find among the earliest monuments of the
Republic —
30 sols in silver with head of Louis XVI. . . 1791
15 sols in silver with head of Louis XVI. . . 1791
£cu and demi-ecu with head of Louis XVI. . 1791
5 sols by Monnier .... 1791-92
2 sols by Monnier .... 1791-92
.-. Of various types. One of 1792 reads : Revolution Fran^atse.
5 sols in silver by Lefevre and Cie-
2 sols 6 deniers with a helmeted head of Liberty . 1791
Dixain (prototype of Decime) in bell metal . . 1791
And in the second period :
24 livres in gold, 61 livres in silver . . 1793
5 decimes in copper (Regeneration Fran^aise) '793
i and 2 sols in copper of two or three varieties . 1793
Decime ..... |
5 centimes . . . . • . 1'an 3-4
i centime . . . . )
In the 3rd and 4th years (1795-96) the Government had
recourse to various expedients importing financial embarrass-
ment. A i o centimes was first put forth as legal tender for
ten times its metallic value. In year 4 the decime was
made to pass current for two decimes, the 5 centimes for a
decime ; and a piece actually representing the moiety was
struck as a token for 5 centimes. The dilemma may be
supposed to have been of short duration, as matters returned
to their normal state in year 5. There are two historical
relics before us, recalling this crisis, in the shape of a
5 centimes countermarked decime, and of a second of year
4 reading decime.
The 24 livres of 1793 was the sole effort of the Re-
public in that metal ; and in lieu of the 6 livres it decided
1 Blanchet (Manuel, i. 168) cites the 3 livres, which we have not seen.
480 The Coins of Europe
on the 5 francs,1 but -not on the divisions or even unit.
The issue for the year 10 was the latest with the
democratic insignia ; that of year I I bore the effigy of
Bonaparte.
From Napoleon I. to the present time there is equally
little to arrest the attention or to signalise beyond a few
points which it is necessary to denote. The great emperor
gradually succeeded in restoring order at home, in spite of
the incessant demand for his presence at the head of the
army ; and he accomplished something toward an improve-
ment and simplification of the currency. There had been
from financial motives a tendency, even in the time of Louis
XVI., to diminish the intricate volume of separate coinages
for the provinces ; and the Revolution not only swept away
the entire system, but abolished the remaining seigniorial
rights in this direction. With the Consulate commenced in
some respects a new monetary era : the franc became the
basis and unit ; and the 5 -franc piece of the Republic, after
the year 10, or 1802, was reinforced by the franc, \, and £
in silver, and the 40 and 20 fr. in gold, current for the whole
Republic. But the copper was not recoined, nor did France
possess any medium in that metal till I 848. A pattern for
a sol was submitted to Bonaparte by Gengembre in 1 802,
but was not passed; and it was only on the institution of
the empire that plated pieces of 5 and 10 centimes were
issued to meet public convenience. It is very possible that
Napoleon, both as Consul and Emperor, was loth to intro-
duce innovations, and that there was in existence a plentiful
supply of the revolutionary decimes and their fractions. The
consular Executive waited three years (1799-1802) without
changing the type; in 1803 the First Consul ventured on
placing his own portrait on the national money ; and in the
following year, when he assumed the imperial dignity, the
word Empereur was substituted on the obverse for Premier
Consul. The republican legend on the other side was retained
till 1808. So great was the caution which even such a
master-spirit deemed it requisite to exercise in adapting the
1 See Cat. of Denom. v. " Franc."
FRANCE : NAPOLEON I. AS FIRST CONSUL AND EMPEROR,
ETC.
Pattern by Gengembre for a copper sol, 1803.
Kingdom of Italy : i soldo, 1807.
J franc of Napoleon I V.
2 I
482 The Coins of Europe
coinage of the most powerful State in the World to the
system which his genius had created.1
The later numismatic annals2 concern (i) the money
struck on behalf of the two pretenders, Napoldon II. and
Henry V. ; (2) the project for a revival of the copper coinage
for the colonies in 1824 and for internal circulation in
1840; and (3) the second Napoleonic regime (1851-70),
succeeded by the existing Third Republic. In the name of
the King of Rome or Duke of Reichstadt, who died un-
married in 1832, were struck 5, 2, and I francs in silver,
and 10, 5, 3, and I centimes in copper, all dated 1816, and
generally found in proof state ; the dies are believed to exist.
In that of Henry V., better known as the late Comte de
Chambord, his mother, the Duchesse de Berri, issued 5, 2,
and i francs, ascribed to the London mint, a ^ franc said
to have proceeded from a private press in the Faubourg St.
Honore, a ^ franc and a small copper piece, which may be a
jeton, having on reverse Dieu Fa donnt^ 29 Septembre i&JJ.
The dies for the larger denominations are extant; they com-
pletely differ from the three used for the others. The series
ranges between 1831 and 1833, and is almost unexception-
ally unused. The 5 franc occurs both of 1831 and 1832.
The scheme for renewing the copper currency was
immediately in connection with the colonies, and had no
reference to the employment of such a medium at home. In
1824, shortly prior to the demise of Louis XVIII., some
very handsome designs were prepared for a lo-centimes and
a 5 -centimes piece, but were not adopted. They bore the
usual titles and portrait, and a crowned monogram on reverse
with Colonies Fran^aises and the date. The plan was carried
into effect by Charles X. ; but the type and fabric were quite
different.
1 The latest examples of this reign are the 5 francs and 2 francs of 1815
from different dies, the latter by far the rarer.
2 It may be worth mentioning in a note that the first coinage of Louis
XVIII., 1814, is much rarer than those in and after 1815. It consists of 5 francs
in silver and 20 francs in gold, and of the former there are two issues or at least
mint-marks. It has been said that a 6-livres piece on the old model exists, with
the date 1795 and the legend Louis XVIII. Roi des Franfais ; but the state-
ment is very problematical.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 483
The want of small denominations seems to have been
felt, even with the possibility that the colonial money was
current in France, or that a certain residuum was left of
the large republican output, and in 1840 appeared a decime
with the portrait and title of Louis Philippe I., and on
reverse Refonte Des Monnaies De Cuivre. Strangely enough,
of this movement we hear no more.
Revolution of 1848 : 10 centimes. Lead.
The features of interest associated with Napoleon III.
are restricted to his rather scarce coinage as President, 1852,
particularly the pattern 5 francs, which Barre first submitted,
the settlement of the bronze currency on a convenient basis,
and the historical anticlimax signified by the resort to the
Brussels mint for the 5 francs of 1870. The 5 and 10
francs in gold were first introduced in this reign, and the
former was doubtless suggested by the American dollar, of
which it even followed the two types or modules. The
partizans of the Bonaparte family thought fit in 1874 to
issue a small coinage in the name of Napoleon IV., the
colourless young man, who perished in Africa in 1879.
We have at present to retrace our steps a little to con-
sider a branch of the question to which recent allusion has
been made. Toward the close of the seventeenth century, when
we begin to lose sight of the Franco -Italian and Franco -
Spanish money, noticed elsewhere, we become cognisant of
a third class or group of productions, demonstrating the
anxiety of France or its rulers to find an outlet for their
energy in other quarters and in a different field. About
1 700 the mint struck a Hard for Canada with Dovble de
484 The Coins of Europe
rAmerique Franqoise, and a royalin, 2 royalins, and 4 royalins
for Pondichery. It was apparently the initiative in a policy
which was suspended at the Revolution, but resumed under
Charles X. Louis XV. considerably extended the system,
perhaps at the instance of John Law of Lauriston, the South
Sea Bubbler, and introducer of the copper sol of 1719. In
1717 were issued pieces of 1 2 deniers for the colonies
generally ; there are at least three types and various dates ;
and to these succeeded a livre of 20 sols for the East Indies,
a pagode d'or and pieces of 8, 4, 2, and I royalins, and fanams,
grand fanams, and \ fanams for Pondichery, I 2 and 6 sols
for the Windward Isles (Isles dn Vent}, 1731, and anepi-
graphic uniface copper sols with C crowned for general
colonial use. The latter were first struck in 1764, and occur
countermarked for Tobago, St. Nevis, St. Christopher's, and
other settlements.
Louis XVI. issued a piece of 3 sous in 1781 for general
circulation with Colonies Franchises, of 3 and 2 sous for the
Isles de France et de Bourbon, 1780, 2 and 3 sous for
Cayenne, 1781-89, and a fanam for Pondichery, I787.1 The
handsomest coin in the whole range is undoubtedly the
piastre decaen, 1810, with the imperial eagle crowned and
lies DC France Et Bonaparte on obverse, and the value within
a wreath and date on the other side. It is generally re-
garded as money of necessity, and was struck by General
Decaen, governor of the settlement, probably at a local press.
Almost all the extant specimens are faulty, even where they
are unused. We observe in the legend the substitution of
Bonaparte for Bourbon. The colonial series of Charles X.
and Louis Philippe, like the patterns of 1824, was of
European module, except a fanam of the latter for Pondi-
chery in copper, 1836.
The present French Administration has far surpassed its
predecessors in the activity which it has displayed in annex-
ing territory and assuming or accepting protectorates over
native states, for the whole of which it has been at the pains,
1 The Bank tokens for 50 and 25 sous for the Mauritius, about 1800, in
billon, were probably of local fabrication.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 485
in the same manner as Germany, Italy, and Great Britain,
to found a monetary system. The too omnivorous amateur
is apt to regret his universality when he discovers that it
involves accommodation for coins in silver and copper at
least, emanating from Paris, and dedicated to the service of St.
Domingo, French Guiana, Cambodia (Kan-pou-chi], Patagonia,
Madagascar, East Africa, Cochin China, and Tunis. These
currencies principally follow the French standard ; but that
of Patagonia is in centavos and that of St. Domingo in
escalins.
Feudal Coinage of France
The feudal or seigniorial money of France, which owed
its rise and development to the same agencies as that of
Germany, the Low Countries, and Italy, cannot be compared
with the latter in any respect save its vast extent and its
multifarious character or personality. Its origin has been
usually traced to the decentralising influence of the en-
feebled imperial authority after the death of Charlemagne ;
but in fact the system and spirit had long acquired a definite
growth when the Frankish rule was extended over France
and the Marches of Spain, and merely waited for an oppor-
tunity to consolidate itself. The government of Charlemagne,
alike in this and other parts of his wide dominions, was
strictly on a feudal basis, and was parallel with the subordinate
control of numerous minor sovereigns of graduated rank and
jurisdiction. The difference between a strong and a weak
hand really concerned the great feudatories rather than the
smaller ; and the decline of the monarchy, while it favoured
the aggrandisement of such states as Burgundy, Brittany,
Aquitaine, and ultimately Normandy, and indirectly opened
the way for the English occupation of parts of the kingdom
during more than a century, produced equally striking
fruits in the settlement on a permanent footing, as a distinct
political factor and a dominant social phenomenon, of a
486 The Coins of Eiirope
seigniorial caste classifiable under two divisions, the secular
and the ecclesiastical, which may be again arranged under
two heads, the great and the minor feoffees. Of the relation-
ship of these bodies toward each other and toward the
Crown it does not belong to the immediate subject to speak
or treat beyond the result which accrued from such an in-
finite partition of subsidiary political autonomy to the national
coinage.
The feudal money of France, subsequently to the reign
of Charles le Chauve, was perhaps advisedly very similar in
its general character to the regal series. The latter had at
that time assumed something approaching a distinct and
independent type, and had at all events renounced the
primitive and hybrid conceptions legible on the currencies of
the earlier races. It was not till a later epoch, when some
of the great vassals of the Crown attained wealth, and
aspired to vie with the sovereign in the splendour of their
display, that we meet with the more sumptuous numismatic
productions of feudal origin which, by their individuality of
character in portraiture and heraldry, betrayed the coexist-
ence of many masters on the same soil and the qualified
power of the reigning monarch.
The dismemberment of the Carlovingian empire shortly
after the decease of the founder brings more clearly into
view the wide prevalence of the claim to strike money and
the actual exercise of the right ; but we should probably
have seen to a fuller extent that this state of things existed
long prior to the Prankish era, if the bulk of the Merovin-
gian money had not by its anonymous nature been so diffi-
cult of assignment to the responsible issuers. The normal lists
of French rulers, even when they are most elaborate and com-
plete, inadequately convey the state of constitutional parties
in a country or region which was not merely parcelled out
into separate feudal governments almost absolutely inde-
pendent, but which included within its area an amount of
territory constantly -subject to change and redistribution.
While the boundaries of France periodically expanded or
receded, its divisions underwent perpetual modification or
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 487
readjustment ; and it is not till we reach the eleventh or
twelfth century that we find it easy to reduce to an intelli-
gible form the complex monetary system. Under the
generic designation of Prankish coins a vast body of numis-
matic remains is commonly grouped together ; and even at
a more advanced epoch such agencies as disputed preten-
sions, temporary partition of territory among representatives,
and coeval contrefa^ons or imitations, contribute to perplex
students. To a large extent the foregoing Catalogues will
assist in facilitating an acquaintance with this branch of the
French monetary economy by indicating, as far as possible,
every locality throughout the kingdom which at any date
struck coins, and when and for whom it struck them. In
the present place it must suffice to furnish a synopsis of the
subject, and to specify the feudatories under the Crown who
have been instrumental in forming a series at least equal to
that of Germany in its range and diversity.
The provinces of France which long constituted virtually
sovereign states were —
Aquitaine Lorraine La Marche
Poitou Normandy Provence
Burgundy Gascony Dauphine
Brittany Navarre Champagne
Alsace or Elsas Anjou
In a secondary rank, yet not less self-governing, and in all
executive details autocratic, may be classed the baronial or
princely houses of—
Bayonne Nivernais Perpignan
Beam Bourbon and Bour- Toulouse
Artois bon-Montpensier Narbonne
Boulogne Dombes Orange
Perigord Auvergne Vienne
Dreux Limoges Nevers
Penthievre Chalon Soissons
Maine Turenne Vermandois
Chartres Thouars Ponthieu
Blois Angouleme Ligny
Valois Saintonge Bar
Franche-Cornte Armagnac Valentinois
Vendome Roussillon
488
The Coins of Europe
At a somewhat lower level, from a territorial as well as
political point of view, yet not less exempt from ordinary
regal jurisdiction in the arrangement of their internal affairs,
were the fiefs or lordships of—
Le Vexin
Nogent-le-Roi
Bondaroi (a chatel-
lenie)
Beaumont-le-Roger
Romorantin
Chateaudun
Perche
Berri
Bourges
Deols
Isoudun
Vierzon
Donzy
Saint-Aignan
Mehun-sur-Y£vre
Chateau-Meillant
Sancerre
Charenton
Linieres
Grac,ay
Brosse-Huriel )
Saint-Severe J
La Ferte-Chauderon
Velay
Polignac
Maul^on
Ferenzac
Ferenzaguet
Astarac
Pardiac
Comminges
Lescun
Foix
Castelbon
Besalu
Urgel
Ampurias
Carcassonne |
Razez (
Beziers and Agde
Omellas (barony)
Montpellier
Anduse
Roquefeuil
Rouergues and Rodez
Albi
Albi-Bonafos
Beaucaire
Cadenet
Seyne
Montelimart
Lyons
Gilley-Franquemont
Bouhelier
Beauffremont
Chatelet Vauvillers
Macon
Tonnerre
Sens
Chateau Porcien
Rethel
Phalsburg and Lix-
heim
Sedan and Bouillon
Cugnon
Les Hayons
Beauvais
Coucy
Nesle
Montreuil
Douai (chatellenie)
Bethune
Beaumont
Agimont
Fauquembergues
Encre
Pequigny
Elincburt
Crevecceur
Walincourt
Serain
Vaudemont
Verdun
Apremont
Forcalquier
Lectoure I
Lomagne J
A final series is composed of ecclesiastics, who were practically
irresponsible to the Crown in respect of ordinary administra-
tive jurisdiction, and whose various titles or dignities render
them susceptible of an assortment under four or five heads —
Archbishops
Aries
Besanc,on
Embrun
Lyons
Reims
Bishops
Le Puy
Agen or Auch
Strasburgh
Chalons-sur-Marne
Girone
Carcassonne
Substantion-Melgueil
Uzes
Meaux
Verdun
Langres
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E^^,rope 489
Laon
Autun
Noyon
Cambrai
Apt
Metz
Avignon
Saint - Paul - Trois
Chateaux
Valence and Die
Gap
Toul
Amiens
Lodeve
Viviers
Javouls )
Mende j
Albi
Cahors
Abbeys
Corbie
Saint - Medard de
Soissons
St. Etienne de Dijon
St. Oyen de Joux or
St. Claude
St. Florent de Saumur
Bergues St. Winoc
St. Martin de Tours
St. Andre de Cler-
mont
St. Martial
Benedictine Abbey of
Massay
Cluny
Tournus
Priory
Souvigny-le-Vieux
Monastery
Gorze
Over a community so distributed and so organised,
independently of the towns, where a certain share of muni-
cipal freedom gradually prevailed, the Kings of France
claimed and exerted an authority fettered not by constitu-
tional but by customary limitations, which were jealously
guarded and often successfully enforced. In the main, so
long as internal affairs were tranquil, the Crown and its more
or less immediate dependents maintained an amicable
understanding, however ; and the restrictions and burdens
were chiefly reserved for the bourgeoisie and allodial tenants
or tillers of the soil ; and among other interests in common
the aristocracy enjoyed undisturbed possession of the honour
and emolument arising from the universal title to strike
money. The schedule, which is found above, shews that,
whether temporal or spiritual peer, whether duke, seigneur,
or chdtelain, prelate, prior, or abbot, the same indulgence or
concession belonged to the position, and even assisted in
supporting it. The profits of the local mints entered into
the annual accounts ; the freer the alloy compatibly with the
maintenance of a nominal standard, the higher, of course,
was the scale of advantage ; and the sole condition imposed
by the regal authorities appears to have been that the types
should not be a direct counterpart of those employed by the
king.
In studying this or any other similarly extensive series, we
4QO The Coins of Europe
mark the rate of progression from almost absolute barbarism
to a high state of artistic excellence, and from a single small
denomination to a noble and sumptuous currency in all
metals. We ought to bear in mind that the measures of
political and of monetary importance, however, are not
necessarily co-ordinate: some of the most rudimentary
examples in cabinets were the product of an age when the
feudal element in society was at the height of its prosperity,
while the most splendid and delightful specimens in our
hands belong to a time when the balance and weight of
power had well begun to incline toward the Crown, and
many of the greater domains, by a variety of influences, had
merged in the monarchy. Again, it is the case that certain
of the seigniorial or baronial feoffees have transmitted to us
coins, executed during the best period of medallic art, more
ambitious and attractive than those of their sovereigns, and
that it is within these lines that we have to seek all that
is most humanly interesting in portraiture and personal
recollection.
We shall once more invite an examination of the Cata-
logues for a general view of the French feudal mints and
numismatic nomenclature. But under several heads it be-
comes desirable to call attention to points which may not
have been touched or treated sufficiently at length elsewhere.
To the general student or inquirer those money-
yielding districts of Old France, which offer more than
a purely French interest, necessarily acquire
Normandy. / «-.,./
Aquitaine. a certain precedence ; and to Englishmen and
Guyenne. English-speaking folk throughout the world there
Anjou. will always be a mysterious charm in coins which
Viermois were witnesses of the military transactions and
Orange, protracted rule of the Anglo-Saxon race on French
vignon. SQj^ Qr ^yhjch, in the case of Orange, formed the
cradle of a house importantly associated with English history
and English constitutional freedom. So far back as the
time of the Crusades the territorial area of this fief was con-
siderably abridged by partitions, and it is on foreign soil and
in the stock of Orange-Nassau that we have to look for the
Descriptive Oiitline of the Coinages of Europe 491
sources of the fame which the house will always continue to
enjoy. Its genesis was French ; but its heroes were
Hollanders. The earliest coins are deniers of Guillaume,
1182-1219. But the most interesting remains belong to
William the Silent, Maurice of Nassau, and William Henry,
afterward William III. of Great Britain. A link between
the old home of the family and the theatre of its historical
exploits is found in the retention of the fleur-de-lis in the
arms, sometimes with, sometimes without, the cornets. A
lo-stuiver piece of 1749, otherwise anonymous, has a lis on
the pillar on obverse. A cornet presents itself on a bronze
penny of the Orange Free State, 1874.
Even in the capital itself the regent Bedford (John
with the Wooden Sword) exercised sovereign authority
during many years, and struck coins significant of inter-
rupted or divided autonomy. In Avignon we recognise the
temporary political phenomenon which produced a lacuna
in the papal numismatic series at home, and transports
us to a foreign territory for the pontiffs from 1309 to 1408.
The Viennois falls within the present category, because in the
tenth century Vienne itself formed the home of a Venetian
trading colony, which had its own quarter. The coins struck
for Dauphiny after the union or cession by the independent
rulers in 1343 bore the distinguishing mark of two dolphins.
A billon douzain of Louis XII. (1497-1515) has the
quartered shield of France and Dauphiny surmounted by a
crowned lis.
In an almost equally striking yet totally different manner
the three localities indicated in the margin signalised them-
Saint-Martin de selves bY the Production of types, which
Tours. became generic or standard, and were
l. copied far beyond their own frontier, and
even the boundaries of France. The gros
tournois was not only the first step taken toward a develop-
ment of the coinage after the return of Louis IX. from the
Holy Land in 1250-51, but became the model for similar
denominations or value in several parts of Europe, where the
belief in its acceptability or the force of servile imitation led
492 The Coins of Europe
in some instances to the retention of the original legend. The
most ancient piece associated with the city and abbey is a
denier with the name of Unister, apparently long anterior
to the grant of Charles the Simple in 926. The monnaie mcl-
goricnne, which seems to have been at first of the Carlovingian
and subsequently of the Narbonne type, goes back to the
tenth century, and diffused itself over the south of France.
The reason for its popularity is not obvious. Originally in
the hands of the Counts of Melgueil, it passed in 1215 to
the Bishops of Maguelonne, who in 1262 struck a special
currency with Mohammedan inscriptions for the use of traders
with Egypt and Barbary, and thereby incurred the displeasure
of His Holiness Clement IV. It was a proceeding of which
the record sheds a sidelight on the commercial relations of
that part of France in the Middle Ages, and bears an analogy
to similar traces in the Viennois and Bourbonnais.
The money of Dombes, a territory which had formerly
made part of the kingdom of Aries, is entitled to consideration
under two aspects : the singular celebrity of the 5 -sols pieces
with the portrait of Marie de Montpensier, 1608-27, their
wide service as models for the moneyers of France, Spain, Italy,
and Germany, and their welcome reception in the East at
a premium ; and the testons d'or of Jean II. and Pierre II.,
Dues de Bourbon, 1459-1503, which preceded those belong-
ing to the regal series. This line of princes was unsurpassed
in the grandeur and variety of their currency, which em-
braced all metals, and comprehended denominations from
the sextuple louis to the copper denier tournois. The later
holders of the title of Prince de Dombes appear to have
resorted to the mint at Paris.
The numismatic chronicle of the Bretons forms not only
a broken and obscure record, but is imperfect at the com-
Brittany mencement to an extent which leaves far too
Burgundy, much to the imagination, although the long sur-
Lorraine. i r 1 i •„ • i • • , •
vival of primitive habits in this province and its
actual condition form a basis for inferring that its monetary
requirements were formerly of the humblest and most limited
character. Doubtless the Prankish currency found its way
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 493
in the eighth and ninth centuries — the earliest point of time to
which we are able to go back even in the majority of cases —
to Rennes, Nantes, Treguire, and other centres ; and the first
stage of progress was the local imitation of the Carlovingian
deniers at Rennes and Nantes. It is not till the eleventh
century and the reign of Conan II. (1040-66) that the
attribution of coins becomes easy and confident. But what-
ever may be the amount of information either lost or hitherto
unrecovered, the matter is narrowed in this particular instance
to a certain measurable radius by the apparent peculiarity
that, beyond three or four great feudal chieftains, who con-
stantly struggled for the supremacy, the seigniorial element
was never actively developed as in all other parts of France ;
and the reasonable probability therefore is that future re-
search, if it accomplishes important results, will chiefly add
to our knowledge of the origin of the Rennes and Nantes
mints and of their most ancient productions. Many other
seats of coinage, as we shall have seen from the Catalogue,
eventually arose ; but these were doubtless the earliest. The
perturbed state of the country, agitated alternately by civil
war, invasion by the Franks, and piratical inroads by the
Northmen, coupled with the relative absence of commercial
or even agricultural activity, forbids us, however, to be very
sanguine of rendering the annals appreciably more complete.
We perceive how, even in Normandy, the numismatic
material is, after several modern trouvailles, scanty to excess,
and again the examples, which have come to light there, do
not encourage the hope that the Breton money of the first
epoch was less barbarous or more instructive. In fact, the
coinage of the Dukes of the Bretons presented no improve-
ment or variety apart from the progressive movement in that
of France itself, by which it was visibly influenced, as it had
been by the Teutonic types introduced into that part of the
empire by Pepin le Bref and his successors ; and the later
money, not long prior to the incorporation of the duchy with
France, reflected very closely some of the diversified and
attractive patterns brought into use under the house of
Valois.
494 The Coins of Europe
Brittany deserves to be comprised in the Anglo-Gallic
zone by reason of the occasional exchange of relations
between the two countries from the tenth to the fourteenth
century — the asylum obtained in England by Alen II.,
Barbetorte, during the Norman occupation, the dramatic story
of Arthur and his sister Eleanor, and the part played by
Edward III. in the contest for the crown between Jean de
Montfort and Charles de Blois. The deeds of daring ascribed
to more than one of the early dukes, and especially to the
just-mentioned Alen II. (937-52), may have constituted the
foundations of the romance of Arthur of Little Britain, which
became popular in England from the familiarity of the name,
and is indeed a work of more than ordinary merit. It is
supposed that Alen II. was the first who assumed the title
of Duke of the Bretons — a form which recommended itself
to some of his successors, who are, however, found on their
coins with varying designations as Conies (i.e. of Rennes or
Vannes), Dux BritanifZ, or simply Dux. After her marriage
to two kings of France in succession, Anne of Brittany, the
royal lady whom we usually associate with a splendid livre
cTHeures, continued to place her name alone on the Breton
currency. An ecu d'or without date reads on obverse: Anna
D.G. Fran. Regid Et Britonvm Dvcissa. In a second she
styles herself Dux Britonuni. This legend possibly referred
to the interval between the death of Charles VIII. and her
remarriage to Louis XII., or to the period of her second
widowhood. It was not till about 1530 that the formal
political union with France was consummated, and that we
cease to find special provincial issues for this division of the
kingdom.
In ordinary history the name of BURGUNDY is almost
exclusively identified with the duchy as it existed in the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries and with the careers
Burgundy.
and fortunes of two or three great military and
political characters, such as Philip le Bon, Charles le T£m£-
raire, and Philip le Beau. There had been, however,
from the same period — the middle or third quarter of the
ninth century — two other governments of a regal com-
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 495
plexion which, originally formed under the auspices of
Charles le Chauve, were united about 933 under Rodolph
II., and incorporated with the German Empire by Otho III.
a century later. The territory so annexed comprehended a
considerable portion of Switzerland, Franche-Comte, the
duchies of Chablais and the Genevois, the barony of Fau-
cigny, the county of Maurienne, Macon, Chalon, Lyon,
Dauphiny, Aries, Forcalquier, Provence, and other provinces.
The duchy (primarily margraviat) of Burgundy, with which
we are more generally acquainted, was a parcel of the ancient
kingdom of Neustria, and was created in 877 by Charles le
Chauve in favour of his brother-in-law, Richard le Justicier.
It enjoyed a duration of almost exactly 600 years, and was
eventually and finally absorbed in 1477-78, after the death of
Charles le Temeraire, by France under Louis XI.
The Burgundian money of what we must term the regal
era was to a large extent of a baronial and episcopal stamp,
and down to the eleventh or twelfth century retained facial
testimony of the survival of German prestige. The instances
where a feudal coinage was authorised by the Kings of
France are found to be extremely few and unimportant ;
and so long as the balance of power remained on the side of
the house of Hohenstaufen, and the empire preserved its
cohesion, this portion of modern France, Switzerland, and
Savoy continued to be Teutonic in a political and proprie-
tary sense. It was the seigniorial spirit of autonomy which
slowly and surely undermined the central authority and
prepared the way for great territorial and constitutional
changes.
Of the coinage of the later and independent duchy,
which from comparatively limited possessions at the outset
in the ninth century rose by virtue of manifold agencies to
an equality with first- class European Powers, and succes-
sively acquired the sovereignty over Flanders and many of
the minor fiefs in the Low Countries and the north of
France, we have had occasion to speak in the Catalogues.
The French numismatists usually range the entire Bur-
gundian series under their own system ; but this course does
496 The Coins of Europe
not seem to be more reasonable than that which claims for
France the German Emperors of the West, or, indeed, any rulers
anterior to Charles le Chauve. The monetary alliance with
Burgundy is clearly narrowed not merely to the duchy, but
to those portions of it which were appropriated by Louis XI.
in 1477-78, and from that date the autonomous coinage
limited itself to the titular pretensions of the house of
Austria, which were maintained almost within living memory.
Till the outbreak of the French Revolution the Valois and
Bourbon dynasties scarcely exerted any sensible influence on
the destinies of the Netherlands for good or for evil. Ger-
man and Spanish ascendency, the rise of Holland, and
English sympathy and help, put a term to farther projects
of conquest in this quarter ; and the numismatic history of
much of the extensive possessions of the last Dukes of Bur-
gundy— of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Luxemburgh, the
Dutch Provinces — merges in that of communities governed
by wholly different conditions. The former currency or
currencies of Burgundy are lost in those of France on the
one hand, and of the Flemings, Austrians, Spaniards, and
Hollanders on the other ; and so far as the duchy proper was
concerned, it does not seem to have preserved, after its seizure
by the French, like Dauphiny and Navarre, any share of its
old individuality, but, as in the case of Brittany and Nor-
mandy, to have conformed to the general monetary regula-
tions of the kingdom. A coup dc main extinguished the
growth of six centuries ; but let us remember that the
seigniorial or baronial element survived, and that, for the
most part, the tenants under the Crown of Burgundy were
also the tenants under that of the new master, and parted
with none of their local jurisdiction.
We have had occasion to note how, under the reign of
Edward III., the monetary relations between England and
the Netherlands had already become tolerably constant and
friendly ; and it is interesting, in connection with the Dutch
copies of the rose-noble of Edward IV., to observe that so
late as 1469 a conference was held at Bruges between the
representatives of the English prince and those of Charles le
Descriptive Oiitline of the Coinages of Europe 497
Temeraire, Duke of Burgundy, to discuss international
questions of coinage and exchange. The growing demands
of trade, and the active and profitable intercourse which
England then maintained with Flanders, as well as with
Holland, rendered imperative as simple a basis of calcula-
tion as possible.
Lorraine (Lotharingia] was originally one extensive
district, subsequently divided into Upper and Lower
Lorraine, of which the latter became perma-
Lo™reand nently distinct, and in fact comprised a large
share of the Flemish portion of the more modern
duchy of Burgundy. Haute-Lorraine, on the other hand,
constituted from the tenth century an important fief of the
empire, and at a more advanced period of the French
Crown, to which it paid homage down to 1465. In 1419
a marriage had brought the duchy of Bar into the same
house ; and in 1542 the united sovereignty, in the person of
the then reigning Duke Antoine (1508-44), was declared a
free and independent government. In 1738 Francois III.
exchanged Lorraine with Louis XV. for the grand-dukedom
of Tuscany, and in 1766 the province and territory were
united to the French Crown.
The earliest known coinage of this region and state
precedes its partition by Otho I., and consists of deniers of
the Christiana Religio and Temple type of Gislebert (9 1 6-40)
with a cross on rev. cantoned with points. That of Haute-
Lorraine, with which we are more directly concerned, seems
to commence in the middle of the eleventh century, within
a century of the apparent conclusion of the older series.
We have thus three numismatic epochs: i, the coinage
of undivided Lorraine, c. 900-^. 950 ; 2, that of Basse-
Lorraine, c. 959-c. 1140; 3, that of Haute-Lorraine,
1048-1766, if we are to include the interval between 1738,
when Stanislas I., King of Poland, father-in-law of Louis
XV., acquired the domain and title by exchange, and the
ultimate cession to the Crown.
Our acquaintance with the by far most interesting and
important division, the autonomous money of Lorraine proper,
2 K
498 The Coins of Europe
has been greatly improved by the researches of M. Robert,
whose papers on the subject and well-known Catalogue
(1886) represent the best means which we possess of study-
ing this enormous body of monuments, so infinitely varied in
their character and aspect, and forming a sort of link between
the French and German schools of workmanship and feeling.
The numerous places of origin, of which the earliest were
Saint -Die, Remiremont, and Nancy, do not necessarily
account for diversity of pattern, as the same moneyer fre-
quently officiated at several points ; but the changes of taste
and development of art and heraldry, even within the most
prosperous period alone — the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-
turies— are quite sufficient to explain the presence of mani-
fold varieties, of which that where an armed hand, issuing
from a cloud, grasps a sword,, was copied from the banner of
Rene II., and commemorated the war between Lorraine and
Burgundy. It was this prince (14/3-1508) to whom we
owe the introduction of a new gold ecu in. place of the old
Florentine type employed by the Dukes of Bar, as well as of
the grand ecu d' argent, with the duke on horseback and the
date 1488 — the first instance of the notation of the year of
issue. His immediate successor, Antoine (i 508-44), followed
some of his types, and may be, perhaps, considered as having
brought the coinage to its highest perfection, and having
witnessed the best period of independence and power. The
French occupation from 1634 to 1661 led to the com-
plex anomaly of three parallel currencies : that of the in-
vaders ; an anonymous local issue on behalf of the Duke
Nicole Francois ; and certain pieces struck by the latter dur-
ing his exile at Florence. This political episode was a
foretaste of what was to come ; and the later rulers of
Lorraine in a manner prepared their subjects for the future
by resorting to French rather than Teutonic models.1
Metz was a busy and prominent monetary centre long
prior even to the existence of the duchy, within whose limits
1 The titles of Duke of Gueldres and King of Sicily and Jerusalem on some
of the Lorraine series under Rene or Renaud II., 1473-1508, etc., appear to have
been temporarily borne jure uxoris.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 499
it lay ; and the series of early Messine deniers is very desir-
able and curious. We furnish in the Catalogues
Metz. ..... . . .
and Lists some useful information touching the
coinages of the bishops and sheriffs, and of those which pre-
ceded them. The mint appears to have been independent of
the dukes, and was not employed by them.
In the first Catalogue we have given, under Strasburgh
and other Alsatian mints, all the particulars connected with
the monetary production of this province, and
Strasburgh under Meran will be found a reference to the
coinage for their Tyrolese possessions of the
ancient Counts of the Tyrol down to the time of Sigismund
of Hapsburg, Margraf of Upper Alsace or Elsas. The
territory originally constituted part of the Prankish kingdom
of Austrasia, and has been by turn French and German, till
it was ceded to Germany by the diplomatic arrangements of
1871. It was divided at a very early period into Upper
and Lower Elsas, and had belonged to France by cession or
seizure since 1697, when it was lost by the fortune of war a
few years ago. Within its limits, which represented till
recently the French departments of the Upper and Lower
Rhine, lay several important seats of coinage, and we have
noted the introduction of the steel roller at Ensisheim in
Upper Alsace by the Austrian rulers about 1580. This
mint was fairly prolific from that date to the middle of the
following century, and the money is often recognisable from
the traces of the process by which it was struck, but does
not usually bear the place of origin, the sole indication
being the addition of Landgr. A Is. to the titles.
The landgraviat of Lower Alsace long formed part of
the temporalities of the See of Strasburgh.
The houses and titles of VALOIS and BOURBON occupy
a special place of honour as those which gave to France its
reigning dynasties from 1328 to the Revolu-
Bourbon. tion. The former, originally a fief of the house
Bourbon- of Vermandois, was united to the Crown by
Montpensier. -m .,• A • ,1 i ,,1 r
Philip Augustus in 1214 upon the death of
Eleonore, Comtesse de Saint Quentin et de Valois,
500 The Coins of Europe
and continued to be a royal appanage even after the
accession of the family, in the person of Philip VI., to the
throne. It comprised in 1285 the historical domains of
Ferte-Milon and Pierrefonds (of which the chateau was
restored by Viollet-le-Duc for Napoleon III.). Bourbon or
the Bourbonnais had been formed out of the ancient mar-
graviat of Burgundy by Charles the Simple, and comprised
domains in Bern, Nevers, Autun, and Auvergne. The
Sires, subsequently Dues, de Bourbon struck money from the
thirteenth century, and we find them involved in altercations
with the Priors of Souvigny upon this subject. But the
coinage associated with this great family in its feudal stages
of development owes its repute to the branch of Bourbon-
Montpensier, on which we have dwelt in the account of
the numismatic products of Dombes. The latest researches
do not seem to have brought to light any monuments of the
Bourbons themselves beyond a few insignificant deniers
struck independently or in alliance with Souvigny.
This group of names which is here presented is pri-
marily of personal interest, and is a connecting link between
the numismatic department and those of history
Coucy. , L ....
Chateaumeillant. and biography. We do not ordinarily identify
Ch°et meuf. with such a question as that before us celebrated
Turenne. characters of past times, whose renown or
repute seems to rest on literary, political, or
military grounds. We seldom think of Raoul de Coucy, of
the Courtenays, of Mazarin, of Sully, of Turenne, and lastly,
of the overbearing and rapacious Minister of Louis XIII.,
the Marechal d'Encre, as owners of seigniorial possessions
which conferred the right of striking money, and of the
favourite of Henri IV. as the employer of a numismatic staff
modelled on that of his royal master. The Seigneurs of
Chateaumeillant had exercised the privilege from the eleventh
century ; but Sully himself carried out the operations on a
more extended and systematic scale ; and his descendants
continued to enjoy the power till the reign of Louis XV.
Of Mazarin, in respect of his acquisitions of property in the
Nivernais and elsewhere, and of the Marechal d'Encre indi-
FRENCH FEUDAL COINS.
1. Pavilion if or of the Black Prince, struck at Bordeaux.
2. //rtn&Wr of Charles VII. of France, as Duke of Aquitaine, 1422-61, struck at La Rochelle.
3. Lion d'or of Philip le Beau, Duke of Burgundy, 1493-1506.
4. Copper Hard of Charles, Due de Nevers, 1613.
5. Denier of the Priory of Souvigny-le-Vieux, i3th c.
502 The Coins of Europe
vidually, there do not appear to be any monetary remains ;
but of the fief of Encre or Anchora there are early coins
belonging to the original holders from the Count of Flanders
in the twelfth century ; and the house of Courtenay is repre-
sented by a few deniers bearing the names of Pierre de
Courtenay, who married in 1 1 8 i the heiress of Moers, and
of the two consorts of his daughter, Mahaut de Courtenay.
A singular instance here occurs, in which, from the early
years of the fifteenth century (1417-19), a lordship in Bur-
gundy remained, amid all the political vicissi-
Montbeliard. , ,. ,. r
tudes of succeeding times, and in the presence oi
a formal cession to the Crown of France in 1536, till the
Revolution (1793) in the hands of the Duke of Wiirtemburg,
whose ancestor, Eberhard IV., acquired it by his marriage
with Henriette de Montbeliard. There are pieces of Count
Ulric (1520-26) with two trout back to back in the shield
and Comes. Montis. Bellig. ; but the first regular coinage was
under Frederic I., who established a mint at Montbeliard in
1585, and struck money there for his French vassals, chiefly
of low denominations ; the series was carried by his suc-
cessors down to 1720. There are the 6 and 3 kreutzer, the
3 and I batzen, and the Hard ; the last with the portrait of
the Duke of Wiirtemburg and the legend Liard de Mont-
beliard for the sake of distinction.
Of rarities and introuvables in the entire French series
it will have been probably collected from occasional remarks
that there is an extraordinary profusion — sufficiently so to
deter the modern collector from engaging in the attempt to
render himself complete or consecutive ; and it happens here,
as we have previously observed, that certain pieces were
apparently struck at the time for presents only or as mint
essays, and exist nowhere outside the Bibliotheque. This
more particularly applies, of course, to the regal class ; and
a study of the pages of Hoffman will soon corroborate the
statement and view. But in the feudal coinage it is equally
the case that there are examples of the rarest occurrence
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 503
even in France itself, and the cause in this case may be the
paucity of the original output and the lack of interest in
such memorial of the ancient noblesse on the part of de-
cayed representatives and in the presence of modified insti-
tutions. On the other hand, exceptional facilities seem to
be afforded to privileged persons by the authorities at the
mint for procuring restrikes of coins of which the dies
have been preserved, and many instances occur in which
the latter are in private hands, and are periodically multi-
plied as necessity requires.1 The sole advantage accruing
from this otherwise undesirable policy is that one has the
opportunity of looking upon such a piece as the scudo di oro,
struck by Louis XII. for Naples, in all its pristine freshness.2
It is next to an impossibility to concentrate in a single
focus the most conspicuous desiderata in such a series,
where the field is so wide, where variety and artistic pre-
tensions are so marked, and where the baronial or feudal
element is so strong. From the point of view of the
technical numismatist, who studies and cherishes infinitesi-
mal detail, and discovers there from time to time precious
clues or suggestions, the endeavour might prove hopeless,
while it would perhaps be superfluous ; but to collectors of
a less severe type it may be neither impracticable nor useless
to note certain items which help to lend importance and
value to an assemblage of these monuments of past ages
on different accounts, yet principally by reason of collateral
associations.
The Merovingian sous d'or of purely French origin with names
and portraits or of special mints.
The deniers and oboles of Pepin le Bref.
The deniers and oboles of Charlemagne (contemporary issues).
The Anglo-Gallic series, especially the gold florin and guiennois
and Anglo-Gallic baronial money.
The gold coinage of Louis IX.
The Franco- Italian and Franco- Spanish series, especially the
former.
1 For example, the silver and copper series of Napoleon II., 1816, and the
5 fr. , 2 fr. , and I fr. of Henry V., 1831-32.
2 Two silver proofs were offered for sale in the Dillon Catalogue, 1892, Nos.
394-95> without a hint as to their character and origin.
504 The Coins of Europe
The francs d1 argent of Henry III. and IV. in fine state.
The money of Francis II. and Mary of Scotland.
The patterns made by Nicolas Briot for a new coinage under
Louis XIII., 1618.
The 4, 8, and 10 louis pieces of Louis XIII., 1640.
The baronial money of Dombes and Turenne.
The colonial series from Louis XIV. to Louis XVI.
. ' . Many of these coins are at best roughly struck.
The copper sol of 1719, brought out at the instance of John Law
of Lauriston.
Any of the currency from Louis XI. to Henry IV. in fine state.
Any carefully struck specimens prior to the first Revolution.
Patterns appertaining to the revolutionary period (1791-1803).
The current value of the very rare or very interesting
pieces comprehended in the foregoing enumeration is, it is to
be feared, subject to the normal uncertainty attendant on all
such property, and to the modifying effect which discoveries
of additional specimens naturally produce ; and the more
artificial the previous estimate, the more serious becomes in
such cases the decline or reaction. On the whole, there is
perhaps a greater number of dear coins in this section than in
any other, and where the price is low, it is, as a rule, because
the condition is poor, or there has been a large find. In
England, and still more in Germany and the Netherlands,
there are very few examples even of high rarity which exceed
the limit of ,£25 ; but the French amateur has to calculate
on giving from 1000 to 3000 francs for many pieces indis-
pensable in a really fine collection ; and from the temporary
relationship between France and Italy between 1470 and
1515 his cabinet is not complete without several specimens
of an equally costly description in the Franco-Italian coinage.
In other words, he renders a very attractive group outside
his own country as inaccessible to the majority of buyers as
those actually or directly belonging to France. It is the
same with the Franco-Spanish money ; and it may be added
that the very questionable principle by which the Frankish
and other lines of princes anterior to Charles le Chauve or
Hugues Capet are claimed as French, similarly tends to en-
hance the expense of procuring their coins.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 505
A remarkable feature in connection with the French
series is the sparing extent to which it occurs in sales or
catalogues beyond the French border by comparison with
others ; and looking at the fact that the finest French porce-
lain, books, furniture, and paintings find their way to other
parts of the Continent and to England, it is strange that so
many of the more uncommon coins, particularly in the feudal
or provincial class, are almost unknown to foreigners. At
the same time, except as to capital rarities, it is to be said
that the valuation placed on specimens by local numismatists
is seldom reached abroad, if it is indeed at home, and that
the figures quoted by Hoffman and other experts must be
received with allowance by any who are not solicitous of
entering into rash investments.
xv. SPAIN
This portion of the Peninsula shared the fortune of the
remainder of Western Europe in having for its earliest
conquerors and occupants, of whom there is any distinct
record, certain successive hordes of Northmen — Alani, Suevi,
Vandals, Visigoths — who, after ravaging much of the inter-
vening region, formed settlements in Spain, from which ulti-
mately evolved in turn the Visigothic and Moorish kingdoms
and all that conferred greatness, if not commercial prosperity,
on the Spanish people. The Visigoths or West Goths, a
branch of the tribal community which established itself in
Italy, extended their sway over Spain, Portugal, and the
Pyrenean provinces of France, and to secure their coast
from the piratical attacks of their African neighbours, they
pursued the novel course of acquiring the coast-line on that
side and a command of the ports. It is evident that the
African or Moorish Power was not long in gaining the
ascendency, and in retaliating by incursions into Spain, which
resulted in the destruction of the existing rulers and the rise
506 The Coins of Eiirope
of that strange Mohammedan political era which had its
precedent and parallel in the Arabian domination in Sicily.
But in the Iberian Peninsula the influence proved far more
powerful and prolonged, and even when the actual authority
of the Moorish Kings of Granada was extinguished some
years after the union of Castile and Arragon under Ferdinand
and Isabella, the former masters of the country left their
enduring impress on its people, its language, and its archi-
tecture. The Moors or Mauritanians were the makers of
Spain. Of their predecessors there are no numismatic or
other monuments of any importance. The Suevic and Visi-
gothic coinages are probably the most barbarous in point of
style ever produced within the confines of Europe, and do
not seem to have undergone any improvement during the
period of that rule over parts of Spain. They exhibit the
principles of medallic art reduced to their rudiments, and
form a powerful contrast to that of the Ostrogoths, of which
some of the later examples, after the renunciation of imperial
names and busts, are highly creditable and interesting, and
indicate the employment of skilful engravers, more likely to
have been Greeks than Italians. We shall perhaps never
arrive at an exact knowledge of the reasons or circumstances
which exercised on bodies of settlers of cognate origin such
divergent effects ; but it is presumable that, while in Spain
the influence and traditions of the old Hellenic culture had
completely expired, the Gothic conquerors of Italy enjoyed
the advantage of the Indo-Greek civilisation, of which we
discover such early traces at Venice, and of which the
Byzantine jurisdiction over Ravenna and Naples, concurrently
with that of foreign invaders elsewhere, favoured the growth
and establishment.
The Visigothic series, chiefly confined to gold trientes,
at first of imperial, and subsequently of independent, types,
extends from the sixth to the eighth century. The mints
are Barcelona, Toulouse, Narbonne, Emerita, and Toledo.
There also exist of the later rulers small silver coins, prob-
ably the tenth of the triens, of inferior workmanship to the
latter, but of similar type. The moneyers engaged evidently
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 507
possessed a conversance with the alphabet and the language
which they used, and with the art of engraving inscriptions,
but had lost the power, brought to such perfection by the
Greeks and Romans, of rendering the human lineaments,
which became in their hands puerile caricatures. No bronze
money is known ; and it is fairly conjectured that the
Roman coins of the smallest module and denomination
served the purpose in ancient times, as they did at a
comparatively recent date, under the name of ocJiavos or the
eighth of the silver denarius just mentioned. The Suevic
monetary system, which partly preceded the Visigothic, and
partly ran parallel with it, and copied its types, was much
on the same lines, and similarly included the triens and
denarius. There is a specimen of the latter with the bust
and titles of Honorius, and on the rev. Ivssv. Richiari. Reges. ;
this coin might or might not have been struck before the
death of the Emperor in August 423, but most probably is
to be referred to a date prior to that event — between 410
and 423. The Suevic mints were Bracara and Emerita, of
which the latter was acquired by the Visigoths about 457,
and remained a seat of their coinage during some centuries.
The name occurs in full on a triens of Ervigius, 680-87,
when the Suevic power had entirely determined and dis-
appeared, and in the legend is followed by the word Pivs,
which may be understood, like other epithets found on these
pieces, as applying to the sovereign rather than the place.
The money of the Mohammedan princes, which was pro-
duced both in Morocco and in Spain, must be regarded as
forming a branch of Oriental numismatic literature, but is
of general interest by reason of the unusually precise clues
which it affords in many instances to the place and period
of fabrication, and to the new localities which, under the
Almovarides and Almohades, were rising into prominence,
as we there first hear of such centres as Seville, Cordova,
Xeres, and Granada as seats of coinage, and are struck by
meeting with the mention of the Alhambra as a mint.
The domination of the Moors long survived the rise and
aggrandisement of states, professing Christian tenets, in
508 The Coins of Eiirope
Leon, Castile, Navarre, Arragon, and Provence ; and these,
which constituted the germs of the modern and existing
kingdom of Spain, became in due course the sources of some
very interesting coinages of more or less peculiar types.
That of Arragon in the reign of Sancho Ramires (1063-94)
exhibits a not very marked advance on the Visigothic style
and execution ; but the following century witnessed the
fruit of some beneficial influence, probably of French or
Italian origin, at least on the portraiture, as we see in an
anonymous dinhero of Arragon, with the Provincia or
Provence reverse, and Rex Aragone, ascribable to some
period about 1200. The bust in profile is more usual, but
one of Martin (1396-1400) is full-faced in a tressure on the
model of the English and Dutch groats. It was in his
person that the house of Barcelona became extinct, and was
succeeded by that of Castile, which prepared the way for
the ultimate union under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1479.
The extension of English influence and interest in this
direction had been promoted first by the matrimonial alliance
between Edward I. and Eleonora of Castile in 1253, and
again by the accession of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,
Aquitaine, and Guienne, in the succeeding century to the
throne of that kingdom and to the titular sovereignty of
Portugal jure uxoris.
Spain merely followed the customary mediaeval incidence
in a division among several more or less independent com-
munities, but participated with Sicily and Southern
° an( Italy in the political and religious anomaly, by
which during a very protracted and, it may
almost be said, the most interesting period a considerable
share of its soil was in the hands of Mohammedans. There
was, apart from the struggle for supremacy between various
provinces, that between the two Bibles. From the fourth to
the fifteenth century one of the most Catholic regions in
Europe formed debatable ground, where the principles of
Christianity were not then held and vindicated by the domi-
nant race. The separate consolidation of Arragon, Leon,
and Castile, and their eventual fusion into one government,
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 509
formed the commencement of the empire on which it was
once said that the sun never set, and on which it has
long set for ever. The united kingdom of Castile and Leon
proved to be the central point, to which the remainder of
the Spanish territories successively gravitated ; and by virtue
of a few capable rulers, and still more of the favouring
course of events, this corner of Europe acquired a temporary
preponderance, which carried with it the elements of decay ;
for the spread of Spanish rule over so much of the Con-
tinent and over America so near to the unification of the
monarchy was a policy which necessarily weakened the
mother-country, and impeded its internal development.
Numismatically, the absence of healthy political life is
not often of great moment, and is even apt to prove the
source of interesting phenomena ; and, moreover, neither in
this case nor in others which have occurred to notice was
the union of crowns tantamount to monetary or even execu-
tive homogeny. The coinage of Castile and Leon was that
which, subsequently to the accession of Ferdinand and Isabella
as titular rulers of all Spain, enjoyed the widest circulation, yet
Arragon, Cataluna, Spanish or Upper Navarre, and Valencia
long preserved their special currencies and the types familiar
to the people, and so late as the reign of Charles V. certain
silver pieces struck for Arragon with his own bust and that
of his mother, Joanna, bore on their face a recollection of
the then historical contest between Christianity and Moham-
medanism in the four Moors' heads and the legend Trophea.
Regnvm. Aragonv.
The too literal heraldry of the early Spanish money gave
a lion as the symbol of Leon (Legio) and a castle as that of
Castile ; and alike on the temporary and permanent union
of those two states the cognisances are found occupying either
side of the coins or the cantoned reverses. The introduc-
tion of portraits sometimes displaced the lion, and the
employment of new types, as the paschal lamb on a piece
of John II. (1406-54), made it necessary to dispense with
the castle. But, as a general rule, through the course of
centuries down to the present day, excepting the brief
The Coins of Europe
republican interval (1869-70), these ancient bearings,
charged since the advent of the house of Bourbon with the
o
fleurs-de-lis, have remained as memorials of the sources of
the national unity and greatness. The paschal lamb, with
the flag, which had been brought into vogue in France
under Louis X. (1314-16), was here more immediately
borrowed from Toulouse, but was an experiment which was
not repeated. A peculiarity in this series strikes the ob-
server in the crowned initial or name of the reigning sove-
reign, as shewn in the engraving of the paschal lamb coin,
LEON AND CASTILE: JOHN II., 1406-54.
/•-
»
p
s^
4 1/JP "fv
A, KO/^;) '.IV'-v:
and in a second of the same epoch with the castle on reverse
and John (for Johannes) crowned on obverse. The portraits
on coins, which often have their own story to tell, under-
went a good deal of modification in treatment from time to
time, and Arragonese influence is perceptible in those which
accompany the cornadi of Sancho IV. (1294-95) and
Alfonso XI. (1312-50), and in the profile within a tressure
of Henry IV. (1454-75), which materially varies from the
full-face likeness on other examples of that prince. It is
curious that Ferdinand and Isabella, in their well-known
type with the busts vis-a-vis, reproduced one which had
existed in Visigothic times, and which subsequently com-
mended itself to Germany and (in one instance) England,
when the latter was marked out by Philip II. as a Spanish
colony or appanage. It may be pointed out that in the
legend of a gold escudo of Philip much posterior to the
death of Mary the word Hispan appears to have been
altered into H. isp : Aug., to suit it for issue in the to-be-sub-
jugated country. We are sometimes accustomed to think
and speak of Spain as a great nation of former days ; but
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 5 1 1
the most flourishing term is really comprised within three
reigns, those of Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles V., and
Philip II., and it is to be further remembered that the power
of Philip was sustained by the prestige of his father rather
than by his own capabilities.
The wealth of the country, as in some other cases, out-
lasted its political and military importance, and centuries
after the commencement of retrogression or decline, the coin-
age preserved its standard and integrity. The money struck
by Ferdinand and Isabella themselves presented some exist-
ing, and a few fresh, types and denominations. Prior to
the consolidation of the monarchy, heavy gold pieces had
been coined by Peter the Cruel (1350-68), John II. (1406-
54), and Henry IV. (1454-75) °f Castile and Leon ; but,
judging from their present rarity, doubtless on a frugal
scale. The comparatively common occurrence of the gold
money of united Spain from the outset, except certain
higher multiples of the pistole or escudo, indicated, on the
contrary, the introduction of the metal into general use for
commercial purposes pari passu with a similar movement in
Portugal. A large gold coin of Ferdinand and his consort
bears the numeral XX. for the value — presumably in escudi.
Their lengthened and prosperous reign witnessed the con-
tinuance of the blanca with the crowned initials (F. Y.~) on
observe, and a return to the Visigothic vis-a-vis style of
portraiture with all the improvement at the command of
more modern engravers. But the most notable features in
the new coinage were the appearance of the real as the
silver, and that of the maravedi as the copper unit, each with
its divisions or multiples. It was the earliest attempt to
place the Spanish currency on a more convenient and in-
telligible footing, and superseded the ancient monetary system
and the circulation of the primitive ochavos to a large extent,
although the predominance of feudal sentiment down to
quite recent times proved an insuperable obstacle to a really
national coinage. At the same time, as we have observed
to have been the case in Brittany, and as we shall find to be
equally an incidence of Portuguese history, the numismatic
5 12 The Coins of Europe
monuments other than regal which have descended to us in
Spain are provincial, not seigniorial, and represent the
partial survival of independent political life in half a dozen
states where the Christian had necessarily supplanted the
Mohammedan rule, and the latter had left no allodial traces
of its existence. The only cases where monetary privileges
were enjoyed by bodies or institutions other than the Crown
were certain monasteries and churches at Segovia, Santiago,
and a few other points which received the authority to
strike coins in the twelfth century (i 109-57), and this
limitation will be found to have extended to Portugal, both
before and after its severance from Castile.
Many of the Spanish coins even down to the present
century display the peculiarity of having the place of origin,
the moneyer, and the value on either side of the obverse or
reverse, or as part of the legend. The mint is sometimes
indicated by an initial and sometimes by a symbol. In a
dinhero of Fernando III. of Castile and Leon, 1230-52,
Burgos is understood by a B at the top of the castle in the
upper left-hand canton of the reverse, and the m.m. is some-
what similarly denoted on a cornado of Sancho IV., i 294-95.
Toledo is ascertained from the crowned initial on a piece of
John II. (1406-54) dividing T and O, and on a real of
Ferdinand and Isabella (1479-1504) by J on either side
of the shield. There is a disposition to refer to the colonies
all the coins with the Pillars of Hercules, and those
with ^ to the mint of Mexico or of Zacatecas. But as far
as the Pillars are concerned, they really seem to have no
such bearing, and to point rather to the ancient tie between
Spain and Africa ; and they occur on pieces which have no
ostensible colonial character. Their presence in one of the
cantons of the shield of a 20 reales of Joseph Napoleon,
1810, accompanied by two globes, merely illustrates the
usual legend of Hispaniarum et Indiarum Rex, and on the
other hand an 8 reales of Charles IV., 1794, with ME as a
m.m. for Mexico, offers the more ordinary form of the type
without the globes. It becomes tolerably clear that the
SPANISH COINS, I3TH-I8TH c.
LEON AND CASTILE.
Fernando III. 1230-52
Alfonso X.. 1292-94.
ARRAGON.
Henriquez II., 1368-79: grosso.
UNITED SPAIN.
Ferdinand and Isabella : gold escudo.
Philip II.: gold escudo (as King of England)
Half pistole of Philip V. as King of Spain
and Sardinia, 1702.
Real, coumermarked with G.R.
for England.
2 L
514 The Coins of Europe
Pillars cannot be received as an independent proof of colonial
origin or destination.
The money of Charles V., Philip II., and their suc-
cessors, exhibited relatively very slight changes so far as the
internal currency was concerned, but necessarily acquired
increased volume and variety, as the political circumstances
of the country experienced development either of a permanent
or temporary character. Spain has at different times struck
coins for
Portugal.
Italy.
Sicily.
Sardinia.
The Balearic Isles.
The Netherlands.
Mexico.
Chihuahua.
The Philippines.
To which we have to add England in two senses — in respect
of the money with the names of Philip and Mary, and of that
with the name of Philip alone. On the other hand, England
has had since the commencement of the present century its
own occasional currency for Gibraltar,1 while the occupation
of parts of the kingdom by the French in the time of Louis
XIII. and XIV., and nearer to our own days by Napoleon,
has left tolerably copious numismatic reminiscences behind
it in the shape of what must be classed altogether as money
of necessity. Joseph Napoleon alone, during his brief and
precarious tenure of sovereignty, struck coins at Madrid and
elsewhere in all metals of the usual types and denominations
with his portrait and with the arms of Leon and Castile,
charged with the French eagle (in lieu of the fleurs-de-lis) ;
his 4-reales piece of 1812 corresponds in weight and size to
the 2 reales of Ferdinand VII., and his 20 reales similarly
represents the 8 reales of the normal standard. But in
estimating the relative value of the money of the Napoleonic
regime, the reduced weight of the real has to be taken into
1 See Mr. H. Montagu's Catalogue of Colonial Coins, sold May 3, 4, 1892,
Nos. 23-26.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of E2irope 515
account. In the course of the few years (iSio-13)1 which
witnessed this divided authority, the accumulation of Franco-
Spanish money, or of special issues, was probably consider-
able ; and the rescllado of 1821 may represent a certain
proportion of it melted down and recoined.
Isabel II.: 4 reales,
Isabel II.: 3 cuartos for Catalufia, 1838.
A cabinet dedicated to Spanish coins only, not excluding
those struck by the house of Arragon for Sicily and by
Charles V. and his immediate successors for the Two Sicilies,
would form a serious and costly enterprise, and would com-
prehend an enormous body of material, especially if the
owner elected to admit the Oriental or Arab section, and to
make room for the vast stores which remain of the coinages
of the various Mohammedan dynasties in gold, silver, and
copper produced either on Spanish or African soil. The
task is of course prodigiously simplified where the eclectic or
representative plan can be adopted, and the choice is re-
stricted to pieces remarkable for their typical interest,
historical importance, beauty of style, or rarity ; and on
that basis we conclude our sketch by scheduling such classes
or examples as appear to be most essential and most
attractive : —
The very early dated specimens of the Mohammedan coinage, with
the year of the Indiction or Hegira, including those struck in
the Alhambra.
The earlier money (dinheri and cornadt) of Castile and Leon, and
of Arragon, before the union.
The gold coins of Peter the Cruel and other rulers both of Castile
and Leon and of Arragon, fourteenth century.
1 See Catalogue of Mints, vv. " Barcelona" and " Franco-Spanish Mints " ;
and Catalogue of Denom., v. "Quarto."
5 1 6 The Coins of Europe
The coins of John of Gaunt as King of Castile.
The gold escudi of Philip II. struck for England.
The 50 reales in silver of Philip III. and IV., and Charles II., and
the 100 reales in gold of Philip IV.
The coinage of Philip V. as King of Spain and Sardinia, 1702,
and that of medallic fabric, 1703, as well as some other issues
both in silver and copper.
. • . Both of this and previous reign the pieces are curious for the portraits.
The money of the Pretender Charles of Austria, 1711.
.'. It is occasionally found in unused state.
The money of Joseph Napoleon, 1810-13, especially the 20 reales
of 1813, the minor divisions, and the copper.
The Franco-Spanish Barcelona series, 1809-1 I.
Some of the coins of Isabel II., especially the escudillo of 1853
with the legend only on obverse, and the rare decima de real,
same date.
Foreign, Colonial, and Provincial Series
The coinage for the Spanish Netherlands, especially the early
copper (Charles V., Philip II., etc.).
The coinage for the Italian possessions.
The coinage for Majorca (fourteenth century, Arragonese
models).
The coinage for Mexico (seventeenth century).
The coinage for Valencia, Navarre, and Cataluna.
The foregoing outline will assist in justifying the view
that the immediate field is a sufficiently ample or wide one,
and in the case of exhaustive treatment, if such a thing were
feasible, may be very readily subdivided into sections or
branches. There are large coinages for Navarre or (after
the accession of Henry IV. to the throne of France) Upper
Navarre and the other constituent parts of the kingdom, in
some instances down to quite recent days : that for Valencia
long remained of very primitive fabric, and is often struck
on flans of irregular form and insufficient dimensions. The
Arragonese currency for the independent kingdom of Majorca
or the Balearic Isles is limited to the smaller denominations :
a gros of Diego III. (1324-43) has on obverse a full-face
portrait in a tressure and la • Dei • Gra • Rex • Maioricarvm,
and on reverse Comes- Rosil- Et- Ceritanie (Count of Roussillon
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 517
and Cerdagne). Ferdinand VII. on a 12 maravedi of 1812,
struck at Palma, with a curious bust to left, styles himself
Hisp • Et • Balearitnn • Rex.
XVI. PORTUGAL1
The numismatic, in common with the political, fortunes of
this portion of the Iberian Peninsula followed very closely at
first those of the neighbouring states eventually consolidated
into the kingdom of Spain. The Gothic and Moorish ele-
ments long influenced the Portuguese life, as they did the
currency, and the same descriptions of money, prior to the
erection of Lusitania into an independent countship by
Alfonso VI. of Castile (1078-1 109) in favour of his son-in-
law, Henry of Burgundy, in 1094, indubitably circulated
over the whole region. The last struggle between the two
faiths and governments took place on this soil in 1 139, and
while the result finally crushed the Mohammedan power in
this part of Europe, it erected the battlefield (as it were)
into a kingdom, and made the victor the founder of a royal
dynasty.
We hear of the second count, afterward king as Alfonso
I., according to the Cathedral of Braga or Bracara in 1 128
a share of the profit attendant on the national coinage, then
in its infancy ; and there is a piece of archiepiscopal origin
with Civitas • Braga • ; but the latter is usually ascribed to a
foreign mint, and is at all events exceptional ; and neither at
that nor any subsequent epoch does any alienation of the regal
prerogative in this respect appear to have been effected, or any
grant of a seigniorial character conferred. The consequence
is, that in the present case we have to deal solely with a
coinage emanating from the Crown, and that in that way,
and through the absence of the constitutional agencies which
1 See Manuel Bernardo Lopes Fernandes, Memoria das Moedas Correntes
em Portugal, 4°, 1856.
5 1 8 The Coins of Europe
operated in Spain, the question or subject becomes far less
intricate and difficult, inasmuch as there are before us no
more than two classes of currency : I , that struck for inter-
nal use ; 2, that struck for the Asiatic, African, and other
colonies. For although in common with Spain, or at least
with Castile, a large number of monastic houses and ecclesi-
astical foundations survived to the present century with
ample proprietary rights, there is no evidence of more than
a beneficiary interest, such as we have above mentioned,
having ever been vested in them ; and it seems to be a mere
inference that the emoluments settled by Queen Urraca and
Alfonso VII. on the primatial See of Bracara formed part of
a system, and were not an isolated example.
The earliest Portuguese money with which we are
acquainted was modelled on that of the Moors or on the
types of Castile and Leon and of Barcelona, which had been
originally and by turn the common mediums of exchange ;
and the first gold issues, which were almost coexistent with
the monarchy, are described as Alfonsine marabotins and
solidi or maravedi di euro, or, in other words, were modifica-
tions adapted to altered circumstances of Arabic dinars of
the latest fabric actually current at the time. The geo-
graphical distinction between Spain and Portugal is not
broadly marked : the latter at the outset was little more
than a fief of Castile, which Philip II. might have deemed
himself entitled to resume ; and the Portuguese territory is
to be viewed as the last peninsular rallying-point of the
Mohammedan political and financial systems.
No money of Henry of Burgundy, nor any specimen of
the Bracara coinage above referred to, is at present identifi-
able ; and from references in contemporary documents to
the modio, the germ of the moeda, the met/tea or metcale
maravedi, and the pesante, we conclude that the introductory
stages of monetary development exhibited a transition from
the Mohammedan types and denominations to those which
subsequently and eventually prevailed. In the interval
certain coins, not only of Spain, but of the Franks, were
admitted into the country as a circulating medium : we hear
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 5 1 9
of the soldo burgalez, the soldo pcpionis (or \ s. burgalez),
and the malmodi ; and it is even uncertain whether the
maravedi di ouro of Sancho I. (1185-1212), with the king
mounted and crowned on obverse, and a cross composed of
five heart-shaped shields cruciformly arranged, each shield
charged with four besants on reverse, was more than an ex-
perimental imitation of a Byzantine prototype. The known
examples seem to correspond in weight (a little over 76 gr.
against 96 to the Byzantine solidns] and pattern : the ob-
verse legend is Sancivs Rex Portugalis, and the reverse reads
In Nomine Patris Et Filii Spiritus Sancti Amen.
A singular degree of uncertainty and obscurity is ap-
parent in regard to the numismatic history of the reigns
immediately following that of Sancho I. The dinJieiro
becomes more prominent under Diniz or Dionysius (1279-
1325) and acquires a more characteristic and autonomous
costume, and at this time twelve dinheiros of billon made a
soldo, and twenty soldi went to the libra or money of
account. The French gold franc, which was received in
currency, was taken as = 4 libras.
With Alfonso IV. (1325-57) the dinheiro progressed in
execution and fabric, but still remained the only piece or
type in the inferior metals, and during the whole of this
period considerable recourse was had to foreign currency
as a method of supplying the deficiency in internal pro-
duction, until commercial development and necessities com-
pelled the Government to place the national coinage on a
broader footing. The successor of Alfonso IV., Pedro
I- (: 3 5 7-67), took the initiative in introducing the first
regular gold money in the shape of the dobra and mea
dobra, and in reinforcing the dinheiro by the tornez and meo
tornez, modelled on the French piece of the same name. It
was the step taken, as we perceive, by all the European
States in turn to facilitate transactions, agreeably to the
precedent created by the Italians, rather than by Louis IX.
The progress henceforth accomplished from reign to reign
probably superseded the call for foreign specie, as it evinced
the advance of the Portuguese in prosperity and wealth.
520 The Coins of Europe
Fernando I. (1367-83) multiplied the denominations, and
improved the style of the coinage. He continued the dobra
and the tornez, and struck in the more precious metal the
gentil= about | of the dobra, as well as the barbuda, gra ve, and
forte, each = 3 dinheiros, and the pilarte = 2 dinheiros. These
latter pieces in the baser metal presented the novel feature,
discontinued since the time of Sancho I., of a reverse legend :
Si Dominns MiJii Adiutor Non Timcbo, and one variety of
the forte marks the earliest appreciable effort to display on
the money a portrait of the ruler. But perhaps the most
important monetary reform in this reign was the conception
of the real= 10 dinheiros, and though differing in style
and pattern from the tornez, resembling it in a double
circle on obverse which admitted the yet more copious
motto Auxiliuui Meum A Domino Qui Fecit Celum Et
Terrain, which encompasses F.R. crowned in the field.
The earliest issues of this piece by Fernando I. and Joao I.
are as rare as those of later monarchs are comparatively
common.
During this and many subsequent reigns the Portuguese
continued to recognise certain Castilian and even French
denominations, and we have not to note any new national
types, other than varieties, till we come to the accession of
Duarte or Edward I. (1433-38) and meet for the first time
with the escudo di onro of 92^ gr. — a piece resembling the
dobra in weight and diameter, but inferior in fineness or
standard, and by reason of its unpopularity among foreign
traders eventually withdrawn. The obverse has E, crowned,
and the reverse the shield, crowned, both in a tressure. It
is a coin of the highest rarity.1 The same prince, in the
course of his brief term of rule, authorised many regulations
touching the coinage, as may be seen by a reference to the
pages of Fernandes, but made no other additions to the
existing supply beyond the undoubtedly very valuable one
1 Indeed Fernandes, Memoria, 1856, p. 79, says: " Nunca vimos os
Escudos, este exemplar (the one described and figured in the text) foi copiado da
Hist. Genfealogica] " — referring to the Genealogical Histoiy of the Royal House of
Portugal by De Sousa, 1738, where several coins, not at present recovered, are
engraved from the originals in the cabinet of the Marquez d'Abrantes.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 521
of substituting pure copper for the low alloy hitherto used
in the manufacture of the small currency.1
We now approach the era when the Portuguese coinage
reached, as far as variety and importance are concerned, its
zenith. The interval between the accession of Alfonso V.
in 1438 and the death of Jpao or John III. in 1557 nearly
brought the political and commercial prosperity of the
country to a declining or retrograde point, although at
least a century was to elapse before any loss of material
power became outwardly perceptible. To Alfonso V.
(1438-81) we are indebted for sundry numismatic novelties,
besides the continuance of coins already in use, especially
the escudo of the same debased standard as that of his pre-
decessor. But he also struck the cruzado, originally =253
reaes or reales, the grosso affonsim of more than one type,
with the meo grosso, the espadiui = 4 reaes, the cotrim = 5
ceitis, the two latter in base metal, and in copper the real
Preto, of which ten went to the real of silver.
There has been an allusion to the employment under
Duarte I. (1433-38) of unalloyed copper, and pieces in that
metal exist with his name. Alfonso V., his immediate suc-
cessor, sanctioned a piece of 5 ceitis, from which it is possibly
deducible that the unit already existed in the shape of the
coin of the antecedent reign ; and the same prince had a
copper dinheiro, of which the type corresponds to the ceitil
of somewhat later date, the reverse presenting a three-
turreted fortress surrounded by water ; so that the ceitil may
be no more than an alternative appellation for the dinJieiro.
Joao II., 1481-95 : cruzado di ouro.
Joao II. (1481-95) issued, at all events, the ceitil, and not
the other ; nor does the dinheiro seem to recur.
1 O Sr. D. Duarte foi o primeiro Rei que lavrou em Portugal as moedas de
cobre puro sem liga de prata " (Fernandas, Meinoria, p. 89, Note).
222 The Coins of Europe
The numismatic annals of Emmanuel (i49S~lS21) are
distinguished' by the expansion of the gold coinage, under
the auspices of increasing affluence and power, and of the
rise of Portugal, through the enterprise of its navigators, to
the dignity of a first-class European state. From the con-
cluding years of the fifteenth to the middle of the sixteenth
century we have to consider that the political and in a sub-
stantial sense the monetary climax was attained. The then
unrivalled portuguez or zo-cruzado piece in gold, which
perpetuated in its legend the geographical triumphs of Vasco
da Gama, the silver portugiiez = 400 reis, the tostao=ioo
reis, the vintem = 20 reis, a noble copper series, and certain
colonial money for external use, of which some account will
be found below, rendered the administration of John III.
numismatically conspicuous. We must call special attention
to the copper, because it embraced for the first time new or
higher denominations in the shape of pieces of 3 and 10 reis,
besides the ceitil (for Africa) and the 6 ceitil or real of
copper, and inasmuch as on the meo vintem or 10 real we
encounter the curious reverse legend Rex Qvintvs Decimvs,
a computation dated forward from Alfonso I. This chrono-
logical sequence was discontinued after Joao IV., whose
money, moreover, bears it very occasionally; but Pedro II.
(1683-1706), during the term of his regency, indicates in
the legend the date reckoned from his assumption of vicarious
authority, somewhat in the old Mohammedan fashion, as on
a 10 reis of 1683 occurs Anno Sexto Decimo Regim\inis~\ Svi.
The ill-fated prince, who next to John III. occupied
the throne, employed all the existing denominations, and
introduced the engenhoso and diicatao, both in gold, in or
about 1561, the former of the utmost rarity, the latter
apparently a colonial piece, of which the actual issue is
problematical.
There is no particular feature in the history of the coin-
age till we come down to the brief reigns of Henry the
Cardinal and Dom Antonio, when we meet with the interest-
ing and rare series struck at Angra in the Azores, or
countermarked with A and a falcon, while the rest of
Descriptive O^ltl^ne of the Coinages of Europe 523
Portugal was, nominally at least, under Spanish control, and
with the almost unique tostao and ^ tostao issued at home in
the name of a so-called provisional Government. Antonio
himself, among other types, had a silver cruzado, exhibiting
on either side of the shield a falcon, and probably = 1000
reis ; it was the precursor of the more recent milrei and
coroa. But he also, with the cognisance of the French
Government, struck in France in 1582-83 tostoes following
the pattern of the franc d* argent of Henri III., and awakened
by these means remonstrances from that prince's advisers,
who insisted on the coinage being limited to copper, and
being prohibited within French territory. These pieces,
which really enter into the class of money of necessity, swell
the volume of introuvables, in which this political crisis is
so wealthy.
The Spanish rulers, Philip II. and III. (of Spain), struck
a large variety of coins, chiefly of the customary and familiar
types, except the double and quadruple cruzados of the
former, which are among the rarities and desiderata in this
section : the obverse presents a shield flanked by LB for
the mint (Lisbon) and moneyer, and iiii. or ii. for the value ;
the higher denomination is engraved by Fernandes from a
specimen weighing 246^ gr., in the cabinet of the then
Infante Dom Luiz.
The rarity of the Hispano-Portuguese money of Philip
II., III., and IV. (1580-1640) is susceptible of the explana-
tion that the Spanish sovereignty over the adjacent state was
never fully consummated, and that, while some of the out-
lying portions of the kingdom never recognised the authority
of the usurpers, there was always a Portuguese party at
home ; and it is to it and the provisional executive which it
organised and supported that we owe the tostao, ^ tostao, and
500 reis in gold, bearing the legend Gvbernatores. Et. Defens.
Reg. D. Po. The insecure and more or less titular nature of
the foreign control helps to render more intelligible the
apparent facility with which the distasteful yoke was cast off
under the leadership of the Duke of Braganza, descended
from Emmanuel (1495-1521).
524 The Coins of Europe
A peculiarity of this important episode is the repudiation
in 1640 by John IV. of the intruding rulers ; for on his
coins the chronological sequence noted from the time of
John III. (1521-57) follows the cardinal Henry, equally
ignoring the bastard Dom Antonio. There is little doubt
that in the coin (10 reales) of John III., where he is termed
Rex Sextvs Decimvs, the word Sextus is a mistake for Quintus,
since he was actually the fifteenth from Alfonso I., and in
fact his successor is described as the sixteenth, and John IV.
the eighteenth king, the enumeration reckoning Henry
(1578-80) as the seventeenth, and skipping the Spanish
interlopers, although Philip II. (I. of Portugal) equally claims
to be the eighteenth of the line.
The Restoration of 1 640 was not attended by any
decline in the volume or fabric of the coinage, and some
curious novelties in type and style are assignable to the
period covered by the reigns of John IV. and his more im-
mediate successors. We now first meet with the gold piece
of 4800 reis, called the concei$ao or conception, the 3 and i^-
reis in copper ; while the silver cruzado = 4 tostoes and its half
came into regular circulation, and many of the coins bear
dates in the angles of the cross on reverse or in the exergue.
The copper money of Pedro II., who as regent and king
governed from 1667 to 1706, is remarkable for the elegance
of its workmanship ; the values from 10 to i^- reis are taste-
fully enclosed in a tressure. The difficulty of procuring the
Portuguese currency throughout this and the preceding epoch
—from the death of Sebastian in I 578 to the accession of John
V. in 1706 — is, however, very great, if condition is a
desideratum, since the majority of specimens are very poor,
and are constantly disfigured and defaced by countermarks.
The pages of Fernandes are of course replete with particulars
and illustrations of the numismatic products of a second very
lengthened reign, that of Joilo or John V., 1706-50.
The tendency of the present, in common with other
series, as the earlier period is left behind, is to grow less
complex and characteristic and proportionately less interest-
ing. Severely modified political and commercial circum-
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 525
stances, and the loss of territory and prestige, lent a new
complexion to the coinage. The labours of Fernandes,
whose work we have found of great value, carry down the
chronological annals to 1855. Among the most attractive of
the more modern productions are the pieces in gold and
silver with the busts of Maria I. and II., the former some-
times associated with Pedro III. ; the silver coroa of Maria
II., 1837, was engraved by W. Wyon ; and it must be con-
fessed that the engravings in the Memoria of many of these
coins do imperfect justice to the originals.
It might have been supposed, from the close neighbour-
hood and affinity between the two Powers, that the coinages
of Spain and Portugal would have borne a general resem-
blance to each other throughout ; but we meet with such
occasional imitations only as occur in those of countries less
immediately connected by position and origin, and the series
before us may be said to have steadily preserved its indi-
viduality. The castles on the shields obviously commemorate
the ancient feudal bond with Castile ; and there is a curious
correspondence between the crowned initial type of John II.
of Castile (1406-54) and John II. of Portugal (1481-95).
Otherwise the numismatic systems have very little in
common. That of the Portuguese was unusually simple in
consisting to a large extent of multiples of the unit in all
x^vi>i£
jiiiJU**^
Joao V., 1706-50. Piece of 20,000 reis, 1726: gold.
metals from i|- to 20,000 reis. The earlier monetary
economy, before the larger and heavier denominations so
characteristic of this series were brought into use, embraced :
526 The Coins of Europe
in gold the dobra, the cruzado (replacing the marabotin above
cited), in silver the tostao and real, and in copper the ceitil.
Of the cruzado there were at least four types, including the
pinto and nuevo cruzado. From the reign of Peter II.
(1683-1706) at least the idea or principle of public utility
and convenience is proclaimed on the pieces in the inferior
metal in the phrase publics ntilitati, which forms part of the
reverse legend. The ordinary values are limited to 10 and
5 reis ; but of Joilo or John III. we have the 3 reis or copper
real (1550), and of Joao IV. and Peter II. the i^ reis, 1653,
I^95, 1700, etc. The former was often reissued in later
years ; but the moiety is not found. Two remarkable
features in this series are the repetition on the earlier gold and
silver of the titles on either side, and the absence of a second
legend and the omission and withdrawal of the Dei Gratia
of the latter on many of the pieces from the time of
John V. The motto, In Hoc- Signo Vinces, which replaced
others adopted from time to time, and which first appears on
the coins of Emmanuel, has at length fallen into desuetude.
A salient and tolerably familiar trait in the Portuguese
system was the particularly early introduction of heavy gold,
which dates from the reign of Emmanuel (1495-1521), and
exists in some rare 4OOO-reis pieces of that prince and his
successors. It was the precursor of similar coins in the
same metal issued under succeeding monarchs, and culmin-
ating in \.\iQdobra= 20,000 reis. These large values belong,
for the most part, to the later years of the reign of John V.
(1706-50). They not only set the example of an analo-
gous practice in other countries, such as Denmark, where
the sixteenth-century portugaloser ( = i o crowns) indicated
by its name the source of suggestion, but probably initiated a
custom, where no adequate local facilities existed, of import-
ing such striking productions for complimentary gratuities to
civil, military, and diplomatic officials. During centuries,
while Russia remained without any national coinage deserv-
ing the name, the Czars borrowed from their more advanced
contemporaries the means of rewarding desert or propitiating
favour.
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 527
The colonial section is, as might be expected, extensive,
multifarious, and important from the lengthened time during
which the Portuguese have held their possessions
The Colonies. m Asiaj Africa, and America, and the diversity
of types employed by them in the course of centuries in
their local mints abroad, as well as in those at home, for this
branch of the service. The reign of Emmanuel, which ran
parallel with the development of navigation and discovery
under Vasco da Gama, inaugurated the system of providing
a currency, at first perhaps only illustrative of such a
momentous episode, but soon to grow into an independent
monetary arrangement, in which the colonies themselves
took a leading part. Emmanuel himself appears to have
struck no more than the gold espkera and the meia esphera,
unless we are at liberty to suppose that some of the tostoes
with Dominus or D. Gvine. were of local origin ; but his suc-
cessor, Joao III., not only regulated in an ordinance of 1541
the rates at which the gold dobra and its fractions should
be received in Morocco, Suez, etc., but adopted the new St.
Vincent and St. Thomas types, which alike convey the idea
of religious propagandism. The vS. Vicente represents on
obverse the saint standing to right holding a palm-branch
in right and a ship in left hand, with an ordinary heraldic
reverse, while the S. Thome exhibits that saint standing to
left and the legend on reverse, India Tibi Cessit. Both are
srold, and = 1000 reis ; and there are the moieties of each.
o '
The 5. Vicente was probably struck at Lisbon in 1555; but
the 5. Thome possesses the unique interest of having been
the earliest piece produced in the Portuguese Indies, and is
referred to 1548. The half exhibits on the reverse the
m.m. / surmounted by an annulet or besant.
The same reign produced, it appears, in 1555, a silver
patacao for, if not at, Goa, and a 3 -reis piece in copper about
that period with the legend Portugal Et Algarb. R. Affric.
and (in the field) lo. III. crowned ; and there is a ceitil in the
lower metal, of which some examples bear the indication
that they were struck for the Acores or Terceira.
But it was not till toward the close of the protracted
528 The Coins of Europe
reign of Pedro II (1667-1706) that a type directly pertinent
to the foreign possessions of Portugal was adopted in a globe
and the legend Subq. Sign. Nata Stab. There are a silver
piece of 2 patacas, 1695, a pataca (320 reis), and a half
pataca, 4, 2, and i vintems in the same metal, and a vintem
and half vintem in copper. These were destined for Brazil,
and read on obverse, Petrus II • D • G • Port- Rex- Et- Bras-
U • ; and they were struck at Lisbon or Porto ; but others
for circulation in the Portuguese Indies appear to have been
fabricated at Goa, and to this era may be ascribed the origin
of the Rupia di Goa, reproduced down to quite recent times
on the archaic model. We possess one of Pedro V., 1859.
The whole series is coarsely executed, yet curious, particu-
larly those with the accollated busts of Maria I. and Pedro
III., and usually presents itself in the sorriest state of pre-
servation.
The colonial money is classifiable into three sections :
the coins for the Indies ; those for Brazil ; those for Guinea,
Angola, Mozambique, Madeira, the Azores, and other African
settlements ; for each of which there are special coinages of
imperial or local origin, but for the African settlements
principally the former. A proportion of the Indian currency
was produced at Goa, and the earlier issues are often very
rare. We have before us a rough 10 reis in lead of 1769
not mentioned by Fernandes, who describes and engraves,
however, others of 1722, 1765, and 1769 in the same
material from that seat of coinage; one has 7^- and another
xii. for the value in bazarucos. Much of the Brazilian money
was eventually struck at Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Preto,
and bears the m.m. B or R or P ; the series does not extend
beyond 1822, of which year and 1821 there are 8o-reis
pieces of peculiarly thin and broad fabric. There is also a
cast one of the same facial value, from the Rio mint, for St.
Thomas's and Prince's Islands, 1813, and a second (tnalucd]
of 1829 for Terceira or the Acpres, the latter with the
titles and shield on obverse, and on reverse the value in a
wreath and Utilitati Publica; IlJia Terceira. The original
reverse legend on the Brazilian money was subsequently
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 529
altered to Pecunia Totum Circumit Orbem, when the plan
was adopted under John V. of making the same currency
serve for America and Africa ; and the copper series, chiefly
struck at Bahia, Rio, and Preto, included multiples of 5, 10,
20, and 40 reis, of which the last is very uncommon. All
these coins are on the normally artificial standard, which
prevailed everywhere in the medium provided for foreign and
distant dependencies; and a 10 reis even of 1871 for India
Portugueza follows the same principle. A pattern 20 reis
of 1 8 1 i for Brazil, apparently unknown to Fernandes, but
similar to his 40, 20, and 10 of other dates, is a moiety of
the ordinary piece in weight and diameter. It remains to
notice the Macuta series, which comprised the macuta, the -^,
and thel or equipaga, and the multiples of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and
12 in silver. The dates range between 1762 and 1853 or
later. The unit was =50 reis of colonial standard. The
obverse has the titles and arms, the reverse the value and
legend, Africa Portugueza. The Pecunia Insulana of 1750
seems to have been intended for the Azores and Madeira, if
not for St. Thomas's and Prince's Islands; but in 1842 a
copper currency (x. and xx. reis) was instituted for Madeira
alone {Pecunia Madeirensis] ; there was a second coinage of
the 20 reis in 1847 ; a 5 reis was added in 1850 ; and in
1852 the 10 reis was reissued. It was little more than a
temporary experiment.
It has been observed that, after the dedication of special
money to the colonies, which followed at some distance the
suppression of the name of Guinea in the titles, Angola,
2 M
530
The Coins of Eiirope
Guinea, and Mozambique were comprised in the general term
Africa Portugueza. In 1755 there seems to have been
a project for issuing a separate coinage for Mozambique of
pieces of 800, 400, 200, and 100 reis ; but (if it was carried
out) no examples are known to be extant. At a more
recent date (1840-52), however, a copper series of 80, 40,
20, 10, and 5 reis, and 2 reaes (=2 reis), and I real was
struck at Lisbon for this purpose.
The copper currency yields, perhaps, to no other region
in its early origin, its volume, and its excellence, and it
may be treated as a remarkable circumstance that
in 1699 an ordinance made it illegal to tender
payment of accounts in this metal above a tostao or 100
reis. The intimate alliance between Portugal and countries
where copper was in general vogue tended, no doubt, to
bring it into use, just as we have seen that it became a
favourite medium in Sicily, or rather preserved an unbroken
continuity there from Roman and Byzantine times. From
the reign of Duarte I. (1433-38) when the copper dinheiro
appeared, to that of John III. (1521-57) there was a con-
stant tendency to improve and extend this branch of the
circulating medium, and down to the present moment the
Portuguese bronze money maintains its character and
standard, even if, by comparison, it may appear barely equal
to the fine early productions of the sixteenth century, when
the kingdom was a field of greater commercial activity and
:ou or 40 reis of 1813.
industrial enterprise. The common reading on the patacons
of the nineteenth century — Publicce Utilitati — displayed a
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 531
sense of what was due to the general community, although
these particular pieces are inconveniently heavy, and appear
to follow the English double pennies of 1797 in weight, if
not in fabric. But the earlier motto on the copper of
Portugal was AES Vsibvs Aptivs Avro> which occurs on
a Brazilian 20 reis of John V., 1722.
A view of the Portuguese mints may be found in the Cata-
logue. The number naturally increased, and ultimately com-
prised localities situated in the various settlements
abroad : Goa, Bahia, Rio, Preto. At first the chief
seats of coinage appear to have been Lisbon and Porto.
The Spanish custom of noting in the field, on either side of
the shield or otherwise, the place of origin and the moneyer
by their initials was observed here at an early date, but
was subsequently relinquished.
Among the more remarkable Portuguese types may
be noted the standing or seated figure of the king, facing
or in profile, sometimes with a visor ; the
cruciform shields charged with besants ; the
crowned name or initial, occasionally accompanied by the
value ; the pattern of obverse or reverse, or both, en-
closed in a tressure ; the obverse bearing a sword grasped
by a hand in a tressure (the espadiin in billon and in
gold) ; a castle of three towers surrounded by water or
otherwise (the early copper dinheiro and the ceitil] ; a shield
occupied only by a transverse band (dobra de banda} ; the
globe on reverse significant of the extension of empire to
both hemispheres ; the figure of a saint (St. Thomas or St.
Vincent) holding a ship and a palm, etc. ; a reverse exhibit-
ing a cross cantoned with the date ; the standing figure of
the Virgin with emblems (the conceipw of John IV., 1648) ;
the value crowned ; the shield mantled and crowned ; the
falcon surcharged, or two falcons as part of the type, for the
A£ores. The form of the shield and the cross underwent of
course innumerable changes, and in respect to the cross it
should be mentioned that the cruzado, first of gold alone,
and subsequently of silver also, seems to have owed its name
to the desire under Alfonso V. (1438-81) to commemorate
532 The Coins of Europe
the share of that prince in the crusade against the Turks.
The original cruzado reads on obverse Crvsatvs Alfonsi Qvinti
Regis, and usually weighs about 7 1 gr. Not counting the
few instances in which conventional or fanciful effigies
were placed on the money in earlier times on the French or
Castilian model, the first reign in which actual portraits
occur is that of John V. (1706-50), and the feature was even
then rather sparingly introduced.
There is no European country where the principle of
countermarking, generally for higher values, so largely pre-
vailed, and a collection of Portuguese coins be-
longing to this category would doubtless be the
most numerous one of the kind. But even before the practice
of actually stamping the money with altered figures became
so general after the Revolution of 1640, frequent ordinances
were published to a tantamount effect. The official reduction
or advance of standard was actuated by various causes, of
which the inexperience or dishonesty of the authorities and
financial exigencies were the most usual ; and we note ^
macutas of the eighteenth century for Mozambique or
Guinea surcharged with a stamp of the national arms, ob-
literating part of the face-value in order to make the piece
pass for a whole macuta.
The period immediately succeeding the recovery of
independence was evidently one attended by considerable
and prolonged pecuniary embarrassment ; and the almost
unvarying form of surcharge is found to be in an upward
direction. Curiously enough, coins of John III. occur
stamped with enhanced values in the following century by
John IV.: a real dobrado of 80 reis is countermarked with
100 on the reverse ; so that the old currency was called in,
and made to serve the purposes of the revenue or treasury
in some cases at a distance of about a hundred years from
its original issue. But the usage was, as a rule, applied to
contemporary specie, and it is seen in fullest force under varied
circumstances between the fall of -Sebastian in 1578 at the
battle of Alcazar and the death of Alfonso VI. in 1656.
Even the Hispano-Portuguese rulers, of whom there are
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Europe 533
coins (none is known of Philip IV.) resorted to the expedient ;
and pieces with the titles of Sebastian are found, supposed
to have been revalued with a punch in the troubled days
which followed.
The titles on this long series, commencing with Sancho
I. (1183-1212), the first king of whom there are any
autonomous coins with distinctive legends, under-
went no essential change beyond the introduction
of the prefix Dominus (the modern Dom\ and of the Dei
Gratia, of which the latter formula may have been borrowed
by Fernando I., 1367-83, from the coins of Pedro the
Cruel of Castile. The augmentation of Algarbii first occurs,
so far as we can see, under Diniz or Dionysius (1279-
1325). Alfonso V. (1438-81) introduced the practice of
recording on the money the order of nominal, and John
III. (1521-57) of regnal sequence, the former describing
himself as Alfonsus Quintus, and the latter as Rex Qiiintus
Decimus. Emmanuel (1495-1 52 i) amplified the legend on
some of his coins to signalise the acquisitions of his Crown
by the geographical discoveries of Vasco da Gama ; and
down to the severance of Brazil in 1821, the currency for
Portuguese America bore the familiar globe, usually accom-
panied by the ambitious revised motto Pecunia Totuin
Circuviit Orbein, and the designation of the king as sovereign
of Portugal, Algarve, and Brazil.
The contemporary Portuguese money consists of the
coroa and its divisions (|-, i, and ^} in gold, the 5, 2, I,
and i tostoes in silver, and the 20, 10, 5,
Current Series. ' .
and 3 reis in bronze. The coroa is = 10,000
reis, and the tenth is known as the mtlrei, which, in the
absence of a second unit, serves the purpose for calculation
of heavier amounts ; in the last and earlier part of the
present century the value was reduced to 960 reis for the
colonies. The modern coinage, on the whole, is quite
on a par, in respect to execution and style, with that
of France and Spain, but it shares the monotonous
and mechanical feeling and treatment of all numismatic
matters in more recent times without having an histor-
534 The Coins of Europe
ical past so rich and varied as that of the French and
Spaniards.
The series is rich in prizes for the fortunate collector who
secures some of its almost numberless rarities. The whole
body of ancient autonomous Portuguese money
down to the fourteenth century in good preserva-
tion is rare to excess, and of some reigns no such coinage is
known. But from documentary testimony it is to be in-
ferred that Mohammedan types were current ; and in com-
mercial and legal transactions from the tenth century we
hear of the uwdio, the metJica or nietcale, and the pezante —
Portuguese terms applied to the same descriptions of money
as were simultaneously employed and accepted in Castile
and other parts of Spain. These numismatic monuments
and the equally uncommon coins of Sancho I. (1185-1212),
succeeded by a strange gap of sixty or seventy years which
are unrepresented, constitute -the foundation of any series
claiming or seeking to be complete. But prior to the middle
of the fourteenth century, Portugal, in common with the
greater part of Europe, seems to have possessed no denomina-
tion higher than a dinheiro. The reign of Pedro I. (1357-
67) is notable for the commencement of a new era in the
coinage and the first experiment in the direction of gold and
silver types, the dobra and mea dobra, and the tornez and
meo tornez. These pieces, especially the dobra and -g- dobra,
and the productions which immediately succeeded under
Fernando I., are among the chief desiderata in a Portuguese
cabinet. The improvement in style and variety was hence-
forward fairly sustained. We have already spoken of the
rarity of the reaes or reals of silver of Joao I. (1385-1433) ;
the coins of the short reign of Duarte or Edward (1433-38)
are entitled to the same honourable distinction ; and those
of Alfonso V. (1438-81) are not only difficult to procure,
but of importance on more than a single account, as it was
at this time that the gold escudo and cruzado were first struck,
as well as the grosso or affonsim of silver. From John II.
(1481-95) the element of scarcity becomes more incidental ;
but the justo and espadim of that king, and the portuguez
Descriptive Outline of the Coinages of Eiirope 535
and esphera of his successor Emmanuel, rank among the most
precious remains of the class, while the indio of 1499 is un-
recovered. The portuguez of John III. (1521-57), and the
St. Thomas and St. Vincent types of this and the following
reigns, and the engenhoso and Guadalupe ducatcw of Sebastian
C1 5 5 7~7 8), the former the earliest dated example, and the
latter another of the introuvables, form additional sources of
trouble for the enthusiast. It has been mentioned that nearly
all the coins issued between the fatal battle of Alcazar
in 1578 and the latter half of the seventeenth century, em-
bracing the epoch of Hispano-Portuguese rule, the Azores
series, and the reigns of John IV. and Alfonso VI. (1640-83),
may be taken to be more or less rare, especially in fine state.
It may be well to specify the silver crusado of Antonio L,
the 4 cruzado gold piece of Philip II. of Spain, the gold
conceiq&o of John IV, 1648, and the 5, 3, and i^ reis pieces
of the same monarch. Of the later currency, the colonial
denominations, and above all those in base silver and in lead
struck for and at Goa, deserve attention ; and the gold, from
the 'time of John V. down to that of Maria II., is well
executed, and interesting in many cases from the portraits.
The crucible is absorbing it tolerably fast.
INDEX
.-. THE leading object of this portion of the volume has been to facilitate refer-
ence to matters which do not obviously strike the eye in the Catalogues, and to
indicate the salient points treated or mentioned in the Introduction and Outline.
ABBATIAL mints, 80, 92-4, 101, 105,
107, 108, 112-14, I1[7i I22> I27>
128, 132-5, 138, 146, 148, 153-5,
157, 162, 166, 168, 176-8, 184,
239. 299. 313. 468, 489, 491
Abbesses, noble ladies, 146
Abyssinia, 237, 334
Achaia, Princes of, 259, 367, 434
Afores, 72, 213, 522, 528
Adalbertus the moneyer, 99, 123, 171
Advocates of Sees, no, 171, 316
/Emilia, Duchess of Schwarzburg-Rudol-
stadt, 315
Aenos in Thrace, 260
Africa, 215, 456, 509, 518, 522, 528-30
See East Africa
Aigret or heron's crest, 16
Aix-la-Chapelle, 43, 70, 187, 214, 300
Albania, 202, 210
Albert and Isabella, 181, 198, 400, 401
Albert collection of Polish coins, 356
Albert of Saxe-Coburg, Prince Consort
of Great Britain, 314
Albret, house of, 283, 286, 289-91
Aldebrandischi family, 157
Alexander, King of Poland, 40
Alfonso, Annibale, 145
Alhambra, the, 108, 507, 515
Alloy, 52, 53, 489
Almohades, 108, 124, 131, 213, 507
Almoravides, 213, 507
Alpha and Omega, 61, 182
Alphonse de France, bro. of Louis IX.,
150, 224
Alsace or Elsas, 79, 83, 92, 105, no,
117, 128, 132, 134, 139, 150, 164,
166, 177, 499
Amalfi, 71, 237, 275, 458
Amalia, Regent of Saxe-Weimar, 175,
3/3
America, 225, 509, 527-30
Amersfoort, 149, 401
Amsterdam mint, 52, 408, 414
Siege of, 1578, 236
Anabaptists, 241
Anatomy, knowledge of, 57
Ancient divisions of Spain, 25
Ancona, 71, 232, 423
Andorra, Pyrenees, 189
Anduse-Sauve, 162
Angers, 172, 182
Anglo-Danish money, 371, 372
Anglo-Gallic series, 23, 117, 118, 120,
128, 145, 152, 154-6, 166, 167,
182, 186, 200, 201, 205, 206, 210,
218, 222, 229, 242, 276-8, 288,
289, 339, 470, 490, 494, 508
Anglo-Hanoverian series, 203
Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman pennies,
19, 20
imitations of foreign types, 33
money of the poor, 223
Anglo-Saxons, 490
Angola, 528-30
Angouleme, 276
Angra, 72, 522
Anhalt, 72, 79, 115, 183, 209, 240,
3*5
Aniello of Amalfi, Mas., 137, 458
Anjou, house of, 274, 276, 342, 353,
368, 424, 458, 460, 490
Anne of Brittany, 149, 187, 494
Antonello of Venice, a moneyer, 184,
428
533
The Coins of Europe
Antwerp, 73, 190, 399, 400
Apostolic vicar, 332, 340
Appiani, the, 144
Apulia, 238, 267
Aquila, 73, 189
Aquileia, 73, 187, 202, 336, 423
Aquitaine, 201, 206, 276, 277, 288, 485,
490, 508
Arab influence, 33, 167, 418, 426
Arabian and other conquerors of Sicily,
21, 142, 458, 506
Arabic dirhem, 14, 51, 124, 239, 426
mints, 108, 458
numerals, 359
types, 77, 124, 167, 213, 352
Arabs, 14, 15, 142, 195, 418
Arches, 149
Ardennes, 118, 149
Arensberg, 74, 182
Arezzo, 73, 193, 423
Aries, 73, 74, 166, 492, 495
Armata, 202
Armenia, 17
Arnhem, 74, 403, 405
Arquata, 74, 212
Arragon, 25, 26, 130, 133, 143, 152,
174, 181, 191, 192, 195, 200, 207,
286, 458, 508
Arthur, Duke of Normandy, 288, 494
of Little Britain, 494
Artois, 183, 395, 396
Ashantee, 237, 334
Assay, 108
Asti, 75, 234, 238, 455
Astorgio-Manfredi family, 102
Asturias or Oviedo, 25
Athens, 260, 367, 369
Auch or Agen, 182, 183
Auersperg, 338
Augsburgh, 75, 175, 305, 308
Angustale of Henry VI. and Frederic II. ,
51, 147, 183
Aurochs or bull type, 152, 158, 316, 320
Austrasia, 117, 123, 130, 148, 149,
162, 163, 167, 169, 465, 499
Austria, 75, 78, 91, 97, 99, 108, 115,
119, 141, 144, 161, 163, 168, 173,
174, 195, 211, 218, 223, 231, 233,
235- 237, 253, 331-8, 385, 395,
400, 447, 499
Austria-Hungary, 342
Austrian Netherlands, 400, 401
occupiers of Milan, 447
Autun, 75, 500
Auvergne, 500
Auxerre, 72, 75, 500
Auxerre et Tonnerre, Comtes de, 141,
150
Avignon, 182, 216, 490, 491
BACIOCCHI family, 452
Baden, 76, 80, 118, 159, 169, 216, 223,
3°3- 3°4
Baldwin of Flanders, 392
Balearic Isles, 74, 93, 99, 124, 131, 133,
142, 152, 195, 222, 234, 514, 516,
5i7
See Majorca
Baltic commerce, 352
Banco, 184
Bank-gelt, 184
payment, 184
Bankers' books of reference, 53
books circulated in MS., 53
Bar-le-Duc, 134, 148, 154, 155, 172, 173,
185, 235, 279, 497, 498
Barbary, 183
Barcelona mint, 26, 152, 173, 222, 232,
234, 506
Counts of, 195, 213
Bari, 77, 458
Basle, 77, 183, 209, 351
Basse-Lorraine, 384
Batavian Republic, 130, 171, 412
Batenborg, 194, 209, 411
Bathori, house of, 344, 353
Bavaria, 77, 97, 100, 116, 119, 120, 125,
134. J39. ^o. 143- *47. 159. 17°.
X75' X79' 19*1 2°8, 230, 238, 245,
300, 301, 305-9, 373, 399, 403
Beard-money, 186
Beam, 119, 134, 154, 240, 474
Beatrice of Portugal, 167
Belgium, n, 73, 75, 99, 103, 106, 114,
116, 123, 153, 155, 163, 178, 186,
213, 222, 264, 383, 401
colonial money of, 402
Bell-metal, 171, 195
Bell-thaler, 203, 241
Belmont, 449
Beneventum, 21, 156, 267, 457
Bentinck family, 205
Bentivoglio family, 73, 81, 215, 442
Benzone family, 94
Berard, Pietro, 97
Berg or s'Heerenberg, 115, 134, 179, 200,
209, 216, 227, 241, 246, 263, 300,
301, 326, 402, 406
Berg- Fried berg, 303, 333
Berlin, 79, 176, 325
Bermond family, 162
Bernadotte, 370-80
Bernmunster, 80, 216
Berri, Duchesse de, 482
Province of, 500
Berthier, Alexandre, 138
Bertrand de Creuze, of Arras, 1212,
74
Besanfon, 80, 186, 199, 218
Index
539
Bethlen Gabor, 5, 345
Beze, Michel, moneyer, 120
Bieber, mines of, 302
Bilingual inscriptions, 352, 357, 457
Billon money, 54, 55, 470
Birmingham, 84, 229, 329, 361
Biscione Hotel at Milan, 185
Blanche of Castile, 228, 468
Blois, 279, 282
Boccaccio, Gio. , 103
Bogdana. See Moldavia
Bohemia, 16, 60, 61, 96, 119, 123, 145,
158, 159, 166, 213, 216, 227, 238,
253. 254. 3°7- 33L 332, 338-40,
343
Boisbelle, 289, 290
Bologna, 81, 188, 215, 434, 442
Bolognese type, 176, 186, 200
Bonde pf Sweden, house of, 378
Borgia family, 144, 449
Bosnia, 163, 342, 364, 366
Bougier, Jehan, of Arras, moneyer, 213,
219
Bouhelier family, 218
Bouillon, 83, 167, 222, 388
Boulogne, 83, 280, 396
Boulton of Birmingham, 229, 361
Bourbon-Montpensier, 169, 283,1492,
499- S°o
Bourbonnais, a province, 156, 492, 500
a denomination, 186-
Bourbons, the, 23, 24, 32, 70, 91, 105,
130, 133, 137, 142, 144, 145, 149,
152, 162, 163, 168, 169, 198, 201,
203, 219, 238, 275, 278, 280,
283, 286, 287, 291, 438, 441, 452,
492, 499, 500, 514
Bourg Dieu, 91, 97
Brabant, 8, 69, 70, 73, 85, 95, 96, 101,
102, 107, 109, no, 112, 113, 120,
121, 124, 126, 128, 135, 138, 148,
152, 159, 161, 166, 167, 174-6,
181, 182, 203-5, 2I°' 215, 216,
221, 224, 229, 239-41, 261, 384-6,
389, 399, 401, 496
Bracara, 18, 83, 507, 517
Braccio di Mentone, 226
Brandenburgh, n, 15, 16, 72, 79, 83, 84,
115, 138, 159, 163, 196, 224, 235,
243, 246, 313, 324-6, 355
Brazen-nose shillings of Henry VIII. of
England, 32
Brazil, 528, 533
Brederode family, 76, 77, 109, 166, 167,
173, 242, 299
Bremen, 84, 321
Breslau, 84, 85, 302, 331, 380
Brettenfeld, 378
Brindisi, 85, 458
Briot, Nicolas, 118, 201, 471, 472
Britain and Gaul, 12
Southern, 215
British coinage, 20
coinage for Guiana, 205
Government, 210, 226
Britons, the, 29
copyists of Greek or Gaulish types, 14
Brittany, 24, no, 124, 134, 137, 139,
145, 147, 148, 153, 165, ±72, 184,
187, 188, 201, 281, 485, 492-4,
5"
Brodt penning, 223
Bronkhorst. See Brederode family
Brosse-Huriel, house of, 156
Brotherhood of Our Lady at Termonde,
166
Brunswick, 16, 50, 177, 183, 200, 203,
208, 216, 246, 247, 308
Liineburg, 16, 56, 122, 183, 194, 215,
248, 316
Wolfenbiittel, 235, 247, 316
Buda, Edict of, 219
Library of, 342
Bulgaria, 15, 116, 160-2, 167, 188,
210, 236, 357, 365, 427
Burgraf, 124, 139, 310, 324
Burgundy, n, 24, 71, 80, 82, 85, 97, 98,
104, 107, 121, 123, 129, 132, 133,
154, 156, 161, 166, 169, 171, 174,
179, 195, 196, 198, 199, 204, 209,
218, 221, 230, 241, 243, 261, 262,
281, 285, 296, 332, 385, 386, 390,
394. 395- 403-5- 432, 485- 494-7
Burning alive for utterance of bad money,
146
Bydgost. See Posen.
Byron, 183, 370
Byzantine influence, 14, 33, 58, 147,
426, 469, 506
corrupt forms, 58, 116, 341, 364,
427
types, 15, 116, 137, 147, 215, 222,
338, 340, 357, 365, 426, 457, 458,
519
CAGLIARI, 86, 187
Calais, 87, 399
Cambodia, 485
Cambrai, 154, 160, 175, 191, 213, 219,
240, 396, 397
Campen, 87, 236
Canada, 483, 484
Candavene, 289, 396
Candia, 87, 88, 202
Canonised namesakes of princes, 41, 42,
3°6, 342
Cantelmi family, 162
Canterbury, 215
540
The Coins of Europe
Canute or Knut I. , King of Denmark
and Northumbria, 147, 372
Canute II. of Denmark, 20, 146
Capet family, the, 23, 27, 104, 142,
152, 168, 204, 275, 468
Capo d'Istria, President, 28, 210, 223
Capua, 88, 267, 275, 458
Carat weight, 233
Carcassonne, 282
Carinthia or Kaernthen, 156, 332, 336
Carlovingian money, 23, 70, 76-8, 88,
93, 99, 107, 117, 121, 126, 130,
137, 147, 148, 160, 165-8, 171, 174,
178, 188, 194, 216, 219, 446, 452
Carlowitz, Peace of, 345
Carniola or Krain, 117, 332, 337
Carotto, a moneyer, 445, note
Carrara family, 141, 217, 271
Cartagena, 188, 222
Castel Durante, 170
Castiglione, 89, 182
Castile, 160, 167, 185, 188, 192, 195,
196, 206, 218, 224
Castruccio de' Castrucconi, 121
Cataluna, 226, 509, 515
Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, 368
Catherine I. of Russia, 41, 49, 359
Cavaignac, dictatorship of, 1848, 483
Cellini, Benvenuto, 21, 103, 437
Centralists, the, 188
Centurione Scotti family, 87
Centurioni family, 212
Cerdagne, 517
Ceylon, 408
Chablais, 432, 495
Chalon, 495
Chambord, Comte de (Henry V.), 482
Champagne, 148, 149, 160, 168, 169,
226, 286
Chapters, part-proprietors of mints, 171,
217, 417, 420-22, 467, 486
Charenton, 199
Charlemagne, 18, 20, 50, 147, 169, 170,
188, 194
Charles de Blois, 494
de France, 201, 206
de Valois, 23, 182
le Chauve, 18, 142, 153, 154, 192,
J94- 395- 397. 466, 486, 495
the Bold, ii
the Simple, 217
III. of Durazzo, 165
V. of Germany, 4, 60, 113, 114, 171,
186, 188, 218, 221, 230, 233, 240,
333- 334- 417. 424, 509
XII. of Sweden, 4, 359, 372, 378,
379
Charlotte de la Marck, 160
Chartres, 282
Chateaudun, 90, 172
Chateaumeillant, 500
C'hateauneuf, 500
Chateau-Renaud, 118, 149
Chateaux used as mints, 70, 93, 100,
104, 105, 117, 134, 141, 145, 151,
162, 169, 390, 397
Chatelain, 98, 102, 489
Chatelaine, 102
Chatellenie, 92, 154
Chihuahua, 192, 514
China, 334
Chio, 260, 369
Christiana Religio type, 190, 497
Christianity and coinage, 59, 116, 146,
190, 338, 357. 42°. 507. 508
Christina of Sweden, 324, 378
Chronology of coins, 43, 522, 524, 533.
Com p. Dated Coins.
Church-plate melted for coinage, 76, 77,
100
Cibo family, 126
Cisalpine Republic, 130
Cistercian Priory of Souvigny, 162
Cloves, dukedom of, 29, 71, 112, 114,
115, 134, 176, 179, 216, 248, 300,
301, 326
Clot, Johann, of Genoa, moneyer, 455
Clovis I., ii, 142, 162
Cluny, Abbey of, 154
Coburg, 313
Cochin China, 485
Coevorden, 92, 160
C'oinages, criteria of political status, 57
Colditz, 311
Cologne, 72, 74, 92, 97, 126, 149, 161,
162, 178, 181, 185, 223, 227, 236,
242, 299-301, 303
standard of, 348
Co Ionia Sutrina, 165
Colonial money, early, 52
Comminges, 154
Comnenos family, 260, 365
Concave forms of coins, 29, 365, 458
Conchini family, 101, 400, 500
Confederation of the Rhine, 296
Congo Free State, 402
Constantinople, 93, 367, 369
Convention-money, 7, 8, 42, 50, 55, in,
112, 121, 123, 127, 137, 138, 145,
147, 150, 151, 170, 172, 179, 191,
196, 206, 218, 236, 240, 241, 315,
348, 384. 387. 390, 399. 405.
496, 497
Copper, large and uninterrupted use of,
45. 46, 530
Cordova, 25, 83, 507
Correggio, Modenese, 187, 221, 240
Corsica, 94, 135, 241
Index
Costume on early coins of Italy and
Germany, 60
Coucy, Raoul de, 500
Count of the Chamber of Money, 343
Countermarks, 96, 172, 334, 350, 464,
522, 532
Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 251, 307,
339
Courland, 131, 176, 256, 355
Courtenay family, 287, 500, 502
Coutances, 154
Cracow, 94, 243
Crim Tartars, 357, 358, 368, 369
Cross, the, on early coins, 20, 26, 59, 60
on modern coins, 370
and pile, 100
Crusaders, the, 15, 224, 259, 260, 367-9,
391, 444, 468, 490, 491
Crusades, influence of the, 51, 468,
490, 491
Cuerdale find, the, 48
Cuilemborg, 95, 223
Culm, 95, 326
Cura9oa, 227
Currencies, multiplicity of ancient, 29
Gustos Hospitalis, 461
Cyprus, 28, 202, 368, 432, 458
DAGOBERT I., King of Paris, 120, 148
D'Albon, Comtes, 174
Dalmatia, 89, 119, 147, 160, 163, 168,
178, 183, 184, 202, 204, 210, 211,
241, 340
Dammartin family, 83, 396
Damoiseau, 161
Da Montefeltro family, 104, no, 170,
273
Damville, Seigneur de, 54
D'Ancerville, Baron, 144
D'Andalo, Brancaleone, 424
Danish coinage, early, 19, 20, 123, 371
et seqq,
coinage, provincial, 222
coinage, colonial, 376
Dano-Teutonic coinage, 371
Dantzic, 198, 235
Darien pistole, 224
Dated, earliest, pieces, 43, 70, 76, 84,
no, 140, 153, 195, 198, 302, 351,
353> 498
D'Aubonne, M., 183, 215
Dauphins, 278
Dauphiny, 187, 188, 193, 205, 491, 495,
496
D'Avalos, Cesare, 172
Da Varano family, 87
Daventer, 96, 236, 406, 408, 411, 412
Da Vignate family, 120, 144
De Be'thune family, 290
Decaen, General, 212, 484
De Gilley family, 104
Dei Gratia, 38, 39, 163, 193, 310, 438,
533. Comp. Nomine Domini
Del Carretto family, 94, 207
De la Garde family, 133
De la Marche, Hugues, Comte, 215
De la Marck family, 390
De la Roche family, 260
De la Tremouille family, 290
Delia Rovere family, 161, 170, 273
Denmark, 69, 91, 93, 101, in, 114, 117,
118, 124, 137, 140, 147, 150, 151,
161, 173, 174, 189, 198, 205, 209,
214, 220, 222, 225, 228, 232, 234,
23'5- 258, 320, 321, 371-6, 520
Denominations of coins, 181-243
Desana, 188, 217
D'Este family, the, 17, 89, 102, 126,
132, 148, 203, 214, 220, 268, 272,
442, 443
Determining causes of the names of coins,
35
Deux-Ponts-Veldenz, 152
Diest, 388
Disparity in execution of coins, 32
Distributing agents for coins, 34
Dombes, 169, 283, 491, 492, 500
Domingo, St., 485
Don Carlos, the elder, 160
the younger, 222
Donzy, Sires de', x 107, 153, 287
Dorbat, 355
Dordrecht or Dort, 98, 403, 411, 412
D'Orey family, 387
Doria family, 82, 89, 120, 167
Dortmund, 187
Dreux, 283
Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 39,
210, 236, 410
Durazzo, 165
Durstede, 17, 171
Dutch black or copper money, 56
East Indian currency, 52, 114, 130,
171, 197, 227, 408, 414, 417
internal currency, 416
and Flemish towns, 19, 398-401,
411, 412
and Flemish states, 19, 384-407, 496
types, 508
EARLIEST bust of Napoleon I. on a coin,
24
dated coins. See Dated
view of a city on a mediaeval coin, 171
1 The Bulletin de Nuinisiiiatique for March
1893, p. 57, announces the discovery of upward
of 500 silver deniers of Herve de Donzy at Gon-
zac, Commune of La Peyrouse, Puy de Dome.
542
The Coins of Europe
Early copper coinage of Spain, 26, 27
East Africa, 485
Friesland, 101, 115, 139, 200, 238,
240, 248, 320, 404
Eastern Europe, 33, 352-66
principalities, 28
trade, 53, 352, 492
Ecclesiastical coinage, 19, 24, 157, 321,
37i. 380, 387-9, 406, 432, 488,
489, 492, 503, 512, 517, 518
See Abbatial Mints
moneyers, 31. See Moneyers
Edward the Black Prince, 120, 182, 276
the Confessor, 61
I. of England, 69, 70, 108, 166, 276,
39°- 5°8
II. of England, 112, 276
III. of England, 24, 69, 78, 79, 96, 108,
118, 179, 191, 218, 276, 392, 395,
399, 400, 494, 496
IV., 218, 496, 497
Elbing, 204, 235, 326
Eleanor, daughter of Edward II. of
England, 112
Elector guinea, 319
Eleonora of Castile, 508
Eleonore d'Aquitaine, 278, 289
Comtesse de Saint-Quentin, 499
Elizabeth (Stuart), Queen of Bohemia,
145- 307, 339
Elsgau, Counts of, 133
Emden, 181, 230, 237
Emerita, 101, 506, 507
Emir of the Catholics, 167
Emirs (Arab) of Sicily, 195, 237
Emperors of the West, 267, 446, 467
Encre or Ancre, 101, 400, 500
England, 45-7, 69, 72, 78, 79, 82, 84,
86, 87, 91, 96, 108, 112, 118, 120,
124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 145, 152,
156, 166, 167, 170, 179, 182, 191,
196, 201, 203, 205, 215, 218, 236,
237. 3°2. 3°7. 316, 319, 370, 390,
392. 395- 399- 494. 49^. 497. 5°4.
508, 510, 514
Com p. Anglo-Gallic series, Britain,
Canterbury, Edward, Great Britain,
etc.
the last to date her coins, 44
English and Danish coinages, 19, 20,
37L 372
and Scotish coins, remarks on,
i-3
Captain, R.N. , Due de Bouillon
(1792-1816), 83
coins, 35
currency for Ireland, 52
florin in gold, 392
groat, 399
English noble, 178, 218, 399
occupation of the Netherlands, 39,
410
portcullis money (1600), 52
Enkhuisen, 101, 411
Enns, 333
Ephesus, 203, 461 note
Epinal, 285
Epirus, 260
Equus Venalis, a legend, 388
Erfurt, 330
Essarts (Les), 156
Essen, 214, 320
Esterhazy family, 100
Esthonia, 211, 355, 361, 379
Estremadura, 157
Etruria, kingdom of, 202, 234, 438,
452
See Florence
Europe, different distribution of territory
in mediaeval, 10, n
limited population and scanty inter-
course, 9, 10
European Rulers, Lists of, 245-93
.Evolutions of coinage, 37
Eyelets (oculi) on coins, 124
FAIRS, 34
Faliero, Marino, Doge of Venice, 5
Falkner, Swiss moneyer, 351
Fano, 184
Farnese family, the, 17, 73, 87, 89, 139,
142, 144, 205, 395, 450, 451
Faubourg Saint Honore', private mint in,
482
Faucigny, 432, 495
Ferdinand and Elizabeth or Isabella,
25, 26, 204, 219, 223, 227, 292,
508, 510, 511
Feroe Islands, 222
Ferrara, 103, 199, 220, 268
Pert, 200, 433
Ferte'-Milon, 500
Feudal system, the, 6-8, 10, 12-14, 29,
457
coinage of France, 464
coinage of Germany, 297
coinage of Holland, 411
coinage of Sweden, 381
Fieschi family, 118, 129
Finland, 149, 175, 214, 222, 361, 381
Fishingen, 149
Flanders, n, 70, 71, 73, 78, 83, 96,
98, 101-3, IO5> IO7. II2> IJ9>
121, 123, 124, 145, 149, 153, 155,
156, 166, 168, 171, 178, 182, 191,
201, 213, 216, 218, 222, 223, 234,
264, 39^-4- 398, 399. 4°o. 496.
497
Index
543
Flans, imperfection of early, 31
Florence, 56, 182, 185, 192, 200, 203,
205, 212, 222, 223, 225, 226, 231,
235. 237- 423. 433. 437-4L 498
Florentine artists at foreign courts, 145,
222, 234, 272, 444
copper, 438
gold type, 92, 121, 127, 129, 155,
242, 333- 342, 385. 386, 394, 444.
498
Foix, Counts of, 142, 205, 283
Marguerite de, 455
Fondulo family, 94
Forcalquier, 103, 161, 168, 495
Forgeries, early, 81, 107, 205
Formation of collections, 61-4
Fortresses as mints, 71, 88, 146, 161
Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice, 5,
196, 226, 234
Fosdinovo, 103, 212
Fossombrone, 104, 170
France, 11-13, J7. 22-4, 69, 70, 72,
73. 75, 77-9. 81, 82, 84, 86, 88-93,
95. 97, 98, 102-4, IO8, no, 112,
117-23, 125-8, 130, 133-5, I37-4°.
142-6, 150-7, 162, 163, 166, 168,
169, 171-3, 185-7, 189, 192-5,
198-201, 206, 211-13, 215-19,
221, 222, 224, 225, 227-9, 24°,
241, 274-91, 333, 347, 353, 388,
389, 395, 396, 432, 433, 447, 4^4'
505
former limits of, 50
Franche-Montagne, 104
Francia, Francesco, 21, 144
Franco - Italian coinage, 23, 32, 141,
142, 144, 157, 165, 185, 189, 196,
205, 221, 225, 234, 238, 424, 503
Saxon money, 315
Spanish money, 23, 143, 163, 173,
182, 195, 216, 221, 226, 232, 234,
447, 455, 456, 460, 471, 504, 515
Spanish weights, 241, 242
Franconia, 214, 422
Frankfort-on-Main, 104, 238, 240, 303
on-the-Oder, 104, 325
Prankish money, 121, 127, 160, 162,
171, 172
Franks, the, 420-2, 465, 466, 486, 487
Frauenmiinster, Abbey of, 178
Frederic Barbarossa, 155
the Wise of Saxony (1486-1500), 16,
17
II. of Prussia, 4, 198, 240, 325,
329. 331
V., Count Palatine, etc., 145, 309,
339
French coinage from Charles VIII. to
Henri IV., 51
French coins, 23, 32, 129, 189, 221,
233, 468, 470, 471
coins current in England (1625),
198
coins current in Portugal, 519
colonial money, 52, 199, 229, 474,
483-5
copper coinage, 24, 239, 472, 480,
482, 483
crusader, 225
denominations, 15
feudal coinage, 23, 24, 132, 173,
485-502
gold coinage, 51, 189, 190, 201,
203, 206, 227, 229, 469-70, 479,
519
Guiana, 485
influence, 26, 129
mints, 88, 104, 105, 128, 468
models, 15, 132, 173, 469, 498
monetary standards, 50. See Parisis,
Paris, and Tours
occupation of Lorraine, 498
provinces, fiefs, and townships, 487-9
rarities, 502-5
republican coinage, 24, 32, 142, 212,
234, 476
Revolution, 12, 13, 476
Friesland or Frisia, 404
Frinco, 190
Froburg, Counts of, 178
Fugger family, 75, 175, 306, 308
Fulda, 105, 186
Furstenberg, 135
GABALAS, Leone, 150
Gabrielle d'Estre'es, 291
Gaeta, 106, 425, 458
Galicia, 25, 94, 178
Galley halfpence, 236
Quay, 236, 237
Gattilusio family, 135, 260
Gaulish coins, 464
Gauthier de Beauffremont, 172
Geneva, 234
Genevois, the, 72, 432, 495
Gengembre's pattern for a sol of Napole'on
I., 24, 480, 481
Genoa, 16, 150, 151, 160, 182, 192,
195, 2O2, 211, 212, 2l6, 221, 232,
235, 236, 367-9. 453-5
Genoese syndicate of 1362, 369
George I. of Great Britain, 316, 319
II. of Great Britain, 300, 302
III. of Great Britain, 197, 229
of Cappadocia, St., 39-41, 125, 126,
135, 191, 203, 353, 442, 446
Georgia, 181, 207, 361
Geraud the moneyer, 134
544
The Coins of Europe
German occupation of parts of Italy,
1799-1800, 151, 221
system of coinage tried in France,
472
Germans, the, in Italy, 422
the, in Sicily, 21
Germany, n, 16, 17-19. 7°. 72> 74.
76-9, 80, 95-99, 100, 101, 104, 105,
no, 112, 131, 181, 185, 186, 191,
194, 197, 199, 200, 203, 205-7,
209, 213, 214, 216, 221-3, 225,
227, 228, 231, 235, 236, 242, 245-
55- 295-351, 320, 329, 422, 437,
455, 466, 472, 499, 510
Gertrude of Bronkhorst, 242
Gevaudan, 115
Gherardesca family, 86
Gibraltar, 198, 226, 234, 241, 514
Giustiniani family of Genoa, 160, 369
Glatz in Moravia, 219, 331
Goa, 199, 221, 237, 528
Goch in Gelderland, 153
Godefroi de Bouillon, 83
de Dalembroek, 387
Goffin, Daniel, 118, 471
Golden Fleece, Order of the, 242
Gon9aloes, Joao, a i6th c. Portuguese
engraver, 198
Gonfalonieri of Florence, 103, 231, 234,
273- 437
Gonzaga family, the, 17, 83, 89, 125,
126, 145, 151, 153, 157, 162, 182,
214, 217, 231, 232, 268, 269, 287,
444
Goritz or Goerz, 108, 169, 336
Gorst, Baron von, 193, 378
Goslar type, 167, 215
Gothic influence, 26, 506
Kings of Italy, 143, 233
Graeco-Muscovite types, 357
Granada, 25, 198, 199, 506, 507
Grantley Collection, 419, 460
Gratz or Graetz, 333
Graubiinten, 449
Great Britain, 140, 145, 197, 229, 300,
302, 307, 314, 316, 319, 491
Greece, 94, 367-71
modern, coins of, 28, 119, 142, 160,
195, 196, 210, 223, 369-71
Greek cross, 370
exarchate of Ravenna, 419, 506
influence, 14, 126, 201, 506
medallic art, 57, 58
patterns, 15, 126, 150, 201, 215, 365
Greenland, 222
Greiertz, 350, 351
Grimaldi and Matigaon-Grimaldi fami-
lies, 133, 193, 270, 436
Griselda, Patient, 455
Groningen, 109, 187, 190, 207, 222,
240, 406, 411, 412
Gros tournois, 15, 164, 403, 426, 468,
491
Grzymala, Paul, Bp. of Posen, 145
Guadalupe, 535
Guastalla, 452
Guazzalotti, 444
Gueldres, 74, 77, 82, 95, in, 113, 118,
138, 148, 153, 160, 172, 179, 183,
190, 200, 238, 261, 402, 405, 410
Guelf or Welf of Bavaria, 272
Guernsey, 239
Gueschlin le Charpentier, a goldsmith,
1576, 119
Guicciardini, Xicolo, 231
Guinea, 529, 532
Lords of, the Kings of Portugal, 28,
527
Guinea, Danish, 205
English, 472
Gurk, Bishops of, 156, 157
Gustavus Adolphus, 4, 69, 100, 378,
380
Guyenne, 490, 508
HAINAULT, 137, 133, 171, 174, 175,
264, 394, 395
Halberstadt, no, 330
Haldenstein, 349
Hall, Wiirtemburg, in, 304
Halle, Prussia, in, 330
Hamburgh, in, 195, 196, 321
Hainm, 209
Hanau, 302
Hand, the, on Anglo-Saxon and con-
tinental coins, 60
Hanover, 70, 75, 79, 100, 101, 108, 122,
139, 141, 183, 197, 203, 208, 215,
229, 230, 237, 319
Hanse Towns, 84, in, 121, 195, 196,
321, 326
Hapsburg or Habsburg, house of, 332,
343' 422. 499
Hardenvijk, 112, 405, 411, 412
Ham ore, 306, 319, 467
Hatzfeld, 303
Helena Angelos, Duchess of Athens, 369
Helvetic Republic, 347, 348
Henneberg, 92, 159, 313
Henriette of Lorraine, 144
Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal,
517. Si8
of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, 137
II. , etc. , of England. See Anglo-Gallic
Series.
Heraldry, numismatic, 509
Hermann van Lynden, 148
Herstal, 113, 398
Index
545
Hesse, 71, 86, 105, in, 113, 114, 117,
126, 128, 140, 158, 159, 177, 178,
186, 206, 209, 230, 249, 250, 302,
3°3
Heusden, 113, 399-401
Hildesheim, 113, 320
Hochberg, 302
Hofer, Andreas, 336
Hohenstaufen dynasty, 119, 131, 167,
422, 458, 495
Hohenzollern, 301, 324
Holbein, Hans (the elder), 338
Holland, n, 70, 71, 79, 80, 82, 84, 92.
96, 98-100, 103, 107-9, II2> I4I>
159, 161, 163, 175-9, 182, 186,
187, 190, 192, 197, 200, 201, 204,
205, 216, 218, 221-3, 227-3°. 235i
236, 239-41, 243, 261, 402-5, 496,
497
Holstein, 108, 116, 321, 355
Holstein-Plon, Duke of, 109
Holy Roman Empire, 332, 340
Homage, 154, 170
Hoorn, 114, 411, 412
Homes, 175, 176
Hotel Drouot, 420
Hourquie (Furcia), 134
Huguenots, 217
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 394
Hungarian type (ungaro), 33, 126, 219,
306, 343- 358- 365- 443
Hungary, 15, 16, 86, 100, 114, 117,
119, 163, 165, 197, 204, 209, 219,
224, 226, 240, 254, 255, 306, 332,
340, 358, 430, 443
ICELAND, 222
Illyria, 204, 336
Imitations of coins among European
States, 33, 34, 81, 118, 121, 124,
140, 143, 144, 155, 163, 164, 172,
176-9, 181, 182, 184, 200, 201, 203,
2O4, 2IO, 217, 2l8, 222, 232, 239,
241, 242, 306, 308, 311, 312, 329,
338, 342, 388, 390, 391, 394, 400,
403, 410, 427, 433, 443, 444, 461,
464, 492, 510, 523, 526
India, 225, 512
Indo-Greek civilisation, 506
Ingots current for higher values, 48, 171
Inquisition, the, 229
Inscriptions, Hebrew and Arabic, on
European coins, 352
International monetary congress in 1469,
496-7
Ionian Isles, 28, 93, 94, 160, 178, 195,
202, 210, 216, 367-9
Ippolito family, 106
Isenburg, 303
Istria, 202, 332, 336
Italian art, 15, 343, 396, 418, 437, 447
colonial money, 456
influence on Eastern coinages, 343
influence on Western coinages, 51,
170, 396
kingdom, 441, 456
republics, 34, 53, 211, 234, 423, 441,
442
revolutionary money, 441
states, 5, 9, 240, 423, 441, 442, 455
trading communities, 16, 236, 441, 442
Italo-Teutonic genius, 17
Italy, 12, 15, 16, 20-2, 71, 73-5, 79-82,
84-6, 88, 89, 91, 93, 102-5, IO9>
no, 120, 121, 123, 126, 130, 131,
142, 143, 148, 151, 167, 169, 170,
183, 186, 192, 193, 200, 201, 203,
2O4, 207, 2IO, 211, 215, 217, 221,
222, 226, 231, 232, 234, 266-73,
418-58, 452, 466, 514
Ivan the Terrible, Duke of Muscovy, 40,
357
JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE, 392
Jacqueline of Bavaria, 394
Jagellon dynasty, 104, 119, 167, 339,
355- 356
James I., King of Great Britain, 145
Java, 408, 414
Jean or Jan d'Hulhuizen, 167
Jean de Montfort, 494
Sans-Terre or Lackland, King of Eng-
land, 127
Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, 107
Jeton, the, 4, 5, 69, 207
Jever, 200, 205, 230, 321
Joachimsthal, 115, 158, 238, 339
Joamese, 196
Joanna of Castile, 509
of Naples, 141, 200, 274, 460
John of Gaunt, 78, 86, 96, 196, 276,
508
Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, 105,
182, 276, 491
of Luxemburgh, King of Bohemia, 96,
119, 145, 339, 389, 390
Jouvenel, moneyer, 402
Juliers, 115, 134, 147, 172, 179, 209,
216, 227, 239, 250, 300, 326, 405
Julius Caesar, 157
Jure uxoris, 498
Jutland, 69, 114
KAFKA, 357, 368
Kaptchak, 368, 369
Kaunitz, 150
Kerpen in Juliers, 391
Kessel, 172
2 N
546
The Coins of Europe
Keller, Gothard, 355
Khevenhiiller, 338
Kief or Kiev, 194, 256, 357, 361, 362
Kinsky, 338
Kirchberg, Burgraves of, 101
Klein-Schirma, 310
Kletgau or Kleggau, 169
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, coin-
age of the, 32, 37, 87, 150, 171,
174, 183, 190, 203, 219, 237, 437,
461-4
Kolpak, Wallachian, 364
Kopek (square) Russian, of 1726, 49
Korbach, 231
Kossuth, Louis, 346
Kreukingen, 169
LAMBERT, Pope, 151
Saint, 388, 406
I. and II. , Counts of Louvain, 284, 384
de Namur, moneyer, 99
d'Oyenbrugge de Duras, 118
Lampronti, 242
Lancaster, 508
Landestrost, 336
Landi family, 77, 82, 93
L'Argentiere, 174
La Scala family, 173, 217, 273
Last papal money, 424, 425
Latin Empire of the East, 259,260, 367-9
legends, 31
monetary convention, 347
Lauenburgh, 141, 321, 372
La Vende'e, 137
Law, John, of Lauriston, 484
Lead money, 44, 70, 170, 177, 408, 467,
483. 528
League in France, money of the, 1586,
224
Leather money, 44, 225, 228, 233
Le Due, Viollet, 500
Lefevre & Cie, 142
Legends, 31, 36, 223, 343 note, 362,
370, 388, 406, 408, 419, 424, 450,
452-4, 466, 467, 494, 507, 519,
520, 523, 531, 533
Comp. George of Cappadocia, Saints,
etc.
on copper coins, 46
unintelligible to the people, 42
Leghorn, 212
Leiningen-Westerburg, 301
Leipsic, 118, 315, 353, 378
Leo I. of Armenia, 17
Leo X. , Pope, 225
Leon and Castile, 25, 26, 153, 157,
167, 185, 191, 192, 292, 508
Leonardo da Vinci, 21, 131, 240, 447
Lepanto, 203
Les Hayons, 118
Leuchtenberg, 308
Levantine trade, 143, 237, 238, 242
Lichtenberg, 177
Lichtenstein, 301, 302, 349
Lie"ge, Bishops of, 123, 124, 155, 163,
167, 175, 176, 178, 187, 198, 202,
221, 224, 265, 387
Limburg, Brabant. See Brabant.
Limoges, 17, 154, 210
Linz, 333
Lippe, 80, 81, 173, 195, 200, 301
Lisbon, 190, 191, 523, 530
Lithuania, 176, 211, 235, 237, 353,
361
Livonia, Order of, 149, 150, 176, 199,
355. 3?8
Lobdeburg, 316
Local institutions, 386
Lombard denaro, varieties of, 17
settlement in Sicily, 21
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, 172, 235,
430
Lombards, 121, 130, 143, 144, 147,
151, 165, 169, 170, 173, 186, 233,
234, 240, 266, 418-20, 437, 446, 457
Lombardy, 128, 145, 151, 153, 162, 165,
188, 234, 235, 467
Lomellini family, 167
Violante Doria-L. , 167
London, 236
Loos, 182, 198, 265, 387
Lorraine, 72, 76, 91, 100, 101, 103, 108,
123, 126, 131, 135, 136, 138, 145,
148, 153-6, 161, 163, 173, 183,
186, 187, 191, 197, 210, 215, 220,
224, 229, 235, 237, 284, 405, 438,
492, 497-9
Lost sites of ancient mints, 112, 165
Louis IX., 14, 150, 168, 227-9, 239'
468
XL, II, 148, 157, 221
XII., 135, 149, 195, 274, 447, 491,
503. See Franco- Italian Coinage.
le D^bonnaire, 51, 177
of Crecy, Count of Flanders, 8, 391
of Maele, Count of Flanders, 85, 107,
124, 391, 216, 218
Philippe, 193
the German, 164
Low Countries. See Netherlands, etc.
Liibeck, 121, 321
Luca Sesto, a Venetian moneyer, 184,
428
Lucca, 121, 181, 184, 193, 197, 213,
226, 230, 234, 396, 452, 456
Lucchese type of St. Martin and the
Beggar, 452
Ludovisi, the, 144
Index
547
Liineburg, 16. Comp. Brunswick.
Lusignan, house of, 203, 368, 432
Luxemburgh, 77, 83, 95, 96, 99, 117,
118, 134, 135, 145, 156, 166, 173,
194, 211, 221, 234, 262, 338, 387,
389. 390. 398, 417, 496
house of, 289, 338
Lynden, 148
Lyon, 495
MACON, 495
Madagascar, 485
Madeira, 528, 529
Madelinus the moneyer, 99
Madrid, 123, 514
Maele, chateau and village of, 392, 393,
Maestricht, 123, 124, 401, 412
Magdeburg, 124, 310, 330
Maguelonne, 124, 165, 216, 492
Magyars, 343
Mahone, Gild of the, 369
Maillet, M. le Colonel, 38, 233
Main-bourse, 136
Maine, 490
Maitres-echevins of Metz, 130, 499
Majorca, 213, 516
Makuana, 212
Malaspina family, 126, 169, 189, 211
Malatesta family, 84, 102, 150, 449, 450
Malta, 171, 190, 203, 219, 223, 237,
268 , 46 1 -4. See Kn ights of St. John
Maltraversi, Nicolo, 148
Mandelli family, 123
Manfredi Lancia family, 86
Mansfeld, 125, 187, 195, 231, 300, 330
Mantua, 151, 153, 187, 196, 214, 217,
231, 232, 234, 268, 269, 423,
444-6
Marengo, 170
Margaret, Queen of Sweden, etc., "the
Semiramis of the North," 373, 374
Marguerite de Foix, 60, 455
Maria Louisa, Queen of Etruria, 14
Theresa, 4, 131, 144, 147, 174, 178,
225, 237, 241, 334, 336, 343, 390,
400, 401, 447, 456
Marie d'Artois, Dame de Poilvache, 145
de Blois, 136, 224
de Montpensier, 169, 492
Louise, ex - Empress of the French,
etc., 142, 451, 452
Mark, Swedish, a copper coin, 1591, 49
Marriage-thaler of Maximilian I., 43
Marsal, 285
Marseilles, 126, 191
Martin V. , 226
Mary of Burgundy, 16, 204, 333
Queen of England, 510, 514
Queen of Scots, 504
Massa-Carrara, 166, 189, 211
Masson, M. , 183, 215
Massow or Masovia, 95, 326
Matapan, 204, 426
Matilda, the Countess, 268
Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 41,
115, 240, 344, 358
Maulgon, 167
Maurice of Nassau, 415, 491
Maurienne, 69, 432, 434, 495
Maximilian I. , 16, 17, 161, 208, 333, 334
Mayence, 127, 186, 214, 234, 235, 301,
3°3. 3°7
Mayors of the palace, 217
Mazarin, Cardinal, 138, 149, 287, 343,
500
Mazzetti family, 190
Mecklemburgh, 5, 105, 106, no, 117,
127, 138, 142, 147, 150-2, 159,
177, 196, 243, 250, 321-4
Schwerin, 177, 251, 321
Strelitz, 50, 251, 321
Medici family, the, 5, 17, 103, 118,
135, 144, 161, 170, 185, 192, 203,
222, 226, 229, 232, 235, 237, 240,
272, 273, 334, 437-40
Meissen or Misnia, 118, 128, 313
Melgueil, 75, 124, 126, 165, 491, 492
Melle, 128, 467
Meran, 128, 336
Merovingian dynasty, 9, 23, 217, 277
mints, 17, 21, 23, 118, 123, 128-30,
137, 147, 148, 154, 160, 161, 165,
170-4, 178
money, 58, 76, 77, 99, 100, 115, 120,
123, 126, 147, 148, 170, 171, 188,
215, 229, 346, 464, 466
system, 297
Merton, Surrey, 120
Metrology of European coins, 50, 54, 55,
1 60
Metz, 126, 130, 147, 148, 155, 173, 182,
187, 191, 194, 235, 285, 499
Mexico, 123, 130, 178, 195, 512, 514
Mezzanine, 147
Michael, the Archangel, 420, 457
Middleburgh, 130, 411, 412
Migliorati family, 102
Milan, 160, 161, 167, 185, 189, 200, 204,
217, 221, 222, 225, 232, 234, 238,
240, 269, 423, 433, 446, 447, 457
Milanese, the, 153, 196, 432
Milano family, 157
Miletus, 131, 458
Milon, Count of Narbonne, 137, 286,
467
Minas, Brazil, 145, 146
Mining pieces, 114, 187, 208, 214, 216,
236, 302, 474
548
The Coins of Eitrope
Mint-marks, 77, 79, 85, 86, 97, 98, in,
114, 115, 117, 118, 130-7, 143, 152,
159, 165, 166, 201, 207, 343, 414,
430, 441, 456, 461, 491, 512,
528
Mint-master fined, 134
Mint-masters, 117, 183, 215, 351. See
Moneyers
Mint-masters, hereditary, 75, 134
Mints, 29-31, 54, 166, 169-179, 299,
301, 303, 307, 310, 311, 320-22,
325. 331-3- 337. 342. 346, 347-
355-9- 361, 36a. 37°. 377. 386.
390-2, 394, 397, 403, 412, 414,
433, 441, 449, 456-8, 498, 506,
507, 512, 514, 528, 530, 531
Mirandola, 270, 443, 444
Missals, leaves of, used as paper-money,
1574, 44, 119
Modena, 103, 126, 131, 132, 148, 187,
203, 232, 268, 270, 443
Moers, 500
Mohammedan coinage in Spain, etc.,
25, 131, 507, 508, 575
coinage in Portugal, 213, 517, 518
inscriptions on European money, 492
Mojaisk, 132, 361
Mola, Scipione, a Florentine engraver,
223
Moldavia, 153, 220, 316, 361, 362, 364
Monaco, 193, 217, 222, 436
Monetary treaties, 98, 102. See Con-
vention-money
Money-changers' books, 48
Money of account, 211-14, 222. 228,
230, 519
of necessity, 156. See Siege-piec es
of the palace, 217
of the people, copper the, 45, 46
of the poor, 223
Moneyers, 17, 21, 71, 74, 86, 94, 99,
100, 118, 120, 134, 152, 170, 185,
212, 213, 219, 223, 351, 387, 396,
401, 402, 444, 445, 455, 466, 471,
472, 476, 506, 507
Comp. Bagattino, Urbino, etc.
Monnaie Artesienne, 183, 395; egidienne,
154
melgorienne, 124, 165, 492
Monneron, 142
Montbeliard, 304, 502
Monteferrato, 89, 133, 138, 185, 188,
270, 368, 369, 432, 434, 444, 445
Montenegro, 365
Montenuovo cabinet, 365, 433, 434
Montpensier, 283
Moorish influence, 12, 14, 15, 25, 199,
213, 505-8
Moors' heads, four, as a type, 509
Moors of Granada defeated by the
Portuguese, 27
Moravia, 219, 332, 337
Mordevas, 217
More, Sir Thomas, 443
Morea or Peloponnesus, 202, 210, 367
Morosini, Francesco, 210
Moscow, 15, 134, 194, 257, 358, 359
Mouzaive, chateau of, 390
Mozambique, 185, 212, 528, 530, 532
Miihlhausen, 134, 330, 351
Munich or Miinchen, 134, 305, 370
Munster, 135, 195, 267
Murano, 220
Murat, Joachim, 203, 460, 461
Muscovite moneyers, 15, 343
Muscovy, n, 343
Musocco or Misocco, 135, 449
Musolcino, 449
NAMUR, 8, 98, 102-4, J38, 174, 178,
262, 386, 387, 389, 390
Naples, 122, 125, 137, 141, 162, 165,
166, 181, 189, 200, 201, 203, 232,
238, 367, 456, 457, 506
successive rulers of, 457, 458
Napoleon I., 4, 9, 24, 32, 126, 131,
138, 142, 170, 171, 175, 201, 202,
218, 234, 266, 275, 296, 304, 329,
336, 347. 349. 376. 4". 4*4. 41.7.
438, 456, 476, 480-2, 484, 514
family and dynasty, 79, 105, 121,
137, 142, 167, 200, 205, 224, 234,
27S- 3°°. 4i2'i4. 452- 458, 460,
461, 482, 483, 512, 514
Narbonne, 286, 467, 506
Nassau, 137, 176, 206, 209, 224, 301,
389
Navarre, 25, 27, 142, 195, 286, 291,
474, 496, 508, 509, 516
Neapolitan Republic, 458
Nejine, 357. See Novgorod
Netherlands, the, 19, 20, 33, 130, 133,
181, 186, 188, 190, 194, 197, 198,
200, 201, 204, 205, 209, 224, 227,
228, 233, 235, 240, 261-5, 383.
417, 466, 496, 514
Compare Belgium, Flanders, Holland,
etc.
Neustadt, 333
Nevers, 133, 138, 287
Nicole du Chastelet, 172, 403, 405
Nidaros. See Throndhjem
Nimmhegen, 235, 395
Nismes, 151
Noble, the English, 178, 218
Nomenclature of coins, 34, 35
Nomine Domini, 218, 310, 452, 467
Normandy, 24, 152, 288, 485, 490
Index
549
Norman Dukes of Apulia, 9, 131, 137,
156, 458
Normans, the, in Sicily, 21, 22, 29, 156,
191, 237, 238, 458
Northern Germany, numismatic import-
ance, 15
Holland, numismatic importance, 15
Kingdoms, 371-83
Northmen, 14, 382, 505
Northumbria, 372, 382
Norway, 19, 99, 138, 171, 209, 220,
236, 258, 259, 372, 382, 383
Notation of value on coins, 42
Novgorod, 194, 361
Noyon, 139, 168, 227
Numismatic Society of Vienna, 174, 334
Niirnberg, 139, 305, 308, 324
OBIZZI family, 141
Oettingen, 140
Oldenburgh, 115, 116, 140, 205, 230,
320, 373
Olivier, Aubin, 472
Olmiitz, 338
Oppeln, Duke of, 176
Oppenheim, 303
Or, Swedish, 49, 164
Orange Free State, 491
Orange, house of, 115, 140, 181, 194,
199, 211, 288, 411, 490
Ordeal of iron, 134
Order of St. George or St. Mary, 328
Oriental traders, 352
Orlamiinde, 175
Orlando or Roland, 467
Orsini family, 125, 150
Osella, 220, 430
Osnabriick, 141, 209, 320
Ostrogoths in Italy, 9, 151, 233, 266,
418, 419, 465, 506
Otterndorf, 141, 321
Ottoman Empire, 365, 371
Overijssel, 410
Oxenstierna, 378, 381
PADERBORN, m, 187, 299, 303, 308
Padua, 141, 182, 217, 271, 423
Palace, the, in the Middle Ages, 217
Palaeologos family, 89, 135, 185, 444
Palatinate, 122, 150, 179, 197, 305,
307
Pallant, 95
Palma Nuova, 142, 456
Paoli, Pasquale, 94, 241
Papacy, 76, 106, 151, 184, 418, 420,
423-6
Papadopoli, Count Nicolo, 172, 426
Papal money, 71, 74, 76, 81, 102, 106,
127, 132, 133, 142-4, 151, 157,
166, 167, 170, 182, 184, 196, 203,
210, 213, 216, 220, 230, 232, 424-6,
449
Paris standard, 50, 168, 221, 395
types, 142, 181, 240, 370
Parma, 56, 139, 142, 143, 162, 174,
226, 271, 395, 438, 450-52
Paschal lamb, 167, 209, 218, 509, 510
Passau, 323
Pastorium, Chateau of, 169
Patagonia, 485
Patron-saints, 162, 163, 169, 173
Paul, the Czar, 361
Peigne champagnois, 146, 149, 226
Peninsular War, 222, 234
Pepin le Bref, 20, 127, 162, 164, 420,
466, 467, 493
van Heristal or Le Gros, 112, 113,
398, 420
Pepoli family, 81
Pera, 369
Perigord, 156, 222
Perpero, 147
Perpignan, 152, 230, 234
Perugia, 226
Pesaro, 141, 449, 457
Peter the Cruel, 27
the Great of Russia, 4, u, 40, 41,
204, 225, 228, 240, 357-62
Petruccini, a Florentine moneyer, 444
Petrus and Georgius, moneyers, 387
Philip II., Augustus, 468, 499
of Suabia, 142, 450
Philippa of Hainault, 395
Philippe de Longueville, 102, 155
Philippines, the, 514
Phocaean types copied in Gaul or Spain,
14, 126
Phrygian cap imitated on Dutch and
French coins, 61 '
Piacenza, 141, 271, 452
Picardy, 155
Pico family, 131, 443
Piece of eight, 52
Piedmont, 69, 70, 85, 88, 105, 129, 133,
138, 144, 167, 170, 432-6
Piefort or piedfort, 221, 223
Pierrefonds, Chateau de, 162, 500
family, 162
Pillar dollar, 190
Pillars of Hercules, 512
Piombino, 234, 456
Pisa, 16, 204
Pisanello, 21
Pisani family, 121
Pistrucci, Bernardo, 41, 446
Placaets, 48
Plantagenet, Henry, Earl of Derby,
276
550
The Coins of Europe
Plantagenet, John, Duke of Bedford
(John of the Wooden Sword), 105,
276, 491
Plated copper money, 55
money, antiquity of, 56
Platinum, 361, 362
Poillevilain, mint-master under Jean le
Bon (1350-64) of France, 224
Poitou, 128, 134, 156, 167, 224, 225, 277
Poland, ii, 15, 83, 85, 96, 100, 104,
108-10, 117, 119, 145, 149, 150, 159,
163, 167, 175, 176, 178, 185, 193,
194, 196, 197, 205, 209, 224, 230,
232, 235, 237, 240, 243, 255, 256,
296, 311, 312, 324, 326, 329, 332,
338- 352-6. 36j. 497
Polignac, 146
Political test afforded by currencies, 56, 57
Pomerania, 118, 145, 163, 241, 311,
323, 324, 378
PondicheYy, 220, 229, 474, 484
Ponthieu, 69
Porcien, Counts of, 178
Portrait-thalers, 18
Portraits on coins, 60, 361, 433, 434,
450, 454, 465, 516
Portugal, 27, 28, loi, 120, 145, 157,
167, 181, 184, 185, 189-92, 195-
8, 199, 201, 203, 206-9, 2II-I3.
2l6, 2l8, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228,
237, 238, 292, 396, 508, 511, 512,
514. 517-35
Portuguese colonial money, 28, 52, 120,
145, 146, 199, 212, 215, 217, 221,
225, 227, 229, 237, 241
colonial mints, 528, 531
colonies, 28, 120, 217, 227, 229, 241,
527-30
rarities, 534, 535
types, 531
Posen or Bydgcst, 145, 329
Prague, 143, 338
Prevots or prczsules of Sees, 96, 388.
See Advocates
Prices of Lombard coins, 420
Proclamation pieces, 169
Profits of mints, 53, 54, 70, 80-2, 87, 88,
91, 127, 134, 154, 162, 166, 173,
489- 5J7
Proprietary feoffees of Greece, 367
Provence, TOI, 103, 123, 126, 129, 138,
145, 155, 166, 174, 205, 213, 217,
221, 227, 237, 495, 508
Provinois, nouveau, 127, 146, 226
Provosts of Daventer, 96
Prussia, 4, 70-2, 74, 79, 80-5, 98, 99,
100, 101, no, 115, 116, 120, 122,
124, 125, 129, 131, 135, 138, 140,
141, 146, 148, 149, 159-65, 167,
170, 176, 196, 199, 209, 214, 224,
230, 232, 235, 240, 296, 301, 302,
321, 325-32, 355, 405
Puy-de-D6me or Le Puy, 225
QUENTOVIC, 88, 147, 395
RACOCZY, house of, 344-6
Radicati family, 143
Ragusa, Dalmatia, 147, 183, 340, 430
Sicily, 147, 201, 458
Raitgrosch, 227, 339
Raoul de Coucy, 94, 500
Raspe, Henry, of Thuringen, Emperor
of Germany, 249
Rasse de Gavre, 102
Ratisbon, See of, 147, 227, 306, 307
Ravenna, 147, 419, 506
Ravensperg, 179, 232, 304
Ravenstein, 179
Reckheim, 148, 176, 211, 263, 390, 391
Reformed Prankish coinage, 50, 51
Regalis Aiireus, 227, 469
Reggio, 226, 268, 443, 444
Renaissance in Italy, 57, 60
Requesco, Gio. , 172
Resellado, 228, 515
Restrikes, 318, 482, 503
Retegno, 149, 449
Retrograde lettering, 167, 168, 310
Reuss, 107, 109, 158, 315, 316
Revel, 149, 199
Rheimvald, 449
Rhenish Provinces, 132, 149, 300
Rhodes (or Malta) Knights of, 87, 150,
174. See Knights
Rialto Bridge (1585), 220
Riario family, 115, 151
Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 82, 115, 128,
145, 156, 288
Earl of Cornwall, 249
Le Justicier, 281, 287, 495
Ridolfi, Baldo, 103
Rienzi, Cola di, 424
Riga, 150, 196, 199
Rimini, 423, 450
Robert le Diable, 288
Rolduc, 113
Roman brass coins current in modern
Europe, 45, 46, 215, 219, 346, 464,
S°7
mediaval coins struck by the Senate,
etc. , 424
colonial money, 52
Empire of the West, 419
types, 215, 233, 507
Romano-British coins, 419
Romanoff, house of, 358, 362
Rome, 151, 232, 424
Index
Rosenberg, 338
Rostock, 151, 242
Rottvveil, 152, 304
Roumania, 86, 184, 193, 210, 364, 365
Roussillon, 143, 516
Roveredo, 449
Rudolstadt, 158. Compare Schwarzburg
Rummen, 387
Rupert, Prince, 307
Ruremonde, 153, 238, 403
Rusca family, 93
Russia, ii, 15, 33, 40, 41, 69, 100, 103,
104, 115, 116, 132, 134, 137, 138,
143, 146, 150, 155, 163, 165, 170,
181, 182, 186, 194, 198, 199, 204,
207, 209, 211, 214, 217, 220,
222-5, 228, 235. 238, 240, 256,
257- 320, 332, 343, 352, 355, 356-
62, 526
Little, 362
Red, 176
White, 362
Russian beard-money, 186
copper currency, 51, 52, 194, 209,
225, 229
copper rouble, 49
imitations of heavy Swedish copper,
49
provincial money, 361
skin-money, 44, 357
use of foreign coins, 526
Rustringen, 320
SAALFELD, 314
Sacco, 447
Saint Benigne de Dijon, 97
Catherine's Hospital at Leyden, 119
Florent at Saumur, Abbey of, 157
Jean d'Acre, 225, 239
Martin de Tours, 168, 238, 468, 491,
492
Mayeul, 162, 163
Medard at Soissons, Abbey of, 162, 168
Petersburg!!, 359, 361
Pol, 289, 396
Sophia, Archbishopric of, 116
Ursus, 162
Vannes at Verdun, Abbey of, 134
Veit, 336
Saints' names on coins, 39, 173, 177,
178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 200, 201,
203, 205, 213, 227, 230, 234, 235,
378, 388, 404, 420, 422, 437, 443,
447, 452, 453, 457
Comp. Catalogues, vv. Genoa, Venice,
etc.
Salerno, 156, 237, 457
Salt, cakes and bars of, used as money,
44
Saluzzo, 88, 191, 228, 434, 444, 454,
455
Salvator type (Swedish), 230, 378
Salzburg, 56, 105, 338
Sanctus Vultus, 121, 230, 232
Sardinia, 86, 93, 98, 103, 115, 120, 145,
151, 157, 165, 172, 187, 188, 223,
266, 432-6, 514
Saverne, Alsace, 132
Savoy, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 133, 138, 143,
144, 154, 155, 157, 158, 165, 166,
170, 172, 178, 187, 196, 200, 201,
219, 221, 224, 225, 271, 432-6,
444, 454, 495
Savoyard copper, 434
Saxe-Altenberg, 314
Coburg, 313, 314
Hildburghausen, 314
Meiningen, 223, 314
Weimar, 18, 198, 313
Saxony, 16, 71, 72, 79, 83, 105, no,
114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 128, 129,
146, 149, 153, 158, 159, 164, 167,
175, 176, 183, 188, 208, 216, 218,
220, 226, 232, 235, 238, 252,
300, 301, 309-16, 321, 324, 329,
355- 356- 404. 4°5. 422
Sayn, 301
Scaliger family. See La Scala
Scandinavian influence, 331
Schauenstein-Ehrenfels, 91, 349
Schaumburg-Lippe, 80, 81, 195, 301
Schauthaler, 1479, 16
Schelstadt, 152
Schievelbein, 324
Schillingsfiirst, 230
Schleswig-Holstein, 103, in, 196, 232,
372-4
School-prizes, coins given as, 225, 231
Schoonvorst, 159
Schupans or Zupans of Servia, 365
Schwarzburg, 153, 158, 162, 242, 315
Schwarzenberg, 309
Schweidnitz, 159, 331
Scotish currency, 224, 228, 239
Seals, relations between coins and, 366,
426
Seats of coinage subject to change or
disappearance, 32
Sede Vacante, 147, 232, 306, 307,
397
Semi-feudum, 369
Serment de France, 168
Sermon, Governor of Sirmium, 161
Serpent, the, on coins of Ferrara, 61
Servia, 15, 78, 116, 146, 160, 161, 164,
193, 195, 211, 220, 357, 365, 366,
427. 458
Seven Years' War, 323, 329, 331, 349
552
The Coins of Europe
Seville, 160, 507
Sforza family of Milan, 74, 232, 447
family of Pesaro, 144, 449
Riario, Cardinal, 151
Shooting thalers, 231
Siberia, 225, 361
Sicilian coinage affected by conquests,
21, 22
types, 33, 34, 458, 459
Sicily, 14, 21, 22, 28, 85, 124, 130,
140, 142, 147, 181, 183, 189, 191,
192, 195, 200, 201, 203, 204, 216,
219, 226, 227, 229, 237, 419, 456,
458, 506, 514
Siege-pieces, 36-8, 44, 70-3, 75, 77, 82,
84, 85, 87, 89, 93-6, 99, 101-4,
108, 109, 113, 118, 119, 123, 124,
126, 130-3, 137, 139, 141, 143,
145, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163-5,
168, 170, 175, 177-9, J97> 1981
207, 209, 212-14, 222> 224> 233-
234, 236, 240, 273, 274, 306, 308,
333- 345- 375- 376, 380, 381, 412,
456, 464, 523
Sienna, 161
Sigismund, Arch-Duke of Austria, 334
Silesia, 119, 148, 159, 161, 177, 331
Simon, the moneyer of Philippe d' Alsace,
71, 74, 94, 152
Sirmium, 161
Skin-money, 352, 357. Comp. Leather-
money
Sobieski, John III., King of Poland,
353. 356
Soest, 196
Sombreffe family, 83, 148, 390
Sondermanland or Sudermania, 175, 381
Sophia, Duchess of Brabant, etc., 114,
126, 302
Electress, 307, 316
Southern Italy, 14, 130, 238, 457-61
Netherlands, 383-402
Spain, 12, 14, 71, 74, 76, 77, 80, 91, 93,
102, 108, 123, 131, 152, 157, 159,
160, 168, 178, 179, 181, 182, 187,
188, 190-2, 195, 196, 198, 199,
200, 207, 210, 213, 215, 218, 219,
222, 223, 226, 227, 233, 236, 237,
274. 385. 395- 405. 407. 485,
505-17
Spanish coinage, 24-7, 131, 182, 187,
190, 192, 196, 200, 222, 505-17
coinage for England, 510
colonial money, 27, .123, 512, 516,
517
Marches, 485
money struck for Portugal, 239, 523
Milan, 447
Netherlands, 400, 401, 407
Spanish occupation of Sardinia, 434
types, 26, 512, 518
sovereigns of Portugal, 292
Spinola family, 74, 166, 212
Stalle and Riviere, 388
Standards, monetary, 50, 87, 168, 172,
182, 221, 238, 348, 351, 395,
520
Stargard, 324
Stavoren, 163, 411
Steel roller, introduction of the, 101, 497,
499
Steeple bonnet of Mary of Burgundy,
1479. 43
Stephen of Hungary (St.), 332
Stettin, 163, 164, 241, 324
Stockholm, 49, 220
Stolberg, 197, 330, 331, 333
Stralsund, 242, 324, 380
Strasburgh, 132, 139, 164, 183, 191,
194-6, 206, 209, 220, 224, 241,
499
Stuarts, the, 145, 307, 339
Stufsanvien, 449
Styria, 243, 332, 336, 337
Sudermania. See Sodermanland
Sully family, 90, 91, 112, 289, 500
Superior metal, coins struck in a, 410
Survival of obsolete titles on coins, 39
Suskin (or Zeskin) and Dodkin, 236
Swabia, 206
Sweden, 69, 137, 140, 150, 161, 164,
X73. X75> J8i, 188, 190, 193, 196,
202, 204, 208, 209, 214, 220, 224,
229, 230, 235, 257, 355, 356, 359,
372- 373. 377-S2
Swedish Administrators, 378
copper, 49, 51, 378
coinage for Norway, 382
gold, 379
Pomerania, 355
Switzerland, 15, 69, 72, 75, 78, 80, 91,
97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 109, 117,
122, 138, 139, 149, 154, 158, 160,
165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 183,
184, 186, 194, 197, 202, 206, 207,
2O9, 2l6, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225,
227, 230, 231, 234, 236, 241, 242,
304, 346-51, 432, 447, 466, 495
Symbols on coins, 59
TADOLIN, Joannino, of Lucca, 100, 396
Tamgha or tengha, 217
Tarasque, 166
Tartar influence on Russian coinage,
33- 357. 358, 369
Tertiarii, 367
Teschen or Teck, 304
Tessere or tokens, 142
Index
553
Teutonic and unclassical school, 59
feeling and treatment, 15, 16, 238,
465. 493- 495. 498
order, 95, 100, 131, 167, 230, 235,
252, 325
Theodolus, St., 161
Thessaly, 260
Thierri, the mint-master, 117
Thirty Years' War (1618-48), 84, 122,
170, 177, 222, 228, 306, 308, 323,
339. 349- 3/6
Thoire et Villars, 169
Thorn, Brabant, 211
Prussia, 167, 235
Thrace, 260
Throndhjem, 99, 138, 383
Thuillie, a founder at Nancy, 136
Thuringen, 100, 101, 134, 296
Thuringenwald, 101
Tin money, 70, 215
Tizzone family, 97, 188, 217
Token, the, 4, 5
Toledo, 167, 506, 512
Toul, 167, 235
Toulouse, 47, 154, 186, 191, 211, 217,
224, 227, 241, 242, 277, 290, 506,
5*°'
Touraine, 120, 153, 226
Tour de Nesle, 137
Tournay, 139
Tours standard, 168, 172, 182, 221, 238
Tower of London standard, 50, 87
of London mint, 198
Trading caravans, 34
communities, European, 53
Transylvania, 5, 16, 70, 74, 77, 93, 95,
96, 112, 116, 117, 128, 135, 204,
224, 255, 332, 344-6, 410, 430
Transylvanian bear, 345
Treatment of early coins, 63, 64
Treaty of Berlin, 365
of Calmar, 378
of Vienna, 347
Tremissis or triens, 50
Treves, 80, 123, 139, 140, 177, 196,
206, 209, 227, 231
Trinci family, 105
Tristan, 398
Trivulzio family, 135, 149, 151, 447
Trono, Nicolo, Doge of Venice, 184,
210, 428
Trouvailles, 205, 240, 401, 461
Troyes, Counts of, 127
Tunis, 485
Turenne family, 78, 160, 170, 290, 500
Turin, 170, 434
Turkey in Europe, 28, 138, 182, 185,
205, 208, 220, 223, 229, 238, 242,
346, 366, 369, 371
Turso, Johann, 343
Tuscan nobleman (a), King of Germany,
249
Tuscany, 103, 115, 121, 126, 133, 140,
144, 161, 175, 182, 185, 210, 220,
228, 231, 236, 237, 240, 432, 436-
4L 452
Two Sicilies. See Naples and Sicily
Tyery, Nicolas, moneyer (1526), 218
Types of European coinage, 59, 125,
126, 182
Tyrol, 108, 128, 199, 332, 334, 336,
499
UDINE, 142
Ulm, 116, 228
Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden, 379
Ungaro, 126. Comp. Hungarian type
Unister, 492
United Provinces, 206, 236, 404, 405,
407, 412
Urbino, 104, 144, 161, 170, 182, 273,
449
Urgel, 171
Utrecht, Bishops of, 123, 124, 149, 170,
171, 175, 176, 186, 187, 193, 216,
236, 263, 402, 406, 407
town of, 149, 170, 171, 204, 209, 223,
412
province of, 230
VALENCIA, 195, 509, 516
Valentinois and Diois, 146
Valois dynasty in France, 23, 137, 142,
145, 149, 153, 168, 196, 198, 201,
275, 469, 499
Vanackre, moneyer, 402
Van Berckel, engraver or moneyer, 86,
401
Van Elteren, Jan, 178
Van Orije family, 153
Varangian Guard, 372
Variations, subsidiary, in coins, 61,
417
Vasa family, 257, 372, 378
Vasselon, 476
Vaud, 166, 432
Vauvillers, 172, 188
Vendome, house of, 291
Venetian gold ducat, prestige of, 51
and Florentine influence, 51, 365,
469
Venice, 12, 16, 28, 51, 52, 56, 73, 84,
87-9. 93. 94- US- "9. ISO, 152,
160, 168, 172, 174, 178, 184, 185,
196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 210, 211,
213-17, 22O, 222, 226, 231-5,237-9,
243. 367-70, 403. 422, 423, 426-32,
437, 438, 456, 461, 469, 506
554
The Coins of Europe
Venlo, 405 T
Venrade, 153
Verdun, 154, 172, 173, 182
Vermandois, 155, 499
Verona, 173, 238, 273
Vienna, 233
Viennois, 199, 491, 492
Vierlander and drielander, 8. Comp.
Cat. of Denom. in w.
Vigevano, 447
Villaume de Nancy, moneyer, 185
Villehardouin family, 116, 259, 368, 434
Vilvorde, 174, 241
Virgilius type at Mantua, 125, 445
Virgin and Child or Hungarian type, 86,
91, 92, 144, 167, 454
Visconti family, the, 17, 74, 75, 81, 85,
93. 94. 139. 143. l6°- l67. 185,
207, 217, 222, 238, 240, 447, 457
Visigothic mints, 80, 93, 102, 137, 156,
157, 160, 166, 167, 171, 506
types, 511
Visigoths, the, 25, 50, 124, 215, 505,
506
Vlodorp family, 148, 390, 391
Voelkermarkt, 336
Von Hovel family, 1 1 1
Vucht, 205
WALDECK-PYRMONT, 231, 301
Waldstein or Wallenstein, Albert von,
5, 105, no, 323
Wallachia, 86, 220, 361, 364
Walmoden-Gimborn, 107, 197, 300
Warsaw, 326, 329, 353
Weidenbriick, 196
Weights and coins interchangeable, 47-9,
154, 168, 183, 211, 241, 242
in relation to coinage, 49
Weimar, 313
Weinbourg, 152
Weitnauer, moneyer, 351
Wendish territory, 324
Wertheim, 223
Wesemael family, 153, 387
1 For an interesting paper on Michel Mer-
cator of Venlo or Venloo we may refer to the
March number of the Bulletin de Nnmisina-
tique, 1893, MM. Serrure & Cie, p. 49.
West Friesland, 117, 118, 162, 163,
171, 176, 177, 184, 197, 209, 264,
402, 404, 410, 411
Western civilisation, 14, 15, 358, 394,
403-5, 465
coinages, decline in, ioth-i3th c. , 51
coinages, revival of, under Louis IX.,
51, 369, 469
types, 182, 239
types borrowed from the East, 369
Westphalia, 70, 72, 74, 75, 79, 83, 85,
92, 95, 98, 99, loi, 102, 107, in,
115, 121, 126, 128, 131, 138, 141,
148-50, 160, 161, 176, 185, 202,
224, 232, 299, 300
Wiesbaden, 301
Wild Man type, 158, 242, 315, 375
William the Silent, 206, 233, 288, 407,
411, 491
III. of Great Britain, 140, 288, 491
Windward Islands (Isles du Vent], 474,
484
Wismar, 152, 216, 242
Wittenberg, 330
Wittmund, 320
Wolgast, 163, 164, 241, 242, 324
Worms, 177
Wurtemburg, 31, 114, 115, 133, 152,
177, 188, 206, 224, 304, 305, 502
Wiirzburg, 196
Wyon, W. , 370
XERES, 507
YARMOUTH, Countess of, 300
York, Duke of, 171
Yriate, M. , 450
ZACATECAS, 178, 512
Zapoly, house of, 345
Zecca or Giudecca at Venice, 430
Zecchino, 243
Zeeland, 130, 171, 410
Zurich, 178, 179, 242, 346-51
Zutphen, 179, 403, 405
Zuyder Zee, 114, 163
cities of the, 411, 412
Zweibriicken, 114
Zwolle, 179, 236, 408
RK, EdiAftrgh.
A SELECT LIST
OF
Moths or EMtions
BY
WILLIAM CAREIV HAZLITT
OF THE INNER TEMPLE
CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.
i860 — 1893.
1. History of the Venetian Republic; Its Rise, its Greatness, and its Civilisation.
With Maps and Illustrations. 4 vols. 8vo. Smith, Elder &• Co. 1860.
A new edition, entirely recast, with important additions, in 3 vols. crown 8vo, is in readiness for the
press.
2. Old English Jest-Books, 1525-1639. Edited with Introductions and Notes. Fac-
similes. 3 vols. I21T1O. 1864.
3. Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England. With Introductions and Notes.
4 vols. i2tno. Woodcuts. 1864-66.
4. Handbook to the Early Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great
Britain. Demy 8vo. 1867. Pp. 714 in two columns.
5. Bibliographical Collections and Notes. Three Series, with two Supplements and the
Handbook, together, 6 vols. Medium 8vo. 1867-92.
These volumes comprise a full description of about 25,000 Early English books from the books them-
selves.
" There never was a more accurate and painstaking bibliographer than Mr. Hazlitt, nor is there any
bibliography of English literature which can compete with his works. I have found from personal
experience that they are absolutely necessary to the English collector." — BERNARD QUARITCH.
"This set of books is the result of more than thirty years' continuous labour, during which the author
doubtless has had submitted to his notice more English book -rarities than any other bibliophile in Europe.
" Mr. W. C. Hazlitt's second series of Bibliographical Collections and Notes (Quaritch) is the result of
many years' searches among rare books, tracts, ballads, and broadsides by a man whose speciality is
bibliography, and who has thus produced a volume of high value. If any one will read through the fifty-
four closely-printed columns relating to Charles I., or the ten and a half columns given to ' London ' from
1541 to 1794, and recollect that these are only a supplement to twelve columns in Hazlitt's Handbook and
five and a half in his first Collections, he will get an idea-^f ;the>«ark><involved in this book. Other like
entries are ' James I.,' ' Ireland,' ' France,' ' En^l^SS,-'; ^ElizatetH," ' Scctteqd ' (which has twenty-one and
a half columns), and so on. As to the curipet£y~a'nd:rafeiry jjr .theWfdiiiks that^in Hazlitt has catalogued,
any one who has been for even twenty or.ljiiiwtf'.ekrs' among old books" will ^krmWedge that the strangers
to him are far more numerous than the s&cnAftiBtancesojp^friep^s*!; This seeoKLsewes of Collections will
add to Mr. Hazlitt's well-earned reput/ycie^ &s a bibliographer ,'arCcJ ^hcfild be inS2ve't^.real library through
the English-speaking world. The onlw thing we desiderate in it is more of his wferconrt marks and names,
B.M., Britwell, Lambeth, etc., to sjjow where •Hfcthej boo%s fippnwcbirig rarity ar^jj The service that
these have done in Mr. Hazlitt's fomier books v>>.e<j$tt>rs S6v4rie ^?ar,ly ^English Te^tt New Shakespere,
Spenser, Hunterian, and other societUK, has been so great that we hopre Re will alwajre say where he has
seen the rare books that he makes entriSfjfD(."---Acaife»n',,Art£j/^ 26, 1882. jjf
Vv ffr°n - *«.*W »'**v'- ***"*! '•*
" Mr. Hazlitt has done much work during the last thirty years, and some of it has been bitterly
attacked ; but we venture to think that the debt of gratitude which all students of Old English literature
owe to him for his bibliographical collections must remain in the most enduring opinion of his labours.
We would bid all readers who care for the books of the past read the practical, manly, and comprehensive
introduction prefixed to this volume. It forms one of the best pleas for the study of English literature
which we know ; and coming close upon the important speech of Mr. John Morley, it takes up a phase of
the subject not yet adequately recognised. The academic side has been put by Mr. Morley, the practical
by Mr. Hazlitt : ' The England in which we dwell is one with the England which lies behind us. So far
as the period which I comprehend goes, it is one country and one race ; and I do not think that we should
precipitately and unkindly spurn the literature which our foregoers left to us and to our descendants for
ever, because it may at first sight strike us as irrelevant to our present wants and feelings. . . . The con-
siderer of modern opinions and customs is too little addicted to retrospection. He seems to be too shy of
profiting on the one hand by the counsels or suggestions, on the other by the mistakes of the men
who have crossed the unrepassable line, who have dealt with the topics and problems with which we have
to deal.' These are stirring and sensible words, and we should much like to see them more widely dis-
tributed than the limited issue of this volume will allow.
" It is impossible, in a short notice such as we can only give, to do justice to the contents of this
work. The titles of every book or tract are given in full, having been transcribed by Mr. Hazlitt himself;
and there is often appended to the entry interesting information about the condition, history, and, above
all things, the present locale of the book. Such work as this requires labour, and skill, and knowledge of
no ordinary kind. Now that Mr. Bradshaw is dead, there are few indeed who possess these qualities, and
apparently only one who puts them at the service of his fellows. It has been often said of late that the
bibliographer and indexer are more needed than the book-writer ; and if this is true, as we are inclined to
think it, Mr. Hazlitt's work must, in relation to the age in which it is produced, be awarded a very high .
place. It enables us to ascertain what has been done in English literature, and therefore ought to enable
us to do our work so much the better. Almost all departments of study are now occupied as much with a
reconsideration of old facts as with the discovery of new, and for this purpose such books as Mr. Hazlitt's
are indispensable. We are happy to say that a competent Cambridge student has undertaken to compile
an index to the four volumes of bibliography issued by Mr. Hazlitt, and that this will be published by Mr.
Quaritch as soon as it is ready." — The Antiquary, April 1887.
" I very respectfully, yet with cordial pleasure, submit to such sections of the educated and reading
English community in the United Queendom, the States of America, and elsewhere, as feel an interest in
that early literature, which ought to be dear to the entire English-speaking race, a Third and Final series
of my Bibliographical Collections and Notes, forming (with my Handbook) the fourth volume of my
achievement in this province of research.
" The objection to the multiplication of alphabets by the sectional treatment, which I have adopted
since the appearance of the Handbook in 1867, is a very valid objection indeed from the point of view of
the consulter. But as this has been, and remains, a labour of love, and as the cost of production was a
grave problem, I simply had no alternative ; and to the suggestion which I offered in a prior Introduction,
that, after all, these serial volumes might be regarded in the same light as so many catalogues of public or
private collections, I have now the gratifying announcement to add, that a complete Index to the Hand-
book and the three Series of Collections and Notes is in preparation by Mr. Gray of Cambridge, who has
most generously volunteered to do the work, and will form a separate volume, to be published by Mr.
Quaritch, when it is completed.
" I have incorporated (generally with additions and corrections) in my volumes by degrees nearly the
whole of the Bibliotheca Anglo-Poetica, Corser's Collectanea (excepting, of course, the lengthy and
elaborate extracts and annotations), the British Museum Catalogue of Early English books to 1640, the
Typographical Antiquities of Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin, the Chatsworth, Huth, Ashburnham, and other
private cabinets, and the various publications of Haslewood, Park, Utterson, and Collier.
" Since the Second Series came from the press in 1882, several large private libraries have been
dispersed under the hammer, and all the articles previously overlooked by me have been duly taken up
into my pages. I may enumerate, for example's sake, the celebrated collections of the Earl of Jersey, the
Earl of Gosford, Mr. James Crossley of Manchester, Mr. Payne Collier, the Duke of Marlborough, Mr.
Hartley, Mr. N. P. Simes of Horsham, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Mr. Michael Wodhull, Sir Thomas
Phillips of Middle-Hill, the Rev. J. Fuller Russell, Mr. Henry Pyne, and Professor Solly. "—Preface to
Second Series.
6. A General Index to Hazlitt's Bibliographical Works (1867-89). By G. J. GRAY.
Edited by W. C. Hazlitt. Medium 8vo. 1893. Pp. 842.
This invaluable volume, forming Vol. 7 of the Series, will assist the student and collector in using the
several volumes which it covers, and will enable him to ascertain at a glance whether and where a book,
tract, or broadside is to be found.
7. Memoirs of William Hazlitt. With Portions of his Correspondence. Portraits
after miniatures by John Hazlitt. 2 vols. 8vo. 1867.
During the last twenty years the author has been indefatigable in collecting additional information for
the Life of Hazlitt, 1867, in correcting errors, and in securing all the unpublished letters which have
come into the market, some of great interest, with a view to a new and improved edition.
8. Inedited Tracts. Illustrating the Manners, Opinions, and Occupations of Englishmen
during the i6th and I7th Centuries. 1586-1618. With an Introduction and Notes. Facsimiles.
4to. 1868.
9- The Works of Charles Lamb. Now first collected, and entirely rearranged. With
Notes. 4 vols. 8vo. E. Moxon &• Co. 1868-69.
io. Letters of Charles Lamb. With some Account of the Writer, his Friends and
Correspondents, and Explanatory Notes. By the late Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd, D.C.I-.., one of
his Executors. An entirely new edition, carefully revised and greatly enlarged by W. Carew
Hazlitt. 2 vols. 1886. Post 8vo.
io«. Mary and Charles Lamb. New Facts and Inedited Remains. 8vo. Woodcuts
and facsimiles. 1874.
The groundwork of this volume was an Essay by the writer in Mactnillaris Magazine.
n. English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Arranged alphabetically and annotated.
Medium 8vo. 1869. Second Edition, corrected and greatly enlarged. Crown 8vo. 1882.
12. Narrative of the Journey of an Irish Gentleman through England in 1751.
From a MS. With Notes. 8vo. 1869.
13. The English Drama and Stage, under the Tudor and Stuart Princes. 1547-
1664. With. an Introduction and Notes. 410. 1869.
A series of Reprinted Documents and Treatises.
14. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. I. The Calendar. II. Customs and
Ceremonies. III. Superstitions. 3 vols. Medium 8vo. 1870.
Brand's Popular Antiquities, by Ellis, 1813, taken to pieces, recast, and enormously augmented.
15. Inedited Poetical Miscellanies. 1584-1700. Thick 8vo. With Notes and Fac-
similes. 50 copies privately printed. 1870.
16. Warton's History of English Poetry. An entirely new edition, with Notes by Sir
F. Madden, T. Wright, F. J. Furnivall, R. Morris, and others, and by the Editor. 4 vols.
Medium 8vo. 1871.
17. Prefaces, Dedications, and Epistles. Prefixed to Early English Books. 1540-1701.
8vo. 1874.
50 copies privately printed.
1 8. Blount's Jocular Tenures. Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors. Originally
published by Thomas Blount of the Inner Temple in 1679. An entirely new and greatly enlarged
edition by W. Carew Hazlitt, 6f that Ilk. Medium 8vo. 1874.
19. Dodsley's Select Collection of Old Plays. A new edition, greatly enlarged, cor-
rected throughout, and entirely rearranged. With a Glossary by Dr. Richard Morris. 15 vols.
8vo. 1874-76.
20. Fairy Tales, Legends, and Romances. Illustrating Shakespear and other Early
English Writers. i2mo. 1875.
21. Shakespear's Library : A Collection of the Novels, Plays, and other Material
supposed to have been used by Shakespear. An entirely new edition. 6 vols. i2mo. 1875.
22. Fugitive Tracts (written in verse) which illustrate the Condition of Religious
and Political Feeling in England, and the State of Society there, during two centuries. 1493-1700.
2 vols. 410. 50 copies privately printed. 1875.
23. Poetical Recreations. By W. C. Hazlitt. 50 copies printed. i2mo. 1877.
A new edition, revised and greatly enlarged, is in preparation.
24. The Baron's Daughter. A Ballad. 75 copies printed. 410. 1877.
25. The Essays of Montaigne. Translated by C. Cotton. An entirely new edition,
collated with the best French text. With a Memoir, and all the extant Letters. Portrait and
Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. 1877.
The only Library Edition. Second Edition. 1893. 3 vols. Post 8vo.
26. Catalogue of the Huth Library. [English portion.] 5 vols. Large 8vo. 1880.
200 copies printed.
27. Offspring of Thought in Solitude. Modern Essays. 1884. 8vo, pp. 384.
Some of these Papers were originally contributed to A II the Year Round, etc.
28. Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine. i2mo. 1886.
"Full of curious information, this work can fairly claim to be a philosophical history of our national
cookery." — Morning Post.
29. An Address to the Electors of Mid-Surrey, among whom I live. In rejoinder
to Mr. Gladstone's Manifesto. 1886. 8vo, pp. 32.
" Who would not grieve, if such a man there be?
Who would not weep, if Atticus were he ? " — POPE.
30. Gleanings in Old Garden Literature. 121110. 1887.
31. Schools, Schoolbooks, and Schoolmasters. A Contribution to the History of
Educational Development. i2mo. /. 1^. Jarvis &> Son. 1888. Pp. 300 + vi.
Survey of the old system of teaching — Dr. Busby — Early Dictionaries — Colloquies in the Tenth,
Twelfth, and Thirteenth Centuries— Earliest printed works of instruction, Donatus and others — Stanbridge
— Robert Whittington — Guarini of Verona — Vulgaria of Terence — School Classics — Erasmus and More —
Dean Colet — Foundation of St. Paul's — Thomas Linacre — Wolsey's Edition of Lily's Grammar — Merchant
Taylors' School — Old Mode of Advertising Private Establishments — Museum Minervse at Bethnal Green
— Manchester Old School — Shakespeare, Sir Hugh Evans, and Holofernes — Educational Condition of
Scotland — Female Education — Shakespeare's Daughters — Goldsmith — Ascham and Mulcaster — Ben Jonson
and Shirley, writers of Grammars — Foreigners' English — Phonography — Bullokar — Charles Butler — Dr.
Jones.
SELECTIONS FROM PRESS OPINIONS;—
" A perusal of Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt's book is calculated to make both parents and boys thankful that
they live in an age of comparative enlightenment. The work does not profess to be an exhaustive one, the
object being 'to trace the sources and rise of our educational system, and to present a general view of the
principles on which the groundwork of this system was laid.' In pursuing this plan the writer has suc-
ceeded in producing a book, which, though dealing with what some readers may consider rather a dry
subject, is full of curious and interesting information, judiciously arranged and pleasantly conveyed." —
Morning' Post.
" This book contains a great deal of very curious information. After an introductory chapter on the
system of teaching in the good old times when holidays were unknown and stick ointment laid the basis of
all culture, an account is given of the various vocabularies, glossaries, and colloquies in use in mediaeval
times. Some interesting and amusing details are also given of sixteenth century schoolbooks, and Mr.
Hazlitt sketches the scholastic work done by Erasmus, Colet, Linacre, Lily, Ruddiman, and others, and
fives us an insight into the methods followed in such schools as St. Paul's and the Merchant Taylors'
nstitution. . . . One of the most interesting chapters in the volume is that on female education." —
Glasgow Herald.
". . . Mr. Hazlitt knows his subject, and he also knows how to write. No small praise." — St.
Stephens Review.
"... Some of Mr. Hazlitt's pages are occupied with the humorous side of school life ; and as he tells
a story well, these portions of the book come upon one with singular pleasure." — Antiquary.
" Mr. Hazlitt has evidently a favourite speciality in school-books. He has collected them, we should
judge, with a good deal of zeal, and has acquired a really considerable amount of knowledge about them,"
etc. — Spectator.
FROM THE PREFACE:—
" My main object has been to trace the sources and rise of our educational system, and to present a
general view of the principles on which the groundwork of this system was laid. So far as I am capable of
judging, the narrative will be found to embody a good deal that is new and a good deal that ought to be
inttra'ting.
"The bias of the volume is literary, not bibliographical ; but its production has involved a very con-
siderable amount of research, not only among books which proved serviceable, but among those which
yielded me no contribution to my object."
32. A little Book for Men and Women about Life and Death. i2mo. Reeves &>
Turner. 1801.
ily Cht
"This is a well-written attack on a few of the irrational doctrines, folly, and trumpery, that eo bv the
name of religion."— Christian Life.
" Mr. Hazlitt sees that to overthrow the superstition which selects and endows incompetence, there must
be a general lift in the quality and efficiency of education all round ; and he sketches a plan or curriculum
which does credit to his breadth of view."— National Reformer.
" Mr. Hazlitt is an original thinker. On the whole, he expresses himself moderately, temperately, and
without needless offence. Those whose views Mr. Hazlitt voices are a growing number, and will read his
little book with sympathy."— Binning/taut Daily Post.
33- The Livery Companies of the City of London. Their Origin and Character,
Development and Social and Political Importance. With two coloured plates and numerous
illustrations. 1892. Royal 8vo. Pp. 692.
34- Tales and Legends of National Origin, or widely current in England from early
times. With a Critical Introduction. 1892. 8vo. Pp. 486 + xvi.
The story of Robin Hood is here for the first time accurately related.
35- A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of old English Plays. 1892. 4to.
Pp. 284 + viii. 250 copies printed on thick paper.
36. The Coinage of the European Continent. From the Earliest Period With
a General Introduction, Catalogues of Mints, Denominations, and Rulers, and about 250 illus-
trations from specimens in the Author's Cabinet. 1893. Demy 8vo, pp. 554 + xvi.
last^c v°/m ^'th ^e n.umis,ma,tic works ?f Hawkins, Kenyon, Atkins, etc. Mr. Hazlitt has occupied the
t 15 years in collecting the finest specimens of continental coins both here and abroad.
CJ Hazlitt, William Carew
2456 The coinage of the Euro-
H33 pean continent
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11