Full text of "Collections concerning the church or congregation of Protestant separatists formed at Scrooby in north Nottinghamshire in the time of King James I : the founders of New-Plymouth, the parent-colony of New-England"

liiiiiii'ii

COLLECTIONS.

THE FOUNDERS OF NEW-PLYMOUTH,

THE PAKENT-COLONY OF NEW-ENGLAND.

COLLECTIONS

CONCERNING

THE CHURCH OR CONGREGATION OF PROTESTANT

SEPARATISTS FORMED AT SCROOBY IN

NORTH NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, IN THE

TIME OF KING JAMES I:

THE FOUNDERS OF NEW-PLYMOUTH,

THE PARENT-COLONY OF NEW-ENGLAND.
BY THE

REV. JOSEPH HUNTER,

FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON, ETC., AND OF

THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY ;
AND AN ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF HER MAJESTY'S RECORDS.

LONDON:
Published by JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36 Soho Square.

M.DCCC.LIV.

MICROFORMED BY
PRESERVATION

SERVICES

fcl

TUCKER, PBINTEB, PEBEY'S PLACE, OXFOBD STBEKT.

The Northern part of this Virginia, being better dis-
covered than the other, is called NEW ENGLAND .- full
of good new Towns and Forts, and i# likely to prove a
happy Plantation.

HETLIN, Microcosmos, 8th edit. 4to, Oxford, 1639.

Vll

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

f T v HIS volume is in one sense a Second Edition of a
Tract which was printed in 1849, entitled ' Collec-
tions concerning the early History of the Founders of
New Plymouth, the first Colonists of New England.'

That Tract formed No. II of a Series of Critical
and Historical Treatises, of which four numbers only
have appeared.

The place was then for the first time identified, at
which these Founders met as a Separatist Church
before they took the resolution of removing to Holland,
from whence in a few years they passed to the shores
of North America.

This point being determined, the way was opened
to the discovery of some other new facts respecting
the leaders and chief agents in the movement, and to
the establishment from evidence at home of statements
in certain historical and biographical writings which
have been published in the new country.

They related especially to Bradford and Brewster,
the most eminent of the lay-members of this Church
or community of English Separatists.

The new facts which were brought to light, it is
hardly too much to say, have changed the face of the

Vlll PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

whole history of the movement, as long as the actors in
it remained in England, the period on which only I
professed to write. The tract has contributed also
to revive and deepen the interest which has been
always more or less felt about these founders of the
North American civilization. It has indeed done
more than I could possibly have anticipated, both at
home and in New England.

At home I have found the new facts eagerly accepted
and reproduced : and in New England I have been
requested by the Massachusetts Historical Society to
prepare a kind of New Edition for insertion in their
Transactions, prepared more especially for American
readers. To those Transactions I had before con-
tributed an account of the principal persons in the
Suffolk and Essex emigration of 1630 ; and a bio-
graphical notice of Philip Vincent, the till then un-
known author of the ' Relation of the Pequot war.'

Subsequent researches have brought to light a few
other facts, which will enable us to understand more
justly the position at home of the leaders in this move-
ment. They relate especially to Brewster, the elder
of the church or congregation, who, next to Robinson
the pastor, is the most interesting now, as he was the
most influential then, in this groupe of earnest pro-
fessors of Religion, and bold assertors of the principle
of freedom and personal conviction in respect of
Christian faith and practice.

My first intention was to give the matter which is

PRELIMINARY NOTICE. IX

wholly new, in the form of another number of the series
of Critical and Historical Tracts : but finding the tract
on this subject has been long, in the bookseller's
phrase, out of print, and that it is often inquired for ;
and that to make the New Revelations intelligible it
would be necessary frequently to reproduce the matter
of the former tract, I have thought it best to send
forth the present volume as an entire work in which the
matter of the Tract and the matter since acquired are
blended together, and a large Appendix is added, con-
taining many pieces highly interesting in themselves,
and with one exception, bearing directly on the subject
of this emigration.

Some readers may think that many things in this
book are of small importance. They are right, when
these things are looked at as unconnected parts of the
design ; for neither Bradford nor Brewster, nor the
divines who were concerned in the movement were of
the eminent of the earth, about whom there is a
curiosity widely extended through the country which
gave them birth, and concerning whom nothing is
thought unimportant. It may even be said that they
were but inconsiderable persons at home, and their
consequence has undoubtedly arisen out of the grand
results, which, unforeseen by themselves, have ensued
on their great resolve. So that there is scarcely any-
thing to be told of their early history besides those
very small facts, of which so many will here be
fgund, which make the history of men who are of but

PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

small account in the midst of a large and advanced
population.

It is, indeed, the part and peculiar office of the Anti-
quary to deal with such small facts. It is this which
makes the distinction between the Antiquary and the
Historian.

I have proceeded in the spirit of the Antiquary in
gathering up these small fragments of truth, and I
have proceeded also in the same spirit, as in contra-
distinction to the controversial, the sectarian, or other
party spirit. Though sprung from persons who main-
tained many of the principles and adopted many of
the practices by which these people were distinguished,
and who were, indeed, the chief supporters of them in
the Hundred of Broxtowe which adjoins to Basset-Lawe,
I have long known that when people think at all on
subjects such as these, changes must come, and that a
distant generation is no more bound to support the
principles and opinions of ancestors of the days of
Charles the First, than they were to support the prin-
ciples of their own great-grandfathers as against the
reformation. This is the necessary .result of even
their own great principle of free inquiry. I know
very well that there are two different aspects under
which the conduct of the persons about whom I write
may be contemplated. Some may see in it nothing
but self-will directed on subjects of inquiry which are
at once difficult, and of supreme importance both to
the inquirer himself and to the great community of

PRELIMINARY NOTICE. XI

which he is a member, which led to an uncalled-for
schism, leading to social disunion, and having a ten-
dency to produce much bitterness of spirit, and even
the fiercest internal warfare, as, indeed, in but a few
years it contributed to do. But there are many others
who may look upon it but as a magnanimous and
salutary assertion of the right of private judgment and
public action according to the result of that judgment,
and a submission to the teaching of Scripture as
opposed to anything which claims to be an authorita-
tive explanation of it. On both sides there is much to
be said. But whatever view is taken of the principles
on which these men acted, few will deny the praise
of sincerity and earnestness, and a devout respect to
what they deemed commands too sacred not to be
obeyed, to those who were the leaders in this move-
ment, and to those also who followed with them,
though it may be of unrecorded name.

To those also who look with something of sorrow
upon the divisions of the Christian world, and to the
occasional manifestations of terrene thoughts enter-
ing into those which ought to have nothing in
them but the celestial, arising out of these divisions ;
there is some satisfaction in the thought that nothing
seems to deprive Christianity of its salutary influences :
for that however it is professed it still fills the mind with
peace, and hope, and joy, and arms its professors, in
whatever form professed, against the temptations of the
world. But if we conclude that these people had mis-

Xll PRELIMINARY NOTICE.

taken the path of duty, or had imposed upon themselves
a severer burthen than God ever intended for them,
there is still a heroism in their conduct which forbids
us to regard them with indifference, nay rather, which
will call forth the sympathy of every generous mind.

J. H.

June 6t/t, 1854.

Xlll

PREFATORY STANZAS.

O little Fleet ! that on thy quest divine
Sailedst from Palos one bright autumn morn,
Say, has old Ocean's Bosom ever borne
A freight of Faith and Hope, to match with thine ?

Say, too, has Heaven's high favour given again
Such consummation of desire, as shone
About Columbus, when he rested on
The new-found world and married it to Spain.

Answer Thou refuge of the Freeman's need,
Thou for whose destinies no Kings looked out,
Nor Sages to resolve some mighty doubt,
Thou simple May-Flower of the salt-sea mead !

When Thou wert wafted to that distant shore
Gay flowers, bright birds, rich odours, met thee not,
Stern nature hail'd thee to a sterner lot.
God gave free earth and air, and gave no more.

XIV PREFATORY STANZAS.

Thus to men cast in that heroic mould
Came Empire, such as Spaniard never knew
Such Empire, as beseems the just and true ;
And at the last, almost unsought, came Gold.

But He, who rules both calm and stormy days,
Can guard that people's heart, that nation's health,
Safe on the perilous heighths of power and wealth,
As in the straitness of the ancient ways.

RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES.

The Hall, Bawtry.
May 3Qth, 1854.

EEBATtTM.

i ' p. 63, line 8, for Bradford read Brewster.

THE FOUNDERS OF
NEW-PLYMOUTH.

XIV PREFATORY STANZAS.

RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES.

The Hall, Bawtry.
May 30th, 1854.

THE FOUNDERS OF

NEW-PLYMOUTH.

THE FOUNDERS OF
NEW PLYMOUTH.

TT does not often happen to those who are intent
on historical investigation of the minuter kind,
and who are willing to devote themselves to the study
of writings usually deemed uninviting and uninstruc-
tive, such as monumental inscriptions, parish registers,
account rolls, wills, visitation books ; to recover facts
important not only in the history of any one family
or nation, but in the history of the migration of
Nations, which is, in fact, a main topic in the history
of the Human Race : yet this seems to have been for
once my good fortune.

The settlement of colonies, which often issues in
the establishment of new and independent colonization

effected by Go-

communities, is usually the work of Govern- vernments, or

private enter-

inents ; and the transaction is duly chro- P rise -
nicled with other public events. But it is not always
so. It was private commercial enterprise which led
to the settlement of Barbadoes, and subsequently of

THE FOUNDERS OF

the other West India Islands belonging to Great
Britain. It was the working in a few private men of
an overstrained spirit of opposition to the established
order of eeclesiastical affairs in Protestant England,
which led to the colonization of New England, and, in
the event, to the establishment of the United States
of America as one of the great communities of the civi-
lized world. If we desire to know the particulars of
movements such as these, we must not therefore
expect to find them in public histories, or floating on
the surface of human knowledge, but we must look
to the circumstances of private families, of which it
is hard to collect the particulars, and dive deep into
those evidences, whatever they may be, in which
anything is to be found respecting them. In many

in the latter cases it happens that nothing can be re-
case difficulty

of recovering covered, because all evidence has perished.

satisfactory

information. j] n g} an d i S) perhaps, in this respect not in
a worse condition than other countries, but all who
have made the experiment know that the difficulty is
very great of recovering facts respecting private
people wh o lived even no longer ago than thereigns
of Elizabeth and James the First. And even in
the more favoured cases, when the people about

NEW PLYMOUTH.

whom we inquire are not literally those of whom
there is no memorial left, who are passed away as if
they had never been, the notices which we are able
to collect, after the most persevering inquiry, are often
but few, unconnected, casual, so that the inferences
to be drawn from them and the combinations to be
made of them may be often uncertain. Yet it is not
always so ; and there sometimes, as in the case before
us, comes in aid of what may be collected from the
general evidences of the times, particular evidence to
some facts, in the form of private historical or bio-
graphical memorials, the writings of the persons
themselves, or of others, their contemporaries, who
knew much of their principles and proceedings.

Beside this, it will generally be found that the
leaders in enterprises of this kind, though but private
men and little known perhaps in their own time, were
not of the very obscure, but men of some education,
of some energy, and even of some position on the
social scale.

I have reason to know that the subject on which

we are about to enter possesses a strong The coloniza-
tion of New

American interest ; but it cannot be said Resting

, . c subject of in-

to be without a claim on the attention or qtt iry.

4 THE IOUNDERS OF

Englishmen also. The settlement of New Plymouth,
says Governor Hutchinson, writing in 1767, "occa-
sioned the settlement of Massachusetts Bay, which
was the source of all the other colonies in New
England ; " and he speaks of the persons by whom it
was founded as " the founders of a flourishing town
and colony if not of the whole British empire in
America." l And to cite another English authority :
when Sir Charles Lyell had viewed the relics of these
founders which are preserved in the Museum at New
Plymouth, he remarks, "When we consider the
grandeur of the results which have been realized in
the interval of two hundred and twenty -five years
since the May- Flower sailed into Plymouth Harbour,
how in that period a nation of twenty millions had
sprung into existence and peopled a vast continent,
and covered it with cities and churches, schools,
colleges, and railroads, and filled its rivers and ports
with steamboats and shipping, we regard the pilgrim
relics with veneration." 2

The people of New England pay all proper

1 The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, &c. 8vo,
Boston, 1747, p. 452.

3 A Second Visit to the United States of North America. 12mo,
1849, vol. i, p. 117.

NETF PLYMOUTH.

deference to the colony of New Plymouth as being
the parent colony of their country, and they speak
fondly, if not wisely, of the persons who established it
as THE PILGRIM FATHERS. 3 But we need not appeal
to any testimony when we have the facts before us,
that when a few Englishmen settled at this point, the
whole of this part of the North American continent
was a savage wild, and that now it is inhabited by a
population of English origin, men who speak our lan-
guage, who hold to many of our ancient principles and
practices in religion, law, and manners, and who still
venerate the great English names which we venerate,

3 There is something of affectation in this term, which is always
displeasing ; and we have seen also very strange applications of it :
but further, it appears to me to be philologically improper. A
pilgrim is a person who goes in a devout spirit to visit a shrine
real in the first instance but afterwards a place where, it may be, no
shrine is, but which is hallowed by some recollections which would
deserve to have a substantial representative. An American who
visits the place from which the founders of his country emigrated
is a pilgrim in the proper sense of the word, whether he find an
altar, a shrine, or a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders
when they sought the shores of America were proceeding to no
object of this kind, and even leaving it to the winds and the waves
to drive them to any point on an unknown and unmarked shore.
There is, however, it must be owned, the same corrupt use of the
word Pilgrim in the English version of the Scriptures, " and con-
fessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth."

6 THE FOUNDERS OF

and claim them as being theirs as well as ours. Men
too, who as to the nobler and better part of them,
cherish an affection and cultivate respect for the land
from which their forefathers in sorrow departed, and
who, should a great political necessity arise, would be
found to stand side by side with us in the assertion
of the just rights of men. And in taking this view
of the subject I cannot but express the satisfaction
I feel on finding that there has sprung up amongst
them within the last few years an intense curiosity
respecting their English ancestry : for such researches,
whether successful or not (and in very many cases
they cannot be pursued to any satisfactory issue),
tend to strengthen the sentiment of fraternity, and to
bind one free nation to another practically as free as
itself. 4

4 I will take the liberty in the most friendly spirit to offer a hint
or two to our brethren in New England. No genealogy is of the
least value that is not supported by sufficient evidence from records
or other contemporary writing. The mere possession of a surname
which coincides with that of an English family is no proof of con-
nection with that family. Claims of alliance founded on this basis
are not the legitimate offspring of laborious genealogical enquiry,
but of self-love and the desire to found a reputation for ances-
torial honour where no such honour is really due.

Search out the history of your ancestors by all means: but
claim no more than you can show to belong to you. As far as you

NEW PLYMOUTH,

I cannot therefore but consider this story of English
and American affairs as possessing an interest for both
countries, and as deserving to be regarded even in its
minutest particulars a worthy subject of historical
enquiry; though the research has to be conducted
among writings of very low esteem. I therefore
proceed, without further apology or preface, to intro-
duce to the reader the persons who were the chief
actors in this movement, and to speak of the influences
which operated to produce the strong devotional
sentiment by which they were actuated, and at last
determined them to leave their homes and commit
themselves to the uncertainties and the many dangers

can prove you are safe, and you are doing a work that is good :
but the assumption of the armorial distinctions of eminent
English families who happen to bear the same surname with
yourselves is not to be approved, and still less the attempt which is
sometimes made to claim alliance with the ancient nobility or gentry
of England. When it can be proved, well and good : but no terms
can be too severe to reprobate it where there is no proof, or
even when there is no show of probability. It may lead to
unfounded claims not only to honour, but to property.

Beside what I have done for Brewster and Bradford, I think
there was no one in the May-flower beside "VYinslow who has been
traced to an English birth-place. Standish has the fairest chance
of being one day discovered in Lancashire evidences, but even his
affiliation is not at present known.

THE FOUNDERS OF

attending a removal to a distant and uncultivated
shore.

We have one advantage in relation to this subject,
Unity of the which does not belong to some other en-

subject one ...., , T _.,

religious com- quiries or a similar nature. New Plymouth

munity the co-
lonists, was not built and peopled by persons

wholly independent of each other, who had assembled
there by accident, or who were each attracted by the
prospect of some private and particular advantage.
They came there a united body of men, bound together
by solemn compact, men of one heart and one mind, in-
tent on the same purpose, and that a holy one. They
were a federal body, a protestant congregation, com-
munity, or Church in their sense of the term, formed
according to what they had brought themselves to
regard as the scripture or gospel model ; yet not a
set of wild enthusiasts with principles and opinions
founded on palpable errors or on frauds, but calm
deliberation ; and as to several of them, cultivated and
discerning men men entitled to have an opinion
in respect of their religious profession, whatever judg-
ment another may form of the value of the opinion,
or the soundness of the reasoning, by which it was

NEJT PLYMOUTH.

supported. It is of such a body of men that we have
to treat, and it is obvious that they may be contem-
plated as a unit ; and the history of the foundation
of New Plymouth is in fact but the first chapter in
the history of this confederation.

It may be necessary for the right understanding
of what follows to introduce at this point origin and
in the story some account of the nature &at ****

nity.

and origin of communities, such as that
before us : and a few words will be sufficient for our
present purpose, as I have no intention of entering
into the wide argument to which it might invite us.

When the Reformation of the sixteenth century,
supported as it was by so much learning and piety,
by so much political power, and by so much of the
popular will, had set men's minds at liberty to rove
at pleasure in the fields of theological and ecclesiastical
enquiry, they must have been blind indeed who did
not perceive that men's minds would never settle
down in one uniform opinion, and that even great
diversity might be expected, leading to rivalries, and
struggles for supremacy. And politicians, quick to
discern whatever impairs the strength and endangers
the safety of a state, proceeded as soon as it was

10 THE FOUNDERS OF

possible to form National Churches, in which there
should be a uniformity of faith and ordinances, re-
sembling that uniformity which had been maintained
by other means and on other principles in the times
gone by. In constructing these National Churches, it
was the object, at least in England, so to form them,
that the greatest number of people might be compre-
hended within them, with as little shock as might be
to any favourite opinions or prejudices. England, it
is to be remembered, had at that time many families,
from the highest to the lowest ranks, dispersed all over
the country, who adhered in principle and in heart to
the ancient and then abrogated system, and who
recollected with affectionate reverence the touching
ceremonies of the ancient rituals, the beauty of the
churches then but lately defaced, the works of art in
painting and sculpture, in goldsmith's work and
embroidery, with which they were adorned, and the
sweet music of the choir and the bell-tower. In the
frame of the new Church of England, the claims of
these persons were not to be disregarded (they were
at least Englishmen), and there was therefore more of
condescension to them than some of the more rigid
Reformers could approve. But in proportion as there

NEW PLYMO UTH. 1 1

were attempts made to conciliate these people by retain-
ing certain of the ancient forms and ceremonies, and
by keeping up the episcopal order, there was offence
given to another body of persons who seem to have
held as a principle that there was nothing good in the
ancient church, and that it was enough to say of any
practice in religion to condemn it, that it was a relic
of popery. When all was done for the satisfaction,
as far as could be, of both these parties, and a com-
promise was made perhaps as wisely and justly as
could have been devised, though the great body of
the English nation, both clerks and laymen, did enrol
themselves as members of the national church, there
were some who refused to do so or who yielded a
reluctant and imperfect adhesion ; Romanists, on the
one hand, who pretty early rejected even occasional
communion, and Puritans on the other, who did for
the most part conform, though without concealing
their objection to many of the rites and ceremonies of
the church, and even to its constitution itself. The
difficulty was to know how to deal with these persons
of extreme opinions in opposite directions. Unfor-
tunately the wisdom of toleration was not then
understood among the persons in whose hands

THE FOUNDERS OF

temporal power was lodged, and they therefore deter-
mined that that power should be used to enforce com-
pliance. Fine and imprisonment, deprivation of their
benefices, degradation from the ministry, and even
death itself, were awarded against both Catholic and
Protestant nonconformists, and great was the suffer-
ing in consequence. But the storm of the persecution
which casts so dark a shade over the reigns of Elizabeth
and James, fell with far greater severity on the
Romanists, who however mingled political projects of
a very dangerous and often hateful kind with the zeal
which they professed for the ancient order of the
church. Some of the finest spirits of the time, such as
Campion and Southwell, were sent by violence to the
place whither Sir Thomas More had been sent. The
Puritan also points to his martyrs and confessors, yet
the Puritans were at that time a far less formidable
body, with less compactness and less defined principles,
and seemingly might have conformed altogether for
the sake of peace and union, which are surely things
far more valuable than testimonies, however earnest,
against the cross in baptism or the ring in marriage.

Nothing however could extinguish this section of
the church or break its spirit. The Puritans con-

NEW PLYMOUTH. 13

tinued members of the church, only pursuing courses

of their own in administering the ordi- Pertinacious-
ness of the

nances, and it was not till about the middle fwitan sec-
tion of the

of the reign of Elizabeth that the disposi- chS-

, ! -i ,-\ i_ i leads to sepa-

tion was mamiested among them to break ration.
away from the church altogether, and to form
communities of their own. And then it was but a
few of them who took this course : the more sober
part remained in the church. The communities of per-
sons who separated themselves were formed chiefly in
London : there were very few in the distant coun-
ties, and those had no long continuance. It was
not till the time of the Civil Wars that such bodies of
Separatists, as they were called, or Congregationalists,
or Independents, became numerous. At first they
were often called Brownist churches, from Robert
Brown, a divine of the time, who was for a while a
zealous maiutainer of the duty of separation. It was
urged for these Communities, or as they called them-
selves Churches, that beside being formed on the
Scripture model, and that those who belonged to
them escaped from the tyranny of the authorities in
the English church, they had two other advantages
facility in excluding immoral persons from church-

14 THE FOUNDERS OF

fellowship, and the liberty of making fresh changes in
opinion or practice should fresh light break in upon
them.

THE BODY or PERSONS WHO LAID THE FOUNDATION
OF NEW PLYMOUTH, WAS ONE OF THESE

jfurai cow-

9 Separ l atist{ CHURCHES OR COMMUNITIES OF PURITAN

the Founders

of New Ply- SEPARATISTS : persons so impatient under

mouth.

the yoke of the ceremonies which had
been continued in the Reformed Church of England,
that they had begun to regard it as unlawful to remain
in the church, and who had formed themselves in
church order, based upon their own principles, and
consisting of a people with the offices of pastor,
teacher, elders, and deacons. It was not one of the
London Communities of this kind ; but, what gives this
subject the greater interest, it was a church that had
been formed in quite a rural district in a county far
remote from London.

It remained, till the publication of my " Collec-
oid state- tions" on this subject, an undetermined

ments respect-
ing the Site of q ues tion to what point we are to look

that private *

for the place of meeting of this church or
community, for discipline and worship, and conse-
quently from what English population the members

NEW PLYMO UTH. 1 5

of it were gathered. Dr. Cotton Mather, whose Mag-
nolia, a folio volume, printed in 1702, contains much
valuable information concerning New England, and its
early settlers, is content with saying, after Morton, in
his New England's Memorial, 1669, that the founders
of New Plymouth came from "the North of Eng-
land." Hubbard, another early writer on the affairs
of New England, uses the same expression. 5 Prince,
however, in 1736, is a little more particular. He tells
us, on the authority of William Bradford, a principal
member of the church, who has left several historical
writings, that the persons who first settled themselves
at New Plymouth, were " religious people, who lived
near the joining borders of Nottinghamshire, Lincoln-
shire, and Yorkshire." This, though it left the mind
at liberty to range over a considerable tract of
country, was a great advance on the vague state-
ments of Morton, Mather, and Hubbard. Prince,
however, though he marks the passage as if it were
an actual quotation from Bradford's manuscript,
has not given us the very words as they have
since appeared in Dr. Young's publication of Brad-

5 See vol. v. of the Second Series of Collections of the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society, p. 42.

16 THE FOUNDERS OF

ford's Remains, where the passage to which Prince
referred stands thus : " These people," that is the
persons who were Puritan Separatists, "became
two distinct bodies or churches, in regard of distance
of place, and did congregate severally, for they were
of several towns and villages, some in Nottingham-
shire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire,
where they bordered nearest together." One of these
two churches was at Gainsborough, a well-known
place, the other, which is that about which we are
now concerned, was elsewhere.

Bradford's writings are exceedingly valuable, 6
mined--rad- though we have for ever reason to regret
cai writi*$t. that he shuts up so many things in general

6 Much used by Prince in his Chronological History of New
England, Boston, 1736, but little known till the publication of
Dr. Alexander Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the
Colony of New Plymouth, from 1602 to 1625 , now first collected
from original records and contemporaneous printed documents and
illustrated with notes, Boston, Svo, ] 844. The portions which are
used in this treatise are, 1, Governor Bradford's History of
Plymouth Colony, p. 1-97. His Dialogue or the Sum of a Con-
ference between some young men born in New England and sundry
ancient men that came out of Holland and Old England, p. 414-
459; and his Memoir of Elder William Brewster, p. 461-471.
To these I shall have frequent occasion to refer , and I have
availed myself in some places of the very valuable notes with

NEW PLYMO UTH. 1 7

expressions, avoiding in the most tantalizing manner,
nearly all specialty or particularity in the information
which he gives us. Yet it is to a passage in another
of his writings that we are indebted for the information
which enables me now to dispel all uncertainty
on this point, and to fix the locality of this church or
community to a particular place. " They ordinarily
met," says he, in his Life of William Brewster,
" at his house on the Lord's Day, which was a manor
of the bishop's, and with great love he entertained
them when they came, making provision for them to
his great charge, and continued so to do whilst they
could stay in England." 7 This, when it is combined
with the preceding note of place, " near the joining
borders of Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, and York-
shire," guides us at once to the village of SCROOBY,
in the Hundred of Basset-Lawe, a part of North
Nottinghamshire, well known in parliamentary history;

which Dr. Young has enriched this publication. Prince appears to
have been acquainted with writings of Bradford which are not
known now to exist. See his preface, p. 6, and Mather's account
of Bradford has every appearance of having been founded on
writings of Bradford himself not now existing.
7 Young, p. 465.

18 THE FOUNDERS OF

that being the only place comprising an episcopal
manor that was near the borders of the three counties.
The word " manor," it may be here observed, is
not used in its more ordinary sense, to

Manor.

denote a district throughout which certain
feudal privileges are enjoyed, but a mansion house.
This is sufficiently manifest even from the way in
which Bradford speaks of. it ; but we may add that
the houses of the great nobility in those parts of the
kingdom were often called manors, as still Worksop
Manor, Winfield Manor, Sheffield Manor, Brierley
Manor, and several others. Scrooby Manor was near
to the borders both of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire,
though itself in the county of Nottingham. It was
also an ancient possession and occasional residence of
the Archbishop of York.

No reasonable doubt can therefore ever arise that

Further ^ 6 S6a ^ ai1 ^ Cen ^ re ^ t\\Sit religious COm-

munity which afterwards planted itself on
the shores of New England was at this Nottingham-
shire village of SCROOBY, a place little known to fame,
but acquiring from this accident a certain amount
of historical interest. The claims of this village,
though hitherto unnoticed, do not rest entirely on

NEW PLYMO UTH. 1 9

what I have now said ; for to make their establishment
quite complete, recourse was had to the Rolls which
contain the Assessments of the Subsidies granted by
Parliament, and there was found that in the thirteenth
year of Elizabeth, 1571, there was a William Brewster
assessed in the township of Scrooby-cum-Ranskil on
goods of the annual value of Three Pounds ; 8 and in
other accounts, that in 1608, William Brewster, and
two other persons, all described as " of Scrooby,
Brownists or Separatists," were certified into the
Exchequer for fines imposed upon them by the
Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, for non-
appearance to a citation. Further evidence of
Brewster' s residence at Scrooby will appear as we
proceed.

Scrooby will be found in the maps about a mile
and a half south of Bawtry, a market and post town
situated on the boundary line between Nottingham-
shire and Yorkshire. It was itself in the time when

8 Two other persons were assessed with him, viz. William Dawson,
and Thomas Wentworth who then resided at the manor and who
describes himself in his will "of Scrooby Manor, Esquire." He was
a younger brother of William Wentworth of Wentworth Wood-
house, Esquire, Great Grandfather of Thomas Earl of Strafford.

20 THE FOUNDERS OF

Brewster resided there one of the post towns on the
great road from London to Berwick.

Leland, who visited the place in 1541, gives this
Early to- account of it : " Iii the meane townlet of

pographical

Scrooby I marked two things the parish
church not big but very well builded ; the second was
a great manor place, standing within a moat, and
longing to the Archbishop of York ; builded in two
courts, whereof the first is very ample and all builded
of timber, saving the front of the house that is of
brick, to the which ascenditur per gradus lapi-
deos. The inner court building, as far as I marked,
was of timber building, and was not in compass past
the fourth part of the outer court." 9 It had belonged
to the see of York in the time of Domesday book.
The archbishops not unfrequently resided here, it being
favourably situated for the enjoyment of field-sports,
an exercise in which bishops in the old time greatly
delighted. Archbishop Savage in particular, we are
expressly told by Godwin, often made this his place of
residence for the purpose of hunting in Hatfield chase. 10
Margaret, Queen of Scotland, daughter of King

9 Itinerary, vol. i, p. 36.
10 De Presulibus, vol. ii, p. 71.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 21

Henry VII, slept here on her way to Scotland,
12th June, 1503. When Wolsey was dismissed by his
tyrannical master to his northern diocese he passed
some weeks at Scrooby, and very pleasing is the
picture which his faithful servant Cavendish has
drawn of him as he then appeared, " ministering many
deeds of charity and attending on Sundays at some
parish church in the neighbourhood, hearing or
saying mass himself and causing some of his chaplains
to preach to the people : and that done he would dine
at some honest man's house of that town, where
should be distributed to the poor a great alms, as
well of meat and drink, as of money to supply the
want of sufficient meat, if the number of the poor did
so exceed of necessity." 11 A few years later King
Henry VIII slept in this house for one night during
his northern progress in 1541.

A great change took place at Scrooby in the time
of Archbishop Sandys, who was elevated

* Great change

to the see of York in 1576. He was a CtS3
prelate worthy to be held in esteem on
many accounts, but it seems hard to justify his
proceedings in respect of the temporalities of

11 Life of Wolsey, Singer's edition, 8vo, 1825. vol. i, p. 260.

22 THE FOUNDERS OF

his sees. He was the first Protestant bishop who
raised a powerful family out of the goods of the
church, and this he did by granting leases of episcopal
lands to his sons. Samuel had six, Miles five, Edwin
four, Henry two, Thomas two, George two ; as they
are enumerated by Lord Burghley himself, in his own
hand, in a manuscript now in the British Museum. 12
Scrooby was the'subject of one of the leases granted
to Samuel his eldest son, 13 and it must have been under
him that the Brewsters held the manor.

12 Vol. 50 of the Lansdowne MSS. art. 34.

13 The archbishop's conduct in respect of this lease seems to
require a special justification, for there exists a letter of his
which is printed by Le Neve, p. 61, in which he excuses himself
from granting a lease of it to the Queen, on the ground of the in-
jury which would thereby be done to his see. He speaks of Scrooby
as a usual residence of the archbishops, and says, that he himself
had lived for four months together there and at Southwell ; and
that " the reserved rent for this newly-conceived lease is 40. by
year, and yet the annual rent thereof to the bishop is, 170. by
year ; but this is a small loss to that which followeth. I am com-
pelled by law to repair two fair houses standing upon these two
manors (Southwell and Scrooby), by this lease, if it should pass, I
am excluded out of both." He presses other arguments, and makes
it appear, that if such a lease were granted, the loss to the see would
be 60,000. [query 6000 ?] at least ; " too much, Most Gracious
Sovereign, too much to pull from a bishoprick inferior to many others
in revenue, but superior in charge and countenance." This letter
was written on November 24th, 1582; and yet on the 20th of

NEW PLYMOUTH. 23

But though Scrooby was the residence of William
Brewster, the chief agent in this move- The private

church collect-

ment, and his house was opened for wor- ed from peo-
ple around

ship and discipline to the persons who Scroob y-
thought and acted with him, it is not to Scrooby
only that we are to look for the persons composing
the' church, who were drawn from various places in

December in the same year, he granted to his son Sir Samuel
Sandys a lease of this manor of Scrooby for a rent of 65. 6s. 8d.
It is probable that we have not sufficient information to enable us
to form a proper estimate of the whole of the archbishop's conduct
in this particular.

But it is clear that it amounted in fact to a perpetual alienation
of Scrooby from the see. The defence in these cases lies in the
legal power which was understood to be vested in the bishops to
grant these beneficial leases, and next that possessing such a
power, there was no reason why they should not exercise it in
favour of those of their own household as well as of strangers to
them in blood. It is in fact the great question of Nepotism. But
it ought to be added, that if there was a case in which such a pro-
ceeding could be considered as justified by the subsequent conduct
of the youths in whose favour the power was exercised, it is the
case of the Sandys family in which we have Sir Edwin one of the
most sensible writers on ecclesiastical affairs, and George the tra-
veller and religious poet. Sir Edwin Sandys in the course of events
was, as we shall see, a principal agent in obtaining a legal per-
mission for the Scrooby people to remove themselves to America.
He sympathized with the more cultivated and rational part of them
in most of their opinions, and we see in what I have now stated how
there would arise a private acquaintanceship between the Sandys'
and the Brewsters.

24 THE FOUNDERS OF

the surrounding country. The vicinity of Scrooby

was in those times, and is now, an agricultural

district ; having a few villages scattered about, each

General with its church and perhaps an esquire's

character of

the country, seat ; but the population was for the most
part employed in husbandry, an occupation little
congenial to the growth of extreme opinions in
either religion or politics, or of voluntary sacrifices
to a severe estimate of duty or a supposed call of
conscience. The very natural features of the country
may be said to have been unpropitious to the pro-
duction of persons such as those who formed the
emigration ; for it is usually in hilly countries not in
plains that the sense of religious duty takes deepest
root and produces the most remarkable fruits, or
where men are collected in large masses, as in cities
or great commercial towns. There had indeed been
an unusual number of religious houses surrounding
Scrooby in the times before the Reformation. Almost
all the more conspicuous of the religious

Remarkable

for the number or( j ers na( j nere a representative : for there

of religious

were Cistercians at Rufford, Gilbertines

at Mattersey, Carthusians in the Isle of
Axholm, Benedictines at Blythe, Benedictine ladies at

NEW PLYMOUTH. 25

Waiting-wells, Augustinians at Worksop, and Pre-
inonstratensians at Welbeck, the chief house of that
Order. These formed quite a cordon round the part
of Basset-Lawe Hundred to which Scrooby belongs,
while a little farther removed was the house of
Cistercians in a woody and stony valley eminently
adapted to monastic habits, called the House of St.
Mary of the Rock, but better known by its modern
name of Roche Abbey. It might be expected that
the existence of so many conspicuous seats of devo-
tion would give an air of seriousness and piety to the
places within their influence, which might remain
even when their reverend heads were brought to the
dust; and it is probably at least to in- Attachment

to the Romish

fluences thus created that we find several church of

some of the

of the principal families of Basset-Lawe, fc*/"**
the Molineuxes and Markhams, the Cliftons and Mor-
tons, adhering to the old Christianity, and suffering
hardships in consequence. There were also in those
times two very distinguished ladies who retained a
fondness for the old profession, Mary (Cavendish)
Countess of Shrewsbury, at Rufford, and her sister
Frances Lady Pierrepoint, at Thoresby. 14 That it had
14 Jn the Shrewsbury correspondence at the Heralds College is

26 THE FOUNDERS OF

much to do in originating the strong puritan feeling
which pervaded the middle and lower classes of the
population of Basset-Lawe can hardly be affirmed;
but the presence of so much Catholic zeal would be
likely to sharpen the opposition of those who had
persuaded themselves that the Protestant could not
go too far in his renunciation of everything that
appeared to belong to Rome, or that revived or kept
up the recollection of what England had been in the
days of their grandfathers.

But however created, it is certainly a very remark-
able circumstance (apart from the consideration of the
very important consequences which ensued upon it),
that there should have arisen among such a population
as that of Basset-Lawe a spirit so strong and so deter-
mined, or that it could have been induced to enter
such a field of controversy at all. And it becomes
the more remarkable, when we observe how few

a letter signed W. Bellenden to the Countess, which accompanied a
present of relics, namely a portion of the cross, and measures of the
length and breadth of the body of St. Mary Magdalene, from St.
Maxence, in Provence, dated Feb. 12, 1608, vol. O. f. 127. When
a very old woman, 63 years after her marriage, Lady Pierrepoint,
who had been accounted a Popish Kecusant, "renounced her former
obstinacy" and professed to conform. This was hi 1626.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 2 7

persons in those times had, in any part of the country,
separated themselves from the Church, and formed
themselves into single self- directed communities. Not
but that in most other parts of the kingdom the
Puritan objections to the ceremonies were felt by
many minds, and many were the persons
who would gladly have seen the yoke of
ceremonies removed : but there is. a great difference
between this uneasiness in a forced acquiescence, and
the actual withdrawing from all communion, and
throwing off the authority of the Church, and the
authority of the State too, as far as respected affairs
of religion. The separatist was a Puritan, but the
Puritan was not necessarily a separatist; and the
extraordinary feature in this case is, that the Puritan-
ism of Basset-Lawe was so deep a sentiment that it
urged so many to the act of separation, and after-
wards to the desperate measure of emigration, while
in other parts of the country, with few exceptions,
though there were Puritan emigrants who sought
relief from the ceremonies and subscriptions, there
were few or none who had while at home entered
into church union, as the Scrooby people did, and then
took their departure a compact and united body.

28 THE FOUNDERS OF

There is no doubt a great overruling power in all
human affairs : but our concern is with second causes,
and it is to be believed that we often deceive our-
selves when we attempt to recover general principles
from which things remarkable in the acts of men
have arisen. 15

In this instance we should probably be nearest to
the truth if we attributed this strong

Accident of

several Puri- p ur itan feeling chiefly to the apparently

tan ministers * >

\TneficedTn accidental circumstance of the residence in
Basset- Lawe, and the parts immediately
contiguous, of several clergymen whose private studies
had led them to take extreme views, and who, by a
zealous, and perhaps eloquent style of address, had
acquired a great influence over the many around
them : and this influence became the stronger in
consequence of the measures of severity by which the
authorities in the church sought to arrest the impend-
ing schism. If a simple, honest, and religious mind
finds itself beneficially wrought upon by any ministry,

16 Worksop one of the few market towns of Basset-Lawe, and
within a short distance of Scrooby, had been visited in the very early
days of the Reformation by a Dutchman named Van Bailer, who
preached to the people the doctrines of Luther, in the Priory church
or under the shadow of its walls.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 29

it is hard to convince it that the mouth of the minister
ought to be closed, and that he should be cast out to
waste himself in silence and indigence : and so it is
that religious persecution usually defeats its own pur-
pose, and so it seems to have been in the present
instance. Bradford, one of the most strenuous mem-
bers of the Scrooby Church, puts it thus : " When,
by the travail and diligence of some godly Bradford's

account of the

and zealous preachers, and God's blessing state of reli-
gious feeling

on their labours, as in other places of the about Scroob y
land, so in the north part, many became enlightened
by the word of God, and had their ignorance and sins
discovered by the word of God's grace, and began, by
his grace, to reform their lives, and make conscience of
their ways, the work of God was no sooner manifest
in them, but presently they were both scoffed and
scorned by the profane multitude, and the ministers
urged with the yoke of subscription, or else must be
silenced; and the poor people were so urged with
apparitors, and pursuivants, and the Commission
Courts, as truly their affliction was not small. Which,
notwithstanding, they bare sundry years with much
patience, until they were occasioned, by the continu-
ance and increase of these troubles, and other means

30 THE IOUNDERS OF

which the Lord raised up in those days, to see
further into these things by the light of the word of
God; how that not only those base, beggarly cere-
monies were unlawful, but also that the lordly
tyrannous power of the prelates ought not to be sub-
. mitted to, which those, contrary to the freedom of the
Gospel, would load and burden men's consciences
with, and by their compulsive power make a profane
mixture of persons and things in the worship of God ;
and that their offices and callings, courts and canons,
&c., were unlawful and an ti -Christian, being such as
have no warrant in the word of God, but the same

that were used in Popery and still retained

So many therefore of those professors as saw the evil
of these things, in these parts, and whose hearts the
Lord had touched with heavenly zeal for his truth,
and of the they shook off this yoke of anti-Christian

determination

to which it led. bondage, and as the Lord's free people,
joined themselves, by a covenant of the Lord, into a
church estate, in the fellowship of the Gospel, to walk
in all his ways, made known, or to be made known
unto them according to their best endeavours, whatso-
ever it should cost them." 16

16 Young, pp. 19-21.

NEW PL YMO UTH. 3 1

This is the spirit in which Bradford a native of
Austerfield, a village a few miles from His excellent

opportunities

Scrooby and an early member of the church, of knowledge.
writes in all the historical tracts which we owe to
him. We shall say more of him hereafter, but now
it may be proper to observe, that no one understood
better than he what the people had thought, and done,
and suffered, while in England, or what was their con-
dition while in Holland, and after they had become
permanently settled on the American continent. He
was the governor of the New Plymouth colony for many
years 17 while Brewster was the elder, but uniting in
himself also the offices of pastor and teacher till a
minister became settled among them. Their residence
in Holland was for one year at Amsterdam, and
eleven years at Leyden, whence they began to remove
to America in 1620.

Governor Bradford, as I have before observed, too
much avoids specialties in what he has

by hint as zea-

written, and perhaps he would have dis- lous Puritans.

*f Not the first Governor, for Carver held the office for a short
time, but after him with few intermissions every year till his death.
Hence it is that when Bradford is spoken of it is as Governor
Bradford, and when Brewster is named it is as Elder Brewster.

32 THE FOUNDERS OF

charged the duty of an historian better had he told us
more. Two ministers he especially names as those who
had the greatest influence in alienating men's minds
from the church, and with less definiteness he speaks of
others concerning whom a few particulars will be
found hereafter. There are also others not named by
him who are to be classed with the ministerial fathers
of Basset-Lawe nonconformity.

The person whom Bradford places first among the
ministers, who was a separatist himself,

John Smith.

and who made others separatists, is JOHN
SMITH, a name so general in England as almost to
preclude the possibility of recovering any circumstance
that can be said to belong to him without great
chance of attributing to him what may belong to
another. I add that I wish we had a person to deal
with at this beginning of the nonconformist roll of
ministers, on whom the mind could dwell in a more calm
and discriminating approbation. Bradford's estimate
of him is, that he was " a man of able gifts and a good
preacher," 18 and in another of his writings, the inter-
esting and instructive " Dialogue," that " he was an
eminent man in his time, and a good preacher and of
18 Young, p. 22.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 33

other good parts ; but his inconstancy and unstable
judgment, and being so suddenly carried away with
things, did soon overthrow him." 19 His residence
was at Gainsborough on the Trent, where it divides
Basset-Lawe from Lincolnshire. He collected there
that other community of Separatists, of which Bradford
speaks, an older church than that of Scrooby, and he
first set the example of removing to Holland, which
the church of Scrooby in a few years followed. " He
was some time pastor to a company of honest and
godly men which came with him out of England and
pitched at Amsterdam. He first fell into some errors
about the scriptures ; and so into some opposition to
Mr. Johnson, who had been his tutor, and the church
there." 20 Poor Mr. Smith could be at peace under no
system, and having a violence of temper and possibly
a disposition to take an unfavourable view of the
conduct of everybody about him, he was a trouble to

19 Young, p. 450.

20 Young, p. 450. Francis Johnson and Henry Ainsworth were
two ministers, both university men and men of learning, who went
very early into the way of separation, and flying to Holland from the
persecution in England, established a separatist church at Amster-
dam. This was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Smith would
probably be an unwelcome intruder upon them.

THE FOUNDERS OF

every one, and perhaps in the highest measure to
himself. Bradford proceeds, " But he was convinced
of his errors by the pains and faithfulness of Mr.
Johnson and Mr. Ainsworth, and revoked them : but
afterwards was drawn away by some of the Dutch
Anabaptists, who finding him a good scholar and
unsettled, they easily misled the most of his people,
and other of them scattered away. He lived not
many years after, but died there of a consumption,
to which he was inclined before he came out of
England. His and his people's condition may be an
object of pity for after times." 21

But though Mr. Smith may be now regarded as an
object of pity rather than of esteem, we cannot but
regret that our information should be so confined
respecting his birth, his education, entrance into the
ministry, and his conduct generally while he remained
in England, where he would be subject to some control
from the authorities under which the Church of
England places its ministers. It appears in Mr.
Brook's account of him that he was a Master of Arts of
the University of Cambridge, and we have seen that
Francis Johnson, one of the earliest Separatists, was

21 Young, p. 451.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 3 5

his tutor at Christ's College. In 1592 he was in
London and imprisoned there for acts of noncon-
formity. He was for some time at Lincoln before
he settled at Gainsborough. But I must content
myself with referring for these and other particulars
to Mr. Brook's valuable work and the authors
cited by him in the margin. In the Appendix to this
volume I may give a specimen of his writings illus-
trative of the spirit which he perhaps knew not that
he was of. The writings of Crosby and Hanbury
may also be consulted with advantage.

Another very zealous Puritan minister in these
parts was RICHARD BERNARD, who had Sichard Ser -

nard.

the misfortune to fall under the displeasure of Mr.
Smith for not going to the same excess of riot in
his nonconformity, and for this he pours the vials of
his wrath upon him in terms which find no coun-
terpart, it is to be hoped, in modern controversy.
Bernard was a man of gentle and yet determined
spirit ; and so decided were his objections to the
ceremonies, that he was silenced by the archbishop at
Worksop, where he was the vicar. But he never
went into the way of separation, though his preaching
must have contributed to lead others to do so. Brad-

36 THE FOUNDERS OF

ford's notice of him is very slight. He speaks of him
only as one who had been " hotly persecuted by the
prelates." 22 I shall add a few dates and particulars,
as of a man who has received less notice than he
deserves at the hands of the dispensers of posthumous
honours. He was born in 1566 or 1567, according
to the inscription on his engraved portrait, which
states that he was 74 at the time of his death, 1641.
While very young he fell under the notice of two
ladies, daughters of Sir Christopher Wray, lord chief
justice of England, who were among the most eminent
of those times for piety and Christian zeal. One of
them was the wife successively of Godfrey Foljambe,
Esquire ; Sir William Bowes, of Walton, near Ches-
terfield; and of John, the good Lord Darcy of Aston.
The other married Sir George Saint Paul, of Lincoln-
shire; and afterwards, the Earl of Warwick. They
sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, where it
seems that he might be contemporary with Smith.
They were probably in other respects his benefactors,
since in the dedication of his first printed work he
speaks of them as those to whom next to God and
nature he owed all that he had.

22 Young, p. 422.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 37

The work to which this dedication is prefixed is
not such a work as we should expect to find as the
first-fruits of a young Puritan minister's studies, for it
is a translation of the plays of Terence, a small quarto,
printed by John Legate, at Cambridge, in 1598. We
collect from it that Bernard was then residing at
Epworth, in the Isle of Axholm, a place not far
distant from Scrooby, from whence issued a family
which originated a more formidable separation from
the Church than that in which Bernard was an agent.
Not long after the publication of this volume he was
removed from Epworth, having been presented by
Richard Whalley to the vicarage of Worksop, where
he received institution on the 19th of June, 1601.

Here he was for several years the very zealous minis-
ter, carrying to an extreme length the Puritan scru-
ples, going to the very verge of separation ; and joining
himself even to those of his Puritan brethren, who
thought themselves qualified to go through the work of
exorcism. At length when Smith, and doubtless other
persons, when they saw him silenced by the archbishop,
were expecting that he would break from all church
authority, he began to consider more fully the question
of conformity ; and when this consideration issued in

38 THE FOUNDERS OF

an approval of a National Church, if one could be
constituted in a manner conformable to the inti-
mations on that subject to be found in scripture, as
preferable to an entire withdrawal from communion
with it, he was restored to the exercise of his minis-
try, determined thenceforth to be more forbearing in
his demands and more submissive to authority ; and
for this it is that Smith heaps upon him terms of the
grossest abuse, Apostate, Deceiver, Worldly Man : " I
do proclaim you to the whole world to be one of the
most fearful apostates of the whole nation : that ex-
cepting White and Clapham you have no superior." 23
A similar passage is valuable for the historical facts
it contains :

"Maister Bernard, I have sufficient reasons that
have moved me to break silence in respect of you, and
by this letter to attempt a further trial of your pre-
tended zeal for the truth and faith of Christ. I have
long time observed the applause yielded you by the
multitude. Likewise I have taken notice of your
forwardness in leading to a Reformation by public
proclamations in several pulpits, as if you had meant,
contrary to the king's mind, to have carried all the
28 Smith's Parallels, Censures, and Observations, 4to, 1609, p. 5.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 39

people of the country after you against the ceremonies
and subscription. Afterward, having lost your vicar-
age of Worksop for refusing subscription or con-
formity, I have observed how you revolted back, and
upon subscription made to the Prelate of York, have
re-entered upon your vicarage. Again, I have noted
your vehement desire to the parsonage of Sawenby,
and your extreme indignation when you were defeated
of it ; further, your earnest desire to have been vicar
of Gainsborough, and all this after your subscription :
besides, I have carefully weighed with myself your
steadiness to embrace the truth we profess."

While at Worksop, Bernard printed several con-
troversial writings and his Faithful Shepherd, a
treatise on the duties of ministers, quarto, 1607. This
is dedicated to Dr. Montagu, Dean of the Chapel
Royal, an offering of thankfulness for many past
favours.

He witnessed the formation of the Scrooby Church
and its departure to Holland, during the time of his
residence at Worksop. He ceded the living in 1612
or 1613, on his appointment to another in a distant
county, the rectory of Batcombe, in Somersetshire.
It was bestowed upon him by a private patron as to

40 THE FOUNDERS OF

a minister who, in his opinion, would best discharge
the duties to the edification of the parishioners an
act both just and honourable. Here he continued
till his death, publishing from time to time works in
practical divinity, which had a large share of popu-
larity, and which are sometimes reprinted even in our
time. And with this I dismiss this eminent divine,
best known not as Bernard of Worksop, but as Ber-
nard of Batcombe.

I cannot, however, forbear from remarking, that we
see in all this that the Puritans of North Nottingham-
shire had storms of their own raising, beside that
which was beating upon them from without.

Another of these ministers was RICHARD CLIFTON,
Richard ciif- a g rav e and reverend preacher, who by
his fervour and diligence had done much good, and
under God had been the means of the conversion of
many." This is what Bradford says of him in his
History of the Movement, 24 but in the Dialogue he
admits us to the knowledge of a few more particulars
relating to him : " Mr. Richard Clifton was a good
and fatherly old man when he came first into Holland,
having a great white beard ; and pity it was that such
2 4 Young, p. 22.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 4 1

a reverend old man should be forced to leave his
country, and at those years to go into exile. But it
was his lot, and he bore it patiently. Much good had
he done in the country where he lived, and converted
many to God by his faithful and painful ministry, both
in preaching and catechising. Sound and orthodox
he always was, and so continued to his end. He
belonged to the church at Ley den ; but being settled
at Amsterdam and then aged, he was loath to remove
any more ; and so when they removed he was dis-
missed to them there, and there remained until he
died." 25

When the Separatists who remained in Notting-
hamshire after the removal of Smith's church into
Holland formed themselves in church order, Clifton
became either Pastor or Teacher, probably the latter,
while John Robinson, a man to be afterwards named,
held the other office and Brewster was the Ruling
Elder. When in Holland he, like Bernard, was en-
gaged in bitter controversies with Smith, both being
exiles, escaping from that church authority which
would have kept them both in some order at home.

My researches respecting Clifton enable me to
25 Young, p. 453.

42 THE IOUNDERS OF

enlarge the accounts we have of him, and to fix
certain dates in his life, important not only in his
personal history, but in the history of the church of
which he was one of the founders. Bradford does
not inform us in which of the parishes of Notting-
hamshire he exercised his ministry while he remained
in the church, and whence his religious influence on
his neighbours must have emanated. I find, however,
that he was instituted on July llth, 1586, to the
rectory of Babworth, a country village a short dis-
tance from Scrooby, now the seat of the family of
Simpson (Bridgeman), the present incumbent being
one of that family. He is also in all probability the
minister of the same name who was instituted on
February the 12th, 1585, to the vicarage of Marnham
in the same county of Nottingham. But Babworth
was the place at which he resided, though the church
there has now no memorials of him.

The dates given above are taken from public eccle-
siastical documents, but for what follows we are
indebted to a private writing of his family which has
been accidentally preserved.

Not long ago, I learned that there was an old Bible
of the English translation in the Library of Sir Robert

NEW PLYMOUTH. 43

Taylor's Institution at Oxford, 26 where, on the blank
leaves, were divers memoranda of events occurring in
a family of the name of Clifton. And on further
inquiry, I found that what had occurred to me as
possible was right, and that the entries did relate to
this Richard Clifton and other members of his family,
and that they were for the most part in the hand-
writing of one of his sons. Valuable they are, though
little more than mere genealogical memoranda, such
as are presented to us in the Visitation Books con-
cerning families of a higher rank, and presenting us
with nothing that concerns the opinions or the history,
more especially the religious history, of the persons to
whom they relate. They will be found however to
give some precision to the narrative, which precision
we feel for ever the want of when perusing the
writings of Bradford.

From this source then we draw the information
that Richard Clifton was the son of a Thomas Clifton,
who lived at one of the Normantons in the county of
Derby ; that he was the eldest of a large family, issue
of two marriages : of the first there being, beside him-

26 From a slight notice of it in that useful publication, the Notes
and Queries, vol. vii, p. 354.

44 TEE FOUNDERS OF

self, Edward, John, Jane, Ellinor, Anne, and Dorothy ;
and of the second, Stephen, William, and Jane.

He was born at Normanton : but here, as the
information is important in its bearing upon the sub-
ject of this treatise, it will be more satisfactory if the
words of the writer are given : " Richard, eldest
son of Thomas Clifton, and born at Normanton
above-said, married Anne, daughter to J. Stuffen of
Warsop, in the county of Nottingham, September,
Anno 1586. He was minister and preacher of the
Gospel at Babworth, in the said county, and had issue
by his wife three sons, Zachary, Timothy, and Ele-
azer ; and three daughters, Mary, Hannah, and Pris-
cilla, all born at Babworth aforesaid.

" Richard Clifton, with his wife and children, came
unto Amsterdam in Holland, August, 1608. Anne,
wife of the said Richard, died at Amsterdam, 3d Sep-
tember, Anno 1613, and was buried in the South
church. Vixit Ann. 58.

"Richard Clifton died at Amsterdam, 20th May,
1616, and was buried in the South church. Vixit,
Ann. 68." 27

27 I am indebted for a very careful transcript of these notes to
my learned and very accurate friend, the Rev. J. W. Burgon, of
Oriel College, the author of the Life of Sir Thomas Gresham .

NEW PLYMOUTH. 45

We are thus enabled to fix the time of his birth to
in or about 1553, so that he was not much above fifty
years old when he fell under the animadversions of
the ecclesiastical authorities. The precise date of his
departure to Holland, August, 1608, is valuable,
inasmuch as we have hitherto been left to gather that
important date from information not critically given.
He married, we see, just when he had obtained the
rectory of Babworth, which has always been con-
sidered a desirable piece of preferment. His wife
was a member of a Derbyshire family of ancient
gentry, the Stuffyns of Sherbrook, in the parish of
Pleasley in Derbyshire, to which the Nottinghamshire
parish of Warsop adjoins. She lived five years, and
he seven in their voluntary exile : and when we see in
what a disturbed state the church at Amsterdam was
which he joined when his companions of his own
church, with Robinson and Brewster at their head,
removed to Ley den, it is perhaps no unreasonable
inference that they both sank not unwillingly as well
as religiously to their rest.

The connection of this Mr. Clifton with the old
family of Clifton, of Clifton in Nottinghamshire, is not
known ; but it is probable that there was some con-

46 THE FOUNDERS OF

uection from the identity of surname, proximity of
residence, and correspondency of position ;

The Stuffyns.

and this is rendered more probable by his
marriage in the family of Stuffyn, who, we are told by
the Lysonses, could trace their ancestry from the
reign of King Edward the First. 28 One of the latest
memorials of them was a monumental inscription in
the church of Pleasley, of which the following is a
copy, the original has disappeared since 1802.

" Here, with his ancestors, lyeth the mortal part of
John Stufiyn of Sherbrook, gentleman, who,
at his house there, in the month of January,
A. D. 1695, yielded up his loyal breath, aged
80 years. He left issue by Mary his wife,
daughter and sole heir of John Feme, of Hopton,
gentleman, John Stuffyn of Sherbrook, son and
heir of Hopton of the inheritance of his mother,
and Mary and Bridget (William and Hercules
died without issue)."

The heiress married in the family of Hacker.
The three daughters of Mr. Clifton died before the
family left England, in infancy or childhood : but the

28 History of Derbyshire, 4to, 1817, p. cxlviii.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 47

three sons seem to have accompanied their parents into
exile, and to have thenceforth lived for the most part at
Amsterdam, where two of them died ; viz. Timothy
who was born in 1595 and died in 1663, and Eleazer
bora in 1 598 and died in 1668.

Zachary Clifton, the eldest son, to whom the Bible
belonged, and who wrote most part of the family-
memoranda, was born on May 12th, 1589. In the
earlier part of his life he lived at Richmond in York-
shire, for there the two children, issue of his first
marriage, were born in 1620 and 1624 ; and there his
wife, a daughter of Arthur Hipps of that place, by
Dorothy Johnson 29 his wife, died in 1625, aged twenty-
six. Five years after we find him living at Amsterdam,
where, on April 22d, 1631, he married his second
wife Elizabeth, daughter of Laurence and Catherine
Wayte, of Cookridge, near Leeds. Of this marriage
there was issue, ten children who were all born at
Amsterdam, between 1632 and 1648. On Novem-
ber 1st, 1652, he left Amsterdam, and about two

29 She was probably a uear relation of Francis Johnson, the
tutor of Smith, and the pastor of the separatist church at Amster-
dam, who, as well as his brother George, whom he is charged with
having excommunicated, were originally from Richmond. See
Brook, vol. ii, p. 99.

48 THE FOUNDERS 01

months after fixed his residence at Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, where he appears to have lived for the remainder
of his life. He died there on May 26th, 1673, and
was buried in All-Hallows Church.

THOMAS TOLLER. Richard Clifton, clerk, was
Thomas name( ^j m 1593, one of the two supervisors
of the will of Richard Jessop, of Heyton,
near Babworth, gentleman, whose younger brother,
Francis Jessop, appears to have been the person of
that name, whom we find fighting by the side of
Clifton in the controversies which so much disturbed
the harmony of the English emigrants at Amsterdam.
And with Clifton was joined another clergyman,
Thomas Toller, then a young man who may reasonably
be presumed to have been residing in that neigh-
bourhood, though no institution of him to any Not-
tinghamshire benefice has been found ; and if so then
he is doubtless to be counted among the preachers of
Basset-Lawe who contributed to raise that spirit of
opposition to the ecclesiastical arrangements of the
country which led ultimately to the emigration : for
it is certain that he was, during a pretty long life,
one of the most zealous Puritan ministers of the time,
strong in his opposition to the ceremonies, though not

NEW PLYMOUTH. 49

going the extreme length of separation. His field of
pastoral and ministerial labour was for the greater part
of his life the large and populous parish of Sheffield.
He was presented to this cure, in 1597 or 1598, by his
friends the family of Jessop, and there he spent the
remaining years of his life, dying in 1 6 44 . Dr. Calamy,
the biographer of the latest generation of the genuine
Puritan ministers, refers to him as having been an
instrument of much good in that large and populous
town. We have a curious remain of his, in a kind of
ecclesiastical survey of the deanery of Doncaster, with
notes of the character of some of the incumbents, and
especially with respect to their leaning to or against
the ceremonies. 30 What his own leaning was and
the leaning of his coadjutor in the work, Mr. Richard
Clark, the vicar of Braithwell, is sufficiently apparent
in the document itself. There were eighteen out of
about seventy ministers who were more or less disaf-
fected to the ceremonies. The date appears to be
about the year 1612.

ROBERT GIFFORD is the name of another minister
spoken of by Bradford as having been Robert Gifford.

30 This curious paper may be seeu among Birch's Manuscripts
in the British Museum. Additional 4293, No. 21.

50 THE FOUNDERS OF

" hotly persecuted by the Prelates," 31 and who may
therefore be presumed to be one of those who con-
tributed to produce the strong Puritan feeling which
pervaded these parts of the kingdom. He is classed by
Toller in the paper before spoken of among those minis-
ters who " seemed weary of the ceremonies." His bene-
fice was Laughton-en-le-Morthen, in Yorkshire, but
adjoining to the parish of Worksop. In him the
spirit of nonconformity was not so powerful as to
urge him to separation, but, like his neighbour
Bernard of Worksop, he so far conformed as to retain
possession of his benefice, which he kept till his death
in 1649. He was a Master of Arts, and held this
living nearly half a century. His monumental in-
scription yet remains in the church at Laughton. One
of this family, Emmanuel Gifford, was of the bed-
chamber to King James the First : another was
the Major-General John Gifford of the Parliament
army : and a daughter of the family married Francis
Vincent a near kinsman of Philip Vincent, the author
of the Relation of the Pequot war, 1638.

One other minister who must have contributed
to this alienation of men's minds from the Reformed

31 Young, p. 422.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 51

Church of England as by law established, remains
to be mentioned. His name was HUGH a ,
BROMHEAD, a native of these regions, being
of the family of the name which was seated at North
Wheatley. He is not one of whom Bradford
speaks ; but we have his own testimony in a letter
still existing preserved in the British Museum. He
was not, like Bernard, Toller, and Gifford, content
with a qualified conformity, but, imitating Smith and
Clifton, he went the whole length of Separation : and
was not inferior to Smith himself in hostility to
the established church. In his judgment it was
" Babylon, the mother of all abominations, the habita-
tion of devils, and the hold of all foul spirits, and a
cage of every unclean and hateful bird." But I will
do him the justice to place in the Appendix the whole
of the letter in which these expressions are contained.
It will be found to give in a concise form, a good
account of the principles and the practices of the
Nottinghamshire Separatists, perhaps as plain and
good an account as can anywhere be found. At the
same time while we may condemn a certain harsh-
ness of expression which may have been learned in
the Marprelate school, it is impossible not to admire

52 THE FOUNDERS OF

the depth of a religious spirit which is apparent in it,
and an heroic devotion to what was deemed a sacred
duty, which no one who peruses it can doubt to be
sincere. Can we wonder, however, that the mani-
festations of feeling or opinion by divines of this
taste and spirit, whether assumed or the result of
deep and earnest feeling, should call forth counter-
manifestations, equally unjustifiable (the principle
in both cases was the same : the difference in the
application arising only in the difference of the
power) : or can we hesitate to admit that if for no
other reason, yet out of regard for the maintenance
of the public peace, it was highly proper that some
restraint should be imposed upon them. Liberty of
conscience and liberty of railing, are surely two quite
different things ; but the punishment in those days
of even the most atrocious libellers was far too severe.
Bromhead was amongst the early emigrants to
Holland, perhaps going in company with Smith. He
settled at Amsterdam, and we have it upon his own
authority, that he was a member of Smith's church.
He was no member of the Scrooby or Leyden church,
where, under the influence of Robinson, a better
spirit and feeling prevailed. The distinction of

NEW PLYMOUTH. 53

Smith's church, and Robinson's church, the Gains-
borough and the Scrooby churches, though agreeing
in the point of the duty of separation, ought always
to be kept in view. It was the latter which formed
the Plymouth emigration, and which flourished when
Smith's church had come to nothing. We know not
what at last happened to Bromhead.

When Smith and his church had removed them-
selves to Holland, what was wanted by those persons
who had come to the determination to break off from
the communion of the general Church of England,
and who did not choose to accompany or to follow
Smith, was a central point at which they could
assemble for worship and for discipline, and a central
person about whom they might cling, and to whose
guidance and judgment they might be willing to
defer.

And this seems to have been the position which was
occupied by WILLIAM BREWSTER, which

. Bretoster.

was at once what he desired and what was
yielded to him by his simpler and less cultivated neigh-
bours around. He fully sympathized with them and
with the ministers of whom we have spoken, in his

54 THE IOUNDERS OF

dislike of the ceremonies ; his disapprobation of the
constitution of the church ; his hatred of those measures
of severity by which it was thought to extinguish the
Puritan spirit ; in his admiration of the Puritan life ;
and in his persuasion that there was in Scripture indi-
cations of the kind of form in which communities of
Christians should be constituted sufficient to guide the
practice of Christians in all times. And being a little
raised above the rest in fortune, attainments, and social
position, all we read of him seems to be but in the
natural course of things, and had there been no Brewster
at hand, it is probable that no Separatist Church would
have been gathered after Smith and the Gainsborough
people had withdrawn; but the Basset-Lawe mind
would have returned to its former state of quietude
when the generation which had been wrought upon by
the over-zealous Puritan ministers had passed away. y "
Brewster's, therefore, is a most important name in the

32 It is a remarkable fact that when under the protection of the
Act of Toleration, 1689, Separatists were allowed to form them-
selves into communities, and to erect places of worship, only one
such congregation was founded in the whole of Basset-Lawe
Hundred. It was at Retford, and had no long continuance.
The Whites at Walling-wells on the Yorkshire border had for some
years nonconformist ministers conducting religious services in
their hall.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 55

history of this movement, and we have now to collect
what we can of his English history. Little enough it
is for such a man, and for that little we are chiefly
indebted to his friend and biographer Bradford. Yet
I have to add one important fact, which it is extra-
ordinary that Bradford should have omitted.

"After he had attained some learning, viz. the
knowledge of the Latin tongue and some insight into
the Greek, and spent some small time at Cambridge,
and there being first seasoned with the seeds of grace
and virtue, he went to the Court, and served that
religious and godly gentleman, Mr. Davison, divers
years, when he was Secretary of State ; who found him
so discreet and faithful, as he trusted him above all
others that were about him, and only employed him
in matters of greatest trust and secresy. He esteemed
him rather as a son than a servant, and for his wisdom
and godliness in private, he would converse with him
more like a familiar than a master. He attended his
master when he was sent in ambassage by the Queen
into the Low Countries (in the Earl of Leicester's time)
as for other weighty affairs of state, so to receive
possession of the cautionary towns j 33 and in token and
33 That is, Flushing and Brill.

56 THE FOUNDERS OF

sign thereof the keys of Flushing being delivered to him
in her Majesty's name, he kept them some time, and
committed them to his servant, who kept them under
the pillow on which he slept, the first night. And at
his return the State honoured him 34 with a gold chain,
and his master committed it to him and commanded
him to wear it when they arrived in England, as they
rode through the country, until they came to the
Court. He afterwards remained with him untill his
troubles, when he was put from his place about the
death of the Queen of Scots, and some good time after,
doing him many offices of service in the time of his
troubles." 35

To this neither the researches of Dr Young in Ame-
rica nor those of any person at home have yet made
much addition. His affiliation, his place of birth, the
time of his birth, the school in which he acquired the
Latin language, the college at Cambridge in which he
resided for a short time, the time when he entered the
service of Davison, the exact situation which he occupied
in Davison's service, not one of these is known with
any certainty ; and the time of the surrender of the

34 That is, Davison.

35 Young, p. 463.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 57

cautionary towns, 1585, and of the fall of Davison
which was early in 1587, are the first dates that can
be said to be firmly established in the history of the
life of Brewster. A conjecture only, or rather a
probable inference, can be made as to the time of his
birth; for Bradford elsewhere tells us that "their
reverend elder, our dear and loving friend, died on
the 16th of April, 1644, being near fourscore years of
age if not all out." 36 This would carry back his birth
to about the year 1564, which would make him only
twenty-three at the time of Davison's fall. But 1560
is probably nearer the truth : for Morton, in his New
England's Memorial, speaks of him as being eighty-
four at the time of his death, which he places in 1643,
not 1644; and Morton was the nephew of Bradford,
and had papers of his now lost.

His affiliation is also a point not yet ascertained.
We have already had occasion to observe Srewsters of

Nottingham-

that there was a William Brewster assessed **
to the Subsidy of 1571 in the township of Scrooby-
cura-Ranskill. This could not be the William
Brewster of whom we are speaking, but it might very
well be his father. There was also a Henry Brewster

36 Young, p. 61.

58 THE FOUNDERS OF

contemporary with the elder William, who was the vicar
of Sutton-upon-Lound or Sutton-cum-Lound, to which
Scrooby was ecclesiastically annexed. There was also
a James Brewster who succeeded Henry in the living
of Sutton. So that it is clear that there was a family of
Brewsters inhabitants of this part of Nottinghamshire
in the Tudor reigns ; for we cannot doubt that William
Brewster stood in some kind of relationship to the
three persons of the name, although that relationship
does not at present rest on sufficient evidence. We
have no register of baptisms for that period at Scrooby,
and the register of Sutton, though it contains much
that relates to James Brewster, has nothing whatever
that touches on Willliam ; nor are any wills of these
Brewsters known at York or Southwell.

The name of Brewster, which is of the same obvious
origin with the surname Brewer, is one of those which
might originate in many different places, and is there-
fore not to be looked upon as binding all those who
inherited it in the bonds of consanguinity. The best
of the name were in Essex and Suffolk ; and we find
in the Visitation of Lincolnshire, 1634, that a Thomas
Brewster, who was indisputably of the family in Essex,
was then settled at Burwell in that county. But this

NEW PLTMO UTH. 5 9

throws no light on the early connections of the
Brewsters who were settled at and about Scrooby.
Yet the fact that James Brewster, the vicar of Sutton,
married a lady of a Suffolk family affords one of those
distant and uncertain intimations which often prove to
the genealogical inquirer but one of those pale lights
which are said sometimes to beguile the traveller in
unfrequented wilds. Whether a complete investiga-
tion of the history of the Brewsters in the counties of
Suffolk and Essex, where they have long occupied a
conspicuous and most respectable position, would
comprehend within their natural alliances these
Nottinghamshire Brewsters, can neither be

The Suffolk

affirmed nor denied : but certain it is that and Essex

Jirewstert.

when no proof and no suggestion of pro-
bability is to be found in all that Mr. Jerinyn or Mr.
Davy, the two Suffolk genealogists, have collected con-
cerning the family, it can only be by very persevering
research indeed, or by some most fortunate accident,
such as the discovery of letters which may have passed
between them, that the connection will ever be shown.
We are beyond the reach of parish registers, and no
Visitation Book or Inquisition will here assist us.
It js however a fact worthy our notice, that there

60 THE FOUNDERS 01

was community of opinion as well as of surname
between the emigrant to America and the Brewsters
in Suffolk- Of this the continued existence of the
little Independent chapel at Wrentham, which was
built by one of the Brewsters of Suffolk after the resto-
ration for a congregation of Separatists, is an obvious
proof. In correspondence with this is another fact,
that Francis Brewster of Wrentham was nearly con-
nected by marriage with two of the most eminent
Puritan ministers of the time of King Charles the
First, Edmund Calamy and Matthew Newcomen, two
of the Smectymnuus, 37 and that his son Robert
Brewster was a member of one of Cromwell's Par-
liaments. The Brewsters of the county of Suffolk
were a family of coat armour bearing a chevron ermine
between three silver etoiles on a sable field, stars
breaking through the darkness of night ; a suitable
device for the American Brewster. Whoever desires
to know more of the Brewsters of Suffolk will find

37 I derive this fact from the Harl. MS. 6071, fol. 491, a sin-
gular but neglected volume of genealogy. It has no author's name,
nor does the catalogue give us any information on that point : but
it is clearly an autograph of Matthias Candler, a Puritan divine, of
whom Dr. Calamy gives an account, in which he speaks of his fond-
ness for curious historical inquiry.

NEW PLTMO UTH. 6 1

abundant gratification by referring to the papers of
Mr. Jermyn and Mr. Davy, recently added to the
treasures of the British Museum, and to No. 1560 of
the Harleian collection of manuscripts.

Brewster must have been a man of some position
by birth to have obtained an appointment in Davison's
service. His residence in the family of Davison may
of itself account for his original leaning to the
Puritan party : for Davison was eminently a Puritan
himself, one of the more reflective and philosophical,
we may believe, of the party, extending his views, as
Brewster did, beyond the mere ceremonies, Origin of

Brewster's

to the great principles which ought to Puritanism.
govern men in the management of ecclesiastical affairs,
and in their dealings with each other respecting them.
I know not that we have decided evidence of what
were Davison's opinions on these points or what his
own religious practice may have been. There was
possibly another influence working on Brewster while
he lived with Davison : George Cranmer, another of
Davison's assistants or servants, being fond of theo-
logical and ecclesiastical studies, having been a pupil
of Hooker and assisting him in his work on Eccle-
siastical Polity. He also lived much with Sir Edwin

62 THE FOUNDERS OF

Sandys, who is quite to be ranked among the
ecclesiastical inquirers and reformers of the time. His
Europa Speculum, the result of his travels on the con-
tinent for the purpose of observing what was the
religious state of other countries (in which journey
Cranmer accompanied him) is full of bold remarks and
interesting observations. Cranmer, less fortunate than
Brewster, was slain in Ireland as early as 1600. He
had not, like Brewster, forsaken the higher paths of
public life.

I need not go into the particulars of the fall of
Davison which is quite matter of public history ; and
it is hardly necessary to say that his fall must have
occasioned much uneasiness to Brewster on his own
account, as it put a stop to his advancement in the
course of life which had been marked out for him, and
forced him into some other path. If Brewster viewed
the conduct of the court in the light in which it is gene-
rally viewed now, it would not raise his admiration of
kingly government in church or state, though perhaps
neither he nor any one in those times knew every-
thing which was requisite to be known to form a just
judgment on that mysterious affair: nor is it yet
thoroughly understood. However, from the fall of his

NETT PLYMOUTH. 63

master, Brewster's connection with politics and the
Court was at an- end, and we have only to view him as
remaining for some time with Davison to comfort, and,
if possible, to assist him.

We now resume Bradford's narrative, which con-
tains the only materials we have for the next seven
years of Bradford's life.

" Afterwards he went and lived in the country, in
good esteem among his friends, and the
good gentlemen of those parts, especially Sre ter ' s

V retirement into

the godly and religious. He did much

good in the country where he lived, in
promoting and furthering religion : and not only
by his practice, and example, and provoking, and
encouraging of others, but by procuring of good
preachers in all places thereabouts, and drawing on of
others to assist and help to forward in such a work ;
he himself most commonly deepest in the charge, and
sometimes above his ability. And in this state he
continued many years, doing the best good he could,
and walking according to the light he saw, untill the
Lord revealed further unto him. And in the end, by
the tyranny of the bishops against godly preachers and
people, in silencing the one and persecuting the other,

64 THE FOUNDERS OF

he and many more of those times began to look further
into particulars, and to see into the unlawfulness of
their callings, and the burden of many antichristian
corruptions, which both he and they endeavoured to
cast off, as they also did." 38

Here is a remarkable instance of the want of spe-
cialty which runs through all the writings of Bradford.
He does not even inform us to what place Brewster
retired ; who were the clergymen whom he was a means
of introducing into the churches around him; who were
the good gentlemen with whom he associated ; whence
came the resources from which he was able to main-
tain hospitality, and to do so much good. But the
want of greater particularity leads the reader into
error. I would not say of Bradford, who appears to
have been a very honest man, that there is suppressio
veri ; but he leaves us with the impression that
Brewster had an independent fortune, and led a life
without occupation, and that his whole time was
devoted to the study of sacred things, and to acts of
benevolence and devotion, when in reality the fact was
much otherwise.

That Scrooby was the place to which he removed,
38 Young, p. 465.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 65

has been already shown ; it is also shown who were
some of the clergy with whom he must have asso-
ciated : and I have now to add what has not before
been surmised, that his life in this the active period
was not one of meditation only, and acts of voluntary
exertion, but that he held an important office at
Scrooby, which must have made large demands upon
his thoughts and time for things which were purely
secular : and which brought to him a certain annual
income, perhaps the best part of his revenues. This
Bradford has not told us.

I have already stated that Scrooby was a post-town
on the great road from London to Berwick. It
communicated with Tuxford on the south, and Don-
caster on the north. It occurred to me when casting
about for any possible source of information respect-
ing this principal person in the movement, that this
being the case, if any accounts of the Post-master-
general of the time when Brewster lived were in
existence, something might be found in

Receives the

them respecting him. Such accounts do ffi^
exist : and in them I found not a few
casual notices of Brewster as an inhabitant of Scrooby,
but that he himself held for many years the office of

66 THE FOUNDERS OF

Post-master, or Post, as the term then was, at
Scrooby.

The earliest accounts of the Post-master-general
now known to exist are those of Thomas Randolph,
which begin in 1566, and after him of Sir John Stan-
hope, who was appointed to the office by letters patent
bearing date at Westminster, June 20th, in the tliirty-
second year of Elizabeth, 1590. Unfortunately, Ran-
dolph's accounts do not present us with the names of
the Post-masters on the road, nor do those of Sir John
Stanhope for the first four years of his tenure of the
office. But in his account declared before Lord Burgh-
ley, the Lord High Treasurer, and Sir John Fortescue,
Chancellor of the Exchequer, on the last day of March,
1597, for the three preceding years, the names of the
Post-masters at the different stages on the great roads
are all set forth, and so continued to be for all the
time that Sir John Stanhope held the office.

In this account, from April, 1594, to April, 1597,
occurs the following entry :

" William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his
ordinary wages serving her Majesty all the time afore-
said at 20^. per diem, 91. 6s. 8d."

Sir John Stanhope next accounts for the two years

NEW PLYMOUTH. 67

April 1st, 1597, to March 31st, 1599. Here we
have the same entry of the payment to Brewster of
60. 16 5 . Sd.

Again he accounts for the three years from April 1st,
1599, to March 31st, 1602, with the same entry of the
payment to Brewster of 91. 6s. 8d.

Sir John Stanhope accounts again, being then Lord
Stanhope, from April 1st, 1602, to March 31st, 1605.
Here we find that the daily wages of Brewster had
been advanced from 20^. to 2*. a day, from the 1st
of July, 1603, as expressed in the following entry :

" William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his wages
as well at 20< per diem for 456 days, begun the 1st
of April, 1602, and ended the last of June, 1603,
38. : as also at 2s. per diem for 640 days, begun the
1st of July, 1603, and ended the last of March, 1605,
102."

The next account is for two years, viz. from April
1st, 1605, to March 31st, 1607. Brewster receives
73.

The latest account in which Brewster's name occurs
is that from April 1st, 1607, to March 31st, 1609 :

" William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his wages
at 2s. per diem for 183 days, begun the 1st of April,

THE FOUNDERS OF

1607, and ended the last of September, 1607, 18. 6s.- }
and then Francis Hall succeeding him at 2s. per diem
End of Us for 548 days, begun the 1st of October,

services as

Post-master. 1607, and ended the last of March, 1609,
73. 2*."

It is much to be regretted that the name of each
Post-master was not given for a few years earlier, as
we should then have been able to arrive at the precise
period when Brewster received this appointment, and
this would have shown us how soon after the fall of
Davison he was provided for by this government
appointment. All we know on this head is, that he
was in full possession on the 1st of April, 1594, and
that he continued to hold the office till the 30th of
September, 1607, on which day he resigned it, and a
successor was appointed.

Now the holding this office explains to us in the
first place how it happens that we find him inhabiting
such a mansion as the Manor, which had been the
residence of an archbishop, disproportionate we must
believe to the circumstances of Brewster as a private
man, but not so to one who had to keep relays of
horses for forwarding the letters, and to find rest and
refreshment for travellers on this the great highway

NEW PLYMOUTH.

to the north. 39 The office of Post-master on the great
roads in those days was one requiring more attention
and bringing with it higher responsibilities than the
same office does at present, when it is little more than
the receiving and transmitting letters on a system well
considered and already in full operation ; but in those
days there were no cross-posts, so that the few Post-
masters who were dotted about the country had to
provide for very distant deliveries, which must have
been done by special dispatches, as well as to discharge
the functions of the inn-keeper for the travellers by
post. 40

89 The stages on the Great North Road, in the time of Queen
Elizabeth, are here given from the most authentic source of infor-
mation :

Newark.

Tuxford.

Scrooby.

Doncaster.

Ferrybridge.

Wetherby.

Boroughbridge.

North Allerton.

Darnton.

London.

Waltham.

Ware.

Eoyston.

Caxton.

Huntingdon.

Stilton.

Stamford.

South Witham.

Grantham.

40 The Surtees Society has lately given to the world a volume of
Letters and other Papers of the family of Matthew Button, the
Archbishop of York. In this volume we have an account of the

Durham.

Newcastle.

Morpeth.

Hexham.

Hautewesel.

Carlisle.

Alnwick.

Belford.

Berwick.

70 THE FOUNDERS OF

In Brewster's days Rowland Whyte the lively
Neighbouring correspondent of many of the nobility of
the time was the " Post of the Court ;"
and it may serve to show other acquaintance at least
of Brewster, if we state, that Henry Foster was during
the whole of his time the post of Tuxford; John
Hey ford the post of Ferrybridge, and Nicholas
Heyford, and after him Ralph Aslaby the post
of Doncaster. Heyford and Aslaby were both
names of respectable families in the south part
of the West-riding of Yorkshire, corresponding in
position, it may be believed, with the Brewsters. And
this leads me to remark that though I cannot but
wish that Bradford had informed us that Brewster held
this office, yet that his holding it is by no means incon-
sistent with what Bradford does relate of him. It does
not, for instance, invalidate his having been at the

expenses of Sir Timothy Hutton, the Archbishop's son, on a jouruey
to and from London, in 1605. He paid the " Post " at Scrooby,
who must have been Brewster, for a conveyance (post-chaise) and
guide to Tuxford 10 shillings, and for a caudle, supper, and break-
fast, 7 shillings and 10 pence, so that he slept under Brewster's
roof. On his return, he paid 8 shillings to the post of Scrooby for
conveying him to Doncaster, then reckoned 7 miles ; and 2 shillings
for burnt sack, bread, beer, and sugar to wine, and 3 pence to the
ostler." Hutton Volume, p. 197-204.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 7 1

University, or his having been in the service of a Secre-
tary of State, and having fallen with his master. His
holding this office is indeed rather favourable to these
representations than the contrary, since it shows that
he had some interest among those who were the dis-
pensers of government patronage. Nor in such an
office would he be precluded from nursing a brood
of discontents, and from comparing political chi-
canery with the simplicity of the gospel, or from
indulging in religious inquiry, religious meditation,
and religious exercises. It would not prevent him
from associating with the better part of the popu-
lation around him, amongst whom there must have
been many who were wrought upon by the preachers
of whom we have spoken, or from being instrumental
in bringing Puritan ministers to the neighbouring
churches as they became vacant ; and we may believe
also that it supplied the means, in some measure at
least, by which he maintained so much hospitality and
did so much good by his purse. It does not appear
in anything that is yet known of them that the
Brewsters of Nottinghamshire had lands of their own,
the chief source of income to gentlemen in those days
who were not engaged in public employments.

72 THE FOUNDERS OF

Brewster, we see, held the office till the last day of
September, 1607. Here is another date of importance
in his life ; but now arises the question, under what
circumstances circumstances did he retire from the duties

under which

he left the o f his employment; was it a voluntary

office not

fully known. or a f orce( j resignation? Did he retire
having formed the intention of following the example
of Smith by removing himself and his little church to
Holland ? or, was he removed by the government of
the time to signify the disapprobation which they
could not but feel at seeing the countenance which
he gave to the Separatists, and that he himself was in
a regular course of action which, as the law then
stood, was in defiance of public authority, and sub-
jecting him to large penalties. It may be in the power
of some future inquirer to answer these questions ; but
for the present it must be acknowledged that it is
only a proximate solution at which we can arrive ; and
that the probabilities seem rather to incline to its
being a forced removal than a voluntary retirement.
What we actually know is, that before the September
of that year the Church was brought into some order :
Robinson and Clifton were become the pastor and
teacher, and he the elder : that in April, 1608, he had

NEW PLYMOUTH. 73

been fined by the Commissioners for Ecclesiastical
Causes for non-appearance to their citation ; and that
it was in August, 1608, that Clifton arrived at Amster-
dam. The date 1607 in Bradford's margin leads us
to suppose that he removed from Scrooby with the
intention of proceeding to Holland before the close of
that year.

But while attending to William. Brewster we must

not forget that the ecclesiastical affairs of other Not-
tinghamshire
Scrooby were, in his time, under the Brewsters.

superintendence of two ministers of his name, who
were in succession vicars of Sutton. To these, as
probably his near relations, and certainly his near
neighbours, we must now attend.

In the Bishop's Certificates of persons presented to
Benefices within their dioceses, we find this entry in
that presented by the Archbishop of York for 1565 :
" Dominus HENRICUS BREWSTER clericus Henry.
admissus fuit ad Vicariam Ecclesise Parochialis de
Sutton super Londe, decanatus de Newark [Retford],
com. Nottingham; per mortem naturalem ultimi
incumbentis ejusdem, adtunc vacantem." He held the
living till his death in February, 1597-8. He was
married, but there is no trace of his having had chil-

74 THE FOUNDERS OF

dren. Agnes, his widow, was buried at Sutton, on
the 1 5th of March following.

There is nothing from which we can infer concern-
ing him that he had any leaning to the Puritan party
in the church, or the contrary. In fact little more is
known about him.

It is different with JAMES BREWSTER, who suc-
James. ceeded Henry Brewster as Vicar of Sutton,
and held the living till his death in January, 1613-4.
He was buried at Sutton on the 14th of that month.
His wife's name was Mary, and she is doubtless the
" Mrs. Mary Brewster, widow," who was buried at
Sutton, on April 7th, 1637. Their children, as they
are to be collected from the Register of Sutton, were,
Grace, baptized in 1600; Elizabeth, 1603; Susanna,
1606; Judith, 1609. Grace married William Glaive
on October 22d, 1620 ; Judith, Edward Oldfield on
November 5th, 1633. Susanna appears to have died
unmarried in December, 1637. As a Mr. Welbeck
is said to be father-in-law to James Brewster in
Slack's account of the proceedings respecting the
Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene at Bawtry, it may be
presumed that this Mary was originally Mary Welbeck.
The Welbecks came from Suffolk, and were principal

NEW PLYMOUTH. 75

people in the parish of Sutton. The heiress married
Cordel Savile, a member of the great Yorkshire family
of that name.

Brewster did a good service to the parish during
the period of his incumbency ; for he transcribed all
the entries which had been made in an older book, of
the Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, from the year
1538, and continued the Register, all in his own hand,
which was a very fair one, to near the time of his
death. He records this his labour, together with the
liberality of the church-wardens in some Sternholdian
stanzas, of which a very small specimen will be suffi-
cient, and more than sufficient :

" Church-wardens next which did succeed

In place and office set,
Did recompense the writer's pains

In love and kindness great.
George Bingley himself for Sutton town,

John Kedshaw in Lound likewise,
Did labour much, and did procure

In honest sort and guise,
True fruits ot love from every one,

As God their hearts inclined
With cheerfulness in godly sort," &c.

In 1604, he was instituted to the vicarage of
Gringley-on-the-Hill, a well-known place on the high

76 THE FOUNDERS OF

road between Bawtry and Gainsborough ; but this did
not draw him away from Sutton.

Whether this person had that deep and earnest
sense of religion which is the basis of the Puritan
character, may admit of some reasonable doubt : but
when we find that he neglected to pay his first-fruits
for some years after his institution to one of his
livings, and that he was a defaulter in the payment of
his quota to the subsidy granted to Queen Elizabeth
towards the close of her reign, by the clergy of the
Province of York, it would appear that he was not a
very nice observer of what was due from him to the
church of which he was a minister. Whether he
refused the payment contumaciously cannot now be
certainly determined : but though cited in his own
church to make the payment, which was only six
shillings and eightpence, at Tuxford, within forty days,
he neglected to do so, and the neglect was returned to
the Exchequer, that proceedings might be taken
against him. 41

41 Copy of the Archbishop's Certificate : " Jacobus Brewster
clericus, vicarius ecclesia? de Sutton super Lound, monitus fuit apud
ecclesiam suam de Sutton predictam tricesimo die Martii ultimo
preterite, per Georgium Ormeroid clericum deputatum meum ad
solvendura apud Tuxtbrd decimo die Aprilis tune proximo sequente

NEW PLYMOUTH. 77

But the most remarkable part of the history of
James Brewster is his conduct in the affair of the
Bawtry Hospital : and as these proceedings took
place imder the immediate inspection of William
Brewster, and as a Brewster (probably his near rela-
tive) was brought by them into a losing contest with
the highest church authority in the diocese, these pro-
ceedings seem to be almost a part of the history of
William Brewster.

Close to the town of Bawtry, but within the bounds
of the parish of Harworth, was an Hospital dedicated
to Saint Mary Magdalene. The foundation of it was
the charitable act of some person in these parts, who
lived at a very remote period ; but in the year 1390,
in the reign of King Richard the Second, it received
so large a benefaction from Robert Morton, then the
head of that eminent family, that it was

The Bawtry

considered as founded anew, and the Hospital suit.

illam partem subsidii per ipsum debitam 26 die Martii ultimi pre-
teriti, pro promotione sua predicta : Sed predictus Jacobus Brew-
ster nee apud Tux ford predicto eodem 10 die Aprilis nee alibi per
40 dies postea summam per ipsum debitam (ut prefertur) solvit
vel satisfecit, neque dictam summam de proficuis dictse promotionis
nee de bonis aut catallis dicti Jacobi Brewster ullo modo levare seu
recipere potui, 6a. 8d."

78 THE FOUNDERS OF

Mortons were afterwards looked upon as the founders,
and the chapel became the family burying-place.

The circumstances of their benefaction were these.
The canons of the House of St. Oswald or Nostel,
near Pontefract, had fallen into great pecuniary diffi-
culties under Adam de Bilton, an improvident Prior,
and to relieve themselves from the temporary pressure
they borrowed money on annuities. Morton advanced
to them the large sum of 250., for which the con-
vent agreed to pay eight marks per annum, to the
chaplain of the Bawtry Hospital and his successors,
who were to celebrate in the chapel, and pray for the
good estate of Robert Morton and Joan his wife, while
they lived, and for their souls when dead, and for the
souls of his father and mother, and of all his relations
and benefactors.

Such a foundation was undoubtedly tainted with
what, in the days of the Reformation, would be
accounted superstition. Yet it lived through the
storm, which, in the reigns of Henry the Eighth and
Edward the Sixth, swept away so many foundations
of its class, where acts of charity to the poor were
united with religious services framed in the spirit of
the old Christianity of England. I have not been

NEW PLYMOUTH. 79

able to recover any particulars of the means which
were used to preserve it ; but we may remark that
the Archbishop of York had an interest in maintaining
it, since the nomination of the master had been placed
in him. We know, however, that it did live through
the storm, that it continued to enjoy the estate in
the lands which from ancient times had belonged to
it, and also the annuity which the Canons had been
accustomed to pay, and which was paid, on the
dissolution of the House, by the Crown. Every thing
which savoured of Popery was removed from the
service and a Protestant clergyman was appointed
master. Dr. William Clayborough, and after him
John Houseman, were the masters who immediately
preceded James Brewster, who was presented to the
mastership by Archbishop Sandys in 1584; the first
known event which brings the names of Sandys and
Brewster into connection. There were at that time
one or two alms people whose dwellings, with a house
for the master's residence, and a chapel, which, having
long been in ruins, has of late been restored, constituted
the whole establishment.

It must always have been a matter notorious that the
same law by which so many other foundations of this

80 THE FOUNDERS OF

mixed kind were subverted, must really have been
intended to bear against the Bawtry Hospital. Indeed
there were many equivocal cases, and many more
where lands (usually small portions) which had been
given for religious purposes in the old time, were
in lay hands, through the neglect or ignorance of
the persons who were commissioned to attend to the
carrying out the purposes of the acts of suppression.
Lands so circumstanced were technically called
Concealed lands, as if furtively kept out of the notice
of the Crown to which the acts had given them. In
the reign of Elizabeth a strict inquiry was instituted
into these abuses. Commissioners were sent into all
parts of the kingdom. To a body of these com-
missioners it was, that some persons, with the con-
nivance and approbation of Brewster, the master,
presented the Hospital and its possessions, and the
commissioners forthwith reported it as a concealment.
The foundation was overturned and the whole pro-
perty seized by the Crown. There was thus an end
to his duties and office, and Brewster left Bawtry and
went to reside at Chelmsford in Essex.

But the Hospital and its lands, which were certain
closes near adjoining, were no sooner in the hands of

NEW PLYMOUTH. 81

the Queen, than they were granted out again as a
private possession to Brewster and other persons.

In all these proceedings, which appear to be of
very questionable propriety, we do not find that the
Archbishop who had presented Brewster made any
opposition. He was then an old man, and he died in
1588, four years after Brewster's appointment, on the
8th day of August.

Sandys was succeeded by John Piers, a prelate of
another spirit. He took a very different view of the
duty of the Archbishop in respect of this foundation,
which was under his care in his character of diocesan,
and in which he had a special interest as patron. He
formed the determination to endeavour to set aside all
the proceedings of the Commissioners for Concealed
lands ; and in this he was supported by another body
of Commissioners who were then beginning to act
with vigour against every species of canonical irre-
gularity the Commissioners for Causes Ecclesiastical.

The first step taken by the Archbishop was formally
to depose Brewster from the Mastership. This he did
on the ground that he had suffered the overthrow of
the Hospital, and had removed himself a hundred
miles or more from the place at which he was bound

82 THE FOUNDERS OF

to residence. His next step was to nominate a new
Master, who was John Cooper, M.A. We soon find
the Ecclesiastical Commissioners addressing a warrant
to the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire to attach
James Brewster, Thomas Short, Thomas Robinson,
and others, and to cause them to appear before the
Commissioners at York. The charge, that they had
profaned and ruinated the house and chapel. This
warrant bears date March 6th, 1590.

We have but imperfect notices of what was done
by the Commissioners ; but it is of the less import-
ance, as the cause was soon removed into a higher
Court, and there after many hearings and long argu-
ment determined.

A Bill was filed in the Exchequer in Easter Term,
1591, the Archbishop of York against Robinson and
others, in which is set forth the right of himself and
his successors in the see to the patronage, the attempt
of Brewster pretending himself to be Master, to over-
throw and dissolve the foundation and to take to
himself or to others for his use, the possessions belong-
ing to it, and to free himself from attendance and
residence, having, as the Bill sets forth, "wickedly
and ungodly combined and confederated himself to

NEW PLYMOUTH. 83

that end with one Thomas Robinson, John Noble, and
Thomas Short, who had procured the Hospital to be
found as a concealment ;" and further, that Robinson,
Noble, and Short had utterly profaned the said chapel,
converted it into a stable, and carried away the orna-
ments. The prayer is, that Brewster and the rest may
be commanded to yield peaceable possession to the
new Master. The bill was settled by Sir John Savile,
the very eminent lawyer. Lord Burghley was then
lord-treasurer, Fortescue under-treasurer, and Sir
Roger Manwood lord chief baron.

An order was made in conformity with the prayer.
To this the defendant Robinson demurred, affirming
that the Hospital was true concealed lands within the
meaning of the statute, improperly withholden from
her Majesty, till found out and recovered by the in-
dustry and at the charge of the defendants, and that
her Majesty had made a conveyance of it in fee-farm
to the persons under whom he claimed ; that it was
really parcel of the dissolved monastery of Nostel, and
that the service which had been lately performed in
the chapel was perfectly useless, as there were three
churches or chapels within a short distance, at which
divine service was orderly said. These were probably
Harworth, Bawtry, and Austerfield.

84 THE FOUNDERS OF

It will be seen from this that the question was one
which, when argued on the dry legal merits of the case,
must have been trying to the judgment of the Court.
It was obstinately contested on both sides, and the
suit went on through many terms. What is entered
on record throws, however, no new light on the facts
of the case, and it is useless to go through the repe-
tition of the same arguments. In the course of the
proceedings a commission issued for the examination
of witnesses, among whom were Anthony Morton,
Esquire, then the head of the family, and aged forty-
three, and John Mirfyn, the vicar of Harworth, aged
threescore and fourteen, who both deposed to the
utter profanation of the chapel, in which swine were
kept.

Archbishop Piers did not live to see the termination
of the suit. He died on the 28th of September, 1594,
its final issue, and was succeeded by Matthew Hutton.
He revived the suit ; and, to bring this long story to
a conclusion, a final judgment was pronounced in the
Court at Westminster in Hilary Term, 1596, estab-
lishing the right of the new Master, and annulling
all the proceedings of Brewster and his friends. 42

43 Much concerning these proceedings may be read in Hearne's

NEJF PLYMOUTH. 85

Thus, by the decision of an impartial tribunal com-
posed not of churchmen, but of laymen, the most
eminent men of their day, did the conduct of Brewster
receive a sharp rebuke, some portion of which could
not but fall also on the memory of Archbishop Sandys,
who must have given too much countenance to
Brewster's violent, and, as it turned out, illegal pro-
ceedings. We must not press too hardly upon the
memory of this reverend prelate ; but his transactions
with respect to both Bawtry and Scrooby seem of
doubtful propriety.

Before closing what I have to say on the Brewsters
of Nottinghamshire, I shall present the reader with
fac-similes of the signatures of James Brewster and
William Brewster. The one is taken from the register
book of Sutton-upon-Lound, the other from the fac-
simile in Davis's edition of New England's Memorial,
p. 481. There is so strong a resemblance between
them, that when added to the other probabilities, can

Appendix to the Chronicle of Peter Langtoft, printed from a MS.
in the Harleian Library, No. 7385. This MS. is the work of
Slack, a later master of the Hospital, but his copies of documents
are not always correct or intelligible. I have gone to the originals,
and have also used evidence not consulted by him.

86 THE FOUNDERS OF

leave little doubt that they were members of the same
family, and in all probability brothers.

We have, however, no reason to impute to William
Brewster, to whom we must now return, any principal
share in this transaction of his namesake, and doubt-
less near relative, James Brewster, though passing as
it did under his immediate observation, he could not
but know what was going on, and tenant as he was
of the family of Sandys, could not but feel interested
in the result. He might also, in the state his mind
was, look upon it as an oppressive act of episcopal
authority. It would be remarkable, were we not
perpetually called to make the observation when
perusing the historical writings of Bradford, that he
has not the slightest notice of this event, though it

NEW PLYMOUTH. 87

could not but be a subject much talked of in his
youth amongst the people with whom he lived who
had few occurrences to vary the monotony of a hus-
bandman's life. 43

The question which next arises in considering the
proceedings of William Brewster, is, at what precise
period it was that the scattered elements of disaffection
to the Church as by law established, were brought to
collect themselves about the centre at his house at
Scrooby, and the dissidents became formed in a Separa-
tist or Congregational or Independent Church, those
terms being identical and only other names for the same
thing. That there was a precise period when this was
done, and that it was not that the concentration was
brought about by slow and almost imperceptible
degrees, is evident from what was the general practice

48 There was also at this time a Thomas Brewster who held au
office under government, but to what family of Brewsters he
belonged is not known, and probably none would wish to claim him.
Evidence exists to show that he was drawn into some misdemea-
nors in the Court of Remembrance Office in the Exchequer, and also
in the Custom House, for which a fine of 500 marks was imposed
upon him. This was towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth.
It was afterwards mitigated to<^200: but this he was unable^to
pay, and was lying in prison in consequence, when his wife
addressed an urgent appeal to Kobert Earl of Salisbury, then
lord high treasurer, on his behalf.

88 THE FOUNDERS OF

of communities such as these. They usually began
with the entering into a solemn covenant to walk
together in a Christian course according to the direction
of the word of God, and the choice of the officers
which, according to their views, were those, and those
only which were pointed out in scripture : namely,
as we have before stated, pastor, teacher, elders, and
deacons. Manuscripts remain containing accounts of
such beginnings of Separatist Churches in other
places of a later date, with lists of persons who then
entered into communion ; and greatly is it to be
Date of the wished that among the discoveries in lite-

formation of

this congrega- rary and religious history, the record of

tion not quite

ascertained. fa Q fi rs t beginning of the Scrooby Church
should be discovered. It would be a treasure indeed
for New-England history, and for the Museum of New
Plymouth.

This, however, is an event rather to be desired than
expected, and we must be content to confine ourselves
to making an approximation to the time, and to intro-
ducing a new name into our narrative in the pastor
or teacher (for it is uncertain which) whom these
Basset-Lawe Separatists elected. And first with respect
to the time.

The year 1602 is placed in the margin of Bradford's

NEW PLYMOUTH. 89

account of Brewster against the notice, " After they
were joined together into communion, he was a special
stay and help to them. They ordinarily met at his
house on the Lord's day." But this date, if there is
not some mistake, must relate to an earlier Church-
union than that of which we are speaking, perhaps a
union which comprehended also the people who after-
wards composed Smith's Church at Gainsborough ;
for Bradford also tells us that when the Church in
Brewster's house began to move towards Holland,
which was certainly in the winter of 1607 and 1608,
they had continued together " about a year keeping
their meetings every Sabbath in one place or another,
exercising the worship of God amongst themselves."
So that it would seem that the true beginning of this
Church as distinct from that of Smith, is to be fixed
to the year 1606, about two years after the emigration
of Smith and his people.

That Brewster was chosen the elder, and Clifton
either the pastor or teacher (probably the latter), seems
to admit of no doubt ; but at this stage another person
appears to have been introduced among them, whose
name is the most prominent in all the subsequent his-
tory of the Church, and who has left the most printed

90 THE FOUNDERS OF

writings by which his opinions and character may be
understood. He accompanied the Scrooby Church
when it removed to Holland, was with it while it
remained at Amsterdam, transferred himself with it
to Ley den, and witnessed its departure for America,
intending, it is understood, to go thither himself,
though he never actually took that step. This was
JOHN ROBINSON, who had inherited, like Smith, one
John f those names which are really in a large
population like that of England, no nota-
mina, affording, therefore, little assistance to the
critical inquirer. But we know him to have been
chosen into one of the highest offices in this church,
and we know him, also, by the works which he left

behind him, to have been a man of a superior cast of
character to the men who were so outrageously
zealous against ceremonies and vestments and external
authority, all of which have their use in affairs of
religion. He was, moreover, a man whose writings
may be read now for instruction. I cannot go so far
as some persons do and value his essays with those of
Bacon ; but he must be insensible indeed who does
not acknowledge that there is no small amount of
original thinking in them, and hints which may be

NEW PLYMO UTH. 9 1

applied by any man with advantage in the regulation
of his thoughts and conduct. He was also a farther
seeing man than some who were associated with him,
seeing that having deserted the Church and renounced
its authority, it was not to be supposed that they and
their posterity would remain stationary precisely where
they at first had rested, but that further light might
be expected to be struck out by the labour of men of
learning, and that it would be their duty as well as
their privilege to follow the light that was vouchsafed
to them. Historically, indeed, this has been emi-
nently the case both in England and America, and
has raised in both countries the question before the
legal tribunals, how far men have a right to go in the
pursuit of religious truth, who have renounced autho-
rity, and where the law shall step in and say, Thus
far shalt thou go and no farther. Such a man is
deserving of honour, especially as he added to these
something of the meekness of wisdom, much as com-
pared with Smith and some other of the Separatists :
" the most learned, polished, and modest spirit that
ever that sect enjoyed." This is the testimony of
Robert Baillie, of Glasgow, an eminent Scotch Pres-
byterian.

92 THE FOUNDERS OF

It must have been a great advantage to the Basset-
La we Separatists to have secured the assistance of
such a minister as this : and it now becomes a point
which it is well worth while to consider, how it
happened that such a connection should be formed,
since among the few things which are known of the
early history of Robinson this is one, that he was living
in the earlier part of the reign of James the First in
the county of Norfolk, and particularly at Norwich.
Now, we have already seen that two of the divines of
whom we have spoken had been educated

Sis earlier

history. at christ c n ege> Cambridge (Emmanuel
College wherein many other Puritan ministers were
educated was then scarcely formed), and among the per-
sons who were admitted there in the year 1592 is a
John Robinson who took the degree of M.A. and
became a Fellow in 1598. This we learn from Mr.
Masters' printed list of the members of this College,
4to, 1749, and he further informs us that in the register
of the College this Robinson is said to have been of the
county of Lincoln, and adding the conjecture that he
is the John Robinson who subsequently lived in
Holland. This appears to be a very probable
conjecture ; and I find Mr. Ashton, to whom I

NSW PLYMOUTH. 93

pointed out the passage in Masters is inclined to
adopt it. 44

The inference from it will be that he would easily
become known to the Separatists at Gainsborough
and through them to those of Basset-Lawe. We are
hardly warranted in supposing that he was connected
with the Thomas Robinson who was so deeply con-
cerned in the affair of the Bawtry Hospital, but it is
far from improbable that Robinson was originally of
Gainsborough, where in the reign of Charles II
Robinsons were chief persons among the Dissenters
of that town.

It must not, however, be concealed that Dr. Young
states that he was born in 1576, entered Emmanuel
College in 1592, took the degree of M.A. in 1600,
and B.D. in 1607, and what this very cautious writer
states is not to be lightly controverted : but the last of
these dates and therefore the earlier dates can hardly
belong to this John Robinson. In truth all that can
be said of his early history ought at present to be
stated with a prudent reserve : but it cannot be as
some modern writers have stated that he was con-

44 Memoir of the Rev. John Robinson, in Collections of the
Massachusetts Historical Society. Fourth Series, vol. i, p. 113.

94 THE FOUNDERS OF

temporary with Brewster at the same College. His
age forbids it.

We are told that he was beneficed in Norfolk some-
where near Yarmouth. This is far too

near Tar-

mouth. vague to satisfy even the most moderate

curiosity about such a man. In looking over the list
of Norfolk incumbents in Blomefield's history of that
county, I meet with only one Robinson of his period
who was beneficed in any place which could be said
to be near Yarmouth. 45 This was the incumbent of
the vicarage or perpetual curacy of Mundham, which
is about fourteen miles distant from Yarmouth. We
have no more of his name than " Robinson : " but as
Mundham was an impropriation of the Hospital of
St. Giles in Norwich, and as we have the testimony of
Dr. Joseph Hall, that Robinson the Separatist had
some expectation of being appointed the master of that

45 History of Norfolk, vol. v, p. 1155. "In 1600 I find it
served by Mr. Robinson, a stipendiary curate, and so remains,
nominated by the mayor, &c., of the City of Norwich : and in 1603
he returned 144 communicants." The church had been appro-
priated to the Hospital of St. Giles in Norwich in 1340. It is
Mundham Magna or Mundham St. Peter of which I am speaking.
Mundham Parva or Mundham St. Ethelbert was also held by
St. Giles's Hospital, and so came to the Corporation of Norwich,
who nominated the curate here also.

NEW PLYMOUTH. 95

hospital, it seemed a reasonable presumption that
Mundham was the benefice in Norfolk, which he is said
to have held. But Mr. Ashton appears to have dis-
covered that the incumbent of Mundham, whose
surname was Robinson, was named Robert. It is,
however, singular that there should be two Robinsons
at that time, both brought into connection with
St. Giles's Hospital at Norwich, and both clergymen.

We know that John Robinson lived for some time
at Norwich. " Witness the late practice in Norwich,
where certain citizens were excommunicated for resort-
ing unto and praying with Mr. Robinson, a man
worthily reverenced of all the city for the grace of God
hi him." This occurs in Ainsworth's 'Answer to
Crashaw,' and is cited by Mr. Hanbury. 46 Dr. Young
has referred me to one of Robinson's Tracts for a
more direct testimony. It is his ' People's Plea for the
exercise of prophecy,' 16mo, 1618. He dedicated it
to " his Christian friends in Norwich and Uves in Nor .
thereabouts," and afterwards says, " even *
as when I lived with you."

We also know that he left Norwich in some disgust.

46 Historical Memorials relating to the Independents : by Ben-
jamin Hanbury. 8vo, 3839, vol. i, p. 185.

96 THE FOUNDERS OF

Ephraim Pagitt speaks of " one Master Robinson,
who leaving Norwich malcontent, became a rigid
Brownist." 47 Dr. Hall in a passage of his Apology
against Brownists, cited by Dr. Young, makes this
apparently uncharitable insinuation : " Neither doubt
we that the mastership of the hospital at Norwich, or
a lease from that city (sued for with repulse) might
have procured that this separation from the commu-
nion, government, and worship of the Church of Eng-
land should not have been made by John Robinson."

On the whole it may be taken as being very near
the truth that he took the office assigned him in the
Basset-Lawe Church in 1606 or 1607.

Again and again have we to complain of the want

of dates and other specialty in the writings of Bradford :

but we may refer to them for a most hearty testimony

of respect and affection for the memory of Robinson ;

" a man not easily to be paralleled for all

Bradford's

llfchZLtlr things, whose singular virtues we shall not

take upon us here to describe. Neither

need we, for they so well are known both by friends

and enemies. As he was a man learned and of a solid

judgment, and of a quick and sharp wit, so was he

47 Heresiography, 4to, 1655, p. 73.

NEW PLTMO UTH. 9 7

also of a tender conscience, and very sincere in all his
ways, a hater of hypocrisy and dissimulation, and
would be very plain with his best friends. He was
very courteous, affable, and sociable in his conversa-
tion, and towards his own people especially. He was
an acute and expert disputant, very quick and ready,
and had much bickering with the Arminians, who
stood more in fear of him than any of the university.
He was never satisfied in himself until he had searched
any case or argument he had to deal in thoroughly
and to the bottom ; and we have heard him some-
times say to his familiars that many times both in
writing and disputation, he knew he had sufficiently
answered others, but many times not himself; and was
ever desirous of any light, and the more able, learned,
and holy the persons were, the more he desired to
confer and reason with them. He was very profitable
in his ministry and comfortable to his people. He
was much beloved of them, and as loving was he unto
them, and entirely sought their good for soul and
body. In a word he was much esteemed and re-
verenced of all that knew him, and his abilities [were
acknowledged] both of friends and strangers." 48 With
48 Young, p. 451.

98 THE FOUNDERS OF

this may be compared what is said of him by
Winsiowe's. Winslowe who joined his church while
it was at Leyden, and who was one of the party
of a hundred, the first instalment of the Leyden
church to the English population of America. " ' Tis
true, I confess, he was more rigid in his course
and way at first than toward his latter end; for his
study was peace and union as far as might agree with
faith and a good conscience ; and for schisms and
divisions there was nothing in the world more hateful
to him. But for the government of the Church of
England, as it was in the Episcopal way, the Liturgy,
and stinted prayers of the church thereby, yea, the
constitution thereof as national, so consequently the
corrupt communion of the unworthy and the worthy
receivers of the Lord's Supper, these things were
never approved of by him, but witnessed against to
his death, and are by the church over which he was
to this day." 49 Here was something of substantial
principle, something very unlike the puerile cavils
about the few ceremonial acts which were continued

49 The reader will find in the Appendix the opinion formed of
him by John Shaw, the eminent Presbyterian Minister of the time
of the Commonwealth, and may compare it with what he says of
other English Separatists, who went to Holland.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 9 9

from the primeval ages of Christianity, interesting as
symbolical, and venerable as of unfathomed antiquity ;
and we cannot but regard such a man as entitled to a
voice in Christian controversies.

With the zeal of Brewster there was, therefore, now
united the moderation and prudence, and perhaps the
hesitancy, of Robinson. But we have now to intro-
duce upon the stage another person who joined him-
self to the church when quite a youth, who removed
with it to Amsterdam, and from thence to Leyden,
and who was in the first ship, the May Mower, which
entered the harbour of New Plymouth. He Willlam
held no office in the Church, but he had the Srad f rd -
chief share in managing the civil affairs of the colony,
and subsequently became the person to whom we are
indebted for so much authentic information concern-
ing this movement. This was WILLIAM BRADFORD,
to whose energy while still quite a young man the
church appears to have been greatly indebted in the
trying circumstances which attended its removal from
England.

It is to Dr. Cotton Mather that we are indebted for
what is known of the early life of Bradford. He
seems to have owed most of his information to writings

100 THE FOUNDERS OF

of Bradford himself, which are now lost. An unfor-

tunate but very excusable misprint in Dr. Mather's

work, or more probably a mistake in the

Mistake in *

A for manuscript, has frustrated all former in-

Austerfield. . . , . . . .,

quirers into the ongm and tamily connec-
tions of Bradford, about which curiosity has been
alive. In the Magnalia we read that he was born at
Ansterfield. No such place can be found in the
villare of England, and therefore the name was no
guide to the country in which inquiry might be made
about him with any chance of success. But, in fact,
what is printed Ansterfield ought to be A&sterfield, a
village near Scrooby, being about as far to the north-
east of Bawtry as Scrooby is to the south. 50 And
this point having been ascertained, opportunities were
opened for the discovery of the station in life which
his family had occupied, to support the representations
given in general terms by Dr. Mather, and of the

50 I had the pleasure of drawing the attention of my highly-
esteemed friend the Hon. James Savage of Boston, who visited
England in 1842 for the purpose of collecting information concern-
ing the early emigrants, to this fact when the evidence was in a
less complete state than it now is. My communication to him on
this subject is inserted among his " Gleanings for New England
History," in the eighth volume of the Third Series of Collections of
the Massachusetts Historical Society.

NEIT PLYMOUTH. 101

persons with whom the family of the future Governor
of New Plymouth were connected by friendship or
alliances.

Austerfield is an ancient village, consisting then, as
it does now, of a few houses inhabited by persons
engaged in the occupation of husbandry, and a small
chapel of a very early age. Ecclesiastically it is de-
pendent on the church of Blythe, and the vicar of that
parish appoints the curate. Unlike Scrooby in that
respect, whose early registers are lost, Austerfield has
preserved them from the beginning in a good state ;
and it is chiefly by the help of what is Sradford
recorded in them that we are able to show barn there '
that this was the birth-place of Governor Bradford,
and to give some account, such as it is, of his family.

Dr. Mather says that he was sixty-nine years of age
at the time of his death, May the 9th, 1657. This
would carry back his birth to the year 1588-9; and
with this agrees with sufficient exactness the following
entry among the baptisms at Austerfield:

1589, March 19th. William, the son of William
Bradfourth where 1589 is 1590, according to our
present mode of dating.

Dr. Mather further informs us that he was born to

102 THE FOUNDERS OF

some estate, that his parents died when he was young,
and that he was brought up by his grandfather and
uncles. These statements receive curious support
from the entries in the Register, and from fiscal and
testamentary documents.

On these authorities the following genealogical ac-
count of the Bradfords of Austerfield is based :

A William Bradford was living there in or about

1575, when he and one John Hanson were the only

. persons in the township who were assessed

Genealogical r

to the Subsidy. Bradford was taxed on

Austerfield. . .... . , . T

20 shillings land, and Hanson on 60
shillings goods, annual value. These were the two
grandfathers of the future Governor ; and the circum-
stance, trifling as it is, that they were the only assess-
able inhabitants of Austerfield, shows at once the
general poverty of the place, and that they stood in
some degree of elevation above all their neighbours,
except the incumbent of the chapel, who, like other
clergymen, was not subject to the tax. "William
Bradfourth the eldest'* was buried January 10th,
1595-6. This was the grandfather of the Governor,
who was then about six years old.

Three Bradfords appear in the next generation, who

NEW PLYMOUTH. 103

are the father and uncles of whom Dr. Mather speaks.
Their names were William, Thomas, and Robert. The
baptism of Robert is the only one found in the register,
the others having been born, as it may fairly be con-
cluded, before the commencement of the registers.
Robert's baptism is entered thus :

1561, January 23d, Robert, son of William Brad-
fourth.

All the three were married and had issue.

(1) William. He married on June 21st, 1584, Alice
Hanson, whom I assume, without having William.
strict proof, to have been the daughter of John Hanson
who shared with old William Bradford the honour of
being the only subsidy-men at Austerfield. Indeed
it can hardly admit of a doubt, since we find that a
daughter of John Hanson was baptised by the name
of Alice in 1562. John Hanson had married Margaret
Gresham on July 23d, 1560. There were Greshams,
people of the better account though not called to the
Heralds' visitations, dispersed over the country which
lies between the northern border of Nottinghamshire
and the Yorkshire town of Doncaster. We have no
account of the burial of Alice the mother of the
Governor ; and it seems probable that she married a

104 THE FOUNDERS OF

second time, as there is the following entry in the
register of Austerfield, 1593, September 23d, Robert
Briggs and Alice Bradford : and no trace of any other
Alice Bradford at that time at Austerfield. The
father, William Bradford, was buried on July 15th,
1591, when his son was about a year and a
half old.

There were three children, offspring of the marriage
of William Bradford and Alice Hanson : viz. Margaret,
who was baptised March 8th, 1585-6 ; Alice, baptised
October 30th, 1587 ; and William (the Governor), who
was baptised March 19th, 1589-90. Of these, we
have the register of the burial of Margaret on the day
after the baptism. We have no further information
concerning the Governor's sister Alice.

(2) Thomas. One of the uncles to whom devolved
Thomas. the care of the infant, appears in the

(3) Robert, the other uncle, is the only Bradford
Hoiert. who is assessed at Austerfield to the sub-
sidy of 1598; the other subsidy-men being John
Maudson, Robert Martley, and Robert Bridges. On
January 31st, 1585-6, he married Alice Waigestafe,

NEW PLYMO UTH. 105

(Wagstaff), 51 and by her who was buried July 13th,
1600, he had William, Robert, Mary, Elizabeth, and
Margaret, who were baptised in 1587, 1591, 1593,
1597, and 1 6 . William, the eldest son, died y oun g,
being buried on April 30th, 1593 ; and he appears to
have lost two children who died unbaptised in 1595
and 1597. He himself was buried on April 23d, 1609,
having made his last will on the 1 5th day of that
month.

This will of one of the uncles of the Governor affords
us the best means of forming a just opinion of the status
of the Bradfords of Austerfield, at the time when lived
the only person who entitles them to be worthy
objects of historical curiosity. He describes His miu.
himself " Robert Bradfurth, of Austerfield, yeoman ;"
and we may observe that Bradfurth or Bradfourth is
the more usual orthography of the name in the church
register, so uncertain and variable was the orthography
of all proper names at that period ; also that " yeoman"
implies a condition of life a little better than that

51 Not " Waingate," as in the ' Collections,' by a mistake of
the transcriber. There were Wagstaffs at that time freeholders of
Harworth, of whom George Wagstaff was living in 1612; and
Roger, who is described as a " husbandman," was a witness in the
Hospital suit, 1592.

106 THE FOUNDERS OF

which would be now indicated by the word. The
yeomanry of England in the reign of Elizabeth formed
the class next to those who were the acknowledged
gentry using coat-armour of right. They lived for
the most part on lands of their own. The testator
sets out with declarations of his Christian faith
expressed in terms of energy a little above the ordinary
tone of such exordiums, and his first bequest is of
ten shillings to the chapel of Austerfield. To a servant
named Grace Wade, he gives the free use of a dwel-
ling-house. He names another servant, and his
brother and sister Hall. These must be James Hall
and Elizabeth, his wife, originally Bradford, who were
married January 25th, 1595. She was no doubt the
Elizabeth, daughter of the first William, who was
baptised July 10th, 1570. Another small legacy is
given to Thomas Silvester, clerk. To his son Robert
he gives his best iron-bound wain ; the cupboard in
the " house," that is, the apartment in the dwelling-
house answering to what is now called the parlour ;
one long table with a frame ; and one long form ;
with his best yoke of oxen ; also the " counter wherein
the evidences are." He leaves him also a corslet 52

52 A piece of armour, an ordinary subject of bequest ia wills of
this period.

NEW PLTMO UTH. 107

with all the furniture thereto belonging. Having
made these specific bequests, he directs that the
residue of his property shall be divided equally among
his four children, Robert, Mary, Elizabeth, and
Margaret, whom he makes executors. They were all
under age. Then something in the manner of
Eudamidas, he gives the tuition of them till they are
of age or married, to three of his friends : my good
neighbour, Mr. Richardson, of Bawtry, is to have the
care of Robert and Margaret; William Downes, of
Scrooby, of his daughter Elizabeth ; and Mr. Silvester,
of Alkley, of his daughter Mary. In a later part of
the will he directs that his son Robert shall have the
reversion of two leases ; the one of all the King's lands
he has in Austerfield, the other of the closes which
he has of Mr. Morton in Martin lordship. Austerfield
as well as Bawtry was in those days a royal manor,
having been acquired by the crown by forfeitures or
marriages from the illustrious and well-known line
of Nevile and Despenser, and the Bradfords were, we
see, farmers of the demesne.

This will show the Bradfords to have been at this
time intimately acquainted with the best of Bradford*

well connect-

the people living in their neighbourhood, ed -

108 THE FOUNDERS OF

if it be allowed that holding a lease from the
Catholic family of Morton implies acquaintance with
them. The Mr. Richardson to whom he commits
two of the children, was next to the Mortons, the
most considerable person then at Bawtry. His name
was Richard, and he had married Elizabeth Lindley, a
daughter of William Lindley, of Skegby, near Mans-
EicJiardson. field, a Visitation family. Her brother,
Francis Lindley, of Skegby, Esquire, married Jane
Molineux, daughter of Francis Molineux, of Teversal,
Esquire. This lady died in 1633, aged 71, and was
buried at Bawtry, where she had a rhyming epitaph :

" Here lyes Innocence, Meekness, Piety,
Chastity, Patience, and Sobriety :
And whatsoever else precious and good,
Is requisite to complete womanhood."

One of her daughters was the wife of Robert
Morton, of Bawtry; and another of Thomas Ledgard,

Ledgard. a native of Bradford, in Yorkshire, but
living at Bawtry, as a merchant. The inscription on
his tomb celebrates his skill in the construction of
mathematical instruments, and his knowledge in every-
thing relating to pilotage. Is it too much to claim him
as an early friend of William Bradford ? In his will

NEW PLYMOUTH. 109

made in 1632, he bequeathed to his son, Tristram
Ledgard, all his books and mathematical instruments.
Lindley Richardson, the son of this marriage, was
a sponsor at the baptism of one of the daughters of
young Robert Bradford, who was thus placed under
the care of his father.

Of Downes I know nothing, except that he was
a subsidy-man at Scrooby. Silvester was Silvester.
a divine living at Alkley, which is eastward from
Austerfield, at no great distance. His will was made
in 1615, and it appears by it that he was possessed
of a fair estate, and also, what is more to our pur-
pose, of a library of English and Latin books, at a
time when in country places in England, books were
exceedingly few. This collection of books, "religious
books probably, in the hands of a friend of the family
living near them, was perhaps a treasure of instruction
to the governor in his youth. We may notice as a
trait of the times, that he gives to the poor scholars
of the Grammar School at Rossington, his Cooper's
Dictionary, to be chained to a stall in the church, and
used by them as long as it will last !

On the whole, it appears that the Bradfords of
Austerfield, during the eighteen years that he was

THE FOUNDERS OF

living amongst them, who was destined to be the
governor of the first settlement of New England, and
who may justly be styled the Moses of the exodus, as
Brewster was the Aaron ; associated with the best of
the slender population by whom they were surrounded.
No marriages have been found of the three daugh-
ters of Robert Bradford j but his son, who bore the
same name, continued the line at Austerfield. He
buried his first wife, whose name was Jane, on
March 6th, 1614-5. She brought him two children,
Elizabeth and Richard. The sponsors at the baptism
of Elizabeth were, Lindley Richardson, Elizabeth
Richardson, and Ellen Harrison; this was in 1613. In
1615 he married a second time, Elizabeth Sothwood.
The marriage was solemnised by license of the Arch-
bishop, a rare event in those days at Austerfield, and
showing that she belonged to a family of rather the
better class. It is a reasonable presumption that she
was of the same family with the Mr. Southwood whose
widow was the second wife of Governor Bradford.
There was a numerous family, most of whom died in
infancy. At the baptism of Mary, one of them,
William Thorp, Modlin Benson, and Jane Marsland,
were the sponsors.

NEW PLTMO UTH. Ill

There is nothing to tempt one to pursue this
branch of the subject further. While William was
working his way against many adverse circumstances
to the distinction which he at last attained, his cousin-
german, Robert, remained at Austerfield, sinking, it is
to be feared, into poverty and obscurity. Before
1628 he had sold his lands, or at least portions of
them, but probably all. The purchaser was Mr.
William Vescy, a gentleman of very ancient family,
who resided on a patrimonial inheritance $ o ~ the
at Brampton in Le Morthing, about Jamiy '
fifteen miles from Austerfield ; who in that year made
his will, in which he speaks of " lands at Austerfield,
which I bought of Robert Bradford." In 1630, one
Robert Wright, a draper, of Doncaster, leaves to
" Robert Bradford, of Austerfield," his gray suit of
apparel, and to Richard Bradford, his son, one fustian
doublet and one pair of hose. Owing to an imper-
fection in the register, we cannot fix precisely the
time when Robert Bradford died, but it was between
1630 and 1640, when he had not attained the age
of fifty years.

Dr. Mather informs us, that a portion of the lands
of the family descended to William, and that he sold

THE FO UNDERS OF

them when he was of full age and was living in
Holland. As to the moral and religious

Alleged mo-

r gious n s tate ? of s ^te of the village in which he was born,

Austerfield.

it was probably neither much better nor
much worse than the other agricultural villages of
England at that time were; and no one now can
either confirm or refute the very unfavourable re-
presentation which Dr. Mather gives of it. He de-
scribes Austerfield, or Ansterfield as he calls it, as a
very ignorant profane place, not a Bible to be seen
there, and with a minister at the chapel who was in-
attentive and careless. Yet the will, of which we had
an abstract, is not without traces both of piety and
Henry charity ; and we must do so much justice

Fletcher the

curate. to Henry Fletcher, who is the minister

alluded to, as to say, that he appears to have been
constantly resident on this poorly-endowed benefice
from 1591, when he married Elizabeth Elvick, to 1624,
when by his last will he directs that he shall be buried
in the churchyard or chapel of Austerfield, near his
wife and children. An Alice Bradford, who, if she
were not the Alice who married Briggs, would be the
Governor's mother, was a sponsor at the baptism of
his eldest child Nathaniel, May 1st, 1595, with Mr.
John Deacon and Mr. William Gregory.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 113

We may, however, conclude from what is said by
Dr. Mather, that Bradford owed little to him of that
deeply contemplative and religious turn of mind which
was remarked in him as early as his twelfth year.
He was brought up as the sons of yeomanry in those
days were when not sent into the towns, attending to
the husbandry operations of the family. But the
report of Clifton's awakening ministry Bradford

attends Clif-

reached Austerfield. Young as he was, ton's ministry.
the voice came home to his heart. Bab worth cannot
be less than six or seven miles from Austerfield, yet
he was a frequent attendant on Clifton's ministry.
In going from Austerfield to Babworth he would pass
through Scrooby, where we see Downes, a friend of the
family, resided, and where he would meet with several
persons, Brewster among the number, who walked
across the meadows to Babworth, and who returned,
their hearts burning within them, and strengthening
one another in the persuasion that such were the
ministers by whom Christianity put forth its genuine
influences. And when Clifton's voice was silenced by
authority he would be amongst those who reclaimed
against the unwise and oppressive act; and when
Clifton gave up for ever his pleasant benefice, and

114 THE FO UNDERS OF

separated himself from the Church to which perhaps
he was in heart strongly attached his affections
drawing him one way and his judgment another
Bradford, young as he was, would be likely to see
that no other way had remained for him, and that it
was his own duty and his highest interest to render
him all the encouragement and support in his little
power, and to abandon the church which one of its
best ministers had been driven out from. Opposing
himself to the wishes of his family, and

Formally

jjfrtjj daring the derision which would be show-
ered upon him by the clowns of Auster-
field, he declared himself a Separatist, joined the
Scrooby Church, and became a very active and useful
person in the difficult operations which they were soon
called on to perform. This seems to have been the
part he took when he was from fifteen to eighteen
years of age.

To complete the early portion of the personal his-
tory of this remarkable man, which is the only part of
it which belongs to me, it may be added that it has
sis mar- k een discovered ^J t^ e American inquirers
into the history of the early settlers that he
married one Dorothy May. She accompanied him to

NEW PLTMO UTH. 115

America, one of the memorable hundred who were in
the May-Flower. 53 She reached the American coast ;
but, while the ship was in the harbour at New Ply-
mouth, she fell overboard 54 and was drowned. May
is no Basset-Lawe name, so that we are not warranted
in claiming her for another member of the Scrooby
Church ; and she was probably a daughter of a Mrs.
May, a member of Johnson's Separatist Church at
Amsterdam, who is spoken of not very respectfully by
Ephraim Pagitt in his Heresiography, p.!|62. Two
years after her death, Bradford married Mrs. Alice
Southworth, a widow, to whom, according to tradition,
he had been attached before he went to America.

53 Often said to be One Hundred and One. Dr. N. B. Shurtleff
has prepared a very critical catalogue of them, injwhich it appears
that One Hundred embarked, and One Hundred arrived at Cape
Cod: but that there was a child born on the passage named
Oceanus Hopkins : but this addition to the number of passengers
was balanced by the death of William Butten, servant to Mr. Samuel
Fuller. A child who was named Peregrine White was born at the
Cape in November, on board the ship. So'that One Hundred and
One may still be said to be the number of those who landed. It is a
melancholy fact, and one which shows that the emigration was really
no trifling sacrifice which these people made, that in less than a
year, fifty-one persons who had come over were dead !

54 In the former edition I have said that a boat upset in which
she was : but I have been set right by a valued New England
correspondent.

116 THE 10 UNDER8 OF

She had married in the interval, and had become a
widow. Bradford renewed his proposals by letter.
She accepted them, and sailed for New Plymouth in
the second year of the existence of the colony. Two
sons of hers, Constant Southworth and Thomas
Southworth, also came out, who were brought up by
Governor Bradford, and became important persons in
the colony.

The Southworths were eminently a Basset-Lawe

The South- f am %- We learn from Thoroton that, in
1612, there was a Thomas Southworth,
who had lands at Clarborough, and a William
Southworth, a freeholder at Heyton. We find also,
in the Visitation of Nottinghamshire, in 1614, that an
Edward Southworth was then living, but so little did
he care for such things, that all the account of his
family which he gave to the Heralds was, that he was
the son of Robert Southworth, the son of Richard, the
son of Aymond, who lived at Wellam in the reign of
King Henry the Eighth. From another source we
know that one of the family, a Mr. Robert South-
worth, consorted with the extreme Puritans, who were
going the way of separation. It is the letter of
Smith to Bernard of Worksop, in which this passage

NEW PLYHO UTH. 117

occurs : alluding to the speech of Naamaii, Smith
says, "By this place Mr. Bernard intended to sin
against his conscience, for he did acknowledge this
truth we now profess divers times, and was upon the
point of separation with some of his people with him ;
yet, loving the world and preferment as Naaman is
thought to do, he chose rather to stay still in his
vicarage against his conscience than to lose it, and to
follow Christ with a good conscience. Do you not
remember, Mr. Bernard, what you said to me and
Mr. Robert Southworth, coming together from W.
[Worksop ?], that, speaking of the danger of walking
in this truth of Christ we now profess, you said you
could easily die upon the tree for the truth, but you
could not without great horror think of being burned
as the martyrs were in Queen Mary's days ; and that
all the journey you were casting how to dispatch your
estate and to get away with safety."

With this passage before us, and the fact that some
of the name became early settled in the new country,
we cannot err if we claim some of them as lay mem-
bers of the Scrooby Church, perhaps this very Mr.
Robert Southworth himself. The time of the con-
versation alluded to would be about 1604.

118 THE 10 UNDERS OF

The Hon. John Davis, who in 1826 published an
edition of Morton's New England's Memorial, with
many illustrative notes, states that he had been in-
formed by a certain Mrs. White, an old lady whose
mind was richly stored with anecdotes of the " First
Comers," that Mrs. Alice Southworth's original name
was Rayner, and that she was sister to John Rayner
who was for some time settled as a minister in
England, but becoming a Puritan and Separatist, he
joined the colony in New Plymouth, and was their
pastor from 1636 to 1654, while both Bradford and
Brewster were living. This received some slight coun-
tenance from the fact that in 1644, there was a Puritan
lady, Mrs. Constance Rayner, living in the parish of
St. Botolf without Aldgate, London, Constant being,
as may be remembered, the name of one of the sons
of Mrs. Alice Southworth. It also derived a slight
degree of probability from the fact that there were
Rayners living in Basset-Lawe in good position. But
I have been favoured by Mr. H. G. Somerby to whom
the people of New England are so much indebted for
Mrs. South- his genealogical researches in the old

worth sup-
posed by some country, with a copy of the will of John

to nave been

a Rayner- R a y ner> wm 'ch, though it cannot be said

NEW PLTMO UTH. 119

to disprove the alliance, affords no presumption in
favour of it, and it entirely disproves the connection
with the Rayners of East Drayton, and places him in
the midst of a wide-spread family of the name, persons
of ancient descent, possessing lands in the parishes of
Batley and Birstal in the clothing district of Yorkshire.
John Rayner the pastor of the New Plymouth people,
their first pastor, unless we count Brewster as one,
bequeaths to his widow and sons lands at Gildersome
in the parish of Batley. But Dr. Young has produced
evidence which is almost conclusive, that Mrs. Alice
bore another name before her marriage, in the
following entry in the records of the Plymouth church :
"1667: Mary Carpenter, sister of Mrs. _ or Ca/rp en-

ter

Alice Bradford, the wife of Governor
Bradford, a member of the church at Duxbury, died
in Plymouth, March 19-20, being newly entered into
the 91st year of her age. She was a godly old maid,
never married." We do not trace families of this sur-
name in Basset-Lawe. She might be a half sister.

But there is a still more difficult and curious
genealogical question connected with the Supposed

marriage of a

Bradfords. The American writers on this TZIi f
subject allege that a sister of the Governor mdNatiamei

120 THE 10 UNDERS OF

Morton a son named Sarah married George Morton,

of that mar-

and was mother of Nathaniel Morton the
author of New England's Memorial, first printed in
1669 : and they are supported by the strong fact that
Nathaniel Morton does in that work call Governor
Bradford his uncle. On the other hand, we have no
trace in the register of Austerfield, which was well
kept, of any sister of the Governor named Sarah, nor
is the marriage of a Morton to any of the Bradfords to
be found in that register. Nor is this the only
difficulty which presents itself when we compare
the histories and traditions of America with the
evidence of record in our own country. This George
Morton is said to have been an inhabitant of the
same village with Bradford, and to have come to New
Plymouth with his family of four children in July,
1623, and that there, in less than a year, he died. 55
Now certain it is, that there were many Mortons,
people however of small consideration, living at
Austerfield in the time of the Bradfords, and certain
also it is, that there was among them a George Morton
baptised February 12th, 1597-8, one of many children

55 New England's Memorial, Judge Davis's Edition, prefatory
matter.

NEW" PLYMO UTH. 121

of a Thomas Morton. This is the only George
Morton ; but as we find a number of children of a
George Morton baptised at Austerfield between 1624
and 1631, it would seem that, according to the testi-
mony of the register, this must be the George, son of
Thomas, who could not therefore have emigrated in
1623.

I fear it is in vain to hope to identify the George
Morton, father of Nathaniel, by means of English
evidence. My well-informed friend and corre-
spondent, Mr. Savage, tells me that he has discovered
that the wife of this George Morton was not named
Sarah but Juliana, and that she married after his
death one Manassed Kempton. This is unfavourable
to the tradition or history which connects him with
Austerfield, for the people of that homely village
showed no taste or refinement in the selection of the
names given to their children ; and yet when we read
the words in which Governor Bradford records his
death, " a gracious servant of God, an unfeigned lover
and promoter of the common good and growth of this
plantation, and faithful in whatever public employment
he was entrusted with," it is impossible not to wish
that we could support by our own evidences the

122 THE FOUNDERS OF

traditions of New England, and could show that he as
well as Brewster and Bradford sprung from the
country around Bawtry the cradle of the Anglo-
Americans. He also, whoever he may have been,
occupies a conspicuous place in the early history of
this emigration, as the English correspondent of the
first settlers, the person to whom Bradford and
Winslowe transmitted their ' Relation of the pro-
ceedings during the first year of the Settlement,' and
who superintended the publication of it at London
in 1622 ; if we admit, as in all likelihood we may do, 56
that Dr. Young is right in his conjecture that the
" G. Mourt," which is the name subscribed to the
preface is really intended for this George Morton, the
father of Nathaniel. It is manifest also that the
writer of that preface contemplated emigration, or, as
he expresses it, " to put his shoulder to this hopeful
business," as we know that the father of Nathaniel
Morton did ere another year was past.

While we are pursuing these inquiries with what
may be called by some a trifling minuteness, I cannot

66 I venture to introduce this qualification, remembering that we
have names of two Puritan families in England which approach
nearer in orthography to " Mourt " than Morton does Mort in
Lancashire, and Moult in Derbyshire.

NEW PLTMO UTH. 123

forbear to add that we have another Morton bearing
the name of George living at this time, not indeed at
Austerfield, but at Bawtry. There is a mystery
hanging over this person's history. He Georffe
was the eldest son and heir apparent of #J sawtry

family.

Anthony Morton, who was one of the
witnesses in the Hospital suit, and died long before
his father, having married Catherine Boun, half-sister
of Gilbert Boun, serjeant-at-law, whose daughter,
Thoroton, the historiographer of Nottinghamshire,
married. Thoroton must have known everything
about these Mortons, who were one of the most
ancient of the Nottinghamshire families, and they are
even to be classed among the families whom Sir
Egerton Brydges so happily styles the historical
families of England, on account of the important part
which they took in all the Catholic movements against
Queen Elizabeth, and especially the insurrection of
the northern earls in 1569. Yet he gives no full and
precise information respecting the later generations,
which we might have expected from him, when the
family was declining in importance, and about soon to
be removed from their hereditary seat. Nor are the
deficiencies supplied by the Visitation of Yorkshire in

124 THE FOUNDERS OF

1612, or that of Nottinghamshire in 1614, and the
family is wholly absent from Dugdale's great Visitation
of Yorkshire in 1665 and 1666. We are thus left
without any certain information concerning the fate
of George, and the ruin of the family is attributed to
his father Anthony and his brother Robert, who
married one of the Lindleys, of whom we have spoken,
and who is the person who sold their ancient estate
to Mr. William Saunderson. Is it possible that this
George Morton can have so far departed from the
spirit and principles of his family, as to have fallen into
the ranks of the Protestant Puritans and Separatists,
to have disguised himself in London under the name
of Mourt, and then to have concealed himself in the
American wilds. The conjecture is, perhaps, too bold
and too improbable. But it is easier to say so, than
to inform us what became of this prominent member
of a very eminent family. 57

57 It is remarkable how little assistance the inquirer into the
minutiae of Nottinghamshire history can derive from the labours of
any former antiquary. Thoroton's History is very meagre, and it
is not known that any manuscript remains of his exist. Lincoln,
shire in this respect is not much better off, but it has better
Visitations.

Mary, the wife of Anthony Morton, of the parish of Harworth,
Esquire, " an obstinate papist, neither fearing God, nor the smart

NEW PLTMO UTH. 125

And while upon the Mortons in the connection of
the name with the affairs of the first colo- Thomas Mor .
nists, it may be added that there was a
Thomas Morton, who joined the. colony in 1625, and
was a very unworthy member of it. Bradford says
that " he had been a kind of pettifogger at Furnival's
Inn," but in the title of his New English Canaan,
a disparaging account of the colony, which he printed
at Amsterdam in 1637, when he had been sent back
to Europe for selling powder and fire-arms to the
natives, he describes himself of Clifford's Inn. There
are doggrel verses written in 1624 relating to Ferdi-
nando Gary by a " Captain Thomas Morton from
Breda ;" probably the same person, which different
pens have thought it worth while to transcribe, as
copies are to be found in the Ashmole, the Harley, and
the Sloane Collections of Manuscripts.

of Her Majesty's good and necessary laws in that behalf provided,
having for many years refused to go to the church to hear Divine
service and sermons, and to conform herself to the godly religion
now publicly received within the realm of England," was attached
by the Pursuivant of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to appear to
answer before them at the cathedral church at York, and gave bond
accordingly in 100 ; and not appearing at the time, the bond was
enforced against her and her two sureties. She would not fare the
better for her connection with Nicholas Morton, the principal
person in stirring up the Rebellion of 1569.

126 THE FOUNDERS OF

To these names, as lay-members of the Separatist
body in Basset-Lawe, may be added that of FRANCIS
Francis Jessop. JESS op, a younger son of a family of
good reputation and fortune, who possessed lands at
Heyton and Tilne, in the neighbourhood of Scrooby
and Babworth, before they acquired larger possessions
in Yorkshire and Derbyshire by marriage with one of
the co-heirs of Swyft, from which family Lord Car-
lingford descended. They were indeed a wealthy and
considerable family, being at last ennobled with the
title of Baron Darcy of Navan, an Irish honour. They
were also a literary and religious family, not going the
length of separation, except in this Francis, but
professing themselves Puritans, and being great
encouragers of the Puritan ministry. 58

68 There is a very remarkable will of Wortley Jessop, who resided
at Scofton, in the parish of Worksop, a nephew of Francis. It is
dated April 13th, 1615, seven years after the Basset-Lawe exodus.
He gives a small legacy to Toller, and directs that 4. a year shall
continue to be paid to William Carte, who had succeeded (with a
short interval), to Bernard as vicar of Worksop, as long as he shall
remain there. Carte was a Puritan, and had afterwards the living
of Hansworth. The light in which the Puritans of Basset-Lawe
regarded their Catholic neighbours appears in the provision which
Jessop makes for an infant daughter : " If it please the Lord of
Heaven to move my brother George to remove his habitation from
amongst that idolatrous people amongst whom he now liveth, which

NEW PLTMO UTH. 127

The Francis Jessop, who is to be claimed as one of
the Puritans of Basset-Lawe, and who appears after-
wards as an active member of Robinson's church in
Holland, was the third son of Richard Jessop and
Anne Swyft, and was left very young by his father,
who died in 1580. The Basset-Lawe property was
left to him and another brother, named Richard, while
the eldest son took the lands which had been
inherited from the Swyfts. The father directs in his
will that the children shall be brought up in learning ;
and it may be added as illustrating the domestic
antiquities of the English nation, that he directs the
surplus of the rents of the lands given them to be
placed in a box with three locks, to be kept for their
use. We have seen that Richard was the friend of
Clifton and Toller, and the confidence which he placed
in them, and we have now to add that Francis Jessop
sold his lands at Tilne, and there can hardly be a
doubt that he is the Francis Jessop who appears at
Amsterdam fighting by the side of Clifton in his
sharp controversy with Smith on the baptismal ques-

I will not cease to pray for," then the daughter is to live with him :
if not, he desires she may be placed where she shall hear the word
of God faithfully taught.

128 THE FOUNDERS OF

tion. His tract is entitled A Discovery of the Errors of
the English Anabaptists : and there is further the strong
presumption that he is the Francis Jessop, a prominent
member of Robinson's church at Leyden, whose name
stands first in a joint letter from the Leyden people
to their brethren at New Plymouth announcing the
death of Robinson. This was in 1625. The other
names are Thomas Nash, Thomas Blossom, Roger
White, and Richard Maisterson. Three vessels at
different periods had conveyed members of the
Leyden congregation and their families to New
Plymouth. These persons as well as their pastor
Robinson had not taken that step. They were ever
intending to go, but were hindered. They stood
" on tip-toe," but there is no reason to believe that
Jessop, who was then sixty years of age, ever took
that step, but rather that he returned to England
and died here.

We have direct and positive evidence on which to
show two other persons who were members of the
and Separatist Church before it left England.
Th ese w ere, RICHARD JACKSON and

Separatists. -,-,

ROBERT ROCHESTER. They were both
inhabitants of Scrooby, and both included with

NEfT PLTMO UTH. 129

Brewster in the penalties imposed by the Commis-
sioners for Causes Ecclesiastical in 1608. I have not
seen any other notice of them.

The proceedings of the Separatists were in pointed

opposition to the law as it then stood, and The proceed-
ings which the

can only be justified on the ground that Separatists

took, contrary

in affairs so sacred and important as those to law "
of religion, there is a law which is above all human
institutions, to which every man is bound to be obe-
dient, when its requirements are made manifest to his
own understanding. A principle full of danger, for
who is equal to discern for himself that pure and
perfect way ! Yet the wrong, if wrong there was, was
not so great as that done by the legislature, which, in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth passed the act, " for the
punishment of persons obstinately refusing to come
to church." Conformity to what is the national will
in affairs such as these, is indeed desirable ; but this
was purchasing conformity at far too dear a rate ; and
so the nation in a wiser age was brought to think,
and the toleration under which Separatists now live,
became part of the law of the land.

Of course while such a law existed, conduct like
that of Brewster and his friends could not long be

130 THE FOUNDERS OF

permitted; and could not long be connived at, for
Animadverted &ubt\ess amongst that generous body of
men, who administered the law in the
provinces, there were many who, though they took no
part in such proceedings, and did not approve of them,
were unwilling to oppress under such a statute some
of their neighbours whose only fault may have been,
that they had an overstrained or ill-informed conscien-
tiousness, while they discharged well their other duties
under a deep sense of their responsibility. Bradford
speaks in general terms of the people being harassed,
as well as of the ministers, who stirred them up, being
silenced ; but he gives us no particular instances, not
even showing us what happened to Brewster himself.
Nor have I been able to discover more than one parti-
cular instance of the law being brought to bear on
any of these Basset-Lawe nonconformists, besides the
Proceeding of silencing of some of the Ministers. Toby

the Commis-
sioners for He- Matthew, Archbishop of York, in the

clesiastical

causes. return which he made to the Exchequer,

on the 13th of November, 1608, of the fines which
had been imposed within his diocese in the preced-
ing year, for the purpose of the fines being levied,
inserted the following :

NEW PLTMO UTH. 131

" Richard Jackson, William Brewster, and Robert
Rochester, of Scrooby, in the county of Nottingham,
Brownists or Separatists, for a fine or amercement of
20. a piece set and imposed upon every of them by
Robert Abbot and Robert Snowden, Doctors of
Divinity, and Matthew Dods worth, 59 Bachelor of Law,
Commissioners for Causes Ecclesiastical within the
province of York, for not appearing before them upon
lawful summons at the Collegiate Church of Southwell,
the 22d day of April, anno Domini 1608 60."

Before this return was made to the Exchequer, the
Basset-Lawe Separatists had formed the resolution to
seek in another country that protection and toleration
which were denied to them at home ; and they saw at
no great distance another country where was a public
toleration of all forms of Protestantism. This was
Holland ; . and the track had been trod The Scrooly

,, , i n vi j.' Church decides

for them by several persons 01 like senti- upon em i gra .

tion,

ments with themselves ; first, people from

59 These Commissioners were persons of note at the time.
Dr. Robert Abbot became Bishop of Salisbury ; Dr. Robert
Snowden, a Nottinghamshire man and a Prebendary in the church
of Southwell, was afterwards Bishop of Carlisle ; Dodsworth was
the father of Koger Dodsworth, the great charter antiquary, and
principal collector of the materials for the Monasticon.

132 THE FOUNDERS OF

London and the neighbourhood, and next their own
neighbours and friends, the members of Smith's Gains-
borough Church. We have no means of judging of
the precise number of persons who formed this deter-
mination, but there were probably several hundreds of
them, their leaders being Robinson, Clifton, Brewster,
and I will add Bradford, youth though he was. In a
country so thinly peopled, and where striking events
were of but rare occurrence, the sudden removal of
such a number of persons would be a remarkable
occurrence, and would necessarily draw upon them
much of public attention. Bradford speaks of the
excitement which was occasioned by it, and the
surprise which was expressed at the sight of so many
persons of all ranks and conditions parting with their
possessions, and going in a body to another country
of whose very language they were ignorant. Some
carried with them portions of their household goods,
and some, it is said, looms which they had used at
home.

Yet there was nothing of ostentation in their pro-
ceedings. On the contrary, the expatri-

Mean to go

secretly, but a tion was sought to be silently effected.

hindered at

They were to go in two parties, one from

NEW PLYMOUTH. 133

Boston, the other by the Humber. Brewster and
Bradford were of the Boston party, and they made a
secret bargain with the captain of a Dutch vessel to
receive them on board at that port as privately as
might be. And now began a fresh difficulty. The
captain acted perfidiously. He gave secret infor-
mation to the magistrates of Boston, and when they
were embarked and just upon the point of sailing as
they supposed, officers of the port came on board who
removed them from the vessel and carried them to a
prison in the town, not without circumstances of
contumely. On what pretence, or for what reason
and purpose, this was done, or under what authority, we
are at present ignorant ; but the Crown did in those
days assume the right of preventing persons from
going abroad, and it is even said that Cromwell was
prevented thus from leaving England in the time of
King Charles the First. When they were taken out
of the vessel, the authorities at Boston seem to have
disposed of them at their pleasure. Some were sent
back to their homes ; others, among whom was
Brewster, were kept for many months in confinement
at Boston. Again and again must we lament the
want of particularity in Bradford's narratives, from

134 THE FOUNDERS OF

which our only information of the proceedings at
Boston is derived.

The party which was to go by the Humber were
scarcely less unfortunate. They had agreed

Unfortunate

attempt to w ^ f. ne mas t e r of another Dutch vessel

pass by the

then lying in the port of Hull, to take
them on board at an unfrequented place on the
northern coast of Lincolnshire. This man deceived
them ; for having taken about half of them on board,
on some real or pretended alarm, he sailed away,
leaving the rest, who were chiefly women and children,
on the shore in the deepest affliction. Let it be added
for the honour of England that the colonists cannot
lay the evil conduct of these two mariners at our door.
It was something to bear up against these dis-
couragements, and we cannot wonder that some who
had intended to go were disheartened, and remained
in England. But the greater part persevered in their
design. We learn from the memoranda of the Clifton s
that Richard Clifton, the minister with the long white
Meet at last beard, arrived at Amsterdam in August,

at Amster-
dam. 1608, and before the end of that year it

would seem that the whole body of them were assem-
bled at Amsterdam.

NEW PL YMO UTH. 135

And here my labours come to their natural conclu-
sion ; but a brief notice of what afterwards occurred
will not be wholly misplaced. They found state of the

English exiles

at Amsterdam Francis Johnson and Henry .
Ainsworth, two eminent Separatist ministers, with a
congregation of English people, and Smith, also a
minister, full of the spirit of novelty and opposition.
The Separatists at Amsterdam were torn to pieces by
contention. This was not agreeable to the new-
comers, who, after the trial of a year, re- Semoveto
moved themselves to Leyden, where they y
could conduct their own affairs in their own way, and
without contention.

They remained at Leyden from 1609 to 1620,
having Robinson for their pastor. But there were
many circumstances enumerated by Bradford in the
Dialogue, which led many of them to wish to place
themselves under the government of their
native country, reserving only the right of

, . . , . English

free thought and action in religious anairs. government.
Still they knew not where to go. Some thought of
Guiana, a land of great promise, others of Virginia,
where attempts were being made to form a colony.
Sir Edwin Sandys, one of the sons of the Archbishop,

136 THE FOUNDERS OF

and younger brother of Sir Samuel Sandys, to
Assisted by whom Scrooby had been passed, was the

Sir Edwin

Sandys. treasurer and afterwards Governor of the
Company. The Church entered into correspondence
with him, Robinson and Brewster conducting it for
them. After some difficulties, which Sir Edwin Sandys
was chiefly instrumental in removing, an arrangement
was made. 60

The May-Flower left Southampton on the 5th of
The first August, 1620. It contained only a por-

party set sail

of the Church, among whom were

America. Brewster and Bradford. Other portions
embarked in following years in the Fortune and the
Anne.

60 Sir Edwin Sandys, as before observed, would be led to favour
the enterprise both by personal acquaintance with Brewster, and,
to a great degree, by community of principle, for the Sandys family,
like their father the Archbishop, was disposed to admit of an ex-
tension of Eeformation principles. King James did not cordially
like the proceedings of the Virginia company ; and, when the device
for the Seal was presented to him where on one side was St. George
slaying the dragon, with the motto, Fas alium superare draconem,
meaning the unbelief of the natives, he commanded that the motto
should be omitted. This anecdote is preserved by Weever in one
of his MS. volumes in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries,
No. 128. The motto on the other side, En dat Virginia quintam,
allusive to the four crowns, was in the taste of the times.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 137

While in Holland Bradford was engaged in the
manufacture of silk ; but Brewster chose

11 i i

a more intellectual employment.

while in

fell," says Bradford, "into a way, by Holland.
reason he had the Latin tongue, to teach many stu-
dents who had a desire to learn the English tongue to
teach them English, and by his method they quickly
attained it with great facility ; for he drew rules to
learn it by after the Latin manner, and many gentle-
men, both Danes and Germans, resorted to him, as
they had time from other studies some of them being
great men's sons. He also had means to set up
printing, by the help of some friends, and so had
employment enough ; and, by reason of many books
which would not be allowed to be printed in England,
they might have had more than they could do."
Dr. Young acquaints us, that one book printed by
Brewster is known, a Commentary on the Proverbs,
by Cartwright, with a preface by Polyander, the
Ley den Professor, 8vo, 1617. Bradford informs us,
that Brewster's finances, which had been nearly ex-
hausted, were much recruited by the profits of these
labours.

From a letter written by Robinson and Brewster to

138 THE FOUNDERS OF

Sir Edwin Sandys I quote the following passage, which
shows the spirit in which they began their
Perilous enterprise: "We verily believe

and trust that the Lord is with us, to

whom and whose service we have given ourselves in
many trials, and that he will graciously prosper our
endeavours according to the simplicity of our hearts.
We are well weaned from the delicate milk of our
mother-country, and inured to the difficulties of a
strange land. The people are, for the body of them,
industrious and frugal, we think we may safely say,
as any company of people in the world. We are knit
together as a body in a most strict and sacred bond
and covenant of the Lord, of the violation whereof we
make great conscience, and by virtue whereof we hold
ourselves strictly tied to ah 1 care of each other's good,
and of the whole. And lastly, it is not with us as
with other men, whom small things can discourage,
or small discontentments cause to wish ourselves at
home again." Who, reading this, must not wish
them Good speed ?

Let us leave them on their voyage, and return for
a moment to the country they had left.

Scrooby continued to be a possession of the family

NEW PLTMO UTH. 139

of Sandys till near the beginning of the eighteenth
century, when an heiress carried it away Scroofy since

their de-

to another family. It was settled by Sir
Samuel Sandys on his second son, Martin Sandys, who
was born in 1597. Martin left a son, Francis Sandys,
who, or a son of that name, was buried at Extinction of

the family of

Scrooby on February 14th, 1696. He Sandys.
has no monument, but there is one for Penelope, a
daughter of Sir Martin, who died on the 25th of
December, 1690.

Francis Sandys left an only daughter and heir,
named Mary, to the guardianship of Sir Willoughby
Hickman, of Gainsborough, from whose house she
was married in 1707, to John Stapylton, the only son
of Sir Bryan Stapylton, of Myton, in Yorkshire.
This John Stapylton succeeded his father in the
baronetcy, and died during his canvass of the county
of York, at the election of 1733. It forms now part
of the estate of Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Bawtry,
Esq., who was some time member for Pontefract, as
his son, Richard Monckton Milnes, now is.

The Archiepiscopal mansion at Scrooby having been
first abandoned to tenants, was soon taken Scrooby Manor.
down and the materials removed. As long ago as

140 THE FOUNDERS OF

1673, Thoroton speaks of it thus: "Here, within
memory, stood a very fair palace, a far greater house of
receit and a better seat for provision than Southwell.
It hath a fair park belonging to it ; Archbishop Sandys
caused it to be demised to his son, Sir Samuel Sandys,
since which the house hath been demolished, almost to
the ground. Mr. Francis Sandys is the present
tenant." None of the stone-work remains, except
what appears to have been a gate-way or out-housing,
which is converted into a farm-house. But the site
is strongly marked by what was the ancient moat.

After Brewster, Francis Hall was the postmaster at
Scrooby, to whom succeeded John Nelson, and after
him were William Nelson, and Edward Wright, who
held the office at the beginning of the Civil Wars.
Diversion of ^ know not exactly the time when the great

the Post Road, vr .1.1 T i T

JNortn Koad was diverted so as to leave
Scrooby on the left hand, and to pass through Bawtry,
to which place the post-office was removed.

Beside the interest which must always attach even
to the site of an edifice, with which are connected
events of no ordinary kind, there is nothing of interest
The church a ^ Scrooby now except the church, and

and Monu-
ments, that is not so remarkable as we might

NEW PLYMOUTH. 141

have expected, when we remember that it must
have been erected under the observation of some
early Archbishop. We may observe, however, in the
wood- work remains of one of the favourite symbols
of Christianity in the middle ages, a vine bearing
clusters of grapes. There are a few monumental
memorials of persons who had been officers of the
Archbishops, one of whom, Mr. Robert Hill, was
" aiaciscanus " to Archbishop Rotherham, a word
rarely found in English inscriptions, and equivalent to
the farmer or manager of the estate.

There is only one monumental inscription of any
person, who can be supposed to have been contem-
porary with Brewster, and it is in a state of much
decay. It is of one of the family of Torre, who lived
in these parts before one of them settled at York, the
better to pursue those researches by which he rendered
such inestimable benefit to the diocese of York.

Marcida THEOPHILI Tom subterraneus ossa
Continet iste torus : spiritus astra petit.

Hie deo charus [prout] rpa/i//ara nominis edunt ;
VivilS, erat sponsse, iralffiv, airamv, avrip.

Obiit 26 Aprilis anno dom. 1620.

In none of the other churches of the neighbourhood,
Bawtry, Austerfield, Blythe, Button, or Babworth, do

142 THE FOUNDERS OF

we find monuments of the persons spoken of in this
book, or of their contemporaries.

One word respecting the descendants of Brewster,
Bradford, Robinson, and Clifton. The

The descen-

f?p* Brewsters and Bradfords took root in
New England, where they flourished, and
are still flourishing.

Brewster gave to his children names of quite the
ultra-puritan mintage, Patience, Fear, Love, Wrestling,
Srewster. and Jonathan : I say of an ultra-puritan
mintage, but there was a meaning and purpose in the
adoption of names such as these. The names pre-
viously used in England, had been for the most part
the names of holy men and women, who had
been honoured in the ancient church, and placed by
her in the Kalendar. They had therefore a relation to
the abrogated system, and they contributed to keep
up the memory of it, which the Puritans wished to
see die away. They had recourse therefore to Old
Testament names, and to such words as fear, love, and
patience, which we see Brewster selected out of a
pretty copious vocabulary. In one parish in England,
that of Halifax, Old Testament names supplanted
almost entirely the former personal nomenclature, and

NEW PLYMO UTH. 143

prevail to a very great extent even to our times, when
the reason for the use of them is forgotten. They
prevail still to a great extent in New England. They
were generally inelegant, but our New England
brethren seem sometimes as if they sought out from
these Hebrew words those which were the least
pleasing and almost unpronounceable. In Brewster's
choice the names do not distinguish the sex, so that it
may be well to say that Patience and Fear were
women, and Love and Wrestling, men. Patience
married Thomas Prince or Prence, and Fear, Isaac
AUerton, both men noted in the affairs of the colony.
Two of the sons settled at Duxbury, which is near
Plymouth. Dr. Young, from whom I take this, says,
" there are many descendants of the worthy elder in
Plymouth, Duxbury, Kingston, Pembroke, and in
Connecticut and elsewhere. 61 There is a larger
account of them in the History of Duxbury by
Mr. Justin Winsor, 8vo, Boston, 1849. 62 In the

61 P. 470.

62 P. 234. This work of Mr. Winsor is a remarkable proof of
the fondness of the people of New England for genealogical re-
search. Our English books of Topography are sometimes censured
for the minuteness of their details and for being overloaded with
genealogical matter. But we have no book which can compare in

144 THE FOUNDERS OF

September of last year, there was a meeting of
gentlemen who claim the honourable distinction of
descent from Eider Brewster, at Norwich in Connec-
ticut, when it was resolved to adopt some special
means to do honour to the memory of their common
ancestor, and a Committee was appointed for the
purpose.

Governor Bradford had John, William, Mercy, and
Bradford. Joseph. Of their descendants, amongst
whom are several distinguished names, there is a large
account in Mr. Winsor's History of Duxbury,
pp. 230-4. The Bradford and Brewster families
became connected by the marriage of Joseph
Brewster, with Susan, daughter of Captain Scott
Bradford, soon after the close of the war.

these respects with the History of Duxbury ; and future generations
will most certainly estimate as they deserve the labour and research
of its author.

But a work professedly genealogical (not topographical) is
anxiously expected from Mr. Savage, who has promised what he
modestly regards as a new edition of Farmer's Genealogical
Register, but which after so much labour as he has bestowed
upon it will be well entitled to be considered an original and
substantive work.

But with respect to the Brewsters, whatever skill and diligence
can do will be done by the Rev. Ashbell Steele, to whom the
committee have assigned the duty of preparing an ample account
of the Life of Brewster, to be printed as one part of the honours
about to be paid to his memory.

NEW PLYMO UTH. 145

Though Robinson himself did not put in execution
his avowed intention of emigrating, his KoUnson.
son probably did so, as he bought land at Isaac Creek,
which, however, he soon sold. His name was Isaac.
The researches of the American genealogists have not
been very successful in tracing his posterity. It is to
be feared they never rose to eminence among the
population of the new country. 63

The Cliftons who had left the Leyden church, and
continued at Amsterdam, did not emi- ciifton.
grate. We have spoken of the children of the
minister already : but the fly-leaves of the Bible in
the Taylor Institution, contain information respecting
later descendants. The two children of the first
marriage of Zachary Clifton died in infancy, as did
six of the ten children of his second marriage, so
great was mortality of infants in those days as com-
pared with the present happier times. The others
were, Zachary, Eleazer, Richard, and Hannah.

Of these Eleazer died at Rotterdam, 9th June,

1667, aged 31, and was buried in the French church

there. Zachary, Richard, and Hannah lived with their

father at Newcastle, but Richard and Hannah died

63 See Mr. Winsor's History of Duxbury, 8vo, 1849, p. 297.

146 THE FOUNDERS OF

before him, namely, Richard on November 10th,
1664, at the age of 22, and Hannah on the 18th
April, 1671, six weeks before her father, at the age
of 23. They were both buried at All Hallows Church
in the north alley near the Quire door next to the
burial place of Dr. Newton, on the north side.

There remains only Zachary of whom a full and
good account is given by himself. " Zachary, son of
Zach. Clifton, by Elizabeth his wife, was born May
10th (stylo novo) anno 1633. He was promoted out
of the Latin school at Amsterdam, April 4th, anno
1649 : went to the University of Utrecht, May 5th,
anno 1650 : from thence to the University of Ley-
den, August 9, anno 1652. He commenced Master
of Arts at Ley den, August 9th, anno 1654, and came
thence for England : in June following he arrived at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, (viz.) June 26th, anno 1654.
Went to live with Mr. Ralph Delaval, Esquire, at
Seaton Delaval, where he performed family duties and
taught his sons Latin. He stayed with the said Mr.
Delaval from the 16th January, 1654, to May 14th,
anno 1657. He went from Newcastle to London
August 27th, anno 1658; arrived 2d September
following, and preached his first sermon, at St. Helen's

NEW PLYMOUTH. 147

church in London, November 23d, 1658. His text
was Rom. i. 16. He was ordained in April, anno
1659, and being lawfully called to be minister of the
gospel at Wisborough Green in Sussex, he entered
upon the place and went with his wife to live there,
June 9th, 1659. He married Mrs. Johanna Hering,
youngest daughter of Mr. John Hering, in his life-time
pastor of the English church in Amsterdam, February
10th, anno 1658. She died in child-bed the fifth day
after she had brought forth her first-born, which was a
son and died before the mother, December 1 2th, anno
1659. They were both buried in the church of the
abovesaid Wisborough Green."

Here the information ends. We have a slight con-
tinuation of the history of this Zachary Clifton in
Calamy's account of the ejected and silenced minis-
ters ; where we find amongst those of the county of
Sussex " Green : Mr. Zachary Clifton." But neither
in the " Account " nor in the " Continuation " is any-
thing more said of him. We see, however, that he
remained disaffected to the English church, and that
he lost his living by the operation of the Uniformity
Act, August, 1662.

It is a reasonable presumption that he died soon

148 NEW PLYMO UTH.

after without children ; and if so, with him there
would be an end of all the posterity of Richard
Clifton, the first pastor or teacher of the Scrooby
church.

APPENDIX.

151

CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX.

I. Archbishop Sandys' Final Opinion on the Question

of Ceremonies . . . . . .153

II. Extract from the Europse Speculum of Sir Edwin

Sandys 155

III. Extract from Smith's Parallels, Censures, and

Observations . . . . . . .160

IV. Letter from Hugh Bromhead written at Amsterdam 163

V. Extract from Prince's Chronological History of New

England 173

VI. Herbert's Allusion to the Progress of Keligion west-

ward 178

VII. Shaw's view of Separation and the Separatists . 182
VIII. Naval Nomenclature The May Flower . . 186

IX. Deposition respecting an Intended Emigration in

1636 196

X. Entries of the Families of Bradford, Hanson, and

Morton in the parish-register of Austerfield . 198

XI. Entries of the Families of Brewster and Welbeck

in the parish-register of Sutton-upon-Lound . 203

153

APPENDIX.

ARCHBISHOP SANDYS' Final Opinion on the question
of the continuance of the CEREMONIES in the
CHURCH OF ENGLAND, the chief and almost the
only ground of exception in the minds of the
more moderate of the Puritan Ministers.

The following passage is copied from the Preamble
to the Will of the Archbishop, which was made the
year before his death, 1588 :

"Thirdly, because I have lived an old man in the
ministry of Christ, a faithful dispenser of the mysteries of
God, and, to my power, an earnest labourer in the vineyard
of the Lord, I testify before God and his angels, and men
of this world, I rest resolute, and yield up my spirit in that
doctrine, which I have privately studied, and publicly
preached, and which is this day maintained in the Church of
England ; both taking the same to be the whole counsel
of God, the word and bread of eternal life, the fountain of
living water, the power of God unto salvation to all them
that do believe, and beseeching the Lord besides to turn us
unto him that we might be turned, lest if we repent not,
the candlestick be moved out of its place, and the gospel
to a nation that shall bring forth the fruits thereof. And
further protest, in an upright conscience of mine own, and
in the knowledge of His Majesty, before whom I stand,

154 APPENDIX.

that in the preaching of the truth of Christ, I have not
laboured to please men, but studied to serve my Master
who sent me ; not to natter either prince or people, but by
the law, to tell all sorts of their sins ; by the spirit, to rebuke
the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment ; by the
gospel, to testify of that faith which is in Jesus Christ and
him crucified.

" Fourthly, concerning rites and ceremonies by political
constitutions authorised amongst us. As I am and have
been persuaded that such as are set down by public
authority in this Church of England, are no way either
ungodly or unlawful, but may with good conscience, for
order and obedience sake, be used of a good Christian (for
the private baptism to be ministered by women, I take
neither to be prescribed nor permitted) [query prohibited ?] ,
so have I ever been and presently am persuaded, that some
of them be not so expedient for the Church now ; but in
the Church reformed and in all this time of the gospel,
wherein the seed of the scripture hath so long been sown,
they may better be disused by little and little, than more
and more urged. Howbeit [though] , I do easily acknowledge
our Ecclesiastical Polity, in some points, may be bettered ;
so I do utterly mislike, even in my conscience, all such rude
and indigested platforms, as have been more lately and
boldly, than either learnedly or wisely preferred ; tending
not to the reformation but to the destruction of the Church
of England. The particulars of both sorts reserved to the
discretion of the godly, which of the latter I only say
thus : that the state of a small private church, and the
form of a large Christian kingdom, neither would long
like, not at all brook, one and the same Ecclesiastical
government."

EUROPE SPECUL UM. 155

II.

Extract from the EUROPE SPECULUM of Sir Edwin
Sandys.

The Europe Speculum contains the results of ob-
servations made in a tour through most of the States
of Europe undertaken by Sir Edwin Sandys for the
express purpose of observing the state of religion, and
the various forms in which ecclesiastical affairs were
regulated, in different Protestant States. It was
written about 1600, and addressed to Whitgift, the
Archbishop of Canterbury.

It seems not to have been printed till the year
1687, when it came out, having been, as the title-page
informs us, multum diuque desideratum, with the title
Europa Speculum, or, a View or Survey of the State of
Religion in the Western Parts of the World; wherein
the Roman Religion, and the pregnant Policies of the
Church of Rome to support the same are notably dis-
played ; with some other memorable Discoveries and
Commemorations. By Sir Edwin Sandys, Knight.

The following extract forms one of the Chapters,
and is, to a certain extent, a summary conclusion at
which he arrived. It shows him much in advance of
the times in which he lived, and we cannot but per-
ceive a correspondency in some parts of it with the
celebrated Farewell Address of Robinson.

156 APPENDIX.

" What Unity Christendom may hope for."
" This then being so, and that all things considered there
falls out if not such an indifferency and equality, yet at
least- wise such a proportion of strength on both sides, as
bereaveth the other of hope ever by war to subdue them
(seeing as the proverb is, a dead woman will have four to
carry her forth, much less will able men be beaten easily out
of their homes) and since there is no appearance of ever
forcing an unity, unless time which eats all things, should
bring in great alterations ; it remaineth to be considered
what other kind of unity poor Christendom may hope for,
whether Unity of Verity, or Unity of Charity, or Unity of
Persuasion, or Unity of Authority, or Unity of Necessity;
there being so many other kinds and causes of concord.
A kind of men there is whom a man shall meet withal in
all countries, not many in number, but sundry of them,
of singular learning and piety ; whose godly longings to
see Christendom re-united in the love of the author of their
name above all things, and next in brotherly correspondence
and amity as beseem eth those, who, under the chief service
of one Lord in profession of one ground and foundation of
faith, do expect the same final reward of glory, which
proceeding from the Father and Prince of Peace rejecteth
all spirits of contention from attaining it, have entered into
a meditation whether it were not possible, that by the
travail and mediation of some calmer minds, than at this
day do usually write or deal on either side, these flames of
controversies might be extinguished or aslaked, and some
godly or tolerable peace re-established in the Church
again. The earnestness of their virtuous desires to see it
so, hath bred in them an opinion of possibility that it
might be wrought ; considering first, that besides infinite

EUROPE SPECUL UM. 157

other points not controversed, there is an agreement in the
general foundation of religion, in those articles which the
Twelve Apostles delivered unto the Church, perhaps not as
an abridgment only of the faith, but as a touch-stone also
of the faithful for ever; that whilst there was an entire
consent in them, no dissent in other opinions only should
break peace and communion. And secondly, considering
also there are in great multitude on both sides (for so are
they undoubtedly) men virtuous and learned fraught with
the love of God and of his truth above all things, men of
memorable integrity of heart and affections, whose lives are
not dear unto them, much less their labours to be spent
for the good of God's church and people ; by whose joint
endeavours and single and sincere proceedings in common
conference for search of truth, that honourable Unity of
Verity might be established. But if the multitude of
crooked and side respects which are the only clouds that
eclipse the truth, from shining now brightly on the face of
the world, and the only prickles that so enfroward men's
affections as not to consider the best, do cause that this
chief Unity find small acceptation, as is to be feared, at
least- wise that the endless and ill fruits of these contentions
which tend mainly to the increase of Atheism within, of
Mahometanism abroad, which inobstinate the Jew, shake
the faith of the Christian, taint the better minds with
acerbity, and load the worse with poison, which break so out
into their actions which themselves think holiest, namely,
the defence of God's truth, which each side challengeth,
that in thinking they offer up a pleasing sacrifice to God
they give cause of wicked joy unto his and their enemy ;
that these woful effects with very tediousness and weariness
may draw both parts in fine to some tolerable reconciliation

158 APPENDIX.

to some Unity of Charity, at least-wise to some such as
may be least to cither's prejudice. Let the one give over
their worshipping of images, their adoring and offering
supplication to Saints, their offensive ceremonies, their
arbitrary indulgences, their using of a language not under-
stood in their devotions ; all which themselves will confess
not to be necessary, to be orders of the church, and such as
at pleasure she may dispense with ; yea, Pope Clement the
Seventh gave some hope to the French king that he would
not be stiff in things of this quality, and that respect of
time might justify the alteration ; and some of the later
Popes condescend to them of Bavaria the cup in the
sacrament, hoping that would content them, which since
they or their successors have again inhibited ; on the other
side, let the Protestants, such at least-wise as think to
purge out that negative and contradictory humour, of
thinking they are then rightest when they are unlikest the
Papacy ; then nearest to God when farthest from Home ;
let them look with the eye of Charity upon them as well as
of severity, and they shall find in them some excellent
orders for government, some singular helps for an increase
of godliness and devotion, for the conquering of sin, for
the perfecting of virtue, and contrariwise in themselves,
looking with a more single and less indulgent eye than
they do, they shall find that there is no such absolute or
unreprovable perfection in their doctrine and reformation,
as some dreamers in the pleasing view of their own actions
do fancy. Neither ought they to think it strange they
should be amiss in anything, but rather a very miracle if
they were not so in money. For if those ancient fathers
and sages of the Church with greater helps, being nearer
the times of purity, with equal industry, so spending their

EUROPE SPECUL UM. 159

whole lives with less cause of unsincerity having nothing to
seduce them, notwithstanding, were not able in the weakness
and blindness of human nature in this world, to soar up so
high always in the search of truth as to find out her right
seat in the height of the heavens; but sometimes took
error dwelling nearer them, instead thereof; how less
likely that our age more entangled with the world, farther
removed from the usage of those faultless institutions, and
so bitterly exasperated with mutual controversies and
conflicts, should attain to that excellency and perfection of
knowledge ; which it may be God hath removed from man's
reach in this world, to humble and increase his longing
desire towards another world ? And as the present time
doth discover sundry errors in the former, so no doubt will
the future in that which is now present. So that Ignorance
and Error, which seldom go severed, being no other than
unseparable companions of man so long as he continueth
in this terrestrial pilgrimage; it can be no blemish in
them to revise their doctrine, and to abate the rigour of
certain speculative opinions, especially touching the eternal
decrees of God, the quality of man's nature, the use of his
works ; wherein some of their chief authors have run to
such an utter opposition to the Romish doctrine, as to have
exceedingly scandalized all other Churches withal, yea, and
many of their own to rest very ill-satisfied. The seat of
truth is aloft, of virtue in the midst, both places of honour,
but neither truth nor virtue draw to an utter extremity.
And as in some points of doctrine so much more in their
practice ; in order of government and ecclesiastical degrees;
in solemnities and stateliness in the service of God ; in
some exercises of piety, devotion, and humility, especially
in set fastings accompanied with due contrition of heart

160 APPENDIX.

and prayer ; besides, many other ceremonies, they might
easily without any offence of conscience at all, frame to
draw somewhat nearer to their opposites than now they
are, which yielded on both sides a general and indifferent
confession and sum of faith ; an uniform liturgy, or not
repugnant, if diverse; alike, or at least- wise not in-
correspondent form of Church-government, to be made out
of the points which both agreed in ; and to be established
so universally in all Christian dominions, that this all
Christians should necessarily hold, this only their divines
in pulpits should teach, and this their people in churches
should exercise; which doing the unity of communion
should remain inviolated. For all other questions it should
be lawful for each man so to believe as he found cause ;
not condemning other with such peremptoriness as is the
guise of some men of overweening conceits ; and the
handling of all controversies for their final compounding to
be confined to the schools, to councils, and to the learned
languages, which are the proper places to try them, and
fittest tongues to treat them in." pp. 215-220.

III.

Extract from SMITH'S PARALLELS, CENSURES, and
OBSERVATIONS, 1609.

" The 6th likelihood against separation may be framed
thus :

They have not the truth that are judged of the Lord.
The Separation is judged of the Lord.
Ergo, the Separation hath not the truth.
And again,

SMITH'S PARALLELS. 161

They have the truth that are prospered by God in their
course.

The English Protestants are prospered in their course.

Ergo, the English Protestants have the truth.

I answer : that this is false doctrine. For the wise man
saith, Eccles. ix. 1 3, " That prosperity or adversity are
no signs of love or hatred ; and Jerem. xii, 1, 2, that the
wicked are in prosperity; and 1 Pet. iv, 17, judgment
beginneth at God's house." This your reason, therefore, is
most absurd and false, and is fit to breed Atheism and
overthrow the whole teuth of the Scriptures. But let us
see what judgments are upon the Separation : you frame
them thus :

If Mr. Bolton, that apostate, did hang himself; if Mr.
Harrison and Mr. Brown did differ, and one fell back ; if
Mr. Barrow and Mr. Greenwood, for calling you serpents,
generation of vipers, were martyred by the persecuting
prelates ; if Mr. Johnson pronounced excommunication
against . his brother ; and if the church excommunicated
the father ; if Mr. Burnet died of the plague ; if Mr. Smith
was delivered twice from the pursuivant; and was sick almost
to death and doubted of the Separation for nine months'
space then the Separation is not the truth.

But all these things befel Mr. Bolton, Mr. Brown, Mr.
Harrison, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Buruet, Mr. Smith.

Ergo, the Separation is not the truth.

I answer : The churches of England have had thousands
of such accidents as these befalling their officers' and leaders,
and yet as it were folly in us to allege them against you as
the papists do ; so it is no wisdom but weakness of judg-
ment in you to mention them in your book against us.
What, is it good reasoning to say,

162 APPENDIX.

Judas hanged himself ; Christ was crucified for blasphemy;
Demas embraced the world; Nicholas the deacon proved an
heretic ; Paul and Barnabas fell out ; Paul charged Peter
and Barnabas with dissembling ; Peter denied Christ ; all the
Apostles were put to death for heresy. Ergo, the Christian
religion, &c., yet this is your goodly reason : if this be a
good argument, where is your faith ?

But in this likelihood you have a fling at me in parti-
cular: Mr. Bernard charging me with divers untruths,
which I will manifest.

1. That I doubted nine months I acknowledge ; but that
I ever did acknowledge the separation the truth and sepa-
rated from the English assemblies, and then returned again
unto them, which you say, I do utterly deny, and I appeal
to the town of Gainsborough and those there that knew my
footsteps in this matter ; and therefore herein I indict you
as a public slanderer.

2. Whereas you say I became satisfied at Coventry after
conference had with certain ministers, and hereupon kneeled
down and praised God. I answer : I did not confer with
them about the separation, as you and they know well
enough in your consciences ; but about withdrawing from
true churches, ministers, and worship, corrupted : wherein
I received no satisfaction, but rather thought I had given
instruction to them ; and for kneeling down to praise God,
I confess I did, being requested to perform the duty at
night after the conference by the ministers; but that I
praised God for resolution of my doubts, I deny to death,
and you, therein, are also a slanderer. I praised God for
the quiet and peaceable conference and such like matters,
and desired pardon of the Lord for ignorance and errors
and weakness of judgment and any disordered carriage.

BROMHEAD'S LETTER. 163

If the ministers that heard my prayers and praises of God
did misconstrue my meaning, let them look unto it.

3. Whereas you impute an absurdity to me as yet un-
answered, namely, that I should affirm the spit whereon
the passover was roasted was the altar : I say, seeing the
passover was a sacrifice, Mark xiv, 12, and that every
sacrifice hath an altar, either the spit was the altar, or else
it had no altar. Now, tell me which is the likeliest of the
two ? And if this be a reasonable speech, that the wooden
cross was the altar whereon Christ was crucified, why may
not, by as good reason, the spit be the altar of the pass-
over ? The sacrifice was not slain upon the altar, but it
was burnt upon the altar ; for that was not the altar where-
upon the passover was killed, but whereupon it was burnt
or roasted. Mr. Bernard, I do confidently affirm against
you, that the spit was as much the altar to the passover as
the cross was an altar to Christ ; and let me hear what you
in your best logic can say against it." pp. 128, 129.

IV.

LETTER from Amsterdam from HUGH BROMHEAD to
WILLIAM HAMERTON, of London ; written about
1606. From the original in the British Museum,
Harl. MS. 360, fol. 70. It is slightly imperfect.

" Grace with all increase of grace, peace even from the
Father and God of peace, with all true comfort and conso-
lation in Jesus Christ, be with you, beloved cousin, and all
yours, and that for ever.

164 APPENDIX.

Beloved cousin, we received a letter from you, dated the
13th of July, wherein you write that you expect an answer
from us of the said letter. The first part of your letter is,
that leaving our country we removed to Amsterdam, which
removing was, you hope, but to make trial of the country.
Cousin, we give you to understand, that though natura
hominis est novitatis avida, and the people of the world
spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsi, yet God's
children, in whom not sinful nature but God's divine grace
ruleth and beareth sway, make more account of those
precious hours of time than to bestow them so vainly and
unprofitably as the world doth, but redeeming the time
because the days be evil, they put them to better use,
which before were mis-spent and put to evil uses, even to
all sin and wickedness, even to the dishonouring of God
and profanation of His name and religion, and also to the
wasting and destroying of that portion of worldly goods
which their heavenly Father in wisdom and mercy hath
allotted them, by straying and straggling from place to
place to hear and see news and novelties, as the Athenians
gave themselves usually to do. But God's children, I say,
put them to better use, even to seek God's kingdom and
the righteousness thereof, assuring themselves that, so
doing, all other things shall be cast unto them, and to seek
to know God, and Him whom He hath sent, Jesus Christ,
whom to know is life everlasting.

A second part of your letter is, that you would persuade
us to return home into England, which you make no ques-
tion would be much pleasing to God, but we make great
question thereof; yet we hold it without all question the

same should be much and highly displeasing unto

our good God and Father, that hath in his merciful pro-

BROMHEAD'S LETTER. 165

vidence brought us out of Babylon, the mother of all
abominations, the habitation of devils, and the hold of all
foul spirits, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird,
and therewithal hath given us a charge to separate our-
selves and to touch no unclean thing, promising us that, so
doing, He will receive us and will be a father unto us,
and we shall be his sons and daughters, saith the Lord
Almighty. You further add in your said letter that our
return will be comfort to friends ; but those be worldly and
carnal, not true and godly friends which love us in the truth
and for the truth's sake, as all God's children do and ought
to do. The other love our bodies but not our souls, but
the end will prove that they love neither our bodies nor
our souls.

A third part of your letter is, that you ascertain yourself
(but yet we must tell you without all warrant and ground
from the word of the Lord) that conceited fancies and
opinions and sundry errors, together with self-willed minds,
have led us into these bye-paths, not remembering St. Paul's
words, which you might set down, but we the whole verse,
that neither you nor we should be mistaken, Philip-
pians iv, 8. "Furthermore, brethren, whatsoever things
are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things
are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things
pertain to love, whatsoever things are of good report, if
there be any virtue or if there be any praise, think of these
things." These virtues and good things we persuade our-
selves we not only think upon and remember them, but to
the uttermost of that power and grace that God in mercy
hath given us, we labour to put in practice night and day.
In thus hardly censuring us, beloved cousin, and entering
into judgment upon our consciences, you are to call to

166 APPENDIX.

mind the word of the Apostle, which saith, " Speak not
evil one of another, brethren : he that speaketh evil of his
brother, or he that condemneth his brother, speaketh evil
of the law and condemneth the law : if thou condemnest
the law, thou art not an observer of the law but a judge.
There is one Lawgiver which is able to save and to destroy:
who art thou that judgest and condemnest another man's

servant ? he standeth "

Those points of religion, beloved cousin, which you call
fancies, opinions, and errors, we hold them as most certain
and undoubted truths of God, warranted unto our con-
sciences by and from the word of the everlasting Lord, and
say with the apostle, that we are not as many that make
merchandise of the word of God, but as of sincerity, but
as of God, in the sight of God, speak we in Christ Jesus,
for we all behold, as in a mirror, the glory of the Lord
with open face and are changed into the same image from
glory to glory, as by the Spirit of the Lord, and as the said
apostle then further addeth, " if our gospel be hid, it is hid
to them that are lost, in whom the god of this world hath
blinded the minds," that is, of the infidels, "that the
light of the glorious gospel of Christ who is the image of

God, should not shine unto them." To our

cousin Nicholas his speech quoted by you in your letter
(if the same were his speech, whereof I make some question),
for when we were in the country with him, he was as forward
and zealous in these truths of the Lord as we were, which we
then and now do hold and are not ashamed to confess and
profess the same before men and angels, and to hold them
forth unto the whole world, for as our Lord and Master,
Christ, saith, " Whosoever shall be ashamed of me and my
word amongst this adulterous and sinful generation, of him

BROMHEAD'S LETTER. 167

shall the Sou of man be ashamed when he cometh in His
glory, and in the glory of His Father, and of the holy
angels ; and whosoever confesseth me before men, him shall
the Son of man confess before the angels of God, but he
that shall deny me before men, shall be denied before the
angels of God/' If there should be such a metamorphosis
in our cousin Nicholas, we can but be sorry and lament his
fall, wishing him to remember and make good use of the
words of the apostle Paul unto the Galatians, and also the
words of the apostle Peter, in his 2nd epistle, iv chap.,
20th, 21st, and 22d verses ; yet we hope better things of
him, and such as accompany salvation.

Concerning the fourth part of your letter, wherein you
seem to desire to know wherein your church might be re-
formed, although I know not herein where to begin or where
to end, the corruptions thereof be so many and so infinite,
yet in some measure to satisfy your requests, I will give
you a view and taste of them, but, before, I will give you
a brief view of the causes of our separation and of our
purposes in practice.

First, we seek above all things the peace and protection of
the Most High, and the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Secondly, we seek and fully purpose to worship God aright,
according as He hath commanded in His most holy word.

Thirdly, we seek the fellowship of His faithful and obe-
dient servants, and together with them to enter covenant
with the Lord, and by the direction of His Holy Spirit to
proceed to a godly, free, and right choice of minister and
other officers, by Him ordained to the service of His church.

Fourthly, we seek to establish and obey the ordinances
and laws of our Saviour, Christ, left by his last will and
testament to the governing and guiding of His church,

168 APPENDIX.

without altering, changing, innovating, wresting, or leaving
out any of them that the Lord shall give us sight of.

Fifthly, we purpose by the assistance of the Holy Ghost,
in this faith and order to lead our lives, and for this faith
and order to leave our lives, if such be the good- will of our
heavenly Father.

Anfl sixthly, now that our forsaking and utterly aban-
doning these disordered assemblies as they generally stand
in England may not seem strange or offensive to any that
will judge or be judged by the word of God, we allege and
affirm them heinously guilty in these four principal trans-
gressions : 1. They worship the true God after a false
manner, their worship being made of the invention of man,
even of the man of sin, erroneous, and imposed upon them.
2. For that the profane ungodly multitude without
exception of any one person are with them received into,
and retained in the bosom of, the church. 3, For that they
have a false and antichristian ministry imposed upon them,
retained with them, and maintained by them. 4. For that
these churches are ruled by, and remain in subjection unto,
an antichristian and ungodly government, clean contrary to
the institution of our Saviour, Christ.

For the better confirmation of these four, we have thought
good to add certain arguments.

1. No Apocrypha must be brought into the public
assemblies, for there only God's word, and the lively voice
of His own grace, must be heard in the public assemblies :
but men's writings and the reading them over for prayers,
are apocrypha, therefore may not be brought into the public
assemblies.

2. Argument. We must do nothing in the worship of
God without warrant of His word : but read prayers have

BROMHEAD'S LETTER. 1 6 9

no warrant of His word : therefore read are not to be used
in the worship of God.

3. Argument. We may not in the worship of God
receive any tradition which bringeth our liberty into bondage.
Read prayer upon commandment brought into the public
assemblies is a tradition that bringeth our liberty into
bondage. Therefore read prayers, &c.

4. Argument. Because true prayer must be of faith,
uttered with hearty and lively voice, it is presumptuous
ignorance to bring a book to speak for us unto God, &c.

5. Argument. To worship the true God after another
manner than He hath taught, is idolatry : but God com-
mandeth us to come unto Him heavy laden with contrite
hearts, to cry unto Him for our wants, &c. Therefore we
may not stand reading a dead letter instead of pouring
forth our petitions.

6. Argument. We must strive in prayer with continuance,
&c. But we cannot strive in continuance and be impor-
tunate with continuance, reading upon a book. Therefore
we must not read when we should pray.

7. Argument. We must pray as necessity requireth :
but stinted prayers cannot be as necessity requireth :
therefore stinted prayer is unlawful.

8. Argument. Read prayers were devised by antichrist,
and maintain superstition and an idle ministry : therefore
read prayers and such stinted service are intolerable, &c.

9. Argument. The prayers of such ministers and such
people as stand under a false government are not accep-
table, not only because they ask amiss, but because they
keep not his commandments. The prayers of such minis-
ters and people as be subject to antichrist are abominable.
These ministers andpeoplewhich stand subject to the bishops

170 APPENDIX.

and the courts are subject to antichrist, &c. Therefore
the prayers, &c.

Touching the last part of your letter, which concerneth the
differences of these days, the apostle Paul saith he heareth
that there are differences in the church of the Corinthians,
and I believe it in part, saith he, to be true, for there must
be heresies among them, that they which are approved
amongst them may he known, thereby teaching us that it
is no new thing that differences in religion are in the
church, for the end thereof God often turneth to greater
manifestation of His truth, and the furthering of the same
as also to the procuring much glory to His own name and
to the good of His church and children so tried and
approved. We read in the prophecy of the prophet Isaiah
these words, " My beloved had a vineyard in a very fruit-
ful hill, and he hedged it and gathered the stones out of it,
and he planted it with the best plants, and he built a tower
in the midst thereof, and made a winepress therein ; then
he looked that it should bring forth grapes, but it brought
forth wild grapes ;" and in the same prophecy in another
place he called them trees of righteousness, the planting of
the Lord, that He might be glorified. Now make use and
application of these testimonies. If the vineyard and church
of Israel, which was of the Lord's own planting and
constitution, brought forth wild grapes, what marvel though
your Church of England, which is not of the Lord's plant-
ing and constitution, but of antichrist's planting and of the
constitution of the man of sin, bring forth wild grapes ?
You know the words of Christ, " do men gather grapes of
thorns, or figs of thistles ? every good tree bringeth forth
good fruit, and a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit ; a
good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt

BROMHEAD'S LETTER. 171

tree bring forth good fruit; therefore by their fruit ye
shall know them/' saith the Lord. As the said prophet
Isaiah spake of the people of the Jews, so may we speak of
the Church of England, " from the sole of the foot unto
the head there is nothing whole therein, but wounds, and
swellings, and sores full of corruption, the whole head is
sick, and the whole heart is heavy."

And we confidently deny that ever the English nation,
or any one of our predecessors, were of the faith of Christ,
or at any time believed visibly in a true constituted church,
but were come of the race of the pagans, till Rome the
mother came and put upon us her false baptism, worship,
and ministry, and so our case is simply paganish, and the
Holy Ghost in the scriptures compareth us to the worst
kind of pagans, calling persons apostatising from the true
constitution of the Church, Babylonians, Egyptians,
Sodomites, &c. teaching us, the Church of England, that he
esteemeth no otherwise of the church or baptism, than of
the synagogue of Babylon, than of the washing of Egypt,
than of the worship of Sodom. Your Church of England,
therefore, being of antichrist's constitution, is a false Church,
and can there be anything true in a false Church, but only
the scriptures and the truths therein contained ? but your
Church hath a false constitution, a false ministry, a false
worship, a false government, and a false baptism, the door
and entry into the Church ; and so all is false in your
Church. Wherefore, beloved cousin, we wish you in the
Lord, diligently and seriously to consider and weigh your
universal state and standing, that it is most fearful and
lamentable, and now at the last to hearken unto the Lord's
voice that sounded from heaven, saying, " Go out of Babylon,
my people, that ye be not partakers with her in her sins,
and that ye receive not of her plagues."

172 APPENDIX.

Beloved cousin, concerning your request of a book of our
present settled government, there is none extant, though
there be divers books written by our pastors touching the
matters in controversy between the Church of England and
us, and touching the differences between us and the other
churches here.

The order of the worship and government of our Church
is, 1. We begin with a prayer; after, read some one or two
chapters of the Bible, give the sense thereof, and confer
upon the same: that done, we lay aside our books, and
after a solemn prayer made by the first speaker, he
propoundeth some text out of the Scripture, and prophesieth
out of the same by the space of one hour or three quarters
of an hour. After him standeth up a second speaker, and
prophesieth out of the said text, the like time and place,
sometimes more, sometimes less. After him the third, the
fourth, the fifth, &c., as the time will give leave. Then
the first speaker concludeth with prayer as he began with
prayer, with an exhortation to contribution to the poor,
which collection being made, is also concluded with prayer.
This morning exercise begins at eight of the clock and
continueth unto twelve of the clock. The like course and
exercise is observed in the afternoon from two of the clock
unto five or six of the clock. Last of all, the execution of
the government of the Church is handled.

Loving cousin, I have by this bearer sent unto you a
book of the making of Mr. Smith, our pastor : I wish you
diligently to peruse, and seriously with judgment to examine
the same, and if you request any more of this or any other
argument written by him, either for yourself or for your
friends, to signify the same unto us by your letters and we
will (the Lord willing) procure the same so that you find a

PRINCE'S NEW ENGLAND. 173

faithful messenger to whom we may safely commit the
carriage thereof, for we have heretofore sent divers books

into England, and they have perished through the

of the carrier, and came not into the hands of the parties
unto whom they were sent.

Yours in the Lord, at all times to use,

Hugh and Anne Bromhead.

To their loving cousin

William Hamerton, at

London, this oe delivered"

Extract from a CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY of NEW
ENGLAND : by Thomas Prince, M.A., 12mo.
Boston, 1736.

We have here an excellent account of the distinction
of the two Separatist Churches, both originating in
the joining borders of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire,
and Lincolnshire, Smith's at Amsterdam, and Robin-
son's at Ley den : the latter only being entitled to the
distinction of being the founders of the New England
community.

" Some noted writers not with a sufficient accuracy
studied in the Religious History of those times have
through great mistake represented as if this people were a
congregation of Brownists. But even Bay lie himself, that
bitter inveigher, both against the Brownists and Indepen-
dents, owns ' that Mr. Robinson, their pastor, was a man

174 APPENDIX.

of excellent parts, and the most learned, polished, and
modest spirit as ever separated from the Church of Eng-
land; that the apologies he wrote were very handsome : that
by Dr. Ames and Mr. Parker he was brought to a greater
moderation than he at first expressed ; that he ruined the
rigid separation allowing the lawfulness of communicating
with the Church of England in the word and prayer,
though not in the sacraments and discipline ; that he was
a principal overthrower of the Brownists, and became the
Author of Independency/ The like account of Mr. Robin-
son, Hornius also gives us. And how inconsistent is it
then to call him or his people Brownists when he was
known to be a principal overthrower of them.

Agreeably, Hornius, from my Lord Brook, seems to
express himself in this more accurately than other writers,
by dividing those who separated from the Church of Eng-
land into two sorts, viz. : (1) The Rigid Separatists or
Brownists; (2) The Semi-Separatists or Robinsonians, who,
after a while, were called Independents, and still retain the
name. And so distant were the former in their principles
and temper from the latter ; that as the chief seat of the
Brownists was then at Amsterdam ; Governor Winslow, a
principal member of Mr. Robinson's Church, acquaints us
" that the Brownists there would hardly hold communion
with the people at Leyden."

The same gentleman also tells us, " that Mr. Robinson
was always against separation from any of the Churches of
Christ, holding communion with the Reformed Churches,
both in Scotland, France, and the Netherlands ; that his
study was for peace and union so far as might agree with
faith and a good conscience : but for the Government of
the Church of England, as in the Episcopal way, the

PRINCE'S NEW ENGLAND. 175

Liturgy, and stinted prayers, yea, the constitution of the
church as national, and so the corrupt communion of the
unworthy with the worthy receivers of the Lord's Supper :
these things were never approved of him, but witnessed
against to his death and by the church under him : that
the Church of Leyden made no schism or separation from
the Reformed Churches, but as occasion offered held com-
munion with them. For we, says Governor Winslow, ever
placed a large difference between those who ground their
practice on the word of God, though differing from us in
the exposition or understanding of it, and those who hated
such Reformers and reformation and went on in Anti-
Christian opposition to it and persecution of it, as the late
Lord Bishops did. Nevertheless, Mr. Robinson allowed
hearing the Godly Ministers of the Church of England
preach and pray in the public assemblies ; yea, allowed
private communion with them and with all the faithful in
the kingdom and elsewhere upon all occasions." None of
which would the Brownists ever allow.

""Pis true, says Governor Winslow, we profess and
desire to practise a separation from the world and the
works of the world, which are the works of the flesh, such
as the Apostle speaks of, Eph. v. 19 21 ; 1 Cor. vi. 9 11,
and Eph. ii. 11, 12. And as the Churches of Christ are
all Saints by calling ; so we desire to see the Grace of God
shining forth, at least seemingly (leaving secret things to
God) in all we admit into Church fellowship, and to keep
off such as openly wallow in the mire of their sins : that
neither the holy things of God, nor the communion of the
Saints may be thereby leavened or polluted. And if any
joining to us when we lived at Leyden or since we came to
New England have with the manifestation of their faith

176 APPENDIX.

and profession of holiness held forth there with separation
from the Church of England ; I have diverse times in the
one place heard Mr. Robinson, our pastor, and in the other,
Mr. Brewster, our elder, stop them forthwith, showing
them that we required no such thing at their hands, but
only to hold forth faith in Jesus Christ, holiness in the
fear of God, and submission to every divine appointment,
leaving the Church of England to themselves and to the
Lord, to whom we ought to pray to reform what was amiss
among them."

Perhaps Hornius was the only person who gave this
people the title of Robinsonians. But had he been duly
acquainted with the generous principles both of the people,
and their famous pastor, he would have known that nothing
was more disagreeable to them than to be called by the
name of any mere man whatever ; since they renounced
all attachment to any mere human systems or expositions
of the Scripture, and reserved an entire and perpetual
liberty of searching the inspired records and of forming
both their principles and practice from those discoveries
they should make therein without imposing them on others.
This ~ appears in their original Covenant in 1602, as we
observed before. And agreeable to this, Governor Wins-
low tells us, that when the Plymouth people parted from
their renowned Pastor with whom they had always lived in
the most entire affection "he charged us before God and
his blessed Angels to follow him no further than he followed
Christ : And if God should reveal anything to us by any
other instrument of his to be as ready to receive it as ever
we were to receive any truth by his ministry. For he was
very confident the Lord had more truth and light yet to
break forth out of his Holy word. He took occasion also

PRINCE'S NEJF ENGLAND. 177

miserably to bewail the state of the Reformed Churches,
who were come to a period in religion and would go no
further than the instruments of their reformation. As for
example, the Lutherans could not be drawn to go beyond
what Luther saw; for whatever part of God's word He
had further revealed to Calvin, they had rather die than
embrace it ; and so, said he, you see the Calvinists, they
stick where he left them, a misery much to be lamented :
for though they were preoious shining lights in their times,
yet God had not revealed his whole will to them ; and were
they now alive, said he, they would be as ready to embrace
further light as that they had received. Here, also, he put
us in mind of our Church Covenant : whereby we engaged
with God and one another to receive whatever light or
truth should be made known to us from his written word.
But withal exhorted us to take heed what we receive for
truth ; and well to examine, compare, and weigh it with
other Scriptures before we receive it. For, said he, it is
not possible the Christian world should come so lately out
of such Anti- Christian darkness, and that full perfection of
knowledge should break forth at once, &c.," Words almost
astonishing in that age of low and universal bigotry which
then prevailed in the English nation : wherein this truly
great and learned man seems to be almost the only divine
who was capable of rising into a noble freedom of thinking
and practising in religious matters, and even of urging
such an equal liberty on his own people. He labours to
take them off from their attachment to him, that they
might be more entirely free to search and follow the
Scriptures." pp. 8690.

178 APPENDIX.

VI.

The early Allusion, and I may say, Testimony, to the
Religious Spirit and Conduct of the first Settlers
in NORTH AMERICA, borne by GEORGE HER-
BERT, the prince of the Sacred Poets of England.

Everyone is familiar with two lines in the poem of
Herbert entitled, The Church Militant

" Religion stands on tip-toe on our land
Ready to pass to the American strand,"

because they are quoted by good old Izaac Walton,
when he speaks of the Temple, a posthumous work of
Herbert's, published by his friend, Nicholas Farrer.

When the manuscript was presented to the Vice-
Chancellor of the University of Cambridge for his
license to print, he scrupled to allow the sentiment in
these lines to go forth. Mr. Farrer would by no
means allow the objection, and as Walton tells the
story " after some time and some arguments for and
against their being made public, the Vice-Chancellor
said, ' I knew Mr. Herbert well, and know that he
had many heavenly speculations, and was a divine
poet ; but I hope the world will not take him to be
an inspired prophet, and, therefore, I license the whole
book/ so that it came to be printed without the
diminution or addition of a syllable."

At what time the particular poem was written

HERBERTS POEM. 179

which contains the obnoxious couplet is not known,
and the only chronological fact respecting it is, that it
was written in or before 1633, for in that year the
author died. This was only twelve years after the
emigration of the Leyden people, and supposing that
it was written before he became settled on his benefice
in Wiltshire, it would be only nine years after that
emigration, and before the Puritan stream began to
set so strongly as it afterwards did to the shores of
North America. So that it may, without violence, be
understood to have a kind of reference to Robinson's
church, or in other words, to the Scrooby church, and
even to be an independent testimony from a very
distinguished member of the English church at once
to the deeply religious spirit and to the excellent
morality of these Puritan Separatists.

The Journal of Governor Winthrop affords an
excellent comment on this celebrated couplet. In 1634
he says, after having recorded that Mr. Humfrey and
the Lady Susan his wife, a daughter of Thomas, the
third Clinton Earl of Lincoln, had arrived in the
colony, that " godly people in England began now to
apprehend a special hand of God in raising this
plantation, and their hearts were generally stirred to
come over." (Savage s Winthrop, i. 135.) A strange and
awful calamity, however, befel this most unfortunate
family who were allied to the noblest houses in
England, when they were settled in America.

Herbert was not one of those persons who can see

180 APPENDIX.

no good in any form of Christian profession but that
which they themselves adopt. He could see good in
all forms and modes of Christian profession, and
undoubtedly good there is in them all, and hard is it
to say in what form it exerts itself the most success-
fully to produce what is the great end of all forms and
all professions, lives of holiness and virtue.

But these two celebrated lines are not the only part
of the poem which may seem to have relation to the
first Founders of New Plymouth. In the persuasion
that the passage is less known than it ought to be,
I place in this appendix an extended extract. At the
same time it must be owned that there are allusions
in what follows to the Spanish conquests in America :
and the great argument of the whole poem, The Church
Militant, is the westward progression of Christian
Faith.

" But as in vice the copy still exceeds
The pattern, but not so in virtuous deeds ;
So though Sin made his latter seat the better
The latter church is to the first a debtor.
The second Temple could not reach the first :
And the late Reformation never durst
Compare with ancient times and purer years ;
But in the Jews and us deserveth tears.
Nay, it shall every year decrease and fade ;
Till such a darkness do the world invade
At Christ's last coming, as his first did find :
Yet must there such proportions be assigned

HERBERTS POEM. 181

To these diminishings, as is between
The spacious world and Jewry to be seen.
Religion stands on tip-toe in our land
Ready to pass to the American strand.
When height of malice and prodigious lusts,
Impudent sinning, witchcrafts and distrusts
(The marks of future bane) shall fill our cup
Unto the brim, and make our measure up :
When Seine shall swallow Tiber, and the Thames,
By letting in them both, pollutes her streams :
When Italy of us shall have her will
And all her calendar of Sins fulfil ;
Whereby one may foretell, what sins next year
Shall both in France and England domineer :
Then shall religion to America flee :
They have their times of gospel, e'en as we.
My God, thou dost prepare for them a way,
By carrying first their gold from them away :
For gold and grace did never yet agree ;
Religion always sides with poverty.
We think we rob them, but we think amiss :
We are more poor and they more rich by this.
Thou wilt revenge their quarrel, making grace
To pay our debts, and leave our ancient place
To go to them, while that which now their nation
But lends to us, shall be our desolation.
Yet as the Church shall thither westward fly
So Sin shall trace and dog her instantly :
They have their period also and set times
Both for their virtuous actions and their crimes.
And where of old the Empire and the Arts
Ushered the Gospel ever in men's hearts,

182 APPENDIX.

Spain hath done one, when Arts perform the other,
The Church shall come, and Sin the Church shall smother.
That when they have accomplished the round,
And met in the east their first and ancient sound,
Judgment may meet them both, and search them round."

VII.

How the case of SEPARATION appeared to an eminent
PRESBYTERIAN NONCONFORMIST.

This view of the case of Separation and of the
character of the divines who were leaders in it, is copied
from a manuscript of John Shaw, a Puritan minister of
great eminence, but who sought reformation of the
church, as precluding the necessity of separation from
it. Yet he was compelled to withdraw himself by the
operation of the act of Uniformity in 1662. The
manuscript was written in 1664, for the special instruc-
tion and benefit of his only son. When he wrote it
he had returned to Rotherham, where he had been
Vicar, from Hull where he had a benefice, from which
he was removed. See Calamy's Account, &c., p. 823.
He referred his own conversion to a more religious life
to the preaching of Mr. Weld, who afterwards went
to New England. There is a copy of the Life of
Shaw by himself, spoken of by Calamy, amongst the
Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum. He
was born in the year of the Scrooby Emigration.

SHAJTS VIEW. 183

" Those that separate from our Churches, both with a
privative separation (not joining with us in any Ordinances)
or with a positive separation, setting up and gathering dis-
tinct opposite assemblies, these think that they have reason
for it. About the year of Christ, 253, lived one Novatus,
first under Cyprian, after at Rome, who denied any benefit
by repentance to such as had denied Christ, though for
fear and in the heat of persecution, or had fallen into any
gross sin after baptism ; and he drew many after him, men
well conceited of themselves above others, who therefore
were called Cathari (or Puritans, a name very basely given
to the best of men r of late, by way of reproach) : and after
that about the year of Christ, 331, one Donatus drew a great
party after him, though both these are reported to have
made those separations out of discontent'and for by-ends,
as missing some expected preferments, &c., and did separate
from the church upon this pretence that in the church,
wicked were mingled with the godly, who did defile the
godly in the communion of the Sacrament ; and affirmed the
true church to be nowhere, nor any true baptism anywhere,
but only in their church in Africa ; and therefore re-baptised
all (as the Anabaptists now do), that came to join in com-
munion with them : they said that Sacraments were onlyholy
whenthey were administered by holy persons ; and when they
were pressed by the Emperor to reform, they said Quid Im-
peratori cum Ecclesia ? as the Anabaptists and Separatists
say now, when opposed by the civil magistrate, Magistratui
Christiana nihil cum sacris (say they), the civil magistrate
hath nothing to do in matters of religion, as if he was not
Custos utriusque tabulae. Afterward about the year of Christ
371, one Audens, a Syrian, pretending great strictness of
life, and zeal, got a company of followers, who separated

184 APPENDIX.

from the Church, and would not pray with other Christians
(almost like those Isa. Ixv. 5), crying down Bishops for their
riches, &c. (vituperabant Episcopos, Divites ipsos appel-
lantes) ; and gave this reason for their separation, because
(said they) Usurers and other impure livers were suffered in
the bosom of the Church (were there not as bad in the
Jewish Church when Christ joined with it ? and as foul
errors in the churches of Galatia, Gal. i. 6, and iii. 1-4, and
Corinth, I. Cor. ii. 18-22, and xv, 12, &c. ? ). In the days
of Queen Elizabeth these opinions did much start up in
England, as not long before they had done at Minister,
and up and down in Germany, amongst a sort called
Anabaptists (though the errors grew and were multiplied) :
one BOLTON made a great separation upon the fore-mentioned
principles, yet afterwards he recanted at Paul's-Cross, and
in the end hanged himself. After that, one BARROW held
up those opinions, and writ bitterly against others not of
his opinion : whom Queen Elizabeth (though I no way
commend that fact) caused, therefore, to be hanged on
Tower Hill. But especially one ROBERT BROWNE rose up,
and maintained and practised this separation (from whom
his followers are called Brownists). Browne was a gentle-
man of a very ancient family in Queen Elizabeth's days,
but of a very crabbed nature, and no great clerk (as Tully
said of some in his days that they were boni quidem viri,
sed non admodum literati), it was not much learning that
made him mad, Acts xxvi. 24. He was schoolmaster in
Southwark, and after preacher at Islington, near London ;
and about the year 1580 went oversea with his gathered
followers, unto Middleburgh in Zealand; yet there his
Church (having no superior government in church-matters
above themselves to direct and correct them) fell to jar-

SHAWS VIEW. 185

rings, broke in pieces ; many turned Anabaptists : Browne
returned into England, and once recanted his opinions,
took a parsonage in Northamptonshire, at the hand of a
Bishop (though some say he did never preach at it, but
turned to loose life), and died very aged, at Northampton,
in prison ; not at all for his opinion, but as some say, for
his not paying a constable-rate, and striking the constable
that demanded it ; others say, for debt to his curate, who
officiated for him at his parsonage. After this the
JOHNSONS, both father and sous, separated upon the like
grounds; and went with their congregation to Amsterdam;
but there they broke all in pieces, and many turned Ana-
baptists ; and one of the Johnsons excommunicated first his
brother George, and then his father. Then one SMITH (that
writ formerly a comment on the Lord's Prayer), he went
over to Ley (sic) in Holland, with his followers, upon the
former grounds ; yet afterwards renounced his opinion ; but
after that, he again flew so high, that he turned not only
Anabaptist, but Sebaptist, and baptised himself, as not
having any other that he knew of, fully of his opinion ;
and accused the rest for looking on their Bibles in time of
preaching, and on their Psalm-books in time of singing
psalms. AINSWORTH (a learned man and great Rabbin,
who writ learnedly on the Pentateuch, and other books of
Scripture, and a good man, and so probably for the main
were many of the others,) he upon the like grounds sepa-
rated, and went into Ireland with his followers, and after
he returned to Amsterdam in Holland ; and after his death,
his church long remained in Amsterdam without officers, till
JOHN CANNE (of late a preacher to the garrison of soldiers
in Hull, under Colonel Overton) took upon him to be their
pastor, whom in time they also excommunicated. Learned

186 APPENDIX.

and pious Mr. ROBINSON also separated, and went (as the
others) beyond sea; but being mightily convinced by
learned Dr. Ames, and Mr. Parker (two great noncon-
formists but no Separatists, who desired Reformation not
Separation ; or who separated from the corruption in, not
communion with, the true church, as Mr. Dod, Mr.
Hildersham, and others also did) ; this Robinson so far
thereby came back, that he approved of communion with
the Church of England, in the hearing of the word and
.prayer, (though not in sacraments and discipline) and so
occasioned the rise of such as are called Semists, that is
Semiseparatists, or Independants, (many of whom are pious
good men :) And all these thought that their tenents were
very rational : So Bernard Rotman the first Anabaptist,
and Islebius Agricola, the first Antinomian, both in Ger-
many, once recanted their errors in a public auditory, and
printed their recantation ; yet they both relapsed after into
their former errors, (when Luther was dead and out of
their way) and died in them and thought them very reason-
able : But, alas ! pride, selfendedness, and cursed lusts,
blind and bias men's reason, John Shaw's Advice to his
Son, 1664. MS. pp. 450-4.

VIII.
THE MAY-FLOWER.

It cannot be denied that there is something which
strikes pleasingly on the ear in the name of the
vessel which carried over Brewster and Bradford, and
the first settlers, and this may justify the frequent
reference which is made to it by those who speak on

NAVAL NOMENCLATURE.

187

public occasions of the early history of New Plymouth.
Nor is the subject of Naval Nomenclature, in general,
one which is quite undeserving attention. The
following lists taken from original documents may
serve as the beginning of a more complete treatise on
the subject. .

The Thirteenth Century.
The prevalent names are
The Holy Cross
Beneyt
Margery
St. Nicholas

(which for ever

occurs)
Woderowe
Blie (Blythe)
Godyer
Luk (Luck)
Garland
Goldfinch
All Saints
Chaumpnise
Waynpayii
Notre Dame
Saint Mary
Defender

The Fourteenth Century.

The Pater-Noster The Portjoie The Swallow

Gladchere Arundel Gebisore

Edmund Edward Lightfoot

The Eose The

Alissot

James

St. Salvator

Maudelaine
Mariot

Sunday
Precheour

rer Joye
Trinity
Suneval

Spicing- horn
Prisonere
Sandwich

Plenty
Welyfare
of frequent oc-
currence)
Godale

Chance
Julian
Messenger
Gregory
Clement

Johannet

Stilt

Legere
Christesmesse
Stede

Chivaler
Pynot
Iceland.

St. Andrew

Cristine

188

APPENDIX.

The Meriton

The Halygast

The Palmer

Hare

Friday

Dukeler

Robinet

Mary Knight

Blitheleven

George

Good will

Gother

Dionys

Hownoght

Welbord

Laurence

Goddys Knight

Hardebelle

Malyn

Ave Mary

St. Bernard

Gundale

Gudfriday

Dublere

Isabel

Gudwill

St. Peter

Hopper

Charity

St. Euphania

Gabriel

May-dagh

Merryweder

Gladwin

Wedness-dagh

Drinkwater

Catherine

Grace Dieu

Godebyete

Nowell

Palmdaye

Welygo

Roos

EUen

Flower de Lise

Pasmagot

None

Goddes Frend.

Skenkwyne

Maye

With many of the names of the preceding century.

The lago

Godbered
St. Wabord
Willibord
Anthony
Rudeship
Wilgudan
Curtowtyr
Cum wele-to

House
Kirtewater

The Fifteenth Century,

The Maiheven The Petyjohn

Osterfan Margaret

St. Paul Talbot

Bartilmedowe Stephen

St. Leon Jesus

Rood Mary Croft

Patrick Puryl (Pearl)

Cataline Bury

Martenet Remond

Sampson Raphael

Jobert Crowner

NAVAL NOMENCLATURE.

189

The George Gal- The Dilecte

lant
Graunt Marie

de la Tour
Marie Briton
Craccher
Swan
Valentyne
Felton

The Schapherd
Sparenat
Rose of Lom-

bardy

Blythe Church
Sparewater
Codger
Gaylard
Make-glad.

With'other names of the preceding lists.

The Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary.

The Trinity Sov- The

Jennet Pen-

The Lagwyn

ereign

wyne

Maria Dolo-

Gabriel-royal

Great Eliza-

rata

Peter Pom-

beth

Gabriel Ryal

granat

Sweepstake

Pott

John Baptist

Dragon

Flying Hart

Mary James

Mawdelyn

Wolf

Catherine

Lion

Godgave

Fortelezza

Baptist

Salvation

Gt. Nicholas

Mary Cra-

Black Peter

Mary Rose

dock

Milliard

Great Barbara

Marlyon

Greu- hound

Mary and

Sabyan

Catch

John

Sunday

Pynke

Christ

Julian

Mary Fortune

Anne Galante

Erasmus

Half Moon

Charity

Conception

Hubert

Mary George

Bastian

Poll

Swallow

Salvator

Althorn

190

APPENDIX.

The Gyrthyr The

Rosewell

The Onyon

Correwe

Flory

Flight

Lokkard

R-ounce

Three Ostrich

Black More

Branch

Feathers

Mary Martyn

Post

Sun

Hogge

Daniel

Cloud in the

Poppingjay

Gripe

Sun

Robbinet

Guy

Double Cross

Luthiany

Lady Pity

Hawthorn

Gylion

Primrose

Barbara Ma-

Battle

Swan

rina

Marlyn

Flower de

Peti Pawncy

God's Grace

Lewys

Lutterel

David

Sancta Crux

Great Harry.

The Reigns of Elizabeth and James /.

The Desire
Gods Gift
Gift

Hopewell
Trial
Jonas
Edward
Matthew
Pilgrim
Ascention
True Love
May Flower
Brave
Blessing
Doll

The Joshua
Grace of

God

Providence
Ellen
Solomon
Spark
Chancewell
New Years

Gift
Luck
Violet
Hope-grace
Hopewell
Expedition

The SpeedweU
Swiftsure
Samaritan
Marygold
Faith
Affection

Signett
John Evan-
gelist
Young Fro

Diamond

Fox

Judy

Carnation

White Rose

NAVAL

NOMENCLATURE.

191

The Phoenix The

Smith The

Strange

Bess

Ollavant

Minikin

Delight

Berzebee

Little Angel

Saker

Talbot

White Horse

Dawson's

Salamander

Blind Mac-

Dainty

Adoniah

karell.

Scapewell

Flying Harry

Chancewell

Cherubin

Vantage

Red World

Flying Hart

Wat

Three Acorns

Repentance

Saint Ursula

Whale-fish

Apollo

Judith

Blue Jack

Toby

Eastridge

Tumbler

Grace

Lettice

Lowrinson

Charity

Little John

Agrippa

New Year

Paunces

Ospray

Angle

Monky

Seamawe

Pleasure

Hercules

Black Cat

Minion

Sea Flower

Black Lamb

Gennett

Pho3be

Exchange

Dreadnot

Diamond

Transport

White Bear

Pasport

Angillivor

Emmanuel

What-you-

Pascoe

Seraphim

will

Command

Golden Rial

Flowers of

Vynet

Help God

Comfort

Ark

Pasch

Ruben

Alexander

Centurion

Vineyard

Green Dra-

Godfather

Day Star

gon

Goodwill

Lowry

Seahorse

God-save-her

Gray

Incomade

Partridge

Erne

Tiger

Time

Golden Gray

Morning Star

192

APPENDIX.

The Water Rat

The Neptune

The Leander

Sweet

Orange-tree

Post Horse

Maiden

Golden An-

4 Plough

Bruse

chor

Peregrine

Hugonet

Gelly Flower

Gilliflower

Confidence

Saint Honor

Old Comfort

Dainty

Plain Swan

Black Fly

Halfpenny

^Eneas

Lang Friday

Patience

Alethea

Venturer

Concord

Mussell

Sea Rider

Well-met

Damaris

Dudley

Leveret

Gideon

Wild Man

Jarble

Valentine

Thornback

Spark

Handmaid

Haddock

Medusa

Vapor

Sturgeon

Diana

Rejoice

Armitage

Consent

Lucky

Moonlight

Revenge

Yellow Plank

Report

Hunter

Long Neck

Sea knight

Bat

Goodwill

Frollick

Little Edom

Hogaster

Flax Flower

Restitution

Toll-dish

Sapphire

Contrition

Pint-pot

Bell

Beer-pot

Trudgeover

Damsel

Shelfish

Wren

Handmaid

Arcania

Chimney

Cleeve

Pliant

Aurole.

Wagon

Sea-venture

The name of May-Flower classes with Sea-Flower,
Gilliflower, Flax-Flower, the Rose, the Carnation, and
other names of flowers from which selections began to

NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 193

be made early, but very sparingly till we arrive at the
sixteenth century, when vessels bearing names of this
class become very numerous.

I have not observed the name of May -Flower before
the year 153, when we find a vessel so named con-
tributing to an assessment on ships of three-pence a
ton, for the repair of the Harbour of Dover.

But the name very soon became exceedingly popular
among those to whom belonged the giving of the names
to vessels in the merchant service. Before the close
of that century we have a May -Mower of Hastings,
a May -Flower of Rie, a May-Flower of Newcastle ; a
May-Flower of Lynn, and a May-Flower of Yarmouth,
both in 1589. Also a May-Flower of Hull, 1599;
a May-Flower of London of eighty tons burthen,
1587, and 1594, of which Richard Ireland was the
master, and another May-Flower of the same port, of
ninety tons burthen, of which Robert White was the
master in 1594, and a third May -Flower of London,
unless it is the same vessel with one of the two just
spoken of, only with a different master, William
Morecock. In 1587 there was a May -Flower of
Dover, of which John Tooke was the master. In 1593
there was a May-Flower of Yarmouth of 120 tons, of
which William Musgrave was the master.

In 1608 there was a May-Flower of Dartmouth, of
which Nicholas Waterdonne was the master ; and in
1609 a May-Flower of Middleburgh entered an
English port.

1 94 APPENDIX.

Later in the century we find a May-Mower of
Ipswich, and another of Newcastle, in 1618 ; a May-
Flower of York, 1621 ; a May-Flower of Scarborough,
1680, Robert Hadock the master ; a May -Flower of
Sandwich in the same year, John Oliver the master ; a
May -Flower of Dover, 1633, Walter Finnis, master,
in which two sons of the Earl of Berkshire crossed to
Calais.

Which of these was the vessel which carried over
the precious freight cannot perhaps be told ; but we
learn from Mr. Sherley's Letter to Governor Bradford
(Prince, p. 187) that the same vessel was employed in
1629 in passing between the two countries a company
of the church at Leyden, who had joined in the first
emigration intending to pass in it to America ; and
in the same author we find that the vessel arrived in
the harbour of Charles-town on July 1, 1630.

There was a May -Flower which, in 1648, gained an
unenviable notoriety. But this was not the May-
Flower which had carried over the first settlers, it
being a vessel of 350 tons, while the genuine May-
Flower was of only 180 tons. In respect of this
later May-Flower, which did not deserve so gentle
and pleasing a name, George Dethick, of Poplar, gen-
tleman, deposed, in a suit brought by the proprietors
against the captain, that he well knew the ships, the
May-Flower, the Peter, and the Benjamin, of which
Samuel Vassall, Richard Grandley, and Company, were
the true and lawful owners, and that they fitted them

NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 195

out on a trading voyage to Guinea, and thence to
certain places in the West Indies, and so to return to
London. William Jacket was captain and com-
mander, and Dethick himself sailed in the May-
Flower as one of the master's mates, June 16, 1647.
On the arrival of the ship at Guinea, they trucked
divers goods for negroes elephants' teeth, gold, and
provisions for the negroes. They got 450 negroes
and more, with which he sailed in the May-Flower to
Barbadoes, arriving there at the beginning of March,
1648, Mr. Dethick being then purser. After staying
about twelve days at Barbadoes they proceeded to
Cuminagota, which is under the dominion of the
King of Spain, where they arrived about the 26th of
March. Then follows a long story of mismanagement
on the part of Captain Jacket, to the serious injury of
Vassall and his partners j also of cruelty to the boat-
swain committed by him on board the May- Flower.

In a brief, in a Florentine cause in the Court of
Admiralty (Lansd. MS. 160, art. 12), the subject is
the ship the May-Flower of 300 tons, belonging to
John Elredy and Richard Hall, of London, merchants,
which arrived at Leghorn in 1605, and was there re-
paired by the merchants, at the charge of 3200 ducats.
When it was ready to return to England, it was stayed
by the officers of the Duke of Florence, and compelled
to unlade the merchandise, saving some lignum vitae
left in her for ballast.

196 APPENDIX.

IX.

INTENDING EMIGRANTS in the Ship Prosperous, 1636.

One of the more remarkable circumstances attend-
ing the settlement of New England, is the countenance
given to the undertaking by the family of Clinton,
Earl of Lincoln. Two ladies of this family, Lady
Arbelja, the wife of Isaac Johnson, of Clipstone in
Rutlandshire, and Lady Susanna, wife of John
Humfrey, two of the daughters of Thomas the third
Earl, removed themselves to the new country while in
the prime of life ; the former of them as early as
1630. Another of the daughters married John
Gorges, a son of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who was
much concerned in the New England affairs.

Their uncle Sir Henry Fines, as he was called
rather than Clinton, was a zealous Puritan, as were
his descendants, and also his near relative Sir James
Harington of Ridlington : and this leads me to
think that the company of eighty persons, who in
1636 sailed from Boston in the ship Prosperous,
having been embarked by Harington Fines, the son of
Sir Henry, were Puritan emigrants making their way
for New England.

Their unfortunate fate is related in the following
deposition made on August 2d, in 1637, by Marma-
duke Rayson, of Hull, gentleman.

EMIGRATION. 197

"Whereas Harington Fynes, Esquire, about the begin-
ning of May, 12th Charles I, caused about fourscore men
to be shipped at Boston in Lincolnshire, as passengers,
with intent that they should be landed at Harwich ; for the
landing of whom Sir Henry Fynes, of Kirkstead in Lin-
colnshire, Knight, and Robert Hutton, of Lynn in the
county of Norfolk, by their obligation dated May, in

the 12th year of Charles, became bound to His Majesty
in 600 : Now this deponent declares that he was one of
the said persons so shipped, and for which the said obliga-
tion was entered into : and that the said ship and men
being in their passage from Boston towards Harwich, they
were set upon and taken by French pirates, and were rob-
bed and stripped, both of their apparel and all their other
goods and provision in the said ship, and so were violently
carried away : but it happened that a ship of Dunkirk met
with them, and chased away the French ship, and did carry
the said ship in which this deponent with the residue of
the said passengers then were, towards Dunkirk : but yet
by the said Dunkirker's direction this deponent and the
residue of the said passengers were set on shore upon the
French coast, by means whereof, the said passengers could
not be landed at Harwich according to the condition of the
said obligation."

198 APPENDIX.

ENTRIES of BRADFORDS, HANSONS, and MORTONS, in
the PARISH REGISTER of AUSTERFIELD, extracted
in 1851 and 1852.

BRADFORDS.
Baptisms.

1561, Jan. 23, Robert, son of William.

1570, July 10, Elizabeth, daughter of William.

1577, March 9, Margaret, daughter of Thomas.

1585, March 8, Margaret, daughter of William.

1587, Sept. 22, William, son of Robert.

Nov. 30, Alice, daughter of William.

1589, March 19, WILLIAM, SON OF WILLIAM.

1591, May 14, Robert, son of Robert.

1593, Feb. 2, Mary, daughter of Robert.

1597, May 15, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.

1600, June 8, Margaret, daughter of Robert.

1613, August 1, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. Spon-
sors : Lindley Richardson, Elizabeth Richardson,
and Ellen Harrison.

1613, Feb. 3, Richard, son of Robert.

1617, April 16, Judith, daughter of Robert.

1618, Feb. 17, Grace, daughter of Robert.
1621, August 1, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.
1623, Feb. 20, Janne, daughter of Robert.

1626, Feb. 20, Mary, daughter of Robert. Sponsors :
William Thorpe, Modlin Benson, and Jane
Marsland.

1629, Oct. 18, Margaret, daughter of Robert.

1631, July 14, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.

AUSTERPIELD REGISTER. 199

Marriages.
No entries between 1564 and 1577.

1584, Jan. 21, William B. and Alice Hanson.

1586, Jan. 31, Robert B. and Alice Waigestaff [or 1585]
1593, Sept. 23, Robert Briggs and Alice B.
1595, Jan. 25, James Hall and Eliz. B.
1615, ... 11, _ Robert B. and Elizabeth Sothwood, by
license of the Archbishop of York.

Burials.
None before 19th Oct. 1577. Pestilence in 1583.

1585, March 9, Margaret, daughter of William.
1591, July 15, William.

1593, April 30, William, son of Robert.
1595, Jan. 10, William B. the eldest.

March 18, a child of Robert.
1597, May 14, a child of Robert.
1600, July 13, Alice, wife of Robert.
1607, Jan. 30, Alice.
1609, April 23, Robert.
1614, March 6, Jane, wife of Robert.

1625, May 22, Jane, daughter of Robert.
Sept. 20, Mary, daughter of Robert.

1626, August 20, Thomas, son of Robert.
1629, Oct. 20, Margaret, daughter of Robert.
1631, July 6, Eliz., daughter of Robert.

163 . , Dec. 25, Robert.

HANSONS.
Baptisms.

1560, Feb. 1, Isabel, daughter of Christopher.
1562, Dec. 8, Alice, daughter of John.

200 APPENDIX.

1563, Sept. 20, Bryan, son of Christopher.

1564, Nov. 8, George, son of John.

1565, August 2, William, son of George.

1567, Dec. 12, George, son of George.

1568, July 13, Margaret, daughter of Thomas.

1569, August 24, Robert, son of John.

1571, April 11, Catherine, daughter of John.

1572, July 26, John, son of John.
1574, Oct. 17, George, son of Thomas.
1577, Nov. 24, Eliz., daughter of Thomas.

1579, Sept. 17, William, son of George.

1580, May 8, Richard, son of Agnes, a bastard.

1584, Sept. 17, William, son of Robert.

1585, March 8, Mary, daughter of William.
1587, August 6, Eliz., daughter of Robert.

1589, Oct. 14, Jane, daughter of George.

1590, Jan. 6, Elizabeth, daughter of George.

1592, April 4, John, son of George.

1593, April 1, Mary, daughter of George.
1599, Jan. 1 5, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.
1602, Jan. 1, William, son of Robert.
1605, Oct. 20, Thomas, son of Robert.
1605, Jan. 31, Thomas, son of George.

1607, June 21, George, son of George.

1608, Oct. 23, Jane, daughter of George.
1608, Feb. 11, Jane, daughter of Robert.
1610, Jan. 30, John, son of George.
1612, Jan. 10, Christopher, son of George.
1614, Dec. 9, Robert, son of George.
1616, March 14, Thomas, son of George.
1619, Sept. 5, George, son of George.

1619, March 19, William, son of George the younger.

AUSTERFIELD REGISTER. 201

Marriages.

1560, July 23, John H. and Mary Gressam.
1562, July 7, Thomas H. and Mary Throppe.
1578, June 29, George H. and Margaret Vescie.

1583, Jan. 19, Robert Hame and Agnes H.

1584, June 21, William Bradford and Alice H.

1594, Feb. 10, Thomas Lawe and Joan H.
1596, Oct. 24, Robert H. and Ann Hyde.
1610, June 4, George H. and Ann Caskeen.

Oct. 10, Robert Vescie and Ann H.
16 Charles Morton and Elizabeth H.

Nov. 10, William Palmer and Joan H.
1617, Feb. 9, Robert Tee and Ann H., by license of
the Archbishop.

Burials.

1580, Oct. 14, Agnes, wife of Thomas.

Feb. 14, Agnes, daughter of Thomas.
1583, May 20, William, son of George.

July 13, George, son of George.

July 21, George, son of Thomas.

July 22, Thomas, son of Thomas.

July 23, George.

July 24, Elizabeth his wife. 1
1589, Jan. 20, Robert.

1591, August 31, Elizabeth.

1592, Feb. 7, George H. alias Cooke.

1595, April 20, a child of George.

1 This was in the time of the pestilence with which these parts
of Yorkshire were so sorely visited. Above 700 persons died at
Doncaster, of whom 141 died in this sad month of July.

202 APPENDIX.

1601, Feb. 25, a child of George.
Feb. 27, John.

1603, July 31, Mary, widow.
1605, Feb. 5, George.

1607, March 3, Thomas, son of widow H.

1609, Jan. 8, Jane H., widow.
Jan. 8, Thomas.

Jan. 29, Margaret, wife of George.

1610, Sept. 7, Elizabeth, daughter of Ann H.

1613, July 19, John, son of George.

1614, May 7, John.

1616, Oct. 20, George.

1617, Dec. 2, Elizabeth.

March 21, Mary, wife of William.

1618, March 12, Thomas, son of George.

MORTON.

Baptisms.

1559, Sept. 10, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas.
1571, Jan. 1, Brian, son of Thomas.
1574, April 11, Alice, daughter of Thomas.
1589, March 1, Thomas, son of Thomas.
1591, Oct. 3, Jane, daughter of Thomas.
1593, Oct. 29, Robert, son of Thomas.
1595, Oct. 10, James, son of Thomas.
1597, Feb. 12, George, son of Thomas.
1601, Nov. 14, Robert, son of Thomas.

1604, April 29, Margaret, daughter of Thomas.
1607, Sept. 6, William, son of Robert.

Oct. 28, Francis, son of Thomas.
1609, March 14, Anthony, son of Robert.

1611, June 14, Mary, daughter of Robert.

BUTTON REGISTER. 203

1612, August 30, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.

1615, Feb. 2, Thomas, son of Robert.

1618, March 19, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert.

Marriages.

1578, April 13, Robert Button and Jennet M.
1580, Nov. 27, Richard Thropp and Agnes M.
1588, Nov. 18, Thomas M. and Joan Benson.
1591, Oct. 6, Thomas M. and Mary Oldfield.

1616, .... Charles M. and Elizabeth Hanson.

Burials.

1591, June 21, Jenet, wife of Thomas M.

1592, Jan. 25, Catherine M.

1593, Nov. 28, a child of Thomas M.
1596, Feb. 20, James, son of Thomas.
1607, Jan. 8, William, son of Robert.
1609, Jan. 19, Anthony, son of Robert.
1611, June 16, Mary, daughter of Robert.

1613, Sept. 8, Mary, daughter of Thomas.

1614, August 17, Thomas.

XI.

ENTRIES in the PARISH REGISTER of SUTTON-UPON-
LOUND of BREWSTERS and WELBECKS.

1557, Sept. 8, married, John Rollesley and Barbara

Welbeck, gentlewoman.
1599, Feb. 24, baptised, Grace, daughter of James and

Mary Brewster.

204 APPENDIX.

1600, May 22, married, Alexander Stow and Ann

Welbeck, gentlewoman.

1601, April 15, baptised, Welbeck, son of Alexander

Stow.

August 19, buried, William "Welbeck, gentleman.
1603, April 14, baptised, Anne, daughter of Alexander

Stow.

Nov. 30, baptised, Elizabeth, daughter of James
and Mary Brewster.

1605, December 4, baptised, Thomas, son of Alexander

and Anne Stow.

1606, September 23, baptised, Susanna, daughter of

James and Mary Brewster.

1608, November 14, baptised, Elizabeth, daughter of

Alexander and Ann Stow.

1609, November 5, baptised, Judith, daughter of James

and Mary Brewster.

1611, May ]9, baptised, Mary, daughter of Alexander

and Ann Stow buried the 21st.

July 9, married, John Armitage and Ann Brewster.

1613, January 14, buried, "James Brewster, vicar there/'

1615, May 18, baptised, Mary, daughter of Alexander

Stow, gentleman.

1617, July 21, baptised, Alexander, son of Alexander
Stow, gentleman.

1619, August 1, buried, Alexander, son of Alexander

Stow, gentleman.

1620, October 22, married, William Glaive and Grace

Brewster.
1625, November 22, baptised, Mary Brewster, daughter

of Mary Brewster, spurious.
December 5, buried, Mary Brewster.

SUTTON REGISTER. 205

1630, May 18, baptised, Anne, daughter of Mr. Welbeck

Stow.
1633, November 5, married, Ed. Oldfield and Judith

Brewster.
1637, April 7, buried, Mrs. Mary Brewster, widow.

June 25, baptised, Ann, daughter of Edward

Oldfield and Judith his wife.

1637, December 21, buried, Susanna Brewster.
March 23, buried, Mary Brewster.

1638, October 14, baptised, John, son of Thomas Stow,

gentleman, and Rebecca his wife.

LONDON : E. TUCKER, PERSY'S PLACE, OXFOBD STBEEf.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

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LIFE, POETRY, AND LETTERS of EBENEZER ELLIOTT,
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post 8vo, clothj (an interesting volume). 3s. (Original price 7*. 6d.)

OCOTT. Extracts from the Letter-Book of WILLIAM SCOTT, Father of the Lords
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A LCUIN OF BRITAIN -- The Life of Alcuin, the Learned Anglo-Saxon, and
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TY^ESLEY. Narrative of a Remarkable Transaction in the Early Life of John

Wesley, now first printed from a MS. hi the British Museum. 8vo, sewed. 2s.
A very curious love affair between J. W. and his housekeeper; it gives a curious insight into the earlv economv
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CONNECTION OF WALES with the Early Science of England,
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pOLLECTION OF LETTERS on Scientific Subjects, illustrative of the
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Comprising letters of Digges, Dee, Tycho Brahe, Sir Samuel Morland, from a MS. in Lambeth Palace
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ST. DUNSTAN. The Life and Miracles of St. Dunstan. By W. ROBINSON,
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well known picture. 8vo, sewed. Is. 6d.

LOVE LETTERS OF MRS. PIOZZI, (formerly Mrs. Thrale, the friend of
Dr. Johnson^) written when she was Eighty, to the handsome actor, William
Augustus Conway, aged Twenty-seven. 8vo, sewed. 2s.

written at three, four, and five o'clock (in the celebrity considerably enhances their interest. The

morning) by an Octogenary pen, a heart (as Mrs. Lee letters themselves it is not easy to characterise ; nor

says) twenty-six years old, and as H. L. P. feels it to shall we venture to decide whether they more bespeak

be, all your own. Letter V, 3d Feb. 1820. the drivelling of dotage, or the folly of love ; in either

" This is one of the most extraordinary collections case they present human nature to us under a new

of love epistles we have ever chanced to meet with, aspect, and furnish one of those riddles which uo-

and the well known literary reputation of the lady thing yet dreamt of in our philosophy can salislUc-

the Mrs. Thrale, of Dr. Johnson and Miss Burney torily solve." Polytechnic Renew.

anlr

pOMPENDIOUS ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH DIC-

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. IAEGE PAPEB. Royal 8vo. (to match the next article), cloth, 1.

"This is not a mere abridgment of the large Die- price, all that is most practical and valuable in th,
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compendious one will be found, at a very moderate words ana matter." Author's Preface.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH, Germanic, and Scandinavian
^-^ Languages and Nations, with Chronological Specimens of their Languages. By
J. BOSWOETH, D.D. Royal 8vo, Ids. 1.

A new and enlarged edition of what was formerly the Preface to the First Edition of the Anglo-Saxon Dic-
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ANGLO-SAXON DELECTUS ; serving as a first Class-Book to the Lan-
guage. By the Rev. W. BABNES, B.D., of St. John's Coll. Camb. 12mo, cloth,
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" To those who wish to possess a critical knowledge stated, and illustrated by references to Greek, the Latin,
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Anglo - Saxon is indispensable ; and we have never pervades every part. The Delectus consists of short
seen an introduction better calculated than the pre- pieces on various subjects, with extracts from Anglo-
sent to supply the wants of a beginner in a short space Saxon History and the Saxon Chronicle. There is a
of time. The declensions and conjugations are well good Glossary at the end." Athenteum, Oct. 20, 1849.

p UIDE TO THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE : on the Basis of Pro-

^-* fessor Rask's Grammar ; to which are added, Reading Lessons in Verse and Prose,
with Notes for the use of Learners. By E. J. VEENON, B.A., Oxon. 12mo, cloth, 5s. 6d.

" The author of this Guide seems to have made one care and skill ; and the latter half of the volume con-
step in the right direction, by compiling what may be sists of a well-chosen selection of extracts from Anglo-
pronounced the best work on the subject hitherto Saxon writers, in prose and verse, for the practice of
published in England." Athetueum. the student, who will find great assistance in reading

" Mr. Vernon has, we think, acted wisely in taking them from the grammatical notes with which they are

Bask for his Model ; but let no one suppose from the accompanied,and from the glossary which follows them,

title that the book is merely a compilation from the This volume, well studied, will enable any one to read

work of that philologist. The accidence is abridged with ease the generality of Anglo-Saxon writers ; and

from llask, with constant revision, correction, and its cheapness places it within the reach of every

modification; but the syntax, a most important por- class. It has our hearty recommendation." Literary

tiou of ^ book, is original, and is compiled with great Gazette.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA. Selections, in Prose and Verse, from
-^*- Anglo-Saxon Literature, with an Introductory Ethnological Essay, and Notes,
Critical and Explanatory. By Louis F. KLIPSTEIN, of the University of Giessen. 2 thick
vols, post 8vo, cloth. 12s. (original price 18s.)

Containing an immense body of information on a have a thorough knowledge of his own mother-tongue;

language which is now becoming more fully appre- while the language itself, to say nothing of the many

ciated, and which contains fifteen-twentieths of what valuable and interesting works preserved in it, may,

we daily think, and speak, and write. No Englishman, in copiousness of words, strength of expression, and

therefore, altogether ignorant of Anglo-Saxon, can grammatical precision, vie with the modem German.

INTRODUCTION TO ANGLO-SAXON READING; comprising

jElfric'8 Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, with a copious Glossary, &c. By
L. LANGLEY, F.L.S. 12mo, cloth, 2s. Qd.

.ffilfric's Homily is remarkable for beauty of composition, and interesting as setting forth Augustine's mission
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A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE LIFE OF ST. GUTHLAC,

**- Hermit of Croyland. Printed, for the first time, from a MS. in the Cottonian
Library, with a Translation and Notes. By CHABLES WYCLIFKE GOODWIN, M.A., Fellow
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ANGLO-SAXON LEGENDS OF ST. ANDREW AND ST.

**- VERONICA, now first printed, with English translations on the opposite page. By
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ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HEXAMERON OF ST.

BASIL, and the Anglo-Saxon Remains of St. Basil's Admonitio ad Filium
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Notes. By the Rev. H. W. NOEMAN. 8vo, SECOND EDITION, enlarged, sewed. 4s.

ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HOLY GOSPELS.

** Edited from the original MSS. By BENJAMIN THOBPE, F.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth.
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A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE STORY OF APOLLO-

" NIUS OF TYRE ; upon which is founded the Play of Pericles, attributed to
Shakespeare ; from a MS., with a Translation and Glossary. By BENJAMIN THOBPE.
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A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA. A Selection in Prose and Verse, from
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F.S.A. A new edition, with corrections and improvements. Post 8vo, cloth. 8s. (original
price 12s.)

POPULAR TREATISES ON SCIENCE, written during the Middle Ages,
in Anglr -Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and English. Edited by THOS. WEIGHT, M.A,
8vo, cloth, 3s.

HIS. , , -

des Creatures, by Phillippe de Thaun, now frst printed pular Science from the Early English Metrical Lives

with a translation, (extremely valuable to Philologists, of the Saints, (the earliest piece of the kind in the

as being the earliest specimens of Anglo-Norman re- English Language.)

FRAGMENT OF ^ELFRIC^S ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR,

jElfric's Glossary, and a Poem on the Soul and Body of the Xllth Century, dis-
covered among the Archives of Worcester Cathedral. By Sir THOMAS PHILLIPS, Bart.
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OKELTON'S (John, Poet Laureat to Henry VIII) Poetical Works : theBowgeof
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2 vols, 8vo, cloth. 14s. (original price 1. 12s.)

"The power, the strangeness, thevolubility of his Ian- great a scholar as ever lived (Erasmus), 'the light

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ality of his manner, made Skelton one of tie most extra- in his writings in censures on monks and Dominicans ;

ordinary writers of any age or country." Soathey. and, moreover, had the hardihood to reflect, in no very

" Skelton is a curious, able, and remarkable writer, mild terms, on the manners and life of Cardinal

with strong sense, a vein of humour, and some iraa- Wolsey. We cannot help considering Skelton as an

gination ; he had a wonderful command of the English ornament of his own tim% and a benefactor to those

language, and one who was fttyled, in his turn, by as who come after him."

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CEMI-SAXON. The Departing Soul's Address to the Body, a Fragment of a
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100 PRIVATELY PRINTED. 2*.

DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS,
Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Reign of Edward I.
By JAMES ORCHARD HALLIWELL, F.R.S., F.S.A., &c. 2 vols, 8vo, containing upwards
of* 1000 pages, closely printed in double columns, cloth, a new and cheaper edition. 1. Is.
It contains above 50,000 words (embodying all the are not to be found in ordinary Dictionaries and books
known scattered glossaries of the English language), of reference. Most of the principal Archaisms are il-
forming a complete key for the reader of our old" Poets, lustrated by examples selected from early inedited
Dramatists, Theologians, and other authors, whose MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion
works abound with allusions, of which explanations will be found to be original authorities.

ESSAYS ON THE LITERATURE, POPULAR SUPERSTI-
TIONS, and History of England in the Middle Ages. By THOMAS WRIGHT, M. A.,
F.R.S. 2 vols. post 8vo, elegantly printed, cloth. 16s.

Contents. Essay I. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. II. Anglo- Rush, and the Frolicsome Elves. XI. On Dunlop's
Norman Poetry. III. Chansons de Geste, or Historical History of Fiction. XII. On the History and trans-
Romances of the Middle Ages. IV. On Proverbs and mission of Popular Stories. XIII. On the Poetry of
Popular Savings. V. On the Anglo-Latin Poets of History. XIV. Adventures of Hereward the Saxon,
the Twelfth" Century. VI. Abelard and the Scholastic XV. The Story of Eustace the Monk. XVI. The His-
Philosophy. VII. On Dr. Grimm's German Mythology. tory of Fulke Fitzwarine. XVII. On the Popular Cycle

VIII. On the National Fairy Mythology of England. of Robin-Hood Ballads. XVIII. On the Conquest of

IX. On the Populai Superstitions of Modern Greece, Ireland by the Anglo-Normans. XIX. On Old English
and their Connexion with the English. X. On Friar Political Songs. XX. On the Scottish Poet, Dunbar.

EARLY HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY IN ENGLAND.
Illustrated by an English Poem of the XlVth Century, with Notes. By J. O.
HALLIWELL, Post 8vo, SECOND EDITION, with a facsimile of the original MS. in the
British Museum, cloth. 2s. fjd.

" The interest which the curious poem, of which which is not common with such publications. Mr.
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proved by the fact of its having been translated into increased its utility by the addition of a complete and
German, and of its having reached a second edition, correct glossary." Literary Gazette.

'TORRENT OF PORTUGAL; an English Metrical Romance, now first pub-
-*- lished, from an unique MS. of the XVth Century, preserved in the Chetham Library
at Manchester. Edited by J. O. HALLIWELL, &c. Post 8vo, cloth, uniform with Ritson,
Weber, and Ellis' s publications. 5s.

"This is a valuable and interesting addition to our Wing to a modern reader, yet the class to which it
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dispensable companion to the collections of Bitson, it is curious in its details, and possesses philological
Weber, and Ellis." Literary Gazette. importance. To the general reader it presents one

"A literary curiosity, and one both welcome and feature, viz., the reference to Wayland Smith, whom
serviceable to the lover of black-lettered lore. Though Sir W. Scott has invested with so much interest."
the obsoleteness of the style may occasion sad stum- Metropolitan Magazine.

TJ ARROWING OF HELL; a Miracle Play, written in the Reign of Edward
*- -* II, now first published from the Original in the British Museum, with a Modem
Reading, Introduction, and Notes. By JAMES ORCHARD HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S., F.S. A.,
&c. 8vo, sewed. 2s.

This curious piece is supposed to be the earliest glish Poetry ; Sharon Turner's England ; Coffier's
specimen of dramatic composition in the English Ian- History of English Dramatic Poetry, Vol. II, p. 213.
guage; ride Hallam's Literature of Europe, Vol. I; Ml these writers refer to the Manuscript.
Strutt's Manners and Customs, Vol. II ; Warton's En-

"MUG^E POETIC A; Select Pieces of Old English Popular Poetry, illustrating the
-L ' Manners and Arts of the XVth Century. Edited by J. O. HALLIWELL. Post 8vo,
only 100 copies printed, cloth. 5*.

Contents: Colyn Blowbol's Testament; the De- Lobe, Henry Vlllth's Fool; Romance of Robert of
bate of the Carpenter's Tools ; the Merchant and Sicily ; and five other curious pieces of the same
his Son; the Maid and the Magpie ; Elegy on kind

A NECDOTA LITERARIA : a Collection of Short Poems in English, Latin,
and French, illustrative of the Literature and History of England in the Xlllth
Century ; and more especially of the Condition and Manners of the different Classes of
Society. By T. WRIGHT, M.A., F.S.A., &c. 8vo, cloth, only 250 printed. 7*. 6d.

POPULAR ERRORS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, particularly in

Pronunciation, familiarly pointed out. By GEORGE JACKSON. 12mo, THIRD
EDITION, with a coloured frontispiec-e of the " Sedes Busbeiana." 6d.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

P ARLY MYSTERIES, and other Latin Poems of theXIIth and XHIth centuries.
*-* Edited, from original MSS. in the British Museum, and the Libraries of Oxford,
Cambridge, Paris, and Vienna, by THOS. WEIGHT, M.A., F.S.A. 8vo, bds. 4s. 6d.

" Besides the curious specimens of the dramatic on the people of Norfolk, written by a Monk of Peter-
style of Middle-Age Latinity, Mr. Wright has given borough, and answered in the same style by John of
two compositions in the Narrative Elegiac Verse (a St. Omer ; and, lastly, some sprightly and often grace-
favourite measure at that period), in the Comoedia ful songs from a MS. in the Arundel Collection, which
Babionis and the Geta of Vitalis Blesensis, which form afford a very favourable idea of the lyric poetry of
a link of connection between the Classical and Middle- our clerical forefathers." Gentleman'} Magazine.
age Literature: some remarkable Satyrical Rhymes

T> ARA MATHEMATICA ; or a Collection of Treatises on the Mathematics and
*-*' Subjects connected with them, from ancient inedited MSS. By J. O. HALLIWELL.
8vo, SECOND EDITION, cloth. 3s.

Contents : Johannis de Sacro-Bosco Tractatns de Duration of Moonlight, from a MS. of the Thirteenth

Arte Numerandi; Method used in England in the Century; on the Mensuration of Heights and Dis-

Fifteenth Century for taking the Altitude of a Steeple; tances ; Alexandri de Villa Dei Carmen de Algorismo ;

Treatise on the Numeration of Algorism ; Treatise on Preface to a Calendar or Almanack for 1430 ; J oharmis

Glasses for Optical Purposes, by W. Bourne; Johannis Norfolk in Artem progressionis summula; Notes on

Robyns de Cometis Commentaria; Two Tables showing Early Almanacks, by the Editor, &c. &c.
the time of High Water at London Bridge, and the

PHILOLOGICAL PROOFS of the Original Unity and Kecent Origui of the
Human Race, derived from a Comparison of the Languages of Europe, Asia, Africa,

and America. By A. J. JOHNES. 8vo, cloth. 6s. {original price 12s. Gd.)

Printed at the suggestion of Dr. Prichard, to whose works it will be found a useful supplement.
A MERICANISMS. A Dictionary of Americanisms. A Glossary of Words and

** Phrases colloquially used in the UnitedStates. ByJ.R.BABTLETT. Thick. 8vo,cloth. 12s.

pHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, founded upon English, and framed from a
comparison of more than Sixty Languages, being an Introduction to the Science of

Grammar, and a help to Grammars of all Languages, especially English, Latin, and Greek.

By the Rev. W. BABNES, B. D., author of the " Anglo-Saxon Delectus," " Dorset

Dialect," &c. Post 8vo, in the press.

provincial Bialetfcs of nslanlr,

"DIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST of all the Works which have been published
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Post 8vo. 1*.

" Very serviceable to such as prosecute the study of our provincial dialects, or are collecting works on that
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HALLIWELL'S HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PRO-
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p LOSSAEY OF PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL WORDS USED

*^* IN ENGLAND ; by P. GEOSE, F.S.A. ; with which is now incorporated the SUP-
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CORNWALL. Specimens of Cornish Provincial Dialect, collected and arranged by UNCLE

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Friend, also a Selection of Songs and other Pieces connected with Cornwall. Post

8vo. With curious portrait of Dolly Pentreath. Cloth. 4*.
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WILBEAHAM, F.A.S., &c. 12mo, bds. 2s. 6d. (original price 5s.)
DEVONSHIRE. A Devonshire Dialogue in Four Parts, (by Mrs. PALMEE, sister to Sir

Joshua Reynolds,) with Glossary by the Rev. J. PHILLIPPS, of Membury, Devon.

12mo, cloth. 2s. 6d.
DORSET. Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorset Dialect, with a Dissertation and Glossary.

By the Rev. WILLIAM BAENES, B.D. SECOND EDITION, enlarged and corrected,

royal 12mo, cloth. 10s.

A fine poetic feeling is displayed through the various Burns; the "Gentleman's Magazine" for December,
pieces in this volume ; according to some critics no- 1844, gave a review of the First Edition some pages
thing has appeared equal to it since the time of in length.

Vnlitable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

DURHAM. A Glossary of Words used in Teesdale, in the County of Durham. Post
8vo, with a Map of the District, cloth. 6s.

" Contains about two thousand words ... It is be- guage and literature . . . the author has evidently

lieved the first and only collection of words and brought to bear an extensive personal acquaint-

Ehrases peculiar to this district, and we hail it there- ance with the common language." Darlington

>re as a valuable contribution to the history of Ian- Times.

ESSEX. John Noakes and Mary Styles : a Poem ; exhibiting some of the most striking
lingual localisms peculiar to Essex ; with a Glossary. By CHABLES CLABK, Esq., of
Great Totham Hall, Essex. Post 8vo, cloth. 2s.

" The poem possesses considerable humour. Tail's " Exhibit* the dialect of Essex perfectly." Eclectic

Magazine. Review.

" A very pleasant trifle " Literary Gazette. " Full of quaint wit and humour." Gent's Mag.,

"A very clever production." Essex Lit. Journal. May, 1841.

" Full of rich humour." Essex Mercury. _ " A very clever and amusing piece of local descrip-

" Very drolL" Metropolitan. tion." Archaologist

KENT. Dick and Sal, or Jack and Joan's Fair : a Doggrel Poem, in the Kentish Dialect.
Third Edition. 12mo. 6d.

LANCASHIRE. Dialect of South Lancashire, or Tim Bobbin's Tummus and Meary ;
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Phrases, chiefly used by the rural population of the manufacturing Districts of South
Lancashire. By SAMUEL BAMFOBD. 12mo, cloth. 3s. 6d.

LEICESTERSHIRE Words, Phrases, and Proverbs. By A. B. EVANS, D.D., Head
Master of Market- Bosworth Grammar School. 12mo, cloth. 5*.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. The Dialect andFolk-Lore of Northamptonshire : a Glossary
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stitions, Ancient Customs, Proverbs, &c. By THOMAS STEBNBEBG. 12mo,
cloth. 5s.

SUSSEX. A Glossary of the Provincialisms of the County of Sussex. By W. DUBBANT
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SUSSEX. Jan Cladpole's Trip to 'Merricur in Search for Dollar Trees, and ho\f he got
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WESTMORELAND AND CUMBERLAND. Dialogues, Poems, Songs, and Ballads,
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lected ; to which is added, a copious Glossary of Words peculiar to those Counties.
Post 8vo, pp. 408, cloth. 9s.

This collection comprises, in the Westmoreland Dia- the Cumbrian Bard (including some now first printed) ;

led, Mrs. Ann Wheeler's Four Familiar Dialogues, VII. Songs by Miss Blamire and Miss Gilpm ; VIII.

with Poems, &c.; and in the Cumberland Kalect, 1. Songs by John Rayson ; IX. An Extensive Glossary of

Poems and Pastorals by the Rev. Josiah Kalph ; II. Westmoreland and Cumberland Words.
Pastorals, &c., by Ewan Clark; III. Letters from

Dublin, by a young Borrowdale Shepherd, by Isaac All the poetical quotations in " Mr. and Mrs. Sand-

Ritson ; IV. Poems by John Stag ; V. Poems by Mark boy's Visit to the Great Exhibition," are to be found

Lonsdale ; VI. Ballads and Songsby Robert Anderson, in this volume.

WILTSHIRE. A Glossary of Provincial Words and Phrases in use in Wiltshire, showing
their Derivation in numerous instances from the Language of the Anglo-Saxons. By
JOHN YONGE AKEEMAN, Esq., F.S.A. 12mo, cloth. 3s.

YORKSHIRE. The Yorkshire Dialect, exemplified in various Dialogues, Tales, and
Songs, applicable to the County ; with a Glossary. Post 8vo. 1*.

"A shilling book worth its money; most of the feelings of the rustic mind; and the addresses to

pieces of composition are not only harmless, but good Riches and Poverty have much of the freedom and

and pretty. The eclogue on the death of ' Awd Daisy,' spirit of Burns. " Gentleman's Magazine, May

an outworn horse, is an outpouring of some of the best 1841.

YORKSHIRE. The Halkmshire (district of Sheffield) Glossary. By the Rev. JOSEPH
HUNTEE, author of the History of " Hallamshire," " South Yorkshire," &c. Post
8vo, cloth. 4ss. (original price 8s.)

YORKSHIRE. Bairnsla Foak's Annual, on onny body els as beside fort 'y years 1842
and 1843, be TOM TBEDDLEHOYLE ; to which is added the Barnsley and Village
Record, or the Book of Facts and Fancies, by NED NUT. 12mo, pp. 100. 1*.

YORKSHIRE. Sum Thowts abaght Ben Bunt's Weddin ; Tom Treddlehoyle's Thowts
abaght Nan Bunt's Chresmas Tea Party, &c. Two Pieces, (Barnsley Dialect.)
12mo. 6rf.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

A RCHJEOLOGICAL INDEX to Eemains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-
** British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods, by JOHN YONGE AKEBMAN, Fellow and Secretary
of the Society of Antiquaries. 8vo, illustrated with numerous engravings, comprising
upwards of Jive hundred objects, cloth. 15*.

This work, though intended as an introduction and rows Urns Swords Spears Knives Umbones of

a guide to the study of our early antiquities, will, it is Shields Buckles Fibula Bullse Hair Pins

hoped, also prove of sen-ice as a book of reference to Beads, &c. &c. Sec. &c.

the practised Archaeologist. The contents are as fol- The ITINERARY of ANTONINUS (as far as relates to

lows : Britain). The Geographical Tables of PTOLEMY, the

PART I. CELTIC PERIOD. Tumuli, or Barrows NOTITIA, and the ITINERARY of RICHARD of CIREN-

and Cairns Cromelechs Sepulchral Caves Rocking CZSTER, together with a classified Index of the con-

Stones Stone Circles. &c. &c. Objects discovered in tents of the ARCH^OLOGIA (Vols. i to xxxi) are given

Celtic Sepulchres Urns Beads Weapons Imple- in an Appendix.
ments, &c.

PART II. ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD. Tumuli of "One of the first wants of an incipient Antiquary,

the Romano-British Period Burial places of the Ro- is the facility of comparison, and here it is furnished

mans Pavements Camps Villas Sepulchral him at one glance. The plates, indeed, form the most

Monuments Sepulchral Inscriptions-pDedicatory In- valuable part of the book, both by their number and

scriptions Commemorative Inscriptions Altars the judicious selection of types and examples which

Urns Glass Vessels Fibulse Armillae Coins they contain. It is a book which we can, on this ac-

Coin-mouMs, &c. &c. count, safely and warmly recommend to all who are

PART III. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. Tumuli De- interested in the antiquities of their native land."

tailed List of Objects discovered in Anglo-Saxon Bar- Literary Gazette.

TJEMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in En-
' gland, drawn from the originals. Described and Illustrated by J. Y. AKEBMAN,
F.S.A. 4to, PUBLISHING IN PAETS at 2$. 6d. each.

fllRECTIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF ENGLISH

^M ANTIQUITIES, especially those of the Three First Periods ; or Hints for the In-
experienced. By J. Y. AKEEMAN.

A small tract for distribution, at one shilling per dozen, useful to give to excavators, ploughmen, &c., who are
apt to destroy articles they find if not of precious metal.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL. 8vo, vok. 2, 3, 4,

5, 6. 1. Is. each; and vol. 7 just completed, with an extra quantity of letter-press
and plates. 1. Us. 6d.

3. R. Smith having been appointed Publisher to the Archseological Association, their Publications may be
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T2RITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. A Report of the

-*-* Proceedings of the British Archseological Association, at the Worcester Session,
August, 1848. By A. J. DTJNKIN. Thick 8vo, with engravings, cloth. 1. 1*.

"Y^ERBATIM REPORT of the Proceedings at a Special General Meeting of the
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A succinct history of the division between the Archseological Association and Institute.

A NTIQUARIAN ETCHING CLUB. The Publications of the Anti-
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- for the year 1850, containing 66 plates. 4to, bds. 10s.

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yESTIGES OF THE ANTIQUITIES OF DERBYSHIRE,

and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants, from the most Remote Ages to the
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AN ESSAY ON THE ROMAN VILLAS of the Augustan Age, their
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THE ROMAN WALL : an Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive Account
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formation gathered by previous writers, with a mass may promote its circulation. The author's style ren-

of original and personal observations." Journal of ders it highly readable, the facts he has collected will

the Archaoloyical Institute, Vol viii, p. 105. make it useful for reference, and its portability, and

"The Koman Wall is a very elaborate and pains- the clear arrangement of the subject-matter, should

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"DELIQULE ISURIAN^E : the Eemains of the Koman Isurium, now Aid-
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INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT AND

* MODERN COINS. By J. Y. AKERMAN, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries.
Foolscap 8vo, with numerous Wood Engravings from the original coins, (an excellent
introductory book,) cloth. 6*. Gd.

CONTENTS : SECT. 1. Origin of Coinage. Greek Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland. 12 Anglo

Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Im- Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Middle

penal Coins. 4. Origin of Roman Coinage Consular Ages. 14. Various representatives of Coinage. 15

Coins. 6. Roman Imperial Coius. 6. Roman British Forgeriesin Ancient and Modem Times. 16. Table

Coins. 7- Ancient British Coinage. S.Anglo-Saxon of Prices of English Coins realized at Public Sales
Coinage. 9. English Coinage from the Conquest. 10.

TRADESMEN'S TOKENS struck in London and its Vicinity, from 1648 to
" 1671, described from the originals in the British Museum, &c. By J. Y. AKERMAN
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A NCIENT COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES, Geographically

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John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.
OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN,

Described and Illustrated. By J. Y. AKEBMAN, F.S.A. SECOND EDITION, greatly
enlarged, 8vo, with plates and woodcuts. 10s. 6d.

The " Prix de Numismatique" was awarded by the lished at a very moderate price; it should be consulted,

French Institute to the author for this work. not merely for these particular coins, but also for facts

" Mr. Akerman's volume contains a notice of every most valuable to all who are interested in the Romano-
known variety, with copious illustrations, and is pub- British History." Archaeological Journal.

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coins in various public and private collections, cloth, os.

" Archaeology is under a peculiar obligation to bute of commendation for light thrown upon Holy
Mr. Akerman. To him more than to any other living Writ, through the medium of " the unrighteous Mam-
man, is due the praise of having converted multitudes mon." The New Testament has, it appears, in the
to the love of antiquarian research. To him we all owe compass of the Gospels and Acts, no less th.ui 32
the pleasant debt of an instructive acquaintance, not allusions to the coinage of Greece, Borne, and Judaea;
only with the beautiful money of Ancient Greece and and these beautifully engraved, and learnedly de-
Rome, but with the once barbarous, though not less scribed, give Mr. Akerman an opportunity of serving
interesting, coins of our earliest history. And to him the good cause of truth in the way of his peculiar
now especially, the cause of religion can bring its tri- avocation." Church of England Journal.

TVTUMISMATIC CHRONICLE AND JOURNAL OF THE

*^ NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. Edited by J. Y. AKEBMAN. Published Quarterly
at 3*. 6d. per Number.

This is the only repertory of Numismatic intelli- and countries, by the first Numismatists of the day,
gence ever published in England. both English and Foreign.

It contains papers on coins and medals, of all ages Odd parts to complete sets.

LIST OF TOKENS ISSUED BY WILTSHIRE TRADESMEN,
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T ECTURES ON THE COINAGE OF THE GREEKS AND

-^ BOMANS, Delivered in the University of Oxford. By EDWABD CABDWELL, D.D.,
Principal of St. Alban's Hall, and Professor of Ancient History. 8vo, cloth. 4.
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A very interesting historical volume, and written in a pleasing and popular manner.

A N OLLA PODRIDA, or Scraps Numismatic, Antiquarian, and Literary. By
** RICHABD SAINTHLLL, Esq., of Cork. Eoyal 8vo, many plates and portraits, a
handsome volume, PBIVATELY PRIMED, cloth. 1. 11s. Qd.

Containing Letters on the coinage of 1816; Memoir Ireland; Coins of the Mint of Exeter; Coins of Henry

of Thomas Y\ you, jun.; on the Coronation and Guild- 111; Saxon and Anglo-Norman Coins; attempt to

hall Medals; Russian Medals; Coins found at Bea- locate Coins unappropriated by Ruding; and other

worth ; Short and Long-Cross Pennies of Henry VII ; papers on Coins and Topographical and Genealogical

Dublin Groats; Three Crowns, the ancient Arms of subjects.

OBSERVATIONS ON A UNIQUE CUFIC GOLD COIN of the

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HAND-BOOK OF ENGLISH COINS, from the Conquest to Victoria.
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[ISTORY OF THE COINS OF CUNOBELINE and of the ANCIENT

H 1

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TOURNEY TO BERESFORD HALL, IN DERBYSHIRE,

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Dedicated to the Anglos of Great Britain and the various Walton and Cotton Clubs ; only 100 printed,

(GRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL SKETCH of the Antiquities of Totnes,
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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the County of Hereford. By the
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JJELPS TO HEREFORD HISTORY, Civil and Legendary, in an Ancient
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HISTORY OF PORTSMOUTH, PORTSEA, LANDPORT,

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TVTOTES ON THE CHURCHES in the Counties of KENT, SUSSEX, and
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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF RICHBOROUGH,

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J-J ISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF DARTFORD, in Kent

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A CCOUNT OF THE ROMAN AND OTHER ANTIQUITIES

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H ISTORY OF ROMNEY MARSH, in Kent, from the time of the Romans

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in some very important instances, of inaccuracies that kind." Art- Union.
have led the learned Professor into the construction of

FOLKESTONE FIERY SERPENT, together with the Humours O f the

-* DOVOE MAYOE ; being an Ancient Ballad, full of Mystery and pleasant Conceit,
now first collected and printed from the various MS. copies in possession of the in-
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JJAND-BOOK OF LEICESTER. By JAMES THOMPSON. 12mo, Second
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14 ISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE ISLEOFAXHOLME,

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MEMORIALS OF THE VICARAGE HOUSE AND GARDEN
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-PRESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS OF L1VEDEN,

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This Collection comprises no less than 62 Tracts of the most interesting kind, edited by M. A. Richardson,
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RIVER TYNE. Plea and Defence of the Mayor and Burgesses of Newcastle
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on the Coal Trade,") 1653 ; with Appendix of Unpublished Documents respecting the
River Tyne. By M. A. RICHAEDSON. 8vo, (only 150 printed.) 2s.

^TOPOGRAPHICAL MEMORANDUMS for the County of Oxford. By
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NOTICES OF THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF
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cleared accounts. Banbury holds an important place of the numerous interesting early churches, which
in the history of the Parliamentary War of the Seven- characterize the Banbnry district." The Archteo-
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SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS, illustrating the His-
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H 1

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pHURCHES OF SUSSEX, drawn by R. H. NlBBS, with Descriptions.
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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE ANCIENT PORT
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HISTORY OF WINCHELSEA, in Sussex. By W.DiTBEANTCooPEB,F.S.A.
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CHRONICLE OF BATTEL ABBEY, in Sussex; originally compiled in
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PRESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE ORIGINAL CHAR-

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(CHRONICLES OF PEVENSEY, in Sussex. ByM. A. LOWEB, 12mo,
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TTURSTMONCEUX CASTLE AND ITS LORDS. By the Rev. E.

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TVTOTES ON THE ANTIQUITIES OF TREVES, MAYENCE

WEISBADEN, NEIDERBIEBER, BONN, and COLOGNE. By CHABLES
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A NNALS AND LEGENDS OF CALAIS; with Sketches of Emigre*

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CtOi/l, U-S.

Principal Contents-. History of the Siege by Ed- cester; the Corn-gain; the Field of the Cloth of Gold:

ward 111. m 1346-7, with a Roll of the Commanders Notice of the Town and Castle of Guisnes, and its sur-

and their Followers present, from a contemporary MS. prise by John de Lancaster; the town and Seigneurie

in the British Museum ; The Allotment of Lands and of Ardres; the Sands and Duelling- Villages and

Houses to Edward's Barons; Calais as an English Chateau of Sangatte, Coulonge, Mark, Eschafies and

Borough ; List of the Streets and Householders of the Hamraes; Review of the English Occupation of Calais-

same; Henry Vlllth's Court there; Cardinal Wolsey its Re-capture by the Duke de Guise- the lower Town

and his Expenses; the English Pale, with the Names and its Lace Trade; our Commercial Relations with

ot Roads, 1-armsteads, and Villages in the English Era; France; Emigre 1 Notabilities; Charles and Harry

the Siege of Therouenne and Tournai; the Pier of Tufton, Capt. Dormer and Edith Jacquemont, Beau

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2 ? S iV ; A,- 6 ,, 6 s c 'l am '' e , r ; Churches of Notre Dame tleroy, "Nimrod," Berkeley Craven, Mytton, Duchess

u i, . las; the ,H6tel de Vllle ; Ancient Staple of Kingston; a new Memoir of Lady Hamilton, &c.
Hal

u i, . ; ,e e le ; ncen ape o
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11/rONT SAINT-MICHEL. Histoire et Description de Mont St. Michel en

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150 pp., and 13 beautiful plates, executed in tinted lithography, leather back, uncut. 2. 2s,

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GENOA; 'with Remarks on the Climate, and its Influence upon Invalids. B/
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f^erallrrp, (Eleiualoflp, an*

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names ;" with illuminated Title-page, and numerous engravings from designs by the Author.
8vo, cloth. 14s.

such a fund of amusing anecdote and illustration, that Literary Gazette.
the reader is almost surprised to find that he has "Mr. Lower's work is both curious and instructive,

learned so much, whilst he appeared to be pursuing while the manner of its treatment is so inviting and

mere entertainment. The text is so pleasing that we popular, that the subject to which it refers, which

scarcely dream of its sterling value ; and it seems as if, many have hitherto had too good reason to consifler

in unison with the woodcuts, which so cleverly explain meagre and unprofitable, assumes, under the hands of

its points and adorn its various topics, the whole de- the writer, the novelty of fiction with the importance

sign were intended for a relaxation from study, rather of historical truth." Atheiueum.

PEDIGREES OF THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY OF HERT-
FORDSHIRE. By WILLIAM BEERY, late, and for fifteen years, Registering Clerk
in the College of Arms, author of the "Encyclopaedia Heraldica," &c. &c. Folio, (only
125 printed.) 1. 5*. (original price 3. 10s.)

GENEALOGICAL AND HERALDIC HISTORY OF THE
EXTINCT AND DORMANT BARONETCIES of England, Ireland, and Scot-
land. By J. BTJEKE, Esq. Medium 8vo, SECOND EDITION, 638 closely printed pages, in
double columns, with about 1000 arms engraved on wood, fine portrait of JAMES I, and
illuminated title-page, cloth. 10s. (original price 1. 8s.)

This work engaged the attention of the author for ative or representatives still existing, with elaborate
several years, comprises nearly a thousand families, and minute details of the alliances, achievements, and
many of them amongst the most ancient and eminent fortunes; generation after generation, from the earliest
in the kingdom, each carried down to its represent- to the latest period.

T^NGLISH SURNAMES. An Essay on Family Nomenclature, Historical,
-"-^ Etymological, and Humorous ; with several illustrative Appendices. By MARK
ANTONY LOWEB, M.A. 2 vols., post 8vo, THIBD EDITION, ENLABGED, woodcuts, cloth.
12s.

This new and much improved Edition, besides a and in his chapters on the different ways in which

great enlargement of the Chapters, contained in the particular classes of names have originated from

previous editions, comprises several that are entirely names of places, occupations, dignities, offices, personal

new, together with Notes on Scottish, Irish, and and mental qualities, &c." Spectator.

Norman Surnames. The " Additional Prolusions," ,, lf , T -_.. i o= n * */-, -r,ri.- in th<> ti> snirit nf
besides the articles on Rebuses, Allusive Arms, and

the Roll of Battel Abbey, contain dissertations on Inn 53J?E 5?TS Sh*JS r' SSL J9MUL

signs, and Remarks on Cliristian Names; with a "tructive book he has produced: -Brighton Herald.

copious INDEX of many thousand Names. These fea- "A curious work, and got up, moreover, with that

tures render " English Surnames " rather a new work commendable attention to paper and typography which

than a new edition. is certain to make a book 'tak the eye.'

"A curious,ingenious, and amusing book. Mr.Lower Mr. Lower has been ' at a great feast of languages,
brings considerable knowledge to Dear, both in his and has stolen more than the ' scraps.' He both in-
general history of the use of Surnames in England, structs and entertains." John Butt.

INDEX TO THE PEDIGREES AND ARMS contained in the Heralds'

Visitations and other Genealogical Manuscripts in the British Museum. By

R. SIMS, of the Manuscript Department. 8vo, closely printed in double columns, cloth. 15s.

An indispensable work to those engaged in Genea- study, amusement, or professionally ; those who have
logical and Topographical pursuits, affording a ready experienced the toilsome labour of searching, with
clue to the Pedigrees and Arms of nearly 40,000 of the the help only of the existing very imperfect Catalogues,
Gentry of England, their Residences, &c. (distinguish- can appreciate the perseverance and accurate exa-
ing the different families of the same name in any mination necessary to produce such an Index as thiit
county), as recorded by the Heralds in their Visita- just published by Mr. Sims ; it will be an indispcn-
tions 'between the years 1528 to 1686. sable companion to the Library table of all students

in genealogical pursuits, and 'those engaged in the

" Tins work will be very acceptable to all who have History of Lauded Property." Journal of Arckacu-
occasion to examine the MSS>. alluded to, whetherfor loqicallnititute for September. 1849.

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by

ROLL OF ARMS OF THE REIGN OF KING EDWARD II.
Edited by Sir HARRIS NICOLAS ; to which is added, an " Ordinary" of the Arms
mentioned by Jos. Gwilt, Esq. 8vo, doth. 4s. 6d. (original price 10s. 6d.) On LABGE
PAPER, 4to, cloth, 10s. (original price 21*.)

CALENDAR OF KNIGHTS; containing Lists of Knights Bachelors, British
^ Knights of the Garter, Thistle, Bath, St. Patrick, the Guelphic and Ionian Orders,
from 1760 to 1828. By F. TOWNSEND, Windsor Herald. Post 8vo, cloth. 3s. (original
price 9s.)

A. very useful volume for Genealogical and Biographical purposes.

THE SLOGANS OR WAR-CRIES OF THE NORTH OF
ENGLAND, by M. AISLABIE DENHAM ; with an Introduction on then- Supposed
Origin, by JOHN FENWICK ; and Observations on Martial Mottoes, by W. HYLTON
LONGSTAFFE. Post 8vo, elegantly printed, with Coats of Arms, Seals, Sfc., sewed. Gs. 6d.

C* ENEALOGISTS' MANUAL ; or Guide to the various Public Records,
^~* Registers, Wills, Printed Books, and other Documents necessary to be consulted in
tracing a Pedigree. With particulars of the days and hours each Office or Registry is
available, the charges made, the objects and dates of their Records, &c. &c. ; the whole
carefully compiled from Returns made expressly for this work ; together with other Tables
and Calendars useful to the Antiquary, Topographer, and Conveyancer. By MATTHEW
COOKE. Thick 12mo, cloth. 6s. (nearly ready.)

ffim

T)LAYING CARDS. Facts and Speculations on the History of Playing Cards in
Europe. By W. A. CHATTO, author of the " History of Wood Engraving," with
Illustrations by J. JACKSON. 8vo, profusely illustrated with engravings, both plain and
coloured, cloth. 1. Is.

"The inquiry into the origin and signification of the it is exceedingly amusing; and the most critical rea-
suits and their marks, and the heraldic, theological, der cannot fail to be entertained by the variety of
and political emblems pictured from time to time, in curious outlying learning Mr. Chatto has somehow
their changes, opens a new field of antiquarian interest; contrived to draw into the investigations." Atlas.
and the perseverance with which Mr. Chatto has ex- " Indeed the entire production deserves our warmest

5lored it leaves little to be gleaned by his successors. approbation." Lit. Gun.
'he plates with which the volume is enriched add con- "A perfect fund of antiquarian research, and most

siderably to its value in this point of view. It is not interesting even to persons who never play at cards."
to be denied that, take it altogether, it contains more Tail's Mag.

matter than has ever before been collected in one " A curious, entertaining and really learned book."

view upon the same subject. In spite of its faults, Ramtler.

TJOLBEIN'S DANCE OF DEATH, with an Historical and Literary
-* -*- Introduction, by an Antiquary. Square post 8vo, with 53 Engravings, BEING THE
MOST ACCURATE COPIES EVER EXECUTED OF THESE GEMS OF ART, and a frontispiece of an
ancient bedstead at Aix-la- Chapelle, with a Dance of Death carved on it, engraved by
Fairholt, cloth. 9s.

Ces 63 Planches de Schlotthauer sont d'une ex-
perfection Langlois, Essai sur les Dances des
1852.

(CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTS -which have been Engraved after
^ Martin Heemskerck. By T. KEERICH, Librarian to the University of Cambridge.
8vo, portrait, bds. 3s. 6d.

CATALOGUE OF PICTURES, composed chiefly by the most admired
*J Masters of the Roman, Florentine, Parman, Bolognese, Venetian, Flemish, and
French Schools ; with Descriptions and Critical Remarks. By ROBERT Foutis. 3 vols.
12mo, cloth. 6s.

TVTEMOIRS OF PAINTING, with a Chronological History of the Importation
-"*- of Pictures by the Great Masters into England since the French Revolution. By
W. BUCHANAN. 2 vols. 8vo, bds., 7s. 6d. (original price 1. 6s.)

TJISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, and an Inquiry into the mode of Painting upon and
Staining Glass, as practised in the Ecclesiastical Structures of the Middle Ages. By
J. S. HAWKINS, F.S.A. Royal 8vo, 11 plates, bds. 4s. (original price 12s.)

" The designs are executed with a spirit and fidelity " Cei

quite extraordinary. They are indeed most truthful." quise j
Athenaeum. Marts,

* **

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

, anD

NURSERY RHYMES OF ENGLAND, collected chiefly from

Oral Tradition. Edited by J. O. HALLTWELL. The FOURTH EDITION, enlarged,
with 38 Designs, by W. B. SCOTT, Director of the School of Design, Newcastle-on-Tyiie.
12mo, illuminated cloth, gut leaves. 4*. 6d.

"Illustrations! and here they are; clever pictures, hood a sprinkling of ancient nursery lore is worth
which the three-year olds understand before their whole cartloads of the wise saws and modern instances
A, B, C, and which the fifty-three-year olds like almost which are now as duly and carefully concocted by ex-
as well as the threes." Literary Gazette. perienced litterateurs, into instructive tales for the

"We are pursuaded that the very rudest of these spelling public, asareworksofentertainmment for the
jingles, tales, and rhymes, possess a strong imagination reading public. The work is worthy of the attention
nourishing power ; and that in infancy and early child- of the popular antiquary." Tait's Mag.

POPULAR RHYMES AND NURSERY TALES, with Historical

Elucidations. By J. O. HALLIWEIX. 12mo, cloth. 4s. 6d.

This very interesting volume on the Traditional Proverb Rhymes, Places, and Families, Superstition

Literature of England, is divided into Nursery Anti- Rhymes, Custom Rhymes and Nursery Songs ; a large

quities, Fireside Nursery Stories, Game Rhymes, number are here printed for the Jirst time. It may be

Alphabet Rhymes, Riddle Rhymes, Nature Songs, considered a sequel to the preceding article.

LD SONGS AND BALLADS. A Little Book of Songa and Ballads,
gathered from Ancient Music Books, MS. and Printed, by E. F. RIMBATJLT,
LL.D., F.S.A., &c., elegantly printed in post 8vo, pp. 240, half morocco. 6s.

"Dr. Rimbault has been at some pains to collect the words of the Songs which used to delight the
Rustics of former times." Atlas.

OBIN HOOD. The Kobin Hood Garlands and Ballads, with the Tale of " The
Little Geste," a Collection of all the Poems, Songs, and Ballads relating to this
celebrated Yeoman ; to which is prefixed his History, from Documents hitherto unrevised.
By J. M. GTJTCH, F.S.A. 2 vols. 8vo, with numerous fine woodcuts, <Sfc., by Fairholt,
extra cloth. 1. Is. (original price 1. 10s.)

Two very handsome volumes, fit for the drawing-room table.

"DALLAD ROMANCES. ByR. H. HOBNE, Esq., Author of "Orion," &c.
-"-* 12mo, pp. 248, cloth. 3s. (original price s. 6d.)

Containing the Noble Heart, a Bohemian Legend; description. Mr. Home should write us more Fairy

the Monk of Swineshead Abbey, a ballad Chronicle Tales ; we know none to equal him since the days of

of the death of King John ; tie three Knights of Drayton and Herrick." Examiner.
Camelott, a .Fairy Tale; The Ballad of Delora or the

Passion of AndreaComo: BeddGelert, a Welsh Legend; Sf, 2PS?i8S '^volume ls a fine one. it

Ben Capstan, a Ballad of the Night Watch : the Elfe I s fntitled the Noble Heart, and not only in title

of the Woodlands a Cliild's Story but ln treatmen t well mutates the style of Beaumont

" Pure fancy of the most abundant and picturesque " F 16 ' 01 "*-" ^tkenxum.

jQIR HUGH OP LINCOLN : or an Examination of a curious Tradition
^ respecting the JEWS, with a Notice of the Popular Poetry connected with it. By
the Rev. A. HUME, LL.D. 8vo. 2s.

TpSSAY ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF OUR POPULAR

PHRASES AND NURSERY RHYMES. By J. B. KEB. 2 vols. 12mo, neto
cloth. 4*. (original price 12*.)

A work which has met with much abuse among the gossiping matter. The author's attempt is to explain
'viewers, but those who are fond of philological pur- every thing from the Dutch, which he believes was the
its will read it now it is to be had at so very mo- same language as the Anlo-Saxon.
aerate a price, and it really contains a good deal of

ERRY TALES OF THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM.

Edited by JAMES OBCHABD HALUWELI, Esq, F.S.A. Post 8vo. 1*.
These tales are supposed to have been composed in "In the time of Henry the Eighth, and after " savs
i early part of thixteenth century, by Dr. Andrew Ant.-a-Wood, " it was accounted a book full of wit and
irae, the well-known progenitor of Merry Andrews. mirth by scholars and gentlemen "

CjAINT PATRICK'S PURGATORY; an Essay on the Legends of Hell,

vT * P ^ r | a . t 1 T' and Paradise current during the Middle Ages. By THOMAS WEIGHT
M.A., F.S.A., fec. Post 8vo, cloth. 6s.

1VT

, Wt fron e J?^.'""! su Pstitions relating to the - This appears to be a' curious and even amusin-

^ we! '^C, oM t rvf\ re SCU d fr m o1 ^ MSS ' book on singular subject of Purgatory, in wliicfi

braces i5l,,? i P r f ted , b ? < ? ks - Moreover, xt em- the idle and feartul dreams of superstition are shown

bv Waiton a ^lff P h t terar y. ( ^ tor y * tted to be first narrated as tales, and tLen applied as means

UPH ^n l T i WnterS Wth 1 whom ^e are of deducing the moral character of tus age in which

acquainted; and we think we may add, that it forms they previuIed/'-^afcr.

Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by
TVTOBLE AND RENOWNED HISTORY OF GUY, EARL OF

*-* WARWICK, containing a Full and True Account of his many Famous and
Valiant Actions. Royal 12mo, woodcuts, cloth. 4s. 6d.

PHILOSOPHY OF WITCHCRAFT, (Chiefly with respect to CasesinScot-
-*- land). By J. MITCHELL, and J. DICKIE. 12mo, cloth. 3s. (original price 6s.)
A curious volume, and a fit companion to Sir W. Scott's " Demonology and Witchcraft."

ACCOUNT OF THE TRIAL, CONFESSION, AND CON-

" DEMNATION of Six Witches at Maidstone, 1652; also the Trial and Execution
of three others at Faversham, 1645. 8vo. Is.

These Transactions are unnoticed by all Kentish historians.

WONDERFUL DISCOVERY OF THE WITCHCRAFTS OF

MARGARET and PHILIP FLOWER, Daughters of Joan Flower, near Bever
(Belvoir), executed at Lincoln, for confessing themselves Actors in the Destruction of
Lord Rosse, Son of the Earl of Rutland, 1618. 8vo. Is.

One of the most extraordinary cases of Witchcraft on record.

"DIBLIOTHECA MADRIGALIANA. A Bibliographical Account of the
-*-* Musical and Poetical Works published in England during the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Centuries, under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets, &c., &c. By
EDWAED F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., F.S.A. 8vo, cloth. 5s.

It records a class of hooks left undescribed by Ames, Catalogue of Lyrical Poetry of the age to which
Herbert, and Dibdin, and furnishes a most valuable it refers.

rrHE MANUSCRIPT RARITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

-- CAMBRIDGE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, F.R.S. 8vo, bds. 3s (original price
10*. 6d.) A companion to Hartshorne's "Book Rarities" of the same University.
COME ACCOUNT OF THE POPULAR TRACTS, formerly in the
^ Library of Captain Cox, of Coventry, A.D. 1575. By J. O. HALLIWELL. 8vo, only
50 printed, sewed. 1*.

CATALOGUE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE CODEX HOL-

V BROOKIANUS. (A Scientific MS.) By Dr. John Holbrook, Master of St. Peter's
CoUege, Cambridge, 1418-1431). By J. O. HALLIWELL. 8vo. Is.

A CCOUNT OF THE VERNON MANUSCRIPT. A Volume of

** Early English Poetry, preserved in the Bodleian Library. By J. O. HALLIWELL.
8vo, only 50 printed. 1.

"D IBLIOTHECA C ANTI ANA. A Bibliographical Account of what has been
published on the History, Topography, Antiquities, Customs, and Family Genealoirv
of the COUNTY of KENT, with Biographical Notes. By JOHN RUSSELL SMITH in a
handsome 8vo volume, pp. 370, with two plates of facsimiles of Autographs of 33 eminent
Kentish Writers. 5js. (original price 14s.) LARGE PAPEB 10s. Gd.

TVTEW FACTS AND VERIFICATIONS OF ANCIENT BRI-

* ' TISH HISTORY. By the Rev. BEALE POSTE. 8vo, with engravings, cloth.

^THOMAS SPROTT'S (a monk of Canterbury, circa 1280) Chronicle of Profane
-*- and Sacred History. Translated from the original MS., on 12 parchment skins in
the possession of Joseph Mayer, Esq., of Liverpool. By Dr. W. BELL. 4to, half bound
in morocco, accompanied with an exact Facsimile of the entire Codex, 37 feet long in a
round morocco case, PEIVATELY PRINTED, very curious. 2. 2s.

'PONSTALL (Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham), Sermon preached on Palm Sunday,
1539, before Henry VIII, reprinted VERBATIM from the rare edition by Berthelet in
1539. 12mo, Is. 6d.
made lar^ extr^t"'^ res V? g Sermon - at the commencement of the Reformation, Strype in his Memorials ha

John Russell Smith, 86, Soho Square, London.

T APPENBERG'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, under the Anglo-Saxon
-" Kings. Translated by BENJ. THOEPE, with Additions and Corrections, by the Author
and Translator. 2 vols. 8vo, cloth. 12s. (original price 1. Is.)

" Of modern works I am most indebted to the History the hest and surest guide in penetrating the labyrinth
of England by Lappenberg, the use of which, more of early English History." "Komg Aelfred und seine
particularly in conjunction with the translation given Stelle in der Geschichte England*, ton Dr. Reinold
by Thorpe, and enriched by both those scholars, affords Pauli." Berlin, 1851.

f ETTERS OF THE KINGS OF ENGLAND, now first collected from

-*-^ the originals in Royal Archives, and from other authentic sources, private as well as
public. Edited with Historical Introduction and Notes, by J. O. KALLIWELL. Two
HANDSOME VOLUMES, post 8vo, with portraits of Henry VIII and Charles I, cloth. 8*.

(original price 1 1*.)

These volumes form a good companion to Ellis'a his letters to the Duke of Buckingham are of the most
Original Letters. singular nature ; only imagine a letter from a so

Tlie collection comprises for the first time the love vereignto his prime minister commencing thus ; "My
letters of Henry the VIII. to Anne Boleyn in a com- own sweet and dear child, blessing, blessing, blessing
plete form which may be regarded perhaps as the on thy heart-roots and all thine." Prince Charles and
most singular documents of the kind that have de- the Duke of Buckingham's Journey into Spain ha?
scended to our times ; the series of letters of Ed- never been before so fully illustrated as it is by th
ward VI will be found very interesting specimens of documents given in this work, which also includes th'
composition ; some of the letters of James I, hitherto very curious letters from the Duke and Duchess o
unpublished" throw light on the murder of Overbury, Buckingham to James I. Forming an essential com
and prove beyond a doubt the King was implicated f union to nery History of England.
in it in some extraordinary and unpleasant way : but

WALES. ROYAL VISITS AND PBOGBESSES TO WALES, and the Border Counties
of CHESHIEE, SALOP, HEREFOBD, and MONMOFTH, from Julius Caesar, to Queen
Victoria, including a succinct History of the Country and People, particularly of the lead-
ing Families who Fought during the Civil Wars of Charles I., the latter from MSS. never
before published. By EDWAED PABBY. A handsome 4to volume, with many wood
engravings, and fine portrait of the Queen, cloth. 1. 1*.

HUNTER'S (Rev. Joseph) HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL
TRACTS. Post 8vo. 2*. 6d. each.

I Agincourt; a contribution, towards an authentic III. Milton; a sheaf of Gleanings after his Bio-
List of the Commanders of the English Host in King graphers and Annotators.

Henry the Fifth's Expedition. IV. The Ballad Hero, " Robin Hood," his period,

II Collections concerning the Founders of New real character, &c., investigated, and, perhaps, ascer-
Plymouth, the first Colonists of New England. tained.

A RCHERY. The Science of Archery, shewing its affinity to Heraldry, and capa-
** bilities of Attainment. By A. P. HABBISON. 8vo, sewed. Is.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF EATING, displaying the Omnivorous Character of
Man, and exhibiting the Natives of various Countries at feeding-time. By a BEEF-
EATEE. Fcap. 8vo, with woodcuts. 2s.

CLEMENTS OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; being a Translation of
-*-^ the Third Part of Clairbois's " Traite Elementaire de la Construction des Vaisseaux."
By J. N. STBANGE, Commander, R.N. 8vo, with Jive large folding plates, cloth. 5*.

T ECTURES ON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; being the Substance of
-"-^ those delivered at the United Service Institution. By E. GAEDINEB FISHBOUBNE,
Commander, R.N. 8vo, plates, cloth. 5s. 6d.

Both these works are published in illustration of the " Wave System."

NEW YORK IN THE YEAR 1695, with Plans of the City and Forts as
they then existed. By the Rev. JOHN MILLEE. Now first printed. 8vo, Ids.
2s. 6d. (original price 4s. 6d.)

rpHOUGHTS IN VERSE FOR THE AFFLICTED.

-- CUBATE. Square 12mo, sewed. Is.

TDOEMS, partly of Rural Life, in National English. By the Rev. WILLIAM BABNES,
*- author of " Poems in the Dorset Dialect." 12mo, cloth. 5s.

AND STRAYS. A Collection of Poetry. 12mo, only 250 printed,
chiefly for presents, sewed. Is. 6d.

lyTIRROUR OF JUSTICES, written originally in the old French, long before
A the Conquest, and many things added by ANDBEW HOE>*E. Translated by W.
HCQHES, of Gray's Inn. 12mo, cloth. 2s.

A curious, interesting, and authentic treatise on ancient English Law.

John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London.

: consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses
of, and Extracts from curious, useful, and valuable Old Books. 8vo, VOL. I, containing
pp. 428, cloth. 10*. Gd.

* # * Published in quarterly parts at 2s. Gd. each.

The title of this Review explains its objects. It is readers; we shall lay before them from time to time,
intended to supply a place unfilled in our periodical essays on various branches of the literature of former
literature, and this frrst number is very satisfactory. days, English or foreign; we shall give accounts of
The papers are varied and interesting, not overlaid rare and curious books ; point out and bring forward
by the display of too much learning for the general beauties from forgotten authors ; and tell the know-
reader, but showing sufficient research and industry ledge and opinions of other days." The design is well
on the part of the writers to distinguish the articles carried out in this number, and will, no doubt, be
from mere ephemeral reviews of passing publications. further developed as the work advances. It is to be
In the prospectus the editor say^i " It is our design published quarterly, at a very moderate price, and will,
to select, from the vast field of the literature of the we have no doubt, prove a successful undertaking.
past, subjects which are most likely to interest modern Atlas.

; its History, Festivities, and Carols. By WILLIAM SANDYS, Esq.,
F.S.A. 8vo, with 9 tinted lithographic plates and 11 woodcuts from the designs of
J. Stephanoff", also Music to the Carols, a handsome volume, extra cloth. 14*

or a Concentration of all the Baronies called

Baronies in Eee, deriving their Origin from Writ of Summons, and not from any
specific Limited Creation, showing the Descent and Line of Heirsliip, as well as those
Families mentioned by Sir William Dugdale, as of those whom that celebrated author
has omitted to notice ; interspersed with Interesting Notices and Explanatory Remarks.
Whereto is added the Proofs of Parliamentary Sitting from the Reign of Edward I to
Queen Anne ; also, a Glossary of Dormant English, Scotch, and Irish Peerage Titles,
^oith references to presumed existing Heirs. By Sir T. C. BANKS. 2 vols. 4to, cloth.

3. 3*. NOW OFFERED FOE 15s.

A book of great research by the well-known author former works. Vol. ii, pp. 210-300, contains an

of the " Dormant and Extinct Peerage," and other Historical Account of the first settlement of Nova

heraldic and historical works. Those fond of genea- Scotia, and the foundation of the Order of Xova

logical pursuits ought to secure a copy while it is so Scotia Baronets, distinguishing those who had seisin

cheap. It may be considered a Supplement to his of lands there.

iBritanniC 2USeardjeS ; or, New Facts and Rectifications of Ancient British

History. By the Rev. BEALB POSTE, M.A. 8vo, (pp. 448), with engravings, cloth. 15s.

The author of this volume may justly claim credit book is followed by a very complete index, so as to

for considerable learning, great industry, and above all render reference to any part of it easy ; this was. the

strong faith in the interest and importance of his more necessary on account of the multifariousness

subject ..... On various points lie has given us of the topics treated, the variety of persons men-

additional information and afforded us new views, for tioned, and the many works quoted. Athenaeum,

which we are bound to thank him the body of the Oct, 8, 1853.

& fllanofoooft to tfje ILifcraru of tije iSritis}) liusewn : containing

a brief History of its formation, and of the various Collections of which it is composed ;
descriptions of the Catalogues in present use ; Classed Lists of the Manuscripts, etc. ;
and a variety of Information indispensable for the " Readers" at that Institution ; with
some account of the principal Public Libraries in London. By RICHAED SIMS, of the
Department of Manuscripts, Compiler of the " Index to the Heralds' Visitations."
Small 8vo, pp. 400, clot?/, 5s.

It will be found a very useful work to every literary person or institution in any part of the world.

Otl .jaeSpeare, with Occasional Remarks on the Emen-
dations of the Manuscript Corrector in Mr. Collier's copy of the folio, 1632. By the
Rev. ALEXANDER DYCE. 8vo, cloth. 5s.

Mr. Dyce's Notes are peculiarly delightful, from has enabled him to enrich them. All that he has re-
the stores of illustration with which his extensive corded is valuable. We read his little volume with
reading not only among our writers, but among those pleasure and close it with regret. Literary Gazette.
of oflier countries, especially of the Italian poets,

tO HiteratUre, Historical, Archsological, and Poetical. By
MASK ANTONY LOWEE, M.A., F.S.A. Post 8vo, woodcuts, cloth. Is. Gd.

, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and Dialect of that and
Adjoining Counties. By JOHN YONGE AKERMAN. 12mo, cloth. 2s. Gd.
" We will conclude with a simple, but hearty recommendation of a little book which is as humourous, for the
drolleries of the stories, as it is interesting as a picture of rustic manners." Tallis's Weekly Paper.

Of ffiarifcOrOUSfy Eotjjn antl JForeSt and more generally of its
Hundred in Wiltshire. By JAMES WAYLEN, Esq. Thick 8vo, (only 250 printed)
cloth. 1.1*. _

E. TUCKEK, Printer, Pern's Place, Oxford Street.

H86

185M

C.I

ROBA

BOUND Br

iON t & SON