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Col.  T'nojuas  GuMihwait: — \va.-<  lie  a  Tory?     By  II.  Oolihli'.va't   Car- 
ter, IT.  S.  .A £'.•■ 

Sketclif'.sof  Livesof  Karly  Maine  iliuistcis,  liy  Williuin  I;.  '»^'iM:'iiu«i.<n. 

Kcv.  Tristaiu  Gilman.  .....  .         .     4" 

Hev.  JaiJies  Lyon,     ........         4' 

Rev.  Franei.'.   Wi!)rer,  4- 

Rev.  Alpliiuis  Sprir.i;:, 4'"- 

Rev.  -\!(?y.'^?'.rier  MoLoan,      .  ,......'>'! 

The  Story  or  Xt-v,-  .Sweilen,  by  William  Wui.in^ry  Thoma?..  J:..       .         5? 

Hisitory  of  Col.  tdmujul  Pliiimey's  olst  Rt'f.iiuent  of  Fooi.  by  .Va- 

tlian  GooM, >: 

IlaRowell  Riicords,  ccnmiuiicaied  Ijy  Dr.  W    B.  Rapliam.  .         .        .  1(>. 

Proot'e<lin<js,  .         .         ...         .         .         .         .  .        10." 


Editing  B.nd  FTiblishing  Steff. 


rkv.  II.  s.  bi'rra(m:, 

Rev.  E.  C.  CUMMINOy. 
H.  W.  BRYANT. 


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^COLLECTIONS      "" 


PRO  C  E EDI N  G  S ,y 


MAINE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


■^. .  s.c^-i 


SECOND  SERIES,  VOL.   VII 


PORTLAND 

PUBLISHED    BY   THE   SOCIETY 

/   1896 


jL- 


159609; 


CONTENTS 


% 


I 


:f 


Ancient    Defenses   of    ]\.iiiaiul.     By    Lieut.    Peter    Lcaiy,    Jr., 

U.  S.  A., \  1 

C.l.   rhonias  Goldtluvait  —  Was  lie  a  Tory?     By  R.  Gokltliwaite 

Ci.rtor,  U.  S.  A., 2-3,  185,  ?r,4,  302 

.skitclies  of  Lives   of  Karly    Maine   Ministers.     By   William   T>. 
WilJiamson:  — 

I\ev.  Trisiram  Gilmaii, 44 

i;ev.  James  Lyon,         .         .         .         •         .         .    •     •         .         .         .40 

Rev.  Francis  Winter, 48 

Rev.  Aljilieiis  Spring.  .........       49 

Rev.  Alexander  3IcI,eaa, 50 

Rev.  John  Urquliart, 204 

Rev.  Thomas  Moore 206 

Ik-v.  Jacob  Bailey 207 

Rev.  Thomas  Lancaster, 209 

Rev.  William  Fessenden, 209 

Rlv.  John  Thomson, 210 

Rev.  Thurston  Whiting, 313 

Rev.  Benjamin  Chadwiek, 31-5 

Rev.  Charles  Turner, 316 

Rev.  Nathaniel  AVebster, 317 

Rev.  John  Adam.^,       ..........     317 

Rev.  David  Jewett, 319 

Rev.  Caleb  Jewett, 3i'0 

Rev.  Samuel  Perle>, 320 

Rev.  John  Strickland, 321 

Rev.  Nathaniel  Whi^aker,       .        .         .        ...        •        •        •        323 

Rev.  Peter  Powers 32-5 

Rev.  Samuel  Nash, 325 

Tlic  Story  of  New  Sweden.     By  WMlliam  Widgery  Thomas,  Jr.,    53,  113 
History  of  Col.  Edmund  Pliinney's  31st  Regiment  of  Foot.     By 

Nathan  Goold, 85,  151 

Hallowell    Records.     Communicated     by    Dr.    W.    B.     Lapham, 

103,201,320,437 

T'r-.iceediugs,  105,  333,  445 

Fidd  Day, 212 

Rev.  Jacob  Bailey.     By  Charles  E.  Allen, 225 


1 


J^'  CONTKNTS. 

PACK 

John  ]io<;ors  Fainilios  iu  I'lyinoutli  and  Vicinity.     ]iy  Johi:i}i  II. 

Dnuniiiond,           . 2"J5 

Slaitin  Priug.     By  Joseph  ■Williamson, 300 

Origin  of  Democratic  Institutions  in  New  England.     By  Edward 

11.  Ehvcll, '     .         .  S37 

Eailroad  Kcmiuisccnccs.     By  Hon.  James  W.  Bradbury,  ,        .        .  .379 

The  Mast  Industry  of  Old  Falmouth.     By  Leonard  B.  Chapman,  390 

Ancient  Xagnamquccg.     By  Samuel  T.  Dole,          ....  40.0 

Thomas  Chute.     By  William  Coold, 412 

The  Simancas  Ma],  of  1610.  By  Henry  S.  Burrage,  .  .  .  424 
Settleraents  in  Maine  after  the  Benobscot  Expedition.     From  the 

Massacliusott:-;  Aichives, 4:]3 

Letter  of  John  Allan  to  Massachusetts  Council,    ....  435 


[^ 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Tiiomas  Goldthwait,       ..........        1 

TI)e  Capitol  at  Xe\Y  Sweden,  with  Log  Houses,  1871,     .        .        .         113 


K 


ANCIENT  DEFENSES  OF  PORTLAND 


MAINE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  COLLECTIONS. 


THE  ANCIENT  DEFENSES  OF  PORT- 
LAND. 

BY    LIEUT.    PKTEK    LEARY    JK.,    U.    S.    A. 

Bead  before   the  Mainf-  Uistorical  Society,  April  26,  1S89. 

The  first  defensive  work  erected  in  Portiaud  Harbor 
was  the  fortified  house  of  Captain  Christopher  Levett, 
an  English  gentleman  of  Somersetsliire.  He  was  one 
of  those  adventurous  mariners  who  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeentli  centuries  carried  the  standard  of 
England  wherever  ships  could  sail.  He  received  his 
patent  of  six  thousand  acres  from  the  Council  of  Ply- 
mouth on  the  fifth  of  May,  1623.  He  was  himself  a 
member  of  the  council,  which,  in  1620,  when  the 
charter  was  conferred  by  James  I.,  consisted  of  the 
Duke  of  Lenox,  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hamilton,  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  the  Earl  of 
Warwick,  Sir  Ferdinand  Gorges  and  a  number  of 
other  gdntleraen. 

After  sailing  along  the  New  England  coast  in  the 
summer  of  1623,  on  a  voyage  of  search  for  a  good 
location,  he  fixed  his  habitation  on  one  of  the  islands 
o!  Casco  Ba}^  one  of  four  he  speaks  of,  •'•  which  make 
cne  good  harbor,"     His  relation  of  the  vo3^ige  to  the 

V  •=  council  ru)iS  :  — 

III  Vol.  VII.        2 


2  MAINE    HISTOUICAL    SOCIKTV. 

And  thus,  after  m;uiy  dangers  much  labor  and  great  charge,  I 
liave  obtained  a  place  of  habitation  in  New  England  where  I 
have  built  a  house  and  fortified  it  in  a  reasonable  good  fashion, 
strong  enough  against  sucli  enemies  as  are  these  savage  j^eople. 

That  Levett  was  a  humorist  as  well  as  an  explorer 
is  evident  from  his  succeeding  observation  to  the 
council :  — 

"I  will  )iot  do,"  lie  writes,  "therein  as  some  have  done  to  my 
knowledge,  speak  more  than  is  true:  I  will  not  tell  you  that  you 
may  smell  the  cornfields  before  you  see  tb.e  land ;  neither  must 
men  think  that  corn  dotli  grow  naturally  (or  on  trees)  ;  nor  will 
the  deer  come  when  they  are  called  and  stand  still  and  look  on 
a  man  until  he  shoot  him,  not  knowing  a  man  from  a  beast;  nor 
the  fish  leap  into  the  kettle  nor  on  the  dry  land  ;  neither  are 
they  so  plentiful  that  you  may  dip  them  up  in  baskets,"  etc. 

The  identity  of  liis  island  is  an  open  question  among 
the  historians  of  Maine.  Mr.  James  Phinnej  Baxter 
in  the  vahiable  "  Trelawny  Papers  "  makes  it  House 
Island  on  which  Fort  Scammel  now  stands.  Mr. 
William  Goold  in  ''  Portland  in  the  Past "  makes  it 
Hog  Island,  now  euphemistically  known  as  Great 
Diamond  Island,  and  Mr.  William  M.  Sargent  in  ''An 
Historical  Sketch,  Guidebook  and  Prospectus  of 
Cushing's  Island,"  fixes  it  upon  that  beautiful  place. 
The  latter  is  probably  the  more  exact  surmise.  That 
Levett  had  no  confidence  in  any  permanently  peace- 
ful relations  with  the  Indians  is  evident  from  his 
prompt  action  in  putting  the  new  house  in  defensive 
condition.     He  writes  of  them  :  — 

They  are  very  bloody-minded  and  full  of  treachery  among 
themselves     .     .     therefore  1  would  wish  no  man  to  trust  them, 


Tin:    AXCIKXT    DKFKXSKS   OF   POUTLAXT).  3 

whntcver  Ihey  may  sny  or  do,  hut  always  to  kec])  a  strict  han<l 
over  them  ami  yet  to  use  tbeni  kimlly  and  deal  upriglitly  witli 
them. 

At  the  time  of  his  settlement,  pLantutioiis;  had  already 
been  established  at  Portsmomh  and  Dover,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  farlher  eastward  on  Monhegan  Island.  It  is 
not  likel}'  that  he  would  build  his  fortified  house  on  an 
interior  island,  and  so,  in  the  event  of  hostilities  which  he 
manifestlj'  looked  for,  cut  himself  off  either  from  giving 
aid  by  sea  to,  or  receiving  it  from  either  flank  of  the 
line  of  settlements.  As  all  three  were  holdings  under 
the  Gorges  and  Mason  patent,  it  is  reasonable  to  assume 
th.'ft  they  were  under  instructions  to  help  one  another 
in  the  event  of  war.  From  the  standpoint  of  strategy, 
the  principles  of  which  endure  from  age  to  age 
almost  unchanging,  either  House  Island  or  Great 
Diamond  Island  would  have  placed  him  at  a  disadvan- 
tage with  the  enernj^  on  Cushing's  Island ;  but  hold- 
ing the  latter  he  would  have  had  a  certain  strategic 
advantage  which  is  obvious.  This  island  has  been 
known  at  different  times  as  Portland  Island,  Andrews' 
Island  and  Bangs'  Island.  As  Andrews'  Island  it  was 
the  refuge  of  the  settlers  in  King  Philip's  war  in  1676, 
who  fled  from  Munjoy's  garrison  on  the  ''  Neck,''  and 
constructed  some  sort  of  a  defense  on  the  inner  slope 
of  the  picturesque  rock  of  White  Head.  It  is  prob- 
able that  not  only  was  this  island  chosen  as  an  asylum 
for  facility  of  relief  by  sea  from  other  settlements  to 
the  westward,  but  because  some  part,  if  not  the  whole, 
of  Levett's  fortified  house  still  stood  where  his  trained 
hand    had   built   it  and   gave    them   safe  refuge  ;  and 


4  MAINE    HISTOlilCAL    SOCIETY. 

relief  accorrliiigly  came  during  the  summer  from  Black 
Point  and  Boston. 

The  hist  fortihcation  constructed  in  Portland  was 
Fort  Loyal.  It  was  a  bastioned  fort,  built  of  stockades 
and  stood  on  a  rocky  bluff  at  an  elevation  of  about 
thirty  feet  above  high-water  mark  near  the  foot  of 
India  Street  and  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the 
roundhouse  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  Company. 
It  became  the  center  and  rallj^ing  point  of  the  settle- 
ment. Its  construction  was  begun  by  order  of  the 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  by  English  soldiers, 
under  command  of  Capt.  Hawthorn  in  September, 
1676.  The  site  had  a  gradual  slope  towards  the 
water  front  and  contained  about  one-half  acre.  It 
consisted  of  a  number  of  lo^•  buildino;s  used  as  bar- 
racks,  guard-liouse  and  sho])s,  all  surrounded  by  pal- 
isades. Wooden  towers  on  the  interior  served  as 
stations  for  observation  and  defense.  The  whole  was 
loopholed  and  had  emplacements  for  eight  pieces  of 
ordnance,  whicli  composed  its  armament.  In  1690  a 
small  work  of  semicircular  fi'ont  stood  about  one  mile 
west  of  the  fort  on  an  elevation  in  rear  of  a  swamp 
which  extended  to  the  water-front. 

Ingersoil's  blockhouse  stood  a  half-mile  southwest 
of  the  fort  and  Lawrence's  blockhouse,  built  of  stone 
and  timber,  stood  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  nortli 
on  Munjoy's  Hill.  The  first  notable  use  of  Fort 
Lo3'al  was  as  a  prison  for  some  twenty  Indians,  who 
were  treacherously  seized  at  Saco  and  sent  there  for 
safe  keeping.  They  were  subsequently  released  by 
Gov.  Andross  and  afterwards  attained  greater  or  less 


THE    ANXTEM    l)F;rKN>i:S    OF    I'OKTLAND.  5 

celt^brity  as  releiitlo's  foes  of  tlic  colonists.     Among 
them    \va«   flopegood,  ;•   chief  of  the  Norridgewocks. 
It  served  its  tiist  legitimate  use  in  1680  when  Maj. 
Church  of  Masi-achusetts  saved  the  town  and  fort  from 
destruction  b}'  his  timely  arrival  by  sea  from  Boston 
with  several  companies  of  troops,  consisting  of  wliites 
and    negroes    and    friendly    Indians    from    Cape  Cod. 
He  found  the  French  and  Indians  four  hundred  strong 
about  to  attack  the  towa,  and  to  conceal  his  presence 
landed  his  troops  at  the  fort  after  dark.     The  action 
M'as  begun  early  on  Saturday  morning,  the  twenty-first 
of  September.  1689.  Church  was  embarrassed  by  find- 
ing that  the  musket  balls  he  had  brought  in  his  sup- 
plies of  ammunition  were  generally  too  large  for  his 
guns.     With  the  aid  of  the  people  of  the  town,  he  had 
them  hammered  into  slugs,  and  so,  after  a  hard  fight 
drove  off  the  invaders.     This  engagement  was  fought 
near  Deering  Park  about  two  miles  from  Fort  Loyal. 
A  glance  at  the  state  of  Europe  at  this  time  will 
show  what  relation  its  men  and    events  bore  to  the 
obscure  little  outpost  in  the   Province  of  Maine.     The 
English  revolution  of  1688  had  deprived  James  II.  of 
his  crown  and  put  his  son-in-law,  William  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  Stadtholder  of  the  Netherlands,  and  his 
eldest  daughter,  Mary,  upon  the  English  throne.     It 
was  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  brilliant  soldiers, 
scholars  and  politicans  who,  in  that  era,  made  France 
glorious.     Vendome,  Catinat  and  Turenne  were  lead- 
ing the  troops  of  the  great  monarch  in  the  campaigns 
which  made  their  names  dear  to  Frenchmen,  but  hate- 
ful to  the  people  of  the  Netherlands  and  the  Palatinate. 


6  malm:   iiisTOiacAL  society, 

Bossuet  was  preacliing  tliose  wonderful  sermons  which 
marked  liini  as  one  of  the  foremost  pulpit  orators  of 
the  Christian  church.  Lonvois  was  at  die  head  of 
allliirs,  the  ureatest  war  minister  of  his  time. 

James  II.  had  left  his  mimic  court  at  Saint  Germain 
and  was  oretting^  what  force  toLi'ether  he  could  in  Ireland 

DO  CO 

for  the  recovery  of  his  throne. 

Schombero;  was  collecting;"  an  armv  of  thirtv  thoiis- 
and  men  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  who  were  destined 
to  beat  the  French  and  Irish  at  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne  on  the  first  da}^  of  July. 

Macaulay  tells  us  that  the  cause  of  James  was  the 
cause  of  France  and  under  this  pretense.  Count  Fron- 
tenac,  the  able  governor  of  New  France,  quick  to 
second  his  sovereign  in  his  ambition  for  the  glory  of 
his  reign,  planned  a  camjiaign  in  America  to  force  the 
English  boundaries  to  retreat  as  far  southward  as  pos- 
sible. Frontenac  had  returned  as  o-overnor  and  lieu- 
tenant-general  of  New  Fraiice  in  October,  1GS9, 
charged  with  instructions  to  initiate  a  campaign 
against  New  York  and  Boston,  operating  with  his  land 
forces  from  Montreal  and  with  his  fleet  from  Quebec. 
Looking  at  the  map  of  America  of  1655,  the  territory 
of  England  embraced  at  that  time  only  the  present 
states  of  Maine,  New^  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Marjdand  and 
Virginia. 

A  colony  of  Swedes  held  Delaware ;  the  Dutch 
held  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  and  New  Jersey  as  far 
south  as  Cape  May ;  Spain  held  Florida,  and  France 
the  immense  territory  now  comprised  vrithin  the  states 


THE    AN'CIEXT    DEFENSES    OF    rOKTLAND.  7 

of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  We.st 
Virginia,  Tenne.-'see,  the  Carolina.?,  Georo-ia,  Alabama, 
jiuliana,  Illinois  and  ^Michigan.  In  1G90  tlie  English 
bouiKlaries  included  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New 
York  and  the  Carolinas.  LaSalle  had  made  his  immor- 
tal journey  through  the  Mississippi  Yallej'  to  the 
waters  of  the  Gull'  of  Mexico,  and  had  taken  posses- 
sion of  the  country  in  the  name  of  his  Most  Christian 
Majesty. 

The  people  of  Massachusetts  cand  Maine  had  recog- 
nized tlie  title  of.  ^yilliam  and  Marv  and  with  more 
zeal  than  discretion  had  driven  Sir  Edmond  Andross 
from  power  and  were  active  in  overthrowing  all  the 
good  effects  of  his  measures  for  their  defense  against 
the  French  and  Indians.  In  his  report  to  the  commit- 
tee for  trade  and  plantation,  which  was  received  in 
London  in  April,  1G90,  he  writes  :  — 

That  the  new  council  in  Massachusetts  under  Governor  Brad- 
street  f^ave  orders  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  forces  from  Pema- 
quid  and  other  garrisons  and  places  in  the  eastern  parts  ;  that 
the  Indians  were  encouraged  and  enabled  to  renew  and  pursue 
the  war  and  hj  the  assistance  of  the  French  who  have  been  seen 

among  them increased   their    number  ;    that  in  a 

short  time  several  hundred  of  their  JIajesties'  subjects  were 
killed  or  carried  away  captive;  the  fort  at  Pemaquid  taken,  the 
whole  county  of  Cornwall,  the  greater  part  of  the  Province  ot 
-Maine,  and  .that  part  of  the  Province  of  Xew  Hampshire 
destroyed  and  deserted. 

The  military  state  of  the  provinces  of  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire  was  about  as  bad  at  it  could  have 
been.  Indifference  on  the  part  of  the  Massachusetts 
Governor  and    Council  to  the  Militarv  necessities  of 


8  ."SfATXn:    lUSTOKICAL    SOCIKTY. 

the  frontier,  involving  criminal  neglect  in  ]")rovIding 
rations,  clotliing,  camp  equipage,  ordnance  arms  and 
ammunition  for  the  garrison? ;  inefficiency  in  the  com- 
n)is!<ioned  officers,  insubordination  and  ignorance  in 
the  soldiery  all  made  the  success  of  Frontenac  a  fore- 
gone conclusion.  It  is  hardly  to  be  doubted  that  his 
plans  were  materially  changed  on  his  arrival,  for  he 
found  it  necessary  to  drive  the  Iroquois  from  Montreal 
and  secure  the  safety  of  his  own  people  against  them. 
In  the  spring  of  1690  three  expeditions  were  sent 
out  to  strike  at  the  English  settlements.  The  right 
column,  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  ten  French 
troops  under  coranumd  of  Manet,  with  St.  Helene  and 
Iberville,  two  sons  of  Charles  LeMovne,  in  charge  of 
the  Indian  contingent,  marched  from  Montreal  through 
the  snow  and  attacked  Schenectady  on  the  third 
of  February,  killing  sixty  people  and  ravaging  the 
country.  The  center  column,  consisting  of  twenty- 
four  French  soldiers  and  twenty-five  Indians,  led  by 
Hopegood,  all  under  command  of  Francois  Hertel,  left 
Three  Rivers  on  the  twentv-eio'hth  of  Januarv  and 
arrived  at  Salmon  Falls,  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
twenty-seventh  of  March.  The  towai  wms  attacked  at 
da3''break,  partially  destroyed  and  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants murdered  and  carried  into  captivity.  Hertei 
withdrew  on  learning  that  help  to  Salmon  Falls  was 
coming  from  Portsmouth,  and  made  his  way  to  the 
Kennebec  to  join  his  force  to  that  of  the  Count  de 
Portneuf,  who  commanded  the  left  column,  then  on  its 
way  to  attack  Fort  Loyal.  Tiiis  command  consisted 
of  fifty  French  soldiers  and  fifty  Abuaki  Indians  from 


THE    ANCIliNT    DrFF-NSES    OF    rOKTLAND.  9 

the  ^Mission  of  St.  Francis  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. 
Tliey  JefL  Quebec  in  January  arriving  in  Casco  Bay  on 
tlie  eleventh  or  twelfth  of  May.  On  the  twelfth  of 
May  two  Englishmen  were  cau;„^ht  on  the  Bay,  one  of 
whom  was  killed  and  the  other  carried  oil  On  the 
same  da}',  Capt.  Sylvanus  Davis  reported  to  the  gov- 
ernor and  council  of  Massachusetts  the  defection  of 
Capt.  Simon  Willard  and  some  of  his  men,  who  in  the 
face  of  the  enemy  and  in  the  most  cowardly  manner 
fled  from  Casco  to  Boston  on  a  wretched  pretense.  In 
the  meantime  tlie  Count  de  Portneuf  had  concentrated 
his  forces  on  the  isLands  in  the  harbor  and  on  the 
night  of  the  fifteenth  of  May  Landed  on  the  north  end 
of  the  peninsuLa  in  Indian  Cove  at  the  foot  of  Mun- 
joy's  Hill.  Their  lines  were  deplo3^ed  in  the  timber 
north  of  Queen,  now  Congress  Street,  facing  to  the 
southeast.  Their  forces  amounted  to  about  four  hun- 
dred men  in  all^  Portneuf  in  command,  witli  his  fifty 
Frenchmen  and  fifty  Abnakis,  Hertel  with  his  twenty- 
four  Frenchmen  and  twenty-five  Abnakis  and  Baron 
de  Castine  with  the  Abnakis  headed  by  Madocka- 
wando  and  Hopegood.  The  fighting  strength  of  the 
garrison  consisted  of  about  seventy  men.  At  noon  on 
the  sixteenth,  thirty  men  under  command  of  Lieut. 
Clark  made  a  sortie  in  the  direction  of  the  Lawrence 
garrison-house  on  Munjoy's  Hill  and  were  attacked 
and  all  killed  but  five,  who  made  their  way,  all  of 
them  wounded,  back  to  the  fort.  On  the  night  of  the 
sixteenth  all  the  people  who  were  in  the  four  outer 
garrison-houses  retreated  to  the  fort,  whicli  was  soon 
completely  invested.     The  enemy  set  fire  to  the  build- 


10  MAINE    IILSTOIJICAL    SOCIPrfY. 

ings  in  the  town,  and  ran  a  trench  towards  the  walls 
for  the  purpose  of  sotting  fire  to  the  stockades.  When 
the  trench  was  completed  they  filled  a  cart  with  com- 
bustibles, ran  it  close  to  the  walls  and  set  fiio  to  it. 
This  danger  led  to  a  parley  which  resulted  in  tlie  sur- 
render of  the  garrison  on  the  twentieth  of  ^.lay,  on 
condition  of  safe  conduct  to  tlie  neai'est  Engli-h  town. 
The  terms  were  made  with  Portneuf  and  were  ignored 
as  soon  as  made.  The  Indians  slaughtered  all  without 
regard  to  age  or  sex.  About  five  of  the  garrison,  in- 
cluding Capt.  Davis  and  two  daughters  of  Lieut.  Clark 
were  spared  and  taken  to  Quebec  and  ultimately 
exchanged.  The  story  of  the  siege  taken  from  the 
French  archives  relates  that  '•  the  fort  was  fired,  the 
guns  spiked,  the  stores  burned  and  all  the  inmates 
made  prisoners.  The  Indians  retained  a  majority  of 
thorn."  One  of  the  sino-ular  features  of  this  enQ-ai^e- 
ment  is  that  the  casualties  up  to  the  day  of  the  sur- 
render seem  to  have  been  unusually  small.  On  the 
side  of  the  French  and  Indians,  the  French  report 
says  that  "  One  Frenchman  had  his  a,rm  broken  by  a 
cannon  ball  and  an  Indian  received  a  vround  in  the 
thigh."  On  tlie  part  of  the  English  there  were  appar- 
ently no  casualties  except  the  killing  of  Lieut.  Clark 
and  his  party,  and  tlie  wounding  of  the  five  who  got 
back  to  the  fort  on  tlie  sixteenth.  It  is  estimated  that 
nearly  two  hundred  people  were  massacred  or  carried 
into  captivity.  Those  of  the  other  settlements  fled 
for  the  safety  to  the  more  secure  towns  of  New 
Hampshire. 

The  garrison  which  at  this  time  held  Purpooduc  or 


THE    ANCIENT    DEi'ENSES    OF    POiiTLAND.  11 

Spring  Point,  retreated  with  those  of  Spurwink  and 
Scarborough  to  Snco.  In  tlie  autumn  of  1G90,  while 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Ameri.scoggins,  Maj. 
Church  landed  five  companies  of  English  soldiers  and 
friendly  Indians  at  Spring  Point,  the  present  site  ot 
Fort  Preble.  He  was  attacked  at  daylight  on  Sunday, 
September  21,  and  after  a  sharp  fight  repulsed  them 
with  a  loss  to  his  force  of  seven  killed  and  twenty- 
four  wounded.  It  is  supposed  that  this  fight  took 
place  on  the  swampy  ground  lying  between  Fort 
Preble  and  Cusliing's  Point. 

The  armament  of  Fort  Loyal  was  left  in  the  ruins 
of  the  work  when  the  French  and  Indians  quit  the 
place.  In  August,  1G92,  Sir  William  Phipps  with  a 
force  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  soldiers  under  com- 
mand of  Maj.  Church,  sailed  from  Boston  for  Pema- 
cjuid,  wliere  he  began  the  construction  of  Fort  William 
Henry.  On  his  way  up  he  stopped  at  Falmouth, 
buried  the  whitened  bones  of  the  victims  of  the  mas- 
sacre and  took  the  guns  with  him  to  form  part  of  the 
armament  of  the  new  fort  at  Pemaquid. 

After  the  people  of  Maine  had  become  reasonably 
assured  of  safety  on  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of 
Mare  Point,  in  January,  161)9,  the}^  returned  to  Casco 
Bay  and  began  a  new  settlement  near  the  mouth  of 
the.Presumpscot  Paver. 

At  a  point  about  three  miles  northeast  of  the  old 
location  of  Fort  Loyal  and  four  miles  nearly  due  north 
of  Spring  Point  a  fort  was  constructed  in  1700  under 
direction  of  Colonel  Piomer,  a  military  engineer  of  the 
provincial  government.  It  was  known  as  New  Casco 
Fort. 


12  MAiNK  iii?;ToniCAL  socinxy. 

This  work  was  built  on  four  sides  of  a  square,  eacli 
side  beiiiir  fifty  feet  in  length.  Small  bastions  v/ere 
placed  in  the  northeast  and  soutlnve-t  corners,  and 
high  sentry-boxes  overlooking  the  surrounding  coun- 
try on  the  northwest  and  southeast  corners.  The 
whole  was  surrounded  by  a  stockade.  About  one 
hundred  feet  southeast  of  the  fort  was  the  well  on 
which  the  garrison  depended  for  water,  the  avenue  to 
which  was  also  secured  by  a  line  of  stockades  on  each 
side.  The  area  enclosed  by  the  Avork  exclusive  of 
that  of  tlie  bastions  and  sentry-boxes  was  twenty-hve 
hundred  feel.  The  faces  of  the  bastions  were  thirty 
feet  long. 

The  little  fort  justified  the  propriety  of  its  construc- 
tion when  Queen  Anne's  war  was  begun  in  1703.  It 
was  then  the  utmost  frontier  of  the  English  on  the 
east.  The  French  and  Indians  five  hundred  strong 
under  command  of  the  Sieur  de  Beaubussin  laid  siege 
to  it  for  several  days  in  August  of  that  year.  The 
settlers  had  found  safety  within  its  walls.  The  post 
was  commanded  by  Major  March,  who  had  an  effective 
force  of  thirty-six  men,  which  he  divided  into  three 
reliefs  of  twelve  each.  Their  defense  was  so  bravely 
conducted  that  the  French  commander  was  forced  to 
begin  regular  "approaches,  which  were  interrupted  by 
the  timely  arrival  from  Boston  of  Captain  Southack  in 
an  English  man-of-war  in  the  service  of  the  Massachu- 
setts authorities. 

He  attacked  the  enemy,  destroyed  many  of  their 
canoes,  and  raised  the  siege.  It  was  only  in  June  of 
this    year    that    Governor   Dudley   of  Massachusetts, 


THE    AXCIKNT    DEFENSES    OF    FOiriLANl).  13 

whose  administ ration  \vas  begun  i))  1702,  had  held  at 
this  fort  an  iniposin^^  council  with  the  Indians,  which 
ended  in  protestations  of  tlie  most  peaceful  intentions 
on  both  sides.  After  tiiis  visit  nnd  the  attack  of  the 
French  and  Indians,  lie  directed  a  new  fortification  to 
be  constructed,  wliicli  was  finished  in  1705,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Col.  Redknap,  an  engineer  officer 
in  the  service  of  Massachusetts,  who  \vas  afterwards 
sent  with  March's  command  to  conduct  the  siege 
operations  in  the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Port 
Royal  despatched  by  Dudley  in  June,  1707.  The 
stockades  of  the  new  fort  entirely  circumscribed  those 
of  the  old.  The  new  fort  was  an  oblong  qradrilateral 
havino"  regrular  bastions  at  all  its  corners.  Exclusive 
of  the  bastions  it  was  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long 
and  one  hundred  and  ninety  v,dde.  In  each  side  a 
sally-port  was  provided,  the  one  on  the  east  having  a 
small  stockaded  redan  in  its  front.  The  lenQ;th  of  the 
bastioned  front  on  the  north  and  south  sides  was  two 
hundred  and  fifty-eight  feet  and  on  the  east  and  west 
three  hundred  forty-six  feet  respectfully.  Its  interior 
area,  not  counting  that  of  the  bastions  was  about 
forty-seven  thousand  live  hundred  square  feet,  or  a 
little  more  than  one  acre. 

Within  the  walls,  barracks,  storehouses,  officers' 
quarters  and  shops  were  erected  and  in  the  southwest 
corner  a  large  tank  was  put  up  for  the  storage  of 
water  in  time  of  siege.  From  the  south  sally-port,  a 
sheltered  way  to  the  shore  of  the  bay  was  built  of 
stockades,  the  water  ends  of  which  flared  outwardly 
and  extended  into    tide    water    to    give    a    protected 


14  MAINE  jiistoi;k;al  society. 

moorui«i;  for  llio  ]>oats  of  the  garrison.  No  fletjuls  of 
tlie  armament  arc  known.  New  Casco  Fort  C(jntinned 
to  be  the  defense  of  Falmouth  until  171G.  wlien  its 
garrison  was  witlidrawn,  its  armament  aiid  stores 
removed  and  tlie  work  demoli.shed  by  its  coimiiander, 
JMaj.  Mood\%  under  orders  from  the  colonial  govern- 
ment. jMost  of  the  people  moved  their  habitations  to 
the  old  site  of  the  town  on  the  "  Neck,"  where  Port- 
land now^  stands.  The  officers  and  soldiers  who  com- 
posed the  garrison  moved  to  the  new  town  with  the 
people,  took  up  land  and  were  among  those  who  were 
called  the  new"  proprietors,  as  distinguished  from  the 
heirs  of  the  former  occupants,  who  were  called  the  old 
proprietors.  Queen  Anne's  war  continued  to  rage 
until  1713  when  it  ceased  under  the  treaty  made  at 
Portsmouth.  New  Hampshire,  July  11,  of  that  year. 
In  1731  the  town  applied  to  the  General  Court  of 
Massachusetts  for  the  construction  of  a  fort  for  the 
public  defense  and  a  work  was  accordingly  begun  on 
the  old  site  of  Fort  Loyal,  but  apparently  not  com- 
pleted. 

The  provincial  government  was  not  unmindml, 
however,  of  the  defense  of  the  town,  for  on  the  eigh- 
teenth of  August,  1738,  Col.  Pepperell,  with  officers  of 
the  regular  troops  and  militia,  arrived  from  Boston 
and  made  an  inspection  of  its  military  condition. 
This  work  was  repaired  and  an  additional  breastwork 
built  during  Gov.  Shirley's  administration  in  1742, 
and  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  .Succession  and  the 
French  war,  wdiich  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Quebec  and 
the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  17G2,  was  partially  relied  on 


THE    ANX'IKNT    DEFENSES    OF    rOIJTLAXI).  If) 

for  the  defense  of  the  town  against  the  French.  The 
armament  of  the  new  breastworks  consisted  of  ten 
twelve  pounders.  After  the  capture  of  Louisburg  ])y 
Sir  William  Pepperell  in  1715,  the  French  govern- 
ment dispatched  the  Due  D'Anville  to  America  ^vith  a 
fleet  of  eleven  ships  of  the  line,  twenty  frigates,  five 
ships  and  brigs,  thirty-four  fire  ships,  tenders  and 
transports  and  three  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men  to  recapture  the  forti-ess  and  restore  the  prestige 
of  French  power.  The  expedition  was  abandoned  and 
the  remnant  of  the  fleet  returned  to  France.  The  peo- 
ple of  Falmouth,  however,  apprehensive  of  a  visit 
from  it,  made  preparations  for  defense  by  placing  two 
old  eighteen  or  forty-two  pounders  in  a  battery  on 
Spring  Point  —  a  measure  in  which  the  means  were 
hardly  adequate  to  the  ends  expected.  During  this 
period  the  people  wasted  labor,  money  and  materials 
by  expending  their  efforts  in  building  and  strengthen- 
ing the  private  garrisons  or  blockhouses,  instead  of 
concentrating  all  on  the  development  of  the  powers  of 
tlie  fort;  and  we  find  that  in  1744  eighty-five  soldiers 
were  posted  in  the  town  and  billeted  in  the  garrison 
houses,  which  were  designed  for  security  in  case  of 
Indian  attacks.  AYhen  the  war  of  the  Revolution  was 
begun  the  town  was  practically  defenseless,  and 
Mowatt  with  a  fleet  of  four  small  English  armed  ves- 
sels shelled  and  destroyed  Portland  with  absolute 
impunity.  The  only  guns  in  the  town  were  four  old 
pieces  and  for  these  not  a  round  of  ammunition  was 
on  hand. 

On  the  second  of  May,  177G,  a  local  committee  was 


16  MAIxNK    mSJORlC.M.   SOCIETY. 

appointed  to  look  after  the  defense  of  the  town.  One 
fort  wa.s  constructed  o]i  Munjoy's  Hill  and  another  on 
the  hill  on  Free  Street,  where  the  Anderson  mansion 
stands.  The  fort  on  Munjoy's  Hill  was  named  Fort 
Alien  in  honor  of  the  captor  of  Ticonderoga,  and  that 
on  Free  Street  was  known  as  t?ie  Upper  Battery.  A 
battery  and  magazhie  ak30  stood  on  or  near  the  ground 
selected  for  the  monument  to  be  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  Maine  who  fell 
in  the  war  of  tlie  Eeljellion,  and  another  on  tlie  old 
site  of  Fort  Loyal.  Breastworks  were  constructed  on 
Spring  Point  and  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  artillery  ; 
and  a  small  battery  was  thrown  up  on  Portland  Head^ 
in  which  a  detachment  was  placed  with  orders  to  report 
the  appearance  of  strange  vessels  by  firing  signal 
guns.  This  was  the  condition  of  the  defense  of  Port- 
land during    the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

After  the  Revolution  the  fortifications  of  the  country 
were  permitted  to  fall  into  decay,  but  when  hostilities 
with  France  became  imminent  about  1794,  Congress 
appropriated  large  sums  of  money  for  putting;  the 
coast  defenses  in  good  condition.  Pursuant  to  ihis 
determination  a  fort  was  constructed  on  Munjo3^'s 
Hill  which  subsequently  became  known  as  Fort  Sum- 
ner, in  honor  of  tlie  memory  of  Gov.  Sumner  of 
Massachtisetts.  It  is  thus  described  by  the  Due  do  la 
Rochefoucauld  who  about  this  time  made  a  tour  of  the 
United  States  with  Talleyrand  :  — 

They  aie  at  proser.t  construotiug  on  the  site  of  an  old  earthen 
breastAvoik  a  fortification  which  tl^ey  expect  to  coramand  the 
town   and  to  render  it  at  least  secure  from  the  invasions  of  an 


Tin:  AxriEXT  defenses  of  roinLAKo.  17 

eiu'ni}'.  This  iieu-  fortification  stands  at  tlie  extreme  )>oint  of 
the  ]»oiiinsula  on  which  PorthincT  is  estaldished  and  consists  of  a 
battery  of  fifteen  or  twenty  heavy  cannon  of  large  caliber  com- 
manding that  wide  entrance  of  the  bay  which  was  above  men- 
tioned. This  battery  is  to  have  by  means  of  a  coveied  way  a 
comnuinicatioii  with  a  snrdl  fort  a  distance  of  four  or  five  hun- 
dred toisos  (about  eight  hundred  or  a  thousand  yards)  which  it 
has  been  thought  necessary  to  erect  on  the  highest  part  of  the 
isthmus.     Tlie  fort  is  sufficient  to  hold  two  liundred  men." 

In  his  history  of  Porthtnd  Willis  thus  describes  it :  — 

The  barracks  were  erected  on  the  summit  of  Munjoy's  Hill 
surrounded  by  an  earthen  embankment  beneath  which  was  a 
deep  ditcli.  It  was  connected  by  a  covered  way  with  a  battery 
erected  on  the  southerly  brow  of  the  hill  near  where  Adams 
street  now  [l8G5]  passes.  Guns  Avere  mounted  at  both  places, 
but  the  bai-racks  for  the  accommodation  of  the  meii  and  the 
parade  ground  were  within  the  enclosure  on  the  hill.  It  was 
garrisoned  until  after  the  war  of  IS] 2,  when  the  command  was 
withdrawn  and  the  work  suffered  to  go  to  decay. 

Ill  anticipation  of  war  with  England  in  1808,  Con- 
gress again  made  generous  provision  for  coast  defense, 
and  as  part  of  the  general  plan  Forts  Preble  and 
Scammel  were  begun  in  that  year  and  completed 
before  1812. 

The  state  of  Massachusetts  on  the  twelfth  of  March, 
1808,  passed  an  act  ceding  to  the  United  States  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  part  of  House  Island  and  the  extreme 
end  of  Spring  Point,  opposite  thereto,  near  the  en- 
trance of  Portland  Harbor,  reserving  to  itself  concur- 
rent jurisdiction  on  and  over  said  lands,  so  far  as  that 
all  civil  and  criminal  processes  may  be  duly  executed 
on  the  lands  so  ceded.  Subsequently  in  section  8, 
Vol.  VII.         3 


18  MAlNi;    IlISTijniCAI.    .SOCIETy. 

chapter  2,  oi"  the  ix'vi.sed  statatos  of  Maine,  the 
slate  passed  a  general  act  confiiiiiing  the  authority  of 
the  United  States  over  any  lands  transferred  to  the 
government  lor  ])ublie  uses  under  the  eonstitutioji 
and  laws  of  the  United  States,  This  act  has  been 
construed  Ijy  the  courts  of  Maine  as  applying  as  well 
to  militar}-  reservations  as  to  lighthouses  and  other 
public  buildings. 

The  first  h'ort  Preble  was  built  of  brick  and  u'ranite. 
Its  front,  on  tlie  channel,  was  semicircular  in  plan,  and 
on  its  flanks  and  rear  it  had  the  lines  of  a  star  fort. 

This  part  of  the  work  is  still  standing.  The  lenu'th 
of  the  superior  slope  from  the  interior  to  the  exterior 
crest  was  ten  feet,  six  inches,  and  on  the  land  side, 
near  the  sally-port,  four  feet  and  two  inches.  The 
command  or  height  of  the  interior  crest  above  the 
site  was  eighteen  feet  and  four  inches.  Inside  the 
enclosure  were  two  double  buildings  for  officers'  quar- 
ters, a  shot  furnace,  magazine,  barracks,  and  a  well. 
Its  armament  consisted  of  seven  thirty-tv/o  pounders, 
five  eight-inch  howitzers  and  one  tvrelve  poundei, 
all  mounted  in  barbette. 

In  reply  to  a  request  for  information  addressed  to 
an  officer  of  the  adjutant-general's  department,  on 
duty  in  the  War  Office,  as  to  the  personage  after  whom 
Fort  Preble  was  named,  the  following  was  received: — 

War  Dkpaktmkxt. 

Aixjutant-Gkxkkal's  Offici:,  ) 

DiVISrOX    MlLlTAEY    IXFOKMATIOX.  J 

Memorandum  :  — 

In  tlie  matter  of  Fort  Preble,  Maine.  Fort  Preble  was  con- 
structed sonif  time  during  tlie  summer  of  180S.  The  question 
of  fortifying  tlie  Atlantic  seacoast  towns  was  a  matter  uf  much 


TJ[K    AXCIENT    DKrJCNSKS    Ol"    rOUTLAND.  10 

concern  from  170-1  for  the  following  ten  ycari'.  A  battery  and 
blockhouse  were  erected  for  tlie  defense  of  iJie  town  in  ITOo  and 
]7L*G,  but  tlic.-e  soon  fell  into  decay.  A  small  work  which  had 
beon  authorized  by  tlie  act  of  March,  1794,  was  completed  in 
1806,  and  reccivcnl  the  name  of  Fort  Siunnei-,  but  the  ^ile  of  this 
work  was  injudiciously  selected,  and  the  engineers  reported  that 
new  works  M-ere  necessary.  Under  date  of  January  G,  ISOO, 
President  .Jefferson,  in  a  messa;ie  to  Congress  on  the  subject  of 
seacoast  defense  reports  :  "  Portland  IlarWor,  Fuii  Preble,  a  new 
enclosed  work  of  stone  and  brick  masonry  with  a  brick  barrack 
quarters  and  magazine,  is  completed.  This  work  is  erected  on 
Spring  Point,  and  conmands  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  through 
the  main  channel." 

This  is  the  record  we  have  of  the  existence  of  Fort  Preble. 
Tlie  records  of  the  War  Dejiartmcut  in  18:20  are  very  meager. 
A  fire  ill  the  War  Departnrent  in  1800  consume«l  most  of  the  re- 
coids  prior  to  that  date,  and  on  the  aiiproach  of  the  IJritish  in 
1814,  the  records  which  had  accumulated  up  to  that  date  were 
either  destroyed  or  distributed  in  such  a  manner  that  few  of 
them  have  been  recovered.  It  may  have  been  that  tlie  designa- 
tion of  this  work  originated  in  the  War  Department,  but  of  this 
there  is  no  certainty.  The  names  of  most  of  the  early  works 
were  conferred  upon  thera  by  the  constructing  engineers,  and 
not  always  with  the  approval  of  the  department. 

It  has  always  been  considered  by  this  office  tiiat  Fi^rt  Preble 
was  named  in  h.onor  of  the  memory  of  Edward  Preble,  com- 
modore in  the  United  States  navy.  He  was  perhaps  the  most 
prominent  naval  officer  of  his  day,  and  his  operations  along  the 
Barbary  coast,  which  resulted  in  the  peace  of  the  third  of  June, 
1805,  by  which  the  tribute  which  European  nations  had  paid  for 
centuries  to  the  Barbaric  pirates  was  abolished,  and  his  efforts 
"were  renowned  throughout  the  world.  He  returned  to  tiiis  coun- 
try in  1805,  where  he  received  an  enthusiastic  welcome  as  well  as 
a  vote  of  thanks  from  Congress  (the  first  to  receiv^e  them  after  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution),  and  a  gold  medal. 

In  1806  President  Jefferson  offered  him  the  portfolio  of  naval 
affairs,  which  he  declined  on  account  of  his  feeble  health.  He  re- 
turned to  Portland,  his  native  town,  where  he  died  in  August,  1807. 


20  iMAINn    IIISTOKICAI.    .SOCIF.TV. 

It  was  at  tliis  titne  that  the  new  work  in  Portland  Flarlior  was 
unilcr  coiistructio'i  an^l  al>out  licing  completed,  audit  is  therefore 
reasonablu  to  suppose  that  the  compliment  of  bestowintr  h\<  name 
upon  the  work  would  have  naturally  suggested  itself  to  those  in 
authority.  In  fact,  the  prepondirauce  of  opinion  is  shown  from 
a  consultation  of  numerous  autlioritios  to  incline  to  that  view. 

On  the  other  hand,  beyond  the  fact  that  the  father  of  Com- 
modore Preble  (Jedediah)  was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  his  services  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  were 
not  of  so  distinguished  a  character  as  to  have  entitled  him  to  the 
honor  in  question,  tM'enty-five  years  after  his  dtath,  in  contradis- 
tiuction  to  liis  son,  who  was  unquestionably  the  most  eminent 
citizen  of  Portland  at  the  time  of  his  death,  wliich  was  contem- 
poraneous with  tiie  naming  of  the  work. 

The  first  Fort  Scammel  is  thus  described  hy  Mr. 
William  Goold  in  ''Portland  in  the  Pa<t." 

On  the  highest  point  of  this  purchase  (the  military  reservation 
of  Fort  Scammel)  Dearborn  erected  an  octogonal  blockhouse  of 
timber  with  a  jiointed  roof  of  eight  sides.  On  the  low  upright 
center  timber  of  the  roof  ^vas  jjlaced  a  carved  wooden  eagle  with 
extended  wings  ;  on  each  of  the  eight  sides  of  the  blockhouse 
was  an  embrasure  or  porthole  and  a  gun.  The  upper  story  con- 
tained the  battery,  and  projected  over  the  lower  story  two  or 
three  feet.  All  the  buiMings,  including  the  blockhouse  and  bar- 
racks, were  clapboarded  and  ];iainted  white.  The  works  were 
enclosed  in  an  earthen  rampart,  and  presented  a  picturesque 
appearance. 

Fort  Scammel  was  so  named  in  honor  of  Col.  Alexan- 
der Scammel  of  the  army  of  the  Revolution,  who 
was  aid-de-camp  to  Gen.  ^Yashington  and  adjutant- 
general  of  the  army.  He  was  mortally  wounded  by 
Hessians  while  engaged  in  a  reconnaissance  near  York- 
town,  Virginia,    September,    1781. 

Both  posts  were  named  by  direction  of  Maj.-Gen. 
Henry  Dearborn,  United  States  army,  who  was   sec- 


THE    ANCIENT    DKFKNSES    OF    rOirfLAM).  21 

letary  of  war  from  ISOl  to  1S09,  and  whose  son, 
Alexander  Scanimcl  Dearborn  was  the  agent  of  tlie 
War  Department  in  the  construction  of  Forts  Preble 
and  ScammcL 

During  the  wnr  of  1812,  temporary  batteries  were 
constructed  on  Fish  Point  and  Jordan's  Point.  The 
latter  was  named  Fort  Burrows  in  lionor  of  the  gal- 
lant commander  of  the  United  States  brig  P^nter- 
ju-ise,  who  fell  in  the  action  with  the  English  brig 
Boxer,  on  the  fifth  of  September,  1813,  off  Portland 
Harbor. 

The  defenses  of  Portland  like  those  of  other  cities 
on  the  coast,  have  been  affected  by  the  development 
of  modern  artillery. 

In  1857  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  radical 
chano;es  in  Foi'is  Preble  and  Scammel  and  to  construct 
Fort  Gorges.  These  works  were  all  to  be  large  ma- 
sonry forts  with  two  tiers  of  casemate  batteries  and 
one  barbette  each,  mounting  in  all,  for  the  defense  of 
the  harbor,  two  hundred  and  ninety  pieces  of  artiller3\ 
Before  their  completion  the  system  of  heavy  smooth- 
bore guns  was  superseded  by  the  modern  heavy  built- 
up  breech  and  muzzle-loading  rifles,  and  the  costly  and 
elaborate  fortifications  of  granite  were  found  to  be 
useless  against  such  artillery. 

The  corps  of  engineers  spent  no  more  money  on 
masonry  w^prks,  but  in  1871  they  strengthened  Forts 
Preble  and  Scammel  by  the  construction  of  heavy 
earthen  parapets,  traverses  and  magazines,  and  em- 
placements for  modern  artillery.  Fort  Preble  has 
platforms  for  seventeen  fifteen-inch  Ptodman  guns  or 
twelve-inch     rifles,    and     for    three    eight-inch     rifles. 


22  .MAINE    IIISTOIMCAL    SOCIETY. 

There  are  now  (18S9)  two  fiftccn-incli  S.  B.  guns  mul 
two  eiglit-iuch  rilles  mounted  in  tlie  works.  Fo!  t 
Scanimel  lias  six  fifteen-inch  and  four  ten-inch  S.  B. 
guns  mounted  and  cmphicements  for  several  others. 

It  is  understood  that  the  new  project  of  the  engi- 
neer corps  for  the  defense  of  Portland  Harbor  em- 
braces the  construction  of  modern  works  with  the 
necessary  electrical  and  steam  plant  on  Portland  Ilend 
and  Cow  Island. 

The  compiler  of  these  notes  is  especially  indebted 
to  Mr.  James  Phinney  Baxter  of  Portland,  ]Maine.  for 
access  to  and  free  use  of  valuable  maps  of  the  coast 
made  by  enrly  explorers  and  plans  of  the  early  forti- 
fications of  the  New  England  coast,  copies  of  which 
Mr.  Baxter  secured  at  private  expense  from  the  Pub- 
lic Records  ofHce,  the  Piolls  Office  and  the  Library  of 
the  British  Museum  in  London  ;  also  for  eivins,  him 
access  to  the  valuable  collection  of  the  Maine  Histor- 
ical Society.  He  is  also  indebted  for  courtesies  to  Mr. 
William  Goold,  author  of ''  Portland  in  the  Past,"  and 
to  Messrs.  S.  W.  and  Charles  Pickard,  editors  of  tlie 
"  Portland  Transcript."  In  preparing  these  notes  the 
following;  authorities  have  been  consulted :  — 

Palfrey's  History  of  Xew  England. 

Willis'  History  of  Portland. 

Williamson's  History  of  .Maine, 

Mntber's  iNlagnali.i. 

Sullivan's  History  of  Maine. 

Goold's  Portland  in  the  Past. 

Hull's  Capture  of  Fort  Loyal. 

Smith  and  Doane's  Journals. 

An   Historical    Sketch,  etc.,  of  Cushings  Island,  by  Wni.   M. 

Sargent,  A.  M. 
The  Tielawne}'  Papers,  by  Mr.  Jaiues  Phinney  Baxter. 


COL.    TJIOMAS    GOI.DTHWAIT ANAS    HE    A    TORY?  20 


COL.  THOMAS  GOLDTH\VAIT-\VA5 
HE  A  TORY.? 

BY    R.    GOI.I'TriAV.MTE    CARTKU,    U.    S.    AUMY. 
Eead  he/ore  the  Mulni'  Ilhtoriral  Society,  December  19,  1SG5. 

Ox  Fort  Point,  n  bold,  rocky  promontory  of  Cape 
Jcllison,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penob.scot  River,  over- 
looking the  beaiUifiil  waters  of  Penobscot  Bay,  thickl}' 
studded  with  the  greenest  of  emerald  isles,  are  the 
crumbling  ruins  of  an  old  colonial  fort. 

The  local  historians  have  from  time  to  time  given 
some  very  interesting  accounts  of  the  inception  and 
completion  of  this  ancient  ^York  by  Gov.  Thomas 
Pownall  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in 
July,  1759,  and  of  its  destruction  by  Col.  James  Car- 
gill  in  July,  1775;  Init  of  its  garrison,  those  hardy 
men  who  occupied  it  during  this  period  of  sixteen 
years,  little  has  been  said,  presumably  because  little 
has  been  known. 

We  are  told  that  Brig.-Gen.  Jedediah  Preble  was 
the  first  commandant  of  Fort  Pownall  after  its  com- 
pletion, and  that  Col.  Thomas  Goldthw\ait,  with  the 
exception  of  one  year,  was  its  commanding  officer 
from  1763  to  1775  ;  the  longest  and  most  important 
period  of  its  existence. 

In  Ttlain.e,  most  historical  readers  are  very  familiar 
with  the  main  incidents  of  the  life  of  the  former,  so 
clo-oly  identified  is  it  with  the  history  of  old  Fal- 
mouth,   now    Portland  ;    but    of     the    latter   little    is 


9A  iMAINK    IIISTOKIC.M,    SOCIETY. 

knowi'.,  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  writer,  in  this 
paper,  to  give  .some  knowledge  of  his  early  life  and 
liistory. 

Before  me  are  copies  of  tlie  first  and  last  muster 
rolls  of  Fort  Pownall,  ^v'ith  the  names  of  the  jjarrison 
upon  them,  together  with  the  petition  of  the  same  to 
the  Provincial  xissembly  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts, 
for  pay  after  the  destruction  of  the  fort,  and  the  gar- 
rison had  been  scattered  by  the  loud  tocsin  of  the 
war  for  independence. 

Thomas  Goldthwait's  name  here  appears  as  captain ; 
Thomas  Goldthwait,  junior,  as  lieutenant ;  his  son 
Henry,  a  lad  of  about  seventeen,  as  private  ;  as  also 
that  of  Francis  Archbald,  junior,  the  clerk  of  the  fort, 
who  afterwards  married  Marv,  tlie  dauo;hter  of  Col. 
Goldtliwait,  and  who  is  referred  to  in  tiie  trial  of 
Capt.  Preston  of  the  Twenty-ninth  British  Foot,  as 
one  of  the  lads  who,  on  the  night  of  Zvlarch  5,  1770, 
near  old  "  Cornhill,"  was  one  of  the  controlling  causes 
of  the  "  Boston  Massacre."  He  was  a  witness  before 
the  court,  and  his  affidavit  is  given,  containing  a  very 
graphic,  as  well  as  a  most  amusing  account  of  that 
stirring  event,  which  led  up  to,  and  was  so  closely 
identified  with,  what  followed. 

But,  who  was  Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait?  Some 
rather  incomplete  statements  concerning  him  have 
been  written  by  the  local  historians  of  Maine,  ^v■ho, 
with  but  limited  opportunities  for  access  to  the  official 
archives  of  that  time  —  prior  to  and  during  the  period 
of  the  Eevolutionary  War  —  have  allowed  themselves 
to  be  guided   largely  by   tradition,  or   the   prejudiced 


COL.    TIIO."MAS    GOLUTJIWAIT WAS    HE    A    'JOIIV?  'JO 

staluineiits  and  writings  of  those  da  vs.  and  have 
handed  down  in  cold  type,  thus-  far  unchallenged,  a 
character  which,  without  a  cool  and  dispas-sionate 
judgment,  as  afforded  by  the  valuable  contributions  of 
to-day,  would  pass  down  to  future  generations  as  a 
man  whose  very  name  and  memory  should  be  shunned, 
even  by  his  own  descendants. 

These  statements,  however,  have  been  published  in 
such  a  fragmentary  and  disconnected  way,  that  the 
writer  much  doubts  if  to-day  there  are  man^^  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  state  of  Maine  interested  in  such 
matters,  especially  those  living  about  the  mouth  of 
the  Penobscot  River,  who  have  any  adequate  concep- 
tion of  the  true  or  inner  life  of  the  man  who  had  so 
much  to  do  in  shaping  the  early  settlement  and 
development  of  that  region. 

Were  it  not  for  a  pressing  duty  which  the  writer, 
a  descendant,  feels  incumbent  upon  himself  to  rescue 
a  name  once  honored  and  respected  throughout  the 
entire  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  from  the  cloud 
of  reproach  and  obloquy  which  has  hung  over  it  for 
more  than  a  century  of  time,  Thomas  Goldthwait's 
memory,  with  his  deeds,  would  still  remain  buried 
with  his  ashes  in  the  little  kirkvard  at  the  villa sre  of 
Walthamstow^,  England,  where  he  died  an  exile  from 
his  native  land,  August  31,  1799.  Let  us  turn  the 
search-light  of  truth  upon  that  record  which,  during 
this  long  period  of  silence,  has  remained  shrouded  in 
darkest  doubt. 

Lorenzo  Sabine,  in  his  very  valuable  work  on  the 
American  Loyalists,  says  :  — 


26  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

GokUlnvaiic,  Thomas,  of  Maine,  born  in  (Jliclsca,  Ma^sacyiu- 
sctts,  Grantee  witli  Francis  Bernard,  sou  of  the  Governor,  of  a 
large  tract  of  laml  in  Prospect  on  the  Penobscot,  on  condition 
of  settiing  thirty  families,  of  building  an  Ej)iscoj;al  chinch  and 
employing  a  minister.  I^hc  enterprise  was  interrupted  by  the 
Revolution.     Both  adhered  to    the    Crown    and    forfeited    their 

pro})erty The   account   of   him    is   that  he    was   an 

extortioner,  arbitrary  and  cruel.  Early  in  the  war  he  embarked 
for  IS  ova  Scotia,  was  shipwrecked  on  the  passage  and  perished, 
(^^olume  1  :  47S.) 

It  is  but  fair  to  say,  however,  that  in  his  introduc- 
tion, Sabine  states  that  but  little  could  be  learned 
concerning  the  Loyalists,  and  that  he  met  with  so 
many  serious  obstacles,  he  nearh'  decided  at  one  time 
to  abandon  the  work. 

Lossing,  in  his  Field-Book  of  the  AVar  of  1812, 
says  :  — 

It  [Fort  Fownall],  was  garrisoned  until  the  Kevolutioii,  when 
it  was  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the  British  by  a  Tory 
commander. 

The  Rev.  Richard  Pike  of  Dorchester,  ]\Lassachu- 
setts,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  New  England  His- 
toric Genealogical  Society  of  Boston,  as  far  back  as 
October  5,  1859,  frequently  alludes  to  the  subject  of 
this  sketch,  and  states  that :  — 

Col.  Goldthwait  has  left  behind  him  in  the  valley  of  the 
Penobscot  a  bad  reputation.  The  Indians  complained  loudly  of 
his  unfair  treatment  of  them  in  his  dealings  with  them.  He  was 
very  unkind  to  the  early  settlers.  Me  was  cruel,  arbitrary,  and 
an  extortioner.  He  further  declares  that  lie  was  a  tyrant  and  a 
coward  (New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register 
14:  7-10.) 


COL.    THOMAS    GOr.DTHW.AIT UA>    IlE    A    TOKY?  27 

There  could  be  no  \vor.«e  clmrncler  to  be  handed 
down  to  liistorv  and  his  descendants  than  this. 

TIjc  hisloiians  of  that  rej/ion  add  manv  traditions 
and  neighborhood  anecdotes  to  substantiate  this  record, 
and  to  prove  further  that  Thomas  G old th wait  was  an 
exceedingly  bad,  nnsci'upulous  man,  and  that  his  mem- 
ory is  odious,  and  held  in  execration  by  those  familiar 
with  the  story  of  old  Fort  Pownall  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Penobscot. 

The  writer  can  trace,  with  but  little  effort,  the  fore- 
going statements  to  the  same  source,  viz: —  the 
nnpublishcd  narrative  mannscript  of  one  John  David- 
son (to  whom  he  will  refer  later  on)  ;  and  all  recent 
sketches  of,  or  concerning  Thomas  Goldthwait,  are 
merely  changes  rung  upon  a  well-worn  theme,  with 
no  new  material  added. 

Thus  far  the  statements  made  by  these  writers  have 
been  mere  assertions,  but  accepted  as  historical  facts, 
and  they  have,  so  far  as  the  writer  has  any  knowledge, 
never  been  denied. 

Should  ancient  history  remain  forever  uncontradic- 
ted and  unchalleno-ed  ?  The  writer  thinks  not.  Liv- 
ing  as  we  do  in  this  remarkable  age  of  discovery  and 
progress,  with  the  world  of  knowlege  spread  at  our 
feet,  whatever  is  inaccurate  and  false,  vrhatever  is 
based  upon  uncertainty,  or  obtained  from  traditionary 
or  unreliable  sources,  and  given  as  true  histor}^  —  to 
stand  for  all  time  —  especially  where  it  vitally  con- 
cerns the  life  and  character  of  a  man,  should  be  sifted 
and  probed  :  the  search-light  of  the  student's  investi- 
gations should  be  turned  on,  until  truth  and  history 
righted  is  the  ultimate  result. 


28  MAINE    IIISTOHICAL    SOCIETi'. 

Nevertliolr's.s  the  writer  h;is  approached  this  subject 
with  inucli  hesitation.  History  had  already  been 
recorded  and  acce])ted  ;  slioidd  he  one  hundred  years 
after  tlie  ashc.-^.  of  his  ancestor  had  been  hiid  to  rest, 
struggle  willi  an  luicertainty  ? 

Meager  indeed  were  the  results  of  many  months  of 
patient  search  and  investigation,  and  at  every  turn  he 
met  witli  notliing  but  cold  proof  that  what  he  had 
seen  and  read  concerning  Thomas  Goldthwait  was 
confirmed  and  verified  bv  the  stroniiest  evidence,  and 
with  no  extenuating  circumstances.  Far  better  would 
it  be  that  the  mantle  of  charity  .^honld  be  wrapped 
about  his  memoiy,  than  that  such  an  unenviable  repu- 
tation shonld  be  draLfored  forth  to  the  light  of  day. 

In  preparing  this  paper,  the  writer  has,  at  intervals, 
dui'ing  the  past  five  years,  made  a  very  careful  and 
exhaustive  search  through  tlie  Congressional  and 
departmental  (war,  state  and  navy),  libraries  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  those  of  the  New  England  Historic 
Genealogical  and  Massachusetts  Historical  Societies  of 
Boston,  together  with  all  theii-  publications,  and  the 
files  of  colonial  newspapers  of  that  period ;  besides 
many  volumes  bearing  more  or  less  upon  the  relations 
between  Tory  and  Whig,  and  the  numerous  bitter  fac- 
tions of  those  times  and  localities. 

But  it  was  to  a  free  and  unrestricted  access  to  the 
Massachusetts  Archives  at  Boston,  that  he  is  most 
indebted  for  material,  and  to  which  the  incubation  of 
this  paper  is  largely  due. 

Thomas  Goldthwait  was  not,  perhaps,  from  our  mod- 
ern   standpoint,    a    remarkably    brilliant,    or    a   very 


COL.  TlIO.^^.\.s  ooi,i>JinvAiT — \v\y  iik  a  toi:y?         21) 

wonderful  mnn  ;  he  was  not  even  a  man  of  national 
distinction,  for  tliis  groat  nation  had  not  tlien  been 
born.  I'hcre  were'  tlien  no  men  of  cheap,  political,  or 
sky-rocket,  clap-trap  reputation.  Judge  Mellen  Cham- 
berlain of  Ciielsea,  .Massachu.seit.s,  ex-librarian  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library  —  who  is  about  to  publish  a 
history  of  the  city  of  Chelsea  —  in  which  he  will 
incorporate  a  sketch  of  our  subject  says,  however  :  — 

Goklthwait  must  Lave  been  an  extraordinnry  man,  if  one  rnav 
judge  of  llie  confidence  reposed  in  him  liy  his  fellow  citizens  of 
Chelsea,  as  well  as  by  the  Crown  oflicials  of  the  province.  I 
confess  that  the  condition  and  fate  of  the  Loyalists  have  always 
seemed  very  pitiful ;  and  I  have  no  patience  with  what  seems  to 
me  the  unjust  estimate  of  Hutchinson  by  Bancroft,  and  even  of 
Palfrey,  from  whom  I  sh(uild  exj^ect  a  more  candid  judgment. 

Speaking  of  Col.  Goldthwait's  portrait,  painted  b}' 
the  great  artist  —  John  Singleton  Copley  -—  he,  says  :  — 

The  tradition  is  that  Copley  painted  it.  However  that  may 
have  been,  the  face  and  head  were  those  of  no  common  man. 

He  was,  at  all  events,  in  the  then  feeble,  strugglinf)^ 
colony,  a  man  of  note  and  distinction.  The  historians 
of  Maine  admit  this;  and  had  he  lived  in  these  times, 
with  the  present  opportunities,  he  would  have  made 
his  mark. 

He  lived,  however,  at  a  period,  and  in  a  region, 
where  brilliant  efi'orts  and  extraordinary  parts  were 
not  called  for,  but  rather  that  power  which,  like  Abra- 
ham Lincoln's^  rough  hews  and  shapes  men's  lives  to 
higher  and  greater  possibilities.  And  he  so  shaped  his 
own  life  as  to  make  that  power  felt  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 


30  :matnk  justoiucal  society. 

The  vviilor  \vill  eii<leavor  to  sliow  and  proxc — Fir.-t. 
TliJit  Thomas  Goldthwnit  was  not  born  in  Chelsea, 
Massachusetts.  Second.  Thai  he  was  not  sliipwrecked 
and  lost  when  en  route  to  Nova  Scotia,  in  1775.  Third. 
That  he  was  not  a  Torv  or  a  Loyalist,  in  the  sen.se  that 
he  took  an}'  active  part  against  his  countrymen,  and 
then  only  so  far  as  he  was  forced,  after  the  dismantle- 
ment of  Fort  Pownall,  by  the  rancorous  spirit  engen- 
dered by  this  event,  increased  by  tlie  intense  excite- 
ment whiclj  so  soon  followed  the  announcement  of 
the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  the  treatment  he 
received  at  the  hands  of  the  turbulent  characters 
about  him,  and  by  the  Provincial  Congress,  through 
garbled  and  malicious  statements.  He  was  then  forced 
to  assume,  in  a  passive  and  dignified  manner,  the  role 
of  a  harmless  spectator  of  the  strife  then  on  between 
the  colonies  and  the  mother  country,  instead  of  takinsij 
an  active  part  with  his  neighbors,  the  patriotic  Wliigs 
of  that  reo-ion.  Fourth.  That  Thomas  Gold th wait 
was  not  a  cruel,  arl)itrary,  or  an  unjust  man  :  an 
exortioner,  a  coward,  or  a  tyrant :  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, was  a  kind,  just,  and  a  humane  man,  and  bi'avely 
performed  his  duty  as  he  saw  it. 

Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait  was  the  son  of  Capt. 
John  Goldthwait  and  Jane  (Taley  or  Tawley)  llalsey 
of  Boston.  His  father  was  born  in  Salem,  but  removed 
to  Boston  in  1701,  where  certain  sales  of  lands,  kc, 
locate  him  on  Charter  Street,  about  January  15,  1717,  ^ 
when  the  subject  of  our  sketch  was  born.  (Boston 
Records.) 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTinVAIT WAS    UK    A    TORY?  81 

John  GoMlhwait  was  i\  iiia,--ter  innsoiT  and  contractor, 
and  was  a  man  much  respecl  (3d,  holding  tlic  office  of  col- 
lector of  taxes  of  Boston  several  tunes  from  1730  to 
17o8.  He  was  an  assessor  in  1746  —  perhaps  oftener. 
He  was  active  in  all  the  afliiirs  of  the  town.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  new  North  church,  and  was 
a  subscriber  with  John  Hancock  and  others  to  the  bells 
of  Christ  church,  which  have  become  so  celebrated  in 
history. 

His  father  was  Samuel  of  Salem,  who  married  Eliz- 
abeth Cheever,  daughter  of  the  celebrated  Ezekiel 
Cheever,  sixth  master  of  the  Boston  Latin  School,  the 
oldest  and  best  known  schoolmaster  of  America.  He 
was  for  seventy  years  a  teacher,  and  died  at  ninety-four 
years  of  age,  with  a  crown  of  well-earned  glory. 
(Salem  Records.) 

Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait's  brothers  were  :  — 
Ezekiel,  for  twenty  years  —  1741-61 —just  preced- 
ing William  Cooper,  the  town  clerk  of  Boston,  and 
from  Novemxber  6,  1740,  to  January  17,  1776,  reg- 
ister of  deeds  for  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  and 
clerk  of  the  inferior  court;  and  Col.  Joseph  and 
Maj.  Benjamin  Goldthwait,  who  were  splendid  soldiers 
in  the  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton  (Acadian),  and  Crown 
Point  expeditions,  the  latter  commanding  the  English 
forces  at  the  battle  of  Minas,  Nova  Scotia,  January  31, 
1747.  His  nephews,  Maj.  Joseph  Goldthwait,  Capt. 
Philip  Goldthwait,and  Dr.  Michael  Burrill  Goldthwait, 
were  in  one  or  more  of  the  French  and  Indian  cam- 
paigns.    The  former  was  the  commissary  and  barrack- 


32  MAINE    llISTOiaCAL    .SOCIEJ  V, 

luiisler  of  the  British  forces  diuiiiLC  the  sieti:e  of  l)Osto)i, 
So  mucli  for  ;i  brief  allusion  to  his  iiiiuiediate  family 
relations.     Tliey  were  a  family  of  soldiers. 

Of  the  early  life  and  childhood  of  Thoma--  Gold- 
thwait  Jiothiug  is  known.  That  he  attended  the 
pubhc  schools  of  Boston  —  probably  on  Salem  Street 
—  there  can  be  but  little  doubt,  for  all  his  letters, 
papers,  accounts,  etc.,  show  the  result  of  a  careful 
education.  But  the  history  of  the  Boston  Latin 
School  and  of  Harvard  College  fail  to  show  his  name 
upon  their  rolls. 

In  1740  he  is  recorded  as  a  constable  of  Boston, 
and  the  same  year,  January  28,  he  gave  surety  for 
his  fiither,  John  Goldthwait,  as  collector  of  taxes.  In 
1742  he  appears  on  a  petition  with  others  for  the 
acceptance  of  that  part  of  Atkinson  Street  "  bounded 
northerly  by  Milk  Street  and  southerly  by  Cow  Lane." 
Early  in  life  he  became  a  successful  merchant,  for  his 
accounts  have  been  found,  showing  that  before  he 
removed  from  Boston,  he  was  engaged  in  general 
merchandise  and  on  a  lan2:e  scale. 

August  2G,  1742,  (published  July  7,  1742),  he  mar- 
ried Esther  Sargent,  daughter  of  Col.  Epes  Sargent  of 
Gloucester,  Massachusetts.  February  19,  1746,  he 
was  married  by  the  Rev.  Roger  Pryor  of  Hopkinton, 
Massachusetts,  to  Catharine  Barnes,  sister  of  Henry 
Barnes,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Boston  and  Marlboro, 
Massachusetts.  He  had  nine  children.  (Boston 
Records). 

The  children  of  Thomas  and  Esther  (Sargent)  Gold- 
thwait were  :  — 


COL,    THOMAS    GOI.DTinVAIT ^VAS    liK    A    TOKY?  33 

1.  Tlumins,  1)0111  April  27,  1743  ;  dierl  March  25,  1749. 

2.  Catb;uuiL',  bom  .January  6,1711  ;  iiiarrii.fl  at  Poole,  England, 

Octoher  2G,  1784,  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardiner,  tlie  celeurated 
surgeon  of  Boston,  (2).  September  2,  1780,  William 
Powell,  a  wenltliy  merchant  of  Ijoston,  Dr.  Gardiner 
died  August  8,  178(5.  William  Powell  died  March  5, 1805, 
aged  seventy-eight.  His  mother  was  Anna  Duroiiier,  the 
sister  of  Gov.  William  Dummcr.  Through  William 
Powell's  lirst  niarriaue  with  Mary  Bromfield,  sjjraug  many 
of  the  first  families  of.  Boston,  the  ^lasons.  Sears,  Per- 
kins, 1-vogeis,  Lorings,  etc. 

3.  Esther,  bom  January  14,   1745;   mairied   (1)   July  4,  1765, 

Capt,  Timothy  IJogers  of  Gloucester,  Massachusetts.  (2). 
Capt.  Peter  Dolliver  of  Marblehcad.  By  the  first  mar- 
riage there  was  oue  son,  Timoth}-,  born  176G.  He  was 
a  captain  in  the  merchant  service  and  commanded  a  packet 
ship  plying  bet\\een  England  and  America  about  1787. 
About  1792-93  he  entered  the  Royal  navy,  and  as  "a 
gallant  officer  of  the  Eai-1  St.  Vincent's  Flei-t,  died  at 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  in  1797." 

The    cliiklren    of  Thomas   and    Catharine    (Barnes) 
Goldthwait  were  :  — 

1.  John,  bom  July  9,  1748;  died  September  5,  1749. 

2.  Thomas,    born    June    4,    175U;  married    (1)    Sarah    (Wood) 

Primatt,  widow  of  Rev.  Humphiey  Priinatt  of  Kingston- 
on-Tiiamcs,  England.  (2.)  Anne  Wilson,  1791,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Thomas  Wilson  of  Woodbridge,  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land.    He  died  about  1810. 

3.  Elizabeth,  born  Aufjust  23,  1751  ;  married  Richard  Bright  of 

Walthamstow,  England  ;  died  February  12,  1840,  small 
pox. 

4.  Mary,    born    .March    1,   1753;  marridl    about   1777,    Francis 

Archbald,  junior;  he  died  about  October,  1785;  she  died 
about  1825;  two  childien,  Thomas,  died  young,  and  Cath- 
arine, born  1786;  died  May,  1868. 

Vol.  VII.        4 


31  31AINE    ilISTOKlCAL    hOCIKTV. 

5.  Jo ne,  born  F('l)iuary  IG,  1755;  il'iod  at  WaUuninstow,  Hiig- 
l.iiiil,  Fehiiiary  18,  1804,  umnarricMl. 

C,  Ilc-nry,  boni  in  Chel^c-a,  .Mruvh  "JO,  17o0  ;  dicrl  aboia  ISOl. 
He  entered  tlie  l>iilisa  army  November  13,  1793,  died  at 
some  unknown  place  in  tlie  Mediterranean  Sea.  One 
descendiuit,  Olivtr  C,  is  now  living  in  London,  l-^rigland. 

Thomas,  tlio  eldest  son,  born  June  4,  1750,  was  a 
lieutenant  at  Fort  Pownall  in  1774.  He  is  referred  to 
by  the  historians  of  Maine  as  a  ti-ader  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kenduskeag  in  1772-73.  He  went  to  England 
before  his  father,  but  returned  after  his  marriage  to 
Anne  Wilson,  and  lived  for  several  years  in  Boston, 
where"  a  number  of  ]iis  children  were  born  and 
educated.  There  were  six.  He  returned  to  England, 
however,  and  the  tradition  is  that  he  died  there,  or 
was  lost  b}'  shipwi'eck  on  his  return  again  to  this 
country.  His  widow  migrated  to  the  vicinity  of 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  and  all  the  southern  Gold- 
th waits  are  sprung  from  this  branch. 

A  son,  George,  born  in  Boston,  December  10,  1810, 
was  educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School ;  was  two 
3'ears  at  West  Point ;  became  chief  justice  of  Ala- 
bama in  1856  ;  adjutant-general  of  tlie  state  during 
the  War  of  the  Rebelhon  ;  United  States  senator  from 
1870-77;  died  March  18,  1879. 

A  daughter,  Esther  Anne,  married  Judge  John  A. 
Campbell  of  Alabama.  He  was  associate  justice  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  during  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion  was  assistant  secretary  of  war 
for  the  Confederate  States.  He  was  at  West  Point 
two  3^ears. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWMT AVAS    in:    A    'lOllY?  6t) 

Henry,  another  son.  born  in  Boston,  1798,  died  in 
Mobile,  Alabninn,  1847.  Fie  wns  educated  in  Boston  ; 
studied  law;  reniosed  to  Montgomery,  Alal)anin, 
where  he  became  the  partner  of  Gos'.  Benjamin  J. 
Fitzgerald.  lie  edited  a  paper,  .served  in  ihe  state 
Legislature  ::^everal  (imes.  and  afterwards  returned  to 
Mobile,  where  he  was  a  successful  lawyer.  From  1839 
until  his  death  he  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Alabama.  His  son,  Alfred,  born  1847,  was  a  state 
senator  of  Alabama;  studied  law  with  his  uncle, 
Judge  John  A.  Campbell,  with  whom  he  practiced  for 
twelve  years.  He  was  a  great-grandnephew  of  Gen. 
William  A.  Graham  of  the  Revolution.  He  repre- 
sented the  litigants  in  the  famous  Mrs.  Myra  Clark 
Gaines  case,  and  finally  w^on  a  decision  in  the  United 
States  Supremo  Court  in  June,  1891.  He  died  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1892.  Such  is  a  very  brief  and  rather 
imj)erfect  sketcli  of  some  of  Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait's* 
immediate  descendants.        xO^JoUcfO 

Through  this  marriage  with  Esther  Sargent  of  Glou- 
cester, he  (Col.  Goldthwait)  became  connected  with 
Col.  Epes  Sargent;  his  son  Col.  Epes  Sargent  jr.,  Gov. 
Winthrop  Sargent,  Col.  Paul  Dudley  Sargent,  of  Rev- 
olutionary fame  ;  Lucius  Manlius  Sargent,  the  cele- 
brated writer ;  Col.  Henr}^  Sargent,  the  great  painter ; 
Rev.  Dr.  John  Murray,  the  eminent  Universalist 
divme,  and  f(:>under  of  his  faith  in  America ;  besides 
many  other  noted  men  of  that  day. 

By  his  marriage  (second)  with  Catharine  Barnes, 
he  became  also  connected  with  some  of  the  first  fami- 
lies of  America.     Her  sister  Elizabeth  married  Nathan- 


3G  MAIXK    TII.STOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

icl  Coffin^  cashier  of  customs  under  the  crown.  His 
sons  were  Sir  I.^-aac  Cofiin,  Baronet,  first  American 
admiral  of  the  Briti>li  navy,  and  Sir  John  Cofiin, 
Baronet,  lieutenant  Li-eneral  in  the  British  army. 

Through  them  he  (Col.  Goldthwait),  was  con- 
nected with  the  Amorys,  Ochterlonjs,  Arhuthnots, 
Auchmutys,  and  a  host  of  well-known  men  of  tliat 
period  in  Boston. 

His  eldest  daughter,  Catharine,  married  first  the 
celebrated  surgeon,  Dr.  S\'lvester  Gardiner,  after  whom 
Gardiner,  Maine,  is  named,  who  was  the  largest  landed 
proprietor  in  America,  owning  in  the  Kennebec  pur- 
chase, five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land,  mostly 
on  the  Kennebec  River.  She  also  married,  second, 
William  Powell,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Boston. 
Through  the  first  marriage  he  (Col.  Goldthwait), 
became  connected  with  the  Hallowells,  Dumaresques, 
Mascarenes,  McSparrans  and  others. 

Through  the  second,  he  was  connected  wdth  the 
Masons,  Perkins,  Sears,  Dummers,  and  Powells.  Madam 
Powell  died  February  27,  1830,  at  No.  14  Beacon 
Street,  Boston,  corner  of  Walnut.  With  such  connec- 
tions and  associations  by  marriage,  and  contact  with 
the  aristocracj'  of  old  colonial  Boston,  Col.  Gold- 
thwait's  life  was  cast  in  a  mold,  wdiich,  in  after  years, 
among  the  struggling  colonists  of  the  eastern  part  of 
the  province,  may  have  led  many  of  them  to  regard 
him  as  a  man  somewhat  apart  from  their  lives  and 
methods ;  and  made  it  easier,  perhaps,  when  the  lines 
began  to  be  draw^n  so  closely  between  Whig  and  Tory, 
to  stigmatize  him  as  a  proud,    haughty  aristocrat,  a 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT ^\  AS    UK    A    TORy?  37 

Lovalist  and  traitor,  and  condeinu  liiin  unhec.rd  in  tlie 
most  severe  and  unmeasured  terms,  to  be  branded  and 
handed  down  \)y  the  historians  of  that  time  and  place 
to  the  present  period  and  generation. 

The  only  record  of  his  home  is  in  Drake's  *'  History 
of  Boston."  In  a  memorial  to  the  town  of  Boston, 
Dr.  Douglass,  in  a  note  to  the  assessors  August  14, 
1747,  complaining  of  his  taxes,  etc.,  says :  ''I  have 
sold  my  garden  in  Atkinson  Street,  to  Mr.  Thomas 
Goldthwait."     It  is  now  Congress  Street. 

About  1750  he  removed  from  Boston  to  Chelsea, 
and  from  that  time  he  became  fully  identified  with  the 
interests  of  that  city.  We  find  him,  comiected  with 
his  brother  Ezekiel  and  others,  about  1754-55  at 
PuUen  or  (Pulling)  Point,  (now  Point  Shirley),  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  fishery  trade.  Deer  Island  was 
leased  to  them  for  this  purpose,  for  a  term  of  seven 
years. 

They  were  under  a  certain  contract  with  the  Pro- 
vince, and  were  required  to  make  extensive  improve- 
ments on  the  island,  which  were  inspected  from  time 
to  time  by  committees,  appointed  by  the  General 
Court,  and  everything  being  found  satisfactory,  were 
duly  approved. 

He  was  active  in  fitting  out  and  supplying  troops 
for  the  Louisburg  expeditions,  although  it  is  not  known 
that  he  went  on  either. 

In  1.755  he  was  an  assessor  of  Chelsea.  April  2S, 
1766,  he  was  moderator  of  a  town  meeting.  June  27, 
1757,  he  was  one  of  five  selectmen  of  Chelsea.  June 
9,  1757,  or  earlier,  he  was  duly  elected  a  representa- 


38  MAINE  iiisTOjnr.AL  .sociF:Tr. 

tivc  from  Clielsea  to  the  Great,  and  General  Court  of 
tlie  Prt'viiiee  of  .M;i><.icliusctts  15ay. 

The  Avriter  (inds  many  references  to  \i\<  work  liere, 
in  the  provincial  laws  oi"  Massachusetts,  and  in  the 
Council  records  and  House  journal.  He  was  on  many 
important  committees.  But  the  most  important  ser- 
vice he  rendered  Chelsea  was  the  reopening  of  the 
celebrated  Bellingham  will  case,  which,  commencing 
in  1673,  continued  until  17S7.  In  Judge  Mellen 
Chamberlain's  forthcoming  hi^toiy  of  Chelsea,  he  vrill 
refer  to  this  famous  case  and  Col.  Goldthwait's 
connection  with  it.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
bly some  seven  or  eio-lit  years. 

In  June,  1760,  while  yet  a  member  of  the  House, 
he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Hutchinson  paymaster 
general  and  agent  for  all  the  Massachusetts  troops  in 
the  Crown  Point  expedition.  (Council  Piccords  1759- 
61  :  1:58,261.) 

There  is  also  a  "  Return  of  men  enlisted  for  His 
Majesty's  service  within  the  Province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  in  Independent  Company,  whereof  Thomas 
Goldthwait  of  Chelsea,  Esq.,  is  Captain,  to  be  put 
under  the  immediate  command  of  His  Excellency' 
Jeffrey  Amherst,  Esq.,  General  &  Commander-in-Chief 
of  His  Majesty  Forces  in  North  America  for  the  Inva- 
sion of  Canada." 

The  diary  of  Captain  Samuel  Jenks  of  Chelsea, 
(Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  5:  353,  387),  the 
youngest  captain  in  the  Provincial  Army,  records  the 
arrival  of  his  "friend  Es(p  Goldthwait  "  at  Ci-own  Point, 
his  relations  witli,  and  much  of  interest  concerning 
him. 


COL.    TJIOMAS    GOLDTinVAIT WA.s    HE    A    TOUV?  ^50 

He  was  entrusted  with  jill  the  funds,  .several  thou- 
sand pounds.  \'<.)v  tli'j  ])ayuu'nt  of  o\er  four  thousand 
soldiers,  besides  their  Ijdh'tling  and  .sup}>iying. 

He  was  under  heav}'  bond.s  for  the  faithful  execu- 
tion of  this  tjust.  His  letters  or  re[)0ils  concerning 
his  duties,  written  to  Lieut.  Gov.  Thomas  Hutcliinson, 
which  the  wiiter  has  found,  show  that  he  performed 
this  duty  in  ca  highly  conscientious  and  creditable 
manner. 

There  are  many  accounts  with  quaint  vouchers 
attached,  which  detail  all  the  expenditures  of  the 
money  entrusted  to  his  care  for  this  purpose.  Uis 
negotiations  with  Sir  JeflVey  Amherst:  his  solicituiie 
for  the  sick  and  suffering  soldiers  5  his  sagacious  insight 
into  all  their  wants  and  comforts;  protecting  them 
from  the  greedy  rapacity  of  the  numerous  sutlers  who 
w^ere  hovering  on  the  flanks  of  the  camps;  his  frequent 
journeys  from  Boston  to  Albany,  and  thence  to  the 
camps  at  No.  4  (Charlestown  on  the  Connecticut  River), 
and  at  Crown  Point;  in  fact,  his  general  management 
of  the  midtituclinous  cares  and  duties  imposed  upon 
him,  by  this  po>ition  — all  set  forth  by  these  letters  — 
show  rare  executive  ability,  indomitable  eneru'v  and 
industry,  most^  excellent  judgment,  and  a  humane 
regard  for  those  under  him,  and  rarely  to  be  found  in 
these  days  of  spoils-gathering.  During  this  period,  he 
was  also  untiring  in  recruiting  and  forwarding  troops 
to  the  field,  particularly  ♦^he  Chelsea  contingent. 

A  fev;  only  of  the^e  letters  will  be  introduced,  as 
they  are  too  numerous  to  be  included  in  a  paper  of 
this  character. 


40  MAINE    HISTOIilCAL    SOCIETY. 

Col.  GokUliwidt  goes  to  Albany  on  his  v,'i\y  to 
Crown  Point,  and  from  there  writes  the  following- 
letter  :  — 

Sik:  —  ]My  jouiiiey  has  been  so  inuch  retarded  by  heavy 
raius!,  lliat  1  did  not  get  liere  until  yesterday.  I  send  this  letter 
after  Coulson  to  Kinderhook  to  advise  your  honour  of  it. 

I  left  Col"^  Wliitooiiibe  at  Sheffield  but  I  heard  he  got  to 
Keudcrhook  yesterday  &  is  expected  here  to-day:  he  stops  to 
hasten  his  men  along,  and  they  are  coming  in  fast. 

I  find  our  forces  are  jtosted  at  dift'erent  places  from  hence  to 
Crown  Point,  so  I  conceive  it  Avill  be  necessary  for  rae  to  go  on, 
&  as  there  is  occasion  shall  distribute  the  money  which  I  bro't. 
I  learn  by  some  people  lately  from  Crown  Point,  that  it  "will  be 
very  acceptable  to  the  men,  as  their  money  is  all  gone,  tho' 
what  I  have  will  go  but  a  little  way. 

It  wont  j)ay  above  78  of  one  months  pay.  It's  pretty  difficult 
&  expensive  getting  the  money  up,  especially  if  it  be  in  dollars; 
but  I  am  convinced  that  if  the  soldiers  be  at  the  charge  of  it 
themselves,  they'l  be  great  gainers. 

Mr.  Sandt^rs  tells  me  that  some  quantity  of  money  may  be 
procured  here  upon  loan,  or  for  Bills  of  Exchange  &  upon  Lon- 
don, without  .loss  by  the  excharifje  ;  but,  upon  my  asking  him 
whether  dollars  or  gold  could  be  had,  he  told  me  it  would  take 
time  to  procure  specie  ;  that  bills  might  be  sold  without  loss,  but 
the  payment  must  be  in  proper  bills  of  the  Province,  gold  or 
silver,  as  it  happened  :  that  either  of  em  could  not  be  refused, 
&  intimated  that  it  must  be  principally  paper,  w'ch  he  said  was 
as  good  as  dollars. 

I  own  I  have  my  opinion  of  carrying  paper  bills  of  another 
Gov't  to  pay  our  forces.  It  appears  to  me  from  all  the  informa- 
tion I  can  get,  that  it  will  be  best  for  the  Gov't  to  furnish  me 
with  12,000  dollars,  that  is  to  make  it  up  to  12000,  for  I  have 
already  3333. 

I  apprehend  that  by  circulating  that  number,  one  half  of  the 
soldiers  wages  may  be  paiil,  &  the  act  and  intention  of  the  Gov't 
wholly  carried  into  execution. 


COL.    TIIO^FAS    f.OLDTinNAIT A\  AS    JIE    A    TOIiY?  41 

T)ic  Sutlers  toll  me  tliat  a  loss  sum  than  th.it  will  not  he  fufli- 
cient  to  {lay  avUmI  tlioy  are  obliged  to  pay  in  money  for  trans- 
jii.rtation,  etc.,  tt  which  must  ho  j-aid  toward  the  closc  of  the 
camjv'iign.  Some  of  the  principal  suJlcrs  who  are  liere  tell  me 
that  three  dollars  p.  man  b}'  circulation  will  pay  any  sum  during 
the  campaign  which  the  Gov't  incline  to  pay,  as  they  may  come 
into  the  Paymasters  hands  once  a  mouth,  &  so  the  men  will 
ahvaj-s  have  their  money  to  pay  for  what  they  want. 

If  they  have  not  money  they  will  run  in  debt  to  those  sutlers 
who  will  trust  them.  Whatever  ordeis  I  receive  from  j'our 
Honour,  shall  be  punctually  complied  with,  but  I  own  it  would 
give  me  pleasure  to  prevent  the  men  being  abused  by  those 
mercenary  sutlers. 

Last  Sat.  there  was  an  excessive  rain  here  which  con- 
tinued about  three  hours  ;  it  caused  such  a  flood  in  the  streets 
that  several  barncs  &  otlier  buildings  were  removed  several  rod  ; 
Kome  quite  ovei'turned,  ct  in  many  houses  the  water  was  almost 
up  the  ceil  ling. 

I  am  just  told  that  Col'^  Whitcombe  is  come  in.  I  intend  to 
apply  to  him  for  a  guard  &,  go  on  immediately. 

I  am  with  groat  esteem  &  regard,  your  Honours 

Most  obedient  &  most  humble  servant, 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 

Albany,  July  29,  1760. 

To  Lt.  Governor  Hutchinson. 

The  next  letter  was  written  after  he  had  reached 
Crown  Point.     It  is  as  follows  :  — 

Sir:  —  I  did  myself  the  honour  to  write  you  a  letter  from 
Albany  of  the  29th  July.  I  got  here  yesterday  morning,  &  find- 
ing the  bearer  hereof  going  to  Boston  I  have  detained  him  a 
little  to  get  some  further  account  of  the  state  of  our  forces  y'  I 
ini,L'ht  give  your  Honour  the  fullest  infoi-matiou  I  could. 

1  finrl  the  men  generally  healthy  &  in  good  spirits:  a  very 
fev>'  liave  been  taken  down  with  the  small-pox,  it  as  thoy  are 
taki.-n  they  are  removed  to  a  hospital  at  some  distance  from  the 


42  :>rAixj:   ]!istoi:ic-al  socikty. 

caiDj',  ct  ih'.re  ilont  aj>pcnr  to  be  any  tlaiigcr  of  its  sprcadiiiL;. 
A  )'l'\v  also  niu  down  witli  a  fcvor  &  flux. 

The  oflioc-r:^  tell  me  that  the  men  have  already  taken  up  a 
pretty  d»al  of  their  wages  in  necessaries  supjdied  by  the  oilicers 
&  f-utlors,  &  as  I've  reason  to  think  they  pay  [iretty  dearly  for 
what  they  are  supplied  in  this  manner,  1  hoj)e  it  will  be  in  my 
power  to  put  a  stop  to  it. 

I  am  convinced  they  pa}-  at  least  *25  p.  ct  more  than  if  tliey 
purchased  with  their  money.  The  money  w'eh  I  bro't,  I  bec;an 
to  distribute  on  my  way  to  Albany  as  I  found  it  wanted  at  the 
several  posts,  &  shall  £fo  on  to  do  the  same,  &  render  an  account 
when  finished  agreeable  to  my  instructions. 

The  bearer,  1  understand,  intends  to  return  here,  it  the  carrier 
I  supjiose  will  be  returning  likewise.  These  may  be  good  opi)or- 
tunities  to  furnish  more  money,  tho'  the  bearer  is  a  stranger 
to  me. 

Your  Honour  is  sensible  that  y"^  money  w'ch  I  bro't,  vvill  in 
no  measure  })ut  it  in  my  power  to  comply  with  the  act  of  the 
Gov't,  tho'  you  may  be  assured  I'll  do  the  best  I  can  with  it.  I 
bro't  it  here  Avith  much  dilhculty,  all  in  dollais,  &  found,  :is 
I  had  been  before  informed,  that  it  will  be  much  more  service- 
able to  tlie  men  than  if  Fd  bro't  it  in  gold. 

In  ray  letter  from  Albany,  I. advised  your  Honour  that  1*2,000 
dollars  in  my  opinion,  might,  by  a  circulation,  pay  one  half  the 
mens  wages  &  enable  them  to  pui-chase  what  they  wanted  with 
money,  which  money  would  not  only  be  a  great  saving  Sc  com- 
fort to  the  men,  but  it  carrys  the  act  of  the  Gov't  intu  execution. 

I  ajn  confirmed  in  my  ojfinion,  &  I  apprehend  that  short  of 
that  sum  wont  be  sufficient.  If  the  money  could  be  got  to  Mr. 
Sanders,  ifc  I  advised  of  it,  I  could  send  a  suitable  person  from 
here  to  fetch  it.  I  thiidi  by  all  appearances  the  forces  will  move 
from  hence  in  a  few  days. 

I  am  w'th  great  esteem  &  regard, 

yonr  Honours  most  obed.  Sc  most  humble  .servant, 

Tho.  Goldthwait- 

Camp  at  down  Point,  August  7,  1760. 
To  I  A.  Gov.  Plutchinsou. 


roL.  THOMAS  f;t)LDTH\VArr — NVAs  HK  A  toi:y?         43 

Then  follows  Miiotbor  letter  frcni  Albany  after  his 
return  from  Crown  Point  :  — 

Sii: :  —  I  ilid  inyselt  llit'  honour  to  write  to  your  Excellency  of 
tlie  *J(ith  Sej>.  [letter  not  fouiKJ  among  ^lass.  Arcli.],  since  which 
I  liav^'  Jiad  transferred  to  me  by  the  Honourable  Committee  of 
Council,  two  thousau'l  dollars,  which  1  received  &  did  expect 
they  would  be  suilicient  to  have  wound  up  with,  but  the  sick 
have  been  so  many,  tt  their  necessities  so  great,  that  they  have 
required  more  money  than  I  was  aware  of,  &  in  spight  of  all  I 
could  d.j,  I  fear  that  some  who  were  posteil  out  of  my  reach  have 
suffered. 

There  have  been  600  or  700  dismissed  as  invalids,  &  upon  their 
going  off  I  furnished  them  with  two  or  three  dollars  each  as 
there  was  occasion,  S:  I  came  this  way  from  Crown  Point  in 
order  to  take  care  of  these  posts  upon  this  road. 

I  expected  to  have  had  a  thousand  dollars  left  which  I  in- 
tended to  haA'e  taken  around  to  No.  4,  to  have  distributed  among 
them  who  go  home  that  way,  but  your  Excellency  will  ]>lease  to 
observe  by  the  incl'd  account  that  my  money  is  almost  exhausted, 
&  will  be  quite  before  I  leave  this  place,  so  that  tho'  I  continue 
my  design  of  going  to  Xo.  4,  I  can  be  of  no  service  there  with- 
out a  further  supply  of  i7ioney,  it;  without  which  the  men  must 
suffer,  as  what  they've  had  from  me  will  probably  be  exhausted 
by  the  time  they  return. 

Therefoie  if  youi-  Excellency  will  be  pleased  to  order  to  me 
1000  or  1500  dollars  to  be  at  Winchester  by  the  IGtIi  instant,  by 
which  time  I  expect  to  be  there,  I  hope  it  will  prevent  the  soMiers 
Buffering  on  their  Avay  home. 

Xotwithstanding  the  great  number  of  invalids  that  have  already 
been  dismissed,  there  was  600  returned  unfit  for  duty  when 
I  left  the  C:imp  on  the  1st  instant,  Sc  all  that  are  able  to 
walk  at  all  1  suppose  will  be  ordered  by  way  of  No.  4:  those  that 
are  unalJe  to  walk  will  come  this  way  under  the  care  of  ]\[ajc>r 
Burt  whom  I  furnished  with  money  to  supply  him  before  I  came 
away. 

I  am  uncertain  when  the  Camp  will  break  up,  tho'  I  judge  it 


-14  MAINE    Jn.-?T01{ICAL    SOCIETV. 

w'onl  exceed  tlie  12  or  lotli,  notwitlistanrling  v/hat  Col.  H.ivilrind 
snys  in  his  orders,  an  extract  of  wliich  I  enclose. 

If  the  men  are  detained  until  the  barracks  are  finished,  its 
probable  they'd  bo  kept  all  this  month:  liowevei-,  1  dont  lay  so 
much  stress  upon  Col"  Haviland's  order  as  I  do  upon  what  the 
general  t(;M  me  himself. 

I  waited  on  him  about  a  fortnight  ;igo  to  know  if  I  should  have 
time  to  send  for  to  Boston  for  money  for  the  troops  :  it  was  before 
I   heard    of    the    2000.     The    General    told   me    that   I    would 
not  have  time,  but  th:it  I  might  meet  the  troops  at  No.  4. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be  with  great  esteem  &  reg-i 
y'  Excelleucys  3Iost  obed^  &  most  humble  servant, 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 
Albany,  Xov.  7,  17  GO. 

The  general  referred  to  was  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst.  Xo.  4,  was  a 
Post  at  Charlestown  on  the  Connecticut  River. 

Council  records,  1760,  Mass.  Arch.  p.  2S8,  have  the  following 
relating  to  the  subject  of  the  preceding  letter  : 

"Representing  his  want  for  money  to  forward  the  troops  home  : 
Advised  and  consented  that  a  wariaut  be  made  out  to  the 
Treasurer  to  pay  his  Excellency  Francis  Bernard,  Esq.,  the  sum 
of  600  pounds,  and  that  his  Excellency  despatch  a  messenger 
forthwith  to  Winchester  with  the  same,  to  be  delivered  to  Mr. 
Thomas  Goldtliwait,  to  fui'nish  such  of  the  troops  as  shall  need 
it:  he  to  keep  an  account  of  the  sum  he  shall  pay,  and  to  what 
particular  men  or  companies." 

[To  be  contiuueil.] 


jKPnciir.s  or  tjie  lives  of  eai;ly  maixe  .>[jyi.sTERS.    45 


SKETCHES  OF  THE   LIVES   OF  EARLY 
MAINE  MINISTERS. 

BY    WILLIAIir    I).    WILLIAMSOX. 

Presented  to  the  Maiiifj  Historical  Society,  icifh  an  Introduction  by  Joaeph 
Wi/liamson,  iJeceinber  10,  1S31. 

[COXTIXUKD.] 

REV.  TRISTRAM  GILMAX. 

PiEV.  Tristkam  Oilman,  Hiii-vard  College  1757,  was 
ordained  December  8,  1769,  the  fourth  settled  minister 
of  North  Yarmouth,  the  successor  of  Rev.  Mr.  Brooks. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  the  sixth  generation  from 
Edward  Gilraan,  the  first  of  the  name  in  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire.  The  grandfather  of  Rev.  Tristram  was  the 
eminent  Nicholas  Gilman,  who  died  in  1783.  His 
father,  of  the  same  Christian  name,  died  the  minister 
of  Durham,  New  Hampshire,  in  April,  1748.  John 
Taj^lor  Gilman  ^vas  Tristram's  uncle,  and  Joseph  was 
his  brother,  a  judge  in  Ohio. 

But  Mr.  Gilman  not  only  belonged  to  a  talented 
ancestral  family,  but  he  was,  himself,  a  man  of  first- 
rate  talents.  He  wrote  witli  freedom  and  force  and 
spoke  with  power.  He  was  one  of  the  best  ministers 
in  his  day  ;  quite  a  different  man  from  his  predecessor 
in  respect  to  his  pastoral  energies  and  qualifications. 
His  ministry  was  continued  the  lengthened  period  of 
nearly  forty  years.  He  always  preached  the  word 
faithfully,  without  artful-  efforts  ^'  to  make  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel  palatable  to  the  depraved  tastes 
of  men, "  yet  without  any   remarkable  success  till  he 


46  .maim:  iir>TOi;icAL  sociktv. 

had  preached  there  more  than  twenty  years,  l^it. 
during  the  ever  memorable  year,  1791,  there  w.ns 
truly  a  Avondei'ful  revival  of  religion  in  North  Yar- 
niouth  ;  a  revival,  which,  with  all  its  circumstances, 
had  not  then,  and  proljahl}'  lias  not  since  heen 
equaled  in  the  state  of  Maine.  The  wljole  town  felt 
that  God  indeed  was  present;  opposition  dared  not 
show  itself;  and  all  seemed  to  make  the  anxious 
inquiry',  What  shall  we  do  to  be  saved  ?  The  house  of 
God  was  fdlcd  even  to  overflowing  on  the  Sabbath  ; 
and  the  lectures  during  the  week  in  diflerent  parts  of 
the  town  were  much  crowded.  Multitudes  were  added 
to  the  Lord  daily. 

The  fruits  of  the  Spirit  were  the  hopeful  conversion 
of  one  hundred  and  forty-five  persons  within  tvro  years 
and  four  months  prior  to  September,  1793,  and  the 
whole  number  admitted  to  the  church  by  Mr. 
Gilman  was  three  hundred.  Eev.  Mr.  Greenleaf 
in  his  Sketches  says,  Mr.  Gilman' s  "  ministry, 
taking  every  circumstance  into  vie^v,  may  be 
considered  as  the  most  successful  of  any  minister  ever 
settled  in  this  state. "  He  died  April  1,  1S09,  and 
according  to  the  promise  his  spirit  will  shine  forever 
in  glory,  as  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  having 
turned  many  from  sin  to  righteousness. 

REV.  JAMES  LYON. 

Rey.  James  Lyox,  Nassau  Hall,  1759,  was  settled  at 
Machias  in  the  spring  of  1772,  having  arrived  there  in 
December  preceding.     He  was  the  first  settled  minis- 


ski:t{  iiEs  or  the  lives  or  eaklv  maixe  mixisteks.    47 

ter  in  that  town,  or  at  any   [)hice  in  Maine  eastward 
of  the  Penohscol  waters. 

Tiiongh  this  phice,  originally  called  "  Mechisse.s, " 
was  very  early  and  often  visited  for  tlie  purposes  of 
trade,  and  though  tliere  were  some  French  families  at 
the  Falls  on  Eastern  Pdvei'  about  1744,  the  earliest 
effectual  settlement  was  accomplished,  in  1763,  by 
fifteen  families  from  Scarborough  about  the  Falls  in 
West  River  and,  on  the  twenty-third  of  June,  1784, 
it  was  incorporated  into  a  town,  being  ten  miles 
square. 

Mr.  Lyon  was  born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  where  he 
had  his  education.  He  had,  previously  to  his  visiting 
Machias,  received  a  Presbyterian  ordination  and  then 
settled  at  Onslow,  Nova  Scotia.  But  the  people  there 
being  unable  to  support  him  and  his  family,  consisting 
of  a  wife  and  t\Yo  children,  he  removed  to  Boston,  from 
which,  Hon.  Stephen  Jones  gave  him  a  passage  in  his 
vessel  to  Machias.  On  his  settlement  a  church  was 
gathered,  and  his  remuneration  was  to  be  £100  settle- 
ment, and  the  same  in  an  annual  salary.  He  was 
also  "  entitled  to  a  right  through  the  township  as  the 
first  settled  minister."  '-'Mr.  Lvon  was  a  trentleman 
of  respectable  abilities  and  a  good  scholar  and,  though 
not  much  of  an  orator,  he  could  deliver  a  written 
discourse  very  well,  and  his  compositions  were  good.  " 
In  his  sentiments  he  was  orthodox,  thout^h  not  rifrid, 
and  in  his  manners,  mild  and  prepossessing.  Useful- 
ness, not  display,  was  his  aim,  and  his  ministry,  which 
was  continued  upwards  of  twenty-two  years,  vras 
closed  by  his  death,  which  occurred  in  October,  1794. 


48  .mainj:  uistokical  society. 

Machias  passed  tliroui^li  great  vicissitudes  and  suffered 
many  privations,  while  Mr.  Lyon  dwelt  there,  and 
during  most  of  the  war  there  was  a  public  garrison  in 
it.     But  at  all  times,  he  shone  like  a  mornintr  star. 

REV.  FRAXCIS  WINTER. 

Rev.  Fraxcis  Winter,  Harvard  College,  1765,  was 
ordained  June  1,  1768,  the  first  settled  minister  in  Bath. 
Though  this  place  was  made  a  parish  on  the  seventh  of 
September,  17-53,  denominated  the  northerly  or  second 
parish  of  Georgetown,  the  people  were  for  fifteen 
years  without  a  settled  minister.  Within  that  period, 
some  eight  or  ten  candidates  were  employed  to  preach 
there,  but  church-members  were  few  and  the  state  of 
religion  low,  until  the  revival  which  extended  to  this 
place  from  Georgetown,  during  the  first  years  of  Mr. 
Emerson's  ministry  in  that  town. 

Mr.  W^inter  received  his  call  six  months  before  he 
was  settled,  being  quite  acceptable  to  the  people  as 
they  became  more  and  more  acquainted  with  his 
abilities  and  his  ministerial  qualifications.  But  in  the 
age  immediately  before  and  after  he  had  his  theolog- 
ical education,  the  Congregational  ministers  stood 
almost  stock  still  when  delivering  their  sermons, 
without  gesture  or  emotion.  Their  utterance,  also, 
was  quite  too  destitute  of  emphasis,  and  of  appropriate 
inflections  of  the  voice,  and  their  compositions  were 
too  much  directed  to  discussion,  argument,  and  Script- 
ure quotations,  without  figures,  flowers  or  fancy.  To 
raise  doctrine  upon  a  text,  prove  their  work,  and  give 
an  exhortation,  was  deemed  the  great  work    of   the 


sKKTcnFS  or  T[ii:  livks  oi^  eaklv  :majxi:  .MiM>TEits.    40 

pulpit  onitor.  But  whik'  r^ucli  di>coursos  and  sucii 
speakers  were  hcaril  \vi;li  instructive;  profit  by  their 
assemblies,  the  more  entliusiastic  and  heart-flowing 
preachers,  such  as  George  Whitefield  and  John  Mur- 
ray drew  together  crowded  audiences,  and  bore  oft" 
the  palm  in  unwonted  triumph.  Mr.  Winter  was  a 
man  of  pietj',  faith  and  prayer,  still,  he  was  more  of 
a  patriot  than  a  preacher.  He  loved  his  country  and 
heartily  espoused  her  liberties.  As  Maine,  during  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  suffered  great  privations  and 
salaries  were  paid  with  difficulty,  Mr.  Winter  joined 
the  army  for  a  period  as  one  of  its  chapUiins.  After 
the  war,  he  was  chosen,  in  17S4,  the  first  representa- 
tive of  Bath  in  the  General  Court,  and  subsequenth^ 
received  five  or  six  other  elections  to  that  body. 
But,  at  leno'th,  he  found  there  was  dissatisfaction 
arising,  and  "  he  made  a  proposal  to  the  town  for  a 
dissolution  of  the  relation  between  them, "  which  was 
accepted  in  1787,  and  he  never  afterwards  settled  in 
the  ministry.  He  continued  to  reside  in  Bath  till  his 
death,  w^hich  occurred  in  1S2G,  when  he  was  in  the 
eighty-second  3^ear  of  his  age.  Samuel,  a  son  of  his, 
succeeded  him  and  was,  in  1830,  sheriff  of  Lincoln 
County. 

RKV.  ALPHEUS  SPRING. 
Rev.  Alpheus  Sprixg,  Nassau  Hall,  1706,  and  A. 
M.,  Dartmouth  College  1785,  was  ordained,  June  29, 
1768,  the  second  settled  minister  of  Eliot,  colleague 
pastor  v>'ith  Rev.  Mr.  Rogers.  This  was  a  happj'  con- 
nection, for  "  Mr.  Spring  was  much  beloved  by  his 
people  and  highly  respected  by  his  brethren  in  the 
Vol.  VII.        5 


50  maim:  iusjouical  !?ocikty. 

ministry."  Tiikcn  sick  of  d  fever,  he  died  siiJdeidy, 
Juiic  14,  1701,  thus  clo-iiig  an  endeai-ed  pastorale  of 
twenty-three  years. 

KEV.  ALEXANDER  McLEAN. 

Rev.  ALEX^iXDEii  McLeax,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  j^robably  educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
Avas  ordained  June,  1773.  and  was  the  first  settled 
minister  in  Bristol.  The  inhabitants  in  this  region 
were  mostly  Scotcli  and  Irish  Presbj'terians,  and  they 
were  desirous  of  having  a  preacher  of  the  same  senti- 
ments. Bristol  is  the  ancient  Pemaquid,  settled 
between  1G26  and  lGo3,  depopulated  on  the  taking  of 
Fort  William  Henry  in  1696,  and  subsequently  lay 
waste  more  than  twenty  years.  After  it  was  effectu- 
ally revived  in  1729-30,  under  Col.  Dunbar,  the  Rev. 
Robert  Rutherford  was  the  first  minister  who  preached 
in  that  place,  which  Dunbar  named  Harrington.  He 
also  named  the  present  Boothbay,  Townshend,  and 
Nobleborough  he  called  Walpole.  On  the  eighteenth 
of  June,  1765.  Bristol  was  incorporated  as  a  town, 
and  soon  afterwards,  voted  to  build  their  meeting- 
houses; one  at  ■'•  Broad  Cove  "  on  the  easterly  side  of 
the  town,  a  league  below  the  present  Waldoburo 
village ;  another  near  the  fort  on  the  Pemaquid  River 
jn  the  Harrington  parish,  and  the  third  on  the  easterly 
side  of  Damariscotta  River,  and  northeasterly  part  of 
the  town,  in  the  Walpole  parish,  the  residue  of  this 
old  parish  being  in  the  present  Nobleboro.  In  the 
summer  of  1766,  the  meeting-house  near  the  fort  was 
revived  and  a  church  the  next  June  was  organized  by 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  KAIILY  .MAINE  :\II.\lsTERS.      51 

llcv.  Mr.  [Murray,  of  Bootlibay,  ''  on  tlie  AVestniinstcr 
Confession  and  Presbyterian  Rules. ''  As  this  town 
was  separated  from  Bristol  onlj^  by  the  waters  of 
Damariscotta  River,  and  tlie  people  of  both  towns 
mostly  Pr<js))yterians,  they  partook  largely  in  each 
others  spiritual  intei-ests  and  afliiirs. 

Always  captivated,  as  the  people  of  Bristol  were, 
with  Mr.  Murray  and  his  preachrag,  whenever  they 
had  opportunity  to  hear  him,  they  became  remarkably 
intent  upon  his  discourses  and  lectures  during  the 
revivjd  in  1767  at  Boothbay,  and  numbers  of  the 
former  town,  as  well  as  many  in  the  latter,  were  the 
religious  converts  of  that  refrc^shino;  season,  and 
became  members  of  the  new  church. 

In  this  happy  state  of  affairs,  the  people  of  Bristol 
became  anxious  to  have  the  ordinances  regularly 
administered,  and  to  settle  a  minister,  if  possible 
another  Murray.  Therefore  in  May,  1770,  they  wn'ote 
to  Rev.  Dr.  \Yitherspoon,  president  of  New  Jersey 
College  (Nassau  Hall),  for  a  suitable  candidate,  and  he 
sent  them  Rev.  Mr.  McLean;  He  was  a  very  serious 
and  acceptable  preacher,  a  devoted  Christian  and  a 
truly  faithful "  undershepherd.  His  labors  were  inces- 
sant and  anxious,  for  he  was  a  physician  of  soul  and 
body.  But  he  undertook  too  much  :  a  man  cannot 
labor  in  two  fields  at  the  same  time.  The  several 
settlements  in  the  town,  moreover,  rendered  his  paro- 
chial duties  exceedingly  arduous,  and  in  a  few  years 
he  found  his  health  failing  and  his  spirits  depressed. 
Nor  did  the  occasional  aid  generously  furnished  him 
by   his   people   afford   the   needed   relief,    and  in    the 


52  MAiN'i:  msTOincAL  societv. 

autumn  of  1791,  he  took  passage  to  Scotlaurl,  leaving 
many  tearful  eye.s.  lie  returned  the  next  year  much 
benefited  by  his  journe}'.  In  a  few  3'ears  his  ill-health 
returned,  and  in  J  795,  he  would  have  taken  dismission 
but  for  the  great  attachment  felt  towards  him,  and 
iho  willingness  manifested  to  procure  him  a  colleague. 
For  that  purpose,  Rev.  William  Riddel  was  procured, 
and  being  found  acceptable,  both  to  Mr.  McLean  and 
the  ])eople,  was  ordained  in  August,  1760,  and  the 
church  in  it-^  polity  became  Congregational,  in  unis()n 
with  the  sentiments  of  the  colleague  pastor.  In  these 
peace-making  arrangements.  Mr.  McLean  gave  up  his 
salar}',  and  engaged  to  preach,  when  able,  in  a  parish 
at  ''  Broad  Cove,"  where  he  resided  without  compensa- 
tion. In  this  and  every  engagement  he  was  true  and 
faithful,  for  he  liad  not  only  preached  in  that  place, 
but  ministered  as  a  missionary  to  the  people  in  the 
waste  places  around  him.  While  on  a  visit  at  New 
Castle  he  was  suddenly  taken  sick  and  died.  This 
was  in  1802,  after  a  ministr^^  of  twenty-nine  years. 
Ilis  body,  however,  was  removed  and  interred  at 
Bristol.  Mr.  McLean  was  a  very  sedate,  industrious, 
disinterested  and  excellent  man,  greatly  beloved  and 
respected.  He  had  intellect  and  learning  equal  to  the 
ministerial  office  he  was  consecrated  to  fill,  and  he 
wrote  and  spake  with  considerable  force.  But  he 
lacked  the  fervent  spirit,  the  fanciful  thoughts,  and 
the  flowing  words,  indispensable  to  captivate  a  mixed 
audience.  Solid  doctrine  was  his  forte,  and  faithful 
exhoration  his  Li-ift. 


THE    STOKY    OF    Ni:>\     SWEDEN.  53 


THE  S']X.)RY  OF  NEW  SWEDEN. 

IJY    HON.    AVILLIA>r    WIUGERY    TJIOMAS,    JK. 

Head  before  the  M'tine  Elistorical   Society,  December  10,  1S95. 

TwENTY-FiYE  yeavs  ago  there  sailed  away  from  tlie 
shores  of  Sweden  a  little  colony  of  fifty-one  Swedes. 
This  adventurous  band  then  left  home  and  country, 
and  faced  the  perils  of  a  voyage  of  four  thousand 
miles,  and  the  hardships  and  toils  of  making  a  new 
liome  in  the  wilderness  of  a  strange  land  without  so 
much  as  the  scratch  of  a  pen  by  w'ay  of  contract  or 
obligation,  but  ^Yit}l  simple  faith  in  the  honor  and 
hospitality  of  Maine. 

The  colony  was  composed  of  twenty-two  men, 
eleven  women,  and  eighteen  children.  All  the  men 
were  farmers  ;  in  addition,  some  were  skilled  in  trades 
and  professions ;  there  being  among  them  a  lay  pas- 
tor, a  civil  engineer,  a  blacksmith,  two  carpenters,  a 
basket-maker,  a  wheelwright,  a  baker,  a  tailor,  and  a 
wooden-shoemaker.  The  women  were  neat  and  indus- 
trious, tidy  housewives,  and  diligent  workers  at  the 
spinning-wheel  and  loom.  All  were  tall  and  stalwart, 
with  blue  eyes,  blonde  hair  and  cheerful,  honest  faces  ; 
there  was  not  a  physical  defect  or  blemish  among 
them,  and  it  was  not  without  strons;  feelinirs  of  state 
pride  that  I  looked  upon  them  as  they  wore  mustered 
on  the  deck  of  the  steamship  Orlando,  and  antici- 
pated w^hat  great  results  might  tiow  from  this  little 
befrinninu-  for  the  srood  of  our  beloved  commonwealth. 


51  maim;  iiistop.ical  sociktv. 

Seven  yeai-s  prior  to  this  time,  eiirly  in  I8G0.  I  had 
fii>3t  set  foot  in  Sweden,  sent  there  by  President  f.in- 
coln  as  one  of  the  thirty  '-'war  consuls"  of  the 
United  States.  DurinL^-  a  three  years'  residence  in 
Sweden  I  li.id  acquired  the  Swedish  langua^^e ;  liad 
become  familiar  with  the  histor}-,  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  people,  and  had  learned  to  know,  respect 
and  admire  the  manner  of  men  and  women  they  were. 
1  had  beheld  also  the  thousands  of  sturdy  Swedish 
emigrants  tiiat  eveiy  year  sailed  away  from  Swedish 
ports  for  America,  to  help  subdue  the  forests  and  oi)en 
up  the  prairies  of  our  own  broad  land.  I  had  done 
whatever  lay  in  my  power  to  augment  this  emigration, 
and  had  seen  with  gratification  the  number  of  Swedish 
emigrants  increase  by  thousands-  during  my  sojourn 
in  the  Northland. 

But  there  v^-as  one  fact  connected  with  this  emigra- 
tion that  to  me  —  a  son  of  the  Pine  Tree  state  — 
was  anything  but  satisfactory.  None  of  all  these 
emigrants  settled  in  Maine  ;  all  passed  by  our  state 
and  went  to  build  up  and  make  strong  and  great  the 
Btates  of  the  West  and  Northwest.  Yet  no  state  or 
territory  in  the  Union  is  better  adapted  by  nature  to 
become  the  home  of  Swedes  than  the  northern, 
wooded  state  of  Maine.  Here  and  in  the  Northland 
the  same  mountains  rear  their  altars  to  heaven  ;  the 
same  woodland  lakes  reflect  the  twinkling  stars;  the 
same  forests  clothe  the  hillsides  :  the  same  swift,  clear 
rivers  rusli  leaping  to  the  sea;  the  same  deep  harljors 
notch  the  coast,  and  the  same  islands  b}*  the  thousand, 
guard  the  shores. 


THE    STOKY    or    NEW    SWEDEN.  f*/) 

It  is  an  iiUei-cstiiig  fact  also,  that  willi  few  cxcj))- 
tions,  as  the  Fi-eiioh  in  Canada,  iinmiL^rants  from 
Europe  take  u})  the  same  relative  position  in  America 
they  occujiied  in  the  continent  of  tlieir  birth.  In  fact 
there  seem  to  be  certain  fixed  isothennal  lines  between 
-whose  ])arallels  the  immigrants  from  the  Old  World 
are  gnided  to  their  homes  in  the  x\ew.  Thns  the  Ger- 
mans from  tlie  center  of  Europe  settle  in  Penns}-lvania, 
Ohio,  and  our  other  middle  states  ;  the  French  and 
Spanish  from  Southern  Europe  and  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean,  make  their  homes  in  Louisiana,  Florida, 
paid  all  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  while  the  Swedes 
from  the  wooded  north,  fell  the  forests  and  build  their 
log-cabins  in  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Wash- 
ino'ton,  Oreu-on  —  in  our  northern  rana-e  of  states  — 
the  Pine  Tree  state  forms  one  of  this  northern,  wooded 
range  —  Swedish  immigration  flows  naturally  to  us. 

And  no  better  immigrants  than  the  Swedes  ever 
landed  on  American  shores.  Honest  and  industrious, 
law-abiding  and  God-fearing,  polite  and  brave,  hospit- 
able and  o'enerous,  of  the  same  old  northern  stock  as 
ourselves,  no  foreign-speaking  immigrants  learn  our 
language  more  quickly,  and  none  become  more  speed- 
ily Americanized  or  make  better  citizens  of  our  great 
Republic. 

Did  Maine  need  immigration  ?     Yes  ;  surely. 

Maine  is  a  state  of  great,  but  largely  undeveloped, 
resources.  Our  seacoast.  indented  all  over  with  har- 
bors, invites  the  commerce  of  the  globe  ;  our  livers 
ofiev  sufficient  power  to  run  the  factories  of  the  nation, 
while  our  quarries  can  supply  the  world  with  building 


56  MAIXE    TIISTOinCAL    ^OCnViY. 

liiaterial.  In  the  northwestern  portion  of  our  state 
also,  tliere  svas  and  still  is  a  wilderness?  domain,  wljcreon 
is  scarce  a  settler,  larger  in  area  than  the  state  of 
jMassacliiisetts,  covered  with  a  stately  forest  of  valuable 
trees,  possessing  a  soil  of  unusual  depth  and  fertility, 
and  watered  by  plentiful  streams.  Yet,  notwithstand- 
ing all  these  advantages,  the  census  of  1870  revealed 
the  startling  fact  that  while  the  United  States  as  a 
whole  had  increased  over  seven  and  a  half  millions  in 
population,  in  the  previous  decade,  our  own  state  of 
Maine  had  paused  and  gone  backvv\ard.  In  1870,  Maine 
numbered  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
four  less  inhabitants  than  she  did  ten  3'ears  before. 
With  the  single  exception  of  our  neighboring  state 
of  New  Hampshire,  Maine  was  the  only  state  in  the 
Union  that  had  retrograded  in  population  from  18G0 
to  1870. 

Was  this  a  momentary  halt  in  our  advance,  or  was 
it  the  beginnino;  of  our  decline  ?  This  was  a  moment- 
ous  question  ;  for  states,  like  men,  cannot  stand  still, 
they  must  grow  or  decay. 

That  immigration  of  some  sort  was  a  necessity,  and 
that  Scandinavian  immigration  would  be  the  best  for 
us,  I  think  was  quite  generally  admitted.  Indeed  the 
general  subject  of  Scandinavian  inmiigration  had  been 
briefly  presented  to  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  as 
early  as  ISGl,  by  Gov.  Washburn  in  his  annual  mes- 
sage. But  how^  could  Scandinavian  immigrants  be 
procured  ?  And  how  could  they  be  retained  v/ithin 
our  borders,  if  once  we  succeed  in  inducing  them  to 
come  among  us?  These  were  unsolved  problems,  and 
the  doubters  were  man  v. 


THE  ST()i;v  OF  nj:v>-  saveden.  ht 

Our  own  sons  and  dauglitors,  to  the  manner  l)orn, 
were  descrtin<;-  iMaine  for  the  West.  Would  not  our 
Scandinavians.  ])rovided  we  succeeded  in  getting  theui, 
do  tlie  same,  and  settle  arnoni.':  the  tz-reat  masses  of 
their  countrymen  a.lrcady  established  in  the  western 
states  ? 

Again  one  attempt  to  procure  Swedish  immigrants 
for  Maine  had  already  been  tried,  and  had  ended  in 
complete  failure.  A  company  of  Maine  men,  incorpor- 
ated as  the  "•'  Foreign  Emigrant  Association  of  Maine," 
had  recruited,  in  1S64,  some  three  hundred  Swedish 
laborers  and  servants  in  Sweden  and  paid  their  passage 
across  the  Atlantic.  These  immigrants  landed  at  Que- 
bec, where  they  all,  with  one  accord,  disappeared. 
Not  one  of  them  ever  arrived  in  Maine ;  and  the  asso- 
ciation dissolved  with  a  loss  of  many  thousand  dollars. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered  Swedes  that 
had  from  time  to  time  drifted  into  our  seaboard  cities 
and  towns  —  less  than  one  hundred  in  all  —  there  were 
no  Swedes  in  Maine. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  Maine,  and  such  was  the 
condition  of  the  immigration  problem  on  my  return 
from  Sweden  to  my  native  state  at  the  close  of  1865. 

The  conviction  had  gradually  forced  itself  upon  me, 
that  it  would  be  impossible  to  attract  or  retain  any 
considerable  number  of  individual  Swedes  within  the 
limits  of  our  state,  until  we  first  procured  and  firmly 
established  some  where. upon  the  soil  of  Maine  a  colony 
of  picked  Swedish  immigrants. 

Such  a  colony  witli  its  churches  and  schools,  its 
Swedish  pastors  and  its    Swedish  homes,  its  Swedish 


58  maim:  insTCMMCAL  .socip:tv. 

customs  uikI  holicliiys  uiul  iestivities,  it  seoined  to  me, 
would  coii.^litute  u  nuclcu><  around  which  the  Swedish 
imniigmtion  oftlie  future  would  t^atlier,  a  central  point 
whose  attractive  force  would  ever  hold  the  scattered 
Swedes,  who  went  out  to  service,  or  settled  elsewhere 
in  Maine,  within  the  borders  of  our  state. 

But  how  could  such  a  colony  be  procured,  and  how 
could  it  be  established  ? 

This  problem  I  had  graduallj'  woi'ked  out  in  my  own 
mind,  and  had  anived  at  a  definite,  practical  plan.  My 
plan  was  this :  — 

1.  Send  a  commissioner  of  the  state  of  Elaine  to 
Sweden - 

2.  Let  him  there  recruit  a  colony  of  young  Swedish 
farmers  —  picked  men  - —  with  their  w^ves  and  children. 
No  one,  however,  was  to  be  taken  unless  he  could  pay 
his  own  passage  and  that  of  his  family  to  Maine. 

3.  A  Swedish  pastor  should  accompany  the  colony, 
that  religion  might  lend  her  powerful  aid  in  binding 
the  colonists  together. 

4.  Let  the  commissioner  lead  the  colony  in  a  body, 
all  together,  at  one  time,  and  aboard  one  ship,  from 
Sweden  to  America.  Thus  would  they  be  made 
acquainted  v/itli  one  another.  Thus,  also,  would  they 
have  a  leader  to  follow  and  be  prevented  from  going 
astray. 

5.  Let  the  commissioner  take  the  Swedes  into  our 
northern  forests,  locate  them  on  Township  Number 
15,  Range  3,  west  of  the  east  line  of  the  state,  give 
every  head  of  a  family  one  hundred  acres  of  woodland 
lor  a  farm,  and  do  whatever  else  might  be  necessary 


TITF.    STOIIV    OF    NEW    S\SEDEX.  59 

to  root  this  Swediyli  colony  firmly  in  the  .«oil  of  Maine. 

Then  nil  .'-tate  aid  was  to  cease,  for  it  was  confidently 
expected  when  once  the  colony  was  fast  rooted  in  our 
soil  it  wonld  tlirive  and  crrow  of  itself,  and  throufflioul 
the  future  draw  to  Maine  our  fair  portion  of  ihe 
Swedish  immigration  to  the  United  States. 

Such  was  my  plan.  I  had  a  strong  and  abiding 
faith  that  it  could  be  accomplished.  Immediately  on 
my  return  from  Sweden  I  began,  and  for  four  years  1 
continued,  to  preach  the  faith  that  was  in  me,  both  in 
ovn^  legislative  halls  and  among  our  people.  At  last 
my  colleagues.  Hon.  Parker  P.  Burlei2:li  and  Hon. 
William  Small,  commissioners  on  the  settlement  of 
the  public  lands  of  Maine,  united  with  me  in  recom- 
mending my  plan  of  immigration  in  our  official  report 
to  the  Legislature  of  1S70.  Gov.  Chamberlain,  one  of 
the  earliest  and  most  constant  friends  of  Scandinavian 
immigration,  warmly  advocated  the  measure.  Col. 
James  M.  Stone,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  immi- 
gration, placed  the  merits  of  the  plan  before  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  an  eloquent  speech. 
The  friends  of  the  enterprise  throughout  the  state 
rallied  to  its  support,  and  on  March  23,  1S70,  an  act 
was  passed  authorizing  my  plan  of  Swedish  immigra- 
tion to  be  tried. 

The  act  established  a  Board  of  Immigration,  con- 
sisting of  the  governor,  land  agent  and  secretary 
of  state.  On  March  25,  two  days  after  the  passage,  of 
the  act,  the  Boai'd  a[)pointed  me  commissioner  of 
immigration.  The  fate  of  my  plan  was  thus  placed 
in  my  own  hands. 


(10  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

Riiving  succossfully  arranged  all  preliniin.iries,  I 
sailed  from  America,  April  oU,  and  landed  at  Gotlien- 
burg,  Sweden,  on  the  sixteenth  of  May.  It  was  a 
bright  spring  morning  wfien  I  set  foot  once  more  on 
Swedish  soil,  but  brighter  than  the  dawn  was  the 
op})ortnnity  now  open  to  me  to  accomplish  an  under- 
taking, which  for  years  had  been  the  dream  of  my 
life,  for  the  good  of  my  native  state. 

A  head  office  was  at  once  established  at  Gothen- 
burg. Notices,  advertisements  and  circulars  describ- 
ing our  state  and  the  proposed  immigration,  were 
scattered  broailcast  over  the  countrv.  Agents  were 
employed  to  canvas  the  northern  provinces,  and  as 
soon  as  the  ball  was  fairly  in  motion,  I  left  the  office  at 
Gothenburg  in  charge  of  a  trusty  agent,  Capt.  G.  W. 
Schroder,  and  traveled  extensively  in  the  interior  of 
Sweden,  distributing  documents  and  talking  v.'ith  the 
people  in  the  villages,  at  their  homes,  by  the  roadside, 
and  wherever  or  whenever  I  met  them.  Familiar 
with  the  Swedish  language  and  people  I  was  enabled 
to  preach  a  crusade  to  Maine.  But  the  crusade  was 
a  peaceful  one,  its  weapons  v/cre  those  of  husbandry, 
and  its  object  to  recover  the  fertile  lands  of  our  state 
from  the  dominion  of  the  forest. 

To  induce  the  right  class  of  people  to  pay  their 
way  to  settle  among  us  seemed  indeed  the  most  diffi- 
cult part  of  the  whole  immigration  enterprise.  I 
therefore  deemed  it  expedient  to  take  this  point  for 
granted;  and  in  all  advertisements,  conversations  and 
addresses,  to  dwell  rather  on  the  fact  that,  as  only  a 
limited  number  of  families  could  be  taken,  none  would 


TUE    STOliV    OF    NKW    iSMEDEX.  61 

be  accepted  unless  they  bi-ou<^lii  witli  them  the  highei-t 
tcstiiiKJiiials  as  to  character  and  })roficiency  in  their 
calHngs. 

T)ie  problem  ^vhich  was  thus  taken  for  granted  .soon 
began  to  solve  itself.  Recruits  tor  Maine  began  to 
appear.  All  bore  certificates  of  charactei"  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  the  pastor  of  tlieir  distiict,  and  all 
who  had  worked  for  others  brought  recommendations 
from  their  employers.  These  credentials,  however, 
were  not  considered  infallible,  some  applicants  vrere 
refused  in  spite  of  them,  and  no  one  was  accepted 
unless  it  appeared  cleai'  that  he  would  make  a  thrifty 
citizen  of  our  good  state  of  Maine.  In  this  way  a 
little  colony  of  picked  men  with  their  wives  and 
children,  was  quickly  gathered  together.  The  details 
of  the  movement,  the  arguments  used,  the  objections 
met,  the  multitude  of  questions  about  our  state  asked 
and  answered,  would  fill  a  volume.  I  was  repeatedly 
asked  if  Maine  were  one  of  the  United  States.  One 
inquirer  wished  to  know  if  Maine  lay  alongside  Texas, 
while  another  seeker  after  truth  wrote,  asking-  if 
there  were  to  be  found  in  Maine  any  wild  horses  or 
crocodiles  This  ignorance  is  not  to  be  wondered  at, 
for  what  had  Maine  ever  done  prior  to  ISTO  to  make 
herself  known  in  Sweden. 

Neither  was  the  colony  recruited  without  opposi- 
tion. Capital  and  privilege  always  strive  to  prevent 
the  exodus  of  labor,  and  sometimes  are  reckless  as  to 
the  means  they  use.  It  is  sufiicient,  however,  to  state 
that  all  opposition  was  silenced  or  avoided. 

On  June  23,  the  colonists,  who  had  been  recruited 


C)2  MAINE  m?Tui:ic.\i.  society. 

from  nearly  every  province  of  Sweden,  "were  assembled 
at  Gothenburg;  and  on  the  evening  of  that  day  — 
midsummer's  eve.  a  Swedish  festival  —  1  invited  them 
and  tlieir  friends  to  a  collation  at  the  Baptist  Hall  in 
that  city.  Over  two  hundred  persons  were  present, 
and  after  colfee  and  cake  had  been  served,  according 
to  Swedish  custom,  addresses  w,ere  made  b}'  S.  A. 
Hedlund,  Esq.,  member  of  the  Swedish  parliament,  our 
agent,  Capt.  Schroder,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Baptist 
movement  in  Sweden,  and  myself.  The  exercises 
were  concluded  by  a  prayer  from  Pastor  Trouve.  At 
this  meeting  the  colonists  were  brought  together  and 
made  acquainted,  their  purpose  quickened  and  invigor- 
ated, and  from  that  hour  the  bonds  of  common  inter- 
est and  destiny  have  bound  all  the  individuals  into  a 
community.  Such  a  knowledge  of  Maine  and  its 
resources  was  also  imparted  by  the  speakers,  that  the 
very  friends  who  before  had  sought  to  persuade  the 
colonists  not  to  desert  their  fatherland,  exclaimed. 
'^  Ah,  if  I  could  only  go  too  I  " 

In  August,  1G37,  the  Swedish  ship  of  war  Kalmnr 
Nyckel,  accompanied  by  a  smaller  vessel,  the  Fog  el 
Grip,  set  sail  from  Gothenburg  for  America,  with  a 
Swedish  colony  on  board,  which  founded  the  first 
New  Sweden  in  the  New  World,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Delaware.  Two  hundred  and  thirty-three  years  later, 
at  noon  of  Saturday,  June  25,  and  just  forty  days 
after  my  landing  in  Sweden,  I  sailed  from  the  same 
Gothenburg  in  the  steamship  Orlando,  with  the  first 
Swedish  colonists  of  Maine. 

A  heavy  northwest  gale,  during  the  prevalence  of 


THE    .STORY    or    NEW    SWEDEN.  63 

which  til  e  imriiigraiils  were  comj>elle(l  to  keep  below 
while  the  hatches  were  battened  down  over  their 
heads,  rendered  our  passage  over  the  North  Sea  very 
disagreeable,  and  so  retarded  our  progress  that  we 
did  not  reach  the  pori  of  Hull  till  Monday  evening, 
June  27.  Tlie  next  day  we  crossed  England  by  rail 
to  Liverpool.  Here  was  an  unavoidable  delay  of 
three  days.  On  Saturday,  July  2,  we  sailed  in  the 
good  steamship  City  of  Antwerp  of  the  Inman  line, 
for  America. 

The  passage  over  the  ocean  was  a  pleasant  one, 
and  on  Wednesday',  July  lo,  vre  landed  at  Halifax. 
The  good  people  of  this  city  fought  shy  of  us. 
Swedish  immigration  was  as  novel  in  Nova  Scotia  as 
in  Maine.  No  hotel  or  boardins>:-house  would  receive 
us,  and  our  colony  was  forced  to  pass  its  first  night 
on  this  continent  in  a  large  vacant  warehouse  kindly 
placed  at  our  disposal  by  the  Messrs.  Seaton,  the 
agents  of  the  Inman  steamships.  Next  day  we  contin- 
ued our  journey  across  the  peninsula  of  Nova -Scotia 
and  over  the  Bay  of  Fundy  to  the  city  of  St.  John. 

July  15,  we  ascended  the  St.  John  River  to  Freder- 
icton  by  steamer.  Here,  steam  navigation  ceased  on 
account  of  low  water  ;  but  two  river  flatboats  were 
chartered,  the  colony  and  their  baggage  placed  on 
board,  and  at  five  o'clock  next  morning,  our  colony 
was  en  route  again.  Each  boat  was  towed  up  river 
by  two  horses.  The. boats  frequently  grounded  and 
the  progress  up  stream  was  slow  and  toilsome,  but  the. 
weather  was  fine  and  the  colonists  caught  fish  from 
the  river  and  picked  berries  along  the  banks. 


64  '  maim:    HISTOKICAI.    J^OCIETY. 

Near  Florenceville  the  first  misfortune  bofull  us. 
Here,  on  Tuesday,  July  19,  died  liilnia  C.  Clase. 
infant  daughter  of  Capt.  Nicholas  P.  Chise.  aged  nine 
months.  Her  little  body  v>as  p)0})erly  embalmed, 
placed  in  a  quickly  constructed  coffin,  and  brought  o)i 
with  the  colony.  '•'  We  cannot  lea^'C  our  little  one  by 
the  way,"  said  the  sorrow-stricken  parents,  "  we  will 
carry  her  through  to  our  new  home." 

On  the  afternoon  of  Thursday,  July  21,  the  flat- 
boats  reached  Tobique  Lan.ding.  Six  days  had  been 
spent  in  towing  up  from  Fredcricton.  The  journey  is 
now  accomplished  by  railroad  in  as  man}'  hours.  All 
along  our  route  from  Halifax  to  Tobique  the  inhabi- 
tants came  out  very  generally  to  see  the  new  comers, 
and  there  was  an  universal  expression  of  regret,  that 
so  fine  a  body  of  immigrants  should  pass  through  the 
Provinces  instead  of  settling  there.  At  Tobique  the 
colonists  debarked  and  were  met  by  Hon.  Parker  P. 
Burleigh,  land  agent  and  member  of  the  Board  of 
Immio-ration.  We  obtained  lodofings  for  the  colony 
on  the  hay  in  Mr.  Tibbit's  barn,  and  Mr.  Burleigh  and 
I  driving  round  from  house  to  house,  buying  a  loaf  of 
bread  here,  a  loaf  there,  a  cheese  in  another  place, 
and  milk  wherever  it  could  be  procured,  got  together 
supplies  sufficient  for  supper  and  breakfast. 

Friday  morning,  Jul}^  22,  teams  Avere  provided  for 
the  Swedes  and  their  baLr^jrao-e,  and  at  ei^-ht  o'clock  tlie 
Swedish  immigrant  train  started  for  Maine  and  the 
United  States.  The  teams  were  furnished  by  and 
nnder  the  charge  of  Mr.  Joseph  Fisher  of  Fort  Fair- 
field.    Mr.  Burleigh  and  I  drove-  ahead  in  a  wagon. 


THE    STOKV    or    Ni:\V    .<WK1)K\.  G') 

then  crime  a  covered  carriai^e,  drawn  hy  four  horses. 
Thi^  contained  the  women  and  children.  Next  wore 
two  lhree-]lor^:e  teams  wiHi  the  men.  followed  by  a 
conple  of  two-liorse  teams  containing  the  baggage. 
So  we  wound  over  the  hills  and  at  ten  o'clock  reached 
the  iron  post  that  marks  the  boundary  between  the 
dtnninions  of  the  queen  and  the  United  States. 

Beneath  us  Lay  the  broad  valley  of  the  Aroostook. 
The  river  listened  in  the  sun  and  the  white  houses  of 

o 

Fort  Fairfield  shone  bri-'-htlv  aanon.^  the  u'rcen  fields 
alono-  the  river  bank.  As  we  crossed  the  line  and 
entered  the  United  States,  the  American  flag  was 
unfurled  from  the  foremost'  carriage,  and  we  were 
greeted  with  a  salute  of  cannon  from  the  village  of 
Fort  Fairfield.  Mr.  Burleigh  stepped  from  the  wagon 
and  in  an  ajvpropriate  speech  vrclcomed  the  colony  to 
Aroostook  County.  Maine,  and  the  United  States.  I 
translated  the  speech  and  the  train  moved  on.  Cheers, 
waving"  of  handkerchiefs,  and  everv  demonstration 
of  enthusiasm  greeted  us  on  our  way. 

Shortlv  after  crossiuff  tlie  line  an  incident  occurred 
which  showed  of  what  stuff  the  Swedes  are  made. 
In  ascending  a  hill  the  horses  attached  to  one  of  the 
immigrant  waa;ons  became  balkv,  backed  the  way-on 
into  the  ditch  and  upset  it.  tipping  out  the  load  of 
baggage.  The  Swedes  instantly  sprang  from  the 
carriages  in  which  they  were  riding,  unhitched  the 
horses,  riehted  the  wagon,  and  in  scarcely  more  time 
than  it  takes  to  tell  it,  reloaded  their  ton  and  a  half 
of  bau"ga(i;e  and  ihen  ran  the  waci'on  bv  hand  to  the 
top  of  the  hill.  This  was  the  first  act  of  the  Swedes 
in  Maine. 

Vol.  VII.        6 


66  MAINK    IlISTOniCAL    SOCIETY. 

At  noon  we  reached  the  Town  Hall  at  Fori  FnirlleUl. 
A  gun  announced  our  arrival.  Here  a  halt  was  made. 
A  multitude  of  people  received  us.  The  Swedes  got  out 
of  the  wagons  and  clustered  together  by  themselves,  a 
little  shy  in  the  })i-esence  of  so  many  strangers.  The 
assembly  was  called  to  order  by  A.  C.  Gary,  Esq..  and 
a  meeting  organized  by  the  choice  of  Hon.  Isaac 
Hacker  as  chairman.  Mr.  Hacker  after  some  perti- 
nent remarks  introduced  Judge  AA-^illiam  Small,  who 
welcomed  the  Swedish  immigrants  in  a  judicious, 
elaborate  and  eloquent  address.  He  was  followed  b}'' 
the  Rev.  Daniel  Stickney  of  Presque  Isle  in  a  stirring 
and  telling  speech.  The  remarks  of  these  gentlemen 
were  then  given  to  the  Swedes  in  their  own  tongue  by 
myself,  after  which  at  the  request  of  the  Sweden  I 
expressed  their  gratitude  at  the  unexpected  and  gener- 
ous hospitality  of  the  citizens  of  Aroostook.  The 
Swedes  were  then  invited  to  a  sumptuous  collation  in 
the  Town  Hall.  The  tables  <iroaned  with  2'ood  things. 
There  were  salmon,  green  peas,  baked  beans,  pies, 
pudding,  cake,  raspberries,  coffee,  and  all  in  profusion. 

At  two  o'clock  the  Swedes  resumed  their  journey, 
gladdened  by  the  welcome  and  strengthened  by  the 
repast  so  generously  given  them  by  the  good  people 
of  Fort  Fairfield.  The  procession  passed  up  the  fer- 
tile valley  of  the  Aroostook  —  the  stars  and  stripes 
still  waved  "  at  the  fore."  Many  citizens  followed  in 
wao-ons.  Along  the  route  everv  one  turned  out  to 
get  a  good  look  at  the  new  comers.  A  Swedish  youth 
of  twenty  struck  up  an  acquaintance  with  an  Ameri- 
can young  man  of  about  the  same  age.     It  mattered 


THE    STOliV    OF    NKW    SWi'.DEN.  67 

not  lli:it  the  Yankee  did  not  s})eak  a  word  of  S\vedi.<li, 
nor  the  Swede  a  word  of  English,  they  chattered  away 
at  each  other,  made  signs,  nodded  and  laughed  as 
heartily  as  though  the^^  understood  it  all.  Then  they 
picked  leaves,  decorated  each  other  with  leafy  gar- 
lands, and  putting  their  arms  around  one  another 
marched  along  at  the  head  of  the  procession,  singing 
awa}''  in  the  greatest  good  fellowship,  as  good  friends 
as  though  they  had  known  each  other  for  a  lifetime, 
and  perfectly  regardless  of  the  little  fact  that  neither 
of  them  could  speak  a  word  the  other  could  under- 
stand. Youth  and  fraternity  were  to  them  a  common 
lanccuaire  and  overleaped  the  confusion  of  tonsrues. 

DC  1  O 

As  the  immigrant  train  halted  on  a  hilltop,  I  pointed 
out  the  distant  ridges  of  Township  No.  15  rising 
against  the  sky.  '■'■  Del  utlofvade  LandeV^ —  "The 
promised  land  "  —  shout  the  Svredes,  and  a  cheer 
goes  along  the  line.  Late  in  the  afternoon  we  reached 
the  bridge  over  the  Aroostook  River.  A  salute  of 
cannon  announced  our  approach.  Here  we  were  met 
by  a  concourse  of  five  hundred  people  with  a  fine 
brass  band  of  sixteen  pieces,  and  escorted  into  the 
picturesque  village  of  Caribou.  Hon.  John  S.  Arnold 
delivered  an  address  of  welcome,  and  the  citizens 
invited  us  to  a  bountiful  supper  in  Arnold's  hall, 
where  also  the  settlers  passed  the  night.  At  this 
supper  one  of  the  good  ladies  of  Carillon  happened  to 
wait  upon  our  worth}^  land  agent,  and  getting  froni 
him  a  reply  in  a  language  she  understood,  was  over- 
joyed and  exclaimed,  "  Why,  you  speak  very  good 
Eno-lish  for  a  Swede  !" 


C8  MAIM-:   HISTORICAL  so(;i::ty. 

Next  muniing  the  Swedisli  iiDrjiigraiit  train  was 
era-ly  in  motion  accompanied  by  isumc  luindred  and 
fifty  citizens  of  llie  vicinity.  One  faimei-  aionir  tlie 
route  put  out  tubs  of  cold  watei-  for  our  refresh- 
ment. I  thanked  him  for  this.  "  Oh,  never  mind," 
he  replied,  '•  all  I  wanted  was  to  stop  the  Swedes  long 
enough  to  ^L;et  a  good  look  at  them."'  ^Ye  .soon  passed 
bej'ond  the  last  clearing  of  the  American  ])ioneer  and 
entered  the  deep  woods.  Our  long  line  of  wagons 
slowly  wound  its  way  among  the  stumps  of  the  newl}'- 
cut  wood  road,  and  penetrated  a  forest  which  now  for 
the  first  time  was  opened  for  the  abode  of  man. 

At  twelve  o'clock,  noon,  of  Saturday,  July  23,  1S70, 
just  four  months  from  the  passage  of  the  act  author- 
izing this  enterprise,  and  four  weeks  from  the  depart- 
ure of  the  immigrants  from  Sweden,  the  first  Swedish 
colony  of  our  state  arrived  at  its  new  home  in  the 
wilds  of  Maine.  Vv^e  called  the  spot  New  Sweden,  a 
name  at  once  commemorative  of  the  past  and  auspi- 
cious of  the  future.  Here  in  behalf  of  the  State  of 
Maine  I  bade  a  welcome  and  Godspeed  to  these  far 
travelers,  our  future  citizens,  and  here  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  cross  roads,  under  a  camp  of  bark 
and  by  the  side  of  a  rill  ol  pure  spring  water,  Swedes 
and  Americans  broke  bread  together,  and  the  colonists 
ate  their  first  meal  on  the  township  in  the  shadow  of 
the  forest  primeval. 

One  thousand  years  ago  the  gi-eat  Scandinavian  sea- 
king  Rollo  sailed  out  from  the  Northland  with  a  fleet 
of  viking  ships.  Landing  on  the  coast  of  France,  he 
subjugated    one  of  her   fairest    provinces.     Here  the 


THE    STOKV    or    NKW    SWKIHON.  09 

Northmen    settled,    and    fioni   them    the    province    i.< 
called  to  this  day  Normandy. 

Eight  hundred  years  later  the  descendants  of  ihese 
Northmen,  speaking  Frencii,  sailed  from  Normandy  to 
this  continent  and  settled  Acadin.  When  driven  fi'om 
their  homes  by  the  British  fleet,  a  detachment  of 
Acadians  came  up  the  St.  John  River  and  settled  on 
the  interval  where  now  stands  the  city  of  Fredericton. 

Expelled  fropi  their  homes  a  second  time  by  the 
English,  they  followed  up  the  St.  John  to  Grand 
Falls. 

British  ships  cannot  sail  up  these  falls,  said  they, 
so  a  hundred  3'ears  ago  they  built  their  cottages 
above  the  falls,  along  the  fertile  valley  of  the  upper 
St.  John,  some  twent}'  miles  north  of  New  Sweden. 
There  to-day  dwell  thousands  of  Acadian  French. 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  a  little  company  of  Swedes 
sailed  forth  from  the  same  Scandinavia,  whence  issued 
Rollo  and  his  vikings,  and  settled  New  Sweden. 

So  these  two  branchesof  Scandinavian  stock,  sepa- 
rated in  the  ninth  century,  are  now  brought  together 
again  after  the  lapse  of  a  thousand  years,  and  dwell 
side  by  side  in  the  woods  of  Maine. 

There  are  few  better  towns  in  Maine  for  ao-ricul- 
tural  purposes  than  New  Sweden.  On  every  hand  the 
land  rolls  up  into  gentle  hard-wood  ridges,  covered 
with  a  stately  growth  of  maple,  birch,  beech,  and  ash. 
In  every  valley  between  these  ridges  flows  a  brook, 
and  along  its  banks  grow  the  spruce,  fir,  and  cedar. 
The  soil  is  a  rich,  liirht  loam,  overlvimz;  a  hard  layer 
of  clay,  which   in  turn   rests   upon  a  ledge  of  rotten 


70  MAINK    II1.ST0KICAL    SOCinTV. 

slate,  with  perpendicular  rift.  The  ledge  seldom  crop.s 
out,  and  the  land  is  reniarkabl}'  free  from  .«tone.s. 

New  Sweden  lies  in  latitude  47^  north,  about  the 
same  latitude  as  the  city  of  Quebec.  The  boundaries 
of  this  township  were  run  by  J.  Norris,  Esq.,  in  1850. 
It  was  then  designated  as  Township  No.  lo.  Range  3, 
west  of  the  east  line  of  the  state,  which  name  it  bore 
for  eleven  years,  until  the  advent  of  the  Swedes. 
Subsequently  the  township  was  set  apart  by  the  State 
for  settlement,  and  in  ISGl  the  best  part  of  the  town 
was  run  out  into  lots  for  settlers.  Tliese  lots  contained 
about  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  each.  The  State 
surveyiug  party  consisted  of  Hon.  B.  F.  Cutter,  of 
Standish,  surveyor;  A.  P.  Files,  Esq.,  of  Gorham,  chain- 
man  ;  Hon.  L.  C.  Flint,  of  Abbot,  explorer,  and  three 
assistants  The  work  was  commenced  the  last  of 
August,  1861,  and  finished  October  22,  of  the  same 
year.  This  surveying  party  found  a  cedar  tree  marked 
by  J.  Norris  in  1859  as  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
town,  and  the  lotting  of  the  town  was  begun  at  a 
cedar  post  standing  tsvo  links  soutliwest  of  this  cedar 
tree,  which  post  was  marked  "  T.  No.  15,  R.  3,  Lot 
144,  B.  F.  Cutter,  1861,  ^"  (the  latter  character  being 
Cutter's  pri\ate  mark). 

And  so  this  township  stood  for  nine  years  —  set  apart 
for  settlement,  largely  run  out  into  lots,  but  without 
a  settler. 

The  Board  of  Immigration  very  prudenth'  refrained 
from  making  any  preparation  for  the  proposed  colony 
until  it  knew  the  result  of  my  mission  to  Sweden. 
When,  however,  it  appeared  from  my  letters  that  this 


THK    STOKV    or    XKW    SWEDEN.  71 

mis.'^ion  was  a  success,  and  that  a  Swedish  colony  would 
surely  come  to  Maine,  the  Board  at  once  set  about 
making  suitable  jnx'parations  for  the  reception  oi  the 
Swedes.  This  duty  devolved  upon  lion.  Parker  P. 
Burleigh  of  the  Board,  and  it  is  fortunate  the  work 
fell  to  such  tried  and  able  hands.  In  the  latter  ])art 
of  June,  1870,  Mr.  Burleigh  proceeded  to  x\roostook 
County.  Here  he  instituted  a  relotting  of  this  town- 
ship, reducing  the  size  of  the  lots  from  one  hundred 
and  sixt}'  acres,  which  for  nine  years  had  been 
offered  to  Americans,  with  no  takers,  to  lots  of  one 
hundred  acres  for  the  Swedes.  The  surveying  party 
was  under  the  charge  of  that  old  and  experienced  state 
surveyor,  the  Hon.  Noah  Barker.  Mr.  Burleigh  con- 
tracted with  Hon.  L.  P.  King  and  Hon.  John  S. 
Arnold,  of  Caribou,  to  fell  five  acres  of  forest  on 
each  of  tlie  twenty-five  lots.  He  also  bushed  out 
a  road  into  the  township  and  commenced  building 
twenty-five  log-houses.  In  addition,  Mr.  Burleigh 
bought  and  forwarded  to  the  township  necessary  sup- 
plies and  tools  for  the  colony,  and  in  many  ways 
rendered  services  indispensable  to  the  success  ot  the 
enterprise. 

The  Swedes  had  arrived  much  earlier  than  Mr.  Bur- 
leigh anticipated.  Only  six  of  the  log-houses  had  been 
built,  and  these  were  but  parti}'  finished,  only  two  of 
them  having  glass  in  the  windows.  On  our  arrival, 
the  supplies  and  the  commissioner  of  immigration  were 
stowed  in  one  house,  and  the  Swedes  and  their  baggage 
packed  in  the  other  five.  So  the  colony  passed  its 
first  night  in  New  Sweden. 


<z  maim:  iii.sroincAL  society. 

The  next  (lay  was  the  Subbiith.  The  first  religions 
service  vu  tlie  town-  hi[)  was  a  sad  one  —  the  f  iiueral  of 
Ililiua  C.  Clase.  The  services  were  jjehl  at  tiie  b;nk 
camp  at  the  corner,  aiul  were  conducted  bv  Rev.  James 
Witliee,  of  Caribou,  an  American  Methodist.  All  the 
Swedes,  and  many  families  from  Caribou  attend  the 
funeral  of  this  little  Swedish  girl.  We  buried  her  on 
the  public  lot,  in  a  spot  we  were  forced  to  mark  out 
as  a  cemetery  on  the  very  first  day  of  the  occupancy 
of  this  town.  So  peacefully  slept  in  the  wild  green 
wood  the  onh-  one  who  had  perished  by  the  way. 

I  had  anticipated  some  difficulty  in  a>signing  homes 
to  the  settlers.  Some  farms  were  undoubtedl}'  better 
than  others.  To  draw  lots  for  them  seemed  to  be  the 
only  fair  way  of  distribution  ;  vet  in  so  dointr,  friends 
from  the  same  province,  who  had  arranged  to  help 
each  other  in  their  work,  might  be  separated  by 
several  miles.  Every  difficulty  w\as  finally  avoided 
by  dividing  the  settlers  into  little  groups  of  four 
friends  each,  and  the  farms  into  clusters  of  four,  and 
letting  each  group  draw  a  cluster,  which  was  after- 
ward distributed  by  lot  among  the  members  of  the 
group.  The  division  of  farms  was  thus  left  entirely 
to  chance,  and  j-et  friends  and  neighbors  were  kept 
together. 

The  drawing  took  place  Monday  aftei-noon,  July  2o. 
With  but  two  exceptions,  every  one  was  satisfied,  and 
these  two  were  immediately  made  happy  by  exchang- 
ing with  each  other.  V.'hen  this  exchange  was 
effected  everv  Swede  was  convinced  that  inst  the  risjlit 
lot  had  fallen   to  him  and    was  enabled  to  find  some- 


TIIK    STORY    OF    NF.W    SWEDEN',  73 

thing  or  otliei'  .'iboiit  liis  ])Ossessioiis  which  in  his  eye 
ninde  it  .superior  to  all  others.  So  surely  does  owiior- 
shi])  beget  contentment. 

After  the  honiesteads  were  thu.^  distributed,  Mr. 
Burleigh,  Mr.  Darkei-,  and  mj'self,  took  the  Swedes  to 
a  liillslde  cho})ping,  northeast  of  the  cross  roads,  and 
showed  them  the  vast  woodland  wildei-ness  of  Maine, 
stretching  awa}^  unbroken  to  the  horizon,  and  aw;iit- 
ing  the  ax  and  plow  of  the  settler.  '"  Here  is  room 
enough  for  all  our  friends  in  old  Sweden,"  said  the 
Swedes. 

Tuesday  morning.  July  26,  the  Swedes  commenced 
the  great  work  of  convertir.g  a  forest  into  a  home,  and 
that  work  has  gone  happily  on,  without  haste  and  with- 
out rest,  to  this  day. 

Much  remained  to  be  done  b}'  the  State.  'Die 
Swedes,  too,  must  be  supplied  with  food  till  they 
could  harvest  theii'  first  crop.  To  put  them  in  the 
way  of  earning  their  living  by  their  labor  was  a 
natural  sucrgestion.  I  therefore  at  once  set  the 
Swedes  at  work  fellino-  trees,  cutting  out  roads,  and 
building  houses,  allowing  them  one  dollar  a  day  for 
their  labor,  payable  in  provisions,  tools,  etc.  The 
prices  of  these  necessaries  were  determined  by  adding 
to  the  first  cost  the  expense  of  transportation,  plus 
ten  per  cent,  for  breakage  and  leakage. 

Capt.  N.  P.  Clase,  a  Swede  who  spoke  our  language, 
and  could  keep  accounts  in  siniile  entrv  in  Entjli^h- 
WHS  then  placed  in  charge  of  tlie  storehouse.  He 
opened  an  account  with  every  settler,  charging  each 
with    all     fjoods     received     from     the     store.     Everv 


74  MAINE    HISTOUICAL    SOCIETY. 

S\v(3dish  working-jiarty  was  placed  uiifler  a  foi\?inan, 
wlio  kept  in  a  book  furnished  him  tlio  time  of  each 
man.  Tli«;'so  time-books  were  handed  in  once  a  week 
to  Capt.  Chise,  tlie  storekeeper,  and  the  men  credited 
witli  their  work  at  the  rate  of  one  dollai-  a  d.ay.  The 
Swedes  thus  did  the  work  which  the  State  would 
otherwise  have  been  compelled  to  hire  other  laborers 
to  do,  and  were  paid  in  the  very  provisions  which 
otherwise  the  State  would  have  been  compelled  to 
give  them.  By  this  arrangement,  also,  all  jealousy 
was  avoided  with  regard  to  the  distribution  of  rations  ; 
and  in  their  consumption  the  rigid  Swedish  economy 
was  always  exercised,  which  could  haidly  have  been 
the  case  if  food  had  fallen  to  them  like  manna,  with- 
out measure  or  price. 

All  through  summer  and  fall  there  was  busy  work 
in  our  wiklerness.  The  primeval  American  forest 
rang  from  morn  till  eve  with  tliC  blows  of  the  Swedish 
ax.  The  prattle  of  Swedish  children  and  the  song  of 
Swedish  mothers  made  unwonted  music  in  the  wilds 
of  Maine.  One  cloudless  day  succeeded  another.  The 
heats  of  summer  were  tempered  by  the  woodland 
shade  in  which  we  labored.  New  clearings  opened 
out,  and  new  log-houses  were  rolled  up  on  every 
hand.  Odd  bits  of  board  and  the  happily  twisted 
branches  of  trees  were  quickly  converted  into  needed 
articles  of  furniture.  Ru.stic  bedsteads,  tables,  chairs, 
and  the  omnipresent  cradle,  made  their  appearance  in 
every  house ;  and  Swedish  industry  and  ingenuitj' 
soon  transformed  eveiy^  log-cabin  into  a  home.  For 
myself  it  was  a  pleasure  to  share  the  toils  and  priva- 


THE    STOKV    OF    NEW    SWEDEN.  75 

lions  of  our  new  ."settlors.  Every  <luy  I  wns  among 
them  from,  morn  till  eve.  On  foot  or  on  horsebuck  1 
visited  (liem  all,  even  the  nio?t  remote,  nnd  cheered 
.ill  at  their  labors  ;  and  every  night  I  lay  down  in  my 
log-house  tired  bat  happy,  for  every  day  ]  had  beheld 
.something  done,  something  tangible  accomplished  on 
the  soil  of  Maine. 

One  hundred  acres  of  forest  were  o-ninted  each  set- 
tier ;  a  cho]D]Hng  of  five  acres  had  been  made  on  each 
lot.  In  nearly  ever}'  instance,  the  trees  were  felled 
on  the  contiguous  corners  of  foui-  lots,  and  a  square 
chopping  of  twenty  acres  made  around  the  point 
where  four  lots  met,  five  acres  of  v.hicli  belonged  to 
each  of  the  four  farms.  The  largest  possible  amount 
of  light  and  air  was  thus  let  into  each  lot,  and  the 
settlers  were  better  enabled  to  help  one  another  in 
clearing.  As  the  choppings  had  not  yet  be<?n  burnt 
over,  the  houses  were  built  outside  them,  and  being 
placed  in  couples  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  road, 
ever}^  household  had  a  near  neighbor.  Nearly  every 
habitation  was  also  within  easy  distance  of  a  spring 
of  living  water. 

The  houses  built  by  the  vState  in  New  Sweden  were 
all  of  uniform  pattern.  The}"  were  designed  by  our 
able  and  efficient  land  agent,  Hon.  P.  P.  Burleigh,  and 
erected  under  the  immediate  superintendence  of 
Jacob  Hardison  and  Judah  D.  Teague,  Esqs.,  oi  Cari- 
bou. They  were  built  of  peeled  logs ;  were  eighteen 
by  twenty-six  feet  on  the  ground,  one  and  a  tialf 
s'ories  high,  seven  feet  between  floors,  and  had  two 
lou's    above    the    second   floor    beams,    w'hich,    with  a 


76  MAINE    in.STOniCM.    SOCIKTY. 

sqvijiie  pitch  roof,  gave  aiiipli.'  room  foi-  cluMnhers. 
The  roofs  were  covered  with  long  .sliaved  shingles  of 
cechar,  made  ])y  hand  on  the  lownshij*.  Tlie  sfjace  on 
the  ground  iloor  was  divided  off  by  pai'titions  of  un- 
planed  boards,  into  one  general  front  room  sixteen  bv 
eighteen  feet,  one  bedroom  ten  feet  stjnare,  and  pan- 
try adjoining,  eight  by  ten  feet.  On  this  floor  were 
four  windows;  one  was  also  placed  in  the  front  gable 
end  above.  In  the  general  room  of  each  house  was  a 
second-size  Hampflen  cooking-stove,  with  a  funnel  run- 
ning out  through  an  iron  plate  in  the  roof.  On  the 
whole,  these  log-cabins  in  the  w'oods  were  convenient 
and  comfortable  structures;  they  presented  a  pleasing 
appearance  from  without,  and  within  were  full  of  con- 
tentment and  industr}'. 

It  was  of  course  too  late  for  a  crop.  Yet  I  wished 
to  give  the  Swedes  an  ocular  demonstration  that  some- 
thing eatable  would  grow  on  the  land.  There  w\as  a 
four-acre  chopping  on  the  public  lot ;  this  had  been 
partially  burnt  over  by  an  accidental  spai^k  from  the 
camp-fire  at  the  corner.  On  this  chopping  seven 
Swedes  were  set  at  work  on  July  2G,  "junking"  and 
hand-piling  the  prostrate  trees.  Mr.  Burleigh  with 
axe  and  hands  assisted  in  rolling  up  the  first  pile. 
Good  progress  was  made,  and  the  next  day,  Wednes- 
day, July  27,  w^e  set  fire  to  the  piles  and  sent  a  young 
lad,  Master  Haines  Hardison,  on  horseback  out  to  the 
American  settlements  in  quest  of  English  turnip  seed 
and  teeth  for  a  harrow. 

On  July  28,  we  explored  w^ith  the  surveying  party 
an  old  tote  road   runnimx  from  the  Turner  ])lace  Cone 


Tin:  STOKV  or  ni:w  sweden.  77 

of  the  abaiKloiierl  American  I'arius  in  Woodlaiio)  out 
to  Philbrick's  Corner,  on  tlie  road  to  Caribou.  We 
found  the  tote  road  cut  oil*  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
of  tlie  distance  to  the  vilhige,  saved  a  hard  hill  and  a 
long  pole  bridge,  and  ga\'e  a  good  level  route.  We 
at  once  put  the  tote  road  in  repair  and  used  it  exclu- 
sively. The  present  tui-npike  to  Caribou  follows  sub- 
stantially the  route  of  this  road  from  the  Turner 
place,  now  occupied  by  Jonas  Botlin,  a  Swede,  across 
Caril)ou  Stream  to  Philbrick's. 

Friday,  Jul}'  20,  we  sowed  two  acres  on  the  public 
lot  to  English  turnips.  This  was  the  first  land  cleared 
and  the  first  crop  sowed  in  New  Sweden.  The  land 
was  hand-piled,  burnt,  cleared  and  sowed  within  six 
days  after  the.  arrival  of  the  colony.  The  turnips 
were  soon  up  and  grew  luxuriantly^  and  in  November 
we  secured  a  large  crop  of  fair-sized  turnips,  many  of 
them  being  fifteen  inches  in  circumference.  I  am  well 
aware  that  the  turnip  is  regarded  as  a  very  cheap  vege- 
table, but  to  us  who  were  obliged  to  haul  in  every- 
thing: eaten  bv  man  or  beast,  eiaht  miles  over  rousrh 
roads,  this  crop  was  of  great  assistance.  Furthermore 
it  gave  the  Swedes  a  tangible  proof  of  the  fertility  of 
the  soil. 

On  this  day  the  first  letters  were  received  ;  two 
from  old  Sweden,  directed  to  Oscar  Lindbero;.  Four 
basket  bottomed  chairs  for  headquarters  were  hauled 
in  on  top  of  a  load  of  goods  —  the  first  chairs  in  New 
Sweden  —  and  Harvey  Collins,  the  teamster,  brought 
in  word  that  a  Swedish  immigrant  was  at  Caribou  on 
his  way  in. 


78  MAINE    Hl>TOr:ICAL    SOCIKTV. 

July  30,  Saturday,  Anders  Westergreu,  a  Swede 
thirty-nine  years  of  age,  came  in  and  joined  the  colony. 
He  sailed  as  s(.'anian  in  a  vessel  from  Philadelpliin  to 
Bangor,  there  he  took  up  a  pa])er  containing  notice 
of  New  Sweden,  and  immediately  came  through  to  us. 
He  was  the  first  immigrant  after  the  founding  of  the 
colony.  A  stalwart  man  and  skilled  in  the  use  of  the 
broad-ax,  he  rendered  valuable  aid  in  building  hewed 
timber  houses. 

On  this  da}^  Mr.  Burleigh  left  us,  after  a  week's 
efficient  help.  The  fame  of  the  colony  was  spreading. 
I  received  a  letter  of  inquiry  from  seven  Svredes  in 
Bloomington,  Illinois. 

On  July  31,  the  second  Sabbath,  Nils  Olsson,  the 
Swedish  lay  preacher,  held  public  religious  services  in 
the  Swedish  language  at  the  corner  camp. 

Tuesday,  August  2,  the  immigrants  wrote  a  joint 
letter  to  Sweden,  declaring  that  the  State  of  ]\Iaine 
had  kept  its  faith  with  them  in  every  particular;  that 
the  land  was  fertile,  the  climate  pleasant,  the  people 
friendly,  and  advising  their  countrymen  emigrating 
to  America  to  come  to  the  New  Sweden  in  Maine. 
This  letter  was  published  in  full  in  all  tlie  leading 
journals  throughout  Sweden. 

The  onl}'  animals  taken  into  the  woods  by  the  colony 
were  two  kittens,  picked  up  by  Swedish  children  on 
our  drive  in  from  Tobique.  On  ^yednesday,  August 
3,  a  cock  and  three  hens  were  brought  in  to  Capt. 
Clase.  These  were  the  first  domestic  fowl  on  the 
township.  They  soon  picked  up  an  acquaintance  with 
two  wild  squirrels,  wdio  became  so  tame  that  they  ate 
meal  out  of  the  same  dish  with  the  fowl. 


THE    STOin'    OF    NEW    SW  KDEX.  79 

Friday,  August  12,  the  sc^cond  iiaiuigrnut  urrived  in 
the  eolon3\  He  was  a  native  American,  a  good-sizod 
boy  biiby,  born  to  ICorno,  wife  of  Nils  Pei'sson,  the 
first  child  born  in  New  Sweden.  lie  is  alive  and  well 
to-day,  a  young  man  and  a  voter.  He  rejoices  in  the 
name  of  William  Widgery  Thomas  Persson,  and  is 
happy  in  contemplation  of  the  constitutional  fact  that 
he  is  eligible  to  the  office  of  president  of  the  United 
States. 

On  Friday,  August  19,  Anders  Malmqvist  arrived 
from  Sweden,  via  Quebec  and  Portland.  He  was  a 
farmej"  and  student,  twenty-two  years  of  age,  and  the 
first  immigrant  to  us  direct  from  the  old  countr3^ 

Sunday  afternoon,  August  21,  occurred  the  first 
wedding.  I  then  united  in  marriau-e  Jons  Persson  to 
Hannah  Persdotter.  The  marriage  ceremony  v/as  con- 
ducted in  the  Swedish  languao-e,  but  according  to 
American  forms.  In  the  evening  was  a  wedding;  din- 
ner  at  the  Perssons.  All  the  spoons  w^ere  of  solid  sil- 
ver ;  heirlooms  from  old  Sweden. 

Thus  within  the  first  month  of  the  colonv's  existence, 
it  experienced  the  three  great  events  in  the  life  of 
man  —  birth,  marriage,  death. 

Between  August  10  and  20  nearly  all  the  choppings 
were  fired.  On  some,  good  burns  were  obtained,  and 
nothing  but  the  trunks  and  larger  branches  of  the  trees 
left  unconsumed  on  the  ground;  the  fire  merely  flashed 
over  others,  leaving  behind  the  whole  tangled  mass  of 
branches,  trunks,  and  twigs  to  fret  the  settler.  From 
this  time  forward  till  snow  fell,  every  Swede  that  could 
be  spared  from  the  public  works  was  busily  engaged 
from  sunrise  to  sunset  with  ax  and  brand  on  his  clear- 


80  maim:   iiisToincAL  socikty. 

inu;,  "  iuiikimj:,"  piliiiLT,  juhI  burning:  the  lours  —  cicarin'' 
the  land  for  a  crop.  New  Sweden  ))ecaine  a  landmark 
for  twenty  miles  around.  From  her  hills  arose  ''  a 
pillar  of  cloud  b)-  day"  and  "a  ])illnr  of  fire  by  night." 

By  September  lo,  large  ])atelies  c)f  land  were  suc- 
cessfully burnt  off  and  cleared,  and  the  Swedes  com- 
menced sowing  an  acre  or  half-acre  each  with  winter 
wheat  or  rye.  Sixteen  acres  in  all  were  sowed  with 
rya  and  four  with  wheat  Meanwhile  the  colony 
steadily  increased.  Now  and  tlien  a  Swedish  iu] mi- 
grant dropped  in,  took  up  a  lot,  received  an  ax  and 
went  to  work.  September  14  a  detachment  of  twelve 
arrived,  and  October  31  twenty  more  followed,  direct 
from  Sweden.  There  were  tvro  more  births,  and  on 
November  5,  1  saddled  ni}'  horse,  rode  through  the 
woods  and  stumps  to  the  West  Chopping,  and  offici- 
ated at  the  second  mnrriage.  uniting  in  the  bonds  of 
matrimony  Herr  Anders  Fredei'ick  Johansson  to 
Jungfru  Ofelia  Albertina  Leonora  Amelia  Ericsson. 

The  spirit  of  colonization  possessed  even  the  fosvl. 
Although  at  an  untimely  season  of  the  year,  one  of 
Capt.  Clash's  hens  stole  a  nest  under  a  fallen  tree  in 
the  woods,  and  on  September  24,  came  back  proudly 
leading  eleven  chickens.  Game  was  plenty.  I  caught 
hundreds  of  trout  in  the  lakes  beyond  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  township  and  shot  scores  of  partridges 
while  ridinir  through  the  woods  from  clearinfi'  to  clear- 
ing.  This  game  was  divided  among  the  Swedes  and 
made  an  agreeable  diversion  from  the  salt-pork  diet  of 
our  camp  life. 

Every    Sabbath    divine    service    was    held    by   Nils 


THE    STOJIV    OF    NKV>'    >WKI>EX.  81 

Olsson,  the  Swedish  hiy  ininislcr  and  a  .SuiK.lay-school 
was  soon  started,  wliich  is  still  in  .successful  operation. 
The  hjg-liouses  made  conilbrtable  homes  for  each 
Swedisli  family,  Init  I  soon  becnine  convinced  that  a 
large,  central  building  was  absolutely  necessary  for 
the  })ublic  and  social  life  of  the  colony.  By  the  wise 
forethought  of  Hon.  Noah  Bai'ker,  the  surveyor  of 
the  township,  a  lot  of  fifty  acres  had  been  reserved 
for  public  uses  at  the  cross  roads  in  the  center  of 
tlie  settlement.  Here,  on  tlie  twentieth  of  Sep- 
tember, we  commenced  digging  the  cellnr  for  a 
public  btiilding  on  a  commanding  slope  of  land  at  the 
cro.ss  road.s.  We  beiran  hewing  out  the  iran)e  and 
shaving  shingles  for  the  roof  the  same  day.  On  Fri- 
day, October  7,  we  raised  the  frame.  Work  was 
pushed  rapidh^  forward,  and  on  Friday,  November  4, 
four  weeks  from  the  raising,  the  house  was  finished 
with  the  exception  of  lathing  and  plastering,  and  the 
vane  was  placed  in  position  on  top  the  tower,  sixty- 
five  feet  from  the  crround.  This  buildino^  is  thirty  bv 
forty-five  feet  on  the  ground  ;  has  a  cellar  walled  up 
with  hewed  cedar  seven  and  one-half  feet  in  the  clear, 
is  twenty  feet  sttid,  and  divided  into  two  stories  each 
ten  feet  hisrh.  The  first  floor  contains  a  storeroom 
thirty  feet  square,  and  two  offices  fifteen  feet  square 
each.  The  second  story  is  a  hall  thirty  by  forty-five 
feet  on  the  floor,  ten  feet  stud  on  the  sides,  arching 
up  to  fifteen  feet  in  the  clear  in  the  center.  In  the 
large  room  below  were  stowed  provisions  and  tools 
for  the  colony.  The  offices  became  the  headquarters 
of  the  commissioner  of  immigration,  and  the  hall  was 
Vol.  Vn.        7 


82  MAINE    IIISTOKICAT.    SOCIKTY. 

used  for  many  years  as  a  cliurch,  schoolliouso,  town- 
house,  and  general  rallying  plnce  for  the  colony.  In 
the  spring,  too,  when  the  innnigrants  flocked  in,  it 
served  as  a  "Castle  Garden,"  where  the  Swcdi-h 
families  slept,  cooked  and  ate  under  n  roof  while  th.-y 
were  selecting  their  lots  and  erecting  a  shelter  of 
their  own. 

From  the  first  this  structure  has  been  called  b}^  the 
Swedes  the  "Capitol."  It  has  been  the  heart  of  the 
colony.  It  at  once  gave  character  and  stability  to 
the  settlement,  encouraged  every  Svrede  in  his  labors, 
and  has  been  of  daily  need  and  use.  The  Swedish 
Capitol  is  till  standing  to-day,  and  though  shorn  of  its 
ornamentnl  tower  is  otherwise  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation. 

The  dwelling-houses  erected  by  the  state  were  built 
of  round  logs  piled  one  on  the  other,  with  the  spaces 
between  open  to  wind  and  weather.  On  the  eigh- 
teenth of  October  there  raged  a  fierce  storm  of  wind, 
sleet  and  rain.  The  wind  whistled  through  the  open 
log-houses,  and  all  night  long  we  could  hear  the  crash 
of  falling  trees  blown  down  by  the  gale.  In  the 
morning  I  found  myself  barricaded  by  a  tall  spruce 
that  had  fallen  across  my  doorwaj^,  and  my  nearest 
neighbor  arrived  to  tell  me  there  were  eight  trees 
down  across  the  road  between  his  house  and  mine. 
Two  good  choppers  soon  cut  out  the  fallen  trees  from 
the  roads  ;  but  the  storm  warned  us  that  winter  was 
coming.  So  the  Swedes  ceased  foi"  a  time  clearing 
their  land,  and  went  to  work  fitting  up  their  houses 
for  winter.     They  first  split  out  plank   from  the  near- 


THE    STORY    or    NEW    SWEDEN.  83 

est  spruce  trees,  and  taking  uj)  the  floor  nailed  a  tight 
plank  under-floor  to  the  lower  side  of  the  heanis. 
The  spaces  hetween  the  heams  wc^re  then  compactly 
filled  with  dry  eartii  and  tlie  ii[)per  floor-boards  planed 
and  replaced.  A  ceiling  of  matched  boards  was  now 
put  on  overhead,  and  the  room  made  perfectly  tight 
above  and  below.  The  walls  of  round  logs  were  then 
hewed  do^vn  in.side  and  out,  the  interstices  having; 
been  first  "  cliinked  up  "  with  moss  and  then  filled  in 
with  matched  strips  of  cedar.  The  w^alls  were  thus 
made  as  even  and  perpendicular  as  those  of  a  timber 
house,  and  every  building  completel}'  defended 
against  the  cold  and  blasts  of  winter. 

Early  in  November,  I  secured  places  for  the  winter, 
among  the  farmers  and  lumbermen  of  the  vicinity,  for 
all  the  Swedes  v/ho  wished  to  work  out ;  thirty  were 
thus  supplied  witli  labor  at  from  ten  to  twenty  dollars 
a  month,  including  board  and  lodginL^  Supplies  were 
hauled  in  for  those  families  who  were  to  pass  the  win- 
ter in  the  woods,  and  they  were  made  as  comfortable 
as  possible. 

On  November  13  was  held  the  first  meetintc  at  the 
Capitol,  and  here  I  distributed  to  the  colonists  the 
certificates  of  their  lots.  They  received  them  with 
eager  eyes  and  greedy  hands. 

The  State  of  Maine  extended  a  helping  hand  to  this 
infant  colony  and  o-uarded  it  with  fosterino- care.     But 

t,'  CD  O 

in  so  doing  the  State  only  helped  those  who  helped 
themselves.  The  Swedes  did  not  come  among  us  as 
paupers.  Tlie  passage  of  the  colony  of  the  first  year 
from  Sweden   to  Maine  cost  over  four  thousand  dol- 


84  MAINE     HISTOIMC.AL    SOCli:TY. 

lurti,  eveiy  dolhir  of  wliicli  was  paid  by  the  immi- 
grants themselves.  They  also  carried  into  New 
Sweden  over  three  thousand  doHars  in  cash,  and  six 
tons  of  bao'sasre. 

Let  this  one  fact  be  distinctly  nnderstood.  The 
Swedish  immigrants  to  Maine  from  first  to  last,  from 
1870  till  to-day,  have  all  paid  their  own  passage  to 
Maiiie.  The  State  has  never  paid  a  dollar  directly  or 
indirectly ,  for  tlic  passage  of  any  Swede  to  Maine. 

At  the  close  of  JS70,  in  reviewing  the  work  already 
accomplished,  it  was  found  that  every  Swede  that 
started  from  Scandinavia  with  me,  or  was  engaged  by 
me  to  follow  after,  had  arrived  in  Maine  and  was  set- 
tled in  New  Sweden.  No  settler  had  left  to  make 
him  a  home  elsewhere,  but  on  the  other  hand  our 
immigrants  had  already  bought,  paid  for,  and  sent 
home  to  their  friends  across  the  water,  five  tickets 
from  Sweden  to  Maine. 

So  healthy  was  the  climate  of  our  northern  woods, 
that  for  the  first  year — for  1870 — there  was  not  a  day's 
.sickness    of   man,   woman,  or  child,  in  New  Sweden. 

The  results  of  this  enterprise  to  our  State,  which  were 
thus  achieved  in  1870,  the  year  of  its  inception,  were 
briefly  summed  up  in  my  official  report  for  that  year 
as  follows : 

RESULTS  IN  1870. 

A  colony  of  one  Imndreil  and  fourteen  Swedes — fifty-eight 
men,  twenty  momen,  and  thirty-six  children — have  paid  their 
ovra  passage  from  Sweden  and  settled  on  the  wild  lands  of 
Maine. 

Seven  nules  of  road  have  been  cut  thror.gh  the  forest;  one 
hundred  and  eighty  acres  of  woods   felled,    one  hundred   acres 


COL.    EDMUXl)    I'HINNEY'S    KEGT.MENT    OF    FOOT.  S') 

h.iiid-i)ileil,  burnt  off  and  cleared  for  a  crop,  and  twenty  acres 
sowed  to  winter  wlieat  and  rye,  Twentv-six  dwelling-houses 
and  one  public  buiMing  })ave  been  built. 

A  knowleilge  of  IMaine,  its  resources  and  advantages,  has  been 
scattered  broadcast  over  Sweden ;  a  portion  of  the  tide  of 
Swedish  immigration  turned  upon  our  state,  and  a  practical  be- 
ginning made  toward  settling  our  wild  lands  and  peopling  our 
domain  with  the  most  hardy,  honest  and  industrious  of  immi- 
grants. 

[To  be  continueil.J 


HISTORY    OF   COL.    EDMUND    PHINNEY'S 
31ST  REGIMENT  OF    FOOT. 

THE    FIRST    REGIMENT    RAISED    IX    THE     COL'NTY    OF    CUMBERLAXD 
IX    THE    REVOLUTIOXAKY    WAR, 

BY   NATIIAX   GOOLD. 
/^ead  befo7-e  the  Afaine  Historical   Society,  A'oz'emoer  22,   1S95. 

Longfellow  wrote  —  •*'  War  is  a  terrible  trade;  but 
in  the  cause  that  is  riohteous  sweet  is  the  smell  of 
powder.  " 

The  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts,  February 
4,  1775,  resolved  to  purchase  munitions  of  war  for 
fifteen  thousand  men,  and  April  23,  1775,  it  was  unani- 
mously resolved  to  raise  thirteen  thousand,  six  hundred 
men,  and  other  New  England  colonies  were  invited 
to  raise  their  proportionate  quota  to  make  the  aggre- 
gate of  thirty  thousand,  and  in  a  few  days  that  number 
was  enrolled.  So  many  came  that  the  generals  were 
obliged  to  send  many  back  to  their  homes.  On  May 
20,  1775,  Artemas  Ward  was  commissioned  general  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  colouv. 


86  jrAiXE  iiisToiacAL  socnrrv. 

Col.  James  Scanimoii's  York  Couiitv  Recjiment 
niai'died  soon  after  the  bcc^iiinino;  of  the  war,  and 
joined  the  army  at  Cambridge,  but  Cumberland  County 
sent  no  regiment  until  July,  for  reasons  which  will 
hereafter  be  fully  explained. 

Col.  Edmund  Phinney's  31st  Regiment  of  Foot,  was 
the  first  regiment  raised  in  the  County  of  Cumberland 
for  service  in  the  field,  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Most  of  the  men  equipped  themselves,  but  those  who 
were  not  able  were  supplied  by  the  towns  where 
they  enlisted.  A  large  part  of  the  men  enlisted  soon 
after  the  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  and  were  in  the  service  in  and  about  Fal- 
mouth until  July. 

When  Capt.  John  Parker  formed  his  minute  men  on 
Lexington  Common  in  the  early  morning  of  April  19, 
1775,  he  may  have  realized  the  responsibility  that 
rested  on  his  company.  They  represented  the  for- 
bearance of  the  colonists,  and  they,  by  not  firing  the 
first  gun,  established  in  the  minds  of  the  American 
people,  the  character  of  the  men  who  first  resisted 
British  oppression.  A  boulder  now  marks  the  line  of 
this  company,  on  that  eventful  morning,  inscribed  with 
Capt.  Parker's  order  to  his  men :  — 

Stand  your  ground. 
Don't  fire  unless  fired  u{)on. 
But  iftliey  mean  to  have  war 
let  it  begin  here. 

The  war  then  had  actually  begun.  The  news  reached 
the  town  of  York  on  the  evening  of  April  19,  and 
Capt.  Johnson  Moultun    collected  his  company  of  over 


COL.   EDMUND    PlIIXNEY  S    KEGIMKNT    OF    FOOT.  bi 

sixty  men,  from  that  old  town,  and  marched  on  the 
morning  of  the  next  day  towards  Boston,  making  fifteen 
miles  and  crossing  the  ferry  over  Piscataqua  Kiver 
before  night.  This  was  the  first  company  that  marched 
from  the  Province  of  Maine  in  war  of  the  Rev 
olution. 

The  first  information  of  the  battles  of  Lexington 
and  Concord  reached  Falmouth  Neck  before  daylight 
of  April  21,  and  created  much  consternation  and  alarm. 
That  day  Capt.  John  Brackett's  company  marched 
towards  Boston,  followed  by  companies  under  com- 
mand of  captains  Hart  Williams,  Wentworth  Stuart, 
Abraham  Tyler,  and  probably  others  from  Cumberland 
County.  These  were  the  militia  then  organized  for 
any  immediate  service.  They  proceeded  as  far  as 
Wells,  about  thirty  miles,  when  they  were  ordered  to 
return  home  to  guard  the  exposed  towns  on  their  own 
seacoast.  They  arrived  at  Falmouth,  April  24,  and 
were  allowed  five  days'  service. 

Arrangements  were  immediately  made  to  form  a 
regiment  for  active  service  and  the  business  of  enlist- 
ing the  men  was  commenced.  About  two  weeks  later, 
before  the  men  were  all  enlisted  in  this  regiment, 
occurred  what  was  called  ''Thompson's  war,"  which 
lasted  several  days.  Capt.  Mowat  and  his  surgeon 
w^ere  captured  (May  9)  at  Falmouth  Neck  by  Col. 
Samuel  Thompson's  "Spruce"  company  of  about  fifty 
men,  from  Brunswick..  Mowat  was.  released  on  parole, 
to  return  the  next  morning,  by  the  timid  and  Tory 
influence  of  the  Neck,  but  did  not  keep  his  promise. 
Before  the  release  it  is  stated  the  Tories  were  for  the 


88  MAINE    lII«;TOniCAL    SOCIKTV. 

militia    of   the    Neck    to    rescue    the    prisoners   from 
Thoinppon's  men. 

Col.   Phinney  was  in  town  niul   tlie  soldiei'S  of  his 
regiment  nssenibled  before  the  next  morning,  and  were 
"highly  enras.!:ed  "  at  findin^r    that    Mowat  had  been 
released.     This  whole  a£f;iir  evidently  was  planned  by 
Col.  Thom])son,  and  probably  his  company  arrived  on 
the    Neck  before  the_y  were  expected    by    Phinney's 
men,  who  Avere  to  assist  in  capturing  Mowat's  vessel. 
The  Gorham  and  Windham  soldiers  in  their  indigna- 
tion sacked  Capt,  Coulson's  house,  as  he  was  the  most 
prominent  Tory,  and  used  it  for  a  barrack.  In  the  cellar 
they  found  a  barrel  of  New  England  rum,  which  he 
had  put  in  for  his  own  use,  and  it  is  stated  that  "  they 
made  so  free  with  it  that  some  of  them  were  quite  and 
others  ahnost  drunken.  "     Calvin  Lombard  of  Gorham, 
"who,  ''  raised  "  wath  some  of  this  liquor,  went  to  the 
foot  of  the  street  and  fired  a  brace  of  balls  into  the 
side  of  Mowat's  vessel,  probably  is  entitled  to  the  credit 
of  firing  the  first  gun  at  Falmouth  in  the  Revolution. 
He  did  not  belong  to  the  regiment  but  probably  came 
with  them  from  Gorham.     He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  Rev.  Soloman  Lombard,  the  first  minister  of  Gorham, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Congress   and  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas.     Calvin  inherited  his  father's  home-place    and 
his  mother  lived  with  him.     He  was  the  father  of  eight 
children  and  w^as    a    good  citizen.     He  was  of  light 
complexion,  sandy  hair,  of  an  impulsive  nature  and  a 
man  of  courage,  which  accounts  for  his  zealous  patri- 
otism.    The  tradition  is  that  he  afterwards  served  in 
the  army. 


COL.    EDMUND    rillXXEV'S    l.'EOIMKNT    OF    FOOT.  SO 

The  oilicers  of  tlic  regiment  :md  companies  resolved 
themselves  into  a  connnittee  of  -war  and  after  some 
hesitation  admitted  the  ofTicors  of  the  ''Neck" 
companies.  They  voted  by  a  considerable  majoriTy, 
that  Capt.  Mowat's  vessel  ought  to  be  destroyed,  and 
appointed  a  committee  of  their  number  to  consider  m 
vrhat  manner  it  should  be  done,  but  no  report  has  been 
found.  This  all  caused  so  much  consternation  and 
alarm  among  the  people  of  Falmouth  Neck,  that  Col. 
Phiuney  induced  his  men  to  abandon  the  attempt,  but 
they  ^vould  not  return  home  until  they  were  given 
some  barrels  of  bread,  several  cheeses  and  two  barrels 
of  rum  to  each  company  then  in  town.  They  hauled 
Coulson's  boats  almost  over  to  Back  Cove  and  left 
them,  and  also  seized  Sheriff  Tyng's  bishop,  a  piece  of 
plate  valued  at  five  hundred  pounds  old  tenor,  and  his 
laced  hat.  The  soldiers  carried  the  bishop  and  hat  to 
Lieut.  Cary  McLellan's  house,  near  Gorham  village 
where  they  secreted  them  in  the  cellar  wall  by  remov- 
incT  stones  and  excavating  the  earth,  then  depositing 
the  articles,  they  replaced  the  stones,  so  that  the 
hiding-place  would  not  be  discovered.  The  tradition  is 
that  the  men  were  tried  for  this  offense  but  were  not 
convicted.  The  articles  were  restored  to  Sheriff  Tyng 
and  Coulson  was  reinbursed  by  the  General  Court  for 
his  loss. 

There  was  much  hard  feeling  between  the  people  of 
the  Neck  and  the  soldiers  and  it  was  stated  that  "  the 
soldiers  thought  nothing  too  bad  to  say  of  the  Falmouth 
gentry,  "  and  that  some  of  the  soldiers  on  the  street 
were    heard    to   say   that,    •'  this    town    ought    to    be 


90  MAINE    mSTOniCAL    SOCIETV. 

burned."  The  people  of  P'almontb  Neck  had  not  then 
risen  to  ilie  spirit  of  the  times  ns  they  did  a))0\it  live 
moiitlis  Inter,  when  they  refused  to  sacrifice  tlicir 
principles  to  save  their  town. 

Col.  Phinney's  regiment  were  ready  and  anxious  to 
begin  tJieii-  service  in  an  attempt  to  rid  the  colonies 
of  Capt.  Mowat,  one  of  their  most  troublesome  enemies. 
Patriots  of  later  ijencrations,  with  confidence  in  their 
ancestors,  have  regretted  that  they  were  prevented 
from  carrying  out  tlieir  purpose. 

It  was  Capt.  Samuel  Noyes  of  this  regiment  and  his 
company,  who  captured  one  of  Capt.  Coulson's  boats, 
which  was  sent  up  the  Presumpscot  River  in  search  of 
masts,  June  22.  Capt.  Wentworth  Stuart  and  his  men 
went  to  New  Casco  and  brought  the  men  into  Mars- 
ton's  tavei-n,  but  they  were  released  in  two  or  three 
days.  Maj.  Jacob  Brown  was  also  there.  This  all  led 
up  to  the  cowardly  burning  of  Falmouth  the  next 
October  by  Capt.  Mowat. 

Gen.  Jedediah  Preble  of  Falmouth,  who  had  served 
at  Louisburg  in  174o,  commissioned  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  1758,  was  appointed  a  general  in  September, 
1774,  by  the  Congress,  but  was  obliged  to  decline  on 
account  of  his  age  and  ill  health.  He  and  Enoch 
Freeman  were  the  most  influential  men  at  Falmouth, 
with  the  Provincial  Government  at  Cambridge,  and 
were  consulted  by  the  committees  and  the  Congress 
in  relation  to  the  operations  about  Falmouth  and 
vicinity,  the  raising  of  soldiers  and  the  appointment 
of  officers  for  the  army. 

As  early  as  April  20,  1775,  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble 


COL.    KU.MLXD    PIIINNKY'S    nKGIMTNT    OF    FOOT.  91 

was  requestccl  to  appear  at  Cambriflgo,  by  the  Provin- 
cial Congress,  '•'  as  a  general  or  a  private  citizen,"  and 
it  was  probably  at  this  time  he  was  authorized  to  raise 
a  regiment  in  Cumberland  County  to  join  the  army  at 
Cambridge.  He  seems  to  have  had  authority  given 
him  to  select  the  officei's  for  the  regiment.  Edmund 
Phinney  of  Gorham,  was  appointed  colonel  and  the 
enlistino-  of  men  had  commenced  when  it  was  discov- 
ered  that  Samuel  March  of  Scarboro  had  also  been 
authorized  to  I'aise  a  regiment  in  the  county  with 
authority  to  ap])oint  his  officers.  The  county  could 
not  at  that  time  spare  two  regiments  to  go  to  Cam- 
bridge and  this  difficulty  hiid  to  be  arranged,  so  Col. 
Phinney  went  to  Cambridge  to  appear  before  the 
committee  and  with  him  took  the  following  letter  from 

Gen.  Preble. 

Falmouth,  3Iay  15,  1775. 
Honored  Gentlemen:  —  These  wait  on  you  by  Col.  Phinney 
who  brought  me  all  tlie  papers  necessary  for  enlisting  a  Regi- 
ment in  the  County  of  Cumberland.  I  advised  with  the  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence  who  was  of  the  opinion  it  would  be 
diflicult  for  our  County  to  spare  a  Regiment  to  be  moved  out  of  the 
Province  of  Maine,  as  we  lay  much  exposed  to  the  Navy  by  sea, 
and  the  Indians  and  French  on  our  back  settlements,  if  they 
should  be  employed  against  us  :  but  we  would  be  glad  to  do 
everything  in  our  })0wer  for  the  defence  of  our  just  rights  and 
dearer  liberties.  Our  men  are  zealous  in  the  Cause  of  our  Country, 
and  ready  to  venture  everj'thing  for  the  defence  of  it.  Colonel 
March  informs  me  your  Honors  have  appointed  him  a  colonel  and 
gave  him  orders  to  raise  a  Regiment  iu  this  County,  and  to 
appoint  all  his  ofllccrs  :  this  he  acquainted  me  vritli  after  I  had 
delivered  Colonel  Pliinney  the  papers  back  again  which  he  brought 
me.  It  is  impossible  m'O  can  spare  two  IJegiments  out  of  this 
County,  and  they  both  made   considerable  progress  :    am  much 


92  MAINE    IIIMOIMCAL    SOCIKTV. 

afraid  there  will  be  some  difliculty  in  settling  tht-  affair.  I  am 
persuaded  the  men  in  general  would  prefer  Colonel  Phinney,  and 
so  should  I  for  that  reason  as  I  look  on  Colonel  I'liinney  to  be 
equal  to  Colonel  ]March  in  every  respeet. 

Should  have  dune  myself  the  honor  to  have  waited  on  you  in 
person  but  am  in  a  ])Oor  state  of  health  and  so  exereised  with  the 
gout  that  I  cannot  bear  my  shoes.  I  purpose  to  visit  the  Camp 
whenever  I  am  able  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of  so  long  a  journey. 
I  wish  courage  and  conduct  in  our  officers,  resolution  and  spirit 
of  obedience  in  oiir  soldiers,  and  a  speed}'  end  of  our  troubles. 
I  am  your  Honors'  most  obedient  servant, 

jKDEniAH    PRElJLr. 

The  committee  of  safety  sent  on  answer  dated 
May  20,  1775,  from  Cambridge,  in  which  tliey  request 
him  to  stop  enlistments  in  bolli  regiments  until  it  is 
found  whether  it  would  be  necessary  to  take  any  men 
from  this  county.  Soon  after,  there  was  probably  an 
arraufi'ement  made  to  raise  but  one  reo;iment  with 
Edmund  Phinney  for  its  colonel,  and  Samuel  March  as 
lieutenant  colonel. 

The  county  convention  of  May  29,  1775,  petitioned 
the  Provincial  Congress  that  Col.  Phinney's  regiment 
might  be  stationed  at  Falmouth,  for  the  defense  of  the 
town  and  county. 

In  June,  1775,  Col.  Phinney  again  went  to  Cam- 
bridge with  tlie  following  letter  :  — 

Falmouth,  June  14,  1775. 

Hon.  Sirs: — These    wait    on    you    by   Col.     Phinney    who 

informs  us  he  has  ordered  the  men  lately  enlisted  in  this  County 

to  secure  the  cattle  and  sheep  from   the  ravages  of  the  cruisers 

from  the  navy  but  as  no  provision  is  made  for  their  subsistance  it 

cannot  to  do  duty  without.      We  refer  you  to  Col.  Phinney  for 

particulars  &c. 

Jedediah  Pkeble, 

ExocH  Fkeemax. 


COL.    r.D.Mr.NI)    rUlNXEY's    nEOniKXT    OF    FOOT.  [)3 

Col.  Phiniiev  presented  himself  to  the  Congress  and 
the  following  appears  on  the  records  :  — 

June  til,  1775.  Oidcred  tliat  Col.  I'liinney  be  admitted  into 
the  house  to  inform  tlie  Congress  of  the  state  of  the  regiment 
inlisted  in  the  Cou/ity  of  C.im1)erland. 

'I'he  next  day  the  following  order  was  passed  :  — 

June  22,  1775.  Ordered  that  Col.  Pliinney  be  directed  to  bring 
up  to  camp  400  men  >vitli  effective  fire-arms  and  that  a  time  be 
limited  to  bring  up  100  men,  -vvith  effective  fire  arras,  he  in  that 
case  to  be  entitled  to  a  Colonel's  commission  and  not  otherwise. 

This  order  indicates  that  the  Provincial  ConQ-ress 
Avas  im})atient  at  the  delay  in  the  formation  of  this 
regiment,  but  in  two  days  more,  Jnne  24,  1775,  the 
Cono-re.ss  ordered  that  four  hundred  of  this  re^/'iment, 
be  marched  to  Cambridge  and  the  balance  to  be  sta- 
tioned in  Cumberland  and  Lincoln  Counties,  •'  as  Jede- 
diah  Preble,  Col.  Enoch  Freeman,  and  Maj.  Mason 
Wheaton  of  St.  George  ma^^  think  best,"  but  the  towns 
were  ordered  to  supply  the  ammunition. 

Col.  Phinney  returned  to  Falmouth  and  soon  after 
the  first  of  Jul}',  the  companies  commenced  their  march 
to  Cambridge,  and  probably  all  the  companies  joined 
the  regiment  during  July  or  August.  While  the 
arrangements  were  being  made  for  the  formation  of 
the  regiment,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought; 
and  "vvhen  they  finally  entered  active  service  it  must 
have  been  at  a  period  of  the  greatest  anxiety  and 
excitement. 

The  army  assembled  at  Cambridge  was  an  unorgan- 
ized and  undisciplined  body  of  men,  brought  together 
in  a  time  of  great  excitement  and  alarm,  but  was  com- 


94  MAINE    insTOItlC.AL    .SOCIETV. 

posed  of  men  animated  with   tiie   noblest  spirit,   ready 
and  \villins2;  to  do  their  dutv. 

Of  the  uniforms  of  these  men  we  know  wry  little, 
but  at  that  time  probably  had  none.  The  Provincial 
Congress,  July  5.  1775,  resolved  that  thirty  thousand 
coats  be  provided  to  be  apportioned  to  the  towns  in  the 
colony.  This  would  indicate  that  the  regiment  had  at 
least  uniformed  coats  some  later.  When  Gen.  Bur- 
go^nie  surrendered  to  the  American  army.  Oct.  17,  1777, 
very  few  of  the  soldiers  of  this  colony  had  uniforms. 
The  following  is  the  description  of  the  coats  that  were 
to  be  provided  :  — 

That  each  coat  be  faced  with  the  same  kind  of  cloth  which  it 
was  made ;  that  the  coats  be  made  in  the  common  plain  way 
^vithout  lappcls,  short,  and  with  small  folds  of  good  plain  cloth, 
preference  given  to  manufactories  of  this  country.  That  all  the 
coats  be  buttoned  with  pewter  buttons  :  that  the  buttons  of  each 
regiment  have  the  number  stamped  on  the  face  of  them. 

At  this  time  there  was  no  uniformity  in  the  color 
of  the  cloth  for  the  infantry,  and  it  was  not  until 
October,  1779,  that  blue  was  adopted  as  the  national 
color  for  the  arm}"  uniforms,  and  not  until  17S2  that 
the  Continental  army  was  fully  uniformed,  on  account 
of  the  poverty  of  the  colonies. 

The  marching  of  a  regiment  to  Boston  in  those  days, 
before  the  time  of  the  railroad  and  steamboat,  cannot 
but  be  an  interesting  part  of  their  service  to  their 
descendants.  The  roads  Avere  rough  and  hard  to 
travel,  but  there  was  no  other  way  but  to  march  the 
entire  distance.  Men  often,  later  in  the  war,  started 
from  these  "  eastern  parts"  and  marched  to  the  Hud- 


COL.    1:DMUM)    rillNXEY'S    KKGIMEXT    OF    FOOT.  95 

son  River  to  join  tlie  ami}' ;  those  that  ^vinte^ecl  ;it 
Valley  ForL^e,  and  thof^e  that  later  in  the  war  served 
in  the  South  all  niarehed  botli  \va\'s. 

From  the  journal  of  a  soldier,  we  are  enabled  to  fol- 
low Capt.  David  Bradish's  company'  in  their  march 
from  Falmouth  Neck  to  Cambridge  Common  to  join 
their  regiment  in  the  arm}',  showing  that  thej-  sub- 
sisted at  the  taverns  along  their  route,  also  the  num- 
ber of  miles  tra^'eled  each  day.  One  company  was 
probably  marched  at  a  time,  as  that  was  no  doubt  all 
the  taverns  could  accommodatej  and  of  course  all  the 
people  along  the  way  welcomed  them,  wished  them 
Godspeed  and  a  happy  termination  of  their  troubles. 

Capt.  David  B radish's  compan}*  was  preached  to 
July  6,  by  Dr.  Deane.  and  July  8,  they  started  on 
their  march  towards  Boston. 

All  the  companies  probably  marched  over  the  same 
rough  roads,  occupied  about  the  same  time  in  getting 
to  Cambridge,  and  arrived  in  about  the  same  condition. 

Capt.  Bradish's  men  started  on  their  long  march  to 
Cambridge  July  8,  1775,  at  eleven-thirty  A.  M.,  and 
arrived  at  Stroud  water  at  one  o'clock,  where  they  dined. 
At  three  o'clock  they  resumed  their  march,  arrived  at 
Milliken's  tavern  at  Dunstan  Corner,  at  sunset  and 
staid  all  night. 

Sunday,  9,  they  started  at  four  o'clock  and  arrived  at 
Patten's  tavern,  Arundel,  at  nine  for  breakfast.  Set 
out  at  eleven  got  to  Littlefield's  tavern,  where  they 
dined  at  one  o'clock.  Started  again  at  four,  arrived 
at  Morrell's  tavern,  Berwick,  at  smiset,  where  they 
staid  that  niirht. 


90  MAINK    HISTOllICAL    .SOCIKTV. 

Mondii}',  10,  niarchod  to  Lord's  tavern,  Qu;iiiipe.u.in 
(Berwick),  arrivint^-  at  eight  o'clock,  and  there  had 
breakfast :  resumed  their  niai"c.li  at  ten  o'clock,  and 
dined  at  Hanson's  tavi'rn,  Dover,  N.  H.  ;  started  again 
at  live  and  arri\ed  at  Dniliani  Kalis  at  eigiit  o'clock, 
lodging  at  Adam's  ttivern. 

Tnesday,  11,  they  started  at  daylight,  arrived  at 
New  Market  at  eight,  and  had  breakflist  at  Doe's 
tavern.  Then  set  ont  at  eleven,  got  to  Exeter  at 
twelve-thiily  o'clock,  dining  at  Gidding's  tavern, 
resnmed  their  march  at  five  arrivino-  at  Kinfjston, 
N.  H.,  at  snnset,  lodging  at  Parson's  tavern. 

Wednesday,  12,  marched  about  sunrise  and  arrived 
at  Plaistow,  N.  H.,  at  seven  where  they  had  breakfast 
at  Sawyer's  tavern :  set  out  at  nine  and  got  to  Green- 
leaf's  tavern,  Haverhill,  where  they  dined,  and  staid 
until  the  next  morning,  on  account  of  a  heavy  shower 
in  the  afternoon. 

Thursday,  13,  at  four  o'clock  they  again  started  on 
their  march,  arrived  at  Stevens'  tavern,  Andover,  at 
eight  o'clock  and  had  breakfast ;  resumed  their  march 
at  nine-thirt}-  o'clock,  getting  to  "  Deacon  Bullard's" 
at  twelve  where  the}^  dined.  Started  at  three-thirty 
o'clock  going  through  Wilmington  to  Wyman's  tavern, 
in  Woburn,  where  they  staid  that  night. 

Friday,  14,  the  company  resumed  their  march  at 
four  and  arrived  at  Wetherbj^'s  tavern,  Menotomy 
(probabh^  Arlington  now),  at  seven  o'clock  where  they 
had  breakfast  and  dinner.  At  four  they  again  started, 
arriving  at  Cambridge  at  five  o'clock  where  they  built 
their  tents  for  the  niirht. .. 


COL.  l:D.^^;ND  riii\Nj:Y's  kkgi.men'j-  of  foot.         07 

Saturday,  15,  was  spent  in  putting  their  camp  into 
proper  condition  and  as  one  of  the  company  wrote  in 
his  journal,  ••  Built  our  tents  properly." 

These  tired  and  footsore  men  had  been  almost  seven 
days  from  Falmouth,  and  were  allowed  one  hundred 
and  thirty  miles  travel,  at  one  penn}'  per  mile,  making 
an  average  march  of  about  twent\^  miles  per  day. 

On  the  arrival  of  Col.  Phinney's  regiment  at  Cam- 
bridge, they  were  at  once  in  the  presence  of  the 
enemy,  being  in  -sight  of  the  British  camps  at  Charles- 
town  and  Boston.  The  American  camp  about  Boston, 
contained  about  seventeen  thousand  troops  and  was 
composed  of  habitations  of  every  description,  from 
the  rnud  and  log  huts  to  the  regulation  canvas  tents 
of  the  Rhode  Islanders.  Cambridge  at  that  time  had 
about  fifteen  hundred  inhabitants. 

Drake  says  that  Col.  Pliinney  and  one  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  men  were  at  Cambridge,  July  10, 
which  indicate  tliat  probably  three  companies  were 
there  before  the  arrival  of  Capt.  Bradish's,  one  being 
Capt.  John  Brackett's. 

Col.  Phinney's  regiment  was  assigned  to  Gen.  Wil- 
liam Heath's  brigade,  who  with  Gen.  Israel  Putnam's 
brigade,  comprised  the  center  of  the  army,  all  under 
command  of  Gen  Putnam.  This  regiment  was  en- 
camped  near  Fort  Number  2,  which  was  on  the 
easterly  side  of  Putnam  Avenue,  at  its  intersection 
with  Franklin  Street,  in  Cambridge. 

Gen.  Heath  was  a  Koxbury  man,  and  one  of  the 
earliest  patriots.  He  was  a  friend  of  Gen.  Warren, 
having  been  very  active  with  him  on  the  nineteenth 
Vol.  Vn.        8 


98  MAIXE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

of  April,  and  lia'l  been  selected  as  a  competent  ofBcer 
to  command  a  briuade  in  the  new  army.  He  became 
a  distinguished  soldier,  serving  as  a  major-general  in 
the  militia.  A])ril  10,  1775,  colonel  of  a  Massachusetts 
reLcimcnt,  May,  1775,  brigadier-general  June  22.  1775, 
major-general,  August  9,  1776,  and  continued  in  the 
service  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  died  January 
24,  1814,  aged  seventy-six  3'ears. 

Gen.  Israel  Putnam.  '•'  Old  Put"  the  soldiers  called 
him,  the  farmer  soldier  who  left  his  plow  in  the  furrow 
at  the  first  news  of  the  bes-inninii;  of  the  war,  must 
have  led  a  charmed  life  to  have  escaped  death  so  many 
times.  His  services  to  his  countiy  are  well  known. 
His  energy,  courage  and  patriotism  make  him  the 
almost  ideal  patriot  of  those  times.  The  inscription 
on  his  tomb  describes  well  the  man  —  '•'  He  dared  to 
lead  where  any  dared  to  follow."  It  must  have  been 
a  severe  trial  to  him,  when  in  1779  he  was  stricken 
with  paralysis  and  prevented  from  participating  in  the 
final  campaigns  of  the  war.     Pie  lived  until  1790.   . 

John  Adams  proposed,  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
the  adoption  of  the  troops  of  the  different  colonies, 
then  about  Boston,  as  a  '*'  Continental  Army,"  ;ind 
George  Washington  of  Virginia,  was  elected  command- 
er-in-chief, June  15,  1775,  receiving  his  commis-ion 
four  days  later.  Gen.  Washington  arrived  at  Cam- 
bridsre,  in  time  to  take  command  of  the  army  Julv  3. 
His  headquarters  were  at  the  house  now  known  as  the 
"  Poet  Longfellow's  Home  "  in  Cambridge,  which  was 
not  far  from  the  camp  of  this  regiment.  Under  the 
'*  Washington  Elm,"  on  Cambridge   Common,  he  first 


COL.    KDMIND    rjlI.NNP:Y*S    KKGI.MKNT    OF    lOOT.  99 

drew  his  sword  in  defense  of  the  liberties  of  America. 
Wlien  Washington  arrived  at  Canibridfre  he  wore  hia 
famous  blue  and  bull'  uniform,  and  generalh'  wore  rich 
epaulettes,  an  elegant  small  sword,  and  cairied  habit- 
ually a  pair  (;f  screw-barreled,  silver-mounted  pistols, 
with  a  dogs  head  carved  on  the  handles.  He  some- 
times wore  a  light  blue  ribbon  across  his  breast  to 
indicate  his  rank  in  the  army. 

Washington  was  six  feet  two  inches  in  height,  mus- 
cuhir,  had  a  Roman  Jiose,  large  hands  and  feet,  and 
large  blue  eye^.  One  of  the  generals  thus  described 
his  general  appearance  :  — 

His  stature  is  noble  and  loftv,  he  is  well  made  and  exactly  pro- 
portioned ;  his  physiognomr  mild  and  agreeable,  but  such  as  to 
render  it  impossible  to  speak  particularly  of  any  of  his  features, 
so  that  in  quitting  him  you  have  only  the  recollection  of  a  fine 
face.  He  has  neither  a  grave  nor  a  familiar  air,  his  brow  is 
sometimes  marked  with  thought,  but  never  with  inquietude  ;  in 
inspiring  respect  he  inspires  confidence,  and.  his  smile  is  always  a 
smile  of  benevolence. 

This  was  the  man  that  this  regiment  loved  and 
honored  as  their  commander,  and  next  to  him  they 
loved  ^''  Old  Put,"  who  was  brusque,  hearty,  and  honest, 
and  at  this  time  was  fifty-seven  years  of  age.  His 
summer  costume  was  a  waistcoat  without  sleeves  and 
across  his  brawny  shoulders  was  thrown  a  broad 
leathern  belt  from  which  depended  a  hanger.  It  is 
said  that  he  sometimes  '•'  swore  big  oaths,"  but  he  was 
a  man  of  action  and  purpose. 

A  return  made  in  July,  1775,  gives  the  regiments 
composing  Gen.  Heath's  Brigade  and  the  number  of 


CGI..    r.DMlND    rillN.XKV'S    KKGIMKXT    OF    FOOT.  101 

Capt.  Johx  Bkackett's  Co.,  of  Falmouth. 

Captoiii,  John  Brackett,  Falmouth. 
1st  Lieut.,  James  Johnson,  Falmouth. 
2(1  Lieut.,  Jesse  Faitridge,  Falmouth. 
Total  01  men. 

Ca)>t.  Samuel  Noyes'  Co.,  of  Falsioutii. 

Captain,  Samuel  Noyes,  P''almouth. 
1st  Lieut.,  Josiali  Baker,  Fahnouth. 
2tl  Lieut.,  Joshua  Merrill,  Falmouth. 
Total  47  men. 

Capt.  Hart  Willia^is'  Co.,  or  Gokham. 

Captain,  Hart  "Williams,  Gorham. 
1st  Lieut.,  William  MeLellan,  Gorhara. 
2fl  Lieut.,  Carey  MeLellan,  Gorliam. 
Total  53  men. 

Capt.    WE>rTW0RTii    Stuart's    Co.,   of    Gokkam,    Staxdisii, 

AND   WiKDHAM. 

Captaiu,  Wentw'orth  Stuart,  Gorhara. 
1st  Lieut,,  Jonathan  SaATyer,  Gorham. 
2il  Lieut.,  Caleb  Eowe,  Standish. 
Total  51  men. 

Capt.  Moses  Merrill's  Co.,  of  New  Gloucester,  and  Gray. 

Captain,  Moses  JMenill,  New  Gloucester. 
1st  Lieut.,  Noah  Walker,  New  Gloucester. 
2d  Lieut.,  Nathaniel  Haskell,  New  Gloucester. 
Total  55  men. 

Capt.  John  Worthley's  Co.,  of  North  Yarmouth,  &c. 

Captain,  Jolm  Worthley,  North  Yarmouth. 
1st  Lieut.,  Bradbury  True,  North  Yarmouth. 
2(1  Lieut.,  Crispus  Graves,  North  Yarmouth. 
Total  4'.t  men.  .  ... 


102  MAINK    inSTOIirCAL    SOCIK'J  Y. 

CaI'T.  AliKAUAit  TVJ.KU'S  Co.,  OF  Sc'AKT'.OKOUOH. 

Captain,  Al>i:'.Iiaiii  Tvk-r,  ^car!>ort>UL;h. 
1st  Lieut.,  Eli^-ha  >^o^;ol•ve,  Sc;iH;oro;i'_'Ii. 
2il  Lieut.,  Moses  MoKcnney,  Scnri/orou'^h. 
Total  56  men. 

Capt.  .T(Mix  Hick's  Co.,  of  ScAKiiOitouOH. 

Captnin,  Jolui  Hice,  Scarboro. 
1st  Lieut,,  Silas  Burl»ank,  Scarboro. 
•id  Lieut.,  Edward  Millikeu,  Scarboro. 
Total  49  men, 

Capt.   Samuel  Dunx's  Co.,  oy  Cape  Elizabktu. 

Captain,  Samuel  Uuun,  Cape  Eli/;ai'eth. 

1st  Lieut.,  Ebenezer  Xewell,  C;:})c  Elizabeth. 

2d  Lieut..  Saiiiuel  Thomos,  Strouihvater. 

Tola!  02  men. 
The   regiment  had  commissioned  officers,     36 
Kon-commissioned  officers  and  privates,      513 


Tot:d     540  men 

Col.  Phirme^^'s  regiment  at  oncej  on  their  arrival  in 
camp,  assumed  the  dangers  and  responsibilities  of  sol- 
diers. The}'  participated  in  the  skirmishes  and  picket 
firins;  and  saw  manv  killed  and  wounded  about  them, 
but  during  their  entire  service  they  saw  no  great  or 
decisive  battle. 

The  history  of  a  regiment,  written  at  so  late  a  per- 
iod after  its  war-service,  must  of  necessity  be  defi- 
cient in  man}'  details,  and  the  facts  of  the  principle 
events  have  been  gathered  from  so  many  sources, 
principal!}^  nutnuscripts,  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to 
give  references. 

[To  be  continued.] 


HALLOWKLL    RECORDS.  lOi 


HALLOWELL  RECORDS. 


COMMUNICATKD    IJY    DR.    \V.    B.    LAPUAM. 

[Contiuucil  from  Ta-c  418,  Vol.  VI.] 

Si'th  Swc.itland,  son  of  Notlmn,  married  Sarah,  daughter  of 
John  and  Dorcas .     Their  children  are  :  — 

Nathan,  b.  Au^.  6,  ISOS. 
Matthew,  b.  June  9,  1813. 
Sarah  Ann,  b.  Apr.  15,  1816. 
Jane  "W'ilkii.s,  b.  Oct.  27,   1819. 
Dorcas  Johnson,  b.  Sept.  11,  1S21. 

Mr.  Sweatland  married  Mary  Ann  Shaw,  December  26,  1S24. 

Their  children  are  :  — 

Edward,  b.  Sept.  19,  1825. 
Arabella,  b.  Jan.  15,  1S27. 
Charle-s,  b.  Nov.  23,  1S2S. 
Periey,  b.  Apr.  21,  1S31. 
Alonzo,  b.  Feb.  10,  lSo4. 
Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  IG,  18:35. 

•lames  Sherburne,  son  of  Isaac  Sherburne  and  Lydia  Crocket, 
his  wife,  was  born  in  Barrington,  state  of  New  Hampsliire, 
December  27,  1776.  Married  Zuruah,  daughter  of  Nathan  and 
Rebecca  Sweatland  of  that  town.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Pliiiieas,  b.  May  28,  1S04;  d.  June  26,  1804. 

Caroline,  b.  Sei5T.  S,  1S05. 

Kebecca,  b.  July  13,  1S03. 

Lydia,  b.  Mar.  24,  ISll. 

Jephthab,  b.  Apr.  2t5,  1S13. 

Naomi,  b.  Oct   13.  1815. 

Joseph  Smith,  son  of  Isaac  Smith  and  Mehitable  Buswell,  his 
wife,  was  born  in  Brintwood,  New  Hampshire,  August  13,  1746. 
Married  a\Iariam,  daughter  of  Daniel  Junes  and  Sarah  Pilsbury, 
his  wife,  of  Amesbury,  who  was  born  July,  1750.  Came  with 
his  family  to  this  town,  February,  1793.  Joseph  Smith,  Esq. 
died. 

Elizabeth,  b.  July  12,  1771;  d.  Mar.  1791. 

Sarah,  b.  Oct.  12,  1773. 


10  i  .MAINE    lllSTOKICAL    ftOCIKTY. 

Ason,  b.  Oct.  :.'!,  177");  d.  in  infancy. 

Daniel,  b.  Oct.  21,  1770. 

Joseph,  b.  Dec.  11,  177S;  d.  1S02. 

Stephen,  b.  Sep.  \),  17S0;  d,  July  1790. 

Isaac,  b.  Scpi.  4,  1782. 

Olive,  b.  June  H),  1787. 

Jolm,  b.  Oct.  28,  1701. 

Henry  Kimhall,  son  of  Xatlian  and  Ilannali  Smith,  his  wife, 
was  born  in  Ilallowell,  1790.  Married  Anne,  daughter  of  .James 
and   Anne   Dngan  of   the  city   of   Dublin    in    Ireland.      Their 

children  are  :  — 

Mary  Anno,  b.  Oct.  -1,  1813. 
Sally,  b.  June  20,  1S16. 

Henr}'    Melius,    son    of   John    Melius,    was   born    in     Tjoston. 

Married    Mary,    daughter   of  Stevens    of    Georgetovvn. 

Their  children  are  :  — 

Henry,  b.  Sept.,  1793. 

Charity,  b.  Sept,  1795. 

Khoda.  b.  Feb.,  179S. 

^Yilliam.  b.  Oct.,  1S04. 

Joseph,  b.  June,  1S06. 

Mary,  b.  Nov.,  1S07. 

Daniel,  b.  Mar.  25,  1812,  in  Hallowell. 

William  Drew,  son  of  William  Drew,  vras  born  in  Kingston, 
Massachusetts  May,  1767.  Came  with  his  family  to  this  town 
1817.  Married  Charity,  daughter  of  Micah  Allen,  of  Halifax, 
county  of  Plymouth,     Their  children  are  :  — 

Lucia,  b.  May,  1794. 

William  Aldeu,  b.  Dec.  11,  1798. 

Allen,  b.  Jan.  11,  1808. 

Daniel  Simmons,  son  of  Noah  Simmons  and  Sylva  Southward, 
his  wife,  was  born  in  Duxbury,  county  of  Plymouth,  December 

13,    17S0.        Came    to   this    town, .       Married    Sally, 

daughter  of  Ebenezer  and  Sarah    Mayo    of    Hallowell.      Their 
children  are  :  — 

Charles,  b.  Dec.  12,  1811;  d.  1863. 
Gorham,  b.  Mar.  23,  1813. 
Sarah  Jane,  b.  June  27,  1814. 
Hannibal,  b.  Autf.  13,  1815;  d.  1858. 


rilOCEEDlNGS.  105 

Arthur  Somershy,  b.  Aug.,  1818;  d.  Jan.  21,  1820. 

Amelia,  b. 

Daniel,  b.  June  5,  1S2:'>. 

Kphraim  Stevens,  son  of  Jonathan  Stevens  and  Patience 
Austin,  his  wife,  was  l)orn  in  Berwick,  County  of  York,  Novem- 
ber 30,  1774.      .Man led  Butsey,  c]:aightor  of Champney, 

of  Belfjrade.     Their  children  are  :  — 
/Samuel,  b.  Sept.  10,  1793,  in  Belcirade. 

Jonatlian,  b.  Xov.  1.5,  ISOI,  in  Belgrade. 

Mary,  b.  Xov.  .51,  180.5,  in  Bclgrarle. 
-  Benjamin,  b.  Doc.  10,  1807,  'n  Belgrade. 

Henry,  b.  Mar.  17,  1800,  in  Hallowell. 

Isaiah,  b.  Mar.  5,  ISU,  in  Hallowell. 

Hiram,  b.  Xov.  1.5,  1813,  in  Hallowell. 

Patience,  b.  Nov.  16,  1815,  in  Hallowell. 

George,  b.  June  17,  1818,  in  HalloweH. 

Phineas  Yeaton,  son  of  Philip  Yeaton  and  Dorcas  Smith,  his 
wife,  was  horn  in  Berwick,  county  of  York,  August  10,  1770. 
Manied  J'hebe,  daughter  of  Timothy  Went  worth  and  Amey 
Hodgdon,  his  wife.  Came  with  his  family  to  this  town  January 
8,  1798.     Tlieir  children  are  :  — 

Dorcas,  b.  Dec.  29.  1795;  d.  Aug.  2?,  1799. 

John,  b.  Jan.  C,  1797.  in  Berwick,  d.  Jan.  11,  1884. 

Mary,  b.  Apr.  10,  1799.  in  Hallowell,  d.  Aug.  2(3,  1883. 

TiinothyWentwortb,  b.  Oct.  6,  1801;  d.  Xov.  1841. 

Thomas,  b.  Feb.  26,  180-3;  d.  April  4,  18:34. 

Sarah,  b.  Sept.  6,  1806;  d.  May  26,  1884. 

Phineas,  b.  Oct.  2(5,  1809. 


PROCEEDINGS. 
February  6,  1S95. 

A  meeting  of  the  Society  "wa.s  held  in  their  Library 
Hall,  Portland,  and  was  called  to  order  at  2.30  P.M., 
by  the  President. 

A  paper  on  ancient  Nagwamqueeg  on  the  Presninp- 
scot  River  was  read  by  Mr.  Samuel  T.  Dole  of  South 
Windham. 


lOti  MAINE    ni:rlOKTCAL    SOCIEIV. 

A  pnper  on  tlie  soa  fight  between  the  Boxer  and 
Enterprise,  contriljuted  by  Mr.  Parker  M.  Eeed  of 
Bath,  was  read  by  the  Secretary,  Mr.  Bryant. 

A  paper  on  the  St.  Croix  Bonndary  Commission, 
Avas  read  by  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  S.  Barrage,  It  gave  an 
account  of  the  documents  recently  given  to  the  Society 
by  Hon.  George  Lockhart  Rives  of  New  York,  called 
the  Barclay  papers,  also  the  Ward  Chipmau  papers 
given  hy  Mr.  William  IL  Kilby,  of  Boston. 

At  the  close  of  the  reading  some  of  the  maps  and 
papers  were  exhibited  and  on  motion  of  Dr.  Burrage 
the  following  votes  were  passed :  — 

Voted,  that  the  ihanks  of  the  3Iaiue  Historical  Society  be  and 
are  hereby  extcuded  to  the  Huu.  George  L.  Hives  of  Xew  York, 
late  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  for  the  United  States,  for  the 
gift  of  the  large  and  vahiable  collection  of  letters,  arguments, 
journals,  awards,  etc.,  appertaining  to  the  settlement  of  the  north- 
eastern boundary  question  and  once  in  the  possession  of  his  great- 
grand  father,  Col.  Thomas  Barclay,  British  commissioner  under 
Jay's  Treaty  and  also  under  tlie  4tli,  oth,  tith,  and  7th  articles  of 
the  Treat}'  of  Ghent.  As  the  documents  so  largely  relate  to  matters 
in  which  the  State  of  Maine  has  an  abiding  interest,  these  Barclay 
papers  find  an  appropriate  place  in  our  archives  and  make  the 
thoughtful  donor  one  of  the  most  generous  benefactors  of"  the 
Society;  it  was  also  voted  that  the  thanks  of  this  Society  be  and  are 
hereby  rendered  to  William  Henry  Kilby,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  author 
of  Eastport  and  Passamaquoddy,  for  the  valuable  gift  of  the 
papers  of  Judge  Ward  Chipman,  British  agent  during  the  set- 
tlement of  the  northeastern  boundary  question  under  .Jay's 
Treaty  and  also  the  Treaty  of  Ghent.  The  rescue  of  these  papers 
from  the  junk  shop  lends  to  them  a  somewhat  romantic  interest, 
"while  tlie  various  letters  and  documents  in  themselves  are  espec- 
ially valuable  because  of  their  relation  to  au  important  chapter 
in  the  histo-i-y  of  the  State  of  Maine. 


I'EOCEEDINGS.  107 

It  being  sugge-ted  that  a  compilation  of  these  papers 
might  form  a  volume  in  the  Society's  docinnentary 
series  of  publication  the  following  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  examine  the  documents  and  report 
thereon,  Messrs.  Burrage,  Banks  and  Talbot. 

Adjourned  until  evening. 

The  eveninsi:  session  was  called  to  order  at  8  P.  M.. 
by  the  Secretary  Mr.  Bryant,  who  stated  that  as  Mr. 
George  F.  Emery  was  prevented  from  attending  the 
meeting  by  reason  of  a  severe  cold,  Mr.  H.  H.  Emery 
would  read  the  paper  contributed  by  his  father  entitled 
some  Reminiscenses  of  the  Bench  and  Bar.  Votes 
of  thanks  for  the  papers  read  at  both  sessions  were 
passed  and  the  meeting  adjourned. 

May  10,  1895. 

A  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  the  Library, 
Portland,  at  2.30  P.  M., 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Mr.  George  F. 
Emery  was  called  to  the  chair. 

The  Librarian  and  Curator,  Mr.  Bryant,  read  his 
report  of  accessions  to  the  Library  and  Cabinet. 

A  paper  on  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  Canal  was 
read  by  Mr.  Samuel  T.  Dole  of  South  Windham. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  paper  some  reminiscences 
were  given  by  the  chairman  and  others  concerning 
this  memorable  enterprise. 

A  paper  on  the  Charter  Rights  of  Massachusetts  in 
Maine  in  the  Early  Part  of  the  18th  Century  was  read 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage. 

The  paper  was  based  upon  a  legal  document  found 
among  the  Chipraan  papers  bearing  upon  Col.  Dunbar 


108  MAINi:    lllSTOKICAL    .SOCIKTY. 

and  his  conflict  with  the  settloiv-:  of  tlie  Peniaquid 
country. 

A  biogra[)hica]  sketcli  of  Gen.  William  AVliipple, 
signer  of  tlio  Declarntion  of  Independence,  was  read 
by  Mr.  Moses  A.  Safford  of  Kittery. 

Mr.  Leonard  B.  Chapman  was  a])pointed  editor  of 
the  Volumes  XI  and  XII  of  the  York  Deeds,  about  to 
be  published. 

Adjourned  until  evening. 

The  evening  session  was  called  to  order  at  8  P.  M., 
by  the  Secretary  and  in  the  absence  of  the  President, 
Rev.  Dr.  Asa  Dal  ton  was  appointed  Chairman. 

A  paper  on  the  early  history  of  Scarboi-ougli,  was 
read  by  Augustus  F.  Moulton.  Esq. 

Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  of  Lexington,  Massachu- 
setts, read  a  paper  giving  some  personal  reminiscences 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  Pay  son. 

Remarks  on  the  distinguished  author  and  subject 
were  made  by  the  chairman,  Rev.  E.  C.  Cummings 
and  others. 

Adjourned. 

Annual  Meeting,  Bkunsavick,  June  26,  1895. 

The  Annual  Meeting  was  held  in  the  Cleveland 
Lecture  Room  at  Brunswick,  and  was  called  to  order 
at  nine  o'clock  A.  M.,  President  Baxter  in  the  chair. 
Members  present :  — 

Messrs.  C.  E.  Allen,  J.  P.  Baxter,  H.  S.  Burrage,  John  Mnr- 
sbal!  Brown,  IT.  W.  Bryant,  F.  R.  Barrett,  G.  P.  Barrett,  S. 
C.  Be'cher,  J.  IT.  Drunimond,  H.  L.  Chapman,  H.  Deeiing,  D, 
W.  Fellows,  C.  J.  Oilman,  S.  F.  Humphrey,  H.  Ingalls,  .1.  M. 
Gli<lden,  G.  T.  Litile,  J.  :M.  LMrrabee,  II.  K.  Murrell,  E.  B.  Nt-a!- 


I'KOCEKDIXGS.  lO'J 

ley,  F,  A.  Wilscui,  J.  A.  Locke,  I.  S.  Locke,  L.  Pierce,  J.  A. 
l\-ters,  P.  M.  l^o-jd,  J.  S.  wSew:;ll,  .T.  W.  Symon.ls,  C.  D.  Smith, 
M.  A.  Suft  -r.i,  J.  W.  Penney,  G.  D.  liaiid,  A.  C.  Stilplien,  IL  O 
Thnytr,  S.  .L  Young. 

Mr.  M.  A.  SalTord  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
inceting. 

The  records  of  the  hist  Annual  Meeting  were  read 
and  approved. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Librarian  and  Curator,  II, 
W.  Bryant,  was  read  by  liini  and  it  was  accepted. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Corresponding  Secretary 
and  Biographer,  Mr.  Williamson,  was  read  by  Professor 
Little  and  it  it  was  accepted. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Standing  Committee  was 
read  by  the  Recording  Secretary  and  was  accepted. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Treasurer,  Professor  Young, 
was  read  in  detail  by  the  President,  and  was  accepted. 

A  verbal  report  on  the  field-day  excursion  to  Pem- 
aquid,  in  company  with  the  Lincoln  County  Historical 
Society,  was  made  by  Dr.  Burrage. 

A  vote  w^as  then  taken  on  the  proposed  amendment 
to  the  By-Laws,  Section  2,  to  insert  alter  resident 
members  '•  who  may  be  of  either  sex "  and  it  was 
rejected. 

The  board  of  officers  for  last  year  were  re-elected. 

It  was  voted  to  go  to  Castine  on  the  field-day 
excursion,  the  next  choice  being  Fryeburg. 

Committee  of  arrangements  appointed. 

Profe.-sor  A.  F.  Richardson. 
Doctor  G.  A.  Wheeler. 
liev.  H.  S.  Burrasre. 


110  maim:  jnsTOuiCAL  society. 

Tlie  following  were  elected  resident  menibors. 

Professor  James  W.  Hla<k,  Waierville. 
Hon.  Danir]  F.  Davis,  BanLror. 
lion.  K.  Dudley  Freeman,  Vurmoutli. 
Luther  Kay  ."Moore,  Esq.,  Saco. 
Frank  L.  Staples,  Esq.,  Augusta. 
Benjoniit)  B.  Thatclier,  Esq.,   Bapgor. 
Charles  E.  Waterman,  Esq.,  .Mechanic  Falls. 
Rev.  Abiel  IT.  Wright,  Portland. 

Corresponding  members 

Hon.  George  Lockhait  l^ives,  New  York. 
Kev.  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  Lexington,  !Mass. 

Eeports  from  the  Comity  Historical  Societies  being 
called  for,  the  Recording  Secretary  read  communica- 
tions which  had  been  received  from  the  Lincoln  County 
Society,  the  Knox  County  Society,  and  the  Washington 
County  Society,  and  on  motion  of  the  Secretary  it  was 
voted  that  the  Standing  Committee  be  authorized  to 
revi:^e  the  list  of  committees  appointed  to  organize  the 
count}''  societies. 

NOVEMBKR  22,    1895, 

The  Society  held  its  first  meeting  of  the  season  in 
their  Library  Hall  with  a  large  attendance. 

The  President.  Mr.  Baxter,  in  the  chair,  called  to 
order  at  2.30  P.  M.,  and  Mr.  Bryant,  the  Librarian  and 
Curator,  read  his  report  of  accessions  to  the  Library 
and  Cabinet  since  the  meeting  in  June  last. 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Allen  of  Dresden,  Maine,  read  a 
paper  on  the  Character  and  Work  of  the  Rev.  Jacob 
Bailey,  the  first  Missionary  of  the  Church  of  England, 
on  the  Kennebec. 


PROCEEDINGS.  Ill 

Mr.  Allen's  paper  was  founded  chiellj  on  original 
documents  recently  placed  in  his  hands  by  the  des- 
cendants of  the  frontier  missionary. 

A  spirited  discussion  followed  Mr.  Allen's  paper, 
participated  in  by  the  President,  Mr.  G.  F.  Talbot, 
Mr.  Samuel  A.  Drake,  Rev.  Dr.  PI.  S.  Burrage,  Mr.  J. 
H.  Drummond  and  Rev.  Dr.  Dalton. 

Rev.  Henry  0.  Thayer,  of  Gray,  Maine,  theri  fol- 
lowed with  an  exhaustive  paper  on  the  Rev.  Robert 
Gutch,  the  pioneer  minister  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
1660. 

Mr.  John  W.  Penny,  of  Mechanic  Falls,  read  a  paper 
on  the  Settlement  of  New  Gloucester,  Maine,  based 
on  the  records  of  the  proprietors  of  New  Gloucester, 
a  handsome  t}'pe-written  copy  of  the  grant  and 
records  of  the  meetings  of  the  proprietors  being  pre- 
sented b}'  Mr.  Penney  for  the  library  of  the  Society. 
The  first  meeting  was  held  April  27,  173G,  and  the 
last  meeting  recorded  by  Isaac  Parsons,  Sept.  2-3,  1802. 

Among  the  recent  valuable  gifts  received  by  the 
Societ}^,  is  a  type-written  copy  of  the  church  records 
of  the  first  and  second  parishes  of  Scarborough, 
Maine,  which  were  organized  in  1T2S  and  1744,  pre- 
pared at  the  cost  of  Augustus  F.  Moulton,  Esq., 
bound  and  thorouo:hly  indexed  for  the  use  of  the 
library.  Also  a  fine  ambrotype  portrait  of  Seba 
Smith,  Jr.,  his  diploma  of  graduation  from  Bowdoin 
College,  September,  1818,  his  diploma  of  membership 
from  Ancient  Landmark  Lodge,  Portland,  November, 
1819,  and  sundry  autograph  letters  from  distinguished 
writers  addressed   to   Mr.  Smith,  all  being  the  gift  of 


112  MAINK    IIISTOIMCAL    .SOCIKIV. 

his  i.TiinddauL'ljtcr  Mi-.s.  Tlioinas  llali  now  of  Victoria, 
B.    C,    received    tbr(>ivj;li   Deacon     Brown     Thurston. 

Through  tiie  kind  efforts  ofMr.  C.  S.  Carnig  of  Bos- 
ton, the  Society  has  received  a  replica  of  tlie  life-like 
bust  of  tlio  Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  the  distinguished 
educator  and  missionary.  The  bust  was  riiodeled  by 
Mrs.  Harriet  Hyde  Parsons. 

The  contributors  are  Mr.  Robert  Anderson,  of 
Boston,  Rev.  George  W.  Wood,  D.  D.,  of  Mt.  Morris, 
New  York,  Rev.  Benjamin  Tappan,  D.  D.,  of  Xorridge- 
wock.  Rev.  D.  L.  Furber,  D.  D.,  of  Newton,  Massachus- 
setts,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Billings,  of  Newton,  Massachussetts, 
Hon.  Neal  Dow,  of  Portland,  Hon.  W.  W.  Thomas,  of 
Portland. 

Adjourned  until  evening. 

Meeting  called  to  order  at  7.30,  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage 
in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Nathan  Goold,  of  Portland,  gave  a  full  account 
of  Colonel  Edmund  Phinney's  regiment  which  was 
the  31st  regiment  of  foot,  and  the  first  regiment 
ent  out  of  Cumberland  County,  Maine,  in  the  war  of 
the  Revolution.  Brief  biographical  sketches  were 
given  of  the  staff  officers  and  the  captains  and  offi- 
cers of  the  eight  companies. 

Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  for  the  papers  read  at 
both  sessions,  and  copies  were  requested  for  the 
archives. 

Adjourned  to  December  19th,  1S95. 


Ifl  M)\!ME  llIJ^TOR^idJll  ^OfliETV  CJlWl^TEr^!;/ 

Will  ho  i<>iKTl  Jamiaiy,  April,  July  aivl  (">ct' >]>(:•)•.  Kicli  iiuiiilier 
will  coiitnin  an  attractive  ami  valuable  amuuiit  of  historioal  mat- 
ter, PioceediTigs,  Historical  3Ieui(»an<la  and  <>tlicr  iniscellaucjus 
material. 

It  is  uii'lcr  the  superintendence  of  1J«'V.  II.  S.  Bunage,  Rev. 
E.  C.  C'umniings  and  II.  W.  Bryant,  as  editing  and  jitiblisii- 
ing  coinnnttt't'. 

Tlic  cnntiiiuaiion  of  tlie  pid-licaiinn  U  guaranteed  by  the 
.streTigth  in  membership  of  the  Society;  but  as  it  is  expected 
that  there  will  bo  a  large  class  of  general  readers  -nho  can  he 
interested  in  these  researches,  it  is  considereil  desirable  to  invite 
the  coop!  rati' tn  of  that  class  in  carrying  furward  this  good 
woi'k. 

1'he  terms  of  the  quarterly  are  Tbreo  Dollars  per  year 
payabk'  in  advance,  whicl)  includes  postage.  Remittances  may 
be  made  by  money  order,  registered  letter,  check,  or  in  money  at 
the  sendei-"s  j-isk,  payable  to  The  Thurston  Print,  Portland. 

Short  histrivical  ariicies,  notes,  qur-rie^  an<l  answei's,  are  solicited 
for  publicaiiun,  and  siiouiu  i^e  addie^sed  to  11.  W.  Bryant,  Secre- 
tary Elaine  Historical  Society,  Portland,  Elaine. 

We  send  them  out  uncnt,  that  they  may  be  honnd  at  the  close 
of  tlie  year  to  corresj-ond  with  other  volumes  issued  by  the 
Society.  The  price  for  biu'ling  will  be  cloth  60  cts.,  lialf-sheep 
75  cts. 

All  correspondence  concerning  subscriptions  and  payment 
should  be  a-hiressed  to  " 

THE   TliriLSTOX    PRINT, 

PoRTLAXD,  Maine. 


COLLECTIONS 


P  R  O  O  E  E  D  I  N  GS 


ilAiNE  Historical  Society 


^nluiuitulis  rtiOiiununtix  CcUtatre 


APRIL,    1896 

VOL.  Vii 


rtuM-^mco  r<v.:  TJiE  society  uy 

TTI1-:    'JIIUUSTOX    PRINT 

rOl:Tl.A.\L\  MAi  -'E 


TilBLE     GF     CDNTElvTB. 


APRIL,   189G. 

l-.VGE. 

riio  Story  of  Vow  Swedoii,  l)y  ll'ui.  William  "Wiil.^'ory  Thomns,  Jr..     31-.; 

riislory  ot  Cc'l.  JMiduthI  Pliiu;ioy"s  Slst  Rojimc-nt  of  Foot,  by  X;t- 

tlmn  GooUl .     l.">i 

Col.  ']"lio:nas  CoMtlnvait — wi-s  in;  ;i  'I'l^y  ?     iiy  U.  G.-ldtluvaii  <  al- 
ter. TJ.  S.  A 1>5 

llallowell  Roeonls,  commuuicatod  by  Dr  W.  B.  Laphaiii,  201 

Sketrlses  of  Lives  of  Early  Maine  Mii)i>tLT.^,  l»y  William  D.  WiiUaiiison, 

Rev.  John  Urqiihait,        .                 i'.U 

Rev.  Tl'.oip.as  Moore,             *iO0 

Rev,  Jacob  Ty.v.h-y,            .....'...  207 

Rev.  Tboiuas  Laucaistor 2(!0 

Rev.  Wiiliaiii  Fe.<sen<leri,          .         .         .        .         .         .  2'i9 

Rev.  Johu  Thoni-son,    .         .         .         .        .        .        .                 .  210 

Fiekl  Day,  212 


Ediiinrr  ?snd  Fublishinrf  Otsff. 


Rev.  H.  S.  BURR  AH  E. 
Rev.  E.  C.  CUMMIXGS, 
n.  W.  BR V ANT. 


L^TEKEn   AT  TIIK    J'w-'T   <iKII'r.    \1     ".  •  ;  -L.vy  i>,  MaINE,  ."i  S    ■^i.C>».SL>  <.  L  v^.-    >iA;lLi 


o 


rv::.-l 


Tin:  STOKV  or  skw  swkdi:x.  113 


THK  STORY  OF  NEW  SWEDEN. 

BY    IK*N.    ^VILL1A^I    AVIDGKIIY    THOMAS,    JK. 

Read  before  the  Maine  Historical   Society,  December  19,  1895. 

[CONCLt'DKI).] 

As  illustrating  bow  favorably  tbe  New  Sweden  of 
Maine  alreadj'  began  to  be  regarded  by  tbe  old  country 
from  wbieb  it  sprung,  I  call  attention  to  tbe  following 
admirable  letter,  written  lo  tbe  Governor  of  Maine, 
by  Dr.  S.  A.  Pledlund  of  Gotbenburg,  Sweden.  Dr. 
Hedlund  is  editor  of  a  prominent  Swedisb  newspaper, 
a  member  of  tbe  Swedisli  parliament,  and  one  of  tbe 
first  writers  and  tbinkers  of  Sweden. 

To  the  Honorable  Governor  of  the  State  of  Maine : 

Sir, —  You  luust  not  A\onder,  sir,  that  a  Swedish  patriot  can- 
not regard  without  feelings  of  sadness  the  exodus  of  emigrants, 
that  are  going  to  seek  a  better  existence  in  the  great  republic  of 
North  America,  leaving  the  homes  of  their  ancestors,  and  giving 
their  fatherland  only  a  smiling  farewell.  It  will  not  surprise 
you,  sir,  that  this  must  be  a  very  melancholy  sight  to  the  mind 
of  the  Swedes,  and  that  it  must  become  yet  more  so  on  the 
thought  tliat  many  of  these  emigrants  are  meeting  destinies  far 
different  from  the  glowing  prospects  that  were  held  forth  to  their 
hopeful  eyes.  Not  only  Sweden  will  lose  her  children,  but  they 
will  be  lost  to  themselves  in  the  distant  new  field. 

The  sons  and  daughters  of  old  Sweden,  will  they  maintain, 
among  your  great  nation  tlieir  national  character?  Will  they 
retain,  at  least,  some  remembrance  of  their  native  land  ? 

We  know  well,  sir,  that  every  nationality,  strong  as  it  may  be, 
will  be  gradually  amalgamated  in  the  new,  common,  all-absorbing 
Vol.  VII.         9 


114  MAINE    HISTolMfAI     SOCIETY. 

nationality  of  the  now  world,  aiid  it  would  certainly  not  be  of  any 
advantage,  fitlic-r  to  Am<  i-ica  or  to  civilization,  if  the  differeiit 
nationaltics  of  Europe  were  to  continue  their  individual  lift-, 
with  their  peculiarities  and  enmities,  on  the  soil  of  their  adojited 
country.  We  re<j;ard  it,  on  the  contrar}',  as  a  sjiecial  mission  of 
America  to  absorb  and  amalgamate  all  these  difl<'rent  European 
elements. 

But,  sir;  will  they  lose  also,  these  Ameiican  inini.igrants,  the 
remembrance  of  their  fatherland?  Must  the  Swedish  inhabitors 
of  your  country  necessarily  forget  the  language  and  customs  of 
their  ancestors?  Will  they  forget  the  struggles  and  victories  of 
their  native  land,  its  good  times  and  hard  times?  Will  they  for- 
get the  mother  who  has  born  her  cliildien  with  heavy  and  self- 
denying  sacrifices,  and  will  they  have  no  feelings  left  for  her  love 
and  regret? 

No,  sir;  they  will  not  do  so,  and  the  great  jieople  of  America 
will  not  require  it.  You  have  not  received  the  children  of  Sweden 
as  outcasts,  who  will  be  adopted  into  the  new  family  only  at  the 
price  of  denying  their  father  and  mother.  On  the  contrary,  sir, 
you  have  given  a  special  impulse  to  the  Swedes,  whom  you 
have  invited  to  colonize  your  state,  to  hold  their  native  land 
in  honor  and  remembrance,  by  giving  the  new  colony,  founded 
in  the  northern  part  of  your  state,  the  name  of  "  New  Sweden  ; " 
you  have  given  them  also,  in  Swedish  books,  opportnnity  for 
recalling  their  fatherland. 

Your  commissioner,  Mr.  W .  W.  Thomas,  Jr.,  one  evening  last 
summer,  assembled  his  little  colony  of  immigrants  to  partake  of 
a  collation,  where  good  wishes  and  kind  words  were  exchanged. 
We,  the  remaining  friends,  left  with  confidence  our  brethren  and 
sisters  in  his  care ;  his  last  and  firm  assurance  was,  "All  that  has 
been  promised  will  be  kept." 

Yes,  sir;  these  promises  have  been  kept;  but  not  only  that, 
they  have  been  far  surpassed  by  your  generosity.  The  poor 
immigrants,  landing  on  your  shores,  have  been  received  and 
greeted  with  the  most  friendly  welcome.  Their  homes  establibhfd, 
their  future  secured,  they  have  not  been  disappointed  in  their 
hopes  by  the  dilliculties  and  grievances  of  the  real  state  of  tilings 


THE    STOKY    OF    NEW    SWKDIIX.  115 

Tlic  youiijj;  colony  will  prob.'ibly  be  the  nucleus  of  an  cxieiulcl 
colonization,  aii<l  you  will  not,  sir,  I  feel  suie,  find  the  liartly 
Swedes  uncfiatoful  anil  unwortliy  of  your  kindness;  llioy  would 
then,  surely,  Ire  unworthy  of  tlieir  origin. 

The  colony  ot  New  Sweden  has  I'cquested  and  authorize*! 
the  writer  of  this  letter  to  convey  to  you,  Plonorable  Governor 
of  the  State  of  .Maine,  the  expression  of  their  sentiments  of  deep 
gratitude,  and  you  will  kindly  allow  me,  sir,  to  add  thereto,  the 
expression  of  the  same  sentiments  of  many  other  Swedes,  who 
have  followed  the  immigrants  -with  sympathies. 

Allow  me,  at  the  same  time  to  express  to  the  people  of  Maine, 
W'ho  have  received  theii'  now  brethren  with  so  much  cordialt}', 
the  thanks  of  the  colonists,  who  have  mentioned  more  especially 
two  gentlemen,  .Mr.  \V.  W.  Thomas  Jr.,  and  ^Ir.  P.  P.  Burleigh, 
land  agent,  as  objects  of  their  gratitude  and  high  esteem. 

May  the  young  colony  of  Xew  Sweden  grow  and  flourish, 
not  only  in  material  strength,  but  even  in  developing  tlieir  moral 
and  intellectual  faculties.  And  may  the  new  population  thus 
add  to  your  State  and  U>  your  great  Republic  a  good  imd  healthy 
element  of  moral  power  from  the  old  world,  and  becoming  imbuerl 
with  the  sjiirit  of  your  free  institutions,  reflect  that  spiiit  ou 
their  native  land ! 

What  we  have  lost,  at  present,  in'the  old  fatherland,  will  then 
not  have  been  lost  to  humanity;  on  the  contrary,  the  trees  have 
only  been  transplanted  on  a  fresher  soil,  where  they  will  thrive 
better  and  give  richer  and  more  abundant  fruits.  God  bless  the 
harvest !     God  bless  your  land  ! 

I  am,  sir,  with  the  highest  esteem, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

S.  A.  Hedluxd, 
Chief  Editor  of  Gothenburg  Shipping  and  Mercantile  Gazette. 

GoTiiEXBEKG,  March  25,  1871. 

The  winter  of  1870-71  was  safely  and  comfortably 
passed  by  the  Swedes  in  the  woods.  They  were  ac- 
customed to  cold  weather  and  deep  snow.  Their  fires 
crackled  brightly  and  the  festivities  of  Christmas  time 


116  MAINK    HI.^TOl.'ICAL    SOClK'iV. 

were  observed  as  joyously  in  the  Mniiie  foi'e.st  as  in 
Old  Sweden. 

In  the  iiienntinie,  active  and  eflicieMit  measures 
were  taken  to  increase  the  stream  of  immigration 
thus  happily  started.  A  circular  was  printed  in  Old 
Sweden  describing  tlie  voyag-e  of  tlie  first  colonists, 
their  generous  and  honoi-able  welcome  at  the  Ameri- 
can border,  the  attractions,  health  fulness  and  fertility 
of  their  new  homes,  the  location,  extent  and  produc- 
tiveness of  the  settlini;-  lands  of  Maine,  the  advantas^es 
our  State  ottered  to  settlers,  interesting  letters  from 
the  Swedisli  colonists  already''  on  our  soil,  and  every 
other  fact  and  suggestion  which  seemed  appropriate 
or  advantageous.  This  circiUar  was  issued  earl}-  in 
December,  1870  ;  a  month  in  advance  of  the  circulars 
of  any  other  state  or  association.  Five  thousand 
copies  were  distributed,  and  the  information  the^-  con- 
tained read  and  discussed  at  thousands  of  Swedish 
firesides  during  the  most  opportune  time  of  all  the 
year — the  Christmas  holidays. 

Capt.  G.  W.  Schroder  was  appointed  agent  in  Old, 
and  Capt.  N.  P.  Clase  in  New  Sweden.  Large  editions 
of  circulars  were  struck  off  and  distributed  in  the  old 
country  in  quick  succession;  two  columns  of  the 
^•'  Amerika,"  a  weekly  emigrant's  paper,  were  bought 
for  six  months  and  filled  every  week  with  new  matter 
relating  to  Maine  and  her  Swedish  colony  ;  advertise- 
ments were  also  inserted  in  all  the  principal  news- 
papers taken  by  the  agricultural  and  other  working 
classes,  and  a  brisk  correspondence  carried  on  with 
hundreds  intending  to  emiLrrate  to  Maine. 


'DIF:    story    ok    N)nV    NNVKhDV.  J17 

A  special  agciU  was  eni])l()je(l  to  li-avcl  and  distrib- 
ute infonnatioii  iw  the  niosr  noi'tliein  provinces  of 
Sweden,  their  popuhition  being  deemed  best  fitted  i'ur 
our  nortlieni  state  :  and  another  agent,  Mr.  Carl  Joh.m 
Ek,  one  of  our  lirst  colonists,  was  sent  back  from  New 
Sweden  to  the  Old,  well  equipped  with  maps,  plans, 
specimens  of  Aroostook  wheat,  rye,  corn  and  potatoes, 
also  maple  sugar  made  by  the  Swedes  in  New  Sweden; 
for  many  in  the  old  country  had  written  "-if  one  could 
only  return  to  us,  and  with  his  own  lips  tell  us  what 
you  narrate  on  paper,  we  would  believe."  This  last 
agent  was  sent  out  without  expense  to  the  State,  he 
charging;  nothing  for  his  services,  and  the  Inman 
Steamship  Line  generously  furnishing  him  with  a  free 
passage  out  and  back.  A  condensed  circular  was 
printed  in  Swedish  at  Portland,  placed  in.  the  hands  of 
the  pilots  of  that  harbor,  and  by  them  distributed  on 
board  the  transatlantic  .tteamers,  while  yet  miles 
away  from  land. 

Seed  thus  well  and  widely  sown  was  soon  followed 
by  a  harvest.  With  the  first  opening  of  navigation 
in  the  spring  of  1871,  Swedish  immigrants  began  to 
arrive  in  New*  Sweden  ;  first,  in  little  squads,  then  in 
companies  of  twenty,  thirty  and  forty,  till  the  immi- 
gration of  the  year  culminated  in  the  last  week  of 
May,  when  one  hundred  Swedes  arrived  via  Houlton 
and  Presque  Isle,  followed  within  five  days  by  two 
hvmdred  and  sixty  more  by  the  St.  John  River. 

Provisions  and  tools  for  the  colon}'  and  its  expected 
accessions  were  shipped  in  March  direct  to  Fredericton. 
aud   thence    with   the   opening   of   navigation   up   the 


lis  maim:    lIISTOlilCAL    SOCIETY. 

River  Si.  John  to  Tobique  landing.  Froin  this  lulter 
place  the  goods  were  hauled  into  New  Sweden,  a  dis- 
tance of  but  twrnty-five  mile.s.  Seed,  consisting 
chiefly  of  who. it.  rye,  barley,  oats,  corn,  beans  and 
potatoes,  was  early  purchased  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  colony  and  hauled  in  on  the  snow.  A  span 
of  young,  powerful  draft  hoi'ses  was  bought  in  the 
early  spring  to  help  on  the  work.  They  were  em- 
ployed in  harrowing  in  the  crops,  grubbing  out  and 
plowing  the  roads,  hauling  logs  and  timber,  until 
November,  when  they  were  sold  for  four  hundred  and 
twenty-five  dollars,  the  exact  sum  paid  for  them  in  the 
spring. 

A  stable,  thirty  by  forty  feet,  was  erected  on  the 
public  lot,  one  hundred  feet  in  the  rear  of  the  Capitol ; 
the  Capitol  itself  painted,  the  first  floor,  comprising 
the  storehouse  and  offices,  lathed,  plastered,  finished 
and  furnished,  and  the  hall  above  lathed  and  provided 
with  benches  and  a  pulpit.  The  stable  was  erected 
and  the  Capitol  completed  before  the  snow  was  off 
This  work  was  almost  exclusively  done  by  Swedes,  at 
the  rate  of  one  dollar  a  day,  in  payment  of  supplies 
already  furnished  them  hy  the  State. 

The  snow  lingered  late.  Weeks  after  it  had  disap- 
peared in  the  nearest  villages,  it  still  covered  our  new 
clearings  in  the  woods.  As  soon  as  the  black  burnt 
ground  showed  itself  in  considerable  patches,  we 
commenced  putting  in  wheat,  sowing  it  partly  on  the 
melting  snow.  The  first  wheat  was  sowed  May  12  ; 
rye  followed,  then  came  oats  and  barley.  The  State 
horses    harrowed  in  the    grain.     Then    men,    women 


THE  sroijy  of  new  s\m:i)en.  110 

;ind  ciiildi'cn  were  busy  Ironi  morning  till  nii^lit  hack- 
ing in  potatoes  among  the  stuin})s  ;  and  last  of  all, 
each  Swede  cleared  still  a  little  piece  more  of  land, 
and  put  in  turnips. 

Saturda}',  May  14,  Jacob  Hardison  and  I  rode  into 
New  Sweden  on  horseback,  through  a  storm  of  sleet 
and  rain,  with  nineteen  young  apple  trees  lashed  on  our 
backs.  With  these  trees  we  set  out  the  first  orchard 
in  the  town  on  the  public  lot,  just  west  of  the  Capitol. 
The  trees  nourished,  and  in  a  few  years  bore  fruit. 

In  the  spring  of  1871,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five 
acres  of  land  were  cleared  and  put  into  a  crop,  in- 
cluding the  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  acres  on 
which  the  trees  were  felled  the  year  before  by  the 
State. 

The  song  birds  found  us  out.  The  year  before  the 
forest  was  voiceless.  This  spring,  robins,  sparrows 
and  chickadees  flew  into  our  clearings,  built  their 
nests  among  us,  and  enlivened  the  woods  with  their 
songs.     The  birds  evidently  approved  of  colonization. 

All  the  wdiile  the  immigrants  with  their  ponderous 
chests  of  baggage  were  pouring  in.  They  filled  the 
hall  of  the  Capitol,  the  stable,  and  one  squad  of  fifty 
from  Jemptland,  camped  under  a  shelter  of  boards  at 
the  corner.  Hon.  Albert  A.  Burleigh  took  the  place 
of  Mr.  Barker  as  surveyor.  Mr.  Burleigh,  with  an 
able  corps  of  assistants  arrived  at  New  Sweden  as 
soon  as  practicable  to  commence  surveying  in  the 
woods,  and  pushed  on  his  part  of  the  work  with  vigor 
and  ability  throughout  the  season.  Roads  were  first 
laid  out  in  all  directions  from  the  Capitol,  then  lots 


120  JVfAlNE    HI.STOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

laid  oiT  to  face  them.  Straiglit  lines-  were  not  deeined 
essential  (o  those  wnys,  an  easy  grade  was  everywhere 
maintained,  and  hills  and  swamps  avoided.  AVoi-k- 
ing  narties  of  newly  arrived  inimigrants,  each  in 
command  of  an  English-speaking  Swede,  were  de- 
tailed to  follow  the  surveyors  nnd  cut  out  the  roads. 
Thus  avenues  were  opened  up  in  all  directions  into 
the  wilderness.  Bands  of  immigrants  eager! v  seek- 
ing  their  farms  followed  the  choppers,  and  lots  were 
taken  up  as  fast  as  tlic}'  were  made  ;iccessible.  Some 
enterprising  Swedes  did  not  wait  for  the  working 
parties,  but  secured  choice  lots  by  ranging  the  woods 
in  advance  ;  the  principle  of  "  first  come  first  served  " 
having  been  adopted  in  the  distribution  of  these 
prizes  of  land. 

Tluis  the  stream  of  immigration  tliat  poured  into 
the  Capitol,  was  continually  disappearing  in  sniall 
rills  throughout  the  forest.  A  party  of  one  hundred, 
crowding  our  accommodations  on  Monday,  would  van- 
ish before  Saturday  night.  A  walk  along  any  wood 
road  soon  revealed,  them  ;  the  blows  of  the  ax  and  the 
crash  of  falling  trees  led  to  the  men,  and  the  smoke 
curling  from  a  shelter  of  poles  and  bark  near  by.  to 
the  women  and  children. 

A  flash  of  Swedish  humor  occasional! v  enlivened 
our  labors.  xVn  immigrant,  whose  Christian  name  was 
Noah,  settled  on  the  side  of  a  steep  conical  hill. 
Instantly  the  Svredes  called  the  hill  "  Mount  Ararat,'* 
and  as  Mount  Ararat  it  is  knov.-n  to  this  day. 

Our  main  road  to  the  outside  world  for  three  miles 
from    the    Capitol   was    simply    a    passage    way    cut 


TJTi:  STOiiY  OF  m;w   >WE1>EN.  121 

tliroagh  tlie  woous  tlie  year  bol'ore  to  let  in  the  (ii.sL 
colony.  Tlu-  heavy  immigrant  wagons  and  supply 
teams  had  since  then  rapidly  worn  away  tlie  earth  ; 
and  protruding-  stum|)s  and  deepening  ruts  rendered 
the  road  almost  impassable,  yet  not  a  day's  labor 
could  he  spared  to  it,  till  the  crops  were  all  in.  June 
2G,  however,  a  force  of  fifteen  men  and  four  horses 
was  put  upon  this  important  highway'.  Vv^e  com- 
menced work  at  the  edge  oi"  the  center  chopping, 
about  a  stone's  throw  south  of  the  Capitol  ;  and  until 
October,  whatever  hands  could  be  spared  from  their 
own  clearings  were  kept  at  work  on  this  road.  The 
entire  three  miles  were  grabbed  out  full  width  of  thirty 
feet  throuy-h  a  heavv  growth  of  standiuLr  trees;  two 
miles  of  this  tuin piked  in  as  thorough  a  manner  as 
any  count}'  road  in.  the  state,  and  a  substantial  bridge 
of  hewn  cedar  thrown  across  the  east  branch  of  Cari- 
bou Stream.  The  road  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
shorter  than  the  old  one,  by  which  the  first  colony 
entered  New  Sweden,  curves  around,  instead  of  over 
the  hills,  and  maintains  an  easy  grade  throughout. 
It  was  built  under  the  immediate  supervision  of 
Jacob  Hardison,  Esq.,  than  whom  no  man  in  Aroostook 
was  better  acquainted  with  everything  that  pertains 
to  frontier  life  in  the  woods  of  Maine,  and  who  in  one 
capacity  or  another  assisted  the  Swedish  colony  from 
its  foundation.  In  settling  New  Sw^eden,  my  right- 
hand  man  was  always  "Jake"  Hardison. 
-^-ilean while,  branch  roads  were  benig  cut  through 
the  woods  by  smaller  parties  of  workmen.  One  road 
was  made  west  four  miles  through  ^yoodland  into  Per- 


122  malm:  histokic'al  socikty. 

haip.,  anotlnir  east  toward  Lyndon,  a  third  northeast 
four  and  one-quarter  miles  to  the  Little  Madawaska 
River^  a  fourth,  sevi-n  and  one-half  miles  to  the  north- 
west corner  of  Ne>v  Sweden,  heside  still  other  shorter 
connecting  roads, 

Ever^^  working  party,  whether  on  hranch  roads, 
main  road,  public  buildings,  or  other  public  works,  was 
hi  charge  of  its  own  special  foreman.  Each  foreman 
called  the  roll  of  his  crew  every  evening,  and  entered 
the  time  of  each  man  in  a  book  provided  for  the  pur- 
pose. These  time-books  were  handed  in  once  a  week 
to  the  State  store-keeper,  and  each  workman  credited 
with  one  dollar  for  every  day's  work,  payable  in  the 
provisions  and  tools  he  was  receiving  from  the  State. 

Thus  the  money  appropriated  by  our  State,  in  aid 
of  the  .Swedish  colony,  accomplished  a  twofold  good. 
It  first  supplied  the  Swedes  with  food  and  tools,  ena- 
bling them  to  live  until  they  harvested  their  first  crop. 
Second,  it  was  worked  out  to  its  fall  value  by  the 
Swedes,  on  the  roads  and  other  public  works,  which 
are  a  permanent  public  benefit  and  worth  to  the  State 
all  they  cost.  State  aid  to  the  Swedes  was  thus  a 
temporary  loan,  which  they  repaid  in  full,  the  State 
gaining  hundreds  of  new  citizens  by  the  transaction. 

June  6,  1871,  Anders  Herlin  died,  the  first  death  in 
New  Sweden.  June  20,  Jacob  Larsson,  a  newly-arrived 
immigrant,  was  killed  in  his  chopping  by  a  ililling 
tree. 

Friday  evening,  June  2.3,  the  young  people  observed 
Midsommars  afton  —  Midsummer's  eve,  a  joyous, 
Swedish    festival.      They    erected  a  May-pole  at  the 


THE    8TOnV    OF    NKW    SWKDKN.  128 

center,  decorated  it  v.iih  j^arbtnd.^,  festoons  of  flowers, 
and  green  leaves.  From  the  to])  of  tlie  pole  floated 
the  American  and  Swedisli  flags.  They  sang  ring 
songs,  pla>''ed  ring  games,  and  danced  aronnd  the  May- 
pole to  Swedisli  music,  till  far  into  the  night. 

In  Jun.e.  arrived  an  important  addition  to  the  colony, 
the  Rev.  Andrew  Wiren,  a  regularly  ordained  minister 
of  the  Lutheran  church,  lii.s  ministrations  continued 
for  many  years.  He  was  ever,  not  only  a  pastor,  but 
the  ^'' guide,  counselor  and  friend"  of  iiis  little  flock, 
v.'hose  love  and  confidence  he  always  po.ssessed. 

On  Sund;iy,  June  25,  1S71,  Pastor  V/iren  held  the 
first  Lutheran  service  in  the  hall  of  the  Capitol.  This 
was  the  first  anniversarv  of  oui-  sailing  from  Old  Swe- 
den,  and  I  avjiiled  myself  of  the  opportunity  to  speak 
words  of  praise  and  encouragement  to  the  colonists. 

All  summer  and  fall  new  choppings  opened  out  on 
every  hand  ;  tlie  old  clearings  were  rapidly  enlarged  : 
shelters  of  poles  and  bark  gave  way  to  comfortable 
timber  houses;  barns  were  built  near  the  growing 
grain,  and  everywhere  trees  were  falling  and  buildings 
risincr  throug-hout  the  settlement. 

So  many  people  flocking  into  the  woods  soon  cre- 
ated a  demand  for  various  trades  and  crafts.  A 
variety  store  was  opened  in  August  by  a  Swede,  in  a 
commodious  timber  building  near  the  center.  A 
blacksmith,  a  shoemaker,  a  tinman,  and  a  tailor,  set 
up  shops  near  by,  and  were  overrun  with  business. 
A  sawmill  was  built  at  a  good  water  power  on 
Beardsley  brook,  four  miles  from  the  Capitol.  The 
foundations  for  a  o-rist-mill  were  also  laid. 


12-i  .MAINK    JIISIOIMCAI.    SOCIKTV. 

Quite  a  speculation  in  real  e.stnte  arose.  Several 
farms  changed  ]ja nds  at  liigli  figures,  and  one  lot  of 
only  one  aero  was  sold  for  fifty  dollars  cash.  It  was 
the  corner  lot  next  west  of  the  Capitol,  and  was  sold  to 
build  a  store  on.  This  store  was  afterwards  altered 
into  a  dwelling-house  for  Pastor  Wiren. 

The  crops  grew  rapidly.  Wheat  averaged  five  and 
rye  over  six  feet  in  height.  One  stalk  of  rye.  which 
I  measured  myself,  was  seven  feet  and  five  inches 
tall.  A  niiin  stepping  into  any  of  our  winter  rye 
fields  in  Angust,  disappeared  as  completely  from  view 
as  though  he  were  lost  in  the  depths  of  the  forest. 
Many  heads  of  wheat  and  rye  were  over  eight  inches 
in  length.  Harvest  time  came  early.  Winter  rye 
was  ripe  and  cut  by  the  middle  of  August ;  wheat, 
barley  and  oats  early  in  September. 

Crops  were  raised  b}'  thirty  families.  These  ar- 
rived the  year  before.  The  new-comers  could  only 
clear  the  land  of  its  trees  this  first  season.  Of  the 
thirty  families,  seventeen  had  built  barns  in  which 
they  stored  their  grain.  The  crops  of  the  others 
were  securely  stacked  in  the  fi.eld,  and  though  the 
autumn  was  rainy,  the  harvest  was  uninjured. 

As  soon  as  the  grain  was  dry  a  machine  was  ob- 
tained to  thresii  it.  Three  thousand  bushels  of  grain 
were  f?ti'eshed  out,  of  which  twelve  hundred  v>ere 
wheat,  one  thousand  barley,  and  the  remainder  prin- 
cipally  rye  and  oats.  Wheat  averaged  twenty,  and 
yielded  up  to  twenty-five,  and  rye  averaged  thirty- 
five  and  yielded  up  to  forty-two  bushels  to  the  acre. 
The  season  was  late  and  wet,  and  m.uch  of  the  wheat 


THE    fsxoi;>'    or    NEW    SWEDEN.  120 

WAS  nij)pe(l  by  the  rust.  In  an  onlinary  year  a  luax- 
iuiuin  yield  of  forty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  has 
been  attained. 

An  unusually  heavy  frost  the  middle  of  »Septeinber, 
whicli  prevailed  throughout  New  England,  killed  the 
potato  tops  and  stopped  all  further  growth  of  the 
potatoes,  diminishing  the  yield  one-third.  Three  hun- 
di'ed  bushels  to  the  acre  of  those  earliest  planted  was 
nevertheless  obtained,  and  five  thousand  bushels  of 
potatoes  secured,  besides  several  hundred  bushels  of 
beets,  turnips  and  other  roots. 

On  September  30^  1S71,  all  those  who  had  har- 
vested a  crop  were  cut  off  from  further  receipt  of 
slate  supplies.  These  colonists  became  not  only  self- 
supporting,  but  delivered  to  the  State,  in  part  payment 
of  their  indebtedness,  five  hundred  bushels  of  potatoes, 
which  were  sold  to  the  later-arrived  immigrants. 

On  November  15,  1871,  state  aid  was  also  cut  off 
from  every  immigrant  of  that  year  who  liad  not  wife 
or  children  with  him.  For  all  such,  work  for  the 
winter  vras  provided  among  the  American  farmers,  in 
the  lumber  woods,  at  the  tanneries,  quarries,  or 
railroads. 

A  free  public  school  was  opened  in  the  hall  of  the 
Capitol,  November  13.  Pastor  Wiren  was  teacher. 
He  had"*?kcquired  our  language  during  a  four  years' 
residence  in  the  west.  There  were  seventy-seven 
scholars.  The  chief  study  was  the  English  language. 
To  learn  to  read,  write,  and  speak  English  was  deemed 
of  more  importance  than  all  else.  Pastor  Wiren  also 
opened  an  evening  English  school  for  adults. 


]2C  .ai.mnj:  nisTOiJiCAL  socikty. 

Divine  service  continued  to  be  held  in  the  public 
liall  both  forenoon  .'uul  iifternoon,  every  Sunday 
throughout  tlie  year ;  and  the  Swedisli  Sunday-school 
kept  up  its  weekly  nieetinL>'s  without  the  omission  ot" 
a  single  Sunday.  The  attendance  on  fhese  religious 
exercises  was  almost  universal. 

As  soon  as  the  earth  could  be  made  to  produce 
grass  or  fodder,  the  Swedes  began  to  provide  them- 
selves with  cattle,  horses,  sheep  and  swine. 

They  bought,  however,  no  fastei-  than  they  could 
pay.  If  a  Swede  could  not  atTord  a  span  of  horses, 
he  bought  only  one;  if  he  could  not  afford  a  horse, 
he  provided  himself  with  an  ox ;  if  an  ox  was  beyond 
his  purse,  he  got  a  steer,  and  if  a  steer  was  more  than 
he  could  afford,  he  placed  a  rope  harness  on  his  only 
cow,  and  worked  around  with  her  till  he  could  do 
better. 

Americans,  driving  in,  laughed  at  these  nondescript 
teams,  but  all  the  while  the  Swedes  vrere  teaching  us 
a  lesson  —  to  live  within  our  means. 

On  Thursday,  September  o,  Bishop  Neely  visited 
New  Sweden  and  conducted  Episcopal  religious  ser- 
vices in  the  public  hall. 

On  Tuesday,  September  2G,  1871,  Hon.  Sidney  Per- 
ham,  governor  of  Maine,  and  Hon.  P.  P.  Burleigh, 
land  agent,  accompanied  by  friends,  made  an  official 
visit  to  the  colony.  The  Swedes,  to  the  number  of 
four  hundred,  met  at  the  Capitol  and  gave  the  official 
party  a  warm  reception.  In  behalf  of  the  colony  I 
delivered  an  address  of  welcome,  to  which  Governor 
Perham    eloquently     replied.     Swedish     songs    were 


Till;    STORY    or    NEW    SWEi>EN.  127 

snug,  spoechch-'  made,  and  (iVory  Swede  shook  hands 
willi  the  govei'nor.  A  collation  was  then  .served  in 
the  storeroom  of  the  Capitol,  and  in  the  afternoon, 
tlic  roads,  buildings  and  fai'ins  of  the  Swedes  were 
inspected  by  tlie  governor  and  land  agent,  who  ex- 
pressed themselves  highlj'  gratified  with  the  progress 
of  the  colony. 

One  great  cause  of  the  rapid  success  of  this  colony 
has  been  the  active  help  the  Swedish  women  have 
rendered  theii'  husbands,  Eveiy  Swedish  wife  was 
indeed  a  helpuKite.  She  not  only  did  all  the  house- 
work, but  helped  her  husband  in  the  clearings  amid 
the  blackened  stumps  and  logs.  Many  of  the  Svredes 
cut  their  logs  into  lengths  for  piling  with  cross-cut 
saws.  Whenever  this  w^as  the  case,  you  would  see 
that  the  Swedisli  wife  had  hold  of  one  end  of  the 
saw ;  and  she  did  her  half  of  the  work  too. 

Once,  ridins"  out  of  the  woods,  I  met  one  of  our 
Swedish  women  walking  in  with  a  heavy  sack  on  her 
back.  As  she  passed,  I  noticed  a  commotion  inside 
the  sack. 

'•  What  have  you  in  there  ? "   said  I. 

"  Four  nice  pigs,"  she  replied. 

'^  Where  did  you  ge*^  them  ? " 

"Down  river,  two  miles  beyond  Caribou." 

Two  miles  beyond  Caribou  was  ten  miles  from  New 
Sweden.  So  this  good  wife  had  walked  tw^enty  miles ; 
ten  miles  out,  and  ten  miles  home  with  four  pigs  on 
her  back,  smiling  all  the  ^vay,  to  think  what  nice  pigs 
they  were. 

Another  wife,  Mrs.  Kjersti  Carlson,  when  her  husband 


128  :viAiNK  insi«.»i;ioAL  sociktv. 

was  sick  and  her  children  cried  fur  l>read,  with  hei*  own 
hands,  felled  some  cedar  trees,  sawed  them  np  into  butts, 
and  rifted  out  and  shaved  these  butts  into  sliingles,  one 
bunch  of  whieli  she  can-iec]  five  miles  tlirouLch  the 
woods  on  lier  back,  to  barter  at  the  corner  store  for 
medicine  and  food  for  hei"  liu^band  and  children. 

By  such  toil  was  this  wilderness  settled.  But  that 
bunch  of  shingles  has  become  a  part  of  the  history 
of  Maine.  It  occupies  to-day  an  honored  place  in  the 
Capitol  at  Augusta,  and  a  Maine  poetess  has  rendered 
it  immortal  in  her  verse- 
In  January,  1872,  a  weekl}'  newspaper,  The  North 
Star,  w^as  started  at  Caribou.  Every  issue  of  this 
paper  contained  one  column  printed  in  the  Swedish 
language.  This  column  was  edited  by  Mr.  E.  Win- 
berg,  one  of  our  Swedish  immigrants,  and  was  exten- 
sively read  in  New  Sweden. 

This  was  the  first  paper,  or  portion  of  a  paper  ever 
published  in  a  Scandinavian  language  in  New  England, 
altliough  the  Scandinavians  sailed  along  our  coast,  and 
built  temporary  settlements  on  our  shores,  five  hun- 
dred years  before  Columbus  discovered  the  islands  of 
our  continent. 

The  examination  of  the  first  public  school,  took 
place  March  15,  1872,  after  a  session  of  four  months. 
The  scholars  had  made  wonderful  progress  in  learning 
our  language.  Many  could  speak  and  read  English 
well,  and  some  had  made  considerable  advance  in 
writing.  These  school  privileges  were  highly  prized. 
Some  of  the  scholars  came  to  school  five  miles  through 
the  woods,  slipping  over  the  snow  on  skidor  — 
Swedish  snow-shoes. 


THE    STORY    OF    Ninv    .SWKDEX.  129 

Two  steam  mills  were  erected  and  put  in  operation 
in  the  spring  of  1872,  and  a  large  quantity  of  shin- 
gles and  some  boards  were  sawed. 

The  Swedes  early  became  experts  in  manufacturing 
shaved  shingles  by  liJind.  Ii  was  soon  admitted  by 
Aroostook  traders  that  the  Swedish  shingles  were  the 
best  made  in  the  county.  Shop])ing  in  New  Sweden 
was  almost  exclusively  barter.  Bunches  of  shaved 
shingles  were  tlie  currenc}'  which  the  Swedes  carried 
to  the  stores  of  the  American  traders,  and  with  which 
they  bought  their  goods. 

The  last  mile  of  our  main  road  was  turnpiked  in 
1872,  giving  the  colony  a  good  turnpike  to  Caribou. 
Branch  roads  were  improved. 

In  the  matter  of  government,  New^  Sweden  pre- 
sented an  anomaly.  It  was  an  unoi'ganized  township, 
occupied  by  foreigners,  furthermore,  no  legal  organi- 
zation could  be  effected  for  years,  for  there  was  not 
an  American  citizen  resident  in  the  township,  through 
whom  the  first  step  toward  organization  could  be 
taken.  The  first  two  years  of  the  colony  I  found 
time  to  personally  settle  all  disputes  between  the 
colonists,  organize  the  labor  on  roads  and  buildings, 
and  arrange  all  matters  of  general  concern. 

As  the  colony  increased,  it  became  impossible  for 
one  man  to  attend  to  all  the  details  of  this  work.  A 
committee  of  ten  was  therefore  instituted  to  assist 
me.  Nine  of  this,  committee  were  elected  by  the 
colonists,  the  pastor  was  the  tenth,  ex  officio.  Three 
went  out  of  office  every  six  months,  and  their  places 
were  filled  at  a  general  election.  New  Sv\'eden  was 
Vol.  VII.        10 


130  MAINE    JIIf^TOKICAL    SOCILTY. 

also  divided  into  nine  liighway  disUicts,  and  ench  one 
of  this  committee  had  oliarge  of  tiie  roads  in  his  own 
district.  Tliis  decemvirate  satisfactorily  managed  all 
the  municipal  affiiiis  of  the  colony  until  New  Sweden 
was  legall}'  organized  into  a  plantation. 

Many  and  strange  were  the  experiences  of  life  in 
the  Swedish  woods  in  the  early  days. 

One  evening  Svensson  came  running  up  to  m}^  office 
in  the  Cai^itol,  crying  out,  "  My  daughter  is  lost." 

His  daughter  Christine  was  a  little  girl,  twelve 
years  old,  well  known  and  loved  in  the  colony,  fie 
had  taken  her  with  him  in  the  morning  to  a  new 
chopping  where  he  was  at  work,  three  miles  into  the 
woods  toward  tlie  Madawaska  River.  At  noon  he  had 
sent  her  to  a  woodland  spring  to  draw  water  for  their 
dinner,  but  she  did  not  return.  Becoming  alarmed, 
he  hurried  to  the  spring.  There  were  the  tracks  of 
her  feet  in  the  moist  earth,  but  the  girl  was  nowhere 
to  be  seen.  He  hallooed  and  received  no  answer,  and 
then  searched  the  woods  in  vain  till  nightfall. 

I  at  once  sent  out  a  messenger  on  each  road  in  the 
township,  warning  the  men  to  meet  at  the  Capitol 
next  morning  at  sunrise.  Over  fifty  came,  bringing 
with  them  all  the  dogs  and  all  the  guns  in  the  colony. 
We  followed  Svensson  to  his  clearing,  formed  a  line 
north  and'  south  along  the  Madawaska  road,  and  at  a 
signal,  advanced  into  the  woods,  moving  west.  Each 
man  was  to. keep  in  line  with  and  in  sight  of  his  next 
neighbor.  Thus  the  men  advanced  through  the  forest 
for  hours,  shouting  and  firing  guns.  But  there  came 
no  answer. 


THE    STORY    or    XKW    SWEDEN'.  131 

At  noon  two  guns  were  fired  in  quick  succession. 
Thi.s  was  the  preconcerted  signal.  Tlie  girl  was 
found.  She  "was  standing  in  the  bottom  of  a  dense 
cedar  swamp,  on  all  sides  the  trunks  of  fallen  trees 
were  piled  up  in  inextricable  confusion.  How  the 
child  ever  got  in  there  was  a  mystery.  She  still  held 
the  pail,  half  full  of  water,  in  her  hand.  But  she  had 
clasped  the  bail  so  tightly  in  her  terror,  that  her 
finger  nails  had  cut  into  the  palm  of  her  hand,  and 
blood  was  dripping  from  her  fingers  into  the  water  in 
the  pail. 

"Why  where  have  you  been  ?"  joj'fully  asked  the 
Swedes. 

"I  don't  know,"  she  murmured  in  a  broken  voice. 

"What  have  you  been  doing  ?" 

"  I  don't  know." 

"  Where  did  you  pass  the  night  ?" 

"  There  hasn't  been  any  night,"  she  cried  with  a 
wild  glare.  She  was  mad:  The  terrors  of  that  long 
night  alone  in  the  woods  had  taken  aw.ay  her  reason. 
She  was  taken  home,  tenderly  nursed,  and  after  a  period 
of  sickness,  was  fully  restored  to  health  of  mind  and 
body.  She  then  said,  that  she  went  to  the  spring, 
filled  her  pail  with  water,  and  was  just  starting  back 
through  the  woods,  when  suddenly  she  saw  in  the 
path  before  her,  a  bear  and  a  cub.  She  turned  and 
ran  for  life.  When  she  dared  to  look  around,  she 
found  the  bear  was  not  following  her.  She  then  tried 
to  walk  around  to  the  clearing,  where  her  father  was. 
She  kept  on  and  on,  crying  for  her  father,  till  it  grew 
dark,  then  she  recollected  no  more. 


132  MAIXK    IIIVTOUICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  recognized 
the  colony  nt  an  early  day,  by  establis^hing  a  jjo>t- 
office  there,  and  appointing  Capt.  N.  P.  Chi.^e  po.-st- 
master.  The  ro;id  to  Caribou  was  subsequently  made 
a  post  route,  and  weekl}'  paid  postal  service  com- 
menced July  1,  1873.  Sven  S.  Landin,  one  of  the 
colonists,  was  mail  carrier,  although,  when  pressed 
with  work  on  his  farm,  his  wife  not  unfrequently 
walked  with  the  mail  to  Caribou  and  back  again,  a 
distance  of  sixteen  and  a.  hnlf  miles. 

On  October  11,  1873,  Ransom  Norton  Esq.,  clerk  of 
courts  for  Aroostook  County,  visited  the  colony  for 
the  purpose  of  affording  the  Swedes  an  opportunity  of 
taking  the  iSrst  step  toward  naturalization.  On  that 
day  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  men  came  forward 
and  publicly  renounced  all  allegiance  to  the  "  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway,  the  Goths  and  the  Vandals,"  and 
declared  their  intention  of  becoming;  American  citizens. 

In  the  fall  of  1873,  the  condition  of  the  colony  was 
excellent.  The  little  settlement  of  fifty  had  increased 
to  six  hundred,  and  outside  of  New  Sweden  there 
were  as  many  more  Swedes  located  in  our  state, 
drawn  to  us  by  our  Swedish  colony.  The  settlement 
of  New  Sweden  had  outgrown  the  township  of  that 
name  and  spread  over  the  adjoining  sections  of  Wood- 
land, Caribou  and  Perham.  The  trees  on  2200  acres 
had  been  felled.  1500  acres  of  this  were  cleared  in  a 
thorough  and  superior  manner,  of  which  400  acres 
were  laid  down  to  grass. 

The  crops  had  promised  abundance,  but  an  untimely 
frost  that    followed     the    great     gale    of    August  27, 


THi:    STORY    OF    NEW    SWEDEN.  133 

pinclied  the  late  grain  and  nipped  the  potatoes.  Still 
a  fair  crop  was  harvested.  ]  30  houses,  arid  nearly  as 
many  barns  and  hovels  had  been  built.  The  colonists 
owned  22  horses,  14  oxen,  100  cows,  40  calves,  33 
sheep  and  125  swine. 

The  schools  were  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Such 
an  advance  had  been  made  in  English,  that  most  of 
the  children  above  ten  3'ears  of  age,  coidd  read  and 
write  our  language  tolerably,  and  speak  it  well.  An 
American  visiting  the  colony  had  no  need  of  an  in- 
terpreter, for  every  child  that  talked  at  all,  could 
speak  English. 

I  then  felt  that  all  the  conditions  of  the  plan  on 
which  this  experiment  was  made,  had  been  fulfilled. 
The  colony  had  been  recruited  in  Sweden,  trans- 
planted to  Maine,  fast  rooted  in  our  soil,  and  made 
self-sustaining.  The  experiment  was  an  experiment 
no  longer.  New  Sweden  was  successfully  founded, 
the  stream  of  Swedish  immigration  was  successfully 
started.  The  infant  colony  w\as  now  strong  enough 
to  go  alone. 

On  Sunday  forenoon,  October  19,  1873,  I  met  the 
Swedes  at  the  Capitol.  Nearly  all  the  settlers,  men, 
women  and  children  were  there.  I  recounted  the 
history  of  the  colony,  since  the  first  adventurous  little 
band  had  met  together  in  old  Sweden,  spoke  such 
words  of  friendly  counsel  as  the  occasion  suggested 
and  justified,  and  then  took  leave  of  the  colony  I  had 
recruited  in  the  Old  World  and  founded  in  the  New. 

In  my  annual  report,  at  the  close  of  1873,  I  recom- 
mended   that  all    special   State    aid   to   New    Sweden 


134  MAINE    irrSTOIIICAL    SOCIETY. 

should  cease.  I  furtficr  took  pleasure  in  recommend- 
ing' that  (lie  office  of  commissioner  of  immigration, 
which  I  held,  be  abolished,  pince  the  accomplislmient  of 
the  undertakimj;  rendered  the  office  no  lono-er  ueces- 
sary  ;  and  thus  laid  down  the  work,  which  for  four 
years  had  occupied  the  better  portion  of  my  life  and 
endeavor. 

But  though  my  official  connection  with  New  Sweden 
ceased  with  1873,  this  colony  has  never  ceased,  and 
never  will  cease  so  long  as  life  remains,  to  occupy  a 
large  portion  of  my  heart,  my  thoughts  and  my 
prayers. 

And  New  Sweden  has  ever  continued  to  meet  the 
fondest  anticipations  of  her  friends.  Her  career  from 
the  beginning  to  this  day  has  been  one  of  constant 
and  unbroken  growth,  development  and  progress. 
She  has  never  taken  a  step  backward,  she  has  never 
made  a  halt  in  her  onward  march.  Her  story  forms 
an  unique  chapter  in  the  history  of  Maine.  That  story 
I  would  love  to  fully  recount  to  you  this  evening, 
step  by  step. 

I  would  fain  speak  to  you  of  the  organization  of  the 
township  into  a  plantation  in  1876,  and  of  its  munici- 
pal and  political  life ;  of  our  grand  decennial  celebra- 
tion here  in  1880,  in  which  three  thousand  persons, 
Swedes  and  Americans,  took  part;  of  the  dedication  of 
the    first    Swedish    Evano-elical    Lutheran    church    of 

o 

Maine  on  the  same  day  ;  of  the  rise  and  progress  of  the 
Baptist,  the  Mission  and  the  Advent  societies  and  the 
building  and  dedication  of  their  houses  of  worship  ;  of 
the  deep  religious  life  of  the  colony  ;  of  our  schools 


THE    STOKY    or    NEW    SWEDEN.  135 

and  tlie  Ihorou^li  work  they  have  accomplished,  of  tlie 
l)iuhling  of  our  roads  and  bridges;  the  establishment 
of  mills  and  factories;  how  year  after  year  tlie  forest 
has  been  felled,  and  choppings  full  of  blackened 
stumps  transformed  into  sniooth  fields  of  w-aving 
grain  ;  how  the  log  cabins  have  been  replaced  with 
substantial  two-story  frame  houses,  great  barns  built, 
fruitful  orchards  and  gardens  set  out,  and  bountiful 
crops  raised ;  how  the  Swedes  have  come  to  pos- 
sess excellent  breeds  of  horses  and  cattle ;  how  the 
steer  teams  with  rope  harness  have  disappeared,  and 
how  the  Swedes  drive  to-day  as  good  horses  as  can  be 
found  in  Aroostook  County ;  how  the  good  repute  of 
our  Swedish  fellow^  citizens  has  risen  and  risen,  until 
the  only  question  now  asked  by  an  American  shop 
keeper  is  **  Are  you  a  Swede  ?  If  so  you  may  buy  on 
credit  anything  and  everything  you  want." 

All  this  and  much  more  I  would  love  to  recite  in 
detail  to  you,  but  the  night  would  be  spent  and 
tomorrow's  sun  arisen  before  the  half  could  be  told. 
I  must,  however,  crave  your  indulgence  to  make  brief 
mention  of  two  marked  characteristics  of  our  Swedish 
brethren. 

New  Sweden  is  a  colony  of  churchgoers.  Nearly 
every  adult  Swede  is  a  church-member  and  nearly  all 
the  colonists,  old  and  young,  attend  public  religious 
services  every  Sunday  the  whole  year  round.  And 
while  praising  the  Lord  within  their  comfortable 
chui^ches,  they  do  not  allow  their  horses  to  freeze  out- 
side. The  Swedes  do  not  forg-et  that  •'  a  merciful  man 
is  merciful  to  his  beast."     In  the  rear  of  every  Swed- 


136  mainj:;  historical  sociExy. 

isli  church  you  wili  see  a  long,  low  log  hovel  or  stable. 
Tlie  o[)ening.s  between  the  logs  are  all  tightly  chincked 
up,  and  liere,  even  in  the  coldest  days  of  winter,  the 
horses  stand  in  the  long  double  rows  of  stalls, 
blanketed,  coniforiable  and  steaming  v/ith  warmth, 
while  their  owners  worship  God  with  clear  consciences 
in  His  temple  hard  by, 

I  rejoice  nlso  to  state  that  New  Sweden  is  and  always 
has  been  a  temperance  colony.  There  was  never  a 
rum  shop  in  the  settlement,  and  strong  drink  has 
ever  been  as  good  as  unknown  throughout  this  com- 
munity. The  Swedes  have  devoted  the  fruits  of  their 
labors  to  improving  their  farms,  increasing  their  stock, 
and  rendering  their  homes  more  comfortable  and 
beautiful.  They  have  never  squandered  their  health 
or  wealth  in  rum. 

Time  ^vill  now  only  permit  me  to  speak  briefly  of  the 
status  of  New  Sweden  to-day,  and  of  some  of  the 
results  which  this  Swedish  colony  has  achieved  on 
American  soil. 

New  Sweden  has  already  celebrated  this  twent^^-fifth 
year  of  her  existence  by  becoming  incorporated  as  a 
town,  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  January  last,  and 
taking  her  place  as  a  full  fledged  municipality  among 
her  sister  towns  in  Maine. 

The  town  of  New  Sweden  numbers  to-day  seven 
hundred  and  seventeen  inhabitants,  but  these  figures 
represent  less  than  one  half  of  our  Swedish  settlement. 
The  colony  soon  outgrew  the  boundaries  of  this  town- 
ship and  spread  over  the  adjacent  portions  of  "Wood- 
land,  Caribou  and  Perham,  lying    to  the  southward. 


THE    STOKY    OF   NEW    SWEDEN.  137 

Later  our  Swedish  pioneers  penetrated  into  the  forest 
to  the  west  and  north,  and  have  there  made  perma- 
nent settlements. 

On  June  1,  1S92.  tlie  Swedes  organized  Township 
Ko.  15,  Range  4,  lying  west  of  New  Sweden,  into  a 
plantation,  and  named  it  "  Westmanland  "  from  one  of 
the  provinces  of  the  old  country  ;  and  on  March  23, 
of  this  3'ear,  Township  No.  16,  Eange  3,  adjoining 
New  Sweden  on  the  north,  was  legally  organized  as 
"Stockholm,''  thus  perpetuating  tlio  name  of"  the 
beautiful  capital  of  Sweden  in  our  own  state. 

New  Sweden  therefore,  came  not  solitary  and  alone 
to  her  quarter-centennial  jubilee.  She  came  leading 
by  the  hand  two  fair  daughters,  Westmanland  and 
Stockholm.  Aye  !  more.  She  came  leading  her  sons 
and  daughters  by  hundreds  from  the  adjoining  Ameri- 
can towns  of  Woodland,  Caribou  and  Perham. 

And  there  is  one  son  New  Sweden  led  with  peculiar 
pride  to  her  feast.  John  Hedman,  a  Swedish  lad,  reared 
in  our  Swedish  woods,  graduated  this  year  with  high 
honors  at  Colby  University,  Waterville,  Maine,  and  is 
now  instructor  in  modern  lanQ-uao;es  at  that  universitv. 
Surely  our  Swedes  have  not  forgotten  that  they  are 
the  countrymen  of  Linnaeus  and  Swedenborg,  of  Geijer 
and  Tegner  and  Victor  Rydberg.  Surely  among  the 
blackened  stumps  of  their  forest  clearings,  our  Swedish 
pioneers  have  looked  up  to  something  higher  and 
nobler  than  mere  material  prosperity. 

Maine's  Swedish  colony 

is  situated  to-day  on  seven  different  but  adjoining 
towns,  forming  thus  one  compact  settlement,    which 


138  MAINE   HISTORICAL   SOCIETY. 

numbers  no  loss  tliati  om;  thou>'and  four  hundred  and 
fifty-two  Swedes,  divided  as  follows  : 

Now  Sweden,  (town)  717 

Woodland,  279 

Caribou,  103 

Peril  am,  79 

Westmanland,  109 

Stockholm,  157 

No.  16,  IJangc  4,  8 

Total  1452 

Nearly  thirty  times  the  little  band  of  pilgrims  that 
entered  tliose  woods  twenty-five  years  ago.  An  in- 
crease of  over  2,800  per  cent. 

The  following  statistics  embrace  the  entire  Swedish 
settlement  —  the  Greater  New  Sweden : 

ilARPJAGES,    BIRTHS    AND    DEATHS. 

From  the  date  of  the  settlement  to  June,  1895, 
there  have  been  celebrated  102  marriages,  481  babies 
have  been  born,  and  140  individuals  have  died.  In 
the  last  number  are  included  many  who  died  in  Port- 
land, Augusta,  Boston  and  other  places,  but  are 
interred  in  the  New  Sweden  cemetery.  Yet  even 
with  these  deaths  included,  the  births  out-number 
the  deaths  in  the  ratio  3.43  to  1.  Is  anything  further 
wanted  to  prove  the  vigor  of  the  Swedish  race,  and  the 
healthfulness  of  the  climate  of  Maine  ? 

CLEAEIXGS. 

The  area  of  laud  cleared  on  each  lot  in  the  colony 
varies  with  the  strength,  skill  and  circumstances  of 
the  settlers,  and  the  length  of  time  since  their  arrival. 
The    earlier  colonists    have  of  course,  larger  "  felled 


THK    STOUy    OF    NEW    SWKDEN'.  139 

pieces"  on  thoir  lots  than  the  later  comers;  and  the 
few,  who  were  fortunate  enough  to  bring  with  them 
the  means  of  hiring  help,  have  made  more  rapid  pro- 
gress in  clearing  their  farms  of  the  forest,  than  the 
great  majority  who  have  been  compelled  to  rely  exclu- 
sively on  the  labor  of  their  own  hands.  Scarcely  any 
of  the  Swedes,  however,  have  cleared  less  than  twenty, 
five  acres,  most  have  cleared  from  thirty  to  fifty  acres, 
some  from  fifty  to  seventy-five,  while  a  few,  who  have 
acquired  more  than  one  lot,  are  the  happy  owners  of 
broad  clearings  of  more  than  one  hundred  acres  in 
extent. 

The  Swedes  have  cleared  their  land  in  a  superior 
manner,  all  the  old  soggy  logs  being  unearthed, 
smaller  stumps  uprooted,  and  the  larger  knolls  lev- 
eled. In  most  of  the  earlier  clearings,  the  stumps 
have  been  entirely  removed,  and  the  fields  plowed 
as  smoothly  as  in  our  oldest  settlements. 

In  the  asfo-reo-ate,  these  Swedes  have  cleared  and 
put  into  grass  or  crops  7,G30  acres  of  land,  that  twenty- 
five  years  ago  was  covered  with  a  gigantic  forest. 

BUILDINGS. 

The  colonists  have  erected  : 

1  Capitol 

4  Churches. 

3  Parsonages. 
7  Seh<->olhouses. 

2  Starch  factories. 

5  Shingle  mills    (these   mills  are  also   furnished   with  rotary 

saws,  planers,  sticking  and  clapboard  machines.) 
305  Dwelling  houses. 
3G2  Barns  and  hovels. 

689  Buildings  in  all. 


140 


MAINE    HISTOIUCAL    SOCIETY. 


liOAUS. 

Seventy-one  miles  of  road  have  been  built  of  wiiich 
forty-six  miles  are  turnpiked  and  in  excellent  condition. 

LIVE    STOCK. 

Our  Swedish  settlers  now  own  : 

468  hoiscs  worth 

287  colts  imder  3  years  old  -svorth, 

27  oxen  " 

479  cows  « 

313  other  neat  cattle  " 

497  sheep  « 


150  lambs 

11 V  swmc 

6000  poultry 


Total  value 


CHOPS. 

In  1894  the  Swedish  colonists  harvested 


Hay,  1500  tons, 
Wheat,  3616  bushels, 
Rye,  4,215  bushels, 
Oats,  60,000  bushels. 
Buckwheat,  3,445  l)ushels. 
Potatoes,  117,950  barrels, 


worth, 


Total  value, 


$42,050 

5,810 

810 

14,250 

2,504 

1,485 

300 

936 

3,000 

§72,045 


^  15,000 

2,905 

3,086 

23,920 

1,469 

117,950 

8164,330 


DAIET. 

In  1894  the  dairy  product  of  the  colony  amounted  to 
30,000  pounds  of  butter     worth, 
5,000  pounds  of  cheese       " 


Total  value 


WOOL. 


In  1894  the  colonists  clipped  2,500  pounds  of  wool, 
worth, 

EGGS. 

The  egg  product  of  1894  amounted  to  24,000  dozen, 
worth 


$6,000 
500 

$6,500 


$500 


$2,400 


THE    STOIIY    or    NKW    SWEDEN.  141 

TOTAL    VALUE    OF    FAKil    I'KODUCTS    FOR    1804. 

Crops,  $164,330 

Dairy,  6,500 

Wool,  500 

Eggs,  2,400 

Total,  $173,730 

FACTOEIKS    AND    .MILLS. 

Product  of  factories  and  mills  for  1894  : 

190  tons  starch,                      wortii,  $11,720 

•21,500,000  feet,  shingles,          "  39,750 

li,200,000  feet,  long  lumber,      "  17,600 

Total  value.  669,070 

VALUE    OF    SAVEDISH    BUILDINGS,    CLEARINGS,     TOOLS    AND    STOCK. 

Churches,  parsonages  and  schools,  6  12,500 

Factories  and  mills,  25,500 

Farm  buildings,  200,450 
7,630  acres  of  cleared  land,  at  $20  per  acre,  (the  cost 

of  clearing),  152,600 

Farming  implements  and  machinery,  65,800 

Live  stock,  72,045 


Total,  $528,895 

Value  of  farm  products  for  1894,  173,730 

Value  of  factory  and  mill  products  for  1894,  69,070 

Grand  total,  $771,695 

And  all  this  has  been  created  where  not  the  worth 
of  a  doHar  was  produced  twenty-five  years  ago. 

These  figures  alone  are  eloquent.  They  need  no 
eulogy.  They  speak  for  themselves.  They  tell  the 
story  of  difficulties  surmounted,  of  results  accomplished, 
of  work  well  done.  But,  my  countrymen,  those  of  you 
who  have  never  lived  in  the  backwoods,  can  have  no 
adequate  conception  of  the  vast  labor  and  toil  under- 


142  MAINE    HTSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

gone  ill  the  ^vil(lel•ne^^s  to  create  the  results  ]  have 
enumerated.  A  settler's  first  years  in  the  woods  are 
a  continual  fight,  hnnd  to  hand  with  savage  nature, 
for  existence.  It  is  pleasant  to  look  out  upon  the 
broad  fields  of  New  Sweden,  green  with  the  growing 
crops,  but  do  we  know,  can  we  calculate,  how  many 
blows  of  the  ax,  how  man}'  drops  of  sweat  have  been 
expended  in  turning  each  one  of  these  seven  thousand 
six  hundred  acres  of  cleared  land,  from  forest  to  farm  ? 

The  story  of  New  Sweden  has  no  ])arnllel  in  New 
England  since  the  United  States  became  a  nation. 
jLuio  ^jvvcuiou  sctLieiuuiiL  IS  ine  only  successlul  agri- 
cultural colony  founded  with  foreigners  from  over  the 
ocean  in  New  England  since  the  Revolutionary  war, 
and  surely  in  all  America  there  is  no  agricultural  set- 
tlement, so  young  as  ours,  that  surpasses  our  model 
colony  in  progress  and  prosperity. 

And  the  good  effects  of  the  founding  of  New  Sweden 
are  not  confined  to  the  colony  or  its  vicinity.  As 
early  as  1871  Swedish  artisans  and  skilled  workmen, 
drawn  to  Maine  by  New  Sweden,  began  to  find  work  in 
the  slate  quarries  of  Piscataquis  county,  in  the  great 
tanneries  and  saw-mills  of  Penobscot,  and  in  the  stores 
and  workshops  of  Portland,  Bangor,  Augusta,  Pitts- 
field,  Monson,  Houlton,  Presque  Isle,  Fort  Fairiield, 
Caribou,  and  other  cities  and  towns.  Since  the  found- 
ing of  the  colony  the  Swedish  girls  have  ever  fur- 
nished needed  and  valuable  help  in  our  families  in  all 
sections  of  the  state.  Some  Swedish  immigrants, 
who  came  to  us  in  independent  circumstances,  pur- 
chased improved  farms  in  Presque  Isle,  Fort  Fairfield, 


THE    STOllY    OF    NEW    SWEDEN.  143 

Linic.^LOiiC',  iiiiJ  other  towns  ;  wliilc  many  Swedes  with 
less  means  settled  on  abandoned  farms  in  Cumberland, 
York  and  our  other  older  counties.  These  deserted 
homesteads  have  been  placed  by  the  Swedes  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation  ;  indeed  Swedish  immigration  is 
proving  to  be  the  happy  solution  of  the  *'  abandoned 
farms  "  question  in  Maine. 

The  United  States  census  of  1890,  returned  a  Swed- 
ish population  in  every  county  in  Maine  except  Frank- 
lin, and  gave  the  total  number  of  Swedes  in  our  state, 
including  children  born  in  this  country  of  Swedish 
parents,  at  lii,'j-iu. 

To-day  there  are  in  Maine  more  than  3,000  Swedes 
as  the  direct  residt  of  the  Sioedish  immigration  enter- 
prise. 

Furthermore  the  good  accomplished  by  New  Sweden 
is  not  limited  by  the  boundaries  of  our  state.  Skilled 
workmen  from  New  Sweden  early  obtained  employ- 
ment in  the  mills,  factories  and  workshops  of  Boston, 
Worcester,  Lowell,  Fall  River,  Springfield  and  Brock- 
ton in  Massachusetts ;  Manchester  and  Concord  in 
New  Hampshire ;  Rutland  and  Bennington  in  Ver- 
mont ;  Providence  and  Pawtucket  in  Rhode  Island ; 
New  Haven,  Hartford,  Bridgeport  and  Waterbury  in 
Connecticut,  and  in  other  manufacturing  centers  all 
over  New  England.  And  each  little  band  as  it  settled 
down,  formed  a  fresh  nucleus,  around  which  have 
continually  gathered  new  throngs  of  Swedish  immi- 
grants. 

Thus  the  overflow  from  New  Sweden  has  reached 
and  benefited  all  our  sister  states.     In  fact  the  estab- 


14d  jrAINE    iriSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

lishinent  of  this  little  colony  of  Swedes  in  the  woods 
of  jM.'iine  twenty-five  years  ago  turned  a  rill  from  the 
stream  of  Swedish  immigration,  which  befoi'e  all  flowed 
west,  upon  New  England,  and  added  a  fresh  element 
of  good,  northern  blood  to  (j^very  New   England  state. 

And  Swedish  immigration  has  benefited  Maine  in 
other  ways  besides  the  direct  addition  of  several  thou- 
sand Swedes  to  our  population. 

The  best  part  of  the  fertile  town,  of  New  Sweden, 
was  run  out  into  lots  in  1861.  For  nine  years  Maine 
offered  these  lots  to  settlers.  The  offer  was  made 
under  our  settling  laws,  which  did  not  require  the  pay- 
ment of  a  dollar,  only  the  performance  of  a  certain 
amount  of  road  labor  and  other  settling  duties,  which 
made  the  lot  virtually  a  gift  from  the  State  to  the 
settler.  Yet  not  a  lot  was  taken  up.  Until  the 
advent  of  the  Swedes  no  one  was  found  willing  to 
accept  his  choice  of  the  lots  in  this  town  as  a  gift,  pro- 
vided he  was  required  to  make  his  home  upon  it. 

The  opinion  of  many  in  the  vicinity  upon  the  wis- 
dom of  the  Swedes  in  settling  here  was  pointedly 
expressed  by  a  good  citizen  of  Caribou.  Walking  out 
of  the  woods  with  him,  in  July,  1870,  a  few  days  after 
the  arrival  of  the  first  colony,  I  expatiated,  no  doubt 
with  enthusiasm,  upon  the  magnificent  results  which 
to  my  niind  must  flow  from  the  enterprise.  The 
gentleman  listened  to  me  patiently  till  I  had  finished, 
then  turning  squarely  upon  me  in.  the  road,  he 
said : 

"  Mr.  Thomas,  you  may  say  what  you  like,  but  I 
don't  suppose  there  are  bottles  enough  in  that  colony 


THE    STOUY    OF    NKW    SWEDEN.  115 

to  hold  the  tears   those  poor,    deluded  creatures  wll! 
shed  before  their  first  year  is  out." 

And  Jiot  only  was  New  Sweden  without  a  settler  on 
the  mornint;  of  July  23,  1870,  but  several  of  the  lots 
in  the  northern  portion  of  Woodland  plantation,  wliich 
had  years  before  been  taken  up  by  settlers,  and  on 
which  clearings  had  been  made,  houses  built,  and  crops 
raised,  were  now  deserted  by  their  owners,  the  houses 
with  windows  and  doors  boarded  up,  and  the  clearings 
commencing  to  grow  up  again  to  forest.  Such  was 
the  condition  of  the  last  clearings  the  Swedish  colony 
passed  through  on  its  way  into  the  woods.  These 
clearings  are  now  settled  by  Swedes  and  smile  with 
abundant  harvests. 

The  American  pioneer  who  abandoned  the  clearing 
nearest  New  Sweden  was  happily  with  us  at  our  decen- 
nial celebration  in  1880,  and  joined  in  the  festivities 
with  wondering  eyes.  Mr.  George  F.  Turner  then 
told  me  of  his  attempt  to  settle  in  the  Maine  woods. 
He  came  from  Augusta  in  the  spring  of  1861,  and  took 
up  lot  No.  7,  in  Woodland.  Here  he  built  a  house  and 
barn,  and  cleared  thirty-tive  acres  of  land.  But  there 
were  no  roads.  If  his  wife  wished  to  visit  the  village, 
he  was  forced  to  haul  her  through  the  woods  on  a 
sled  even  in  summer.  No  new  settlers  came  in.  His 
nearest  neighbors,  Dominicus  Harmon  and  Frank 
Record,  left  their  places  and  moved  out  to  Caribou. 
Still  he.  held  on  for  two  more  years,  alone  in  the  woods. 
At  last  in  the  fall  of  1868,  he  abandoned  the  clearing 
where  he  had  toiled  for  seven  long  years,  and  moved 
out  to  civilization. 
Vol.  VII.        11 


146  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIKTY. 

"  I  left,"  said  Mr.  Turner,  "  because  in  the  judgment 
of  everyone,  there  was  no  prospect  for  the  settlement 
of  this  region.  The  settlers  around  me  were  ubandon- 
inc^  their  clearin<<s.  Everyone  said  1  was  a  fool  to 
stay,  and  I  at  last  thought  so  myself,  and  left.  Little 
did  I  expect  to  see  this  day." 

The  tide  of  settlement  was  ebbing  away  from  our 
northern  woods,  when  a  wave  from  across  the  Atlantic 
turned  the  ebb  to  flood.  It  has  been  flood  tide  ever 
since. 

With  the  founding  of  New  Sweden,  our  state  recov- 
ered from  the  check  in  her  career  and  again  took  up 
her  onward  march.  From  1870  to  1880  Maine  increased 
22,021  in  population  ;  from  1880  to  1800,    12,150. 

And  it  is  worthj^  of  note  that  more  than  one-half  of 
the  increase  of  the  entire  state  in  both  these  decades 
has  been  in  the  county  where  lies  our  Swedish  settle- 
ment. Not  only  this,  but  the  towns  of  Aroostook 
County  that  exhibit  the  most  marked  progress,  are 
those  lying  nearest  New  Sweden. 

Woodland,  the  adjoining  town  to  the  south,  in  1870, 
numbered  174  inhabitants,  in  1890,  885 — an  increase 
of  over  400  per  cent. 

Perham  to  the  southwest,  in  1870,  numbered  79 
citizens,  in  1890,  438  —  an  increase  of  more  than  450 
per  cent.    " 

Caribou  to  the  southeast,  the  town  which  has  ever 
been  the  center  for  the  trade  of  our  Swedish  settlers, 
and  which  perhaps  has  reaped  the  greatest  advantages 
from    their  settlement — Caribou    in  1870   numbered 


THE    STOKV    OF    NEW    SWEDEN.  I'l? 

1,410  iiihabiuiiits.  In  1800,  it  had  grown  to  4,087, 
—  an  increase  of  no  less  than  2,G77  in  popnUition.  And 
with  this  increase  Caribon  became  the  Largest  town  in 
Aroostook  County. 

The  founding  of  New  Sweden  in  the  back  woods  of 
Maine  called  the  attention  of  our  own  country,  as  well 
as  Sweden,  to  our  state,  its  resources  and  advantages. 
The  fdcs  of  the  land  office  show  that  in  addition  to 
the  Swedish  immigration,  American  settlers  upon  our 
wild  lands  increased  in  1871,  the  first  year  after  the 
arrival  of  the  Swedes,  more  than  300  per  cent. 

When  ttie  Swedes  lirst  entered  our  woods  there 
was  not  a  mile  of  railroad  in  Aroostook  Count}'.  The 
nearest  point  reached  by  a  railroad  was  some  seventy 
miles  distant  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick.  The 
journey  from  Portland  to  Caribou  then  took  three  days. 
It  can  now  be  accomplished  by  rail  in  ten  hours.  Two 
railroads  now  run  into  Caribou,  but  I  seriously  doubt 
if  there  would  be  a  foot  of  railroad  in  northern  Aroos- 
took to-day  had  it  not  been  for  the  impetus  given  to 
that  region  by  New  Sw^eden. 

One  special  instance  amonp;  many  may  be  given  of 
the  influence  exerted  by  our  Swedish  settlement.  Mr. 
Albe  Holmes,  a  potato  starch  manufacturer  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  induced  to  visit  Aroostook  County  in 
1870,  by  reading  a  newspaper  notice  of  New  Sweden. 
He  put  in  operation  the  first  potato  starch  factory  in 
Aroostook  at  Caribou  in  1872.  These  factories  quickly 
increased.  There  are  to-day  in  Aroostook  County  no 
less  than  41  starch  factories,  with  a  yearly   output  of 


148  MAINE    IHSTOIMCAL    SOCIETY. 

8,000  tons  of  starch,  worth  $500,000  ;  wliile  the  raising 
of  potatoes  and  tlieir  manufacture  into  starch  have 
grown  to  be  anion^-  the  chief  infUistrios  of  tlie  county. 

On  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  last  June  —  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  sailing  the  first  little  colony 
from  the  mother  country — New  Sweden  celebrated 
her  Quarter-Centennial  jubilee.  The  exercises  were 
held  in  one  of  '^  Gods  first  temi)les,"  a  irrove  of  irit^an- 
tic  rock  maples.  Some  four  thousand  people  took  part 
in  the  festivities.  The  American  and  Swedish  flags 
hung  in  the  great  open  air  auditorium.  There  was  music 
by  the  Swedish  band,  and  singing  by  the  Swedish  choir, 
an  address  of  welcome  b}'  Pastor  Xorberg,  an  oration 
by  the  founder  of  the  colony,  and  many  speeches  by 
both  Americans  and  Swedes.  The  whole  coucludino* 
■with  a  sumptuous  banquet  in  the  grove. 

On  that  summer  day,  New  Sweden  paused  a  moment 
to  rejoice  over  the  work  already  done.  On  that  day 
also  New  Sweden  gave  an  account  of  her  stewardship, 
and  showed  the  results  of  twenty-five  years'  hard 
work  —  results  achieved  by  the  never-flagging  indus- 
try, the  rigid  economy,  the  virtue,  faith,  and  hope 
of  our  Swedish  brethren. 

To  their  American  visitors  —  to  the  State  of  Maine, 
the  Swedes  may  proudly  say,  '•'  Si  monumeniuin 
quaeris,  circinnsjnce.''  New  Sweden  stands -to-day  a 
monument  of  what  can  be  accomplished  in  the  wilder- 
ness of  Maine  by  strong  arms  and  brave  hearts  in  the 
short  space  of  quarter  of  a  hundred  years. 


THE    STOKY    OF    NKW    j;  WE  DEN.  149 

And  the  good  accoinplh^licd  by  New  Sweden  will 
not  stop  with  it<  twenty-fiftli  anniversary,  nor  cease 
\vith  this  year  of  grace  IS'Jo.  This  successful  Swedish 
colony  will  go  on  and  fully  accomplish  its  mission. 
It  will  continue  to  push  out  into  the  great  Maine  forests 
to  the  north  and  west,  and  convert  township  after  town- 
ship into  well-tilled  flirms  and  thriving  villages.  It 
will  continue  to  attract  to  all  sections  of  our  state  the 
best  of  immigrants  —  the  countrymen  of  John  Erics- 
son, and  the  descendants  of  the  soldiers  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  and  the  "■  boys  in  blue"  of  Charles  XII. — 
and  throughout  the  future  it  will  confer  upon  Maine 
those  numerous  and  important  advantages  which  a 
steadily  growing  agricultural  and  industrial  population 
is  sure  to  bestow  upon  a  commonwealth. 

APPENDIX. 

THE   FIRST   SETTLERS. 

List  of  the  twenty-two  men  of  the  first  Swedish 
colonj^  who.  sailed  from  Sweden  with  Hon.  W.  W. 
Thomas,  Jr.,  June  25,  1870,  together  with  the  lots 
upon  which  they  settled,  in  the  township  of  New 
Sweden,  and  the  adjoining  Plantation  of  Woodland. 

Nicholas  P.  Clas/:,  Lot  No.  135,         New  Sweden. 

Nils  Olsson, 

Cakl  Voss,    ' 

Gottlieb  T.  Pilts, 

Oscar  G.  W.  Lindbeeg, 

Jons  Perssox, 

sven  svenssox, 

Karl  G.   Harleman, 


Lot  No. 

,  135, 

((     (( 

115, 

{(     (( 

111>2, 

((     (( 

114, 

u       u 

IU}4, 

u      u 

116, 

((       (( 

117, 

((          (C 

118, 

Lot  Xo. 

12V4, 

N 

"c\v 

S 

we'len. 

(( 

(( 

133, 

ii 

C( 

a 

t( 

134, 

{( 

(( 

r                          Ct 
'» 

(( 

135>^, 
13G, 

<( 

(( 

137, 

a 

n 

l( 

(( 

138, 

« 

(( 

U 

(< 

138)^, 

<( 

l( 

Lot  Lcttei 

A, 

Woodland. 

li       li 

B, 

(C 

u          n 

c, 

(( 

((               (C 

13, 

tt 

((          c; 

K, 

{( 

((          (( 

f! 

(( 

150  JfAINE   mSTOKTCAL    SOCIETY. 

Jannk  L.  LAU)n:Lr., 
Trl'ls  Pkussox, 
Nils  Pkkssox, 

Ol.OF    G.    MoilELL, 

JoHAX  Fetter  Jouaxsson, 
AxDKRS  Johansson, 
Anders  Svensson, 
Olof  Olsson, 

Pehr  Pettersson, 
Solomon  Jofiansson, 
Jonas   Bodin, 
Jonas  Bodin  Jr., 
Frans  R.  W.  Plank. 
Jacob  Johansson, 

TUE   PI,AXTAriOX   OF   NE'.V    SWEDEN. 

Early  in  March,  1876,  some  thirty  of  the  first  com- 
ers in  the  colony  were  naturalized  by  the  Supreme 
Court  sitting  in  Houlton,  and  on  April  G,  1876,  New 
Sweden  was  legally  organized  into  a  plantation.  An 
election  was  held,  and  officers  chosen  the  same  day. 
The  following  were  the  first  officers  of  the  Plantation 
of  New  Sweden  : 

Nils  Olsson,  'J 

Gabriel  Gabrielson,  V Assessors. 

Pehr  O.  Juhlen,         j 

Carl  J.  Tornqvist,  Clerk. 

Truls  Persson,  Treasurer,  Collector  and  Constable. 

John  Borgeson,  "j 

John  P.  Jacobsson,    v  School  Comfnittee. 

Petter  Petterson,  j 

THE  town  of   new   SWEDEN. 

New  Sweden  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  January 
29,  1895.     The  first  town  election  was  held  on  March 


COL.    EDMUND    1'IIINNEY's    REGIMENT    OF    FOOT.  151 

6,  1895,  and   the   fi>lIowing  persons  were   elected  the 
first  officers  of  the  Town  of  New  Sweden  : 

La  us  P.  Laksont,  "j 

Ola  n.  NELStix,    V  Selectmen. 

Caul  G,  Ekman,  J 

Axel  H.  Tohxquist,  Toxcn   Clerk. 

Pkiir  O.  .Tuhlix,  Treasurer. 

Anders  Nelson,  Collector  and  Constable. 

Erik  Ringdahl,  Constable. 

Michael  IT.  Norberg,  Sup't,  ^ 
Frank  O.  Landgrane,  Clerk, 

*  '  k.  School  Committee. 

Lars  Lundvall,  ♦ 

Carl  J.  Johansox, 

Alfred  A,  Anderson, 


Carl  G.  Ekmax,  i   ^,         ,  ^^. 

'  (   Iruant  Oncers. 

Ola  II.   Nelson,  \ 


HISTORY    OF   COL.   EDMUND    PHINNEY'S 
31ST  REGIMENT  OF    FOOT. 

THE    FIRST    REGIMENT    RAISED    IN    THE     COL'NTY    OF    CUMBERLAND 
IX    THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 

BY   NATHAN   GOOLD. 

Read  beofre  the  Maitie  Historical  Society.,  November  22,  1895. 

[concluded.] 

The  first  important  event  after  the  arrival  of  the 
regiment  at  Cambridge  was  the  burning  of  Boston 
lighthouse  by  our  troops  to  prevent  British  warships 
from  corainir  into  the  harbor.     At  that  time  the  har- 


152  MAINE    HISTOinCAL    SOCIKTY. 

bor  was  full  of  the  enemy's  vessels  which  annoyed  our 
army  with  their  guns,  but  to  the  i-elief  of  our  soldiers 
eleven  sailed  away  July  24  Of  course  in  an  undis- 
ciplined army  like  this,  there  was  a  great  deal  of 
anxiety  and  excitement ;  consequently  they  wei-e  often 
alarmed,  called  to  quarters,  and  sometimes  slept  on 
their  arms  for  fear  of  a  sudden  attack. 

About  one  o'clock  July  31,  there  was  an  alarm,  all 
the  drums  beat  to  arms  and  this  regiment  turned  out 
and  manned  Fort  No  2.  The  British  marched  out  to 
Roxbury,  burned  a  house  and  barn,  but  our  soldiers 
uiove  uiem  uacR  into  Boston.  A  lad,  about  sixteen, 
who  belonged  to  the  Marblehead  regiment,  was  killed. 
The  enemy  kept  up  a  continual  firing  with  cannon 
and  small  arms  until  morning.  The  British  having  re- 
built Boston  light,  our  soldiers  destroyed  it  the  second 
time.  The  same  day  Gen.  Gage  sent  out  a  flag  of 
truce  for  a  cessation  of  hostilities  for  six  days,  which 
was  not  granted  and  the  rambling  battle  went  on,  our 
army  strengthening  their  works  in  the  meantime. 

About  the  first  of  August  Morgan's  riflemen  com- 
menced to  arrive  in  camp  from  the  South  and  attracted 
considerable  attention.  They  came  in  detachments 
and  were  very  expert  marksmen.  Their  uniform 
consisted  of  white  or  drab  linen  or  cotton  huntinc;- 
shirts  with  pants  of  the  same  material,  trimmed  with 
the  same  cloth  raveled  out,  making  a  kind  of  fringe. 
They  wore  skull  caps  trimmed  with  the  same  fringe, 
and  altogether  their  appearance  was  very  striking. 
They  had  marched,  it  has  been  stated,  six  hundred 
miles  in  twenty-one  days  (which   was   on  an  average 


COL.   EDMUND    PHINNEY'S    REGIMENT    OF    FOOT.  1^)3 

about  iweuty-eiglit  and  one-half  miles  per  day),  to  aid 
our  forefathers,  proved  themselves  brave  and  fearless 
patriots,  and  became  the  sharpshooters  of  the  army. 

Our  regiment,  in  August,  was  under  fire  almost 
every  day. 

Sundays  the  regiment  attended  religious  worship 
and  generally  had  a  sermon  preached.  Parson  Eph- 
raim  Clark,  of  Cape  Elizabeth,  went  to  Cambridge  and 
remained  ^'  a  spell"  in  the  latter  part  of  August  and 
the  eai-ly  part  of  September,  encouraging  the  soldiers 
and  conducting-  their  meetings. 

iVJany  citizens  oi  i-aimoULU  visiied  tiie  ai'iiiy  at 
Cambridge,  bringing  letters  and  messages  to  the 
soldiers.  Some  of  these  visitors  served  as  substitutes 
for  their  friends,  allowing  them  to  visit  their  homes 
for  a  few  days. 

Among  those  who  visited  the  regiment  from  Fal- 
mouth were  Peter  Warren,  Enoch  Ilsley,  Richard 
Codman,  Joseph  H.  Ingraham,  Brackett  Marston, 
Enoch  Moody,  John  Archer,  Benjamin  Titcomb,  Jacob 
Adams,  Zebulon  Bishop,  Paul  Cammett,  Stephen 
Tukey,  Aaron  Chamberlain,  Benjamin  Mussy,  Mr. 
Randall,  William  Owen,  Nicholas  Hodges,  John 
Thrasher,  John  Frothingham,  Amos  Lunt,  Joseph 
Berry,  Dr.  Lowther,  John  Rolfe,  Cutting  Noyes  and 
Thomas  Saunders. 

August  twenty-second  was  probably  remembered  for 
a  long  time  by  the  men  of  the  regiment  because  they 
were  that  day  mustered  and  Enoch  Ilsley  of  Falmouth 
"treated"  the  entire  regiment.  This  was  not  a  treat 
of  champagne,  but  probably  good  old  New  England 
rum. 


154  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETy. 

Lieut.  York,  of  Capt.  Bnidisli's  company,  with 
thirty-seven  men  mounted  guard  at  Gen.  Washing- 
ton's headquarters,  now  the  Longfellow  house  at 
Cambridge,  September  IG.  This  was  probably  a 
proud  day  for  these  soldiers  from  Falmouth  Neck. 
The  next  day  Messrs.  Owen  and  Burns  came  from  Fal- 
mouth with  clothing  for  the  soldiers,  which  was  much 
needed  to  make  them  comfortable. 

During  September  some  of  the  men  of  the  regiment 
enlisted  to  man  the  floating  batteries,  and  some  of  Capt. 
Bradisli's  company  guarded  Dr.  Church  ;  and  Novem- 
ber 15,  the  record  says,  that  this  regiment  "  took  Dr. 
Church  to  guard."  Dr.  Benjamin  Church,  Jr.,  was  an 
accomplished  physician,  poet  and  scholar  and  was  ap- 
pointed director  general  of  the  medical  sta'ff  after 
the  arrival  of  Washington.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  of  correspondence  and  the  Provincial 
Congress,  and  was  convicted  of  holding  secret  corres- 
pondence with  the  British,  informing  them  of  the 
movements  of  our  army.  He  was  exiled  and  the  ves- 
sel that  bore  him  towards  the  West  Indies  was  never 
heard  from.  This  was  a  famous  case  and  created 
great  excitement  at  the  time,  as  Dr.  Church  had  been 
a  trusted  officer  and  an  intimate  friend  of  the  leading 
patriots. 

From  the  journal  of  William  Moody,  a  soldier  in 
Capt.  Bradisli's  company,  we  make  the  following  ex- 
tracts in  regard  to  some  of  the  service  of  the  regi- 
ment. Mr.  Moody  served  several  years  in  the  army 
and  belongs  on  the  list  of  P'almouth  patriots.  He 
must  have  been  a  thoughtful  man  to  have  recorded 


COL.    KDMUND    rillNXKY'S    KKGIMENT    OF    FOOT.  155 

his  ob.servations  for  tlie  use  of  those  that  were  to  come 
after  him.  These  extiacts  give  arhlitional  information 
not  given  in  tlie  general  movements  of  the  regiment. 

July    IGtli,    Sunday.    Heard  a  large  firing  in  Boston  by  the  troops. 
"     17th,    Making    cartridges.       This    afternoon    was    fired    in 

Boston  by  the  shi[)ping  eleven  cannon, 
"     18th,    A  declaration    from   the    Continental  Congress  was 
read  on  Prospect  Mill. 

From  the  journal  of  Lieut.  Paul  Lunt  of  Newbury- 
port  we  have  a  fuller  account  of  the  above.  He 
wrote  : — 

A  manifesto  from  the  Grand  Continental  Congress  was  read 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Leonr.rd,  Chaplain  of  the  Conneticut  forces  on 
Prospect  Hill,  in  Charlestown,  to  those  troops  encamped  upon 
and  near  said  Hill.  Our  standard  was  presented  in  the  midst  of 
the  regiments  with  this  inscription  upon  it,  "  Appcalto  Heaven," 
after  which  Mr.  f^eonard  made  a  short  prayer,  and  then  we  were 
dismissed  by  a  discharge  of  a  cannon,  three  cheers  and  a  warhoop 
by  the  Indians. 

July  19th,   A    sergeant  of  the  Regulars'  guard  spoke  with  our 
sentry  with  a  message.     Gen.  Putnam  went  do^m 
to  the  lines  to  meet  Burgoyne. 
"     20th,   This  P.  M.,  was  fired  in  Boston  18  cannon. 
"      21st,    20  of  our  company  and  200    of  our  legiment  went 

over  to  Winter  Hill  to  entrench. 
"      22d,    Our    regiment    marched    to    Cambridge  Common    in 
order   to    pass   nmster.     The    money   not   being 
ready  adjourned  to  next  week. 
*'      23d,    Last  night  about  12  oclock,   there  was  an  alarm  and 
our  regiment  mustered  and  turned  out,  doubled 
our  guard  and  laid  upon  our  arms  all  night. 
"     24th,    Our  regiment  went   upon    Winter  Hill  to    work  en- 
trenching and  from  there  to  Mystic  to  make  gab- 
buns  (gabions)  this  afternoon. 


156  MAINE    IIISTOniCAL    SOCIKTY. 

July  25th,    They  were  rniisU*re<l  and  jiaid  off.     Last  night  a  man 

■was  killed  on  Prospect  Hill  by  suaj)])iug  a  gun 

carelessly. 
*'     28th,   Yestenlay  a  ship  fired  a  cannon  and   killed  an   indian 

at  Hoxbury. 
"     30tb,    Some  ritiemen  -went  down  to  keep  sentry  last  night. 

They  killed  5   or  6   Regulars  and   the    Captain. 

Tlie  Regulars  firing  all  the  forenoon  by  divisions. 
"      31st,    Our  people  took  25  Regulars  and  12  Tories  and  car- 
ried tiiera  to  Worcester. 
Aug,      Ist,    Our  people  hoisted  a  liberty  pole*  on  Prospect  Hill 

and  a   flag  upon  it.     Fired   a  24  pounder  at  the 

shin  but  did  nodamap-e. 
"        3d,    Firing  cannon  from  a  floating  battery. 
*'       4th,    Last  night  700  men  went  from  Roxbury  to  entrench 

on  the  Neck.     Four  of  our  men  enlisted   to  man 

a  whaleboat. 
"       7th,   Last  night  the    regulars  landed  at  Chelsea,    150  in 

in  number,  and  burnt  a  house  and  stack  of  hay. 

Our  people  fired  13  cannon  at    thera    and   drove 

them  back. 
"       9th,   The    Hitlemen    took    8  Regulais  on  Roxbury  Neck 

this  P.  M. 
*'     12th,    Tweuty-one  cmnon  fired  at  Castle  William. 
"     13th,    Last  night  3  regulars  ran  away  from  Boston. 
**     16th,   Last  night  a  man  swam  out  of  Boston  to  our  sentry 

at  Lechmere  Point.     Short  allowance. 
"     25th,    W^e  heard  Gage  was  coming  out  to-day.     Firing  in 

Boston  by  Divisions.      We  heard    firing  by  the 

sentry    on    Ploughed    Hill.     A  ship  an-ived    and 

they  fired  24  cannon. 
"     26th,   Four  men  belonging  to  G-ige's  floating  battery  swam 

to  Chelsea.     They  fired   cannon   and  small  arms 

at  them    but  did  not  hurt  them. 

^TliU  liberty  pole  was  a  mast  that  came  out  of  a  achoouer  that  was  burned  at 
Chelsea,  and  was  seveutj'Siix  feet  high. 


COL.    EDMUXD    rillNNEV'S    liEGIMENT   OF    FOOT.  157 

Aug.  27tli,    The  Ivegiilai-s  began  to  fire  on  Ploughefl  Hill  from 
Bunker    Hill     and    ibe    lloatiiig    ballorics    ^vitb 
their  cannon.     Killed  one  Adjt.  one  private  and 
one  indian.     Wounded  a  KiUeman  in  tlie  log. 
•'     30tb,    Several  bombs  thrown  onto  I'loughed  Hill. 
"      31st,   Last   nicrht   and   this   morning   the  Reirulars  threw 
borab>?   into  tlie  breast-works  on  Ploughed  Hill. 
Sixty-three  of  our  i egiment  Avent  over  to  Ploughed 
Hill  to  keep  sentry. 
Sept.      1st,    Bombs    thrown     on     Ploughed     Hill.     Cannonaded 
Roxbury.     Killed  of  the  enemy  5.     2  of  ours. 
"       2nd,    Killed  one  of  our  men  on  Ploughed  Hill. 

"      11th,   Took  6  regulars  and  brought  them  to    headquarters. 

"      21st,    The  enemy  bombarded  all  day. 

"       23d,   25  aien  drummed  out  of  service  from  Marblehead. 

«      29th,    Lieut.  York,  with  8  men  out   of   our   company  to 
go  in  the  floating  battery. 
Oct.     2ud,    We  put  up  a  liberty  pole,  hoisted  a  flag  and  fired  a 
gun. 

"  3d,  Yesterday  60  men  drafted  to  try  the  boats,  over- 
loaded one  boat,  came  near  sinking  her. 

"  4th,  A  sergt.  from  the  Regulars  ran  away  and  brought 
his  halbcrt  and  £30,  with  him. 

"      31st,   Digging  well  for  the  barracks. 
Nov.     5th,    They    sent    from    Falmouth    for    the    regiment    to 
come  there.     (This  was  on  account  of  the  alarm  of 
November  1.) 

"  9th,  About  1500  Gageites  landed  at  Lechmere  Point  to 
steal  cattle.  Our  people  resisted  and  had  an  en- 
gagement which  lasted  an  hour.^ 

"  23d,  This  morning  we  hoisted  a  large  new  flag  on 
Prospect  Hill. 

>Oa  account  of  the  high  tide  at  that  time,  our  soldiers  were  oblidged  to  resist 
the  British  standing  in  the  water  up  to  their  waists. 


158  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

The  author  of  this  diary  when  writing  "Regulars" 
meant  the  British  soldiers,  "Gnge"  was  the  British 
general  and  the  "  Riflemen  "must  have  been  the  Moj-- 
gan  Riflemen. 

When  the  British  ship  Cerberus,  that  had  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  ])unker  Hill,  came  and  threat- 
ened Falmouth  Neck,  November  1, 1775,  Enoch  Moody, 
chairman  of  the  town  committee,  wrote  Gen.  Wash- 
ington under  date  of  November  2,  informing  him  of 
the  arrival  of  that  man-of-war,  with  four  hundred  men 
on  board,  and  asked  for  "  a  pei'son  of  martial  spirit'' 
to  take  command  of  the  defense  of  'the  town.  Prob- 
ably on  receipt  of  the  letter  Col.  Phinney  was  ordered 
to  Falmouth  Neck,  and  arrived  before  November  6, 
and  took  command  until  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Joseph 
Frye,  November  25,  w4io  had  been  assigned  to  this 
station.  The  committee  requested  that  Col.  Phin- 
ney's  regiment  be  ordered  to  Falmouth,  but  that  re- 
quest was  not  granted. 

Col.  Phinney,  while  in  command  at  Falmouth,  re- 
ceived the  following  letter  from  Gen.  Washington, 
.which  manifests  the  anxiety  he  felt  for  the  safety  of 
the  town.  Falmouth  Neck,  now  Portland,  was  in- 
debted to  Col.  Phinney  for  his  services  during  this 
alarm,  and  his  presence  probably  allayed  the  fears  of 
the  inhabitants. 

Cambridge,  Xov.  6,  1775. 
Sir  :  Having  received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Euoch  Moody 
chairman  of  tlie  committe  of  Falniouili  that  the  inhabitants  of 
that  town  are  greatly  alarmed  by  the  arrival  of  the  Cerberus 
man  of  war  and  are  under  great  apprehensions  that  some  of  the 
King's  troops  will  be  landed  there,  it  is  my  desire  that  you  raise 


COL.   EDMUND    nilXNEV's    KEaniENT    OF    FOOT.  159 

all  the  force  you  o;ui  and  give  the  Town  any  assistance  in  yonr 
power.  Tlie  difliculty  of  removing  troops  after  they  have  tnaile 
a  lodgement  or  got  possession  of  a  ])lac'e  is  too  obvious  to  be 
mentioned.  Yon  will  tlierefore  use  every  possible  method  to 
prevent  their  effecting  that  or  penetrating  into  the  country,  un- 
til you  have  further  orders. 

I  am  sir  your  very  humble  een'ant 

Geo.  WASiiixGToy. 
To  Col.  Edmund  Phiuney  at  Falmouth. 

Probably  after  the  ari'ival  of  Gen.  Frye,  November 
25,  Co).  Phinney  joined  his  regiment  at  Cambridge, 
informed  the  anxious  soldiers  what  the  situation  was 
on  Jb'ahnoutii  iNeck,  how  the  town  had  narrowly  es- 
caped another  attack,  and  but  for  the  brave  yeomanry 
of  Falmouth  and  vicinity,  who  decided  to  defend  the 
ruins  of  the  town  to  the  bitter  end,  the  entire  settle- 
ment might  have  been  destroyed. 

The  question  ''  Will  the  Yankies  fight  ?"  was  settled 
at  Bunker  Hill,  and  ever  afterwards  the  British  res- 
pected their  presence  '.  so  the  commander  of  the  Cer- 
berus, with  the  lesson  he  learned  there,  decided  it  was 
safest  to  sail  away.  Falmouth  people  had  also  learned 
a  lesson  ;  the  experience  was  the  most  bitter  for  them  ; 
but  the  patriots  then  and  there  decided  that  they 
never  would  again  stand  idly  by  and  let  a  British  ship 
burn  their  town  without  some  resistance. 

In  the  latter  part  of  November,  Capt.  Manley  cap- 
tured the  British  ship  London,  bound  for  Boston, 
havinpr  on  board  twentv-five  hundred  stands  of  arms  a 
ninnber  of  cannon  and  some  mortars,  including  the 
thirteen-inch  brsiss  mortar  "  Congress."  This  was  a 
fortunate    capture    for  our  cause.     It  is  related  that 


ICO  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

when  the  brass  mortar  arrived  in  camp  that  tliere  was 
great  rejoicing.  It  was  placed  on  its  bed  on  Cam- 
bridge Common,  and  '*'  Old  Put  mounted  astride  with 
a  bottle  of  rum  in  his  hand,  stood  pai-son,  while  God- 
father ^Jifilin  crave  it  the  name  Contirress."  Milllin 
was  quartermaster-general  of  the  army.  The  mortar 
was  eventually  placed  at  Lechmere's  Point  and  burst  at 
the  second  or  third  firing,  in  the  bombardment  of 
Boston  in  March,  1776.  About  a  week  after  the  above 
capture,  another  vessel  was  taken  loaded  with  cloth- 
ing for  the  king's  troops  which  was  another  help  to 
the  Americans. 

In  this  campaign,  Gen.  Washington  had  done  all  he 
could  to  organize  and  discipline  the  army  and  cause 
the  British  to  evacuate  Boston,  but  was  afraid  to  bringr 
on  a  decisive  battle  with  his  army  in  such  a  destitute 
condition,  and  seeing  the  season  passing  with  no  prog- 
ress he  was  much  disturbed  in  his  mind.  He  wrote  a 
letter  to  Congress  under  date  of  September  20,  1775, 
from  which  the  following  extract  is  taken  : — 

It  gives  me  great  distress  to  oblige  roe  to  solicit  the  attention 
'of  the  honorable  Congrtss  to  the  state  of  this  army,  in  terms 
■which  inijiiy  the  slightest  aj)prehension  of  being  neglected.  But 
my  situation  \b  inexpressably  distressing,  to  see  winter  fast 
approaching  upon  a  nakeil  army;  the  time  of  tlieir  service  within 
a  few  weeks  of  expiring;  and  no  provissioti  yet  made  for  such 
iraportiuit  events.  Added  to  these,  the  military  che^t  is  totally 
exhausted  :  tht^  T'ayiiMster  has  not  a  single  dollar  in  hand.  The 
Commissary  General  assures  me  he  has  strained  his  credit  for 
the  subsistance  ot"  the  army  to  the  utmost.  The  Quartermaster 
General  is  in  precisely  the  sime  situation  ;  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  troops  are  in  a  state  not  far  from  mutiny  upon  a  ileduction 
from  their  stated  allowance. 


COL.    EDMUND    FHINNEY'S    Ki:GIMf:NT    OF    FOOT.  IGl 

Gen.  Washington,  in  this  letter,  described  the  exact 
h'ituation,  but  many  in  the  coh)nies  were  disj;ati>fied 
because  .so  Httle  had  been  acconipUshed,  which  was 
perfectly  natural,  but  tliey  were  not  fiimiliar  with  the 
embarassments  that  surrounded  Washington,  or  they 
would  not  have  ex])rcssed  themselves  in  the  manner 
they  did.  Jolm  Adams,  tlicn  in  Philadelphia,  getting 
uneasy  at  the  apparent  inaction  of  the  army,  wrote 
Merc}'^  Warren  in  November,  that  Mrs.  Washington 
was  going  to  Cambridge,  and  he  hoped  she  might 
prove  to  have  ambition  enough  for  her  husband's  glory 
to  give  occasion  to  the  Lord  to  have  mercy  on  the 
souls  of  Howe  and  Buro'ovne.  Martha  Washino-ton 
arrived  in  Cambridge  December  11,  1775. 

The  Continental  Congress,  in  November  1775, 
authorized  the  raising  of  a  regular  army  of  Contin- 
entals for  one  year's  service  from  January  1,  1776, 
although  urged  to  make  their  term  longer.  This 
army  consisted  of  one  regiment  of  artillery  and  twen- 
ty-six regiments  of  foot  or  infantry.  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Continental  army,  the  birthday  being 
January  1,  1770,  and  their  time  to  expire  December 
31,  of  the  same  year.  These  regiments  were  num- 
bered from  one  to  twenty-seven,  but  are  known  better 
by  their  colonel's  name. 

Gen.  Washington,  in  organizing  the  Continental 
army,  recommended  Col.  Edmund  Phinney  as  a 
suitable  man  to  be  colonel  of  one  of  the  new  regi- 
ments, and  he  received  his  commission  as  the  colonel 
of  the  18th  Continental  regiment.  He  enlisted  the 
same  field  and  staff  officers  that  had  served  with  him 
Vol.  VIL        12 


162     ^  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

in  the  31st  regiment,  but  there  were  many  changes  in 
in  the  company  oflicers  and  men.  The  new  regiment 
consisted  of  but  eight  companies,  while  the  old  regi- 
ment had  ten,  wliich  was  the  organization  decided 
upon  probably  b}'  Washington,  and  they  were  mus- 
tered into  service  January  1,  1776,  on  which  date  was 
raised  the  Federal  flag,  the  first  over  the  American 
camp,  which  consisted  of  thirteen  stripes  and  a  Brit- 
ish union. 

About  December  31,  1775,  the  men  of  the  31st 
regiment  were  discharged  from  the  service  and  those 
that  had  not  re-enlisted  returned  to  their  homes. 
Many  of  the  soldiers  v;ho  had  re-enlisted  w^ere  given 
furloughs  to  visit  their  homes  to  arrange  their  affairs 
before  the  opening  of  another  campaign.  This  regi- 
ment retired  from  the  service  with  credit  to  itself  and 
to  the  District  of  Maine  which  it  represented. 

These  early  regiments  represented  the  pure  patri- 
otism of  the  people,  they  had  no  bounties,  furnished 
their  arms  and  equipments  and  were  anxious  to  strike 
the  first  blow  for  their  country's  liberty.  They  were 
used  to  hardship,  and  fear  w\as  unknown  to  them. 
The  older  men  Avere  used  to  warfare,  as  they  had 
been  accustomed  from  their  earliest  boyhood  to 
defend  their  homes  against  a  savage  foe,  and  many 
had  been  at  Louisburg  with  Sir  William  Pepperell, 
or  had  heard  their  fathers  tell  of  the  wonderful  suc- 
cess of  that  ex])edition.  These  brave  men  had 
resolved  when  they  entered  the  army  that  they 
would  have  liberty  if  it  had  to  be  purchased  by  their 
own    blood,    and  it  must  have  been  with  feelings  of 


COL.    EDMUND    PHINNEY's    lIECilMENT    OE   FOOT.  1G3 

regret    that    lliis    regiment   slioiild    leave   tlie  service 
■with  so  little  accoin})lislied. 

When  this  regiment  retired  there  were  but  nine 
thonsand  troops  in  the  service.  They  were  confronted 
by  <a  powerful  enemy,  and  Lossing  says  in  sunmiinii  up 
the  situation  at  this  time,  ••  The  disastrous  campaign 
at  the  north  deepened  the  gloom  that  brooded  over  the 
colonists  and  the  year  1775  closed  without  much  hope 
for  the  success  of  the  Americans." 


"A  Muster  Roll  of  the  Field  and  Staff  Officers  in  yc  Regiment  of 
F'oot  (31st)  in  ye  Colony  service  to  the  first  of  August,  1775." 

Entekkd  Service. 
Edmund  Phinnej',  Colonel,  April  24,  1775. 

Sainuel  March,  Lieut.  Col.,  "      24,      " 

Jacob  Brown,  Major,  "      24,      " 

George  Smith,  Adjt.,  May    7,      " 

Moses  Banks,  Qr.  Master,  "      7,      " 

Stephen  Swett,  Surgeon,  "      7,      " 

Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  26,  page  272. 

Col.  Edmund  Phi>-ney. 

Col.  Phinney  was  of  good  Pilgrim  and  fighting  stock.  His  father, 
grandfather,  great-grandfather,  and  great-great  grandfather  v/ere  all 
named  John  Phinney.  The  earliest  John  Phinney  was  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  before  103S.  Col.  Phinney's  grandfather  was  a  soldier  in  the 
Swamp  Fight  in  the  King  Philip  war  in  1075.  His  father,  Capt.  John 
Phinney,  came  from  Barnstable,  Mass.,  to  Falmouth,  and  was  the  lirst 
settler  of  Gorham,  Me.,  May  2!i,  1736.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war,  and  was  "  a  man  of  sagacitj-,  steadiness,  courage  and 
integrity." 

Col.  Phinney's  mother  was  Martha  Coleman.  He  was  born  at  Barn- 
stable, July  27,  172.3;  came  with  his  father  to  Gorham  and  felled  the 
lirst  tree  in  the  township,  which  was  a  large  bass  tree  on  the  site  of  his 
father's  house.  When  Col.  Phinney  was  a  young-  man  he  Avas  one 
evening  at  a  distance  froni  the  fort  in  pursuit  of  the  cows  when  a 
party  of  Indians  in  ambush  fired  upon  him,  and  four  balls  struck  him, 
breaking  his  arm  and  otherwise  severeU'  wounding  him.  He  saved 
his  gun  and  reached  the  fort.  He  went  to  Falmouth  accompanied  by 
Hugh  McLellan  and  Eliphalet  Watson  when  Dr.  Coilin  set  his  arm 
and  attended  to  his  wouud.'J  and  they  returned  home  the  next  ddv. 


1G4  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

CoJ.  Phinncy  wjis  n  sertrcant  in  Capi.  (icor^c  licrry's  conipany,  May 
19, 171(3  to  Jan.  \U,  1747,  also  in  Capt.  Daniel  iriil's  company  from  March 
to  December,  17 IS.  He  joined  llie  \\'indhani  cliuroh  l-'eb.  11,  1748,  but 
■was  dismis-sed  to  join  the  (iorham  chiuoh  Dec.  '2:i,  1750.  He  was  a  cajj- 
tain  in  Col.  Samuel  Waldo  Jr.'s  regiment  about  1701,  in  the  militia  in 
1772,  and  colonel  of  the  31.st  regiment  April  '24,  1775.  lie  was  commit^- 
sioncd  colonel  of  the  LSth  Continental  regiment  Jan.  1,  1770,  taking 
part  in  the  siege  of  Uoston  and  tlic  Ticonderoga  caininiign  of  177G, 
retiring  from  the  service  Dec.  31,  1770. 

Col.  I'hinney  enjoyed  the  oonfidenoeof  his  fellow  citizens  and  served 
them  as  selectman,  justice,  committee  of  safety,  member  of  Provin- 
cial Congress,  representative  to  the  'Jonoral  Court  and  ruling  elder 
of  the  Congregational  eliurch.  lie  was  a  zealous  patriot,  and  to  him 
everj-  man  was  for  our  liliertios  or  against  them,  and  he  wished  everj- 
Tory  banished  from  tlie  land. 

Col.   Phinney   married  first,  about  1751,  Elizabeth   ,  who  had 

•.  I^'.I  ^.l.ilJ. L.i.,  u.id  uI^J  AlIi;.  o,  ilVi.i,  aged  oi.vt^-ii\o  ^  ears.  He 
married  second,  Nov.  21,  179G,  Sarah  Stevens,  and  died  at  Gorham, 
Dec.  18,  180.'^,  aged  eighty-live  years,  a  respected  citizen.  He  was  a 
man  of  integrity,  unsullied  character  and  generous  hospitality,  and  an 
honor  to  the  town  he  served  so  long  and  well. 

LiEUT.-CoL.  Samuel  March. 

Lieut.-Col.  March  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  and  Elizabeth  (Small) 
March  of  Kittery;  married  Jan.  27,  1752,  Anna  Libby,  born  Nov.  17, 
17o4,  a  daughter  of  John  and  Keziah  (Hubbard)  Libb}-  of  Scarborough, 
and  thej  had  fourteen  children.  He  entered  the  service  in  this  regi- 
ment April  24,  1775,  and  was  also  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  18th  Conti- 
nental regiment  in  1776.  He  was  a  prominent  man  in  Scarborough, 
and  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress.  He  was  a  cordwainer  and 
later  an  innkeeper  near  Oak  Hill.  His  three  sous  served  in  the  Avar, 
and  four  of  his  duugliters  married  Kevohitiouary  soldiers.  He  died 
in  180-1. 

Maj.  Jacob  Bkowx. 

Maj.  Brown  belonged  in  North  Yarmouth  and  had  been  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Col.  Samuel  Waldo  Jr.'s  regiment  in  1704.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice in  this  regiment  April  24,  1775,  served  as  major  in  the  ISth  Conti- 
nental regiment  in  1770,  and  also  in  Col.  Jonathan  Mitchell's  regiment 
in  the  Bagaduce  expedition  in  1779.  He  married,  July  13,  1743,  Lydia 
Weare,  daughter  of  Capt.  Peter  and  Sarah  (Felt)  Weare. 

Adjt.  George  Smith. 

Adjt.  Smith  entered  the  service  in  this  regiment  May  7,  1775,  and 
served  in  tlie  same  capacity  in  Col.  Phinney's  isth  Continental  regi- 
ment in  177t3.  He  was  a  captain  in  Col.  Joseph  Yose's  1st  Massachu- 
setts regiment  Jan.  1,  1777,  and  resigned  May  3,  1779. 


COL.    KDMUNl)    I'lIINXKV's    Kl'.Gl.MENT    OF    FOOT.  \C,'} 

C^CAinKKMASTKlt   ilOSKS    Ba>"KS. 

Quartennaster  liaiiks  was  from  ScarlKH(m<rh,  and  was  a  surveyor 
He  onlered  the  service  in  this  regiment  Maj-  7,  1775,  and  served  in  ihc 
same  capacity  in  Col.  Pliinney's  istli  Continental  retrinient  until  July 
21,  177(3.  He  married  Nov.,  17.>4,  Phebe  Curtis,  untl  came  to  Scarho- 
rou^^h  about  1760.  lie  died  at  Saco,  Oct.  li,  l^-l'i,  aged  iiinetN'-one  years. 
Slxe  died  April  4,  1S14.     They  had  nine  children. 

SuRGEOiT  Stephen  S^VETT. 

Surgeon  Swett  came  from  Exeter,  N.  II.,  and  was  the  first  physician 
in  Gorham,  Me.  lie  married  before  he  came  to  Gorham,  Sarah,  who 
was  said  to  have  been  a  sister  to  Lieut  -Col.  Winborn  Adams  of  Dur- 
ham, N.  IT.,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Stillwater,  .Sept.  19,  1777. 
They  Jiad  six  children  at  Gorham  and  probably  lived  also  in  Otisfield, 
Bucklield  and  Windluuu.     He  entered  the  service  ^Iiy  7,  1775. 

CAPT.  DAVID  BKADISH'S  COMPANY. 

This  was  a  Falmouth  company  and  many  of  these  soldiers  became 
prominent  citizens  of  the  town  in  after  years.  Most  of  the  men  served 
in  other  regiments  and  several  became  commissioned  officers. 

Capt.  David  Bradish  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775,  as  captain,  and 
served  in  this  regiment  until  Dec.  ol,  1775.  He  was  commissioned 
major  Jan.  1,  1777,  in  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow's  15th  Massachusetts 
regiment,  and  resigned  July  21,  1777.  He  married  July  19,  1767,  Abi- 
gail Merrill,  and  died  in  1818. 

First  Lieut  Bartholomew  York  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775 
joined  the  ISth  Continental  regiment,  Jan.  1,  1776,  and  was  made  captain 
May  IS,  1776. 

Second  Lieut.  Paul  Ellis  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775,  and 
served  in  this  company  until  Dec.  31,  1775;  then  was  captain  in  Col 
Jacob  French's  regiment,  marched  from  Falmouth,  Feb.  13,  1776,  and 
took  part  in  the  seige  of  Boston,  then  was  captain,  Jan.  1.  1777,  in  Col. 
Timothy  Bigelow's  loth  Massachusetts  regiment,  took  part  in  the 
Saratoga  campaign,  spent  the  winter  of  1777-78  at  Valley  Forge,  and 
was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778.  His  leg  was 
struck  by  a  cannon  ball  and  he  bled  to  death  before  assistance  arrived. 
He  married  Mary  Noyes,  May  19,  17(>6,  and  she  married  May  3,  17^7, 
Capt.  Isaac  Parsons  of  New  Gloucester,  Me. 

Henry  Sewall  was  born  in  York,  Me.,  Oct  24,  1752,  and  was  a  mason 
by  trade.  He  was  made  ensign  in  September,  and  served  until  Dec. 
31,  then  became  ensign  in  Capt  Tobias  Fernald's  Company,  in  the  L'^th 
Continental  regiment,  Jan.  1,  1770,  made  second  lieutenant  Nov.  6, 
promoted  lirst  lieutenant  Nov.  l:^,  and  served  until  Dec.  31.  He  was 
ajipointed  first  lieutenant  in  the  12tli  Massachusetts  regiment,  Jan.  1, 


166  JIAINE    lUSTOllICAL   SOCIETY. 

1777,  and  Mas  made,  Feb  P,  177S,  mu=tcr  master  of  De  Kalb's  division: 
appointed  captain  April  1,  1779,  transfered  to  the  2nd  Ma:-;?aclui-;etts 
regiment  May  3,  178"J,  and  major  and  aid-de-camp  to  Gen.  llcath  Feb. 
5,  1781,  and  served  to  June  17S'^.  He  settled  at  Hallowell,  Me.,  and  ser- 
ved as  town  clerk  thirty-live  years,  clerk  of  the  District  Court  of 
Maine  178P-181S,  register  of  deeds  1700-l,slt;,  and  was  bric;adier-^-':'niral 
and  major-general  of  the  militia.  He  died  at  Augusta,  Me.,  Sept.  11, 
1845,  aged  ninety-two  years,  a  much  respected  citiztn. 

Isaac  Child  became  second  lieutenant,  in  Col.  Francis'  11th  Massa- 
chusetts regiment,  in  1777,  took  part  in  the  Saratoga  campaign,  and 
Avas  at  Vallej'  Forge.     He  resigned  March  ilS,  1779. 

Zachariah  Newell  became  a  sergeant  in  Capt.  Benjamin  Hooper's 
company  in  177tj,  lieutenant  in  Capt.  John  Wentworth's  Seacoast  com- 
panj-,  1777,  in  the  11th  Massachusetts  regiment  17.so,  and  was  trans- 
fered  to  the  10th  Massachusetts  regiment  Jan.  1st,  17M1. 


"Muster  Roll  of  the  Comi)any  under  the  command  of  Capt  David 
Bradisb  in  Col.  Phinney's  31st  Regt.  of  Foot  to  the  first  of  August 
1775." 

Alt.  from  Falmouth. 

David  Bradish,  Capt,, 

Bartholomew  York,  1st  Lieut., 

Paul  Ellis,  2nd    " 
William  Farrington,  1st  Sergt., 

Caleb  Carter,  2         " 

Levi  Merrill,  3         " 

Abner  Dow,  4         " 

Henry  Sewall,  1      Corp., 

Isaac  Childs,  2         " 

Daniel  Mussey,  3         " 

Richard  Gooding,  4         " 

Jonathan  Rand,  Drum  Major, 

Joseph  Harsey,  Fifer, 

Pbivates. 

Benjamin  Tukej', 
Benjamin  Scollj', 
Daniel  Gookin, 
Cornelius  Bramhall, 
Abijah  Parker, 
Abijah  Pool, 
Zachariah  Nowell, 
William  Hutchinson, 
Jacob  Amey, 
Moses  Grant, 


ENLISTED. 

April 

24,  17 

(1 

24,     ' 

(1 

24,     ' 

May 

12,     ' 

u 

12,     ' 

l< 

12,     ' 

" 

12,     ' 

(( 

12,     ' 

(( 

12,     < 

(1 

12, 

(( 

12,     « 

<< 

12, 

(< 

23, 

11 

12, 

tl 

12, 

<i 

12, 

i( 

12, 

(< 

l-^ 

(t 

12, 

i( 

12, 

i( 

12, 

<( 

12, 

« 

12, 

COL.    EDMUND    rillNNEY'S    KKOIMKXT    OF    P'OOT.  107 

Charles  Kniglit,  May  12,  177.). 

Matthins  Ilaynes,  "  12,  " 

Enoch  Moody,  "  12,  " 

William  Moody,  "  12,  " 

Lemuel  Gooding,  "  12,  " 

Moses  Burdick,  "  12,  " 

Ebenczer  Clough,  "  12,  '* 

John  Pettcngill,  "  12,  " 

James  McManners,  "  12,  " 

Jonathan  Gardner,  *'  12,  " 

John  Clou gh,  "  12,  «* 

Thomas  Paine,  "  12,  " 

Ebenezer  Newman,  "  12,  " 

Daniel  Green,  "  12,  " 

Joshua  Robinson,  "  12,  " 

Joseph  Barbour,                          "             '  "  12,  " 

Jnciqh  Shrtw-  "       ]2,      " 

Joshua  Berry,  "  13,  " 

Samuel  Dow,  "  13,  " 

Tobias  Pillsbury,  '  "  13,  " 

Thomas  Cavanak,  '•  13,  " 

Loring  Cu?hing,  "  13,  " 

Zachariah  Baker,  "  16,  " 

Daniel  Marston,  "  IG,  " 

Henry  Flood,  "  16,  " 

James  Flood,  "  17,  " 

Joseph  Thomes,  "  17,  " 

Samuel  Cates,  "  17,  " 

John  Mcintosh,  "  20,  " 

John  Bailey,  ■  "  23,  " 

Philip  Fowler,  "  23,  " 

Joseph  Cox,  "  23,  " 

George  Bell,  "  23,  " 

John  Pennyman,  "  23,  '* 

John  Soott,  "  2-3,  " 

Benjamin  Kandall,  "  23,  " 

1  Richard  Conden,  "  23,  " 

'Enlisted  in  Arnold's  Canada  expedition  September  S. 

From  this  muster-roll  we  find  every  man  including  the  ollicers,  but 
not  including  the  drummer  and  fifer,  had  a  cartridge  box,  all  had 
bayonets  to  their  guns,  excepting  four  and  all  allowed  one  hundred 
and  thirty  miles  travel  from  Falmouth  Neck  to  Cambridge  The  cap- 
tain and  lieutenants  carried  guns,  which  was  the  common  practice  in 
the  army.  The  men  mostly'  furnished  themselves  with  guns,  baj'onets 
and  cartridge  boxes,  hut  a  number  wore  furnished  by  the  selectmen. 
An  October  return  of  this  company  is  in  Mass.  Archives  Vol.  5(5,  p  209. 


168  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY, 

CAPT.  JOIIX  BRACKETT'S  COMPANY. 

Capt.  Brackett  oiUcred  active  service  tlic  day  of  the  receijjt  of  the 
news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  April  'Ji-i,  177.),  ooniinenced  to 
raise  a  company  for  this  regiment,  which  he  marched  to  Cambridge, 
July  3  lie  was  son  of  Anthony  IJrackctt  and  lived  at  Saccarappa, 
but  died  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  24,  1775.  lie  married  (1)  Sarah 
Knight,  daughter  of  Nathan  Knight,  Feb.  11,  ]7.'3.';;  married  (2)  Widow- 
Mary  (Proctor)  Kicks;  she  married  (3)  in  1776,  Peltiah  March  of  Sac- 
carappa, and  died  at  Otislield,  Maine,  Nov.  21,  l.'il7,  aged  seventy-three 
years. 

Lieut.  James  Johnson  lived  at  Stroud  water  and  became  captain  after 
the  death  of  Capt.  P>rackett.  He  was  a  major  in  1st  Cumberland 
County  regiment  1778,  and  in  Col.  Nathaniel  Jox-dan's  regiment  in 
1770,  also  in  Col.  Joseph  Prime's  regiment  in  1780.  He  was  the  son  of 
James  and  Jane  Johnson,  and  was  born  March  22,  173.5;  married 
r!lL...lv..li  r\,i^,<,j.r.>.lj,  Luxh  in  ITJo,  d.ad  died  ^.opi.  l-i,  i.^lJ,  and  he  died 
in  Poland,  June  16th,  1831,  aged  ninety-six  years. 

Lieut  Jesse  Partridge  first  lived  in  Saccarappa,  and  then  moved  to 
Stroudwater,  where  his  house  is  still  standing.  He  also  served  as 
captain  six  months  in  Col  Greaton's  regiment  in  Washington's  army 
on  the  Hudson  Kiver  in  177S.  He  died  Dec.  31,  1795,  aged  fiftj'-three 
years 

Sergt.  Daniel  Lunt  became  captain  in  the  11th  Massachusetts  regi- 
ment and  served  until  June  8,  1783. 

Sergt.  Archelaus  Lewis,  served  also  in  the  ISth  Continental  regiment 
in  1776,  and  was  lieutenant  and  adjutant  in  Col.  Vose's  regiment 
1777-1770. 

Corp.  .James  Means  served  also  as  ensign  in  the  18th  Continental 
regiment,  lieutenant  in  Col.  Brewer's  regiment,  captain  iu  Col. 
Sprout's  I2th  Massachusetts  regiment,  was  transferred  to  the  2nd 
Massachusetts  regiment  Jan    1,  1781,  and  served  until  Nov.  3,  178^3. 

Stephen  Manchester,  a  private  in  Capt.  Brackett's  Co.,  was  one  of 
the  best  known  men  in  tlie  regiment.  He  was  then  fifty-eight  years 
of  age,  and  it  was  he  who  killed  the  Indian  chief  Polin,  at  Windham, 
in  1756,  which  gave  peace  and  happiness  to  the  settlers  of  the  border 
towns  in  Cumberland  County. 

Stephen  Manchester  served  in  Capt.  George  Berry's  and  Capt.  Daniel 
Hill's  companies  of  Indian  scouts  in  1747  and  1748,  and  probably  as  a 
scout  at  other  times.  Besides  his  service  in  this  regiment  he  served 
in  Col  Phinnev's  l^th  Continental  regiment  througli  the  siege  of  Bos- 
ton, and  was  discharged  in  August.  He  enlisted  for  three  j-ears,  Jan. 
1,  1777,  in  Col  Joseph  Vose's  ist  Massachusetts  regiment  and  served 
the  entire  time  of  service.  He  died  at  Windham,  June  24,  1807,  aged 
ninety  years. 


I 


COL.    KD.MUND    FHINNKV  S    1!EGIMEXT    OF    FOOT. 


IGO 


Mu.,ttr   KuU  of  t'ai 

it.  Jolwi   I'll: 

tckcti's 

Company 

in  the  31st  Kegt, 

■"oot  in  the  Conliiien 

tal  Ami}'  a 

t  Cambridge 

.     Fort 

No.  2  " 

ENLISTED. 

John  Brackett, 

Capt., 

Fain 

louth, 

April 

21 

Janice  Johnson, 

1st  Lieut. 

<( 

♦' 

24 

Jesse  Partridge, 

2d        " 

(( 

(< 

21 

Daniel  Lunt, 

Sergt., 

<( 

May 

10 

Morris  C'iark, 

<> 

(1 

«i 

10 

Joshua  Slovens, 

(( 

« 

<( 

18 

Archelaus  Lewis, 

ii 

<i 

<< 

10 

Charles  Frost, 

Corp., 

« 

(< 

21 

James  Doughty, 

(( 

(( 

i( 

21 

James  Means, 

K 

« 

(< 

12 

Enoch  Knight, 

1< 

« 

(1 

12 

Zebulon  Knight, 

Drummer, 

> 

(( 

(( 

21 

Joseph  Knight, 

Fifer, 

« 

<< 

18 

PIUVATES. 

John  Blair, 

Falmouth, 

'• 

16 

Jeremiah  Brackett," 

(1 

(( 

If) 

George  Crockett, 

<( 

(( 

12 

Moses  Gammon, 

(( 

(( 

10 

George  Ilammond, 

(( 

<( 

12 

Pearson  Huntress, 

(( 

(i 

21 

George  Johnson  Jr., 

(( 

(t 

10 

John  Knight, 

« 

<( 

21 

Stephen  Marrincr, 

« 

n 

10 

Uriah  Nason, 

(( 

(< 

10 

David  Partridge, 

(( 

(( 

IS 

Jeremiah  Pennell, 

« 

(< 

10 

John  Purterfield, 

« 

(( 

10 

Joseph  Quimby, 

« 

<< 

10 

Enoch  Kiggs, 

« 

<< 

12 

Elias  Starbird, 

(( 

« 

10 

Samuel  Starbird, 

« 

(( 

12 

Elijah  Ward, 

it 

<< 

14 

Henry  Webb, 

« 

(( 

12 

Jonn  Webb, 

« 

<( 

10 

Mark  Wilson, 

" 

II 

18 

Stephen  Manchcste 

•V,               Windham, 

If 

12 

Josiah  Peabody, 

Gorham, 

" 

16 

James  Brackett, 

Falmouth, 

•  1 

12 

William  Brackett. 

•' 

<« 

12 

George  Douty, 

■< 

l< 

17 

Daniel  Gould, 

<< 

•' 

10 

Samuel  Hicks, 

(1 

l< 

16 

John  Huston. 

11 

" 

17 

Vol.  VII. 


13 


170  MAINE    IIISJOKIOAI.    SOCIETY. 

Joseph  Johnson,  FaliiKuth,  May  \2 

John  Luiit,  "  "    10 

John  McDonald,  ••  "    12 

Amos  Xoyes,  "  "    10 

Nathan  I'artridye,  "  "    V2 

Joseph  Ponnell,  *'  '•     14 

John  Pri.-sl,  "  •'    10 

John  Robinson,  "  "    21 

John  Sawyer.  "  "    17 

John  Starbird,  "  "    10 

John  Thomes  Jr  ,  "  "10 

Adrial  WarrtMi,  •'  "     10 

James  Webb.  "  "10 

Joseph  ■\Vilson,  "  '•    17 

Daniel  Crockett,  "Windham,  "     12 

Jolin  Loring,  •'  "     IG 

Jainos  Vrc-tm-^rc,  Gw^l.c.ni,  "    13 

John  \\'arren  Jr.,  Falmonth,  "10 

1  John  Hammond,  "  "    12 

>  Entered  the  Artillery  July  io. 
Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  oti,  page  ilo. 


CAPT.  SAMUEL  XOYES'  COMPANY. 

This  was  a  Falmouth  company'  and  was  probably  from  that  part  of 
the  town  now  Deering,  Westbrook  and  Falmouth. 

Capt.  Samuel  Xoyes  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775.  He  married 
Mary  Merrill  in  17-50.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  safety 
and  a  prominent  man. 

First  Lieut.  Josiah  Baker  entered  the  service  ^lay  15,  1775.  He 
married  2sov   13,  1700,  Susannah  Gibbs 

Second  Lieut.  Joshua  Merrill  entered  the  service  May  15,  177.5.  He 
married  in  1773  Mary  Winslow. 


A  Muster  Roll  of  Capt  Samuel  Noyes'  Company  in  the  31st  Regi- 
ment of  Foot  in  the  Continental  Army.  Encamped  at  Cambridge 
Fort  No  2. 


ENLISTED. 

Samuel  Noyes, 

Capt., 

Fal 

mouth, 

April  24,  1775. 

Josiah  Baker, 

1st  Lieut., 

" 

May   15,    " 

Joshua  Merrill, 

2nd  Lieut., 

" 

"    ,  15,    " 

Humphrey  Merri 

ill. 

Sergt., 

" 

"    '  15,    " 

Daniel  Merrill, 

" 

<( 

"        15,    " 

William  Cobb, 

(( 

" 

"        15,    " 

COL.  r.n.MLxn  I'iunxey.s  kkgimi:xt  or  foot. 


171 


Stephen  -Merrill, 
Mo=e.-5  A  Jam  5, 
Enooli  Men  ill, 
Amos  Merrill, 
Daniel  Hunt, 
Samuel  Pool, 


Sergt., 
Corp., 


Drummer, 


Falmouth, 


Brunswick, 
Falmouth, 


Joseph  bearing,  Fifer, 

PRIVATKS. 

Moses  Bhinehard,  Falmouth, 

Anthony  Mors,  " 


May  lo,  i; 
"  15,  ' 
June  20,  ' 
May  15,  ' 
June  20,  * 
July  11,    ' 


May  15, 
"       15, 


(enlisted  in  Arnold's  Canada  Expedition  Sept.  Gth) 


Jonathan  Sharp, 
Jacob  Knight, 
Moses  Merrill, 
Mark  Mors, 
Samuel  Xoyes.  Jr. 
William  Buxton, 
Moses  Sweet, 
John  Colley, 
■William  Colley, 
Rowland  Davis, 
Silas  Merrill, 
Israel  Colley, 
llichard  Sweetser, 
Nathan  Merrill, 
Nathaniel  Merrill, 
John  Whitney, 
Josiah  Clark, 
John  York,  Jr., 
Peater  Stewart, 
Caleb  Woodsum, 
David  MeTntire, 
Joseph  Green, 
James  Frank, 
Moses  Twiichell, 
John  Dacy, 
Benjamin  Field, 
John  York, 
Able  Bathorick, 
Benja.  Ilardison, 
James  Brocdean, 
Eben  Jones, 
Stewart  Porter, 


Falmouth, 


died  Sept.  21st, 


North  Yarmouth, 
Falmouth,  ' 

"   discharged  Sept.  21st  " 


"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  1.5, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 

"  15, 
June  10, 

"  20. 


New  Boston,  (Gray), 
North  Yarmouth, 
Falmouth, 
It 

Andover, 
Berwick, 


July 


Aug. 


20, 
20, 
20, 
20, 
22 
22, 
23, 
23, 
23, 

8, 
8, 
10, 
11. 
13, 
15, 
15, 
15, 
9. 


Falmouth,  . 

He  enlisted  under  Wescot  and  was  turned  over  to  me  October  Itb." 
This  is  probably  an  October  return. 
Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  56,  Page  211. 


172  MAIXK    HISTORICAL    .>OCIETV. 

CAl'T.    IJAllT  WIJJ JAMS'  COMPANY. 

Capt.  Williams'  conii)any  \v;is  raised  at  Gorham,  and  an  early  com- 
pany roll  was  jnihlislud  in  Pierce's  history  of  that  town  Tliey  en- 
tered the  service  April  21,  177"). 

Cajtt  Hart  AVilliains  married  Martha  Phiiiney,  a  daugliter  of  Capt. 
Jolm  Phinney  of  (iorhain,  in  17.'.ii  He  marclied  his  militia  comiiany 
in  the  Lexington  alarm,  and  tool<  part  in  the  'Thompson  war"  in 
May.  17,  1775  Capt.  Williams  entered  the  service  April  24,  in  this  ret:- 
inient  and  Jan.  I,  177i5,  entered  as  captain  in  the  18th  Continental 
regiment,  serving  through  the  siege  of  r>oston  and  the  campaign  at 
Fort  Ticonderoga  in  the  fall  of  177G  He  served  as  first  lieutenant  in 
Capt.  Abraham  Tyler's  company,  in  Col.  Thomas  Poor's  militia  regi- 
ment at  North  River,  X.  Y.,  from  May  1."),  1778  to  Feb.  17,  177'.i,  and 
was  a  prominent  citizen  of  Gorham      He  died  in  17M7. 

First  Lieut.  AVilliam,  McLellan   was  the  son  of  Hugh  and  Elizabeth 

rr.L,y. >j1  C-    .'.._.. j.,  ui.ii:;^J  i-.i  17'->Z  n-'j^ccu  Iliistv^u  uf  Falmouth, 

who  died  Oct.  l->,  182;i,  aged  eighty-one  years.  He  died  in  Nov.,  1S12, 
aged  eighty-throe  years.  He  was  a  soldier  in  Capt.  George  Berry's 
company  May  li>,  1741),  to  Jan.  19.  174",  in  Capt.  Daniel  Hill's  company 
March  to  Dec  ,  i74s,  and  in  Capt.  Joseph  Woodman's  company  in  17-57, 
seven  months.  He  entered  the  service  April  '24, 1775,  in  this  regiment, 
served  in  1770)  in  Col  Phinney's  ISth  Continental  regiment,  and  was 
first  lievueuant  in  Cajit.  Abner  Lowell's  company  at  Falmouth,  in  1777. 

Second  Lieut.,  Cary  McLellan,  a  bi-other  of  the  above,  married  (1) 
Jan.  3. 17')7,  i^iunice  Elder,  and  (2)  Jan.  25,  17S.5,  I>rary  Parker  of  Cape 
Elizabeth.  He  entered  this  regiment  with  his  brotlier.  and  served  in 
the  ISth  Continental  regiment  in  177G,  at  the  siege  of  Boston  and  Fort 
Ticonderoga.  He  later  fitted  out  a  privateer  at  Falmouth,  but  after 
making  one  capture  was  chased  once  and  escaped,  but  finally  was  cap- 
tured b\-  Cajit.  Mowat,  carried  to  New  York  and  confined  on  the 
prison  ship.  He  with  some  of  his  crew,  escaped  bj'  overpowering  the 
guard,  after  thej^  had  succeeded  in  getting  them  under  the  influence 
of  liquor,  and  returned  home  He  was  a  zealous  patriot,  a  man  of 
energy  and  courage  who  had  the  confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens.  He 
served  on  important  committees,  and  as  selectman  of  Gorham.  He 
kept  a  public  house  and  died  at  Gorham  in  1S0.5,  aged  sixty  years. 

Cor]i.  Silas  Chadtiourne  served  also  as  a  sergeant  in  Capt.  Briant 
^rortou's  company  in  177ij,  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  Eleventh  Massa- 
chusetts regiment  in  1777,  and  resigned  March  18,  1780. 


"  A  Return  of  Cai)t.  Hart   Williams'   company    in   the   Continental 
Army  at  Cambridge,  ye  Oct.  Sth.  1775." 

AI.L    KNLI.STED   APKIL   24th. 

Hart  Williams  Capt  ,  Gorham 

William  McLollan.  1st  Lieut.. 


COL.    EDMUND    rillNNKV  S    RKGIMENT    OF    FOOT. 


17; 


Cary  McLellan. 
John  I'erkins, 
John  P'hinnoy  Jr., 
Janiet--  Perkins, 
David  \\'atts. 
Silas  Chadbourne, 
Knoch  Frost, 
William  Irish, 
Samuel  GamiDOii, 
Thomas  lUings, 
Jeremiah  Jones, 


2d  Lieut. 
Sergt., 


Corp., 


Drummer, 
Fifer, 


Ciorham 


on  furlough 


PKIVATE3. 

Barnahas  Bangs,       Gorham 

Josepli  "Weymouth,  " 

Bickford  Dyer,  " 

Jeremiah  Hodgdon,  " 

Daniel  Maxwell,  " 

Thomas  Boat,  " 

John  Parker,  " 

Ezekiel  Hatch.  " 

Paul  Whitney,  " 

George  Robinson,  " 

Joseph  McDonell  " 

Peletiah  McDonell,  " 

George  Hunt,  " 

George  Waterhouse,  "discharged 

Sept.  30, 177.5 

Daniel  Whitney,  " 

Thomas  Irish,  " 

John  Mellvin,  " 

James  Morton,  " 

Philip  Gammon,  " 

Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  56,  Part  2,  Page 


IchabodHunt,  Gorham 

3{;bene7.er  Mitchell,       "        entered 

the  lloating  batierj- 
_^  iv;<pi,  T  ."-.--=  B'.ixton 

James  Irish,  Gorham 

Nathaniel  Lombard,     " 
Butler  Lombard,  " 

Owen  Bunnells  " 

Theodore  Hounds,      Buxton 
Elisha  Cobb,  Gorham 

James  Jourden,  Falmouth 

Napthaiim  W'hitney,  Gorham 
Jonathan  Sturgis,  " 

Prince  Hamlin,  '• 

.John  Whitney,  " 

Amos  Whitney,  "' 

Joseph  McLellan,  " 

Joseph  Crecsy,        Gorham,  r.  n.  b. 
Sylvanus  Brown,        Gorham 
Solomon  Green,  •' 

Joshua  Ilanscom,      Barwick 


CAPT.  WENTWORTH  STUART'S  COMPANY. 

This  company  was  rai'^ed  principally  from  the  towns  of  Gorham, 
Standish  and  Windham. 

Capt,  Wentworth  Stuart  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  Capt.  Joseph  AVood- 
man's  company,  in  17.57,  and  was  an  oflicc-r  in  the  militia  and  marched 
his  company  in  the  Lexington  alarm.  He  entered  the  service  April 
2^1,  n".j,  and  took  an  active  y)art  in  the  "Thompson  war,"  serving  as 
captain  in  this  regiment  until  Jan.  1,  177i),  when  he  became  a  captain 
in  the  l6th   Continental   regiment  and  died   in  the  service,   with  the 


174 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY 


snialJ  pox,  at  Scwall's  Point,  Ajiiil  l(j,  1770,  after  participatiiipr  in  tlie 
.-iejjre  of  lJoi«toii,  lie  inarric-d  Feb.  4, 175.'i,  Susannah  Lomhard,  daii'-'htL-r 
of  liov.  SoJoinan  Lombard  of  Gorhani.  They  had  ten  children.  He 
was  horn  Oct.  "31,  1731  and  his  wife  Aug.  14.  17:^. 

First  Lieut,  Jonathan  Sawyer  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775, 
served  also  in  the  Isth  Continental  reprinienl,  in  177'3,  and  was  promoted 
to  be  captain.  He  was  Jlrst  lieutenant  in  the  14th  Massachusetts  regi- 
ment Jan.  1,  1777,  and  died  July  19,  1777  He  is  said  to  have  married 
Martha  Kich  in  1704,  and  had  eleven  children. 

Second  Lieut.  Caleb  liowe  of  Pearsontown  (Standish),  enlisted  April 
24,  1775,  was  lirst  lieutenant  in  the  Ibth  Continental  regiment,  in  1770, 
and  was  discharged  Feb.  1,  1770  He  also  served  in  Col.  Joseph  Vose's 
1st  Massachusetts  regiment,  from  May  15,  1777,  to  Dec.  31,  1771'.  He 
came  from  Kensington,  N  H.,  and  died  at  Belgrade,  Me.,  in  ISPJ,  aged 
eighty-four  years. 

"Return  of  Capt.  Weutworth  Stuart's  Company  in  the  31st  Kegt. 
of  Foot,  Commanded  by  Col.  Edmund  Phinney,  ^e\n.  21J,  1775,  with  an 
abstract  of  pay  due  from  the  last  of  July  inclusive." 


EXLIS 

TEP. 

Wentworth  Stuart, 

Capt.,            Gorham, 

AprL 

124,1 

Jonathan  Sawyer, 

1st  Lieut.,         " 

" 

24, 

Caleb  Rowe, 

2d       "   Pearsontown  (Standi 

sh) 

" 

24, 

Josiah  Jenkins, 

Sergt.,           Gorham, 

May 

15, 

John  Watson, 

((                        (( 

" 

15, 

John  York, 

"                 Pearsontown, 

" 

16, 

Ebenezer  Mortou, 

"                 Gorham, 

" 

15, 

Nathaniel  Stevens, 

Corp.,                  " 

(I 

15, 

Joel  Sawyer, 

u                        « 

<< 

15, 

Peter  Moulton, 

"               Pearsontown, 

" 

Ifi, 

John  Crocket, 

"               Gorham, 

a 

24, 

Benja.  Greeu, 

Drummer,         " 

" 

24, 

Joseph  Stuart, 

Fifer, 

<> 

15, 

Privates. 

Austin  Alden, 

Gorham, 

» 

(( 

10, 

John  Greeley, 

(( 

4' 

15, 

John  Foy, 

« 

(( 

15, 

John  Irish, 

« 

I< 

17, 

James  Irish, 

(( 

ti 

17, 

Richard  Preston, 

Windham, 

11 

15. 

Amos  Brown, 

(( 

<( 

15. 

Job  Hall, 

<( 

(( 

15, 

"William  Whitmore 

,        Gorham, 

<( 

15. 

Nathan  Uan.?com, 

<< 

« 

15, 

COL.    KDMUNl)  rillNNKV'S    REGIMKNT    OF    FOOT.          1 

Josepli  Jeiiiiiiitj.s  Kye,  May  21,  FrT/i 

S;uyaiU  Sliaw,  Pearsoutown,  "  l'»,  " 

RfiiV..'ii  Cooksuii,  "  "  hi,  '■ 

Abraham  York,  "  "  h>,  " 

Kphriam  Bachelor,  "  "  1^*.  " 

Thomas  Shaw,  "  *'  IG,  " 

Daniel  Bean,  "  "  IC,  " 

Israel  Smith,  Norton,  "  !«,  " 

Joab  Libby,  Gorham,  "  I'J,  " 

David  Whitney,  "  "  J".  " 

George  Te^harey,  Windham,                       "  "  '-^i,  " 

Daniel  Toward,  Kitlery,  "  24,  " 

Jo.sepli  Libby,  Gorham,  "  24,  " 

Joel  Rich,  "  "  24,  " 

iO'homas  Skillings,  "                          '  "  24,  " 

John  Workman,  Barnerdstown,  "  24,  " 

.T<-><infh!i»i   '-Conhorn,  "PACir«r>ntn\\-r> .  "  IH,  " 

Desper  West,  Gorham,  "  24,  " 

Arthnr  Pottenger,  Falmouth,  "  IG,  " 

Caleb  GratTum,  Windham,  "  24,  " 

John  Thurlo,  Gorham,  "  24,  " 

Ephriam  Kussell,  Penobscot,  "  14,    " 

Nathaniel  Nason,  Berwick,  "  1-1, 

Charles  Grant,  "      discharged  Sept.  15th,    "  14,  " 

Elisha  Libby,  "  "  H  " 

Elijah  Davis,  Gorham,  "  15, 

I5arnabas  Rich,  "  "  24, 

.  John  Skillings.  "  "  24,  " 
Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  56,  Part  2,  Page  216. 


CAPT.  MOSES   MERRILL'S   COMPANY. 

This  company  was  raised  principally  from  the  towns  of  New  Glouces- 
ter and  New  Boston  (Gray). 

Capt.  Moses  Merrill  entered  the  service  from  New  Gloucester,  May 
15,  1775,  and  was  a  selectman  of  that  town.  lie  was  lieutenant-colonel 
in  Col.  Timothy  Pike's  4th  Cumberland  County  militia  regiment  in 
1776,  and  served  as  first  lieutenant  in  Capt.  Wm.  Cobb's  company  in 
CoL  Jonathan  MitchelPs  regiment  in  the  Bagaduce  expedition  in  ITTi^. 

First  Lieut  Noah  Walker  entered  the  service  from  New  Gloucester, 
May  15,  1775 

Second  Lieut.  Natlianiel  Haskell  entered  the  service  from  the  same 
town,  May  15,  1775.  He  married  at  Falmouth,  Aug.  30,  17G.3,  Deborah 
Bailey,  and  probably  moved  to  New  Gloucester  before  the  war. 


176 


MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 


"  Kclurn  of  dipt.  Mo.scs  Merrill's  company  in  the  31st  Kctriment  of 
Foot  conimancled  by  Col.  Edmuud  riuuney," 


Moses  Merrill,  Capt. 

Noah  Walker,  1st  Lieut. 

Nathaniel  Haskell,  2d  Lieut. 
Nathan  Merrill,        Sergt. 
Nathaniel  Bonnet,       " 
Samuel  Blake,  " 

Robert  Bak-y,  " 

William  Goff, 
William  West, 
Zebulon  Kow, 
Joseph  Stevens, 
George  Knight, 
William  Haskell, 


Corp. 


Drummer, 
Fifer, 


i: 

INI.ISTKD 

New  Glouoes 

Iter, 

May 

15, 

1775 

<( 

" 

15, 

" 

It 

ti 

15, 

>( 

it 

<< 

15, 

<i 

ft 

<< 

15, 

It 

Taunton, 

<i 

24, 

it 

New  Gloucester, 

i( 

15, 

" 

(( 

i( 

15, 

It 

<( 

<< 

15, 

It 

« 

i( 

25, 

<< 

New  Rostou 

(Gray), 

<< 

15, 
15, 

>< 

11 

New  Gloucester, 

11 

15, 

<< 

I'KIVATES. 

James  Cabel, 
Benja.  Clifford, 
Jonathan  Doughty, 
David  Doiinel, 
Seth  Dutton, 
John  Glovger, 
Samuel  Hammond, 
Jacob  Hammond, 
Dannel  Haney, 
Nathaniel  Ingersol, 
Eliphalet  Lane, 
Joseph  Leavet, 
Nathaniel  Lane, 
Zepheniah  Lane, 
James  Lesley, 
Benja.  Merrill, 
John  Mors, 
James  McFarland, 
Levi  Merrill, 
Richard  Mors, 
Solomon  Millet, 
John  Millet, 
Mark  Merrill, 
Reuben  Noble, 
Richard  Phillips, 
Dier  Pratt. 
Abel  Proctor, 
Ambros  Rines, 
Eliah  Royel, 


New  Gloucester, 

" 

15, 

<( 

<( 

24 

New  Boston  (Gray), 

>< 

31, 

New  Gloucester, 

<( 

15, 

New  Boston, 

it 

19, 

New  Gloucester, 

(( 

15, 

(< 

tt 

15, 

(< 

<< 

24, 

New  Boston, 

tt 

15, 

New  Gloucester, 

June 

'  30, 

,, 

May 

15, 
24, 

<< 

" 

15, 
15, 

New  Boston, 

« 

20, 

New  Gloucester, 

" 

15, 

New  Boston, 

" 

15, 

New  Gloucester, 

i< 

15, 

K 

" 

15, 

« 

« 

22, 

« 

41 

15, 

« 

June  30, 

New  Boston, 

May  15, 

'< 

>( 

15, 

New  Gloucester, 

" 

24, 

Taunton, 

' 

24, 

Littleton, 

t< 

31 

New  Gloucester, 

tt 

15, 

i< 

tt 

15, 

COL.    KDMUXD    PIIINNEY's    KKGTMENT    OF    FOOT.  177 

Ebene/.er  Stevens,  Taunton,  May  24, 3775 

Jonas  Stevens,  New  Boston,  "  15,    " 

Joel  Simmons,  New  tJloncester,  "  15,    ** 

Joshua  Staples,  Taunton,  "  24,    " 

Noah  Stevens,  Littleton,  "  15,    " 

William  Stinchfielcl,   New  Gloucester,  "  15,    " 

Jacob  Stevens,                             *'  "  24,    " 

Natluniiel  Stevens,                     "  "  15,    " 

Jonathan  Tyler,                           "  "  15,    " 

William  Tucker,                          "  "  15,    " 

Joseph  \Vood!)ury,                     "  "  15,    " 

Joseph  Woodman,                      "  "  15,    " 

Benja.  Youlen,                             "  "  24,    " 
Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  6fi,  Part  2,  Page  212. 

CAPT.   JOHN   WORTHLET'S   COMPANY. 

This  company  was  enlisted  at  North  Yarmouth  and  but  nine  of  the 
men  were  from  other  towns. 

Capt.  John  Worthiey  enlisted  in  this  regiment  from  North  Yarmouth, 
April  24,  1775.  He  came  there  from  "  Baletown  "  paid  the  name  was 
originally  Wortley;  married  Nov.  9, 175S,  Martha  Bailey,  daughter  of 
Robert  and  Martha  Bailey,  of  Ware,  Mass.,  she  was  born  Feb.  S,  1740 
and  died  June  14,  1S17,  aged  seventy-seven  years.  They  had  five  sons 
and  five  daughters.  Capt.  Worthiey  died  June  7,  ISIO,  aged  seventy-five 
years.  His  famil}^  record  is  published  in  "Old  Times  North  Yar- 
movTth,"  page  7>sJ. 

First  Lieut.  Bradlniry  True  was  the  son  of  Capt.  William  and  Anna 
(Bradbury)  True,  and  came  from  Salisbury  to  North  Yarmouth,  about 
1760.  He  married  Sarah  PettiTigill,  and  enlisted  in  this  regiment,  April 
24,  1775. 

Second  Lieut.  Crispus  Graves  enlisted  in  this  regiment,  April  24, 
1775,  and  served  also  as  second  and  first  lieutenant  in  Capt.  John  Rice's 
company  in  the  ISth  Continental  regiment  in  177i3.  He  married  in 
1765,  Susannah  Merrill,  and  Feb.  2»3,  17'.Hj  Martha  Whittara. 


"  Muster  Hollof  C;)pt.  John  Worthley'sCompany  in  theSlst  Regiment 
of  Foot  in  the  Continental  Army  encamped  at  Cambridge.  Fort  No.  2." 

r.NLl.STED. 

John  Worthiey,  Capt.,  North  Yarmouth,       April  24.  1775 

Bradbury  True,  ist  Lieut.,  "  "      24,  " 

Crispus  Graves,  2d  Lieut.,  "  "      24,  " 

Samuel  Stubbs,  Sergt.,  .  "  May    S,  " 

Stephen  Curtis,             "  "  "      12,  " 

Moses  Morrill,               "  "  "      12,  " 

John  Webster,               "  "  "      12,  " 


178 


maim:  iiiSTOiacAi-  society. 


Jon:ithim  Mitchell, Corp 
Jeremiah  Stiibbs,         " 
Josepli  Field,  " 

Stcj^hen  Prince,  '' 

Moses  Bradbury, 
Bela  Mitchell, 


North  Yiinnouth, 


Dm  miner, 
Fifcr, 


PlilVATES. 


Trueworthy  Dudley,  North  Yarmouth, 
Joseph  Videtor.  " 


Nathaniel  Gerrish, 
Daniel  Morrison, 
Jonathan  Byram, 
David  Byram, 
Paul  Sanburn, 
Stei>hen  Blasdel, 
Abraham  Reed, 
Ireater  Brown, 
Joseph  W'eare, 
John  Cole, 
Page  Tobey. 
John  Sturdavaut, 
Thomas  Riggs, 
Mathias  Stover. 
William  Lawrence, 
Seth  Rogers. 
John  Ma  row. 


Royalsborougli  (Durliam), 
North  Yarmouth, 


May 

8,  1 

(< 

s, 

« 

12, 

«( 

8, 

t( 

8, 

(( 

8, 

t( 

8, 

(( 

6, 

<( 

S, 

775 


Falmouth. 
North  Yarmouth, 
Kennebec, 
North  Yarmouth, 


Joseph  Hunter, 
Jacob  Anderson, 
Francis  Davis, 
James  Rogers, 
Jonathan  Ferriu, 
John  Dill, 
Carl  McManners, 
Michael  Ferin. 
Ceascr  Jackson,  Negro, 
Adams  Rval, 


(Gone  to  Canada  with  Arnold.) 
North  Yarmouth, 


Roj'alsborough  (Durham), 
North  Y''armouih, 


(Gone  to  Canada  with  Arnold.) 
Hollis. 

Kennebec,  '* 

North  Yarmouth, 
Sheepscot, 


Ely  Stiles, 
Peleg  Smith, 
Aaron  Harris, 
James  McLellan, 
Daniel  Plummer,  " 

Elkenah  Flms,  ** 

Beniah  Baker,  North  Yarmouth, 

This  roll  was  probably  made  in  < Jctober,  1775. 
Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  5C,  Part  2,  Page  213. 


8, 

8. 

8. 

8, 

8, 

10, 

10, 

10, 

12, 

12, 

12, 
12. 
12, 
14. 
14, 
14, 
14, 
14, 
14, 
14, 

14, 
14. 
14, 
14, 
11, 
14. 
14, 


COL.  EDMINI)    rillNNKY'S    IlKOIMENT    OV    FOOT.  179 

CAPT.    ABRAHAM   TYLER'S   COMPANY. 

f'apt.  Tyler's  cop-ipaii3-  was  rais^xl  at  Scarborough,  and  entered  the 
service  in  the  early  part  of  May. 

Capt.  Abraham  Tyler  was  a  >^on  of  James  T^ier,  of  Arundel,  and  was 
the  last  ferryman  at  Blue  Poinl.  He  married.  Aug.  11,  174.i.  Mrs. 
Klizabeth  lirown,  of  Biddeford.  Capt.  Tyler  was  in  tlie  militia  and 
marched  his  company  at  t)ie  Lexinyton  Alarm,  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice April  24, 1775,  in  tliis  regiment;  wa.s  captain  in  the  18th  Continental 
regiment  in  177*3,  serving  throuj:h  the  siege  of  Boston  and  the  Ticon- 
deroga  campaign  of  the  fall  of  177(5,  and  was  captain  in  Col,  Thomas 
Poor's  militia  regiment,  at  Xorlh  Fiiver.  X.  Y.,  from  .May  l.j,  177S  to 
Feb.  17,  1779. 

First  Lieut.  Elisha  Meserve  was  born  Jan.  19,  1741;  married  Jan.  16, 
17(35,  Hannah  Fogg,  and  was  the  son  of  Daniel  and  Mehitable  Meserve. 
He  entered  the  service  in  this  regiment  April  24,  1775,  and  served  in 

Second  Lieut.  Moses  McKennoj'  was  the  son  of  Isaac  and  Elizabeth 
McKeuney.  baptized  at  Scarborough  May  5,  1742,  and  married,  Oct.  20. 
1762.  Eunice  Larrabee.  He  entered  the  service  April  24,  1775  in  this 
regiment. 


"Return  of  Capt.  Abraham  Tyler's  Company  in  the  .31st  Kegt.  of 
Foot,  commnnded  Vjy  Col,  Edmund  Phinney,  Sept.  29,  1775,  with  an 
abstract  of  pay  due  from  the  last  of  July  inclusive." 

This  comi^aiu'  all  enlisted  from  Scarborough. 

ENLISTED 

Abraham  Tyler,          Capt.  April  24,  1775 

Elisha  Meserve,          1st  Lieut.  "     24.  *• 

Moses  McKenney,      2d  Lieut.  *'      24,  " 

Solomon  Meserve,      Sergt.  May    9,  " 

Ichabod  Libbey,               '•  "        9.  " 

Thomas  Libbey,              "  "       9.  - 

Samuel  Plummer,           "  **        9,  '* 

Samuel  Goold,              Corp.  "       6.  '• 

Isaac  Merrick.                 '*  "        9.  " 

■  John  Fogg.                        "  ♦•        9,  •' 

James  Tyler,                     "  ••       9,  ** 

John  Martin,                 Drummer,  "        8,  " 

Daniel  Libby,               Fifer,  •'        8,  •' 

Privates. 

Jonathan  Berry,  "        8,  " 

John  U'aterhouse,  •'        8,  '* 

Peter  Kelley,  "       8,  '• 

William  Chamberlain,  ♦'       8,  *' 

Uriah  Graflam,  "       8,  '• 


180 


MAINE    HISTOIilCAl. 


Thomas  MoKc-nney, 
Joliii  ("rtK'ksford, 
Samuel  Lnrrabce, 
Bartholomew  Jackson, 
James  McKeuney, 
James  Marr, 
Job  Mitchell, 
George  Vaiishan. 
Benja.  licit, 
Abiicr  Jlai-moii, 
Zebulon  Libby, 
Joht)  Fly, 
James  Small. 
Abner  McKenney, 
Nathan  Berdeen. 
Nathaniel  Libby, 

John  Mathews, 
Elisha  Libby, 
Simeon  Libbe\-, 
Robert  Hartley, 
Umphrey  TIanscom, 
Joseph  McKeaney, 
Isaac  McKenney, 
Dominicus  Libby, 
Abraham  Durgin. 
Joseph  Soverin, 
Charles  Bunalt, 
Lnke  Libbey, 
Umphrey  Tyler, 
Gideon  Meserve, 
Allison  Libbey, 
John  flobbs, 
Joel  Moody, 
William  Libbey, 
Gideon  JIanscome, 
Benjamin  March, 
Timothy  Gerrish, 

Mass.  Archives,  Vol.  M,  Part  2,  Page  210. 


OCIETY. 

May 

9, 

<4 

<< 
.< 

9, 
9. 
9. 
&. 
9. 
9. 
0. 

1< 

<< 
<( 

14 
H 

'.1. 
9. 
9. 
9, 
9, 
9. 

I. 

li 

(t 

9, 
9. 
9. 
9. 
9. 

" 

it 

9. 

« 

>( 

9, 

1. 

•' 

9, 

it 

'• 

12, 

ti 

'• 

12. 

tt 

.< 

12. 

ti 

>( 

12, 

t( 

ti 

12, 

" 

it 
•  < 
t. 

« 

1. 
I, 
1, 
1, 

it 

it 

1, 

tt 

June 
•< 

1, 
1. 
1, 

- 

CAPT.    JOHN   RICE'S   COMPANY. 

Capt.  John  Rice  was  a  retailer  and  inn-holder;  lived  at  Dunstaii  and 
is  said  to  have  been  at  one  time  a  sea  captain.  He  enlisted  .\pril  24, 
1775,  and  served  at  Cambridge  until  Jan.  1,  177t],  when  he  commanded  a 
company  in  the  ISth  Continental  regiment  through  the  siege  of  Boston 
and  died,  probably  from  disease  contracted  in  the  service,  Maj-  1^,  1776. 


COL.    l-DMUNI)    rniNXlJV'^    liEGI.MENT    OF    FOOT,  1«1 

Two  letters  of  his,  from  the  army,  are  published  in  tlie  histoi-y  of 
Scarborough,  and  from  them  it  is  very  evident  that  he  was  one  of  those 
zealous  patriots  of  that  tinu-.wJiom  their  descendants  delitrht  to  honor. 

First  Lieut.  Silas  Hurbank  joined  this  regiment  April  '?A.  1775  from 
Scarborough,  served  in  1770  in  the  l;^th  Continental  regiment,  joined 
Col.  Brewer's  regiment  Jan.  1.  1777,  promoted  to  captain  July  1.  and 
served  until  Jan.  1. 1781,  haAingbeen  in  the  service  five  years  and  eight 
months.     His  two  sons  also  served  in  the  army. 

He  married,  first,  Feb.  14,  17G3,  Hannah  Beard  and  thty  joined  the 
church  June  10,  17(>3.  lie  married,  second.  Feb.  14,  l>n.>,  Sally  Fitts. 
He  owiied  a  large  farm  near  Piiie  Point,  was  an  iunholder  in  1791.  and 
had  several  children. 

He  was  convicted  for  participation  in  the  "King  Kiot"  at  Scar- 
borough during  the  excitement  about  the  stamp  act.  and  confined  in 
the  old  timber  jail  which  stood  near  where  the  soldiers'  monument 
now  stands  in  Portland,  and  from  which  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Richard 
Ztv.-.^,  -.Lich  w.:;.:  iv.W.  l.:.\  h\  l!.c  hi::t^iy  &:  Scai.Lorouj,h  rellecting  on 
his  character  and  want  of  education.  The  King  side  of  the  case  has 
been  written,  and  Silas  Burbank  lies  in  a  patriot's  grave  an  acknowl- 
edged lover  of  libertv,  who  no  doubt  thought  that  there  would  be  no 
liberty  in  Scarborough  until  the  rule  of  Kicbard  King  was  overthrown. 
For  any  mistakes  Silas  Burbank  may  have  made  he  atoned  for  them 
all  by  his  services  to  his  country,  and  should  have  his  proper  place 
among  the  patric)ts  of  old  Scarborough 

Silas  Burbank  served  under  Washington  and  Putnam  at  Cambridge 
in  ]77o.  in  the  siege  of  Boston  the  next  year,  marched  to  reinforce  Fort 
Ticonderoga  in  August,  1776,  took  part  in  the  battles  of  the  Saratoga 
cam])aign  and  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  in  1777,  spent  the  winter  of 
1777-7S  at  Valley  Forge,  fought  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  and  ended 
his  services  in  the  operations  on  the  Hudson  River,  retiring  from  the 
service  Jan.  1,  17S1.  with  a  most  honorable  record.  Let  us  give  honor 
to  whom  honor  is  due. 

Second  Lieut.  Edward  Milliken  was  the  son  of  Edward  and  Abigail 
Millikpu  and  was  born  Marcli  5.  1733;  inarried  May  2:3,  1754,  Elizabeth 
Harmon.  He  enlisted  in  this  company  April  24,  1775,  and  served  also 
in  the  ISth  Continental  regiment  through  the  year  1770,  part  of  the 
time  as  quartermaster. 


"Return  of  Capt.  John  Rice's  Company  in  the  31st  Regt.  of  Foot 
commanded  by  Col.  Edmund  Phinne:^ ,  Sept.  2r»,  1775  with  an  abstract 
of  pay  due  from  the  last  of  Ju.ly  inclusive." 

ENLISTED. 

John  Rice,  Capt.,  April  24, 1775 

Silas  Burbank,  1st  Lieut.,  *'      24,    *' 

Edward  Milliken,      2d  Lieut.,  '•      24,    *' 


182 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY 


Leimifl  MillikcMi.  Ser;.'t., 

William  Maxwell, 

John  Nebci^ii), 

Eliakiin  Lihhy,  •« 

James  Milliken,  Corp., 

Nathaniel  Cairl, 

John  Ilodgdon,  " 

Josei'h  Richard,  •' 

Joseph  U'aterhouse,  Drummer, 

John  Peterson,  Fifer, 


May 

8, 

1775 

8, 

s. 

8, 
IS, 
15, 

15. 

IS, 

15, 

Privatks. 


Joseph  IJurnam, 
Benja.  }>eiTy. 
NVilliam  Doobey, 
Daniel  Colebroth, 
iSiias  Durgui, 
David  J)urgin, 
Seth  Fogg. 
Daniel  Field, 
Joseph  Gold. 
Solomon  Hartford, 
John  Haines. 
Xathaniel  Jose, 
James  Larry, 
Bezaleel  Low. 
Abner  Lunt. 
Daniel  Marshall, 
Benja.  Milliken, 
Daniel  Moses, 
Joshua  Milliken, 
Abner  Milliken, 
Jove  Page. 
Daniel  Pareher, 
Benjamin  Rice, 
Thomas  Rice, 
Lemuel  Rice. 
Ebenezer  Rice, 
Joseph  Salt. 
Thomas  Burton, 
George  Thompson, 
Samuel  Tibbets, 
John  N'-'ilson. 
John  Webster, 
Thomas  Whitten,  Jr., 
Thomas  Vv'hitlen, 


Buxton, 


discharged  Sept.  IGlh, 


i< 

12,    " 

<( 

15,    " 

t( 

8,    " 

•' 

IS.    " 

" 

IS,    " 

(( 

18.    •• 

<t 

15,    " 

July 

3,    " 

May 

IS,    " 

'♦ 

IS,    " 

July 

1,    " 

May 

IS,    " 

(> 

IS,    " 

" 

s,   " 

'• 

15,    «' 

i. 

15.    " 

t( 

15.    •• 

'• 

15.    " 

♦• 

15.    •♦ 

'• 

15,    •' 

.. 

IS,    «' 

July 

3,    " 

May 

8,    " 

ct 

8,    " 

(. 

1.5,    " 

(t 

IS,    " 

July 

5.    " 

May 

IS.    " 

" 

15,    " 

•' 

15.    " 

" 

8,    '* 

,< 

IS,    '• 

July 

3,    " 

May 

IS,    " 

(;01..    EDMUND    rUlNXKYS    inXUMKNT    or    JOOT. 


183 


Juliu  U'hitten,  May   15,  1775 

Joliii  Duifiiin,  *♦      18,    *' 

All  ihis  company  ciimo  from  Soarboroujrh,  exceptinj.'  Daniel  Field, 
ofliuxton. 

Mass.  Aixhives,  Vol.  5C,  Part  2,  Page  207. 


CAPT.   SAMUEL  DUNN'S   COMPANY. 

This  was  a  Cape  Elizabeth  company,  that  entered  the  service  April 
24,  1775.  and  probably  served  in  that  town  until  July  11,  when  they 
probablj'  marched  to  Cambridge  to  join  this  regiment. 

Capt.  Samuel  Dunn  was  a  shipwright,  and  lived  in  the  western  part 
of  Cape  Elizabeth.  He  married,  in  1757,  Sarah  Skillinjjs,  daughter  of 
Samuel  Skillings;  was  in  Capt.  Samuel  Cobb's  trainJTig  company  in 
175(3,  delegate   to  the  county  convention  of  September,  1774,  and  was 

proUllUeliL  111  tuc  Lun  U  o  aiiaiio        Jic  uicu  nouui/  i7c>±. 

First  Lieut.  Ebene/.er  Xewell  was  from  Cape  Elizabeth  and  went  to 
Durham,  Me.,  about  1779. 

Second  Lieut.  Samuel  Thomes.  of  Stroudwater.  married  Betty  John- 
son, Sept.  12.  17G5,  and  died  March  31.  170S,  aged  fifty-one  years.  He 
entered  the  service  April  24, 1775,  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  in  Capt. 
John  Skilliugs'  company  in  llth  Massachusetts  regiment,  Xov.  6,  1776, 
and  promoted  to  captain  April  .3,  1777,  took  part  in  the  Saratoga  cam- 
paign. Valley  Forge  and  battle  of  Monmouth,  and  retired  Nov.  22,  177S. 


"  Cluster  Roll  of  Captain  Sam'l  Dunn's  Company  in  ye  31st  Regiment 
of  Foot —  Commanded  by  Colo.  Edmund  Phinney.  Belonging  to  the 
Army  of  the  United  Colonies  of  North  America." 

ALL   ENLISTED,    APRIL   24. 


Samuel  Dunn,  Capt., 

Ebenezer  Newell,    1st  Lieut. 


Samuel  Thorns, 
Reuben  Dyer. 
John  Robinson, 
.John  Gilford. 
Robert  Clark.   ' 
Daniel  ;<awyer, 
John  Jordan, 
Levi  Done. 
William  Maxwell, 
Joshua  \Vescott, 
Henry  Small. 
Pkiv.\tks. 
Moses  ^Vhitney, 


2d  Lieut 

Sevgt., 


Corp.. 


Drummer, 
Fifer. 

Gorham. 


Cape  Elizabeth, 

Stroudwater, 
Cape  Elizabeth. 


on  furlough, 
sick  on  furlough. 

on  furlough. 


184 


MAINE    IIlSTOJnCAL    SOCIETY. 


Joiiathiin  Fnirbaiiks, 
William  MoKiniiy, 
John  Jordan, 
Eheiiezer  Jordan, 
Eliah  King. 
Samuel  llotiiuson, 
Robert  Jiinmin~oii, 
Solomon  Jordan, 
Peter  Jordan. 
Josej)})  Maxwell. 
John  Hans. 
John  Skinner. 
Stephen  Atwood, 
Peter  Sawj-er, 
James  Jackson, 
Walter  Simonton, 
John  Fowler, 
Francis  Cash. 
Ephriam  Crocket, 
Samuel  Clark. 
Edward  Avery, 
Daniel  Dyer, 
Jonathan  McKiuny, 
Solomon  Xev.ell. 
William  Johnson, 
John  Chase, 
Elezer  Strout, 
Wright  Allin. 
Timothy  Johnson. 
Moses  Hanscom, 
Robert  Mitchell, 
Thomas  Jordan, 
Thomas  York, 
Joseph  Robert, 
Thonia-  Cummins, 
Mark  Leach, 
John  Wimble, 
William  Elder, 
Solomon  Jackson, 
Micall  Davis, 
Peleg  vVillard. 
Stephen  Hutchinson, 
John  Bryant, 
Joshua  Sawyer, 
John  Miller, 
Samuel  Groves, 


CajK'  Elizabetli 


on  furlough. 


Newton. 

Cape  Elizabeth. 


discharged. 


discharged,  Sept.  ye  14th. 
on  furlough. 


Pownalborough, 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT — WAS    IIK    A    TORY?         185 

Joualliim  SawN'cr,  Cape  P-lizaboth, 

William  Maxwell,  •* 

Kiu:ni:zku  Xewell.  TJpxit. 
yhiss.  Archives,  Vol.  5o,  I'Mgo  C14. 
This  was  probably  an  Ootobor  return  although  there  is  no  date  on 
the  roll. 

"They  left  the  plowj;hare  in  the  mold. — 
Their  llucks  and  herds  williout  a  fold, 
The  sickle  in  the  unshorn  grain. 
The  corn,  half  garnered,  on  the  plain. 
And  mustered,  in  their  simple  dress. 
For  wrongs  to  seek  a  stern  redress. 
To  rlglit  those  wrongs,  come  weal,  come  woe, 
To  perish,  or  overcome  their  foe." 


COL.  THOMAS  GOLDTHWAIT-WAS 
HE  A  TORY.^ 

BY    E.    GOLDTHWAITfi    CARTER,    U.    S.    ARMY. 

Bead  before  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  December  19,  1895. 

Part  II. 

In  the  year  1761,  or  perhaps  earlier,  Col.  Thomas 
Goldthwait  was  appointed  by  Sir  Francis  Bernard, 
then  governor,  secretary  of  war  for  the  Province  of 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

He  was  very  active  from  this  date  until  September, 
1763,  in  settling  up  the  accounts  of  both  officers  and 
men  who  had  returned  from  the  Crown  Point  expe- 
dition. In  this,  as  well  as  in  all  of  the  other  positions 
he  had  been  appointed  to,  he  showed  unusual  executive 
ability,  and  that  he  was  a  manj^-sided  man. 

That  he  was  a  warm  personal  friend  of  both 
Thomas  Hutchinson  and  Sir  Francis  Bernard  goes  with- 
VoL.  VII.        14 


186  MAIXi:   iJISTOinCAL   .socfktv. 

out  saying,  and  is  .shown  by  his  ccjrrespondence  with 
them  during  the  peri(»d  that  he  was  tlirown  so  closely 
with  both  of  those  noted  men. 

The  following  advertisements,  or  otiicial  noiices,  were 
found  in  the  provincial  newspapers  of  the  date  of  his 
appointment  as  secretary  at  war:  — 

Province  of  Mass.  Bay. 

His  Excellency  the  Captain-General  is  informed  that  some  of 

the  officers  who  have  received  orders  have   been  very  negligent 

in  their  Duty  of  Recruiting,  which  he  apprehends  is  one  cause 

of  the  Levies  bein^  so  backward;  it  is  therefore  his  Excellencys 

just  cause  for  said  com}»laint. 

And  he  expects  that  those  Troops  wliich  are  already  raised  for 

Colonel  Thwing's  Regiment  proceed  witliout  any  loss  of  time  to 

Ca.stle  William. 

Tho.  Goldthwait, 

Sec'y  at  War. 

Boston,  June  9,  1761.  (Boston  News  Letter.) 

For  the  Compleating  of  the  Provincial  Regiments  Xotice  is 

hereby  given   (with  reference  to  recruiting  them)   to  compleat 

the  number  to  3000  men.     Make  frequent  returns  of  numbers, 

&c.,  and  that  recruiting  shall  cease  as  soon  as  the  regiments  are 

full. 

By  order  of  His  Excellency,  . 

Tho.  Goldthwait 

Sec.  at  ^Var. 
July  16,  176L 

Province  of  Mass.  Bay. 

The  oflicers  recruiting  for  Col.  Holt's  and  Col.  Saltoustall's 
Regiment  are  hereby  notified  to  collect  all  the  men  they  have 
enlisted  and  march  them  immediately  to  Springfield,  where  they 
will  receive  other  orders. 

Each  officer  upon  his  arrival  there  to  make  a  return  of  his 
Deserters   to    the     Commanding   officer,    giving    as   particular  a 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTjnVAIT — WAS    HE    A    TOKY?  Ibl 

Dc6tii[<lion  of  tliLiu  as    luaj  bo,  tlial    thu  same  may  be  liaiis- 
raitted  to  ihe  Secretary  at  War. 

By  order  of  Ilis  Excellency, 

Tho.  Gol'lth^-ait, 

Sec'y  at  War. 
Aug.  12,  1761. 

(Boston  News  Letter,  August,  20,  17G1.) 

Province  of  tlie  Massachusetts  Bay. 
The  ofBceis  wlio  \ver<'  employed  in  the  service  of  the  Province 
the  last  year,  that  are  concerned  in  making  up  the  Pay  Rolls,  are 
directed  to  attend  at  Boston,  a'^  soon  as  may  be,  upon  a  Com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  General  Court  to  examine  the  said  Kolls : 
ana  tiie  Puttiers  who  were  employed  in  tlie  Saul  Service  are  also 
directed  to  attend  the  said  Commitiee  with  their  accounts. 
By  order  of  His  Excellency, 

(signed)  Tho.  Goldthwait, 

Seo'y  at  War. 
Boston,  Jan.  20,  1763. 

(Boston  Evening  Post,  Monday,  Jan,  24,  17G3.) 

In  1763,  Col.  Goldthwait  was  appointed  to  command 
Fort  Pownall  on  the  Penobscot.  A  description  of  this 
old  fort  will  not  be  necessary,  as  it  has  been  fully 
described  in  a  number  ot  historical  publications  from 
plans  now  in  possession  of  the  Bangor  Historical  Society. 
(Vol.  14,  N.  E.  His.  Gen.  Pteg.  pp.  7-10.)  An  engraved 
cut  is  shown  in  the  History  of  Belfast,  i\Ie.,  pp.  55—57. 
It  was  the  largest  and  most  important  post  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  province,  and  a  very  large  trade 
was  carried  on  with  the  Tarratine  or  Penobscot 
Indians,  and  other  tribes. 

The  office  of  truckmaster,  or  official  trader  with 
the  Indians,  was  separate    and    distinct  from  that  of 


188  MAINi:    IIISTOUICAL    SOCIETY. 

commander,  and  it  appears  that  various  persons  held 
that  office:  among  tliem  Jedediah  Preble,  his  son,  John 
Preble,  and  Thomas  Gushing  ;  but  during  most  of  the 
period,  between  1763  and  1775,  it  was  held  by  Thomas 
Goldthwait. 

His  predecessor,  Jedediah  Preble,  is  described  in  the 
History  of  Maine  as  a  man  ''  whose  administration  of 
affairs  at  the  fort  gave  general  satisfaction,  and  secured 
the  respect  of  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him." 

As  the  acts  of  Thomas  Goldthwait  while  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Pownall  have  been  frequently  cited  in 
comparison  with  those  of  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble,  let  us 
throw  a  searchlight  upon  this  :  not  so  much  for  the 
purpose  of  condemning  Preble,  but  to  set  Col.  Thomas 
Goldthwait  right. 

The  writer  finds  that  on  August  24,  17G3  : — 

A  complaint  liaving  been  made  to  the  Great  and  General 
Court  against  Brig.  Preble  at  Fort  Pownall  about  treatment  of 
garrison  and  carrying  on  the  Truck  Trade,  a  Committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  look  into  it. 

And,  on  September  9,  1763  : — 

His  Excellency,  having  communicated  to  the  Board  a  letter 
from  Brig.  Preble  wherein  he  desires  to  resign  his  command  at 
Fort  I'ownal  and  the  ollice  of  Truckmaster  there,  and  his  Excel- 
lency having  nominated  Thomas  Goldthwait,  Esq.,  to  be  Truck- 
master  at  said  Fort  —  Advised  —  That  his  Excellency  appoint 
Thomas  Goldthwait,  Esq.,  accordingly, 

(See  Council  Records  of  1763,  pp.  227,  277.) 
He  was,  therefore,  appointed  truckmaster  Septem- 
ber 9,  1763,  and  the  following  commission  was  duly 
issued  : — 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTHWAIT WAN    HE    A    TORY?  189 

(L.  S.)  Francis  Jk'inanl,  P'sq.,  Captain-Gtneral  and  Govcrnor- 
in-Chicf  over  His  Mrijcsly's  Province  of  Masschuselts  Bay  iii 
New  England, 

To  Tliom.Ms  Goldtlnvait,  Esq.,  Grct.lingI ! 

Whereas  in  and  by  an  act  passed  in  the  Fifth  year  of  Ilia 
Majestys  Heign,  entitled,  "An  act  for  allowing  necessary  sii]»- 
plies  to  the  Eastern  Indians,  for  regulating  'J'rade  with  them,  and 
jn'cventing  abuses  therein:"  l-*rovision  was  madf  that  a  suitable 
jterson  be  appointed  by  the  General  Court  as  Truck-I\ra.stor  for 
the  management  of  the  Trade  with  the  Indians  for  such  ])l8ce 
whence  any  supj^lies  of  Cloathing  and  Povisions  was  made  in  and 
by  said  Act,  that  in  certain  cases  when  a  vacancy  should  happen 
in  the  office  of  Tnick  Afnctpr  orotlior  ciinnVl  ho  put  in  bv  the 
Commander-in-Chief,  and  thereby  the  office  is  to  become  vacant. 

I  have  thought,  therefore,  fit  to  ajijioint,  and  do  hereby,  with 
the  advice  of  his  Majesty's  Council,  appoint  you  the  said  Thomas 
Goldtjjwait  to  be  Triickniaster  at  Fort  Pownall  in  the  room  of 
the  said  Jedediah  Preble.  And  you  are  to  govern  yourself  in 
the  said  office  by  such  Rules  and  Instructions  as  you  shall  from 
time  to  time  receive  persuaut  thereto :  and  before  you  shall  enter 
upon  said  office,  you  shall  take  an  oath  and  give  sufficient  secu- 
rity to  the  Province  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  the  same. 

In  Testimony  whereof  I  have  caused  the  Publick  Seal  of  the 
Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  aforesaid  to  be  hereunto  af- 
fixed. 

Dated  at  B-.ston  the  9th  day  of  September  1763,  In  the  Third 
year  of  His  Majestys  Keign. 

By  His  Exellencys  Command, 

Jno.  Cotton, 

D.  Sec'y. 

He  was  made  captain  of  Foit  Powiiall,  September 
12,  1763j  and  the  following  commi.-^sion  was  issued  :- — 

(L.  S.)  Francis  13ernard,  Esq.,  Captain-General,  &c.     .     . 
To  Thomas  Goldthwait,  Esq.,  Greeting! ! 
B}--  virtue  of  the  Power  and  Authority  unto  me  granted  by  his 
Majesty,    I    do    hereby    constitute    and     appoint     you    the     said 


190  MAfNi:   insTOj;iCAL  society. 

Thomas  GoMthwait  to  be  Caplain  of  hi«;  Majestys  P'ort  Pow- 
nall  at  Penobscot,  and  of  the  Batteries,  Fortifications  &  Plat- 
forms to  the  said  Fort  belonging,  and  of  the  soldiers,  which  are 
or  shall  from  time  to  time  be  posted  in  garrison  there. 

Yon  are  therefore  carefully  and  dilligently  to  discharge  the 
duty  of  Captain  in  all  things  relating  to  that  place,  and  duly  ex- 
ercise the  inferior  officets  and  soldiers  in  arms,  and  to  use  your 
best  endeavours  to  keep  them  in  good  order  and  discijiline  who 
are  ordered  to  acknowledge  you  as  their  Caj>tain,  and  you  are 
to  observe  and  follow  such  Orders  and  Directions  as  you  shall 
from  time  to  time  receive  from  mc,  or  the  Commander-in-Chief 
for  the  time  l:»eing,  or  othei-  of  your  superior  officers,  accoiding 

Given  under  my  Jiand  and  seal  at  arms  at  Boston,  the  12th  day 
of  Sejitember  1703,  in  the  Third  v'ear  of  the  lieign  of  our  Sov- 
ereign   Lord  George  the  Third    by  the  Grace  of  God  of  Great 
Britain,  France  &  Ireland,  King  Defender  of  the  Faith. 
By  Mis  Excellencys  Command, 

Jno.  Cotton, 

D.  Sec'y. 
(I^ook  of  Commissions,  p.  173,  Mass.  Archives.) 

It  would  seem  from  the  fact  that  Thomas  Gold- 
thwait  was  appointed  to  succeed  Jedediah  Preble  upon 
the  eve  of  an  investigation  of  the  latter's  conduct  at 
Fort  Preble,  of  which  there  seems  to  be  undeniable 
proof,  that  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble  resigned  as  the  army 
term  fitly  implies  :  ''  under  fire,"  or  "  under  pressure," 
for  the  same  acts  -which  Thomas  Goldthwait  is  alleo:ed 
to  liave  committed  afterN\ards. 

Can  it  be  possible  that  these  two  truckmasters  and 
captains  of  Fort  Pownall  may  have  been  confounded 
by  John  Davidson  and  his  subsequent  historians  ?  For 
I  find  in  the  Centennial  Celebration  of  the  Settlement 
of  Bangor,  Maine,  September  10,  1869,  p.  34,  and  foot 
note,  the  following  : — 


COL.    TirO^fAS    GOLDTIIWAIT ^\■A.S    UK    A    TOUT?  101 

Jed.  Prehlo  was  the  first  Truckmaster  ;  lie  was  very  utipri])iilrir 
witli  the  Indians,  and  they  made  great  efforts  to  have  hiro  re- 
moved, and  to  have  Johnathan  Lowder,  a  late  gunner  at  Fort 
Fownall  substituted.  They  accused  him  of  lying  in  Led  until  10 
o'clock  :  of  treating  them  with  great  indifference,  going  away 
and  leaving  them  waiting  a  day  at  a  time  for  their  su])plie5,  thus 
affording  the  young  men  an  opportunity  of  getting  drunk. 

Are  there  any  complaints  filed  against  Thomas  Gold- 
thwait?  If  so,  the}'  could  be  as  easily  found  as  those 
against  his  predecessor. 

The  writer,  after  a  most  careful  and  exhaustive 
search  iaiis  lo  una  —  trom  iVtio  to  1775 — a  single 
official  complaint  made  against  him,  either  by  the 
Indians  or  soldiers  of  the  trarrison  under  his  command. 

o 

On  the  contrary,  he  was  repeatedl}^  appointed  truck- 
master —  an  office  of  hi^-h  trust  —  while  still  holdinor 
the  position,  with  the  exception  of  one  year,  ol  cap- 
tain of  Fort  Pownall. 

All  charges  of  cruelty,  extortion,  arbitrary  conduct, 
tyranny  and  cowardice  came  after  the  dismantlement 
of  Fort  Pownall,  in  x\pril,  1775,  and  were  conceived  in 
malice  and  hatred. 

While  commanding  Fort  Pownall,  Col.  Goldthwait 
"Was,  of  course,  in  frequent  correspondence  with  Sir. 
Francis  Bernard,  then  governor  of  the  province.  He 
continually  advised  with  the  governor  with  regard  to 
''augmenting"  the  garrison,  and  pointed  out  to  hira 
the  danger  of  not  doing  so ;  at  the  same  time  when 
the  acts  of  the  Indians  themselves  became  so  flagrant 
and  intolerable  as  to  demand  prompt  action,  lii>  ready 
tact  and  good  judgment  repeatedly  averted  a  bloody 
outbreak. 


192  MAIXE    IIISTOiaCAL    fJOCIETY. 

These  letters  are  all  official  in  tlicir  character,  but 
they  all  iiulicate  very  clearly  tlie  confirleiice  that  the 
Indians  reposed  in  him,  his  wise  and  judicions  govern- 
ment of  affairs  there,  and  his  kind  and  considerate 
treatment  of  the  Indians  and  sohliers  under  his  charo-e. 

o 

They  are  too  numerous  and  lengthy  to  admit  of 
their  introduction  entire  within  the  limits  of  short  his- 
torical papers,  but  a  number  of  them  give  in  full 
several  quiet  interviews  with  certain  chiefs  and  mem- 
bers of  the  tribe,  to  ascertain  tlieir  real  relations  and 
intentions  toward  the  Enfrhsh^  to  Ioop+p  the  malcon- 
tents, if  any,  and  ascertain  the  causes  for  disaffection  of 
the  latter. 

They  are  in  the  nature  of  reports,  in  which  are 
clearly  defined,  in  a  very  intelligent  and  comprehen- 
sive manner,  the  actual  condition  of  aft'airs  at  the 
post,  and  the  surrounding  region. 

One  the  writer  will  briefly  quote  from,  which,  writ- 
ten some  time  after  he  had  received  his  appointment, 
and  after  the  complaints  made  against  the  first  truck- 
master,  would  indicate  any  feeling  among  the  principal 
chiefs  and  Indians  against  him,  if  there  were  any. 

March  26,  1764. 

Sir: —  I  got  liere  on  the  liSd  instant  in  the  morning.  Just  be- 
fore I  came  from  Boston  Capt.  Wasgut  hinted  to  me  that  the 
Indians  had  "grown  very  surly,  and  that  the  inhabitants  of  Maga- 
baggaduce  were  very  uneasy  about  it :  he  said  he  owned  he  was 
himself. 

I  did  not  pay  much  regard  to  it  as  I  had  letters  from  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Fort  by  him  which  made  no  mention  of  it,  but  still  it 
made  me  more  anxious  about  gettiiiLr  down. 

Upon  my  arrival  here  I  enquired  of  th('  officers  whether  there 
was  any  foundation  for  the  report :  tliey  toM  me  there  was.     Mr 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT AVAS    HE    A    TOliY?  193 

Treat  told  me  that  lie  had  wrote  a  letter  on  purpose  to  acquaint 
me  of  it,  but  Wassj.at  was  gone  and  he  didn't  know  which  w:iy  to 
convey  it. 

I  found  no  Indians  in  Imt  the  old  squaw,  Oso.  I  immediately 
sent  for  her,  and  also  for  Mr.  McFarland,  and  examined  her 
about  it.  She  seemed  very  frank  and  open  to  me,  tho'  Mr.  Treat 
eays  she  had  before  denied  it  to  liini.  I  enclose  your  Excellency 
the  dialogue  we  had  upon  it. 

Jfr.  G. —  I  have  heard  that  some  Penobscot  Indians  have  pro- 
posed to  the  tribe  to  break  their  friendship  with  the  English  and 
commit  hostilities,  and,  as  I  know  you  to  be  a  friend  to  us  I  ex- 
pect you'll  tell  mewhethcr  there's  any  foundation  for  it  or  not. 

Oso. —  You  may  depend  on  it  that  I  am  your  Fiiend,  and  will 
tell  you  the  truth. 

Mr.  G. —  Has  s  ich  a  thing  been  proposed  ? 

Oso.—  Yes ! 

Mr.  G. —  What  started  it? 

Oso. —  Toma. 

3//..  G.—  Wiiat  did  he  say? 

Oso. —  He  said  to  us,  'Why  shall  the  English  live  upon  our 
lands?     Let  us  take  them  and  drive  them  off.' 

Mr.  G. —  Did  he  say  it  to  a  few  or  many? 

Oso. —  He  mentioned  it  to  all. 

Mr.  G. —  What  answer  did  they  make  him? 

Oso, —  They  said  his  purpose  wasn't  good  :  the  English  treated 
them  kindly,  and  held  their  lands  by  conquest. 

Mr.  G. —  What  answer  did  he  make? 

Oso. —  Says  he  — 'The  English  have  no  right  to  command  us  : 
let  us  be  our  own  masters,  and  not  be  slaves  to  them.' 

Mr.  G. —  Whnt  answer  did  your  people  make? 

Oso. —  They  said  — '  What  can  we  do  ?  The  English  have  got 
possession  of  our  lami,  and  its  best  for  us  now  to  live  in  friend- 
ship.' 

Mr.  G. —  Did  any  Imlians  join  with  Toma  in  this  proposal? 

Osu. —  Yes  !  some. 

Mr.  G. —  Did  Toma  make  this  proposal  to  the  St.  Joims 
Indians  also? 


194  MAINE    IIISTOinCAL    SOCIETV. 

Oso. —  I  Lave  lieanl  he  di<l,  ami  believe  lie  <U'],  but  1  do  not 
know  it:  I  did  not  lienr  it  with  my  own  ears. 

J/r.  G. —  Whcic  is  Torna  now? 

Oso. —  I  do  not  know.  It  is  said  he  is  a  very  great  way  in 
tbc  country. 

The  next  <Iay  came  in  French  Meser,  one  of  the  Indians  tliat 
was  in  Boston,  and  witli  him  Anson,  another  very  friendly 
Indian.  They  all  agreed  in  the  same  story,  nejjarately  examined. 
I  found  it  was  the  old  villian  Toma,  whom  your  Excellency  had 
a  conference  with  last  year,  and  who,  upon  all  occasions,  has  had 
so  much  respect  shown  him,  togetlier  with  Espequeunt,  another 
deceitful  fellow,  were  at  the  bottom  of  the  affair. 

Mr.  Treat  says  he  had  observed  several  of  tluMii  more  snappish 
and  sullen  than  usual,  and  couldn't  account  for  it  till  some  more 
friendly  inclined  gave  him  a  hint  of  this.  Meser  says  the  better 
sort  among  them  despised  them  who  moved  it.  He  says  he  plainly 
told  them  so :  that  they  were  going  to  rain  themselves  and  their 
nation  :  but  he  says  they  can  make  no  head. 

He  says  he  tlunks  I  shall  not  see  Toma  this  year.  He  hopes 
I  wont  lay  Toma's  faults  ujion  him.  I  told  him  if  they  followed 
Toma's  plan  ihey  might  disturb  the  neighborhood  and  ruin  them- 
selves, but  they  must  know  tliey  couldn't  hurt  the  foit. 

He  said  he  knew  it  very  wel',  and  if  Toma  was  not  a  fool  he 
might  know  it  too.  But  Toma  he  say'd  was  a  proud  man,  and 
wanted  to  be  greater  than  they  thought  him  to  be.  In  a  little 
time,  says  he,  the  children  will  despise  him. 

I  am  uow  at  the  29th  instant.  Capt.  Frost  came  in  this 
morning:  he  tells  me  that  the  Indians  have  been  surly  his 
way  so  much  that  he  had  once  concluded  to  move  his  goods. 
He  desired  me  to  advise  him  what  to  do  respecting  his  Indian 
trade.     I  told  him,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

This  is  a  very  long  letter,  and  relates  to  unimpor- 
tant matters,  until  the  last  portion  ^vllich  gives  an 
interview  with  the  Indian  Toma  as  follows: — 

Capt.  G. —  I  have  been  informed  that  you  have  proposed  to 
your  nation  not  to  renew  with  the  English.     Is  it  so  or  not? 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLIvniWAIT V.  AS    HE    A    TOIJV?  \U!) 

Toma. —  Who  told  you  this? 

Capt.  G. —  The  Indians. 

Toma. —  The  ludiins  and  the  I^^nglish  ppeak  aijainst  Toma. 
All  ray  young  men  that  come  lo  the  Fort  call  themselves  gentle- 
nun.  They  talk  against  Toma.  They  want  to  be  governors 
thetn.tolves. 

('apt.  G. —  It  is  both  y 'ur  young  men  and  your  old  men  that 
have  given  this  information:  are  they  all  liars? 

Toma. —  Brotlier,  hear  me!  mid  understand  me!  You  have 
tv\'o  ears  and  you  have  a  head.  God  noAv  hears  me,  and  God  has 
power  to  tear  me  this  moment  in  pieces.  He  knows  all  my 
thoughts.     I  say  I  have  not  had  any  such  design. 

Capt.  G. —  You  certainly  have  no  cause  to  be  inimical  to  us. 
You  know  I  have  alAvays  treated  you  kindly,  i  have  given  you 
meat.  .  .and  when  yiu  had  nothing  to  pay  for  it.  You  com- 
plained that  the  English  hunters  interfered  and  hurt  your  hunt- 
ing. Gov.  Bernard  made  a  reprcstiitation  of  it,  and  obtaiui  d  an 
Act  to  j^revent  Englishmen  from  hunting  only  within  their  own 
tOAvns.     You  see  we  do  ;dl  we  can  for  you. 

Toma. —  Brother,  you  are  always  kind  to  me.  1  am  always  a 
friend  to  the  Entilish  1  myself  was  the  cause  of  the  English 
having  peace  with  u-,  etc.,  eic. 

Capt. —  What  is  the  reason  that  your  own  people  and  some  of 
your  own  family  report  these  things  of  you? 

Toma. —  Adduhando,  Espequeunt,  (these  are  their  Chief  Gov- 
ernors, as  they  are  called)  and  I  know  nothing  of  this  story. 

Capt. —  I  have  been  told  that  you  and  Espequeunt  fi.st  pro- 
posed it. 

Toma. —  Brother,  hear  me  !  The  Indians  have  got  tAvo  hearts: 
one  is  possessed  by  God,  and  one  is  possessed  by  the  Devil. 
Sometimes  they  combat.  If  the  Devil  gets  the  belter,  then 
whatever  he  (the  Indian)  speaks  of,  or  whatever  be  dot-s  is  bad. 
The  English  have  the  hearts  of  women  ;  they  believe  every- 
thing. What  could  I  aim  at  ?  You  see  I  am  an  old  man  :  my 
eyes  begin  to  lose  their  faculty  of  seeing:  my  ears  fail  me  very 
fast  :  you  see  my  head  is  growing  very  white  :  I  cannot  live  but 
a  little  while.  God  hears  me.  I  say  again  I  had  no  such 
thoughts. 


llin  MAIXK    Hl.-.TOl;lCAL    .SOCIETY. 

Cujijt. —  I  am  glad  to  hear  you  declare  in  this  solemn  manner 
that  you  have  had  no  such  thoughts.  1  wish  you  would  dibi«o:i- 
sess  yourself  of  the  notion  that  the  I'rench  will  ever  retake  Can- 
ada? It's  a  fooli>h  notion.  Drive  it  away  !  I  fear  this  thought 
causes  you  to  be  wavering  in  your  friend.-hip  for  us:  you  are  a 
man  of  sense  :  how  can  you  think  that  the  French  can  TCiake 
Canada?  And,  if  ihey  should,  will  j'ou  then  have  better  friends 
than  you  have  in  us? 

Toma. —  Brother,  we  have  got  little  eyes.  We  cannot  see 
France  or  England.  If  I  was  to  shoot  at  them  (leveling  a  slick 
he  bad  in  his  hands  as  if  it  were  a  gun,  and  taking  sight)  I 
should  shoot  at  random,  and  I  might  hit  them  or  I  might  miss 
them.     The  Indians  on  the  back  of  Canada  are  very  numerous. 

Cu/y«. —  Vv'hat  have  you  to  do  with  the  Indians  on  the  back  of 
Canada  ?  or  what  have  the}-  to  do  with  me?  Put  away  that  no- 
tion! I  have  heard  several  of  your  people  say  that  you  are  not 
friends  to  one  another. 

Toma. —  Brother,  would  you  say  more  upon  this  subject? 

Vo.pt. —  I  have  heard  that  you  shou'd  say  your  young  men 
have  told  stories  about  us. 

Toma. —  It  is  true  they  told  me  the  English  won'd  take  me 
and  poison  me.  I  did  not  believe  it.  If  I  had  believed  it  I 
shou'd  not  have  come  in.  Brother,  stop  up  both  your  ears  !  1 
stop  up  mine. 

The  balance  of  this  clialo!2:iie  is  very  iiiterestintr  but 
reveals  nothing  bejond  the  fact  that  Toma,  in  his 
most  persuasive  Indian  diplomatic  language,  denied 
that  he  was  in  any  plot  for  the  overthrow  of  the 
English. 

The  representation  and  act  referred  to  concerning 
the  English  hunters  is  as  follows :  — 

On  July  19,  1VG3,  Gov.  Bernard  issued  a  proclamation  forbid- 
ding all  hostile  acts  towards  the  Eastern  Indians,  compelling  re  s- 
titution  of  furs,  etc.,  taken  from  them  by  the  hunters,  and  made 
the  greatest  exertions  to  soothe  their  fears. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTilWAlT WA.^    UK    A    TOIJV?  lit? 

This  was  followed  by  a  legislative  act  to  prevent 
the  English  from  hunting-  in  any  part  of  the  king's 
woods. 

Col.  Goldthwait  further  emi)hasized  this  act  by  the 
following  calm  and  deliberate  letters  addressed  to  a 
party  of  these  hunters:  — 

FoBT  PowNALL,  Mar.  24, 1704. 

Gcnm: — The  Indians  complain  heavily  of  the  injury  you  do 
them  in  hunting  on  a  stream  which  they  had  taken  uj).  There  is 
a  law  against  English  hunting  at  all,  but  it  is  hardly  yet  in  force  : 
still,  I  cannot  but  hope  that  you  are  so  friendly  to  the  Common- 
tvctiicii  ijjttu^you  \v  oil  t^iVu  tiiv;  IiiuiaiiS  "iiv  jUst  caust  of  Com- 
plaint. 

The  little  advantage  you  may  make  M'ill  be  poor  compensation 
to  you  if  by  this  means  you  should  be  the  cause  of  disturbing  the 
peace  and  quiet  of  your  Country. 

Therefore  I  earnestly  entreat  you  to  quit  the  stream  you  are 

upon.     But,   if  you   will  not,  and  any   mischief  ensues,  I  caimot 

see  how  you  can  acquit  j'our  dues  if  you  are   apprehended  after 

the  act  taken  against  the  Province  by  your  not  complying  with  my 

request. 

lam,  Gent™, 

Y*^  very  good  friend, 

ThO.    GoLDTinVAIT. 

The  answer  of  the  hunters  was  received  upon  a 
piece  of  birch  bark  marked  with  a  pin. 

Capt.  Goldthwait: — this  come  to  let  you  know  that  I  have 
Been  the  Indians  you  sent  your  letter  with,  and  they  have  given 
it  to  us.  and  we  haven't  set  any  traps  where  they  have  any  and 
we  would  be  very  glad  you  v.-ould  tell  the  Indians  that  we  would 
(perhaps  could)  Inmt  upon  the  pond,  that  we  were  upon  it  first 
and  there  were  no  signs  of  any  Indians  upon  it  when  we  came 
here,  if  there  was  any  traps  on  it  we  would  not  have  sat  any 
there,  and  as  we  were  here  first  we  think  it  is  our  Right  to  hunt 


198  MAINE    IHSTOKICAL    SOCIKTY. 

heif,  but  if  you  are  not  satifelied   we  will  go  home,  eo  T  am  your 
humble  servant 

Hams  IiOi.ixson". 

FoBT  PowNALL,  Mar.  28,  17G4. 
Gent"! : — I  received  your  note  l»y  x\rexos,  ami  am  ^orry  to  t-'ll 
you  that  there  is  an  absolute  occasion  for  you  to  leave  the  Pond 
wliich  you  are  u]'on,  and  which  the  Indians  say&  demonstrate 
they  have  y^  best  rijrht  to.  I  wish  you  could  accomodate  your- 
selves otherwise  for  the  little  time  which  you  have  a  right  to 
hunt:  but  if  you  are  determined  to  continue  where  you  are,  I 
fear  what  will  be  the  consequence. 

It  is  as.  much  as  I  can  do  to  pacify  the  Indians,  and  I  hope 
you''  consider  what  injury  may  be  done  in  this  Province. 

You  arc  liable  to  a  fine  and  to  forfeit  your  fur,  ar.d  1  shall  cer- 
tainly use  my  best  endeavours  to  have  the  act  fully  executed. 

I  am  yours,  &c. 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 

The  Englisli  Hunters 

Quantalfagood  Pond. 

These  hunt'jrs  were  law-breakers.  Col.  Goldthwait 
had  the  power  vested  in  him  to  arrest  and  punish 
them.  Tbey  are  the  early  settlers  whom  he  is  accused 
of  being  unkind  to. 

"  He  was  very  unkind  to  the  early  settlers."  '•'  He 
was  cruel,  arbitrarj^,  and  an  extortioner." 

Had  he  been  an  arbitrary  or  a  cruel  man  he  could, 
because  he  had  the  power,  and  doubtless  would  have 
sent  out,  arrested  them  at  once,  and  placed  them  in 
confinement  inside  the  fort.  Had  he  been  an  extor- 
tioner he  might  have  sent  a  messenger  to  them  and 
demanded  a  division  of  the  valuable  spoils  or  a  sum- 
mary arrest. 

The  writer   asserts   that   these  letters  are   models  of 
calm,  considerate  judgment.     They  are  couched  in  the 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTinVAIT WAS    UK    A    TOIiV?         I'JO 

most  cnretiil,  courteous  and  di})loinalic  language,  show 
great  tact,  and  indicate  the  very  reverse  of  a  cruel, 
arbitrary  nature. 

In  order  to  offer  a  strong  contrast  with  Col.  Gold- 
thwait's  methods  of  governing  not  only  these  lawless 
hunters,  but  in  his  interviews  with  the  Indians,  his 
rare  tact  in  pacifying  them,  and  smoothing  over  their 
grievances,  it  is  the  writer's  purpose  to  introduce  a 
letter  written  about  this  date,  by  Col.  William  Litli- 
gow,  who  commanded  Fort  Halifax,  the  next  fort  on 
the  Kennebec  River,  to  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardiner,  the 
celebrated  surgeon  oi  jjoslou,  who  has  been  previously 
referred  to  as  having  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait. 

Fort  Halifax,  Mar.  26,  1764, 
Sir  : — The  ludians  accoit'.ing  to  the  best  of  my  apprehensions 
do  not  at  present  rest  satisfied  with  the  late  peace,  as  appears  to 
me  by  some  threatening  words  made  use  of  to  me  by  one  Indian, 
as  that  he  would  in  the  Sjiring  prevent  me  from  going  up  oi' 
down  this  river,  and  would  shut  up  the  gntes  of  this  Fort,  and  as 
the  fellow  behaved  with  great  insolence  in  other  ways  I  knocked 
him  off  the  chair  where  he  sat,  and  as  soon  as  he  had  recovered 
from  the  stroke  of  my  ilst,  he  immediately  arose  from  tlie  floor, 
strij»ped  u])  his  arras  in  order  for  Battle  According  to  tlieir  cus- 
tom, and  at  the  same  time  yelling  and  claping  his  hand  several 
times  on  his  bare  Britch  and  breast,  in  an  insulting  and  braging 
manner,  xchich  gave  con&iderahle  jiow  to  my  spirits. 

I  then  immediately  caught  him  fast  l>y  the  throat  and  with  mv 
other  arm  around  his  neck  I  fetched  him  down  icith  his  head 
against  the  chimney  Jam  with  such  force  irJdch  made  the  Blood 
come  plentifulhj  out  of  nose  and  mouthy  and  being  determined  to 
follow  the  advantage  I  had  gained,  gave  him  no  time  to  riscj 
but  siezed  him  by  the  hair  of  the  head  and  dragtd  him  outside 
the  Door^  when  I  yrve  him  a  kick  on  his  Britch  sind  told  him  if 


200  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    S0CIP:TV. 

J  heard  any  more  of  his  bad  Talk  I  icould  make  him  wuible  to 
stand  or  go. 

Upon  wliicli  the  other  Indian  present  luged  liim  off  to  tlioir 
Lodging,  it  being  just  niglit.  Thus  the  quarrel  ended  to  my  sat- 
isfaction. 

The  italics  arc  the  writer's.  There  is  no  mention 
made  of  this  act  in  any  local  liistories  the  writer  has 
been  able  to  find,  and  the  reason  appears  to  be  obvious. 

Col.  Lithgow  was  not  compelled,  under  stress  of  cir- 
cumstanceS;  when  the  alarm  of  war  sounded,  to  have 
Fort  Halifax  dismantled,  and  he  adhered  stronorlv  to 
fhf»  Whi<>'"5.  p^  plf^o  did  G^^^i.  ^ed.  Preble. 

From  a  strictly  military  standpoint  of  speedy  justice 
and  good  oovernment  however,  the  foregoing  novel 
method  of  dealing  with  the  poor  Indian  of  that  period, 
comes  pretty  close  to  being  arbitrary  and  cruel,  and 
stands  out  in  sharp  contrast  v/ith  any  act  that  the 
writer  has  yet  found,  connecting  Col.  Goldthwait  with 
similar  force,  or  with  the  present  refined  modes  of 
treating  with  the  wards  of  the  nation. 


HALLOWKix  ]:i:f:oi:DS.  201 


HALLOWELL  RECORDS. 

COMMUNICATED    ];Y    DK.    W.    H.    LAPUAM. 

[Continue.  I  from  Page  105. J 

Shubael  West,  fou  of  Wicr  West  and  Haunab  Cottle,  bis 
wife,  was  born  at  ^MartJia's  Vineyard,  Au^nist  1-i,  1112.  Married 
Mercy,  daugliter  of  Cliarles  and  D«.'liver;\nce  Edniondson,  of  tbe 
same  town,  wbo  \\as  born  Ajn-il  IG,  17GG.     Tbeir  cbilib-eii  are:  — 

Delia  Edmondson,  h.  Sept.  2,  1704. 
Charles  Edmoiulsoii,  b.  Sept.  14,  ITOG. 
Hannah,  b.  Feb.  5,  1799;  d.  Feb.  2o,  1799. 

r.Lx.  I.  :j.u.  j.  ::oc. 

Georfjc,  b.  June  2(i,  1S02. 

Joseph,  b.  July  17.  1804;  d.  Sept.,  1S05. 

Joseph  Merry,  b.  Oct.  14,  1805. 

John,  b.  June  20.  1809. 

Gustavus  Oscar,  b.  Xov.  27,  ISll. 

Hannibal  Alphonse,  b.  Dec.  26,  ISJo. 

Harriet  Emeline,  b.  June  21,  ISIG;  d.  Mar.  29,  1837. 

Rebecca  Edmondi^on,  sister  to  the  above  3Ir3.  West  living  in 
tbe  family,  was  born  at  Martlia's  \'ineyard,  April  14,  1774. 

James  Hinkley,  son  of  Shubael  and  Mary  Hinkley,  was  born 

in .     Married  Mary  McKenny,  daughter  of  Matthew 

^IcKenney,  of .       Came  to  this  town,   1774. 

James  Hinkley,  son  of  James  Ilinkley,  above  mentioned, 
was  boin  in  Topsham,  county  of  Cumberland,  August  14,  17G9. 
Came  with  his  f;ithei's  family  to  this  town,  1774.  ^Married 
Joanna,  daughter  of  Jonathan  and  Martha  iSi:>rcrose  of  Bath, 
who  was  born,  Jiir.e  3,  1773.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Owen,  b.  Mar.  27,  1794. 

Mary  McKenny,  b.  July  7,  179(5. 

Smith,  b.  Au^^  1,  1798. 

Nicholas,  b.  Oct.  2.v,  1799. 

Thomas,  b.  Dec.  15,  1802;  d.  Sept.  5,  1S03. 

Pamelia,  b.  May  25,  1805. 

Henry  Kendall,  b.  May  20,  1S07. 

Martha  Ann,  b.  Aufj.  11,  1S14. 

Vol.  VII.         15 


202  maim:  iiitiTouiCAi,  society. 

Doa.  Jaiues  Iliiikloy,  died ,  1840. 

Mrs.  Jonnii:i  Jlinklcv,  died  Jinic,  1S42. 

Oliver  Osgood  Ilinkley,  sou  of  James  and  Mary  Iliukley.  was 
born  in  llallowell,  August  28,  1787.  Marricul  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Isaac  and  Mary  PiLsljury  of  llallowell,  who  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, state  of  New  Hampshire,  December  G,  1791.  Their  children 
are  :  — 

Sarah  Elizabeth,  b.  on  Thursday,  Oct.  26,  1S15. 
Helen  Louisa,  b.  on  Thursday,  Oct.  9,  1817. 
Amos,  b.  July  21, 1S23. 

Thomas  Brewster  Corlidge,  son  of  Benjamin  Corlidge  and 
Mary  Carter,  his  wife,  was  born  in  Boston,  December  4,  178fi. 
Carae  to  this  town  Mav  18.  1809.  Married  Clnri'ssa,  daughter  of 
Loarami  and  Mary  IJaldwiii,  of  Woburn,  Massachusetts,  January 
23,  1812.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Beujamin,  b.  Nov.  11,  1S12. 
Thomas  Brewster,  b.  May  3,  1815. 

David  Marshall,  son  of  Benjamin  and  Sarah  Marshall,  was 
born  in  Ipswich,  Mass.  Mairied  Anna  Stevens  Ehvell.  Mrs. 
Marshall  with  her  two  sons  and  daughter  came  to  this  town, 
June  22,  1800.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Benjamin,  b.  May  6,  1777  in  Ipswich,  now  settled  in  Bangor. 
"William,  b.  Jan.  1,  17S0  in  Ipswich. 
Enoch,  b.  July  ]S,  17S4,  in  Ipswich. 
Betsey,  b.  July  19,  ITSO  in  Ipswich. 

Moses  H.  Rollins,  son  of  Moses  and  Anna  Rollins,  was  born  in 
London,  state  of  New  Hampshire,  August  3,  1777.  Married 
Lucy,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Lydia  Potter,  of  Pittsfield,  New 
Hampshire,  who  was  born  August  12,  1784,  and  married  January 
1,  1806,  by  elder  Ebenezer  Knowlton  of  said  Pittsfield.  Came 
to  this  town  with  his  family,  March  9,  1807,  Their  children 
are  :  — 

Holman  Potter,  b.  Apr.  14,  1809. 
Ariel  Mann,  b.  Apr.  2G,  1814. 

William  Rollins,  son  of  .Closes  Rollins,  was  born  July  f>,  1779. 
Came  to  this  town,  1801.     Married  Betsey,  daughter  of  Andrew 


HALLOWKLL    IIIXOKDS.  20?. 

and  Hannah  Goodwin  of  tJiis  town,  October  12,  180G.     William 
Rollins  died  August  19,  18-10.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Snlly  Ann,  h.  Aug.  29,  1807. 

Eliza  Ann,  b.  Oct.  12,  1809. 

Elzada,  b.  Aug.  18,  1811. 

Hannah  Stackpole,  b.  Auj,'.  :i,  1814. 

Alphonzo.  b.  Nov.  13,  1816. 

Lucy  Anu,  b.  Au;;.  19,  1810. 

Andrew  Jordan,  b.  Mar.  6,  1822. 

William  Henry,  b.  Dec.  31,  1820;  d.  Nov.  8,  1827. 

Sewall  Winslow,  son  of  Jonathan  and  ALig.iil  Winslow,  was 
born  in  Epping,  state  of  Xew  Hampshire.  OctoVx-r  17,  1774. 
Married  Betsey,  daughter  of  Jonathan  and  Sarah  Whiting  of 
Wintlirop,  who  was  born  June  0.1781,  Cr^me  with  his  fannly 
to  this  country  1810.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Jonathan  Whiting,  b.  Apr.  17,  1803. 

Hannah,  b.  May  24,  1805. 

Abigail  ClilToi-d,b.  May  13,  1807. 

Sewell  Sanford,  b.  Mar.  3,  1SU9. 

Sarah  Wliittier,  b.  Apr.  9,  1812,  in  Ilallowell. 

Charles  Henry,  b.  Nov.  10,  1S13. 

George  Albert,  b.  Sept.  8,  1815. 

Fraziette  Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  28,  ISIS. 

Betsey  Flaville,  b.  Sept.  21,  1821. 

T'elatiah  Morrill,  son  of  Peasley  and  Peace  Morrill,  was  born  ia 
Berwick,  District  of  ^Maine,  July  18,  1787.  Came  to  this  town 
Oct.,  1810.  blamed  Rhoda,  daugliter  of  Eijenezer  and  Sarah 
Mayo  of  Hallowell,  January  1,  1815.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Caroline,  b.  Nov.  6,  1815. 

Emeline,  b.  Sept.  21,  1817. 

Eliza,  b.  Dec.  11,  1810. 

Pelatiah  Warren,  b.  Apr.  2,  1823. 

George  Mayo,  b.  Jan.  2,  1828,  d.  Dec.  20,  1830. 

Rhoda  Helen,  b.  Aug.  30,  1830.  d.  Aug.  13,  1871. 

Ebenezer  Norton,  son  of  Ebenezer  Xorton,  was  born  in  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  January  9,  1777.  jlarried  Clariissa,  daughter  of 
Elijah  Butler  of  Farmington.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Betsey,  b.  Sept.  2.",.  1803,    ) 

Mary,  b.  Nov.  4,  1.^00,         [in  Farmington. 

Winthrop.  b.  Dec.  8,  1811,  ) 


204  maim:   histouical  .•^o(;ikty. 

Jeiemiali,  b.  Apr.    17.  181:3,  |  .     ,,1,        ,, 
Ilonry,  b.  Sept.  12,  1817,  \  '"  ^^^'^''•^^•'^ll' 

The  cliiKlrei)  of  Ste[»lioii  nri»u'n  .iml liis  wife  :  — 

Ann,  b.  Apr.  0,  170-1. 
Judith,  b. 

Aiuhew,  b.  Apr.  11,  170S. 
Stephen,  b.  Aiiff.  81,   1801. 
Betsey,  b.  May  14,  ISOl. 

David    Coombs    of niai  ried   the    al)ove    uamed    Judith 

Brown,  and  dyini;  left  one  ehild,  viz. :  — 
Edward  Coombs,  b.  Juuc  9,  ISIO. 


SKETCHES   OE  THE   LIVES   OE   EARLY 
MAINE   MINISTERS. 

BY    WILLIAM    D.    WILLIAMSON. 

Presented  to  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  with  an  Introduction  by  Joseph 
Willinim^on,  Decevcber  10,  ISSl. 

[CO.VTINUED.] 

REV.  JOIIX  URQUHART. 

Rev.  John  URQunARx/  a  Scotch  Presbyterian,  es- 
tablished at  Warren  in  1775,  was  the  first  settled 
minister  in  tlmt  place.  He  was  educated  at  one  of 
the  colleges  in  his  native  country,  licensed  to  preach 
b}'-  the  Allon  Presbytery  in  North  Britain,  and  emi- 
grated to  this  state  in  the  spring  of  1774.  Warren 
was  at  that  time  called  the  ^' upper  town"  because  it 
was  a  settlement  begun  in  17o6,  on  the  westerly  bank 
of  St.  George's  River,  a  short  distance  above  that 
called  the  "lower  town"  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river.     In   the    former  was  a   meeting-house,  at    the 

•  Urqutiart  is  quite  a  rare  name,  pronoimcdl  Urcutt :   ijcrhiips  in  England  <.1icutt, 
at  the  southward  Ustiusliart. 


SKKTfHF.S  OK    rilK   I.IVKS  OF  i:.\l:LV   MAINK  M IMSTKKS.     20.') 

lower  piirt  ui"  llw  town,  mitl  in  the  latter  a  fort/  which 
were  not  far  apart.  Mr.  Urc^iihart  was  first  at  New 
Castle,  and  on  his  arrival  at  the  plantation,  which  was 
principally  settled  by  Scotch  and  Irish  Presbyterians, 
was  employed  to  preach,  and  a  twelve-month  after- 
ward, settled.  He  was  the  next  preacher  in  the  plan- 
tation after  Mr.  Rutherford,  and  probably  gathered  a 
church,  though  no  record  of  its  establishment  is  now 
extant.  Warren  was  incorporated  November  7,  177G, 
and  Mr.  Urquhart  was  accredited  the  minister  of  the 
town  for  eight  years,  yet  he  preached  occasionally  in 
Thomaston,-  Cushmg,  and  JStirlington  settlement. 

But  thoucrh  he  was  a  man  of  considerable  abilities, 
his  piety  was  questionable,  and  his  character  suspi- 
cious; it  was  said  he  had  married  a  second  wife  while 
the  first  one  was  living.  At  length,  therefore,  the 
Salem  Presbytery,  in  September^  17S3,  on  hearing  the 
charges  against  him,  removed  him,  also  the  town  set- 
tled with  him  for  his  services,  and  wished  him  to  leave 
them.  Still  he  tarried,  until  a  committee  by  letter 
desired  the  Presbytery  to  eit'ect  his  departure.  His 
next  remove  was  in  the  autumn  of  1784  to.  the  town 
of  Ellsworth,  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
each  side  of  Union  River.  The  next  spring  we  find 
him  preaching  at  Topsham,  where  a  committee  from 
Ellsworth  gave  him  a  call  and  requested  the  Salem 
Presbytery  to  install  him.  Though  a  listening  ear  to 
the  application  could  hardly  be  expected,  yet  such 
was   the   appai-ent   humility  of  the  candidate    that  on 

'  Incorreci;  both  were  iu  the  upjicr  town. 

*  In  17GS  the  first  mini:^ttT  .-ettleil  in  tliis  vicinity  was  John  Urquhart.  He 
pre;iched  to  the  inhabilaiU.'?  of  Thomaston  seven  years.  Hon.  Mr.  Pierce's  MS. 
letter. 


206  ^[atnf:  iiisToincAL  sociktv. 

the  seventh  of  September,  the  same  year,  1775,  that 
body  gave  him  instalhition.  But  Mr.  Urquhart  in  no 
lengthened  period  found  himself  losing  the  favor,  the 
confidence,  and  even  the  charity  of  his  people.  His 
preaching  was  powerless,  and  there  were  evident 
blemishes  on  his  character.  What  could  not  be  proved 
by  witnesses  could  be  effected  by  jealousy  and  preju- 
dice; and  early  in  the  year  1790  he  was  dismissed, 
and  perhaps  ought  to  have  been  silenced.  For  how 
appears  the  mere  worldling  ''  in  handling  the  word  of 
life?"  Alas!  the  unyielding  evil  such  a  minister 
entails  upon  a  young  community. 

REV.  THOMAS  MOORE. 

Rev.  Thomas  Moore,  Harvard  College,  1769,  was 
ordained  June,  1773,  the  first  settled  minister  of  Wis- 
casset.  His  wife  was  Anna  Kingsbury,  of  that  place, 
the  sister  of  Judge  Thomas  Rice's  wife.  This  was  the 
southerly,  or  first  Parish  in  the  old  and  extensive  town 
of  Pownalborough.  A  settlement  at  Wiscasset  Point 
was  eflected  in  1GG2-63,  but  all  the  inhabitants  were 
driven  off  b\'  the  Indians  early  in  the  second  Indian 
war,  which  commenced  in  1688,  and  this  part  of  the 
state  lay  waste  upwards  of  forty  j'ears.  The  planta- 
tion was  resettled  about  1730,  and  tlie  only  preaching 
the  people  enjoyed  for  many  years  was  that  of  mis- 
sionaries. Mr.  Moore  was  not  a  very  powerful  or 
popular  preacher :  he  was  an  Arminian,  in  favor  of  the 
half  way  covenant,  and  after  a  ministry  of  eighteen 
years  his  pastoral  relationship  was  dissolved.  This 
was  in   the   year  1791,  and  he  never  resettled  in  the 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EAi:i.V   .MAINE  .MINI>TEKS.  207 

ministry.  But  within  two  years  afterwards,  wliile 
preacliing  in  Pittston,  he  died  in  ;in  apoplectic  fit. 
His  cliaracter  was  fair,  though  his  piety  was  doubted. 
No  one  will  deny  that  abstinence  from  evil  and  philo- 
sophical morality  are  doctrines  of  negative  goodness, 
well  worthy  to  be  taught  from  any  pulpit.  They  are 
the  pure  snows  which  clothe  nature  in  the  whitest 
robes.  Still,  positive  holiness  and  divine  grace  are  the 
light  and  warmth  indispensable  to  give  life  and  pro- 
duce fruits  in  the  heart.  Ministers  sometimes,  but  too 
late,  find  their  preaching  but  as  the  frost  of  winter. 
lUr.  iMoore  s  iieight  was  of  a  middle  size,  of  a  square 
frame,  darkish  complexion,  and  good  features :  a  lover 
of  good  food,  of  which  he  partook  freely.  He  left  one 
son,  who  died  at  New  Providence. 

REV.  JACOB  BAILEY. 

Rev.  Jacojj  Bailey,  Harvard  College,  1755,  vras  a 
local  Episcopal  curate  or  rector,  the  first  of  that 
order  at  the  present  Dresden.  That  place  was  origi- 
nally the  plantation  of  Frankfort.  After  a  fort  was 
established  in  1754,  near  the  easterly  bank  of  the 
Kennebec,  opposite  the  head  of  Swan  Island,  perhaps 
three  leagues  below  Gardiner  village,  the  place  was 
selected  as  a  good  site  for  the  court  house  in  Pownal- 
borough,  that  town  and  the  county  of  Lincoln  being 
both  incorporated  in  1760.  The  Kennebec  Pro- 
prietors, still  further  to  promote  their  own  interest 
and  to  accommodate  such  worshipers  as  attended  Court, 
soon  afterwards  erected  a  church  mostly  at  their  own 
expense.     Being  themselves  Episcopalians,  they  also 


208  MAINi:    HISlOlilCAI-    SOriKTY. 

employed  Mr.  Bailey  abonl  the  year  1770,  to  officiate 
as  minister  of  the  new  establishment,  and  also  endowed 
it  with  one  hundred  acres  of  land  which  were  ulti- 
mately vested  in  trustees  for  the  same  purpose.  But 
there  were  not  many  of  the  sect  in  that  place,  and 
Mr.  Bailey  in  a  few  years  found  it  was  no  soil  nor 
atmosphere  for  Episcopacy.  As  the  storm  of  the 
Revolution  thickened  and,  lowerinu,  threatened  to 
burst  upon  him,  with  other  loyalists,  he  retired  to 
Annapolis-ioyal  in  Xova  Scotia.  He  never  returned; 
but  was  there  in  April,  1795,  whence,  from  his  pen,  was 
published  in  the  fourth  volume  of  Collections  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  a  paper  '•'  on  the  an- 
tiquities of  America."  It  is  written  in  a  good  style 
and  evinces  considerable  thought  and  research.  In 
of  one  its  paragraphs  he  says :  "The  Indians  had  for- 
merly a  method  of  conveying  knowledge  by  hierogly- 
phics. I  am  assured  form  good  authority  that  the 
Mickmacks  of  this  peninsula  had  the  same  method 
(upon  the  rind  of  bark)  of  expressing  their  sentiments. 
There  is  in  this  town  a  gentleman  of  learning,  curious 
in  his  reseaches,  who  has  not  only  surrounded,  but 
traveled  through  the  interior  length  of  this  province. 
He  informs  me  that  he  has  seen  those  characters  both 
upon  bark  and  paper,  and  that  some  of  the  Romish 
missionaries  perfectly  understand  them." 

Mr.  Bailey  is  supposed  to  be  the  son  of  Rev.  Abner 
Bailey,  of  Salem,  New  Hampshire.  Where  the  son 
was  employed  after  his  graduation,  before  1770,  is  not 
known.  He  was  the  last  on  the  catalogue  of  his  class, 
consistingof  twenty-four,  when  students  were  "  placed  " 


SKETCHES  OF  TIIT,  J.IVES  OF  EAKI-V  MAINE  MlMsTEUS.  209 

or  arranged  "  according  to  tlie  rank  of  iheir  parents  ;" 
though  his  cLa>^smate.s  were  Pres.  John  Adams,  Gov. 
Jolm  Wentworth,  Rev.  Dr.  Sam.  Lock,  President  Har- 
vard College.  Jndges  William  Brown,  and  David  Sewall, 
Hon.  Tristram  Dalton,  and  Dr.  Moses  Hemmenv/ay. 
Evidently,  the  talents  of  Mr.  Hailey  were  more  solid 
than  flowing,  and  his  piety  more  philosophical,  than 
spiritual.  As  a  minister,  therefore,  he  could  not  so 
much  excel. 

REV.  THOMAS  LANCASTER. 

xttv.  Tiiu.\iAS  LAiNUASTKK,  liarvard  College,  1764, 
was  ordained  in  November,  1775,  the  third  settled 
minister  in  the  first  parish  of  Scarborough.  He  was 
the  successor  of  the  excellent  Mr.  Pierce.  He  was  one 
of  the  patriarchal  ministers  so  much  beloved  and 
revered  in  his  time,  for  he  was  the  engaged  pastor  nnd 
teacher  of  this  church  and  people  the  protracted  period 
of  half  a  century-  After  the  death  of  Rev.  Mr.  Pierce 
and  before  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Lancaster,  the  pro- 
fessors and  parishioners  wdth  one  consent  renonnced 
Presbvterianism.  and  ao-aiu  became  Conffregationalists. 
Few  ministers  have  shown  themselves  more  faithful  to 
their  vocation  and  more  intent  on  doing  good  than  the 
pious  Mr.  Lancaster.  He  sowx^d  precious  seed,  and  in 
return  had  the  taste  of  a  rich  and  pleasant  harvest. 

REY.  WILLIAM  FESSENDEN". 

Rev.  William  Fessenden,  Harvard  College,   17GS, 
■was  ordained   Octobe)*  11,  1775,  the  first  settled  min- 
ister   of    Fryclrurg.     This    township    was    granted    to 
Vol.  VII.         10 


210  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

Geii.  Frye  in  17G2,  a  settlement  was  soon  commonce'l. 
a  church  of  eleven  members  was  formed,  August  21st, 
before  Mr.  Fessenden  was  settled,  and  the  town  incor- 
porated, January  11th,  1777,  under  very  favorable 
auspices.  For  the  people  w^ere  blessed  with  a  young 
minister  of  talents,  piety,  and  education,  zealous  to 
do  good,  emulous  to  excel.  He  was  the  son  of 
William  Fessenden,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  a 
younger  brother  of  Rev.  Thomas  Fessenden,  Walpole, 
New  Hampshire.  The  Congregational  meeting-house 
is  at  the  village  in  the  southerly  part  of  the  town, 
^'-  ucv^oiitlj  Hijiftlicd."  A  parish  fund  originating  early, 
amounted  during  Mr.  Fessenden's  life  to  more  than 
two  thousand  dollars.  But  though  he  preached  the 
gospel  with  fidelity  and  considerable  success,  seeing 
the  members  of  the  church  multiplied  and  the  borders 
of  Zion  enlarged,  he  found  himself  the  minister  of  a 
peculiar  people.  Unable  to  satisfy  them  he  relin- 
quished his  salary  in  1803,  like  the  good  shepherd  thnt 
careth  more  for  the  flock  than  the  fleece,  and  preached 
afterwards  at  times  at  other  places.  His  pastoral  labor 
and  relation  were  continued  till  both  were  closed  by 
his  death,  May  6,  1805,  he  being  in  the  fifty-eighth 
year  of  his  age,  and  thirtieth  of  his  ministry.  He  left 
a  family,  Samuel  Fessenden,  Dartmouth  College  1806, 
a  counselor  at  law,  Portland,  senator  and  major- 
general,  being  his  son. 

HEV.  JOHN  THOMSON. 

Rev.  John  Thomson,  Harvard  College,  1765,    was 
ordained  October  26,  1768,  the  first  settled  minister  of 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EAKLY  MAINE  MINISTERS.    2]  1 

Staiidish.  Ho  was  the  son  of  Ecv.  William  Tlioinson, 
of  Scarborough,  and  a  classmate  with  Rev.  Samuel 
Willard,  president  of  Harvard  University. 

This  was  originally  a  tract  granted  in  1750,  settled 
in  17G0,  a  plantation  called  '' Pierson-town,  and 
Hobbstown, "  and  incorporated,  November  30,  17S5, 
into  a  town  by  its  present  name  of  Stan  dish. 

Mr.  Thomson  was  ordained  in  Rev.  Mr.  Smith's 
meeting-house  in  Portland.  At  that  time  there  was 
a  church  organized  of  seven  male  members,  and  there 
were  in  the  town  of  Standish  about  thirty  families. 
lo  uie  year  imo,  iie  iecLn\cii  ixiS  ^iippori  priiiclpully 
from  the  proprietors  of  the  township ;  but  after  that 
year  they  withheld  it,  believing  the  inhabitants  were 
numerous  and  able  enough  to  maintain  their  minister 
themselves.  Mr.  Thomson  on  this  occasion  acted,  in 
imitation  of  his  Lord,  the  part  of  true,  disinterested 
benevolence,  for  he  continued  to  preach  there  five- 
years  without  compensation.  In  17S1,  however,  he 
suspended  his  ministrations  in  Standish,  and  sought 
other  fields  of  labor,  and  in  May,  1783,  he  was 
dismissed  at  his  own  request,  and  in  the  same  month 
he  was  installed  the  fourth  settled  minister  of  South 
Berwick,  the  successor  of  Rev.  Jacob  Foster. 

The  prospects  of  Mr.  Thomson  in  pecuniary  affairs 
were  now  bright  and  promising,  for  the  parish 
owned  a  tolerable  parsonage  and  other  property  to 
the  amount  of  two  thousand  dollars,  to  which  must 
be  added  General  Lord's  donation  of  fifteen  hun- 
dred dollars  to  the  funds  of  the  society.  But 
the    church  was    small,  no    general    revival  of  relig-- 


212  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

ion  having  ever,  till  lately,  distinguished  its  annals. 
Surely  so  good  a  minister  as  Mr.  Thomson,  miglit 
often  feel  his  heart  bleed,  on  perceiving  luke- 
warmness  so  protracted  among  a  people  remarkable 
for  sobiiety  and  the  best  habits.  Still  he  believed 
there  would  be  fruits  if  he  fiiiled  not.  He  was  perse- 
vering, therefore,  in  his  labors  like  a  primitive  apostle, 
and  he  possessed  "like  precious  faith.  "  His  ministry 
was  of  uncommon  length,  it  being  in  the  whole  sixty 
years ;  forty-five  of  which  were  at  South  Berwick. 
He  died  in  1828,  aged  about  eighty-two  years. 


FIELD  DAY. 

EXCURSION    TO  FRTEBURG,  SEPTEMBER    12,  1895. 

In  accordance  with  the  notice  sent  out  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  and  their  friends  an  excursion  was 
made  to  Fryeburg,  and  a  small,  but  enthusiastic  party, 
arrived  at  that  lovely,  historic  village  soon  after 
10  A.  M.,  Avhere  they  were  met  hy  Hon.  George  B. 
Barrows,  who  escorted  them  through  the  village  point- 
incT  out  the  sites  of  especial  historic  interest. 

The  party  were  then  entertained  at  Mr.  Barrows' 
residence,  and  examined  his  libraiy  and  a  large  collec- 
tion   of   autograph  documents   and  other   interesting 

relics. 

A  visit  was  then  made  to  the  Registry  of  Deeds,  and 
the  volume  containing  the  deeds  in  the  handwriting 
of  Daniel  Webster  was  examined  with  interest. 


FIELD    DAY.  213 

By  invitation  of  Dr.  S.  C.  Gordon,  owner  of  tlie 
Governor  Dana  homestead,  the  party  visited  the  beau- 
tiful, rejuvenated  mansion,  and  afterwards  adjourned 
for  dinner  at  the  Hotel  Oxford. 

At  2  P.  M.,  the  party  took  carriages,  furnished  b}" 
the  generous  hospitality  of  Dr.  Gordon,  and  drove  to 
Jockey  Cap  and  to  Love  well's  Pond.  Here  Mr.  Bar- 
rows and  Mr.  C.  H.  Walker  pointed  out  the  ravines 
where  the  savages  hid  in  ambush,  and  the  battle-ground 
on  the  border  of  the  pond.  Next  were  visited  Mount 
Tom,  the  Frye  Hill  and  the  Fessenden  homestead,  con- 
cluding with  a  brief  call  upon  Mrs.  George  F.  Sheple^' 
at  the  Highlands. 

In  the  evening  a  meeting  was  held  in  the  Congre- 
gational church.  President  Baxter  in  the  chair,  who 
read  the  following  paper  on  Captain  John  Lovewell 
and  the  Pequakets. 

President  Baxter's  address  was  as  follows  :  — 

John  Lovewell  and  the  Pequatcets. 

On  former  occasions,  I  considered  at  length  and  with  some  particu- 
arity  the  cauipaia'a  Ufjainst  the  Pequakets,  its  causes  and  results,  and 
■were  it  not  expected  that  I  shouhl  have  sonietliiag  to  say  on  the  subject 
on  this  occasion,  I  shoukl  hold  my  peace.  As  it  is,  I  shall  be  brief.  It 
doubtless  occurred  to  many  of  us  to-day  that  had  we  passed  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  years  ago  over  the  ground  which  we  were  traversing, 
we  should  have  beheld  very  different  scenes  from  those  upon  which  our 
eyes  so  agreeably  rested  this  bright  September  day. 

Instead  of  the  evidences  of  civilized  occupation,  of  peace  and  pros- 
perity, we  should  have  beheld  what  a  few  years  hiter  Walter  Bryant  of 
Bow  describes  as  having  seen.  He  says  that  he  "  discovered  Indian  camps 
large  enough  to  hold  thirty  men;  saw  the  .-^pot  whei'e  Lovewell  was 
killed,  and  the  trees  full  of  bullet  boles,  having  also  imitations  of  men's 
faces  cut  out  upon  them."  All  this  has  changed,  and  the  memory  of 
the  events  which  took  place  here  seems  distant  and  dim,  and  has  but 
ittle  influence  upon  the  life  of  the  present! 


214  SIAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

And  yet,  the  struggle  wliich  took  place  here  exerted  on  important 
iullueuce  upon  our  history.  It  followed  in  orderly  sequence  events 
which  in  the  scheme  of  Providence  were  to  shape  the  conditions  whicli 
exist  to-day.  From  the  moment  whcji  the  standards  of  France  and 
England  were  planted  upon  the  Xorth  American  continent,  conflict 
between  them  was  inevitable,  and  it  was  inevitable  too,  that  the  savage 
tribes,  within  the  inlluence  of  the  contending  parties,  should  be  in- 
volved. Later,  when  emigration  had  made  it  possible  for  considerable 
communities  to  become  organized,  and  New  France  and  Xew  England 
confronted  each  other,  representing  different  phases  of  civilization  and 
dominated  by  religious  faiths  irreconcilably  hostile  to  each  otlier,  the 
conflict  assumed  a  bitterness  which  could  only  end  in  the  exhaustion  of 
one  or  both  parties. 

The  French  affiliated  with  the  savages,  married  their  women,  and 
adopted  many  of  their  modes  of  life.  Their  reiigion,  with  its  eternal 
poi^p  a^d  ^llccci,  iJ.violv,Luany  a^jpi^ciiud  lo  Lae  ba\age  imagination,  and 
their  priests,  under  the  pressure  of  what  they  regarded  as  an  impera- 
tive duty,  labored  incessantly  to  impress  upon  them  the  necessity  of 
rooting  out  their  heretical  neighbors. 

On  the  other  hand  the  English  regarded  the  savages  with  ill-concealed 
contempt,  almost  with  abhorrence.  Mather  denominated  them  wolves 
with  men's  brains,  v/hich  was  by  no  means  a  wholly  wrong  description 
of  them. 

It  was  difl&cult  for  a  Puritan  to  believe  that  they  possessed  enough 
spirituality  to  enable  them  to  become  real  Christians,  and  their  belief 
was  not  groundless. 

The  iniiuence  of  the  French,  then,  over  the  savages  was  potent,  and 
they  exerted  it  with  a  zeal  which  was  kept  ever  bright  by  what  they 
regarded  as  a  spirit  of  patriotism  and  piety. 

In  August,  1724,  only  three  months  before  LovewelFs  first  expedition 
against  the  savages,  Xorridgewock  had  been  destroyed  by  the  English, 
and  Pere  Ralle  slain.  He  had  been  r^n  unrelenting  foe  of  the  English, 
and  had  incited  the  savacres  against  them  whenever  occasion  offered. 
The  English,  therefore,  believed  that  self-preservation  demanded  the 
subjugation  of  the  savage  community  over  which  he  presided,  hence 
the  strenuous  and  costly  attempts  v/hich  they  made  to  subdue  it. 

The  destruction  of  this  stronghold  of  the  savages  and  the  loss  of  their 
priest,  whose  death,  although  he  had  persistently  courted  it,  was  not 
intended  by  the  English  commander,  added  new  fury  to  the  rage  of  the 
savages,  whicli  the  French  eagerly  encouraged,  and  it  became  evident  to 
the  English  settlers  that  war  must  be  waged  unrelentingly  against  a  foe 
who  spared  neither  age  nor  sex;  who  were  inspired  not  only  by  revenge, 
but  by  self-interest,  to  destroy  them,  for  the  French  had  long  before 
established  a  market  for  English  scalps  and  Engli.sh  captives,  for  both  of 


FIELD    DAY.  215 

which  they  liberally  paid.  The  English  did  uot  ictiiliate  by  placiii.Lr  a 
bounty  upon  French  scalps,  but  they  did  enlist  lueu  iov  the  war  tlien 
beiii^<:;  waged,  one  of  the  inducements  for  enlistment  beinj:;  a  hountj'  for 
Indian  scalps. 

Late  in  1724  Capt.  John  Lovewell  organized  a  force  of  thirty  men, 
with  the  intention  of  penetrating  the  Indian  country  and  making  repris- 
als upon  the  Pcquake-ts,  whose  principal  settlement  was  within  the  lira- 
its  of  the  present  town  of  Fryeburg.  The  Pequakets  were  dangerous 
neighbors  to  the  English,  and  it  was  believed  that  unless  they  could  be 
severely  punished  they  would,  on  the  approach  of  spring,  attack  the 
frontier  settlements  and  inflict  serious  injury  upon  them. 

Undertaking  a  campaign  in  an  enemy's  country  is  always  attended 
with  extraordinary  hazard,  and  LovewelFs  lirst  expedition,  consisting  of 
but  thirty  men,  exposed  to  the  storms  of  winter,  and  obliged  to  traverse 
an  unbroken  wilderness  to  encounter  a  foe  superior  in  numbers  and 
iii^il.i.vi  ,,1^L  .1-  J,. ,- ^.^vl,  .1^ -;/,;  foo!b?v;!y  in  it':  'Ticcp'ion.  This  expe- 
dition, however,  resulted  in  no  loss  of  life  to  the  English.  One  savage 
was  killed  and  a  lad  taken  prisoner. 

Lovewell  and  his  men  were  welcomed  home  with  enthusiasm;  and  he 
immediately  organized  another  expedition,  consisting  of  eighty-seven 
men,  which  set  out  in  the  latter  part  of  the  following  January. 

After  several  marches,  rendered  more  painful  by  a  scarcity  of  food,  a 
camp  of  ten  savages  was  surprised  and  the  men  killed.  This  ended 
Lovewell's  second  expedition.  He  had,  however,  determined  to  strike  a 
blow  at  the  stronghold  of  the  tribe,  and  by  the  middlo  of  the  following 
April  he  had  gathered  a  force  of  forty-six  men,  with  whom  he  set  out  in 
the  campaign  which  was  to  render  his  name  immortal. 

Lovewell's  plan  was  well  considered.  Arriving  in  the  enemy's 
country  at  a  place  within  the  limits  of  the  present  town  of  Ossipee,  a 
foit  was  erected  as  a  base  of  supplies  and  to  afford  protection  in  case  of 
retreat.  This  fort  seems  to  have  been  admirably  located  for  defense 
and  carefully  constructed,  as  it  was  surrounded  by  a  stockade  and 
ditch,  with  a  supply  of  water  which  could  not  be  cut  off.  In  the  foi t  he 
left  the  surgeon  with  a  small  garrison  of  men  and  a  portion  of  his  sup- 
plies, and  took  up  his  march  for  the  Pequaket  settlement,  about  forty 
miles  distant.  • 

Oa  the  eighth  of  May,  while  at  prayers,  the  party  heard  the  rep"rt  of 
a  gun,  and  looking  in  the  direction  of  the  sound,  a  savage  was  discov- 
ered upon  a  point  of  land  on  the  northeastiy  side  of  the  pond  which  now 
bears  Lovewell's  name. 

Thinking  that  the  presence  of  his  men  had  been  discovered,  and  that 
the  savage  had  exposed  himself  to  draw  them  into  an  ambush,  Lovewell 
prudently  held  a  cuunoil  to  determine  whether  it  were  better  to  advance 
or  to  reti-eat.    The  reply  of  his  men  was  heroic.     "  Having,"  they  said. 


216  MAINE    lIlSTOi:TCAL    SOCIETY. 

"  come  out  to  meet  tlie  enemy,  and  continiuilly  prayed  to  God  iliat  they 
mifiht  do  so,  they  woukl  rather  trust  to  Pr^jvidence  with  their  lives, 
yea,  -would  indeed  rather  die  for  their  country,  than  retreat  and  earn  the 
title  of  cowards."  Unfortunately.  Lovev.ell  did  not  know  that  his 
enemy  was  in  his  rear,  hence  he  ordered  his  men  to  leave  their  packs, 
and  advance  with  caution.  This  enabled  the  savages,  who  were  upon 
his  trail,  to  calculate  the  weakness  of  his  force.  Unaware  of  the 
presence  of  the  enemy  in  his  rear,  Lovewell  advanced  toward  the  point 
where  the  savage  liad  been  seen.  Soon  he  was  discovered  approaching, 
and  several  guns  were  fired  at  him  without  apparent  effect,  as  he 
returned  the  fire,  wounding  Lovewell  and  one  of  his  men  with  beaver 
shot,  when  he  was  brought  down  by  Lieut.  "Wyman. 

Xot  finding  the  savages  in  their  front,  the  English  returned  to  obtain 
their  packs,  when  the  savages,  who  had  followed  them,  rose  from  their 
ambush  and  fired  upon  them.     The  first  fire  of  the  savages  was  wild, 

Finding-  themselves  in  danger  of  being  surrounded,  the  English  fell 
back  to  the  pond,  where  the  fight  was  renewed,  and  continued  all 
day,  with  considerable  loss  to  both  parties. 

The  savages,  confident  of  success,  at  one  time  called  upon  their  sadly 
weakened  foes  to  surrender,  which  they  scornfully  refused  to  do,  and 
kept  up  the  fight  so  stoutly  that  at  nightfall  the  savages  withdrew. 

When  the  survivors  had  time  to  look  about  them,  they  found  their  con- 
dition indeed  pitiable.  Lovewell  was  dead,  Farrah  just  expiring,  Rob- 
bins  and  Usher  too  severely  wounded  to  walk,  and  eleven  others  more  or 
less  severely  -vs'ounded.  The  brave  Robbins,  perhaps  no  braver  than  the 
rest — for  they  were  all  brave  enough — made  the  dying  request  that  his 
gun  should  be  loaded  and  left  by  him,  so  that  he  raieht  kill  another  sav- 
age if  any  came  to  scalp  him  before  he  died.  It  was  necessary  to  leave 
behind  those  who  could  not  walk,  and  tlioso  who  could  do  so,  set  out  on 
their  terrible  march  towards  the  fort,  forty  miles  away.  They  -were 
worn  out  with  fatigue  and  hunger,  having  eaten  nothing  through  the 
day,  and  having  no  provisions  with  them.  It  was  indeed  a  terrible 
march,  for,  in  addition  to  physical  suffering,  was  the  constant  fear  of 
surprise  by  a  pitiless  foe.  Four  of  the  wounded,  Farwell,  Frye,  Eleazer 
Davis  and  Jones  soon  gave  out,  and  at  their  request  they  were  left  behind. 
When  the  fort  was  reached  by  the  survivors  it  was,  to  th.eir  great  disap- 
pointment, found  abandoned.  The  men  left  to  garrison  it  had  heard 
that  their  leader  had  been  killed  and  their  friends  defeated,  and  being 
so  few  in  number  resohed  to  abandon  their  fort  rather  than  to  risk  a 
battle  with  a  foe  so  greatly  superior  in  numbers  and  elated  with  success. 
Of  the  fourwoundtd  men  left  on  the  march,  Davis  succeeded  in  dragging 
himself  to  the  fort,  where  he  found  provisions  which  revived  him,  and 
he  finally   reached  home;  .Jones   also    succeeded    in    reaching   home; 


FIELD    DAY.  21 7 

the  others  were  never  heard  from.  Of  the  thirty-four  men  who  were 
in  the  fight,  but  nineteen  reached  home  alive,  and  these  were  received 
as  heroes  who  had  achieved  a  great  victory.  It  is  probable,  indeed, 
that  never  were  victors  returning  from  war  more  honored  than  were 
these  brave  men.  Lovewell  was  eulogized  as  one  of  the  greatest  heroes 
whose  name  had  been  recorded  in  history.  Symmes,  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  divines  of  the  day,  preached  his  funeral  sermon  from 
the  text  "How  are  the  mighty  fallen  and  the  weapons  of  war  per- 
ished. 

In  reflecting  upon  this  subject  upon  a  former  occasion,  I  remarked 
that  the  emergency  which  called  Lovewell  and  his  men  to  leave  their 
homes  to  enter  upon  so  desperate  an  enterpise  as  the  expedition 
against  the  Pequakets,  involved  consequences  of  vital  importance  to  the 
people  of  Xew  England.  Their  welfare,  if  not  their  existence,  de- 
pended upon  the  destruction  of  the  Indian  power.  Paugus,  the  Pequak- 
ci  uuiti,  iia«.i  njuH,  "uccii  tlic  iciiwi  oi  tlic  r..oi^!,lv.r,  aiid  tlicz-e  patriotic 
and  heroic  men  had  overthrown  him.  The  exploit  was  indeed  a  theme 
worthy  not  only  of  the  people's  gratitude,  but  of  the  best  powers  of  the 
orator  and  poet.  The  patriotism  of  Lovewell  and  his  men  has  been 
criticized  by  sentimentalists  on  account  of  the  eagerness  displayed  by 
them  in  securing  the  scalps  of  their  foes,  but  to  suppose  that  these 
men  were  actiiated  by  no  higher  motive  than  to  derive  gain  from  a 
tiafific  in  scalplocks  is  to  ignore  abundant  proofs  to  the  contrary. 
They  were  not  responsible  for  the  methods  devised  by  the  government 
to  secure  proof  of  effective  service  rendered  it;  even  if  they  were,  we 
should  consider  the  character  of  the  enemy  with  whom  they  had  to  deal. 
European  methods  of  warfare  could  not  avail  against  savages  who 
prowled  about  the  settlements  in  the  darkness  of  night,  surprising  and 
killing  people  in  their  beds.  They  could  only  be  successfully  reached 
by  men  adopting  their  own  secret  methods  of  attack,  and  to  prevent 
them  from  destroying  the  gi owing  settlements  it  was  necessary  to  in- 
flict ujjon  them  the  sharpest  punishment.  Xo  more  lofty  patriotism 
has  been  displayed  by  Englishmen  tlian  that  displayed  by  Lovewell  and 
his  hardy  comrades.  In  a  season  of  supreme  peri!  to  their  country, 
amid  the  fervent  prayers  of  the  best  people  of  the  land,  with  an  unal- 
terable resolution  to  conquer  or  perish  in  the  attempt,  they  went  forth 
to  meet  hardships  and  perils  calculated  to  appal  the  stoutest  hearts. 
Their  reply  when  they  found  themselves  in  the  vicinity  of  their  pitiless 
enemy,  without  knowledge  of  the  numbers  they  were  to  encounter,  and 
knowing  that  defeat  meant  death,  perhaps  by  the  cruelest  torture, 
should  render  their  names  immortal.  They  had  prayed  to  meet  the 
enemy,  and  would  trust  in  Providence  and  if  necessary  die  for  their 
country,  but  would  not  turn  back.  What  nobler  spirit  have  heroes  ever 
exhibited?    Nor    should   we  ignore    the  sentiments  of  the  ])eople  for 


'218  MAINE     IIISTOinCAL    SOCIETY, 

whose  welfare  they  sullered.  They  lealizod,  better  tlian  we  can  realize, 
the  exigencies  of  the  occasion  which  prompted  these  men  to  go  forih 
against  their  savage  foes,  and  to  the  sacrifices  which  they  made,  and  we 
should  give  dne  weight  to  their  opinions.  They  extolled  them  as 
heroes,  and  the  pulpits  of  New  England,  occupied  by  some  of  the  purest 
men  whom  any  age  can  produce,  endorsed  the  public  testimony. 

The  importance  of  a  battle  can  be  properly  estimated  neither  by  the 
numbers  enpaced  in  it,  nor  by  the  numbers  left  on  the  field.  It  can  be  cor- 
rectly measured  only  by  results.  Adopting  this  standard,  in  doing  which 
we  are  supported  by  an  authority  no  less  than  Sir  Edward  Creasy,  who  has 
given  the  chief  place  in  military  history  only  to  tho.-e  battles  which  are 
acknowledged  to  have  been  decisive,  and  which  he  finds  to  be  but 
fifteen  in  number,  the  battle  of  Pequaket  at  once  assumes  important 
proportions.     It  was  decisive. 

In  this  battle  the  Tequakets  lost  their  great  chief  and  many  of  their 
Lv..:.L  *.aixlux.j,  cii.J  :uv;\  itall^i^J  Toi  liic  r.ist  lime  tl.iit  the  English  arm 
was  long  enough  to  reach  them.  An  enemy  who  could  send  out  men 
versed  in  their  own  methods  of  warfare,  who  could,  witli  irapunity,erect 
fortified  camps  in  their  country,  and  attack  and  destroy  their  homes, 
filled  them  with  dread  and  made  them  anxious  for  peace.  So  great  was 
the  terror  inspired  by  Lovewell's  attack  upon  them  that  the  savages 
abandoned  their  seat  at  Pequaket  and  took  up  their  abode  in  Canada. 
In  a  short  time  overtures  for  peace  were  made.  A  treaty  was  agreed 
upon,  and  New  England  again  enjoyed  a  season  of  prosperity,  although 
the  French  still  endeavored  to  foment  trouble  between  them  and  the 
savages— over  whom  they  exercised  a  malign  influence — but  with  poor 
success,  as  the  lesson  taugiit  them  at  Norridgesvock  and  Pequaket 
convinced  them  that  the  English  were  dangerous  enemies  Avheu  aroused. 

To  Lovewell,  then,  we  may  accord  the  honor  of  having,  by  his  brave 
fight  at  Pequaket,  ended  a  war  which  might  have  been  prolonged  for 
years  and  caused  much  bloodshed  and  sufl'ering. 

Upon  concluding  the  reading  of  his  paper  Mr.  Bax- 
ter called  upon  Hon.  George  B.  Barrows  of  Fryeburg, 
-who  spoke  as  follows  :  — 

Mk.  President:—  It  is  a  matter  of  general  i-egret  that  the  rain  of  the 
morning  prevented  so  many  from  leaving  Portland  to  attend  this  meet- 
ing, and  also  that  the  return  of  several  members  after  their  afternoon 
excursion  has  diminished  the  attendance  of  the  evening.  As  for  my- 
self, counting  on  an  embarrasment  of  riches  from  abroad,  I  had  not 
thought  of  speaking  at  all,  and  will  only  allude  briefly  to  some  topics 
suggested  by  the  walks  and  drives  of  the  day. 

If  the  State  has  made  it  the  duty  of  this  Society  to  collect  and  pre- 
serve whatever  may  tend  to  explain  and  illustrate  any  department  of  its 


FIELD    r3AV.  219 

history,  we  should  not  limit  it  to  writings  in  books,  or  coUectioui  in 
museums,  which  may  perlmps  be  far  removed  from  the  geueral  public. 
No  ilhistration  of  an  important  event  can  be  so  impressive  and  instruc- 
tive as  upon  the  very  spot  of  its  occurrence,  where  it  can  be  known  and 
read  of  all  men.  It  may  be  the  duty  of  the  town,  or  state, or  of  some  other 
state,  to  erect  memorials  in  some  particular  place,  but  is  it  not  the  priv- 
ilege, an  well  as  duty,  of  this  Society  to  suggest,  if  not  supervise,  the 
performance  of  all  such  negkcted  duties?  Circulars  sent  to  the  citizens 
of  towns  of  some  liistorical  importance,  to  be  read  in  open  town- 
meeting,  reminding  them  of  their  hidden  attractions,  and  proposing 
some  methods  of  historical  illustration,  would  be  gratefully  received: 
and  should  subsequent  action  follow,  in  which  this  Society  might  bear 
a  part,  a  valuable  object-lesson  would  be  given. 

The  interesting  paper  to  which  we  have  just  listened  has  clearly 
demonstrated  the  fine  and  noble  patriotism  of  Capt.  John  Lovewell  and 
iii:>  j,.i"iLiuteouii.iJci,  ..^  '  I.:..-  .hvv.:;  V..:.t  t!ic  •;:::?.cq  wh:'--h  prevailed  along 
our  border  towns  was  bought  with  a  price  —  the  lives  of  these  brave 
men.  Let  us  therefore  consider  the  question  of  marking  their  last  rest- 
ing-place this  day  visited,  of  remembering  tbem  in  granite,  and  devise 
hereafter  some  way  of  accomplishment. 

But  while  it  is  a  pleasant  duty  to  recall  the  valor  of  our  own  fallen  he- 
roes and  hold  them  in  grateful  remembrance,  I  venture  to  assert  that  I  do 
not  misrepresent  our  members,  when  I  say  that  we  also  honor  the  mem- 
ory of  those  other  heroes,  who  died  for  their  homes  and  native  land,  and 
were  buried  by  the  side  of  their  foes  on  the  soil  where  their  fathers  had 
lived  for  unknown  generations.  Let  us  not  forget  them;  rather  let  us 
remember  them  by  a  new  baptism  of  a  part  of  their  original  territory, 
never  sold  or  conveyed. 

It  Mould  be  a  fitting  memorial  to  this  vanished  race,  to  attach  their 
names  to  Mt.  Pleasant,  the  nearest  and  highest  summit,  which  in  the 
adjoining  town  looks  down  upon  the  spot  Avhere  they  lived,  and  the 
sheet  of  water  on  whose  shores  they  bravely  died.  Its  present  name 
bears  no  marked  or  special  significance,  it  is  found  here  and  there  in 
almost  every  Xew  England  county.  I  propose  that  the  Society  take 
measures  in  some  legitimate  way,  to  effect  an  exchange  of  names.  No 
doubt  if  legislative  intervention  should  be  required,  it  would  follow  the 
line  of  their  recommendation.  Several  years  ago  I  consulted  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  mountain  territory  on  this  point,  and  received  their  gen- 
eral assent.  I  mention  a  conclusive  argument  for  this  mountain 
revision,  when  I  state,  that  a  nomadic  as.sociation  has  more  than  once 
attempted  to  transfer  the  namePequaket  from  the  territory  now  iu  this 
state,  where  it  belongs,  to  another  state,  where  it  does  not  belong;  and 
with  the  direct  object  of  extinguishing  bn  original  and  long-established 
name,   and  thereby  falsifying  an  important  historical  event.     The  dis- 


220  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

iuteicsled  laburs  and  addresses  of  Hon.  Gustavus  Vasa  Fox.  fonifiod  by 
a  number  of  private  ktlcrs  wliich  I  received  from  him,  have  proved 
forever  that  the  symmetrical  peak  so  near  us,  v.iiich  we  have  seen  to- 
day brif:jht  in  the  sunlight,  and  veiled  in  mist  is 

"  The  Keaksakge  " 

famous  forever  for  its  paitiier.ship  with  the  man-of-war  that  .sank  the 
pirate  Alabama.  The  daughter  of  a  Portland  family,  familiar  with  the 
mountain  visible  from  that  city,  had  it  in  remembrance  when  she 
christened  the  Kearsarge. 

Thus  we  find  authority  for  demanding  that  historic  truth  shall  receive 
no  detriment,  and  that  none  of  our  kith  and  kin  shall  be  defrauded  of 
their  historic  rights. 

While  thus  pursuing  our  monumental  investigations,  it  should  not  be 
forgotten  that  one  of  the  most  important  opportunities  has  thus  far  not 
ueeu  considerett. 

New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Xew  York  and  Washington  have 
honored  themselves  by  erecting  statues  to  the  memory  of  Daniel 
Webster.  But  one  other  spot  remains,  still  unmarked,  ■where  a  part  of 
liis  life  was  spent. 

In  this  town,  before  attaining  bis  majority,  as  teacher,  student-at-la\v 
and  orator,  he  began  his  active  life.  Shall  not  the  fame  of  this  distin- 
guished statesman  be  thus  forever  linked  with  the  state  of  Maine, 
through  the  agency  of  this  Society? 

Allow  me  to  call  the  attention  of  the  young  persons  present  to  the 
fact  that 

Fryebukg  Was  The  Fikst  White  Mountain  Town. 

Darby  Field  came  up  the  Saco  in  1642,  leaving  here  his  canoes  at  the 
Pequaket  village  which  occupied  the  site  of  the  present  village.  He 
took  guides  across  the  Kearsarge  range  directly  to  Mount  Washington. 
The  first  white  settlers  came  here  in  1762,  before  any  other  town  in 
Maine  or  Xew  Hampshire  within  the  White  Mountain  circle  was  settled  ; 
and  here  in  1804,  the  bell  in  the  academy  waked  the  echoes  never  before 
thus  disturbed  in  this  j)rimeval  wilderness. 

View  of  Loveaveljv's  BATTr.E-GROuxr>. 

Yesterday  I  received  a  water  color  sketch  of  the  battle-ground,  from 
a  Brookhm  amateur  —  although  a  cative  of  Portland  —  which  I  exhibit 
this  evening.  It  prseents  its  well-known  limits,  the  mouth  of  Fight 
Brook,  and  the  point  of  rocks  extending  into  the  pond,  showing  also 
Chocorua  in  the  distance,  between  whose  base  and  Ossipee  Mount,  the 
weary  march  was  made. 


FIELD    DAY.  221 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  F.  Allen,  a  former  resi- 
dent of  Fryeburg,  was  next  called  upon  and  he  spoke 
impressively  of  his  (2;reat  pleasure  in  the  day,  the  im- 
portance of  historic  investigations,  and  gave  some 
reminiscences  of  his  earlv  associations  in  Frvebu^-o- 
and  the  fiimily  ties  that  connected  him  therewith. 

Dr.  S.  C.  Gordon  followed  with  an  eloquent  address 
referring  to  his  boyhood  days  and  the  old  Fryeburg 
Academy,  and  dwelling  upon  the  importance  of  the 
study  of  local  history  in  our  schools. 

A.  F.  Lewis  Esq.,  of  Fryeburg,  then  spoke  as  follows: 

Mb.  Pkesidext:  You  need  olTer  uo  apolojjy  for  having  chosen  for 
the  theme  of  your  address  this  evening  the  History  of  Lovewell's 
Ficjht.  Frederick  Kidder,  who  has  written  the  best  history  of 
that  fierce  struggle  tliat  has  ever  appeared,  says  that  the  story  of  that 
fight  will  be  read  with  interest  so  long  as  Bunker  Hill  and  ThermoDyla; 
remain  on  the  pages  of  history.  Historians  have  written  of  it,  orators 
have  declaimed  upon  it,  and  poets  have  sung  of  it  in  martial  strains,  till 
it  has  become  embalmed  in  the  best  beloved  songs  and  stories  of  all 
Xew  England. 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  am  not  a  Fryeburger,  "  to  the  manner  born,"  in  '•  this 
laud  of  delight,"  as  Paul  Coffin  calls  it;  yet  I  claim  to  be  a  genuine  sou 
of  Pequaket,  having  been  born  a  mile  away,  just  over  the  Jordan  (the 
Saco)  in  Conway,  a  part  of  the  original  sachemdom  of  Pequaket.  How- 
ever, I  have  been  a  dweller  here  forty  years  and  intend  at  an  early  day 
to  take  out  naturalization  papers  so  that  I  may  be  a  full-fledged  citizen 
of  this  fair  town,  and  where,  of  "  my  right  there'll  be  none  to  dispute.'' 
Next  to  Booton  there  is  no  place  to  be  born  in  like  Fryeburg;  and  as  it 
was  not  convenient  to  be  born  in  Fryeburg  I  selected  a  place  in  fuil 
view  of,  and  within  a  stone's  throw  of,  this  beautiful  town.  In  the  fas- 
cinating history  of  Fryeburg  has  figured  the  red  man,  the  black  man, 
.  the  white  man  and  the  man  somewhat  off  in  color.  The  red  man  was 
the  original  proprietor.  He  had  some  rights  which  he  thought  "  white 
men  were  bound  to  respect."  There  was  where  he  and  the  white  man 
diifered.  Whenever  the  red  or  the  black  man  has  encountered  the 
white  man  in  our  country,  the  former  have  been  driven  to  the  wall. 

The  braves  who  inhabited  here  were  couragous,  and  I  may  add,  patri- 
otic. In  colonial  days  they  fought  against  the  English,  and  in  Revolu- 
tionary days  they  fought  against  the  English.     The  last  trace  of  them  as 


222  MAINE    IIISTOIJICAL    SOCIETY. 

ii  tribe  is  iu  a  petition  dated  at  Frycbuig  in  which  they  ask  for  gu;is, 
blankets  and  ammunition  for  thirteen  men  who  are  •willing  to  enroll 
themselves  on  the  patriot  side.  This  document  -was  endorsed  by  the 
proper  authorities,  and  the  request  was  printed.  "When  the  Pequakets 
are  unkindly  spoken  of  let  us  remember  this  last  tableau  in  their 
drama. 

Many  an  interesting  tale  is  told  of  the  lingering  remnant  of  the  tribe 
of  the  Pequakets. 

From  their  ancient  sepulchres, 
Where,  ainid  the  giaut  flis. 
Moaning  loud  the  high  ■\viucl  stirs. 

Have  tlie  red  men  gone 
Towards  the  setting  suu  that  makes 
Bright  our  western  hills  and  lakes, 
Faint  and  few  the  remnant  takes 
Its  sad  journey  on. 

Some  of  the  Indians  were  loath  to  give  up  their  favorite  hunting- 
grounds  and  remained  here  after  the  town  was  settled.  Sometimes  a 
dozen  were  seen  gathered  about  Eev.  Mr.  Fesseuden's  large  fireplace 
cooking  their  meat  for  dinner.  Mol  Lockett,  a  famous  squaw  and  doc- 
tress,  is  still  remembered  by  some  of  our  eldest  people.  She  lingered 
about  here  till  1S16,  and  then  died  in  Andover.  Many  anecdotes  are  re- 
ated  of  her.  iloUy  was  too  fond  of  occuby,  the  Indian  word  for  rum, 
and  sometimes  resorted  'to  questionable  metliods  to  obtain  it.  One  day, 
calling  at  one  of  her  favorite  haunts,  she  bolted  through  the  door  in 
an  unceremonious  manner,  and  holdiug  her  jaws  in  both  hands,  gave 
utterance  to  most  agonizing  groans,  accompanied  by  violent  contor- 
tions of  her  countenance.  "What's  the  matter,  Molly?"  inquired  the 
landlady  iu  sympathizing  tones.  "  Me  got  toof-ache,"  replied  .Molly. 
"  Gim  me  occuby!  Gim  me  rum  to  hoi  in  mouf!  Quick,  quick  or  mo 
die!"  The  required  cordial  was  quickly  furnished,  and  Molly  as  quickly 
filled  her  mouth.  IJut  strange  to  teil,  her  mouth  refused  to  retain  it 
and  it  slipped  down  her  throat.  Again  extending  her  hand  for  the 
bottle  she  muttered,  "  Golly,  dem  rum  good,  but  slips  down  easy. 
Gim  me  more;  me  make  um  stay  if  rae  try  huuder  times." 

Among  the  early  settlers  of  Fryeburg  a  black  man  was  here  at 
breakfast,  and  here  to  stay.  Of  the  three  men  who  alone  passed  the 
first  winter  in  Fryeburg  was  the  famous  colored  man,  Limbo.  He  was 
the  slave  of  the  McLellans  of  Gorham.  He  had  driven  the  cattle  from 
Gorham  to  Fryeburg  to  winter  on  the  hay  cut  here  on  the  great 
meadows  before  the  town  was  settled,  and  thus  found  his  way  to  Pe- 
quaket.  Limbo  may  be  considered  the  first  passenger  on  the  under- 
ground railroad,  and  may  be  regarded  as  worthy  of  a  monument  for  his 
successful  race  for  freedom.  I  trust  that  this  Society  iii  locating  its 
monuments  will  not  forget  this  early  settler  of  Fryeburg.     Strange  to 


FIELD    DAY.  223 

iclutc,  Liml'L.  lived  in  Fiyobur.f;-  till  the  clay  of  iiis  deutli,  nearly  seveiity 
years,  and  so  completely  did  he  burn  his  bridges  behind  him,  and  oover 
his  tracks  that  his  roaster,  only  forty  miles  away,  never  knew -what  he- 
came  of  him.  His  bones  repose  in  the  old  village  cemetery  and  his  hum- 
ble tombstone  gives  him  the  the  proud  title  of  "  an  honest  man,  the 
noblest  work  of  God." 

Eastman  Johnson,  au  eminent  portrait  painter,  in  a  recent  visit  to 
this  village  where  his  boyhood  days  were  passed,  though  only  four 
years  old  when  Limbo  died,  assured  me  that  he  remembered  him  well. 

Allow  me  to  say  that  we  are  awaiting  the  completion  of  our  town 
history,  with  great  impatience,  by  the  hand  that  has  for  years  been  gath- 
ering from  the  rich  storehouse  of  its  annals.  "\Ye  hope  that  hand  will 
not  be  palsied  ere  the  work  is  complete.  We  who  have  read  the  pro- 
duct of  his  pen,  and  listened  to  the  magic  of  his  voice,  trust  that  he  may 
live  to  put  in  enduring  form  a  story  that  will  delight  the  dwellers  of 
this  vnllev.  their  descendants  and  all  who  shall  read  its  pages.  There  is 
a  classic  phrase:  Serus  in  co:lum  redeas.  May  this  be  true  of  Frye- 
burg's  historian. 

Here,  in  1815,  Gov.  Enoch  Lincoln  w-rote  "The  Village,"  the  first  ex- 
tended poem  written  in  Maine,  descriptive  of  the  society  and  scenery  of 
Fryeburg.  Here  Longfellow  found  the  inspiration  for  his  first  poem, 
written  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  "The  Battle  of  Loveweli-s  Pond," 
and  again  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  here,  and  contributed 
another  poem  on  the  same  subject,  the  occasion  being  the  centennial 
celebration  of  Love  well's  light  in  li>25.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  the 
earliest  efforts  of  America's  most  illustrious  orator  and  her  most  dis- 
tinguished poet  are  associated  with  Fryeburg.  There  are  many  other 
names  well  up  in  the  galaxy  of  fame  that  I  might  mention  did  time  per- 
mit. The  professions  have  been  represented  by  first-class  men.  Among 
the  clergy  were  Rev.  Mr.  Fessenden,  father  of  Gen.  Samuel  and  grand- 
father of  William  Pitt  Fessenden.  Emerson  and  Prof.  Andrew  P.  Pea- 
body  ministered  a  brief  period  here  in  their  early  life,  and  later  Drs. 
Hurd,  Mason,  Sewall  and  Stone.  Among  the  legal  lights  were  Dana,  Mc- 
Gaw,  Col,  Bradley,  Gov.  Enoch  Lincoln,  Barrows,  Chase,  A.  R.  Bradley 
and  Hastings.  Among  phj-sicians  were  Benton,  Ramsay,  Griswold,  Bar- 
rows, Lamson,  the  Towles,  and  another,  who  in  the  prime  of  life  is  spend- 
ing a  part  of  each  year  in  his  native  town.  Dr.  Gordon,  whom  we  are  glad 
to  see  and  hear  to-night.  May  he  long  live  to  enjoy  his  fine  mansion  at 
the  head  of  the  street,  and  to  dispense  his  generous  hospitality  to  our 
own  citizens  and  to  the  stranger  within  our  gates. 

While  speaking  of  physicians,  there  is  one  other  of  whom  did  1  not 
speak  I  should  deem  myself  quite  disloyal  to  my  native  heath.  Dr. 
Jerome  Von  Crowniugshield  Smith  — that  last  name  is  quite  common  — 
nothing  common  about  ilie  handle  to  his  name  — in  fact,   there  was 


224  MAINE    lIISTOinCAL    SOCIETY. 

notliin^;  commoa  about  tlio  man.  He.  was  boni  in  Conway,  just  over  the 
line,  a  son  of  old  Pequaket,  as  he  calledliimself.  lie  wa.s.  an  orator;  1 
heard  him  wJieu  a  boy  on  tlie  lecture  platform.  lie  was  for  seversl 
years  mayor  of  Boston,  and  where  orators  were  as  plenty  as  in  old 
Greece  and  Rome,  lie  has  the  distinction  of  beiu;:c  placed  amonpf  "  Bos- 
ton's Hundred  Orators."  Dr.  Smitli  was  a  poet  as  well  as  orator,  and  I 
will  close  by  reciting  the  opening  and  closincrlines  of  a  poem  read  by 
liim  in  Boston  before  the  Sons  of  Xew  nani])shire,  Xovember  7,  1849: — 

PEQUAKET. 

Pequaket,  once  the  wildest,  roughest  place, 
Where  Indians,  the  hanlicst  of  thcii- race 
Tracked  the  tall  moose,  struck  dead  the  woK  aud  deer 
VTith  feathered  tomaliawk  aud  spe.ir, 
*  Tortured  tlieir  enemies  with  burning  coals, 

And  feasted  daintlj'  from  skulls  for  bowls. 
Is  changed  in  aspect  now  :  no  savage  yells 
Echo  on  mountain  siiles  or  through  the  dells ; 
Tne  peaceful  helds  are  clothed  with  waving  grain 
And  man's  no  longer  by  the  savage  slain. 


But  civilization,  with  bonnets  and  caps 

Aud  all  that  belongs  to  domestic  mishaps. 

Has  made  life  tame  as  love  in  a  cottage 

Since  beef  is  pref  ered  to  bean  broth  and  pottage ; 

And  ladies  now  waltz  where  squaws  at  their  ease 

Hung  up  iheir  papooses  in  tops  of  the  trees. 

Pequaket,  Pequaket,  the  land  of  my  birth, 
There's  but  one  Pequaket  upon  the  whole  earth : 
While  dying  in  battle  is  thought  to  be  glory 
Shall  the  deeds  of  thy  heroes  be  blazoned  in  story. 

Eemarks  were  also  made  by  Rev.  B.  N.  Stone  and 
William  Gordon  Esq.,  of  Frj'eburg.  On  motion  of 
Hon.  George  A.  Emery,  of  Saco,  it  was  voted  that  the 
thanks  of  the  Society  be  extended  to  Dr.  S.  C.  Gordon, 
and  Messrs.  G.  B.  Barrows,  C.  H.  Vv^alker  and  A.  F. 
Lewis  for  their  hospitality  and  courteous  attentions 
paid  to  the  members  of  the  Society  and  their  friends 
on  the  occasion  of  this  Field  Dav  Excursion. 


T[lE  M^IfJE  [lI,STOi\iCAL  pilUi  qUAPJEl(L\' 

\Vill  hi'  issucl  JoiiiKirv,  Apj-il,  .Tiily  and  October.  Each  iiuiribcr 
v.ill  contain  an  a  tractive  an<l  vahialile  amount  of  bistoriea]  mat- 
ter, Pro(.'eedini:'>.  Histoi-ical  Memoranda  and  otlu'r  misceriuneous 
material. 

It  is  under  tbc  .superintendence  of  Rev.  H.  S.  Tkirrage,  Rev. 
E.  C.  Cunnnings  and  H.  W.  Bi-yant,  as  editing  and  publisb- 
ino;  committee. 

The  continn;iTion  of  tlie  ])nbiicaiiou  i.s  g-narantced  by  the 
strength  in  memliersbip  of  t'ne  Society;  but  as  it  is  expected 
that  there  -will  be  a  h\rge  ch\?s  of  general  readers  who  can  to 
intere<tt;d  in  these  researcbe.-^,  it  is  c<jn.-^idcred  de-irable  to  invito 
the  cooperation  of  that  cl.iss  in  carryiiig  forward  this  good 
work. 

The  term;,  .'f  the  quarteily  are  Th!"ee  Dollars  per  year 
payable  in  advaiio?.^  whie]i  inc]ud>-s  j>os-tage.  Remittances  m.ay 
be  made  by  money  order,  registeretl  letter,  check,  or  in  money  at 
the  sender's  risk,  payable  to  'J'he  Thurston  Print,  Portland. 

Shoit  liistori<  a;  ai'licles,  notes,  queries  and  answers,  are  solicited 
for  publication,  and  should  be  addressed  to  TT.  ^V,  Bryant.  Secre- 
tary ]\Iaine  Historical  Society,  Portland.  jNIaine. 

^Ve  send  them  out  uiii-nt,  that,  ihey  may  be  bound  at  tlie  close 
of  the  year  to  corres[)ond  ^^ith  oti'cr  volumes  issued  by  the 
Society.  The  j-rice  for  biu'liiig  will  1-e  cl'^tli  50  c(^.,  half-sheep 
75  ct.^. 

All  con^-.sponderice  conct'i-ning  subscriptions  and  payment 
should  be  addressc'l  to 

THE    THURSTON    PRTXT, 


COLLECT! 


i-^S 


ANI> 


.P  B"'-  O  C  E  E  D  I  N  GS 


iiiaiL^lL  iilOiUriiUAL  DlJbiliii  1 


gijrilqaitatis  iTiouununia  CoUigtrt 


JULY.    1896 

VOL.  Vll 


PUULISHEU  rOK  THE  SOCIKTY  JiT 

THE    T  H  U  R  S  T  O  X    P  K  I  N  T 

POHTLANl',  >iAI\E 


TEB-LB     DF     CDITTBNTB. 


JULY,   1S96. 

VXCrX. 

Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  by  Ciiai-les  E.  Allen,       .         ' -225 

Col.    Thomas   Goldthwair — ■^Va>    ho  a  Tory  ?    by  I.'.    GoUhliwaitf 

C-irter.  V.  S.  Army,  .  .         .      '   .         .         .         .         .    254 

The  John  Ro^er.s  Families  in  Plynioutin  an'1  Yiciiiity,  Isy  Josiah 

u.  iJi'iuiiiuoiin,  .  ........    275 

^fartin  Prin--.  by  Joseph  ■WiUiaTiisou ?.0f» 

Sketcho.s  of  Lives  of  Early  Maine  Ministers,  by  Williuin  }}.  Williamson, 

Eev.  Thurston  Whiiing, 313 

Rev.  P.enjttmia  Chaihvick.  .  .  .  .315 

Rev.  Charles  Turner. 

Rev.  Xarhaniel  Webster. 

Eev.  John  A'Jams.    .         . 

Rev.  David  Jewevt.       .    •      .         . 

Rev.  Caleb  Jewett,  .         .         .         .         . 

Rev.  Samuel  Perlay,     ........ 

Rev.  John  Strickland,      .         .         .         .         .         .         . 

Rev.  Xathaniel  Whitaker, 

Rev.  Pet  .T  P'.>'>vers,  .         .         .         .         .         .         . 

Rev.  SanmeJ  Xash.        .         . 

ITallov.L'll  E'coids.  comruuuicated  by  Dr.  W.  JJ.  Lapham,    .  • 
Pioceedii  .-> 


316 
317 
317 
319 
3-20 
320 
321 
o23 


32H 


Editing  and  F"abli£;}iing  Stsff. 


Rev.  Tl.  S.  liUPf^ArE, 
Rkv.  E.  C.  CUMMIXG.S, 
n.  W.  BRYANT. 


VlNTKaan  at  the  I'(jsx  OiricK  at  PuiaL.v.vD,  Maixe,  a.'?  Second  Cla^s  JSavtlk. 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  225 


REV.  JACOB  BAILEY. 

mssiONAET  OF  cnuRcn  of  englaxd  ox  kexnerec  riveu,  17G0-7'J  ; 

HIS  ClIAKACTER  AND  "WORK. 
BY  CHARLES  E.   ALLEN,   DRESDEN,   5IAINE. 

Read  before  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  Xoveihber  2-2,  189o, 

If  American  liistor}',  in  that  process  of  rewriting 
which  now  seems  to  be  taking  phice,  is  to  be  correctly 
written,  many  fallacies  or  fictions,  as  well  as  much 
prejudice  in  the  mind  of  the  average  American,  must 
be  outgrown.  History  can  never  be  correctl}'^  written 
while  hatred  for  even  a  greatly  mistaken  political  or 
religious  enemy  or  opponent  exists  in  the  mind  of  the 
chronicler,  or  is  cherished  by  his  readers. 

By  no  means  least  among  our  hatreds,  as  a  people, 
is  that  which  has  been  for  so  many  3'ears  cherished 
against  those  who,  at  the  time  of  the  war  for  Ameri- 
can independence,  remained  firm  in  their  loyalty  to 
their  Ens-lish  soverei2;n,  and  who  have  lonof  been 
known  as  Loyalists,  sometimes  derisively  as  Tories,  or 
sympathetically  as  Refugees.  At  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities, all  colonists  were  so  loyal  that  they  fought 
the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  and  of  Bunker 
Hill  in  the  name  of  their  sovereio-n,  it  beina:  with 
them  a  leg;al  fiction  that  thev  were  onlv  contendino- 
against  the  illegal  acts  of  the  Parliament  and  of  the 
king's  officers,  and  not  against  their  lawful  ruler. 
And  so  eminent  an  authority  as  John  Adams  affirmed 
Vol.  VII.        17 


226  MAINE    niSTORTCAL    SOCIKTY.. 

that  at  least  one  out  of  three  of  the  people  were  firm 
in  their  loyality  to  the  king,  a  fact  which  demands  for 
that  class  of  Americans  more  considerate  treatment 
than  merely  a  sneer. 

My  present  paper  will  deal  with  one  such  Loyalist, 
the  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  the  first  missionary  of  the 
Church  of  England,  on  Kennebec  River ;  and  I  trust 
that  I  may  not  be  thought  disloyal  to  that  .govern- 
ment which  I  had  the  honor,  in  a  humble  Avay,  to  aid 
in  defending  in  the  civil  war  of  ISGl,  if  I  affirm  that 
an  examination  of  what  remains  of  the  vast  volume  of 
papers  which  he  left,  has  caused  me  to  become  very 
much  his  champion,  and  to  sympathize  with  him  most 
fully.  When  Rev.  Mr.  Bartlet  wrote  the  Frontier 
Missionary  some  forty  years  ago,  much  material  he 
could  not  use,  had  he  wished  to,  because  of  prejudice. 
Some  matters  he  was  obliged  arbitrarily  to  suppress 
for  the  same  reason  ;  but  in  his  admirable  and  pains- 
taking work  he  aimed  at  justice  for  his  subject,  and 
succeeded  so  far  as  circumstances  would  permit.  But 
in  his  preface  to  that  work,  even  the  late  Bishop 
Burgess,  -who  seems  by  writing  that  preface  to  have 
indorsed  Mr.  Bartlet's  book,  naturally  enough,  per- 
haps, fails  to  fully  comprehend  the  character  of  Mr. 
Bailey ;  while  William  Willis,  writing  for  lawyers, 
knew  so  little  about  Bailey  that  he  called  him  ec- 
centric. 

It  is  my  wish  in  this  paper  to  deal  wholly  with 
matters  which  have  never  appeared  in  print,  and  yet 
an  introduction  of  the  subject  requires  some  reference 
to  and  quotation  from  the  Frontier  Missionary.     Such 


KEV.    JACOB    BAILEY,  227 

reference  will  be  new  to  those  who  have  never  liad 
the  pleasure  of  reading  tliat  book,  and  may  serve  to 
refresh  the  memories  of  those  who  have.  I  shall  em- 
phasize the  fact,  hinted  at  in  that  work,  that  the  bit- 
ter opposition  to  Mr.  Bailey  was,  so  far  as  it  was  re- 
ligious, in  reality  the  Puritan's  narrow  opposition  to 
the  Church  of  P:]ngland,  his  loyalty  to  the  English 
king  being  only  a  pretext. 

Jacob  Bailey  was  born  in  the  town  of  Rowley, 
Massachusetts,  in  1731.  The  boy,  like  the  man  of 
later  years,  although  just  a  little  tainted  by  some 
social  corruption  of  the  times,  w\as  greatly  supciior  to 
his  surroundings.  He  was  very  poor,  of  very  poor 
parents,  and  hence  socially  he  was  very  low,  for  soci- 
ety often  grades  its  members  by  any  standard  other 
than  that  of  moral  worth  or  intellect.  He  entered 
Harvard  College  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and  graduated 
therefrom  in  1755,  at  the  foot  of  his  class,  because  the 
Puritan  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  was  far  from 
democratic,  and  his  social  position  was  at  the  foot. 
Among  his  classmates  was  John  Adams,  at  one  time 
his  friend  and  correspondent,  and  whom  he  again  met 
at  Pownalboro,  when  Adams  visited  the  section  in 
1765,  as  attorne}^  for  the  proprietors  of  the  Kennebec 
Purchase.  He  taught  school  in  several  Massachusetts 
towns,  having  among  his  pupils  a  class  of  young  ladies 
some  years  before  Puritan  Boston  thought  it  prudent 
to  admit  girls  to  her  public  schools.  Educated  a  Con- 
gregationalist,  he  preached  for  a  while  as  minister  of 
that  sect  until  he  came  to  examine  the  tenets  and  dis- 
cipline of  the  Church  of  England.     His  change  to  that 


228  :maixe  historical  society. 

communion  was  certainly  unseliish,  for  Episcopacy 
was  then  far  from  popular  in  Massachusetts.  Nor  was 
bis  field  of  labor  such  an  one  as  would  have  been  chosen 
by  a  self-seeker.  His  change  of  faith,  too,  was  the 
occasion  of  bitterness  on  the  part  of  some  of  his  ac- 
quaintances, of  which  fact  his  letters  of  that  period 
give  evidence. 

In  religion,  the  motley  company  of  humble  settlers, 
such  people  as  make  a  state  possible  everywhere,  and 
who  were,  at  the  solicitation  of  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany, trathered  at  the  old  Kennebec  plantation  of 
Frankfort,  was  very  much  mixed.  A  list  of  their 
names,  in  Bailey's  handwriting  with  his  designations 
affixed  thereto,  gives  us  Roman  Catholics,  Presby- 
terians, Calvinists,  Lutherans,  Independents,  Quakers, 
Churchmen,  and  people  without  religious  preferences. 
Among  them  were  those  who  could  not  speak  Eng- 
lish, nor  understand  it  very  well  when  they  heard  it 
spoken ;  and  when  Mr.  Bailej^  afterwards  became 
their  minister  it  was  somewhat  amusing  to  him  to 
note  the  earnestness  with  which  they  looked  at  him 
as  they  tried  to  comprehend  his  w^ords.  These  were 
the  French  refugees  or  Huguenots  who,  with  their 
neighbors,  asked  in  November,  1759,  that  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts 
would  send  this  voun^;  man  to  them  for  their  reliofious 
teacher,  he  taking  the  place  of  Mr.  McClennahan,  who 
was  not  fitted  for  the  w^ork.  As  Frankfort  and  the 
settlements  along  the  westerly  side  of  Sheepscot  PJver 
were  the  following  year,  as  the  town  of  Pownal- 
boro,    made    the    shire    town  of    the    new  county    of 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  229 

Lincoln,  Mr.  Bailey's  position  became  not  only  prom- 
inent, but  important.  It  was  the  first  tovrn  in  New 
England  where  the  Episcopal  church  was  established 
at  the  commencement  of  the  town.  It  was  a  field 
unoccupied,  uncultivated  and  unclaimed  by  any  body 
of  Christian  worshipers,  if  we  may  except  Catholics, 
for  Massachusetts  Puritans  cared  little  about  religion 
in  the  wilderness  of  Maine,  except  to  oppose  some- 
body who  might  interfere  with  that  system  of  fraud 
which  they  dignified  by  the  name  of  trade  with  the 
Indians. 

Can  we  of  to-day  realize  just  what  the  Kennebec 
country  was  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  years   ago  ? 
Mr.  Bailey's  picture  is   a  vivid  one,  and   as  I   hope  to 
show^  part  of  that  picture  in  the  course  of  this  paper, 
I  will  remark  that  it  was  a  wilderness  of  wild  animals, 
flies,  fleas,    mosquitoes,    and    of   Indians    who    might 
have  been  friendly,    but  who  had  been  made  hostile 
by  repeated  acts  of  perfidy  on  the  part  of  white  sanc- 
timonious long-faces,  as  Mr.  Bailey  sometimes  desig- 
nates them.     There  were  no  roads  worth  mentioning, 
and  very  little  cleared  land.     The    people  were  very 
poor,  but  not  very  ignorant.     It  is  a  mistake  to  sup- 
pose that  poverty  and  ignorance  always  go  together. 
Some  of  them  were  Irish,    and    others    were  French, 
two   peoples    which   Puritans,   with  Englishmen,  mis- 
represented   and  misunderstood.      Indeed,  Mr.  Bailey 
himself  at  first  shared   the   current  prejudice  against 
the    French,    which    prejudice    however,     afterwards 
became  with   him  very  much   modified.     And  he  was 
earnest  in  defending-  the  French  who  were  of  his  little 


230  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

flock  from  misrepresentation  by  people  who  knew  too 
little  aboui  them  to  understand  them,  or  regarded 
them  as  chattels.  He  took  much  pains  to  studv 
their  language. 

But  I  am  anticipating.  In  Mr.  Bailey's  manuscript 
"Journal  of  a  Travel  from  Gloucester  in  New  Eno-- 
land  to  London  in  Great  Britain  ;  and  from  thence  to 
Pownalborough  on  Kennebec  River,"  we  find  that  he 
commenced  his  pilgrimage  on  Thursday,  December 
!13,  1750,  and  he  walked  from  the  fishing  town  to  the 
metropolis  of  New  England.  Much  of  this  part  of  his 
journal  is  quoted  by  Mr.  Bartlet.  He  tarried  in 
Boston  and  in  Cambridge  almost  a  month  before  he 
could  complete  arrangements  for  his  journey  and 
secure  a  passage  across  the  Atlantic,  which  was  finally 
obtained  in  a  dirty,  dingy  little  cabin  in  the  British 
war-vessel  called  the  Hind,  Capt.  Bond.  While  he 
tarried  in  Boston  he  seems  to  have  been  the  favored 
guest  of  the  celebrities  of  the  Episcopal  church,  and 
of  others.  On  shipboard  he  was  surrounded  by  oflfi- 
cers  whom  he  called  "  pompous  nobodies,"  and  by 
squalid  sailors,  all  officiously  profane,  and  nearly  all 
needlessly  drunken  even  for  Englishmen  in  those 
times.  One  wonders  if  the  discipline  on  the  Hind  was 
a  fair  sample  of  British  naval  discipline  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century. 

Despite  his  dismal  surroundings,  his  greasy  ham- 
mock, his  terrible  seasickness,  and  the  roughness  of 
this  winter  voyage  across  the  ocean,  he  kept  a  very 
minute  journal,  noting  even  the  distance  sailed  by  the 
ship  on  certain  days.     But  that  it  would  crowd  out 


REV.    JACOB    BxMLEY.  231 

matters  which  seein  to  be  more  important,  I  would  he 
pleased  to  give  some  records  omitted  in  the  Frontier 
Missionary,  for  I  am  confident  they  would  greatly 
interest.  I  reluctantly  pass  them  by,  although  I 
cannot  refrain  from  presenting  an  anecdote  illustrat- 
ing his  style  of  story  telling.  All  his  writings  are 
distinguished  by  a  minuteness,  a  faithfulness  to  detail, 
dear  to  the  true  lover  of  history,  although  tiresome  to 
those  who  mistake  that  delirium  of  fever,  which  we  of 
to-day  call  progress,  for  real  advancement.  He  is 
much  amused  at  a  certain  Deacon  W,  who  called 
upon  him  at  his  lodgings,  and  who  was  wealthy,  and 
he  relates  that  when  traveling  with  a  young  man, 
the  latter  proposed  tarrying  for  dinner  at  a  certain 
inn  which  they  passed.  The  thrifty  deacon  answered 
that  he  had  a  friend  living  a  short  distance  along  the 
road,  and  invited  his  young  companion  to  dine  with 
him  there,  assuring  him  that  both  would  be  welcome. 
Soon  they  arrived  at  a  hovel  occupied  by  an  old  crip- 
ple and  his  wife,  who  earned  a  subsistence  by  making 
brooms.  The  travelers  were  invited  to  a  meal  of 
porridge,,  that  being  the  best  the  couple  could  furnish, 
and  of  which  the  hungry  travelers  partook  and  pro- 
ceeded on  their  way.  At  the  time  for  the  next  meal 
they  found  themselves  at  an  inn,  v/hen  the  deacon 
claimed  that  as  he  had  been  the  means  of  securing^ 
his  companion  a  dinner,  he  should  now  return  the 
favor  by  paying  for  both  meals  at  the  inn,  which  the 
young  man  did,  and  took  care  to  travel  no  farther  in 
the  deacon's  company.  That  young  man  was,  no 
doubt,  Mr.  Bailey. 


232  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

At  twelve  o'clock  on  Saturday,  the  sixteenth  clay  of 
February,  17G0,  and  tAventy-eight  days  after  leaving 
Nantaskct,  the  Hind  dropped  anchor  in  Portsmouth 
harbor ;  and  while  our  young  candidate  for  Episcopal 
ordination  stood  upon  deck  gazing  longingly  at  the 
shore,  the  lieutenant  of  marines  said  to  him,  "  Now, 
Mr.  Bailey,  you  have  a  view  of  a  Christian  country^ 
which  you  had  never  an  opportunity  of  seeing  be- 
fore," and  he  further  intimated  that  he  looked  upon 
the  people  of  New  England  as  a  barbarous  and  inhos- 
pitable generation.  Mr  Bailey  was  prevented  from 
landing  that  day,  and  he  wrote  out  a  description  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight.  The  next  day  —  Sunday  —  he 
took  a  joyful  leave  of  his  dirty  prison  ship,  although 
he  expresses  regret  at  parting  with  the  friends  he  had 
made  among  the  ship's  company.  Arrived  on  shore, 
he  met  with  sundry  adventures  which  led  him  to 
think  that  many  of  the  people  of  this  Christian 
country  were  far  worse  than  those  of  the  Boston  he 
had  left.  In  fact  his  descriptions,  both  of  scenes  in 
England  and  of  social  customs  and  manners  in  New 
England,  might  be  commended  to  those  who  bewail 
the  degeneracy  of  the  present  times.  Stripped  of  the 
more  objectionable  passages  —  for  writers  wrote  more 
freely  in  those  days  —  they  would  interest  if  I  had 
space  to  present  the  details  in  the  compass  of  an 
address  like  this.  I  hope  that  much  of  the  detail  may 
yet  be  printed. 

On  the  way  to  London  by  "  stage  machine,"  he 
gave  a  minute  description  of  the  towns  he  passed 
through.     In    one    place,    Guilford,   while    the    coach 


KEY.    JACOB    BAILEY.  233 

changed  horses,  he  went  into  a  shop  to  make  some 
purchases.  Making  some  inquiry  about  English  wal- 
nuts, the  surprised  shopkeeper  asked  him  where  he 
lived  that  he  didn't  know  about  them.  When  told 
New  England,  the  astonished  shopkeeper  exclaimed, 
"Is  it  possible  for  a  person  educated  in  New  England 
to  speak  such  good  English  !  Why,  sir  ;  you  speak 
as  plain  English  as  we  do."  A  crowd  collecting,  Mr. 
Bailey  found  himself  the  center  of  a  group  of  wonder- 
ing Britons. 

Arrived  in  London,  he  was  struck  by  the  grandeur 
of  the  buildings,  although  he  pronounced  the  road 
over  which  he  had  traveled  to  be  worse  than  those 
in  New  England,  and  infested  with  highway  robbers. 
This,  however,  was  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  years 
ago.  While  in  the  metropolis,  waiting  for  the  very 
slow  movement  of  church  dignitaries,  he  visited  Dr. 
Franklin  and  other  celebrities,  inspected  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  and  wrote  an  elaborate  descri2)tion  of  that 
liistoric  church.  In  company  with  John  Gardiner,  he 
went  to  see  the  celebrated  David  Garrick  at  Drury 
Lane  theater.  Finally,  on  the  second  of  March,  1760, 
Zachary,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  affixed  the  seal  of  the 
dying  Thomas  Sherlock  to  the  certificate  of  Mr. 
Bailey's  ordination  as  deacon  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  fourteen  days  later  he  was  ordained  priest 
by  the  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  taking  the  ordination 
oath,  that  oath  by  which  he  felt  himself  bound  during 
the  troublesome  years  that  followed. 

On  his  return  to  his  native  land  he  made  the  fol- 
lowing entry  in  his  journal : — '•  Wednesday,  May  28. 


234  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

About  ten  to  our  inexpressible  joy  made  t]ie  moun- 
tains of  Adimeuticus,  on  the  coast  of  New  Engiandj 
having  been  out  of  sight  of  laud  from  Cape  Cornwall 
in  Britian  32  days.  These  hills  bore  from  us  at  noon 
W.  N.  W.,  about  9  leagues  and  made  something  like 
this  appearance " —  followed  by  a  drawing  of  their 
outline.  On  the  first  of  July  following  he  became 
"  Itinerant  Missionary  on  the  Eastern  Frontier  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,"  living  at  first  with  Major  Good- 
win in  the  barracks  of  Fort  Shirley,  afterwards  in  Fort 
Richmond,  in  1766  in  a  log  house  in  Povv'nalboro, 
and  finally  in  the  parsonage  built  in  1770.  He  con- 
ducted services  where  he  could  find  room,  chiefly  in 
the  court  house  (which  is  still  standing),  until  St. 
John's  church  was  built  in  1770,  it  being  the  first 
Episcopal  church  edifice  completed  east  of  Portland, 
unless  we  except  the  chapel  of  Fort  St.  George  in 
1607.  Matters  seem  to  have  run  quite  smoothly  with 
our  3'oung  missionar}^  until  he  succeeded  in  obtaining 
a  grant  of  land  for  the  proposed  church.  Certain  it 
is  that  the  missionary  field  was  vmoccupied  when  he 
undertook  it.  It  is  evident  that  he  was  ambitious, 
zealous,  industrious  and  painstaking,  often  subordina- 
ting his  own  interests  to  the  good  of  his  parish.  His 
scholarship  was  good,  his  reading  extensive,  his  abil- 
ities oi  a  high  order.  I  regret  that  I  find  many  of 
his  sermons  to  be  quite  dull  when  compared  with  his 
miscellaneous  writings,  which  are  very  entertaining, 
vand  often  sparkle  with  wit  and  humor. 
.  The  first  intimation  he  received  that  there  was  any 
opposition  to  him,  he  had  in  the  conduct  of  Charles 


KEV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  235 

Gushing,  who  from  bemg  a  reguLar  attendant  at 
church  got  to  absenting  himself  therefrom.  In  addi- 
tion to  this  he  found  reports  circulated  reflecting  upon 
himself  as  a  man  and  as  a  minister.  Among  papers 
which  he  left  is  a  copy  of  a  manly  letter  addressed  to 
Gushing  asking  for  an  interview,  and  hoping  that  the 
latter  would  tell  him  as  a  brother  why  he  had  taken 
offense.  No  notice  was  taken  of  his  request.  He 
afterwards  found  that  Jonathan  Bowman  was  the  real 
leader  in  the  opposition  to  him,  which  opposition 
grew  so  formidable  that  Mr.  Bailey  at  one  time  seri- 
ously contemplated  asking  for  removal  to  another 
station.  These  two  gentlemen,  Jonathan  Bowman 
and  Gharles  Gushing,  were  the  "M"  and  ^'N"  of 
Bartlet's  Frontier  Missionary.  William  Gushing, 
afterwards  judge  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Gourt, 
seems  to  have  been  Mr.  Bailey's  friend. 

What  was  the  nature  of  this  opposition,  and  why 
did  these  men  become  enemies  to  our  missionary  ? 
The  reasons  were  incidentally  religious,  but  often  less 
worthy  motives  actuated  them.  They  were  of  that 
Massachusetts  Puritan  stock  whose  faces  were  sternly 
set  against  any  church  but  their  own  —  people  who, 
when  jjious,  were  very  2)ious,  but  seldom  very  good. 
Frankfort  had  been  settled  by  poor  immigrants  eight 
years  befor6  the  establishment  of  the  courts  at  Pownal. 
boro,  and  the  arrival  of  lawyer  adventurers  in  the 
section.  The  poor  Galvinists,  Lutherans  and  others, 
were  evidently  a  religious  people.  They  asked  for 
Mr.  Bailey  to  be  sent  them,  but  they  had  no  concep- 
tion of  the  means  adopted  by  shrewd  adventurers  ac- 


236  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

qiiainted  with  the  many  inconsistencies  of  English 
law,  relative  to  land  titles,  to  increase  their  estates  at 
the  expense  of  their  unfortunate  neighbors.  When 
jMr.  Bailey  first  came  to  these  people,  he  was  often 
amused  at  their  efforts  during  divine  service  to  com- 
prehend the  meaning  of  his  words.  They  spoke 
French  and  German.  Their  pastor  became  interested 
in  them,  and  they  venerated  him  in  return.  Bowman 
and  his  party  were  jealous  of  his  influence,  especially 
when  Mr.  Bailey  sought  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
Catholic  missionarv  at  Norridgewock  some  forty  years 
before,  and  tried  to  shield  his  people  from  these 
schemers.  His  writings  speak  of  the  low  estimate 
in  which  his  people  were  held,  and  he  sought  to 
correct  that  estimate.  Englishman  and  Puritan  alike 
hated  a  Frenchman  and  robbed  him  as  mercilessly  as 
they  did  an  Indian. 

One  of  the  most  pathetic  stories  which  it  has  ever 
been  my  fortune  to  study  is  that  of  the  Acadians,  as 
shown  in  the  volume  of  Massachusetts  State  papers, 
labeled  "  French  Neutrals."  It  was  Massachusetts' 
Puritan  hatred  of  anvthing;  Catholic  or  French  that 
led  to  the  removal  of  the  Acadians  from  their  homes 
in  1755.  I  incline  to  the  belief  that  the  claim  of 
several  writers,  all  Protestants,  that  it  was  a  crime 
without  a  parallel  in  history  is  hardly  an  exaggera- 
tion. At  the  time  Frankfort  was  settled  and  Pownal- 
boro  incorporated,  Massachusetts  was  engaged  in 
placing  these  unfortunate  exiles  anywhere,  to  get 
the  detested  French  out  of  her  way.  Some  were  sent 
to  towns    in  Maine,    but  probably   none   to   Pownal- 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  237 

boro.  This  incident,  no  doubt,  tended  to  embarrass 
Mr.  B.'iiley.  His  parish  in  Pownalboro  was  largely 
composed  of  Frenchmen,  and  he  was  looked  upon  as 
the  champion  of  an  alien  cluirch  and  an  alien  people. 
What  more  was  wanted  ?  His  opponents  cared  noth- 
ing for  religion.  His  church  was  free  for  the  poorest. 
After  being  defeated  in  their  schemes,  they  became 
quiet  until  the  troublous  times  of  the  Revolution  came. 
That  gave  them  an  opportunity  which  they  improved 
to  the  extent  of  driving  off  the  missionary,  and  en- 
riching themselves  at  the  expense  of  confiscated 
estates.  Dr.  Johnson  remarked  that  "  Patrotism  was 
the  refuo-e  of  the  scoundrel."  Oftentimes  none  are  so 
patriotic  as  those  who  are  enabled  to  enrich  themselves 
at  the  expense  of  political  or  religious  opponents. 

Mr.  Bailey  was  a  Loyalist ;  and  it  is  commonly 
supposed  that  opposition  to  him  was  solely  on  that 
account.  But  Jonathan  Bowman  and  Charles  Gush- 
ing, also,  as  officers  of  Lincoln  County,  were  solemnly 
sworn  to  bear  true  faith  and  allegiance  to  His  Majesty, 
George  HI.,  and  that  they  would  give  information 
of  any  conspiracies  against  his  person,  crown,  or 
dignity ;  and  indeed,  in  a  letter  dated  February  6 
1772,  thanking  Gov.  Hutchinson  for  his  commission, 
Gushing  says,  "  It  is  not  in  my  power  to  make  your 
excellency  better  amends  than  by  endeavoring  at  such 
a  life  as  shall  denominate  me  one  of  his  majesty's 
faithful  subjects."  Can  we  wonder  when  we  consider 
that  only  a  few  years  later,  while  Cushing  still  held 
that  commission,  Mr.  Bailey  asked  the  question,  "  Will 
Col.    Cushing,  as  sheriff  of  Lincoln  county,  dare  im- 


238  MAIXE    niSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

prison  a  nican  for  refusing  to  take  up  arms  against  liis 
sovereign  ?  " 

When  our  missionary's  name  was  placed  in  a  list 
to  be  considered  by  his  townsmen,  for  transportation, 
the  qualified  voters  of  Pownalboro  in  town  meet- 
ing voted  to  strike  it  from  the  list,  along  with  those 
of  Abiel  Wood  and  others,  thus  practically  expressing 
their  sympathy  with  him  ;  and  Bailey  sent  the  com- 
mittee of  safety  a  letter  assuring  them  that  if  they 
would  permit  the  Loyalists  of  Pownalboro  to  enjoy 
their  homes  and  property  in  peace,  they  would  pledge 
themselves  to  be  quiet  and  refrain  from  giving  either 
aid  or  information  to  the  enemies  of  CouQ-ress  ;  but 
they  could  not  conscientiously  renounce  their  alle- 
giance to  their  sovereign.  Before  matters  had  gone 
thus  far,  however,  his  friend  and  patron.  Dr.  Gardiner, 
wrote  him  sharply  for  reading  even  a  Thanksgiving 
proclamation  issued  by  the  Provincial  Congress.  And 
yet  thei'e  are  those  who  think  that  Bailey  was  stub- 
born. The  reasons  for  his  refusal  to  read  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  are  best  given  in  his  words.  Of 
that  Mr.  Bailey  writes:  "On  the  22nd  of  September, 
immediately  after  divine  service,  instead  of  reading 
the  Declaration  of  Independency^  I  said, '  Some  of  you 
perhaps  expect  that  I  should  read  a  paper,  but  I  can- 
not comply  without  offering  the  utmost  violence  to 
my  conscience  ;  and  I  solemnly  declare  in  the  pres- 
ence of  this  assembly  that  my  refusal  does  not  proceed 
from  any  contempt  of  authority,  but  from  a  sacred 
regard  to  my  former  engagements,  and  from  a  dread 


KEV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  239 

of  ofteiuliiig  that  God  who  is  in  finitely  superior  to  all 
earthly  power.' " 

Finally,  every  other  means  proving  ineflectnal, 
Gushing,  Bowman,  Hambleton  and  Carleton,  the  com- 
mittee of  safety,"  summoned  him  to  trial  at  the  court 
house  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  October.  The  first 
count  in  the  indictment  charged  him  with  preaching 
sedition,  and  they  had  one  or  more  witnesses,  where- 
upon Mr.  Bailey,  upon  the  principle  of  giving  them 
the  best  evidence,  read  the  sermon  complained  of^ 
It  seems  that  Samuel  Goodwin  Jr.,  was  the  chief 
\\atness,  but  wnen  iiaiiey  read  tne  seditious  discourse 
Goodwin's  testimony  was  not  needed.  The  refusal 
to  read  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  next 
considered;  but  after  reading  his  ordination  oath  to 
them,  the  parson  declared  that  this  oath  afforded 
little  satisfaction  to  the  committee,  and  Gushing  asked 
him  a  number  of  ensnaring  questions,  among  them 
whether  if  the  king  had  broken  his  coronation  oath 
that  did  not  absolve  his  subjects  ?  To  this  inquiry, 
Mr.  Bailey  replied  that  the  falsehood  and  treachery  of 
one  party  could  never  justify  the  baseness  and  perjury 
of  another.  "  As  for  instance,  no  engagements  are 
more  solemn  and  binding  than  the  marriage  vows, 
and  if  the  husband  commit  adultery  the  wife  may  not 
have  liberty  to  commit  the  same  crime."  This  re- 
mark was  intended  for  high  sheriff  Gol.  Gushing,  and 
illustrates  the  parson's  style  of  sarcasm.  I  conclude 
this  allusion  to  the  trial  w^itli  an  outline  of  his  argu- 
ment relative  to  not  readino;  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 


240  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

pendence.  Bailey's  claim  was  that  in  i-efusing  he 
was  not  guilty  of  contempt  of  authority,  because  it 
was  simply  a  requisition  from  the  council,  and  could 
not  obtain  the  nature  and  force  of  a  law.  It  was 
from  one  branch  of  the  legislative  body  only.  And 
farther,  the  council  has  not  directly  ordered  ministers 
to  read  the  Declaration,  and  gives  no  directions  from 
whom  this  requisition  is  to  proceed.  He  observed, 
too,  that  no  penalty  was  annexed  to  the  order,  and 
by  the  English  constitution  no  penalty  could  be  in- 
flicted. Disobedience  to  a  royal  proclamation,  or 
even  an  act  of  Parliament,  without  a  penalty,  cannot 
subject  an  offender  to  any  punishment,  for  in  every 
law,  before  it  can  operate,  the  authority  which  enacts 
it  must  specify  both  the  crime  and  its  penalty.  "It 
is  true  the  olYense  alleged  is  contempt  of  authority, 
and  that  is  a  crime  which  deserves  punishment.  I 
answer  that  the  authority  ofiended  ought  either  to 
take  cognizance  of  the  matter,  or  to  delegate  proper 
persons  to  determine  the  case,  and  where  regard  is 
had  to  the  liberties  of  the  people  the  punishment 
will  undoubtedly  be  specified.  No  penalty  can  be 
annexed  after  the  crime  is  committed." 

The  offense  of  praying  for  the  king  seems  to  have 
been  lost  sight  of,  and  finally  Mr.  Bailey  was  dis- 
charged. 

His  writings  during  this  period  sparkle  with  both 
humor  and  irony.  For  instance,  we  are  told  in  Mr. 
Bartlet's  book  that  a  liberty-pole  was  erected  to 
offend  him.  But  nothing  is  said  about  that  pole 
being    cut  down.     It  was  cut  down,  and  Mr.  Bailey 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  241 

was  looked  upun  as  the  instigator  of  the  act,  and  he 
wrote  a  letter  disclaiming  his  connection  %Yith  the 
cuttincr.  Amono;  the  reasons  why  he  was  sorry  for 
the  act,  he  says  that  if  one  pole  would  give  his  neigh- 
bors so  mucli  pleasure  it  were  better  to  have  a  thou- 
sand than  merely  one.  But  he  adds.  "  you  are  sensible 
that  liberty  may  subsist  without  any  pole  at  all ;  and 
if  all  the  pines,  spruces  and  firs  were  lying  prone 
upon  the  ground  it  would  not  elevate  tyranny  a  bit." 
And  again,  he  will  no  longer  wonder  at  the  heathen 
adoring  images  of  wood  or  stone,  since  he  finds  so 
many  prolessecl  (jnristians  paj'ing  homage  to  a  pole. 
When  the  revolutionists  made  raids  on  tea  to  the 
extent  of  making  a  teapot  of  the  Kennebec  River, 
his  sympathies  were  with  poor  innocent  tea  that 
never  harmed  anybody.  And  his  letters  during  this 
period  almost  always  contain  appeals  to  his  corres- 
pondents for  tea.  After  Massachusetts  government 
granted  his  request  for  permission  to  depart  for  Nova 
Scotia,  the  season  was  so  far  advanced  that  he  was  un- 
able to  get  away  in  1778,  and  during  the  winter  at  the 
request  of  the  members  of  his  parish  he  thought  he 
might  conduct  divine  service.  Gushing  forbade  it,  and 
in  no  very  mild  or  gentlemanly  terms,  characterizing  his 

congregation  as  a  nest  of  d d  Tories.     Mr.  Bailey 

responded  that  he  did  not  suppose  the  United  States 
could  possibly  be  in  danger  if  he  ministered  to  his 
people.  Bowman  and  Gushing  were  determined  to 
drive  him  to  leave  his  church,  and  either  imprison  or 
force  him  to  take  the  oath  of  alleg-iance  to  Gongress. 
They  attempted  to  prevent  Massachusetts  General 
Vol.  VII.        18 


242  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

CoQi'L  grauliiig  him  permission  to  depart  in  peace, 
and  even  after  that  permission  was  granted  they 
continued  to  annoy  him.  The  contrast  between 
his  simple  petition  to  the  General  Court  and  the  mass 
of  vituperation  penned  by  Gushing  to  the  same  body 
is  very  marked. 

Finally,  in  the  summer  of  1779  he  succeeded  in 
chartering  a  small  schooner  of  two  brothers  named 
Light,  and  with  part  of  his  effects,  his  wife  and  infant 
son,  and  a  heavy  heart,  he  commenced  his  long  and 
wearisome  journey  to  Halifax.  He  could  not,  how- 
ever, tnmk  of  anything  but  a  speedy  return  to  the 
scene  of  his  labors.  His  letters  to  friends  left  at 
Pownalboro  constantly  alluded  to  his  hopes  of  a 
return.  But  the  American  cause  prevailed  and  pre- 
vented the  realization  of  his  wishes,  because  beino-  a 
priest  of  the  Ghurch  of  England  he  was  a  marked  man 
on  the  part  of  local  officials.  Although  John  Silvester 
John  Gardiner,  afterwards  rector  of  Trinity  church, 
Boston,  read  prayers  occasionally  in  the  church  at 
Pownalboro,  and  Mr.  Bailey  wrote  him  about  being 
ordained  for  that  parish,  the  church  and  parsonage, 
being  stripped  by  vandal  hands,  soon  went  to  decay. 
The  missionary  settled  at  Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  after  a  long  pastorate,  died  in  1808,  and  was 
buried  in  the  old  cemetery  adjoining  the  fort,  about 
which  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  the  English  and 
French  contended  for  supremacy  in  North  America. 
Last  summer  it  was  my  privilege  to  stand  upon  the 
site  of  his  church  there,  to  visit  the  old  cemetery,  and 
to    converse    with    and    share    the   hospitahty    of  his 


KEV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  243 

grandchildren.  During  his  life  in  Nova  Scotia  he  was 
as  industrious  as  he  had  been  while  on  the  Kennebec. 
He  traveled  much  in  the  Annapolis  valley  and  else- 
where, and  left  minute  descriptions  of  the  country, 
then  sparsely  settled.  He  made  observations  on  the 
minerals  of  the  province,  especially  in  Cumberland 
County,  long  before  the  mines  were  worked.  The 
story  of  the  Acadians  interested  him  very  much. 

His  writings  shov/  him  to  be  possessed  of  a  most 
Catholic  spirit.  He  shared  the  average  Protestant's 
antipathy  to  what  he  called  the  Romish  church,  and 
yet  tie  extended  a  generous  hospitality  to  some  French 
Jesuit  priests,  who  called  on  him  while  in  Pownal- 
boro.  Indeed,  in  his  MS.  History  of  the  Eastern 
Country,  after  giving  an  account  of  the  destruction  of 
Father  Piasle's  mission  at  Norridgewock,  he  'pn.ys  a 
warm  tribute  to  the  self-sacrificing  zeal,  the  education 
and  culture,  of  the  Jesuit,  and  closes  his  narrative  by 
affirming;  that  "  thoutj-h  mistaken  in  his  relig-ious  and 
political  principles,  he  honestly  endeavored  to  sup- 
port the  welfare  of  his  disciples,  and  to  pursue  the 
dictates  of  his  conscience  ;  but  like  other  upright  men, 
he  perished  in  the  cause  he  labored  to  maintain,  and 
by  the  power  he  most  heartily  despised.  To  blacken 
the  moral  character  of  a  person  for  no  other  reason 
than  because  his  country,  education,  and  interest  are 
opposed  to  our  own,  is  narrow,  base  and  ungenerous." 
Of  his  account  of  the  affair  at  Norridgewock  he  af- 
firms that  as  he  has  read  every  printed  description, 
and  talked  with  those  who  were  with  the  expedition, 
he  believes  his  account  to  be  as  nearly  correct  as  any. 


244  MAINE    mSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

1  find  him  al\va3's  a  champion  of  the  Indian,  al- 
though he  does  not  attempt  to  hide  the  fact  of  tlie 
Indians'  wanton  cruelt^^  to  captives,  at  times.  But  as 
he  was  himself  witness  to  wanton  acts  of  duplicity  on 
the  part  of  the  whites,  he  affirms  that  although  his 
own  ancestors  had  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the  Indian, 
yet  he  must  declare  that  his  sympathies  were  with 
the  savage,  and  he  pays  warm  tribute  to  the  character 
of  Bomazeen  and  other  chieftains.  Of  the  Lovewell 
fight  at  Fryeburg,  he  affiirms,  as  have  others,  that  it 
was  the  outcome  of  a  bounty  offered  by  Massachu- 
setts on  Indian  scalps,  and  the  only  heroism  displayed 
was  by  the  savages.  Young  men  from  Boston  then 
included  Indians  in  their  list  of  o-ame,  just  as  to-day 
they  regard  Maine  as  only  a  game  preserve  kept  for 
their  pleasure  and  profit. 

Mr.  Bailey  delighted  to  puncture  the  bubble  of 
Puritanism,  although  lie  speaks  highly  of  the  character 
of  many  of  the  fathers  of  New  England.  He  says 
that  when  the  colonists  who  first  settled  Massachu- 
setts Bay  left  England,  they  signed  a  letter  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the  bishops,  clergy,  and 
brethren  of  the  Church  of  England  wherein  "  They 
earnestly  request  their  petitions  to  heaven :  allow 
tliem  to  be  nearest  to  the  throne  of  divine  mercy,  and 
entreat  them  not  to  regard  any  reports  to  their  dis- 
advantage which  might  arise  from  the  disaffection  and 
indiscretion  of  particular  persons.  They  profess  that 
the  body  of  their  company  esteem  it  an  honor  to  call 
the  Church  of  England  their  dear  mother,  and  that 
they   cannot   forsake    their    native    country    without 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  245 

much    sadness   of  heart    and   many    tears.     They    ac- 
knowledge  that   the  hope  and   interest  they  had  ob- 
tained in  the  common  salvation  the}^  had  received  in 
her  bosom  and  sucked   from  her  breasts.     They  bless 
God  for  their  parentage  and  education  in  this  church, 
and,  as  members  of  the  same  body,  declare  they  shall 
ahvays    rejoice  in  her  safety  and  unfeignedly  grieve 
for  any  sorrow  that  shall  ever  betide  her ;  and    -while 
they    have  any  breath  will    sincerely  desire  and  en- 
deavor to  continue  her  welfare  with  the  enlargement 
of  her  bounds."     Mr.  Bailey  thinks  that  does  not  look 
as  if  our  forefathers  fled  into  this  howling  wilderness 
to   avoid   persecution,  as  he  affirms   was  believed  by 
multitudes.     In   the  second   volume   of  Hutchinson's 
MS.  History  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  which   MS.  forms 
Vol.  28  Ma::S.  Archives,  and  still   has  the  mud  stains 
which  it  received   when  thrown  into  the  street  at  the 
time  Gov.   Hutchinson's   house  was  mobbed   in  1765, 
occurs,  the  same  statements.     The  MS.  was  discovered 
,  by    W.    F.    Poole,    late   librarian    of   Chicago    Public 
Library,  and  I  am  informed   that   as  a  volume   it  has 
never  been  printed.     I  do  not  think  Mr.  Bailey  could 
have  seen  that  work  from  which  to  cull  his  statements. 
He  affirms   that  the  Puritans,   so  called,  who  settled 
Massachusetts,  were   naturally  devout,  ambitious,  de- 
sirous  of  enjoying    civil   and  religious   liberty   them- 
selves, but  miAvilling  to  grant  the  privilege   to  others. 
But  they  were  impatient  of  restraint,   and  could  they 
have    arrived  at   dignity   and    power  in  England   we 
should   not  have   heard  them  complain  of  the  Hier- 
archy.    He  affirms  that  part  of  the  consideration  for 


I 


246  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

which  they  received  their  charter  was  that  they  were 
to  work  for  the  conversion  of  the  natives  to  Chris- 
tianity. And  yet  years  elapsed  before  an  attempt 
was  made  in  this  direction  by  anybody  except  the 
apostle  Eliot,  of  whom  Mr.  Bailey  writes  with  much 
veneration. 

He  notes  the  difference  between  the  colony  of 
Plymouth  and  that  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  calls  Sir 
Henry  Vane  "  that  dark  and  gloomy  hypocrite,"  thus 
showing  that  his  estimate  of  the  first  titled  governor 
of  Massachusetts  was  quite  as  low  as  is  that  of  Charles 
Francis  Adams.  Indeed,  of  the  "  Great  Awakening  " 
of  1742,  he  writes  in  much  the  same  strain  as  does 
Mr.  Adams,  except  that  lie  dates  it  from  the  time  of 
Georo-e  Whitefield,  or  in  1740,  and  afl&rms  that  the 
religious  frenzy  had  quite  as  demoralizing  eifect  upon 
the  colony  as  did  the  Avitchcraft  delusion.  He  finds 
no  fault  with  ^yhitefield,  who  he  says  was  an  actor, 
and  who  carried  his  acting  into  the  pulpit  at  a  time 
when  '•  orthodox  "  parsons  generally  droned  out  com- 
monplaces to  a  sleeping  congregation.  His  description 
of  such  a  sleeping  congregation  is  very  amusing. 
It  seems  that  an  evangelist  from  Pennsylvania,  who 
immediately  succeeded  Whitefield,  was  the  one  who 
drove  the  people  into  religious  insanity. 

Mr.  Bailey  appears  to  have  entertained  a  low  esti- 
mate of  the  Quakers,  but  he  vehemently  denounces 
the  Puritans'  cruelty  towards  them. 

He  speaks  still  further  of  Puritan  tyranny  and  in- 
tolerance ;  and  after  giving  a  vivid  account  of  the 
trials  at  the  time  of  the  degrading  witchcraft  super- 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  247 

siitiuii,    he  says,  ''  It    is    somewhat    curious    that    22 
persons    out     of  28     were     females.     It    must    have 
been.  I  conceive,  a  prevailing  article  of  faith  in  those 
times    that    women    are  more    easily   seduced  into   a 
correspondence  with  the  malignant  spirits  of  darkness 
than  men."     Mr.  Bailey  affirms  that  the  examination 
ol  persons  charged  was  too  indecent  for   publication 
even    then.     And    as    for    pathetic    interest,    I  know 
nothing    surpassing   volume  135   Massachusetts  State 
papers,    unless    it   be    the    volumes    relating    to    the 
French  Neutrals,  or  Acadians.     Mr.   Bailey's  detailed 
account    is  xery  minute.     At    times  ne    quotes    from 
Hutchinson.     A   single    quotation    from   Bailey   must 
suffice   at   present :    "  Mr.    Samuel    Wardwell,    when 
first .  apprehended    and    accused,    confessed     himself 
guilty  of  witchcraft,  and  though  he  afterwards  solemn- 
ly recanted  his  confession,  yet  he  fell    a  sacrifice  to 
the  fury  of  his  adversaries,   and  what  was  peculiarly 
severe    and    cruel   in     his    affair,    his    own    w^ife    and 
daughter  w^ere  admitted  as  evidences  against  him,  by 
which  means  they  were  able  to  save  their  own  lives. 
The  daughter,  indeed,  upon  a  second  inquiry  denied 
the  guilt  of  her  parent,  but  the  wife  upon  this  circum- 
stance in  his  favor,  was  never  permitted  another  ex- 
amination."    He  says  that  when  Rev.   George    Bur- 
roughs was  about  to  be   "  turned  off"  he  repeated  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  which  was  the  ''worst  thing  he  could  do, 
for  the  Prayer  is  so  much  a  part  of  the  then  detested 
service  of  the  Church  of  England  that  it  increased  the 
ancrer    of   the    magistrates."      Massachusetts    did    not 
fully   recover    from    the  effects  of    this    delusion    for 


248  MAINE    niSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

more  than  half  a.  century,  or  until  Mr.  Bailey  was  en- 
terino^  colleo-e. 

He  was  most  industrious.  His  garden  occupied 
much  of  his  time,  and  he  searched  all  New  England 
for  fruits,  vegetables  and  flowers  for  it.  He  gave 
much  attention  to  the  fauna  and  flora  of  his  section  ; 
and  his  MS.  History  of  the  Eastern  Country,  designed 
for  publication,  remained  unprinted  because  both  he 
and  his  proposed  printer  were  Loyalists  and  were 
obliged  to  leave  the  country.  His  description  of  the 
soil,  scenery,  rivers,  bays,  harbors,  islands,  forests, 
animals,  etc.,  of  the  section  were  very  minute.  His 
account  of  the  destruction  of  Falmouth  by  Mowatt  in 
1775,  which  he  witnessed,  is  printed  in  vol.  5,  collec- 
tions of  the  Maine  Historical  Society.  In  a  letter  to 
John  Gardiner,  then  a  barrister  in  London,  in  the 
year  1765,  Mr.  Bailey  gives  a  very  glowing  account 
of  the  progress  of  the  new  settlement  in  Pownal- 
boro,  that  new  farms  were  being  rapidly  cleared, 
all  the  land  w^as  ta^eii  up,  manufactures  started,  and 
vessels  loaded  direct  for  Europe.  Land  was  worth 
more  in  what  is  now  Dresden,  about  that  time,  than  it 
is  at  present 

He  gives  an  account  of  the  Indian  raid  on  Swan 
Island  in  1750,  w^hen  the  Whidden-Noble  family  was 
carried  off,  and  tells  a  humorous  story  of  the  fright- 
ened soldier  w^ho  reported  to  Capt.  Lithgow  at  Fort 
Richmond  that  he  got  the  news  of  the  murder  of 
Capt.- "Whidden  and  his  whole  family  "from  Capt. 
Whidden's  own  mouth." 

Of  the  conference  with  the  Indians  by  Sir  William 
Pepperell,   and   others,    commissioners   appointed    by 


REV.    JACOH    BAILEY.  249 

Gov.  Siiirley,  in  1753,  Mr.  Bailey  affirms  that  the 
Indians  srot  the  better  of  the  commissioners  in  anju- 
ment.  The  original  parchment  treaty  negotiated  at 
this  time  at  Fort  Richmond,  is  among  the  treaties 
preserved  in  the  Massachusetts  Archives. 

In  his  very  minute  description  of  the  flora  of  this 
eastern  countrv,  he  calls  our  butternut  tree  the  lemon 
walnut  ;  and  in  speaking  of  the  vegetable  products 
affirms  that  eight  hundred  bushels  of  potatoes  per 
acre  had  been  raised.  And  he  mentions  Capt,  Whid- 
den's  fifty  bushels  of  wheat  from  a  bushel  of  seed,  on 
8wan  Island. 

Of  natural  phenomena,  he  affirms  that  the  auroral 
lio;ht  was  first  observed  in  New  Enij-land  in  1715. 
The  Memorial  History  of  Boston  gives  the  year  1719. 
His  description  of  the  climate  and  weather  in  the 
Kennebec  valley  might  have  been  written  to-day. 
There  has  been  no  change.  And  his  account  of  the 
Kennebec  scenery  is  true  to  nature,  and  finely  writ- 
ten. He  speaks  of  islands  and  says  Seguin  was 
wooded,  which  was  true,  as  it  was  not  cleared  of  trees 
until  1795,  when  the  first  lighthouse  was  established 
there.  In  his  account  of  rivers,  he  gives  the  lake 
Sebim  as  the  source  of  the  Kennebec.  By  whom  was 
it  called  Moosehead  ?  His  chapter  on  bays  and  har- 
bors on  our  coast  is  as  short  as  is  a  certain  chapter 
on  snakes  in  Ireland,  for  he  says  the  whole  coast  is  a 
succession  of  bays  and  harbors,  and  then  he  stops. 

Of  the  colony  which  Robert  Temple  and  Edward 
Hutchinson  attempted  to  settle  about  the  shores  of 
Merrymeeting  Bay,  Mr.  Bailey  affirms  that  there  were 
some  1500  Irishmen    who  were  Presbyterians  and  of 


I 


250  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

the  Cliurch  of  England,  and  that  they  removed  from 
the  Kennebec  to  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  and  to 
Pennsylvania,  because  they  were  neglected,  insulted, 
and  even  prevented  from  defending  themselves,  by 
the  Massachusetts  government.  Indeed  when  they 
touched  at  Boston,  he  affirms  that  they  were  driven 
from  the  Long  Wharf  b}^  a  volley  of  sticks,  stones  and 
other  missiles,  and  that  this  treatment  was  on  account 
of  their  religion.  I  note  that  those  people  usually 
called  ''  ScotchJrish,"  he  designates  as  "  Irishmen," 
and  he  had  some  w\arm  friends  among  them,  as  for 
instance,  Capt.  Callahan,  and  the  Druinmonds.  Is  the 
term  "  Scotch-Irish  "  an  old  designation,  or  a  modern 
one  ?  Would  Scotchmen  generally  give  Irish  names 
to  jDlaces  where  they  settled  ? 

When  we  consider  the  wildness  of  his  surroundings, 
the  means  of  communication,  and  the  privations  inci- 
dent to  the  situation,  we  wonder  how  he  could  write 
so  much  and  oftentimes  travel  ten,  twenty,  or  fifty 
miles  by  water  or  through  a  wilderness  to  conduct  a 
service  or  marry  a  couple. 

I  am  not  Episcopalian  ;  but  I  cannot  see  how  any 
one  could  fail  to  acknowledi^e  that  so  far  as  a  church 
may  own  any  section  of  countrj^,  the  field  was  his. 
Massachusetts  Puritans  never  occupied  it;  and  after 
his  departure  twenty-two  years  elapsed  before  the 
zeal  of  men  like  Bowman  and  Gushing  gave  Dresden 
a  church  edifice,  and  the  devoted  Parker  settled 
there.  Bailey's  people  were  certainly  united  until 
the  gentry  of  Pownalboro  sowed  the  seeds  of  dis- 
cord.    With   most   dissenting    churches,    the    lack    of 


KEY.    JACOB    BAILEY.  251 

some  lorni  of  service  has  no  doubt  tended  to  make 
churcbgoing  with  many  a  mere  fad  or  fasbion,  the 
fashionable  music  being  at  times  supplemented  by  a 
sensational  discourse  by  'a  popular  minister.  A  lady 
in  Nova  Scotia,  of  the  communion  of  the  Church  of 
England,  told  me  that  she  esteemed  it  a  duty  and  a 
pleasure  to  participate  in  the  service  of  her  church, 
even  if  she  never  listened  to  a  sermon. 

I  have  endeavored  to  give  my  impressions  of  the 
old-time  missionary  of  Pownalboro,  as  gleaned  from 
a  careful  study  of  the  manuscripts  which  he  left.  My 
selt-miposed  task  is  far  Irom  complete.  While  I  hope 
that  much  which  he  wrote  may  yet  be  printed,  to 
give  extended  quotations  from  what  I  have  as  yet 
been  able  to  decipher  of  the  time-stained,  faded,  torn 
and  raicc-eaten  papers  would  only  weary.  So  far  as 
I  have  been  able  to  verify  his  statements  by  compar- 
ison with  other  documents  in  existence,  I  have  found 
him  to  be  accurate  and  conscientious.  His  influence 
over  his  people  was  great.  I  have  so  far  looked  in  vain 
for  the  names  of  any  among  Massachusetts  Eevolution- 
ary  soldiers  who  were  known  to  be  indentified,  actively, 
with  his  church.  In  the  examination  of  documents, 
and  in  the  work  of  recording,  I  have  no  theories  to 
prove,  and  only  feel  bound  to  go  where  the  records 
lead  me.  But  I  now  know  that  old  Pownalboro, 
and  indeed  all  of  Maine,  has  a  grand  history  which  I 
little  suspected  existed,  and  which  partial  and  narrow 
Massachusetts  historians  have  entirely  ignored,  while 
many  Maine  people,  indifferent  to  their  own  records, 
confine    their    study  of  history  to   a    worship  of   the 


I 


252  MAINE    inSTOKICAL    .-OCirTY. 

ancestors  of  Massacliusetts  men.     Think,  for  instance, 
of  a  sketch  of  John  Gardiner,  which  makes  no  mention 
whatever  of  the  fact  that  when  he  made  his   famous 
speech  in  Massachusetts  legislature  in  favor  of  remov- 
ing restrictions  on  theaters  he  represented  a  Kenne- 
bec town  in  that  body.     I  afhrm  that  since   studying 
the   papers  left  by   the  Loyalist,  Jacob  Bailey,  I  am 
better  fitted  for   an  understanding   of   the  true   stor}'' 
of  the  great  American  republic.     A  real  patriot   will 
honor   his    own    section,   his     state,   his    country,   its 
people,  its  institutions,  and  he  will  not  slander  others. 
Jingoism  is  not  true  patriotism.     I  sometimes  think 
when  I  see   the   veneration  felt  by  English   subjects 
for  their  queen,  the  reverence  of  the  German  for  his 
emperor,  even  the  faith   of  the   Russian  in  his  ruler, 
and  contrast  it  with  the  ridicule,  the  falsehoods,  and 
the  abuse  which  our  so-called  chief  magistrate  receives, 
that  the  average  American  reveres  nothing  but  plu- 
tocracy   and    pugilism.     Is    America  really    great,  or 
merely     overgrown  —  dropsical,    as    it    were  ?       Did 
those  of  us  w^ho  fought  in  the  late  civil   vrar  contend 
for  a  nation  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  or  for  an 
unwieldy  collection  of  peoples  with  diverse  interests, 
bound  together   only  by   a   slender   thread  of  selfish 
gain  ?     Mr.    Bailey    thanked    his    good    fortune    that 
when  he  landed  in   Halifax,   penniless,  he   was  at  last 
in  a  land  of  freedom  as  contrasted  with  the  realm  of 
discord    and    tyrannj^    which    he    had   left.     Are    we 
quite    sure  that  we    know    w^iat  the  much  used  and 
abused  word  freedom  really  means  ?     Do  we  use  up 
the  article  in  repeating  the  word  ?     Certain  it  is  that. 


KEV.    JACOB    BAILEY.  253 

when  we  consider  tlie  treatment  given  the  American 
Loyalists  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  we  must  admit  that 
republics  may  be  needlessly  severe  and  tyrannical. 
Indeed,  impartial  writers  have,  with  apparently  good 
reason,  compared  our  treatment  of  the  Loyalists  to 
the  needless  severity  accorded  the  Huguenots  in 
France  under  Louis  XIV.  Is  any  man  un-American 
when  he  affirms  this  ? 

Mr.  Bailey  has  been  called  eccentric.  Also  un- 
yielding. These  terms  are  contradictory,  and  show 
that  those  who  used  them  knew  nothing  about  the 
subject  of  which  they  spoke.  His  opponents  were, 
as  he  expressed  it,  "  like  the  weather  cock  on  yonder 
steeple."  And  they  were  the  ones  who  would  not 
yield.  Even  after  he  had  obtained  permission  to 
leave  the  country  they  still  pursued  him.  When  he 
consented  to  leave  out  the  objectionable  passages 
from  his  church  service,  he  still  thought  it  no.  harm  to 
pray  for  the  King.  He  might  have  said  that  the 
King  needed  praying  for.  Taking  the  oath  they 
insisted  upon  would  have  proved  his  ruin.  I  do  not 
find  that  they  insisted  upon  it  w4th  his  friends  Abiel 
Wood  and  Major  Goodwin,  both  of  wdiom  spoke 
words  of  kindly  sj'mpathy  to  him,  and  who  were  as 
much  Tory  as  he. 

These  events  have  long  since  passed,  and  it  would 
seem  that  the  time  had  come  for  Americans  to  view 
them  dispassionately.  And  when  the  time  is  ripe,  we 
may  learn  to  revere  the  memory  of  the  brave  itiner- 
ant missionarv  of  the  Kennebec  wilderness,  as  we 
study  his  character  portrayed  in  the  manuscripts 
which  have  come  to  us. 


254  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 


COL.  THOiMAS  GOLDTHWAIT-WAS 
HE  A  TORY? 

BY  R.  GOLDTHWAITE  CAETEK,  U.  S.  AKMY. 

Bead  before  the  Maine  Hic^torical  Society,  December  19,  1S95. 

Part  III. 

While  Thomas  Goldthwait  was  in  command  of  Fort 
Pownall  he  was  appointed  agent  for  the  ^yaldo  heirs, 
to  survey,  settle  and  develop  the  vast  tract  of  laud  in 
the  Waldo  Patent,  lying  on  the  Penobscot  Piiver,  and 
included  within  what  is  now  known  as  the  towns  of 
Frankfort,  Prospect,  Stockton  and  Searsport.  During 
this  period  he  was  in  constant  correspondence  with 
Thomas  Flucker,  who  married  Hannah,  the  daughter 
of  Gen.  Samuel  Waldo.  He  was  the  last  provincial 
secretary  of  state.  Gen.  Henry  Knox,  Washington's 
favorite  general  and  secretary  of  vrar,  married  Lucy, 
the  youngest  daughter  of  Thomas  Flucker.  This  cor- 
respondence was  found  among  the  very  valuable 
papers  of  the  Knox  collection,  at  the  library  of  the 
New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society  at  Boston, 
and  it  was  due  to  the  liberal  courtesy  of  Mr.  John 
Ward  Dean  of  that  society  that  the  writer  is  now 
enabled  to  place  before  your  readers  the  following  : — 

Fort  Povtn-all,  Oct.  24,  17C5. 

Sir  : —  I  thank  you  for  yoiir  kind  letter  of  the  10th  mst.,  by  Capt. 
Saunders  &  am  extreme  glad  to  hear  you  arrived  safe  &  sound,  & 
found  your  lady  &  family  all  well. 

Almost  ever  since  you  went  from  hence  Mr.  Chadwick  has  been 
employed  in  surveying  &  exploring  the  land  betwixt  my  bounds  & 
the  salt  marshes,  &  he  thinks  there  will  not  be  near  enough  land 


REV.    JACOB    BAILEV.  255 

witliia  these  bovmds  lo  compleat  the  24,000  acres,  eveu  if  he  should 
take  in  a  riilge  of  moimtains  which  lyes  in  the  middle,  which  is  by 
no  means  desirable  to  lay  out  tor  settlers,  for,  by  Mr.  Chadwicks  & 
others  account  of  it,  1000  acres  assigned  to  one  lott  &  given  aAvay 
with  it,  woud  be  no  temptation  to  a  settler  to  go  on,  &  if  they  once 
got  a  notion  tliat  they  are  to  have  a  part  of  their  lot  in  such  laud, 
it  woud  probably  strike  such  discouragement  to  the  settlement  that  I 
could  never  accomplish  it.  Therefore  I  have  been  thinking  that  it 
will  be  best  to  exclude  this  ridge  of  mountains  as  waist  land,  as  is 
usual  in  such  cases,  &  to  return  no  further  West  than  to  the  foot  of 
the  other  mountains,  &  then  what  land  may  be  wanting  of  the  24,000 
acres  to  be  made  up  in  land  towards  Passoggasawackkeeg  &  to  have 
the  lots  in  general  laid  out  upon  a  road  to  run  nearly  through  the 
middle  as  may  be,  begmning  at  the  head  of  the  salt  marsh,  along  by 
the  side  of  the  meadow  towards  Sandy  Point,  &  from  there  to  ye 
road  leading  to  P. 

I  woud  avoid  as  much  as  I  can  giving  out  lotts  upon  the  shore, 
tho'  it  will  be  necessary  at  first  to  give  some  there.  In  short,  things 
of  that  sort  must  be  done  as  they  can  be  done.  I  think  we  shouldn't 
boggle  at  little  matters  in  getting  on  a  good  settler.  You'l  please 
consider  it  y'our  mutual  interest  to  have  it  settled  so  as  to  make 
what  land  remains  valuable. 

This  is  a  great  undertaking  for  me  who  have  had  so  little  experi- 
ence hi  such  things  :  however,  I  dont  despair  of  getting  thro'  it, 
especially  if  I  have  the  assistance  of  so  good  a  friend  &  so  able  a 
Counsellor  as  his  Excellency  the  Governor,  to  whom  I  proposed  being 
concerned  in  it,  &  if  he  consents  to  it  I  shall  leave  it  wholly  with 
him  &  you  to  settle  the  plan  of  the  Town,  which  I  must  carry  into 
execution  as  nearly  as  I  can  :  but  in  laying  out  a  road  you  are  sen- 
sible it  must  go  as  land  is  found  suitable  for  it. 

It  vront  do  to  carry  a  road  thro'  a  morass,  or  over  a  mountain  if 
it  can  well  be  avoided.  Indeed,  I  cannot  see  how  we  can  deter- 
mine absolutely  upon  a  road  until  the  land  ])e  sufficiently  explored, 
which  ]\Ir.  Chadwick  is  now  employ'd  about,  &  probably  I  can  write 
you  more  fully  of  that  by  Capt.  Saunders  next  trip. 

Mr.  Chadwick  has  given  me  a  small  sketch  of  it,  which  I  send 
herewith  that   you  may  have  some  idea  of  it.     You'U  see  by  this 


I 


256  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY, 

sketch  tlial  the  head  of  tlie  mar5h  dout  lay  above  4  miles  from  iny 
bound,  &  the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  not  -i  miles  from  the  shore, 
which  is  very  dilferent  from  what  I  had  conceived  of  it. 

Mrs.  G.  says  1  must  tell  you  that  we  had  a  tlish  of  gi-ecn  peas 
yesterday  in  perfection.  She  joins  lue  in  our  best  regards  to  ]Mrs. 
Flucker  &  your  family  :  to  Mr.  Winslow,  his  lady  &  family,  <!t  3Ir. 
Bethune  &  his  fomily.  If  Col°  Waldo  or  his  Bro''  be  in  town  please 
to  pay  my  respects  to  y"^ . 

I  am,  Sir, 
Your  most  obedient  Humble  servant, 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 

Tins  foregoing  letter  was  written  upon  the  return 

to    jjuoouii    ux     JLiiUUiuS    i'iLlCKei     ilOlU    tl      visit     tO     Col. 

Goldthwait,  at  Fort  Pownall.  Mr.  Winslow  referred 
to  was  Isaac  Winslow  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  who 
married  Lucy,  another  daughter  of  Gen.  Samuel 
Waldo.  Mr.  Chadwick,  the  surveyor  referred  to,  is 
the  same  who  made  the  original  survey  for  Sir  Fran- 
cis Bernard  of  Mount  Desert,  when  it  was  granted  to 
him  by  the  Province.  Capt.  Saunders  is  referred  to 
as  follows  in  the  Bernard  Papers  at  Harvard  College  : — 

By  His  Excellency  Francis  Bernard,  Esq.,  Captain-General  and 
Govemor-in-chief  of  the  Province  of  Mass.  Bay,  and  Vice  Admiral 
of  the  saiue. 

To  Captain  Bradbury  Saunders,  Commander  of  His  Majestys 
Sloop  the  '"^^lassacliusetts  "  of  the  said  Province. 

You  are  hereby  commanded  to  take  on  board  the  said  sloop  such 
provisions,  stores  &  goods  as  shall  be  delivered  to  you  by  the  Com- 
missary General  at  Boston,  for  the  vitualiing  &  supplying  his 
Majestys  Garrison  at  Fort  Po%\-iiall,  on  Penobscot  &  the  Indians 
which  depend  on  the  said  Fort  for  their  subsistance  &  carry  the 
same  to  Fort  Pownall,  with  all  proper  expedition. 

And  after  you  have  delivered  the  same,  you  are  to  receive  from 
the  Commander  of  the  said  Fort  such  goods  &  things  as  he  shall 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTUWAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         257 

liiive  to  return  to  tlie  said  Coiiiniissary  General  for  bis  Majestys 
service  in  keepini:  &  niaintaiuinir  tlie  said  Fort  &  Truekhouse  of  tlie 
Indians  thereto  belunginir  aecordinir  to  the  Act  of  the  Assembly 
made  for  that  purpose,  &  take  the  s;ime  aboard  the  »loup  «S:  briuij 
them  imto  the  said  Commissary  Geuei'al  at  Boston  as  aforesaid. 

Given  under  my  hand  at  Boston,  the  twelfth  day  of  November,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord,  17G5. 

(Bernard  Papers,  Harvard  College,  Vol.  4,  p.  87). 

A  recent  visit  to  Fort  Point  and  Stockton  Springs, 
Maine,  has  enabled  the  writer  to  understand  these 
letters  better,  and  any  of  your  readers  who  may  be 
familiar  with  thnt  locRlity  will  hnve  little  difficulty  in 
recognizing  the  plans  for  the  township  referred  to. 

t  Fort  Povvxall,  Nov.  30,  17G5. 

Sir: — Capt.  Saunders  arrived  here  on  the  23d,  and  bro't  me 
your  favour  of  the  11th  &  19th  instant. 

Mr.  Chadwick  no-\\-  returns  and  will  wait  on  you  -with  a  plan  of 
the  Townships  as  he  has  taken  it.  &  I  think  he'l  give  you  a  good 
information  of  everything  about  it,  &  when  he  has  done  that,  I  be- 
lieve you'l  think  1  could  not  have  laid  it  out  better. 

lie  tells  that  between  this  and  Passoggasawackkeeg,  there  may  be 
another  ToAvnship  superior  to  this.  &  if  no  obstruction  attends  this 
settlement  I  dont  see  why  that  might  not  be  [)ut  forward. 

I  understand  by  his  Excellency  tluit  he  is  willing  to  be  concerned 
in  this  Township  provided  the  terms  be  agreeable,  but  I  expect  as 
soon  as  it's  known  it  will  be  improved  to  his  disadvantage  tho'  he 
does  it  entirely  to  save  me. 

It  will  be  a  very  heavy  atlair.  I  must  expect  the  first  settlers  will 
be  a  burthen  upon  me  for  some  time,  &  I  know  not  at  present  what 
assistance  I  shall  want :  however  may  be  I  may  get  such  settlers  as 
wont  require  a  great  deal. 

I  have  received  the  six  barrels  of  cider  frum  Mr.  Winslow,  &  I 
hope  I  shall  find  time  to  return  him  thaTiks  for  his  trouble. 

Tho'  Saunders  is  uneasy  to  be  gone,  &  I've  a  great  deal  on  hand, 
I  tho't  it  would   be   agreeable,  to  you  to   have   the    Island   above    ye 

Vol.  VII.         19 


'2dS  3IAINI:    HISTOKICAL    SOCIfc:TY. 

Fort  (Bethuiie's)  explored,  a.>  well  as  survivM.  therefore  I  -ot  Mr. 
Cluulwi*  k  to  do  it,  c't  ho  has  made  remarks  n\)on  liis  plan  (;f'  the 
(luality  of  the  land.  This  will  enable  you  to  found  better  jiiduiin-iu 
of  the  value  in  case  you've  opportunitv  to  sell  it. 

I  shall  enclose  an  account  of  the  charirc  as  you  desired,  <S;  also  an 
account  of  tlie  charge  of  surveying  the  Townships,  which  I  suppose 
must  be  divided  uj)  among  us  as  may  be  settled  hereafter. 

1  am  sori-y  to  see  the  confusions  all  over  the  Continent  still  pre- 
vail. God  gi-ant  they  may  end  in  peace  &  good  neighborhood.  I 
often  drink  to  it  &  am  sure  none  wishes  it  more  heartilv  than  I. 

I  am  rejoiced  to  rind  you  speak  so  pleasingly  of  your  tour  to  this 
country.  I  wish,  it  may  induce  you  &  some  more  of  my  friends  to 
come  again.      I  am  sure  nothing  could  give  me  greater  pleasure. 

When  youv'  an  opportunity  and  leism-e  1  shall  be  very  glad  to 
hear  from  you  et  any  interesting  events  that  may  happen.  Mrs.  G. 
joins  me  in  our  regards  to  you  &  Mrs.  Flucker.       * 

I  am,  with  great  esteem  &  regard,  Sir. 
Your  most  obedient  &  most  humble  serv't, 

Tho.  Goldtliwait. 

The  hands  which  as^i:^ted  Mr.  Chadwick  in  survey'g  the  Town- 
ship, amount  to  22  days,  -vrliich  I  believe  I  cant  put  at  less  than  2  /<■ 
p.  day  &  do  em  justice.  Mr.  C.  himself  is  to  have  4  /  p.  day.  I 
found  him.     He  hasn't  quite  finished  the  plan. 

If  Thomas  Goldtliwait  never  did  any  other  act  for 
the  province,  a  glance  at  this  correspondence  would 
convince  his  worst  critic,  that  he  was,  and  is,  entitled 
to  the  everlasting  gratitude  of  his  countrymen  for 
this  great  labor  of  opening  up  and  settling  that  mag- 
nificent tract  of  country  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penob- 
scot. The  surveys  here  and  there ;  the  laying  out  of 
roads;  supplying  the  new  settlers  with  necessities  to 
save  them  from  hardships,  perhaps  absolute  starva- 
tion, and  to  prevent  them  from  leaving  their  lands 
on  account  of  di shear tenincr  drawbacks  — all  tell  of  the 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTHWAIT — WAS    HE    A    TORY?         259 

tremendous  labors  devolving  upon  him  in  connection 
with  his  duties'-  as  coininander  and  truckinaster  of 
Fort  Pownail.  The  entire  correspondence  is  a  model 
of  moderate  conservatism  and  calm  judgment,  yet 
showing  untiring  skill,  energy  and  ability,  which 
reflects  nothing  but  credit  upon  his  wisdom  and  sagac- 
ity, and  which  it  would  be  well  for  some  of  the  pres- 
ent generation  to  emulate. 

In  one  of  these  letters  he  briefly  refers  to  the  com- 
ing struggle;  the  burdensome  taxation,  etc.,  and  one 
could  hardly  call  him  else  than  a  patriot  with  such 
loyal  sentiments  to  the  colony  as  it  clearly  expresses. 
He  savs  : — 

FOKT  POWXALL,  Foi).  1.5,  17CG. 

Sir  :^ — Thousli  I  havn't  been  fiivored  with  any  letter  from  you 
since  mine  of  the  oOtii.  Nov.,  I  luive  been  preparing  to  go  for'd  Avith 
the  Townshij)  as  soon  as  the  Spring  opens,  &  I  hope  soon  to  hear  that 
matters  are  so  accomodated  respectii;g  the  Stamp  Act  tliat  l)usiiiess 
may  go  on  in  its  proper  channel  &  that  I  may  proceed  and  finish 
ours. 

I  can  form  no  opinion  from  the  papers  whicli  I've  seen  liow  tlie 
Opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act  is  likely  to  issue.  If  it  shou'd  end  in 
allowing  the  Colonies  a  re])resentation  in  Parliament.  I  think  it  will 
be  making  bad  worse,  for,  tho'  those  representatives  serve  without 
pay,  &  the  Province  be  at  no  expense  about  em  who  can  think  they 
can  .influence  the  Parliament  to  excuse  the  Colonies  from  the 
burthens  which  they  themselves  bear,  &  as  they  will  be  then  laid  on 
us  in  effect  by  our  o^ni  consent,  we  can  have  Init  little  pretence  even  to 
remonstrate  against  it,  &  little  do  many  of  us  know  what  burthens 
those  are. 

What  shou'd  we  tiilnk  if  in  the  price  of  a  mug  of  beer,  seven 
eights  of  the  cost  of  it  was  duties  of  one  kind  or  another,  that  o/4  of 
the  Cost  of  a  gallon  of  rum  was  duties,  &c.  &:c.  ?  When  those  times 
come,  woe  unto  us  !  !     But  this   is  a  dangerous  subject  to  handle. 


2G0  .MAINE    HISTORICAL    SUCILTY. 

I  sliiiU  l)f  gl;ul  to  lieai-  tVnin  you.  iiml  gluder  tt»  sec  you  Iiere. 
as  I  am  with  great  ivgard, 

Sir,  y'  most  obeiliint  serv't, 

Tlio.  Gokltliwait. 
!My  compliments  to  Mr.  ^Vinsluw  «t  ^Messrs  Waldo. 


To  the 

Hou.  Thomas  Fhicker,  Esq. 

Fort  Poavxall,  April  24,  1766. 

Sir: — I  liave  been  favoured  with  two  letters  from  you  since  I 
have  done  ve  pleasure  of  writinir  to  you.  but  as  you  are  sensible  how 
my  time  is  generally  taken  up,  I  know  you'l  excuse  it. 

I  wish  jNIr.  Chadwick  had  come  doA\-ii  with  Saunders,  as  it  wou'd 
have  forwarded  the  settlement :  for  ye  plan  which  lie  left  with  me  is 
imperfect :  &  I  cannot  well  judge  of  tlie  bounds  that  are  agreed  upon 
However,  I  am  doing  what  in  my  opinion,  is  the  first  step  in  such 
an  undertaking,  that  is  making  suitable  provision  &  t;iking  such 
measures  as  may  convince  the  settlers  that  when  they  come  on.  thev 
wont  starve  :  for  I  cant  expect  to  get  many  that  are  able  to  brino^ 
much  stock  of  any  kind  ^dth  them. 

Mr.  Chadwick  agreed  with  me  to  build  a  gi'ist  mill,  which  I  have 
heard  nothing  about  since  he  went  Irom  hence  :  this  is  an  essential 
tiling,  to  encourage  settlers.  &  if  I  knew  he  had  altered  his  mind  1 
shou'd  treat  Avith  some  other. 

It  will  be  too  kite  to  have  an  answer  to  this  sent  here,  as  I  expect 
to  go  from  hence  so  as  to  be  at  Boston  by  the  end  of  ]May,  &  tlien  I 
hope  I  shall  have  the  opportunity  of  talking  over  and  settlinor  all 
matters  relative  to  the  Township ;  &  I  hope  by  that  time  things  will 
be  come  to  rigiits  v.ith  you. 

It  seems  to  me  that  you  cou'd  have  but  little  comfort  for  som.e 
time  past.  ^Irs.  G.  joins  me  in  our  best  regards  to  Mrs.  F.lucker  & 
your  family,  Mr.  &  r>lrs.  Winslow,  &  your  Ijrothers  ]\Iessrs  "Waldos. 

I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 
Your  most  obedient,  humble  »erv 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTJiWAIT WAS    HE    A    TOKY?         2G1 

FoiiT  PowNALL,  July  2."),  17G(>. 

Deaij  Sik  : — We  Jirrivt'd  lit're  on  tlie  lUth  instant,  since  wiiicli 
my  liands  liave  been  so  full  that  1  did  not  think  of  writing  to  you  by 
this  opportunity,  but  one  thing  comes  to  my  cars  -which  I  think 
proper  to  communicate  to  you. 

It  is  whispered  about  here  that  there  are  several  lead  mines  on 
yom-  land  on  this  side  of  the  falls,  &  some  ball  has  been  run  out  of 
y"  ore.  The  man  who  run  it  &  bro't  the  ore  y*  it  st^emed  to  be  pure 
lead.  I  deliver  to  Major  Goldtlnvait  a  ball  sealed  up  which  was  run 
from  this  ore.  He  knows  not  what  it  is  nor  anybody  else.  But  I 
must  tell  you  I  have  it  from  one  or  two  soldiers,  &  hoAV  far  such 
information  can  be  depended  upon  you  can  judge  as  well  as  I. 

I  know  common  people  are  sometimes  most  egregiously  mistaken 
iu  cueii  maatrs.  >>ii'u,  i  iniuK  this  is  a  necessary  hint,  tt  if  there 
be  anything  in  it  worth  while,  you'll  probably  hear  from  me  more 
about  it  by  the  Elk  which  I  expect  will  sail  from  hence  in  6  or  7 
days. 

Our  best  regards  to  y""  lady  &  family,  Mr.  Winslow  &  his  fomily 
&  lady,  &  believe  me  veiy  sincerely, 

D»-  S"-  y  Most  ob't  &  faithful  servant, 

Tho.  Goldthwait. 

(Knox  Papers.  N.  E.  Ilist.  Gen.  Society,  Vol.  50 :  148, 
17G,  177,  178,  180:  Vol.  51:  11,  32.) 

The  establishment,  i.  e.,  the  number  of  the  gar- 
rison, pay,  etc.,  of  the  fort,  was  made  annually. 
About  176G-67  it  had  been  so  much  reduced  that 
the  Indians  became  very  bold,  and  there  was  immi- 
nent danger  of  an  outbreak.  The  settlers  became 
alarmed  on  account  of  the  weakness  of  the  garrison. 
On  June  20,  1767,  the  governor  sent  in  a  message 
upon  the  reduction  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Pownall. 
June,  1768,  he  sent  another  message  dissenting  from 
the  House  resolve  reducing:  the  o;arrison.  Several 
letters  were  written  by   Col.  Goldthwait  stating  the 


262  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

general  condition  of  things,  the  uneasiness  of  the  In- 
dians, continued  alarm  of  the  settlers,  etc.,  and  the 
wish  of  the  Indians  to  commun.icate  with  the  governor. 

The  Board  (council)  took  into  consideration  these 
letters,  and  '"  advised  that  it  be  increased  by  eight 
men."  -'  Advised  that  his  Excellencj'  go  to  Fort 
Pownall  and  quiet  the  Indians."  Later  it  was  further 
advised  that  "  Captain  Goldthwait  send  three  of  their 
number  to  Boston  accompanied  by  Capt.  Fletcher,  the 
interpreter." 

About  this  time  also,  there  came  to  Col.  Goldthwait 
a  petition  from  one,  Dudley  Carlton,  "  humbly  re- 
questing that  Col.  Goldthwait  represent  to  his  Excel- 
lency the  Governor,  the  true  state  and  circumstances 
of  the  Province  to  the  East  and  Northward  of  Penob- 
scot Piver,  etc.,  and  a  plan  '  rooting  out  the  savages, 
where  it  has  always  been  a  nursery  for  them.'  " 

This  period,  more  than  any  other,  was  the  turning 
point  with  the  early  settlers  at  Fort  Pownall  and  the 
surrounding  region  ;  and,  as  its  history  is  now,  and 
ever  will  be  of  the  most  vital  interest  concerning  the 
devolopment  of  the  Penobscot  Valley,  its  people  and 
their  descendants,  the  writer  adds  the  following  valu- 
able correspondence  between  Col.  Thomas  Goldthwait 
and  Sir  Francis  Bernard,  the  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince. 

Fort  Pom^xall,  6tli  iSep.  17G7 
[Extract.] 

At  present  we  are  in  a  little  confusion,  occasioned  by  some  in- 
solent and  unjustifiable  behaviour  of  the  Indians,  which  has  so 
frightened   the    inhal)itants  that  tliey  are  so    uneasy    in    their    own 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT WAS    UE    A    TOllY?         203 

IlOuse?  tlu-y  caiimit  be  |iio\  uiled  upuu  to  ^^lay  in  t'.KMU,  aiul  do^iiv 
me  to  give  tliein  jirotection  in  the  Foi't. 

I  cannot  deny  them,  thu*  I  >ee  at  present  no  real  uanirer.  The 
insolence  of  the  Inilian?,  I  believe,  proceeds  tVom  there  being  a  large 
body  of  them  together.  &  their  knowledge  of  the  weakness  of  the 
garrison.  - 

While  I  was  gone  to  ]\It.  Desert  a  small  number  of  In<lians  came 
in  &  without  applying  or  giving  any  notice  of  their  v.-ant  of  provi- 
sions, tliey  drove  up  a  flock  of  ^heep  in  order  to  kill  some,  but  before 
they  could  carry  their  design  into  execution,  my  people  had  notice 
of  it  &  prevented  it. 

Afterwards  some  others  took  another  method.  They  sulTered 
their  dogs  to  be  loose,  and  they  killed  eight  sheep,  some  of  which 
tliey  earned  away  wun  tiiem.  Uu  my  way  Irom  ^\ii.  iJesert  1  had 
many  complaints  from  the  inhabitants  of  their  sheep  being  killed  by 
the  Indians,  and  many  other  complaints  of  mischief  being  done  by 
them. 

I  took  the  first  opportunity  to  demand  in  a  peremptory  manner 
satisfaction  for  it.  Tliey  appeared  concerned  about  it,  and  promised 
that  satisfaction  should  be  made  :  but,  at  present  they  could  do  no 
more  than  pawn  their  wonls,  and  assure  me  that  I  shou'd  have  no 
further  cause  for  complaint. 

These  very  people  in  all  probability,  killed  the  peoples  swine 
within  5  miles  of  the  Fort  next  day.  Another  Indian  soon  after 
shot  a  hog  in  the  Cove  while  the  o\\'ner  Avas  almost  in  sight  of  him, 
and  by  the  time  that  the  hog  was  half  roasted,  (the  owner  got  some 
assistance)  the  Indian  got  off:  but  the  liog  they  bro't  to  me,  which 
appeared  to  be  full  of  shot.  I  have  since  heard  that  the  Indians 
dont  deny  the  fact.  They  have  never  been  so  open  an<l  daring  in 
their  insult  before.  Their  wandering  about  after  a  priest  the  last 
year  made  them  extreme  poor,  «S:  perhaps  they  think  they  cant  be 
more  miserable  let  what  will  happen  to  them. 

What  serves  to  increase  the  peoples  fears  is  what  the  Indians 
themselves  give  out,  viz  : — that  there  are  great  numbers  of  Indians 
of  ditfereiit  tribes  now  assembled  on  Penobscot  River:  that  they  are 
determined  to  maintain  their  rights  to  12  rivers  which  they  claim, 
ainl  that  they  intend  soon  to  pay  me  a  visit  together. 


264  .MAINE    IIISTOinCAL    SOCIETY. 

Wluil  iriiili  there  may  he  in  this  1  kuo\v  nut.  All  1  kuuw  of 
certaiuly  is,  that  there  are  a  consideralile  niimher  of  Indians  »>{" 
ditfereiit  Natious,  such  as  Cape  Sable,  St.  Johu.s,  Norridgeualks, 
Aresequnticook?,  witli  some  other  Indians,  &  some  ■white  men  on 
Penobscot  River,  and  they  have  had  a  Council  with  the  Penobsoots 
upon  some  occasion  or  other. 

A  Neutral  FrenchmaTi,  who  is  known  in  Boston  came  with  a 
party  of  Indians  from  Canada,  &  has  been  in  here.  He  tells  me 
that  he  came  only  to  spend  a  little  time  with  the  Indians  huntinsr 
for  his  diversion  :  behaved  very  civilly  and  went  ofl". 

Btit  there  is  another  thing  which  has  greatly  served  to  alarm  the 
inhabitants.  While  I  was  gone  to  Mt.  Desert,  a  St.  Francois 
Indian  came  in  an<l  told  the  commanding  olHcer  that  he  came  express 
iruiu  C3ir.  \V  iiiiam  .Johnson  to  me  :  that  he  had  a  letter  from  him  to 
me :  but  that  he  must  not  leave  it  unless  I  was  here,  and  that  he 
would  soon  be  in  again. 

Last  Thursday  he  came  in  to  see  if  I  had  returned  :  told  me  he 
did  not  come  from  his  camp,  and  had  not  got  the  letter.  He  said 
he  came  from  Canada  and  brought  16  Indians  in  his  party  who  were 
now  hunting  on  this  River,  and  that  he  wou'd  be  in  again  on 
Monday  and  bring  me  the  letter,  &■  then  open  his  mind  to  me.  He 
then  went  olf,  and  going  up  the  River,  met  some  of  our  people,  tt 
told  them  (he  speaks  English),  that  there  were  300  men  near  Pen- 
obscot Falls  who  wou'd  be  at  the  Fort  in  a  few  days. 

His  not  telling  me  this  occasioned  my  sending  immediately  after 
him,  &  also  to  get  the  letter.  My  people  overtook  him  at  Sabnon 
Point  &  bro't  him  back,  but  without  the  letter.  He  denyed  what 
he  had  told  the  people  and  pressed  me  to  let  him  fetch  the  Letter, 
but  would  not  consent  to  my  people  going  with  him. 

His  name  is  Philip,  &  has  been  employed  in  the  English  and 
French  service,  and  is  now  an  inhabitant  of  St.  Francois.  I  expect 
him  in  to-morrow,  but,  in  the  meantime  I  shall  put  the  fort  in  the 
best  position  for  defence  I  can.  &  my  doing  this  will  unavoidaaly 
increase  the  fear  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  already  too  much 
agitated. 

Thursday,  the  8th  —  Yesterday  there  came  in  four  canoes  of 
Indians,  among  whom  were  Philip  beforementioned,  Espequeunt,  & 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         2G5 

Oso  tNc  8  or  10  oIIk-v.'.  1  mot  tlioiu  at  llic  ^llOl•e  and  asked  Diilip 
lor  the  letter.  He  said  that  ]Cs])e(iueunt  met  him  ci;  desired  him  to 
come  with  him,  &  that  he  had'nt  the  opporiuuity  to  go  to  hi?  camp. 

I  then  took  Oso  aside  &  tokl  her  I  cuutided  in  her,  and  that  she 
must  tell  me  what  she  knew  about  Philip.  She  said  she  knew  Init 
little  about  him  ;  that  he  was  a  Canada  Indian  &  she  believed  he 
wasn't  good. 

I  then  had  some  talk  witli  Espequcunt,  but  he  said  he  wanted  ?o\nii 
refreshment  and  wou'd  say  more  to  me  the  next  day.  This  morning 
he  came  early  and  desired  to  speak  with  me  in  private  :  nobody  was 
present  but  Mr.  Treat    &  him  &  me. 

He  says  he  was  at  Canada  lo  days  ago  &  was  invited  by  a  French 
Gentleman  there  (whom  he  took  to  bean  officer,  or  a  man  of  dis- 
lineiiun  uy  ins  being  laceii  \\  lUi  guia^,  lu  sittj  ni  ^^uuiiua  iUm  atsi?t 
them  in  an  enterprise  against  the  English. 

He  says  he  told  them  lie  was  far  away  from  home  &  his  family 
wou'd  suffer,  and  that  he  cou'd  not  stay.  He  askt  me  if  there  was 
a  war  between  France  and  England.  I  told  hini  there  was  no  ap- 
pearance of  any  such  thing,  and  that  I  believed  there  wasn't  the 
slightest  foundation  for  such  a  suspicion. 

He  said  the  Canada  people  told  him  it  was  so,  but  they  hadn't 
determined  what  part  to  take.  He  said  he  spoke  the  truth :  he 
pointed  towards  Heaven  &  said  he  spoke  before  C^od.  I  askt  him 
if  he  had  any  request  to  make  to  Gov.  Beniard.  He  said  no.  I 
then  asked  Oso  by  herself  if  she  knew  of  any  ill  intention  among  the 
Indians :  she  said  she  knew  of  none  ;  tliat  Espequeunt  was  very 
secret  about  the  news  he  brought  froin  Canada  :  she  said  she  wou'd 
always  speak  the  truth  to  me. 

Slie  said  she  once  told  me  of  an  intention  to  surprize  the  garrison, 
an<i  says  she —  "  I  tokl  you  the  truth  !  "  That  now,  she  thout  there 
was  DO  ill  design  among  the  Penobscot  Indians.  All  the  Indians 
she  said,  talk  about  the  Englishmen  hunting  and  settling  upon  the 
River,  but  that  was  all. 

I  have  not  exaggerated,  but  rather  extenuated  everything  that  may 
be  the  occasion  of  exjicnce  or  agitation.  Mr.  Harrod  &  some  other 
gentlemen  from  Bo.-ton  have  been  eye  witnesses  of  some  of  it,  and  I 
think  it  ^\•ill  be  best  tor  your  Ilxcelleucy  to  hear  them  upon  it. 


26Q  .MAIM-:   ni.-TouiCAi.  so(:ii:ty. 

1  shall  lio  upon  my  !xu;ir(l,  but  with  as  little  appearauce  of  luy  a])- 
prehension  of  danprer  as  may  I)o  to  avoid  alarming- the  iuhaltitant*  : 
for.  in  my  opinion,  one  or  two  more  frights  wou'd  break  u]>  all  the 
settlements.  * 

The  garrison  is  too  weak,  and  the  Indians  know  precise!}  the 
strength  of  it.  It  is  not  sutRcient  to  keep  them  in  awe.  I  ought  to 
have  men  enough  to  send  out  a  party  to  recoimoitre  upon  occasion. 
and  upon  occasion  to  demand  satisfaction  at  their  village  for  any 
injury  done  tlie  English. 

I  ani  now  at  the  Otli. —  Nothing  new  has  appeared,  &  I  think  it 
best  not  to  detain  "Wesent  any  longer.  I  fear  this  matter  will  have 
.  a  b_ad  effect  upon  this  settlement  and  all  about  here. 

In  the  talk  with  Espequeunt.  he  told  me  repeatedly  that  he  thought 
there  might  be  some  news  of  importance  from  the  Governor  of  Can- 
ada to  your  Excellency.  I  therefore  thought  to  open  it  upon  such 
an  occasion,  which  I  hope  your  Excellency  will  excuse.  It  was 
brought  by  some  Indians   who  came  from  thence  l)efore   Elspequent. 

Sep.  lOtli  —  Last  night  Oso  came  in  again.  an<l  several  other 
Indians  have  been  in  since.  They  accuse  Philip  of  being  the  author 
of  this  disturbance.  Whatever  their  intention  might  be,  I  believe 
there  is  a  stop  put  to  it  for  the  present. 

They  all  promise  that  satisfaction  for  the  miscliief  shall  be  made 
that  has  been  done,  and  that  they  mean  to  keep  up  Peace  &  friend- 
ship with  us  :  but  it  is  not  in  their  power  to  settle  peoples  minds  as 
they  were  before. 

I  can  hardly  persuade  them  to  retiu-n  to  their  Homes.  Oso  now 
tells  me,  that  their  former  Priest  at  St.  Johns  was  an  impostor,  and 
they  have  thro^\■n  away  their  Books,  and  P^spequeunt  &  the  others  told 
Mr.  Crawford  to-day  that  if  he  woidd  go  to  their  village,  they  wou'd 
attend  his  prayers. 

To  any  fair  minded  and  impartial  reader,  the  fore- 
going will  appeal  to  his  candor  and  good  judgment  as 
to  the  character  of  the  m.an  who  could  calmly  write 
such  a  letter  amid  such  scenes  of  confusion,  doubt, 
and  fateful  rumor.  In  it  there  is  no  uncertain  ring  ; 
no  trace  of  covrardice ;  no  tyranny ;  no  hasty  conclu- 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTHWAIT AVAS    HE    A    TOKY?         2G7 

sious ;  no  desire,  as  he  says,  "  to  exa^ugerate,  but 
rather  to  extenuate,"  all  the  circumstances,  which  the 
inhabitants,  in  their  terror  felt  were  impending.  On 
the  contrary,  he  showed  a  quick  perception,  ready 
tact,  a  wise  discretion,  and  great  determination.  He 
made  a  clear-headed,  forcible  report  to  the  governor, 
so  that  he  could  readilj^  grasp  the  situation  with  its 
causes,  and  apply  the  proper  remedies:  at  the  same 
time  he  quickly  resolved  (showing  him  to  be  a  man  of 
resourceful  expedients)  to  place  the  fort  in  a  proper 
state  of  defense,  and,  with  his  little  garrison  —  then 
less  than  thirty  men,  make  as  bold  stand  as  possible, 
quieting  in  the  meanwhile  a  gathering  of  panic-strick- 
en people  who  had  moved  in  and  were  appealing  to 
him  for  protection,  counsel  and  advice. 

So  far  there  has  not  been  found  a  particle  of  evi- 
dence, not  a  scrap  of  pnper,  or  written  complaint, 
which  could,  even  by  inference,  connect  his  name 
with  any  cowardice,  tyranny,  cruelty  or  extortion  to- 
ward either  settler  or  Indian.  These  accusations  took 
no  shape  until  after  the  dismantlement  of  Fort  Pow- 
nall. 

The  reply  of  the  governor  now  follows  : — 

Jamaica  Farm,  Sep.  2S,  1767. 

Sir: — I  communicated  your  letter  to  the  Council,  and  upon  full 
deliberation  they  advised  that  I  should  order  you  to  augment  the 
garrison  with  8  men,  if  you  shall  still  think  it  necessary.  I  send 
you  a  copy  of  the  minutes  which  must  be  your  direction. 

You  have  two  objects  in  view,  the  repressing  the  insolence  of  the 
Indians,  relieving  the  fears  of  the  people,  and  if  either  of  these 
shall  require  this  reinforcement,  you  must  raise  it:  for  it  is  expedient 
to  guard  not  only  against  real  danger,  but  against  the  ill  conse- 
quences of  the  apprehension   of  it ;  especially  so  detrimental  as  the 


2G8  MAINE    HI8TOK1CAL    SOCIKTY. 

unsettiiug  of  that  t't>u!itiy  -.voiild  be  :  ami  as  tliese  8  meu  make  but 
a  small  addition  1  have  thought  of  a  method  to  double  the  serviee 
with  tlie  same  pay. 

lulist  16  men  at  half  pay  &  half  duty,  and  let  them  relieve  one 
another  every  week,  the  whole  being  paraded  at  the  time  of  reliev- 
ing ;  and  let  them  engage  to  repair  to  the  Castle  upon  a  certain 
signal. 

You  will  judge  of  the  pi-aeticability  of  this:  but,  at  all  events,  let 
the  men  enlisted  be  cloathed  as  soldiers.  It  is  in  my  opinion  a  very 
material  circmiistancc. 

I  hope  you  Avill  attend  to  it.  We  have  very  unpleasing  accounts 
of  the  frequent  exposure  of  the  Fort :  it  is  said  that  it  is  always  in 
the  hands  of  the  Indians  when  they  come  in  to  trade  in  any  number. 
1  am  sensible  that  so  small  a  garrison  as  you  have  now  must  occa- 
sion a  great  relaxation  of  discipline,  as  there  are  not  enough  men  to 
exercise  it  upon. 

But  you  7nust  keep  up  the  form  of  discipline  as  Avell  as  you  can. 
Let  the  Drummers  beat  all  the  usual  beats  :  the  reveille,  the  rehef 
of  the  guard,  the  retreat  and  the  tattoo.  After  the  beating  of  the 
latter,  let  the  keyes  of  the  gates  be  brought  to  you,  and  remain  -with 
you  till  reveille  is  beaten  next  morning. 

As  for  the  danger  arising  from  the  Trading  :  it  Avill  not  be  re- 
moved but  by  setting  the  Truckhouse  out  of  the  Fort,  which,  it 
seems  to  me  must  be  done. 

I  must  desire  you  would  do  your  best  to  quiet  peoples  minds  that 
they  mayn't  think  of  deserting  their  settlements  :  which  would  be  a 
great  disgrace  as  well  as  detrimental  to  the  Province. 

If  the  people  are  convinced  that  it  is  the  smallness  of  the  garrison 
which  has  encouraged  the  Indians  to  insult  and  plunder  them  (as, 
indeed,  it  has  been  fully  proved  before  the  Council  that  it  is  the 
chief  or  sole  cause  of  it),  they  should  petition  the  General  Court  and 
pray  that    they  would  allow  for  a  larger  garrison. 

In  such  case  they  will  have  my  opinion  on  their  side,  whether  it 
will  weigh  more  or  less.  I  always  expected  that  this  reductiijn 
would  have  these  eflects. 

I  have  sent  you  six  barrels  of  powder  for  the  use  of  the  Fort,  iin- 
dcrstanding  that  you  have  now  but  what  belongs  to  the  Truck  Trade. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTHWAIT W  \S    HE    A    TOKV?  2G1.I 

1  will  write  upon  the  subject  of  the  Indian:?  in  a  separate  letter  that 
you  may  communicate  it  to  tliem  with  more  care. 

I  am,  .Sir,  ifcc. 
P'ra.  Bejuard. 
Tho*  Goldthwait,  Esq. 

P.  S.  —  In   regard  to  the  Bridge,   Platforms   <fc  Outworks  of  the 
P\trt,  you  must  do  what  is  necessary  for  their  repair,  as  you  pro- 
pose, in  the  most  frugal  manner. 
(Mass.  Arch.  38:  343.354.) 

The  letter  of  the  governor  with  reference  to  Col. 
Goldtlnvait's  report  concerning  the  Indians  and  the 
:)lnvm  in  tlie  Penobscot  Valley,  now  follows  : — 

Boston-,  Sep.— (28),  1767. 

iSiK  : —  I  have  received  your  letter  informing  me  of  the  Indians 
insulting  and  plundering  the  Euglisli  settlers.  I  know  not  whether 
my  astonishment  or  resentment  at  these  hostilities  was  the  gi-eater, 
and  I  slioidd  liave  immediately  set  about  punishing  the  authors  of 
them  if  you  had  not  in  the  same  letter  informed  me  that  the  Chiefs 
of  the  Tribe  had  apologized  for  the  acts  of  their  people  and  promised 
to  make  satisfaction. 

I  am,  on  that  account,  Avilling  to  leave  this  to  a  Treaty,  but  ex- 
pect that  they  will  satisfv  not  only  the  people  for  what  they  have 
lost,  but  the  King's  Government  also  for  what  his  dignity  has 
suttered  by  this  insult  upon  his  subjects. 

I  had  intended  upon  this  occasion  to  have  set  out  for  Fort  Pow- 
nall  myself,  but  am  obliged  to  wait  here  for  particidar  orders  which 
I  expect  every  day  to  receive  from  the  King.  I  must,  therefore, 
leave  this  uegociation  to  you,  and  if  the  Chiefs  with  whom  you  have 
talked  are  sincere,  I  hope  tliere  will  be  no  great  ditliculty  in  it. 

I  must,  therefore,  desire  that  you  will  call  them  together  as  soon 
alter  you  receive  tliis  as  may  be,  and  endeavour  to  reduce  what  we 
are  to  expect,  and  they  to  undertake,  to  as  gi-eat  a  certainty  as  can 
be. 

TeU  them  that  the  Reduction  of  the  garrison  which  is  supposed  to 
have  encouraged  this  insolence,  was  made  by  the  contidence  we  had 


270  MAINK     HlsTOi;ir.\L    SOCIKTY. 

iu  llieir  prutession  ot"  tViemlship,  and  tliey  ^lioiiid  not  liave  rendered 
our  coiiaideriug  tliem  as  friend:?,  a  I'cason  tor  their  treating  us  as  their 
enemies. 

You  have  now  an  order  to  augment  the  garrison  if  you  think  Ht, 
&  tell  them  if  nothing  but  soldiers  can  keep  them  in  order,  they  shall 
have  soldiers  enough,  and  higher  up  the  River  than  they  are  at 
present. 

There  is  now  at  Halifax  a  Regiment  cpiite  unemployed,  and  I  can 
have  from  thence  at  an  hours  warning,  2  or  300  men  to  send  up  to 
Passionkeag  if  it  shall  be  necessary. 

If  Philip  is  among  th.em,  tell  them  I  insist  upon  their  delivering  him 
up  as  a  Publiedisturber  of  the  peace.  For,  whilst  tliey  harbour  such 
a  villian,  their  enemy  as  well  as  ours,  they  cannot  expect  that  their 
professions  can  gain  credit  with  us.  For,  if  they  are  really  our 
friends,  they  should  show  the  same  resentment  against  a  man  who 
endeavours  to  make  a  Breach  between  us,  which  we  do. 

If  you  can  lay  hold  of  that  fellow,  send  him  to  me  in  Iron,  and  I 
will  take  care  that  he  shant  disturb  Penobscot  again.  Tell  theni 
not  to  deceive  themselves  with  idle  stories  about  a  AVar  between 
England  and  France.  There  never  was  a  more  cordial  intercource 
between  the  two  Kings  than  there  is  at  present. 

There  is  nothing  for  them  to  quarrel  about.  But,  if  there  should 
be  a  variance,  X.  America  will  not  be  atfected  by  it :  for  the  French 
know  Avell  they  c«an  never  get  a  footing  iu  Canada  again  :  so  that  if 
the  Indians  will  tight  on  the  side  of  France,  they  must  do  it  by 
themselves. 

As  to  the  satisfaction  to  be  made  to  the  sutierers  by  these  plund- 
erers :  if  it  is  not  made  when  this  letter  arrives,  I  desire  you  will 
immediately  demand  it,  and  if  they  cannot  pay  directly,  let  the 
damages  be  liquidated  &  allowed  by  the  Indians,  and  let  them  give 
their  note  for  the  money  payable  as  soon  as  can  be  :  and  dont  be 
put  ot!' with  a  pretence  that  they  dont  know  who  did  the  mischief: 
they  must  know  it,  arjd  if  they  wont  discover  &  deliver  up  particu- 
lars, they  must  answer  for  it  in  the  whole  :  but,  if  they  are  sincere, 
&  are  really  poor  (for  I  understand  their  pretemled  priest  has 
plundei-ed  them  unmercifully),  I  wou'd  have  them  allowed  all  rea- 
sonable time  for  their  payments,  they  giving  security  as  aforesaid. 


COL.    THOMAS    (JOLDTHWAIT V.A>    HE    A    TOr.Y?         271 

A^  tor  the  <ali>l'acu<i;i  lu  i.ie  mado  ihc  Ciuv't,  you  will  i-.jii.<iiler 
what  is  lUie  to  its  honour  upon  this  occasion.  Tell  thcni  in  general 
that  I  am  really  c^  truly  tlioir  friend,  and  J  desire  that  they  would 
not  oblige  me  to  appear  as  their  enemy. 

I  am,  Sir,  *fcc. 
Fra.  Bernard. 
Tho-  Goldthwait,  Esq. 

There  is  nothing  to  show  that  the  orders  of  Gov. 
Bernard  to  Coh  Goldthwait  were  carried  out.  If 
Philip  had  been  arrested,  placed  in  irons,  and  carried 
to  Boston  to  be  delivered  up  to  Gov.  Bernard  for  im- 
prisonment, thus  affording  ground  for  charges  of  cru- 
elty to  be  made  against  Col.  Goldthwait  by  the 
Indians,  as  also  pretext  for  war,  the  archives  would 
undoubtedly  show  the  same.  It  does  not  appear  that 
this  plan  was  carried  out;  but  had  it  been,  the 
responsibility  for  the  act  vvould  have  rested  with  the 
governor  and  not  with  Col.  Goldthwait. 

While  Col.  Goldthwait  was  commanding  Fort  Pow- 
nall,  he  was  commissioned,  August  o,  1767,  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  Lincoln  County,  suc- 
ceedino;  Judo;e  Dennv  of  Geororetown.  The  writer  has 
found  his  commission;  but  aside  from  its  quaintness  of 
language,  and  extreme  formality,  it  would  hardly 
have  a  place  in  this  paper.  (C.  R.  Mass.  1765-74: 
584.)  In  October  1769,  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
the  2d  regim^ent  Lincoln  County  militia. 

The  writer  has  been  unable  to  find  his  commission 
for  the  same,  but  for  October,  1771,  he  has  discovered 
the  following: — 

List   of  officers  Commissioned  for   a   Regiment   of  Militia    to   be 
ormed  of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  lands  in   the  Couniy  of  Lincoln, 


272  MAINE    IlISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

lying  Ea^l  of  a  River  railed  Damariscotta,  and  to  be  called  the 
Second  Regiment  ot"]Militia  in  the  C<niniy  of  Lincoln. 

Thomas  Goldthwait  Esq..      Colonel 

Alexander  Nickel.  1st  Lt.  Col. 

Nathan  Jones  Esq.,  2nd  Lt.  Col. 

Mason  Wheaton,  1st  Major. 

Arthur  Noble,  2nd  IMajor. 

Jed.  Preble,  Captain    at    a  place  called   ^Majcbag- 

Tvaduce,  6cc.,  &c. 

William  Lithgow  was  colonel  of  the  1st  regiment 
of  the  county  of  Lincoln. 

Belfast,  in  1765,  when  John  Mitchell  (who  was  the 
first  founder  of  the  town  (  went  there  to  examine  it, 
was  a  howling  wilderness,  and  was  merely  designated 
as  "  a  tract  on  the  southerly  side  of  a  township 
granted  to  Col.  Goldthwait "  when  the  petition  of 
John  Mitchell  and  others  was  referred  to  the  Provin- 
cial Assembly  of  Massachusetts  asking  for  its  incor- 
poration. 

In  accordance  with  this  petition,  an  act  was  passed, 
requesting  '•  that  Thomas  Goldthwait  be  empowered, 
and  he  is  directed  to  issue  a  warrant  appointing  some 
person  to  notify  the  inhabitants  to  hold  a  town-meet- 
ing for  this  purpose,  etc.,  etc." 

In  the  History  of  Belfast,  by  Hon.  Joseph  William- 
son, will  be  found  the  warrant,  dated  at  Frankfort, 
October,  1773,  signed  by  Thomas  Goldthwait,  calling 
the  meetino-  at  the  dwellino-house  of  John  Mitchell, 
Thursday,  November  11,  in  the  forenoon.  In  the  His- 
tory of  Belfast  will  also  be  found  a  very  interesting  bill 
which  John  Mitchell  rendered  to  the  new  town  for  row- 
ing Goldthwait  to  and  from  the  place  of  meeting,  etc., 


COL.    TUOMAS    GOLDTinVAlT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         273 

etc.  Col.  GoliUliwait  was  chosen  inoderator  and  John 
Mitchell  town  clerk,  and  the  town  was  duly  incorpo- 
rated. 

In  the  Bangor  Historical  Magazine  some  time  since, 
there  was  a  very  interesting  article  by  William  D. 
Patterson  of  Wiscasset,  Maine,  entitled  "  Some  Tran- 
sactions of  Colonel  Thomas  Goldthwait  at  Fort  Pow- 
nall,  17G4  to  17S6."  These  refer  to  deeds  of  land. 
The  writer  has  fonnd  many  more,  all  of  which  are 
valuable  as  showing  the  part  which  Col.  Goldthwait 
took  in  opening  up,  settling  and  developing  the 
Penobscot  Valley.  His  descendants  had  always  sup- 
posed that  this  immense  tract  of  land,  owned  with  Sir 
Francis  Bernard,  was  a  grant  for  services  rendered 
either  at  Louisburg  or  Crown  Point;  but  it  seems  that 
it  was  a  direct  purchase  from  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble, 
and  oriffinallv  belono-eil  to  the  Waldo  Patent. 

On  January  14,  1769,  it  was  : — 

Resolctd  —  That  tlie  garrison  of  Fort  Pownall  be  augmented,  and 
that  it  con.-ist  of  one  Captain,  one  l>ieut.,  one  Gunner,  a  Chaplain, 
an  Interpreter,  two  Sergeants,  and  32  privates,  on  the  following  es- 
tablishment: —  Captain,  £l/10s  per  mo.,  Lieut.,  3/1-0,  Gunner  3/0, 
Armourer  2/10,  Cliaplain  4/0,  Interpreter  3/0,  Sergeant  1/10, 
Private  1  /4.     To  continue  in  force  one  year. 

A  conference  was  had  with  the  Penobscot  Indians, 
July  26,  1769. 

Lieut.  Gov.  Thomas  Hutchinson  says  in  a  message 
of  July  2,  1771 :—  - 

You  have  reduced  the  establishment  for  the  garrison  of  Fort 
Pownall  ironi  20  to  10  Privates.  The  Commanding  otTioer  there 
has  formally  represented  to  me  that  20  Privates  were  scarcely  sutfi- 

VoL.  VII.         20 


274:  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

cieut  fur  tlio  iieco^sary  service,  especially  when  any  oonsideraMe 
numher  of  Indians  came  in  to  trade.  Tlii~,  it  is  probable,  you  were 
not  informed  of  when  you  passed  the  last  vote  for  an  establishment. 
I doitht  not  you  xc'iU  think  with  me  that  a  Fortress  that  cost  the  Crown 
so  consider  aide  a  sum.  ought  not  to  be  left  icifhout  a  garrison  sufficient 
/or  its  preserrafion  and  d^  fence.  I  must  recommend  to  you  to  make 
the  further  itccessary  j^roiision. 

T.  Hutchinson. 

Council  Chamber,  Cambridge, 

July  2,  1771. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  gairison  was  annually 
increased  or  diminished  by  a  few  men,  through  the 
caprice  oi  a  Great  ana  General  Court,  tar  removed  from 
the  localitj',  but  not  in  entire  ignorance  of  its  neces- 
sities. As  has  been  shown,  they  were  repeatedly 
warned. 

The  writer  finds  that  this  practice  was  kept  up 
until  the  opening  of  hostilities  in  1775,  when  Col. 
Thomas  Goldthwait  w\as  practically  left  without  any 
garrison  for  offensive  or  defensive  purposes.  This 
criminal  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  provincial  officials 
will  be  referred  to  later  in  connection  with  the  dis- 
mantlement of  Fort  Pownall. 


i 


THE    JOHN    KOGEKS    FAMILIES.  27i 


THE  JOHN  ROGERS  FAMILIES  IN 
PLYMOUTH  AND  VICINITY. 

BY  JGSIAII  n.   DRUMMOND. 

Rend  before  the  Maine  Hhtorical  Society,  December  10,  1S95. 

There  were  so  many  hy  the  name  of  John  Rogers  in 
Plymouth,  Duxbnry,  Marshfielcl,  Weymouth  and 
Scituate  in  their  early  history,  that  it  is  not  wonder- 
ful thwt  thiv  have  been  cGail>uiidod  with  each  otlier. 
Savage  thinks  that  Deane  in  his  history  of  Scituate 
has  "  confused  two,  if  not  three,  into  one."  Others 
have  "confused  two  into  one,"  but  the  publication  of 
the  colony  records  and  the  indexing  of  the  wills  and 
deeds,  give  us  the  means  of  identifying  the  different 
Johns,  and  distinguishing  them  from  each  other,  even 
if  we  cannot  trace  their  origin  and  early  history. 

L  Thomas  Rogers  and  his  son  Joseph  came  over 
in  the  Mayflower  in  1620;  his  other  children  came 
later;  they  all  settled  in  what  was  then  Plymouth. 
Bradford,  p.  449. 

Writing  in  16 50,  Bradford  says  : — 

Thomas  Rogers  rlied  in  the  first  sickness,  but  his  son  is  still  living 
and  is  married  and  hath  six  children,  the  rest  of  his  children  came 
over  and  are  married  and  have  many  children.      lb.  p.  453. 

IL  Lieut.-  Joseph  Rogers  lived  "  on  Duxburrow 
Side  "  before  Duxbury  was  made  a  town,  and  after  that 
in  Duxbury,  on  Jones  River,  across  which,  by  special 
authority,    he    maintained  a    public   ferry    "  near  big 


276  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

• 

house."  About  1655,  be  moved  witb  bis  flimily  to 
Eastbam,  wbere  be  spent  tbe  remainder  of  his  life, 
and  died  early  in  1678. 

His  children,  born  in  Plymouth  and  Duxbury  were, 
Sarah,  born  in  1633,  died  in  infancy  ;  Joseph,  born 
July  16,  1635;  Thomas,  born  March  29,  1638;  (this 
is  the  '' Thomas,  son  of  Goodman  Ko^'ers  of  Duxburv  " 
the  record  of  whose  baptism,  May  6,  1638,  is  found 
in  the  "  Scituate  and  Barnstable  "  church  records)  ; 
Elizabeth,  born  September  29,  1639;  John,  born 
April  3,  1642  ;  Mary,  born  September  22,  1644 ; 
James,  born  October  18,  1648,  and  Hannah,  born 
August  8,  1652. 

The  will  of  ''  Joseph  Rogers,  senior,  of  Eastbam, 
dated  Jan'y  2,  1677,  0.  S.,  and  proved  Mar.  5,  1677, 
0.  S.,"  mentions  sons  Thomas,  John  and  James,  and 
daup^hters  Elizabeth  Hicro-ins  and  Hannah  Roccers. 
Joseph,  Jr.,  had  died  and  his  estate  been  settled  in  the 
early  part  of  1661;  evidently  Mary,  also,  had  died; 
and  Thomas  and  James  died  in  1678,  soon  after  their 
father.  In  1678,  John  Rogers  was  appointed  admin- 
istrator of  the  estate  of  Thomas,  and  administrator 
de  bonis  non  of  his  father's  estate  in  place  of  Thomas, 
deceased. 

Freeman,  in  his  History  of  Cape  Cod,  says  that 
John  died  January  10,  1738,  having  spent  his  life  in 
Eastham,  as  is  also  abundantly  shown  by  the  records. 
This  John  had  a  son  John,  born  November  4,  1672, 
who  was  the  only  grandson  of  Lieut.  Joseph  named 
John.  The  latter  John  was  born  too  late  to  have 
been  one  of  the  early  Johns  in  Plymouth  and  vicinity. 


THE    JOHN    KOGEIIS    FAMILIES.  277 

We  must,  therefore,  exclude  tlie  descendants  of 
Lieut.  Joseph,  son  of  Thomas  of  the  Mayflower,  from 
the  list  of  families  whom  I  am  seeking  to  identify. 

III.     John  PiOgkk.s  of  Marsiifielu. 

Writers  have  assumed  that  John  Sogers  of  Marsh- 
field  and  John  Rogers  of  Duxbury  were  the  same 
man,  and  son  of  Thomas  of  the  Mayflower ;  but 
Savage  suggests  that  he  was  the  brother  of  Thomas: 
apparently  he  was  too  old  to  be  the  son  of  Thomas, 
but  Savao-e's  sufrsrestion,  so  fiir  as  I  have  been  able  to 
uiscover,  is  oiiiy  n  pniu.>iuit;  cuiijccLUie. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  Duxbury  was  made  a 
town  in  1640,  but  for  quite  a  number  of  years  previ- 
ously tlie  territory  across  the  bay  had  been  known 
as  the  '•  Duxborrow  Side  ";  when  made  a  town,  it  em- 
braced the  whole  of  what  became  Marshfield,  which, 
however,  was  made  a  town  later  the  same  3'ear, 
although  its  bounds  were  not  established  till  1642; 
after  the  latter  date,  the  towns  were  entirely  distinct. 

"The  last  Will  and  Testament  of  John  Rogers, 
Senior,  made  the  first  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord,  1660,"  proved  June  5,  1661,  gives  to  his 
wife,  Frances,  "all  the  land  and  housing  on  which  I 
live,"  for  life,  with  remainder  over  to  his  son,  John 
Rogers,  Jr.,  who,  "  when  he  or  his  heirs  comes  to 
enjoy  the  said  lands  "  w^as  to  "  pay  to  his  sister,  Ann 
Hudson,  five  pounds  sterling  and  to  Marj'  and  Abigail 
Rogers,  ten  pounds  sterling  a  year." 

He  gives  to  his  sons  Joseph  Rogers  and  Timothy 
Rogers  '•'  all  my  land  and  meddow  that  lyeth  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  creek  lying  easterly  "  to  be  divided 


278  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

equally,  but  ^'Joseph's  land  shall  lye  next  to  land  of 
Nathaniel  Bosworth." 
Also, 

I  give  to  my  son,   John  Eogers,  all  my  right  and  interest  in  the 
land  and  housing  that  he  now  liveth  on  and  to  his  heirs  forever  — 
the  apple  orchyard   my   wife   shall   have    and   enjoy   the   tearuie   of 
eight  years. 

He  gives  small  legacies  to  his  daughters,  Ann, 
Mary  and  Abagail  and  to  his  grandchild  Posy  Russell ; 
also  all  his  "land  at  Wamappahesett  [Narnatakeesett  ?] 
vvaicu  Juan  xludaon  nuvv  lives  on,"  to  his  grand- 
children, Posye  liussell  and  John  Russell,  when  they 
arrive  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

In  an  agreement,  dated  July  2,  1673,  between  John 
and  Ann  Hudson  on  one  part,  and  George  Russell 
(the  "Posy"  of  the  will)  on  the  other  part,  it  is  re- 
cited that  Ann  had  been  "  the  former  wife  of  Geor^re 
Russell  deceased  "  and  George  was  their  eldest  son. 

John  and  Ann  Hudson,  February  4,  1674,  gave  to 
John  Rogers  a  receipt  for  the  legacies  to  Ann  in 
which  it  is  recited,  '•  AYhereas  John  Rogers,  late  of 
Marshfield  in  the  Collony  aforesaid  "  etc.  John  had 
then  "  come  to  enjoy  the  lands,  whereon  he  the  said 
John  Rogers  then  livetb."  The  agreement  is  wit- 
nessed by  Joseph  Rogers  and  George  Russell. 

Going  back  to  the  Plymouth  colony  records  I  find 
no  mention  of  this  John  Rogers  in  connection  with 
Marshfield  till  May  4,  1651,  on  which  day  John 
Rogers  of  Marshfield  was  put  under  bonds  for  good 
behavior,  and  on  June  7,  1651,  said  John  Rogers  was 
fined  five  shillings  "for  vilifying  the  ministry." 


1 


THE    JOHN    nOGEKS    FAMILIES.  279 

On  December  22,  1657,  a  court  of  Assistants,  held 
at  the  house  of  John  Alden  in  Duxborrow,  i.^sucd  a 
warrant  to  John  Philips  to  arrest  Edward  Ilucliin  a 
Quaker,  stopping  at  the  house  of  Arthur  Ilowland, 
(wlio,  according  to  Winsor,  lived  in  MarshiSeld)  : 

Acoompaniod  with  tlio  said  Artliur  Ilowland,  and  Joseph  Rogers, 
sou  of  Julm  Rogers,  of  Marshfield  and  anotlier  of  his  sons  . 
there  the  said  John  Philips  cliarged  the  said  Arthur  Howland  and 
the  two  sous  of  John  Rogers,  above  said  .  .  .  but  one  of  the 
young  men,  viz.,  Joseph  Rogers,  above  expressed,  refused  to  assist 
him  in  bringing  aAvay  the  said  Quaker. 

At  the  June  court  in  1063,  Joseph  Rogers  of  Nam- 
assakeeset  was  fined  five  pounds,  and  at  the  court  in 
October  following,  two  pounds  and  ten  shillings, 
which  last  had  not  been  paid  in  1664  ;  in  1663  also, 
he  was  ordered  to  "  remove  his  dwelling  from  Namas- 
sakeeset." 

As  the  object  of  this  paper  is  to  identify  the  Johns,  1 
have  not  attempted  to  trace  the  subsequent  history 
of  Joseph  or  Timothy,  or  of  their  sisters. 

2.  John  liogers,  Jr.,  of  Marshfield  took  the  oath  of 
freeman  in  1657;  his  father  died  early  in  16G1,  and 
the  son  was  then  living  in  Marshfield.  In  1667,  John 
Rogers  of  Marshfield  is  named  in  the  list  of  rates  as 
owing  ten  shillings.  June  7,  1670,  John  Rogers  of 
Marshfield  was  ordered  by  the  court  to  return  to 
William  Randall  his  oxen.  In  the  1670  list  of  free- 
men of  Marshfield  is  the  name  of  John  Rogers  and  in 
the  same  list  for  Duxborrow  are  the  names  of  John 
Rogers,  Sr.,  and  John  Rogers,  Jr.  In  1674,  John 
Rogers  took  from  his  sister  a  receipt  for  the  legacy 


f^' 


280  MAIXE    lIlSTOlilCAL    SOCIETY. 

left  her  in  the  will  of  their    father  John  Rogers,   of 
Mar.><hlield,  deceased. 

William  Wyburne,  June  7,  1G81,  made  a  complaint 
against  John  Rogers  of  Marshfield,  and  in  it  speaks  of 
him  as  said  John  Rogers.  Sr.  ;  the  John.  Jr.,  of  1G60 
had  a  son  John,  who  had  come  to  man's  estate  in 
1681. 

In  1682,  John  Rogers  of  Marshfield  is  mentioned : 
and  in  the  list  of  freemen  in  1689  for  Marshfield,  is 
the  name  of  John  Rogers,  while  in  the  same  list  for 
T)n^:V>l^J•ro^^'  i«  flio  ^^ninp  of  Johii  RofTers,  Sr. 

John    Rogers    of  Marshfield    conveyed,    April    23, 

1705,  several  parcels  of  land  at  Namatakeeset.  some 

of  them  in  Marshfield  and  some  in  Duxborough,  and 

some    in  Namatakeeset,   not  naming    any  town,  and 

nearly  all  of  them  bounded  on  Namatakeeset  brook. 

And  January  20,  1707  (0.  S.),  John  Rogers  of 
Marshfield  conveyed  land  in  Duxborough  near  Hoba- 
mock  pond  "and  bounded  toward  the  South  by  Nam- 
atakeeset brook." 

Savage  says  that  John  Rogers  of  Marshfield  died 
May  7,  1717,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age  —  an 
erroneous  date  unless  there  is  an  error  in  the  date  of 
his  will. 
.  In  his  will  dated  May  9,  1718,  proved  June  24, 
1718,  John  Rogers  of  Marshfield  describes  himself  as 
aged ;  mentions  his  John,  to  whom  he  gives  the  three 
hundred  pounds  "  which  he  hath  allready  received  of 
me  in  money;  and  three  score  pounds  more,"  etc. 
Gives  legacies  to  his  daughter,  Abigail  Chamberling  ; 
his   daughter,  Joanna   Butler;  his  grandson,  Samuel 


THE    JOHN    KOGEKS    FA^flLIES.  2<Sl 

Dogged;  his  granddaughter,  Mary  White;  and  his 
granddaug]]ter.  Sarah  Allyn  ;  the  residue  he  gives  to 
his  son  Thomas  : 

That  is  to  say,  all  my  liuuls,  housing  and  buildintrs.  togother  with 
all  my  removables,  goods,  and  personal  estate  of  what  nature  or 
kind  so  ever,  lying  within  ye  towns  of  ^larshtlehl.  Sittuate,  Abing- 
ton  or  elsewhere. 

Thomas  was  probably  the  ancestor,  but  not  the 
father,  of  Samuel  who,  according  to  Mitchell,  went  to 
East  Briduewater.  Samuel  was  born  in  ITtJG,  while 
this  Thomas  was  born  one  hundred  years  or  more, 
earlier. 

IV.     John  Rogers  of  Wfa'mouth. 

Deane,  in  his  history  of  Scituate,  has  John  "Rogers 
go  to  that  town  in  1644  ;  makes  him  marry  Ann 
Churchman  at  ^Yeymouth  in  1039;  have  a  daughter, 
Lydia,  born  in  Weymouth  in  1642;  occupy  a  farm 
(specifically  described)  in  Scituate ;  return  to  Wey- 
mouth to  die  in  1661,  and  his  son,  John,  occupy  his 
Scituate  farm  after  him.  Deane  has  "  confused  "  two 
Johns  into  one. 

John  Rogers  was  in  Weymouth  before  1643,  and  is 
probably  the  John  Rogers  who  was  admitted  a  free- 
uign  in  1637.  In  the  Weymouth  "record  of  lands," 
b<5lieved  to  have  been  made  in  1643  by  Rev.  Samuel 
Newman,  John  Rogers  is  mentioned  several  times  in 
such  manner  as  to  show  that  he  must  have  lived  there 
some  years  previously.  Nicholas  White's' land  is 
described  as  embracing  two  acres  that  had  been  "  first 
granted  to  John  Rogers  "  ;  land  previously  granted  to 
him  is  described  in   this   record ;  Richard   Silvester's 


i 


282  MAINE    III.STOiaCAL    SOCIKTY. 

hind  wti^  "  bounded  on  the  East  with  Hingliam  line,  on 
the  West  with  hmd  of  John  Rogers  "  ;  Thomas  ^yhite 
had  a  certain  parcel  "^  pvided  Deacon  Rogers  have 
liberty  to  come  thi'ough  with  his  hays,  he  setting  vp 
the  fence  aixain." 

He  had  tlien  been  in  Weymouth  long  enough  to 
become  a  deacon.  He  had  at  least  five  children. 
Lydia  is  recorded  as  born  in  Weymouth,  March  27, 
1642  :  accordinir  to  his  2;ravestone  his  son  John,  who 
was  of  age  in  1660,  was  born  in  1638;  he  had  also 
one  daughter,  who  was  married  in  1659,  and  another 
married  in  1660;  neither  of  these  could  have  been 
younger  than  Lydia,  and  it  is  quite  certain  that  Mary 
was  older  than  John,  and  the  approximate  dates  of 
the  births  of  his  children  are  1636,  1638,  1610,  1642 
and  1644.  The  date  of  John's  birth  makes  it  certain 
that  his  father  did  not  marry  Ann  Churchman.  While 
he  is  not  mentioned  in  the  list  of  landowners  in  1636, 
he  is  mentioned  in  the  record  of  1643  and  in  the  list 
in  1651. 

He  was  townsman  or  selectman  in  1645,,  1646,  1652 
(when,  as  such,  he  witnessed  the  addition  to  the  Indian 
deed  of  Weymouth),  1654,  1655,  1657,  1659,  and 
other  years ;  and  in  1651  was  chosen  •'  town  recorder." 
He  died  in  Weymouth,  February  11,  1661  [new 
style]. 

^'  Deacon  "  John  Rogers,  in  his  will,  dated  •'  8-12- 
1660,"  proved  April  13,  1661,  mentions  his  wife  Judith 
(who,  1  judge,  was  his  second  wife);  his  daugliters, 
Mary  Rane,  wife  of  John  Rane ;  "  Liddia "  White, 
wife  of  Joseph  White ;  Hannah  Pratt,  wife  of  Samuel 


THE    JOHN    KOOEKS    FAMILIES.  283 

Pratt ;  and  Sarah  TJogcrs,  who  was  then  iinrler  eigh- 
teen years  of  age.  He  gives  liis  wife  a  (contingent) 
legacy,  and  adds  that  '•  she  may  give  it  to  wlioin  she 
pleases,  provided  she  gives  it  to  Dea.  Rogers'  chil- 
dren." He  gives  her  one  cow  and  the  use  of  the 
other,  •' except  son  John  marry  then  one  cow  to  he 
his." 

The  will  provides  that  if  John  die  without  wife  or 
child,  certain  property  shall  go  to  his  son-in-law  Joseph 
White  (suhject  to  a  payment  to  another  son-in-law) 
and  to  his  dautrhter  Sarah.  The  will  is  utterly  incon- 
sistent with  the  existence  of  any  other  son  than  John, 
or  any  other  daughter  than  those  named. 

The  inventory  was  presented  and  sworn  to  by 
Judith  Ro2:ers  and  John  Ro2i:ers. 

2.  JoHX  Roc4ERS  of  Wcymouth,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, married  Mary  Bates,  daughter  of  Edward, 
February  8,  1663,  new  style  ;  and  had  Mary,  born 
April  3,  1664  ;  Lydia,  born  March  1,  1666,  new  style  ; 
Experience,  born  November  29,  1667 ;  and  Hannah, 
born  July  23,  1670.  His  wife,  Mary,  had  evidently 
died  before  October  22,  1683,  the  date  of  her  father's 
will,  for  he  does  not  mention  her,  but  gives  to  "  my 
son,  John  Rogers,"  six  pounds,  and  makes  his  "  be- 
loved son,  John  Rogers,"  one  of  the  overseers.     He 

afterward    married    Judith  ,  who  survived  him; 

it  is  probable  that  she  was  the  daughter  of  his 
stepmother. 

In  the  1663  list  of  landowners,  John  Rogers  is  given 
as  owning  lot  38  of  42  acres,  in  the  second  division 
bounding  on  the  Braintree  line. 


284  MAINE    fllSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

In  1677,  John  Rogers  of  Weymouth,  householder 
and  cliurchman,  petitioned  the  General  Court  to  be 
made  freeman. 

John  Rogers  of  AYe3"mouth  conveyed  real  estate  by 
deed  dated  January  2o,  1678,  but  not  acknowledged 
till  -'Mart.  ult.  1685";  in  1678,  land  in  Weymouth 
was  convej'ed,  bounded  northerly  and  westerly  on 
Plymouth  line,  and  on  one  of  the  other  sides  by  land 
of  John  Rogers.  In  1683,  Edward  Bates  of  Wey- 
mouth, by  his  will,  confirms  to  John  Rogers  "my 
former  gift  of  mv  town  lot  in  ye  first  division,  to  him 
and  his  heirs  forever."  On  March  18,  1685,  new 
st^de,  John  Rogers  of  Weymouth,  and  others,  convey 
land  in  Weymouth  to  Samuel  Torrey. 

According  to  his  gravestone,  John  Rogers  died  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1709,  old  style,  aged  seventy-one.  Admin- 
istration on  the  estate  of  ''  Elder  John  Rogers,  late  of 
Weymouth,  deceased,"  was  granted  to  Judith,  his 
widow,  and  Ephraim  Burrill,  who  was  his  son-in-law. 
The  inventory  included  dwelling-house  with  orchard 
and  land  adjacent.  Micajah  Torrey,  John  Shaw,  and 
Edward  Bates  were  appraisers. 

Experience  and  Hannah  seem  to  have  died  before 
1726,  leaving  no  issue ;  for  in  that  year  Mary  and  the 
children  of  Lydia,  who  had  then  deceased,  were  the 
only  heirs. 

By  deed  dated  April  13,  1726,  Mary  Holbrook, 
widow  of  Thomas  Ilolbrook  of  Shelburne,  conveyed 
to  John  Burrill  all  right  to  land  in  Weymouth  of 
the  estate  of  her  father,  John  Rogers,  late  of  Wey- 
mouth,   deceased,    ''being   one    half  lately    dividable 


4 


i 


THE    .lOlIX    llOGEKS    FAMILIES.  28a 

between    the    heirs    of    my   sister   Lydia  Burrell  ami 
myself  " 

By  deed  dated  September  15,  172G,  Samuel  Burrill, 
Ephraim  Burrill,  Sarah  Shaw  and  Lydia  Burrill  con- 
vey to  their  brother,  John  Burrill,  land  in  Weymouth 
of  which  their  grandfather,  John  Rogers,  late  of  Wey- 
mouth, died  seized. 

By  deed  dated  September  15,  1733,  j\Lny  Burrill 
conveys  to  lier  brother,  John  Burrill,  land  in  We}'- 
mouth,  of  the  estate  of  her  grandfather,  John  Rogers, 
late  of  Weymouth,  deceased,  ''one-sixth  of  one-half"; 
in  the  deed  she  mentions  her  father,  Ephraim  Burrill, 
and  her  mother,  Lydia  Burrill.  Reg.  of  Deeds,  B.  52, 
pp.  177  to  17D. 

Deane  makes  John  Rogers  and  wife,  Rhoda  King, 
married  in  1656,  the  parents  of  Mary,  married  in  1659, 
and  of  Elizabeth  and  Hannah,  married  in  1660  !  It 
would  seem  that  these  dates,  wdiich  he  gives,  would 
have  called  his  attention  to  his  error. 

The  author  of  the  history  of  Hanover,  following 
Deane,  "  confuses"  John  of  Weymouth  and  John  of 
Scituate  into  one,  and  their  children  also. 

V.     Jonx  Rogers  of  Scituate. 

Deane  says  that  John  Rogers  came  to  Scituate  with 
Rev.  Mr.  Witherell  in  1644,  and  then  "confuses"  him 
with  John  of  Weymouth.  Savage  says  John  Rogers 
of  Scituate,  son  of  John,  probably  born  in  England, 
married,  Oct(jber  8,  1656,  Rhoda  King,  and  had  John, 
and  perhaps  Abigail  and  others,  but  not  Mary,  Eliza- 
beth or  Hannah,  ascribed  to  him  by  Deane,  as  they, 
and   the   one   who   married  Joseph   White,  were   the 


I 


286  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIf:TY. 

daughters  of  "  the  Weymouth  Deacon."  The  will  of 
the  '•Wevinoutli  Deacon "  shows  that  he  had  Marv, 
Hannah,  and  Lvdia,  who  married  Joseph  White. 

In  the  first  draft  of  this  paper  I  contented  myself 
with  showing  that  this  older  Scituate  John  was  not 
John  of  Weymouth  Upon  further  consideration  I 
concluded  to  make  an  ellort  to  identify  him,  and  re- 
write this  portion  of  the  paper.  After  a  careful  exam- 
ination of  the  colony  records  and  other  authorities  I 
find  that  this  John  was  Jolui  Hogers  of  Marshjield. 

Scituate  and  Marshiield  are  adjoining  towns,  and 
were  settled  about  the  same  time.  John  Rogers  was 
a  freeman  of  Scituate  in  1643  (before  Deane  says  he 
went  there)  and  in  1644  ;  but  his  name  does  not  ap- 
pear again  in  Scituate  for  fift}'-  years,  so  far  as  the  col- 
ony records  show.  As  we  have  already  seen  his  name 
is  not  found  in  connection  with  Marshfield  till  1651, 
and  then  continuously  thereafter.  There  is  no  record 
of  his  having  been  ''  freeman,"  unless  he  is  the  one 
named  in  the  Scituate  lists  of  1643  and  1644.  The 
tradition  is  that  Thomas  Rogers  and  others  of  Rogers 
Brook  in  Marshfield  are  the  descendants  of  the  Scitu- 
ate man  ;  while  in  fact  they  are  certainly  the  descend- 
ants of  John  of  Marshfield. 

Deane  says  that  persons  from  other  towns  brought 
their  children  to  Mr.  Witherell  at  Scituate  to  be  bap- 
tized, "  amongst  whom  were  the  families  of  Rogers  of 
Marshfield,"  etc.  Deane  says  that  Mr.  Witherell  kept 
a  record  of  these  baptisms  from  1645  to  1674,  and 
had  it  kept  by  others  till  1684,  but  I  have  been  una- 
ble  to   get  access   to   it.     He   also   says   that  Joseph 


1^7 

THE    JOHN    KOGEUS    FAAIILIES.  g^ 

White  married-  Mar}',  daughter  of  John  Rogers,  m 
1660 ;  John  Eogers  Sr.  had  a  daughter,  Mary,  who 
was  apparently  unmarried  at  the  date  of  her  father's 
will  in  1660  ;  in  another  place,  Deane  say?^  that  Eliza- 
beth llogers  married  Joseph  V/hite  in  1660;  tlie  last 
is  evidently  erroneous,  as  there  is  no  record  of  an 
Elizabeth;  there  may  be  another  error,  as  Lydia, 
daughter  of  "  the  Weymouth  Deacon,"  married  Joseph 
White  ;  the  John  Rogers,  who  married  Rhoda  King 
of  Scituate,  was  John  Rogers  Jr.,  of  Marshfield,  but 
he  did  not  live  in  Scituate  at  all. 

Deane  says  that  Timothy  White  married,  in  1678, 
Abigail  Rogers,  daughter  of  John  and  Rhoda  [King] 
Rogers;  Timothy  had  died  in  1707.  John  Rogers  Jr., 
of  Marshfield,  had  sons  John  and  Thomas,  daughter 
Abigail  and  granddaughter  Mary  White  ;  when  he 
made  his  will  in  17 IS,  Abigail's  name  was  Abigail 
Chamberling  :  but  I  believe  that  it  will  be  found  that 
after  the  death  of  Timothy  White,  as  early  as  1707, 
his  widow  married  a  Chamberling,  and  that  Mary 
White  mentioned  in  the  will,  was  her  daughter  by  her 
first  husband. 

John  Rogers  of  Scituate,  whom  I  hold  to  be  the  son 
of  John  Jr.  of  Marshfield,  and  Rhoda  King,  in  his 
will  dated  March  1,  1737,  proved  July  18,  1738,  de- 
scribes himself  as  of  Scituate,  a  shipwright,  "  aged  and 
under  infirmity  of  body."  He  directs  that  his  wife 
Hannah  shall  be  supported  out  of  his  estate  by  his 
executor ;  gives  his  son  John  ten  shillings,  "  having 
given  him  considerable  formerly  "  ;  to  his  grandchil- 
dren, the  children  of  his  daughter  *^  Else"  [Alice],  who 


k 


288  MAINE    RISTOUICAL    SOCIKTY. 

married  Thomas  Clark,  '^  twenty  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit  of  ye  old  Tenor,  or  Silver  equivalent  thereto, 
one  ounce  of  silver  being  rcconed  equal  to  twenty- 
seven  shillino-s  of  said  bills":  and  leo-acies  to  his 
daughter,  Hannali  Thrift  ;  to  the  children  of  his  daugh- 
ter, Elizabetli,  deceased  ;  to  the  son  of  his  son  Thomas, 
deceased  ;  to  his  daughter,  Mary  Staples  ;  to  his  son, 
Caleb  Rogers;  and  to  his  son,  Joshua  Rogers,  whom 
he  appoints  executor,  and  to  whom  he  gives  "  the  farm 
and  land  where  I  now  dwell  in  said  Scituate,"  and  all 
his  other  property,  but  charging  upon  it  the  support 
of  his  wife,  "his  [Josliua's]  mother,"  and  the  payment 
of  the  legacies,  except  Caleb's,  which  was  real  estate. 
Thomas  Clark  married  Alice  Rogers,  but  she  had 
died  and  he  had  married  again  in  1719. 

VI.     JoHX  Rogers  of  Duxbury. 

I  conclude  that,  beyond  any  room  for  doubt,  he  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  of  the  Mayflower,  the  brother  of 
Lieut.  Joseph,  who  died  in  Eastham,  the  father  of  the 
John  who  married  Elizabeth  Pabodie  and  the  a;rand- 
father  of  the  Hannah  Rogers,  who  married  Maj.  Sam- 
uel Bradford.  RecalliuLi:  Bradford's  statement  that 
Thomas  brought  over  his  son  Joseph,  but  ''died  in  the 
early  sickness,"  and  his  other  children  came  over  later, 
were  married,  and  had  many  children,  the  records  of 
Plymouth  colony  enable  us  to  follow  the  history  of 
John  with  accuracy. 

Among  those  '•'  rated"  March  25,  1633, Were  Joseph 
Rogers  and  John  Rogers  —  nine  shillings  each. 

On  October  20,  1634,  '^Edmun"  Chanler  came  and 
bad  recorded  that  he  had  sold  unto  John  Rogers  a  lot 


THE    JOHN    EOGERS    FAMILIES.  289 

of  land  adjoining  the  land  of  Robert  Hicks,  on  Dux- 
boiTV  side,  the  lot  which  he  had  boufrht  of  John  Barnes. 

In  the  early  part  of  1636,  Joseph  Roixers  was  au- 
thorized to  maintain  a  ferry  across  Jones'  River,  near 
his  dwelling-house. 

Ma}'  10,  1637,  the  committee  to  lay  out  a  road  from 
Plymouth  to  Jones  River  made  their  return  May  10, 
in  which  they  say  ''  The  highwaj'  from  Stephen  Tra- 
cy's grounds  through  the  other  grounds  as  far  as  the 
trees  were  marked  to  the  bridge  at  John  Rogers,  and 
from  John  Rosrers,  as  the  wav  now  lieth  to  the  corner 
of  Jonathan  Brewsters  cowyard,"  etc.  Jones'  River 
was  in  the  opposite  part  of  the  town  to  that  which 
became  Marshheld. 

Henry  Blage,  a  servant,  etc.,  wms  turned  over  by 
Widow  Elizabeth  ^yatson  to  Thomas  Watson,  and  by 
him  turned  over,  November  8,  1638,  to  John  Rogers 
for  the  remainder  of  the  term. 

Among  those  proposed,  March  5,  1631,  to  '•  take 
up  freedom  "  was  John  Rogers ;  but  the  record  does 
not  show  that  it  was  done  at  the  next  court. 

John  Rogers  and  Ann  Churchman  were  married 
April  16,  1639.  He  was  propounded  as  a  freeman 
September  7,  1641,  and  admitted  March  1,  1642  (new 
style). 

On  April  6,  1640,  Constant  South  worth  and  Thomas 
Southworth,  his  brother,  Joseph  Rogers  and  John 
Rogers,  his  brother,  were  granted  fifty  acres  apiece  of 
upland  near  where  Mr.  Vassal's  farm  is  at  North 
River,  with  apportionable  meadow,  etc.  This  v/as  laid 
out  in  Vassal's  Range,  "  near  to  a  certain  creeke  that 
Vol.  VII.        21 


290  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

runneth  up  southward  "  .  .  .  "  with  the  one  half  of 
the  mar>sh  hind  abutting  upon  the  aforesaid  uphmd 
together  with  a  small  hammock  of  upland  in  the  fore- 
said marsh,  which  lands  lie  next  to  the  lands  granted 
to  Francis  Cooke  and  John  Cooke."  The  grantees 
sold  out  soon  afterward. 

June  5,  1G44.  John  Rogers  was  appointed  surveyor 
for  Duxburrow.  August  20,  1644,  he  and  Joseph 
were  appointed  on  the  part  of  Duxburrow  to  act  with 
two  appointed  on  the  part  of  Plymouth  to  \ay  out  a 
certain  highwa}^,  and  if  they  could  not  agree  they 
were  to  choose  the  fifth  man;  and  Nov.  5,  1644, 
Joseph  Pryor,  '•'  now  dwelhng  with  John  Rogers  of 
Duxburrow,"  chose  a  guardian. 

In  1645  a  grant  of  land  at  Sawtuckett  (Bridgewater) 
was  made  to  the  inhabitants  of  Duxbury,  and  John 
Rogers  was  one  of  those  nominated  "  to  be  feofers  in 
trust  for  the  equal  dividing  and  laying  forth  the  said 
lands  to  the  inhabitants."  It  was  divided  into  fifty- 
four  shares,  of  which  John  Rogers  had  one.  But 
when  the  land  was  actually  laid  out  he  had  none,  hav- 
ing undoubtedly  sold,  as  the  whole  number  of  lots 
was  laid  out. 

Mitchell,  in  his  history  of  Bridgewater,  devotes  four 
sentences  to  John  Rogers ;  the  first  is  correct  ;  the 
other  three  follow  Deane  and  are  all  erroneous. 

On  June  7,  1648,  the  court  allow  and  request  John 
Rogers  and  others  to  stake  out  a  highway  from  Jones' 
River  Bridge  to  the  Massachusetts  Path  ;  it  was  further 
ordered,  June  2,  1650,  that  if  laying  out  this  way  was 
prejudicial  to   either  Mr.   Bradford   or  John   Rogers, 


THE    JOUN    ROGERS    FAMILIES.  291 

they  were  to  have  full  satisfaction  ;  the  way  was  laid 
out  Jane  10,  "  through  ground  of  John  Rogers  "  ;  and 
June  6,  1654,  the  court  granted  to  John  Rogers  of 
Duxborow,  a  tract  of  upland  meadow  lying  near  Jones' 
River  Pond,  in  lieu  of  damages  for  laying  out  the  way 
to  Masssachuetts  Path. 

June  3,  1657,  John  Rogers  and  William  Paybody 
were  deputies  from  Duxbury. 

On  March  2,  165 J,  John  Rogers  and  William  Pay- 
body  were  upon  a  committee  summoned  by  the  court; 
June  7,  1659,  John  Rogers  was  absent  from  the  giand 
inquest,  and  John  Rogers  Jr.,  '"  stood  propounded  to 
take  up  his  freedom." 

Oct.  2,  1660,  John  Rogers  was  on  the  jury  in  the 
trial  of  a  murder  case  ;  June  4,  1661,  on  the  grand 
inquest ;  May  7,  1662,  on  the  jury  of  inquest  on  the 
body  of  Thomas  Clark  who  '•  came  on  that  side  of 
Jones'  river  which  is  on  Duxborrow  side  "  ;  June  1, 
1663,  on  the  grand  inquest;  June  5, 1666,  a  constable 
of  Duxborrow;  April  24,  1666,  and  Sept.  20,  1667,  on 
juries  of  inquest;  and  June  3,  1668,  on  the  grand 
inquest. 

The  court  gave,  June  8,  1666,  to  John  Rogers  and 
William  Paybody  "  liberty  to  look  for  land " ;  and 
renewed  it  June  5,  1666,  to  John  Rogers  of  Dux- 
burrow;  and  July  2,  1667,  granted  unto  John  Rog- 
ers, Senior,  of  Duxbury,  one  hundred  acres  of  land 
lying  upon  Coteticut  River,  "  if  it  may  be  had,  if 
not,  that  Ke  have  liberty  to  look  out  elsewhere." 
On  July  4,  1673,  the  court  made  a  grant  of  one 
hundred  acres    between    Taunton    and    Teticut,    on 


292  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

the  northeast  side  of  the  bounds  of  Taunton  to  John 
Roarers  Sr. 

o 

June  1,  1GG9,  John  Rogers  Sr.  was  surveyor  of 
highways  in  Duxbury.  and  June  5,  167 1,  on  the  grand 
inquest;  July  5.  IGVl,  •'John  Rogers  Sr.  of  Diixbor- 
row  "  entered  a  complaint  in  court. 

As  I  have  already  stated,  on  the  1670  list  of  free- 
men, were  John  Rogers  Sr.  and  John  Rogers  Jr.  of 
Duxburrow  and  John  Rogers  of  Marshfield. 

John  Rogers  was  on  the  jury  in  a  capital  case  Octo- 
ber 27,  1674 ;  and  on  the  grand  inquest  June  7,  1676, 
and  on  the  same  day  John  Rogers  Jr.  was  appointed 
surveyor  of  highways  in  Duxburrow. 

March  5,  1677  (old  style)  John  Rogers  was  surety 
on  Widow  Anna  Tisdale's  bond ;  she  was  his  daughter 
or  sister  according  as  he  was  the  senior  or  the  junior. 
John  Richmond,  John  Rogers  and  Samuel  Smith  w^ere 
overseers  of  the  estate. 

John  Rogers  Sr.  was  on  coroner's  jury,  June  3, 
1673 ;  with  Joseph  Rogers,  was  survej'or  of  high- 
ways in  Duxburrow;  and  also  June  5,  1678. 

John  Rogers  Jr.  was  constable  of  Duxburrow,  June 
5,  1670;  on  the  jury,  October  29,  1671;  surveyor  of 
highways  in  Duxburrow,  June  3,  1674,  and  again 
June  7,  1676. 

The  records  further  mention  John  Rogers  Sr.,  June 
3,  1679,  Sept.  28,  1680,  and  July  7,  1681. 

On  June  7,  1681,  John  Rogers  of  Duxbury  took 
the  oath  of  a  constable  "  to  serve  in  the  ward  of  Mount 
Hope  [afterwards  Bristol]  for  the  present  year ; "  this 
was  John  Jr. 


THE    JOHN    KOGEKS    FAMILIES.  293 

John  Rogers  was  constable  for  Duxbury  in  1G81 
and  1CS3;  John  Rogers  of  Duxbury  was  surveyor  in 
1G82,  and  on  the  jury  in  a  capital  case  in  1684. 

On  November  9,  1G87,  John  Rogers  of  Diixborough 
b}"  deed  duly  witnessed,  but  not  acknowledged,  con- 
vej'ed  to  Joseph  and  Edward  Richmond  [who  were  his 
grandsons]  one  hundred  acres  of  land  in  Middleboro, 
with  rights  of  common  and  further  divisions,  if  any 
This  deed  was  proved  in  court,  in  place  of  acknowl- 
edgment, September  13,  1693,  as  was  usual  when  the 
grantor  died  without  acknowledging  it. 

"John  Rogers,  Sen^' of  Duxborough,"  by  will  dated 
August  26,  1691,  proved  Sept.  20,  1692,  gives:— 

1.  To  his  grandson,  John  Rogers,  all  his  houses  and 
lands  in  the  town  of  Duxborough. 

2.  To  his  grandson,  John  Tisdall,  for  the  use  of  his 
mother  Anna  Terry,  one-half  of  his  land  divided  and 
undivided  in  Middleboro,  excepting  his  rights  in  the 
Major  Purchase,  the  land  '•'  to  be  disposed  of  according 
to  his  mother's  mind." 

3.  To  his  daughter  Elizabeth  Williams  [who  was 
the  wife  of  Nathaniel  Williams  of  Taunton]  the  other 
half  of  the  Middleboro  land;  and  his  "cattel"  were 
to  be  equally  divided  between  these  three  daughters. 

4.  To  his  grandson,  John  Rogers,  all  his  household 
stuff  and  moneys  out  of  which  he  was  to  pay  to  his 
sister,  Elizabeth  Rogers,  forty  shillings  ;  and  twenty 
shillings  each  to  "his  other  three  sisters,"  Hannah 
Bradford,  Ruth  Rogers  and  Sarah. Rogers. 

5.  To  his  daughter,  Abigail  Richmond,  "  that 
twenty  shillings  a  year  which  is  my  due  for  fourscore 


294  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

acres  of  land  which  I  sold  to  my  two  grandsons,  Joseph 
Richmond  and  Edward  Richmond." 

6.  He  appoints  his  "loving  son,  John  Rogers,  sole 
executor  and  administrator  of  this  my  last  will  and 
testament." 

This  is  the  kind  of  a  will  that  rejoiceth  the  heart  of 
the  genealogist.  He  gives  the  names  of  all  his  chil- 
dren then  living  ;  gives  the  surnames  of  his  daugh- 
ters' husbands,  and  the  names  of  many  of  his  grand- 
children. It  identifies  his  son  John  as  the  one  who 
married  Elizabeth  Pabodie,  by  namingr  the  well-known 
children  of  the  latter  as  his  grandchildren.  His  chil- 
dren were  John,  Abigail,  Anna  [sometimes  called  Han- 
nah] and  Elizabeth. 

Abigail  married,  as  his  second  wife,  John  Richmond 
of  Taunton,  and  was  the  ancestress  of  very  many  of 
the  f^imilies  of  that  name  scattered  all  over  the  coun- 
try. Anna  married  (1)  John  Tisdale  Jr. ;  (2)  Thomas 
Terry,  and  (3)  Samuel  Williams  of  Taunton;  she  had 
children  by  the  first  two  ;  Elizabeth  married  Samuel 
Williams  of  Taunton,  and  had  six  children,  who  grew 
up  and  married.  I  have  abstracts  of  various  deeds 
that  prove  these  marriages  beyond  question,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  statements  in  the  will.  I  will  give  but 
one.  By  deed  dated  July  4,  1710,  Anna  Williams, 
"  relict  of  Samuel  Williams,  late  of  Taunton  deceased," 
conveys  to  her  son,  Benjamin  Terry,  all  lands  in  Mid- 
dleboro,  "  given  to  me  by  the  will  of  my  honored 
father,  John  Rogers,  late  of  Duxbury,  deceased,  ac- 
cording to   an  agreement   signed    by   me,  said  Anna 


THE    JOHN    ROGERS    FAMILIES.  295 

Williams,  my  sister  Elizabeth  Williams,  and  by  John 
Tisdale  and  Joseph  Richmond  dated  October  5,  1709." 

Plym.  Co.,  B.  22,  p.  63. 

2.  JoHX  Rogers  Jr.,  of  Duxburt.  As  John 
Rogers,  Hannah  Bradford  and  John's  *'  other  three  sis- 
ters "  were  the  well-known  children  of  John  and  Eliz- 
abeth [Paybodie]  Rogers  and  are  now  shown  to  be  the 
grandchildren  of  John  Rogers  Sr.  of  Duxbury,  of 
course  John  Rogers  Jr.  must  have  been  his  son,  and 
the  John  Rosters  Jr.  mentioned  in  the  records  which 
I  have  cited.  The  father  of  Elizabeth  was  William 
Pabodie,  whose  name  is  mentioned  so  often  in  the  rec- 
ords in  connection  with  that  of  John  Rogers  Sr.,  both 
of  whom,  as  well  as  "Mr.  Bradford,"  lived  in  Dux- 
bury  and  were  neighbors. 

We  have  already  seen  that  John  Rogers  of  Dux- 
bury,  on  June  7,  1681,  took  "  oath  of  a  constable  to 
serve  in  the  ward  of  Mount  Hope  for  this  present 
year";  he  was  licensed  October  23,  1681,  for  ''Bris- 
tol, alias  Mt.  Hope,  and  again  June  16,  1683.  In 
1681,  John  Rogers  Jr.,  disappears  from  Duxbury, 
and  is  found  in  Bristol.     He  was  deputy  for  Bristol  in 

1685,  1686,   1689   and    1690,   and   was   selectman   in 

1686,  1689  and  1690.  He  is  described  in  deeds  as  of 
Bristol  in  1694  and  1696;  but  on  May  27,  1697,  "as 
late  of  Bristol,  now  of  Boston." 

His  son  John,  legatee  under  the  will  of  John 
Rogers  Sr.,  of  Duxbury,  died  in  Boston,  unmarried, 
November  2,  1696  ;  but  in  the  letters  of  administra- 
tion issued  to  his  uncle,  Maj.  Samuel  Bradford,  he  is 
described  as  "late  of  Duxbury." 


1 


296  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  autograph  of  John  Rogers,  innrle  August  2, 
1701,  in  discharirino;  a  mortgafre,  is  found  in  Suffolk 
Registry  of  Deeds,  Book  14,  p.  433.  He  lived  in  Bos- 
ton about  ten  years,  but  apparently  claimed  Bristol  as 
his  home,  although  it  may  be  that  he  actually  lived 
in  other  places  during  these  ten  years.  His  wife  died, 
and  he  married  Marah  Browning  of  Boston,  widow ; 
a  marriage  settlement  was  made  March  22,  5.  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  acknowledged,  Aug.  7,  1G99,  and 
recorded  November  12,  1702,  in  which  he  described 
himself  as  of  "  New  Bristol,  alias  Mounthope,"  and  as 
""  a  JPlanter."  He  owned  real  estate  in  Boston,  and 
there  are  many  conveyances  on  record  to  which  he 
was  a  party.  These  deeds  show  that  he  moved  to 
Taunton  as  earl^''  as  June  16,  170G,  and  bought  real 
estate  there,  but  moved  from  there  and  was  living  in 
Swanse}',  April  o,  1710  ;  he  continued  to  live  there 
till  about  1726,  when  he  moved  to  Barrington,  where 
he  died  June  28,  1732,  in  the  ninety-second  year  of 
his  age.  He  had  then  been  blind  nearly  ten  years. 
He  left  ninety-one  descendants,  but  none  bearing  his 
name,  his  only  son,  John,  having  died  unmarried  over 
thirty-five  years  previously.  But  his  daughters  had 
large  families:  Hannah  married  Maj.  Samuel  Bradford 
and  settled  in  Duxbury ;  Elizabeth  married  Sylvester 
Richmond  (nephew  of  the  John  Richmond  w^hom  her 
aunt,  Abigail  Rogers,  married),  and  settled  in  Little 
Compton  ;  Ruth  married  James  Bennett  of  Robury  ; 
and  Sarah  married  Nathaniel  Searle  of  Milton.  His 
second  wife  survived  him,  but  under  the  marriau:e  set- 
tlement  she  had  no  dower  in  his  estate,  and  had  only 


THE    JOHN    KOGERS    FAMILIES.  297 

certain  articles  which  he  gave  her  in  his  lifetime.  She 
died  in  1~39,  and  administration  was  taken  out  in  the 
following  February. 

Perez  Bradford  of  Milton  and  William  Eichmond 
and  Nathaniel  Searle  of  Little  Compton  were  ap- 
pointed, September  5,  1732,  administrators  of  the 
estate  of  their  grandfather,  John  Rogers,  late  of  Bar- 
rington  deceased,  his  widow  and  two  daughters  refus- 
ing; to  administer. 

Partition  of  his  real  estate  was  made,  by  the  record 
of  which  these  statements  as  to  his  family  may  be 
verified. 

VII.  There  was  a  John  Rogers  in  Billerica ;  and 
still  another  in  Watertown  ;  but  they  have  been  iden- 
tified, and  have  not  been  "confused"  with  those  I 
have  mentioned.  I  have  gone  at  length  into  details, 
because  I  arn  in  conllict  with  Deane,  Mitchell,  Winsor, 
Davis  and  others,  and  therefore  felt  the  necessity  of 
demonstrating  my  position  beyond  a  reasonable  doubt. 

I  believe  all  of  them  have  assumed  that  John  Rogers 
of  Marshfield  and  John  Rosrors  of  Duxburv  were  the 
same,  and  Deane  gives  John  of  Duxbury,  John  of 
Weymouth  and  John  of  Scituate  as  being  the  same. 
The  truth  is  that  John  of  Marshfield,  John  of  Dux- 
bury  and  John  of  Wej'raouth  were  three  dilTerent 
men,  each  of  whom  made  his  will,  showing  that  each 
of  them  had  a  son  John,  and  two  of  them  each  a 
grandson  John,  son  of  the  son  John. 

Takino'  their  wills  and  the  dates  I  have  trlven  from 
the  colony  records,  and  comparing  them,  it  is  abso- 
lutely certain    that  John    of  Marshfield   and   his   son 


29S  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

John,  and  his  grandson  John,  were  different  men  from 
John  of  Duxbury,  and  his  son  John,  and  grandson 
John,  and  that  both  sets  were  different  men  from  John 
of  Weymouth  and  his  son  John,  who  had  four  daugh- 
ters and  no  son. 

The  next  question  is,  "  Which  John  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  of  the  Mayflower?"  It  has  lieretofore  been 
assumed  that  John  of  Marshfield  was  ;  but  it  has  also 
been  assumed  that  this  John  and  his  wife  Frances 
were  the  parents  of  the  John  who  married  Elizabeth 
Pabodie  ;  this  last  assumption  I  have  shown  to  be  ab- 
solutely erroneous.  John  of  Duxburj^  was  the  father 
of  the  John  who  married  her,  and,  I  believe,  the  son 
of  Thomas.  John  of  Marshfield  was  apparently  too 
old,  and  Savaste  suo-o-ests  that  he  was  the  brother  of 
Thomas;  he  named  liis  sons  John,  Joseph  and  Tim- 
othy, but  had  no  Thomas;  while  Joseph,  the  son 
of  Thomas,  had  Joseph,  Thomas  and  John.  But  quite 
conclusive  evidence  arises  from  the  relations  of  Joseph, 
known  to  be  the  son  of  Thomas  and  John  of  Dux- 
bury.  "  Joseph,  and  John  his  brother  "  are  named  in 
the  records,  and  in  numerous  instances  Joseph  and 
John  of  Duxbury  are  named  together ;  they  both 
lived  in  the  southerly  part  of  Duxbury,  near  each 
other,  while  the  other  John  lived  in  Marshfield. 
Joseph  came  over  first,  and  when  John  came  he  nat- 
urally would  be  with  his  brother.  We  find  him  named 
with  Josepli  in  1G33,  and  trace  him,  almost  year  by 
year,  till  his  death  in  1691 ;  he  married  Ann  Church- 
man in  1639,  had  a  son  (John)  born  in  1640,  and  a 
daughter  (Abigail)  born  in  1642,  as  is  shown  by  their 
ages  at  the  time  of  their  deaths. 


THE    JOHN    ROGERS    FAMTilES.  299 

I  know  tlifct  Doane  gives  Ann  Churchman  to  John 
of  Weymoutli,  and  makes  her  the  mother  of  Ljdia, 
born  in  1742;  but  he  gives  no  evidence  of  his  asser- 
tion; moreover,  he  says  they  were  married  at  Wey- 
mouth, but  their  marriage  is  recorded  in  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony  records,  and  Weymoutli  was  not  in  that 
cofony,  and  the  marriage  was  not  recorded  in  the 
Weymouth  records.  Besides,  he  erroneously  assumes 
that  John  of  Duxbury  was  John  of  Weymouth,  and 
went  from  Duxbury  to  Weymouth.  John  of  Dux- 
bury  named  his  first  daughter  Abigail,  probably  for 
one  of  her  grandmothers,  and  his  second  daughter 
Anna,  for  her  mother.  In  addition,  the  tradition  in 
the  families  of  the  descendants  of  John  of  Duxbury 
has  always  been  that  they  descended  from  Thomas  of 
the  Mayilow^er.  Taking  all  these  facts  together,  they 
entirely  overcome  the  mere  assumption  that  John  of 
Marshfield  w^as  the  son  of  Thomas,  especially  when  it 
is  remembered  that  the  same  assumption  makes  John 
of  Duxbury  and  John  of  Marshfield  the  same  person. 

ADDENDUM. 

Since  the  foregoing  was  completed  I  have  found  the 
record  of  an  aerreement  entered  into  before  "  Mr. 
Bradford,  Governor,"  dated  January  23,  1648,  old 
style,  by  which  Ephraim  Hicks  sold  to  John  Rogers  of 
Duxbury  land  "  lying  at  the  Illand  creek  at  Duxbury 
aforesaid  next  unto  the  land  on  which  the  said  John 
Rogers  now"  livetli."  The  transaction  w^as  not  com- 
pleted until  January  19,  1652,  old  style.  As  Island 
Creek  was  in  the  extreme  southerly  part  of  Duxbury 
as  now  existing,   and  North  River,  where    the  other 


I 


1 


300  MAINE    niSTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

John  lived,  was  tlie  northern  boundary,  the  suggestion 
that  John  Kogers  of  Diixburj  lived  so  near  the  Marsli- 
field  line  that  he  was  sometimes  on  one  side  of"  it  and 
sometimes  on  the  other  side,  has  no  foundation. 


MARTIN     P  R  I  N  G. 

BY    JOSEPH    "WILLIAMSON. 

Read  before  the  Maine  Historical  Societi/,  December  13,  1894. 

It  is  now  well  settled  that  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  his 
search  for  the  northwest  passage,  a  year  before  Colum- 
bus discovered  the  American  continent,  sailed  along 
the  coast  of  Maine,  and  that  Verrazano,  a  quarter  of 
a  century  later,  came  in  view  of  some  of  our  islands 
and  hills.  No  evidence  exists  that  either  of  these 
navigators  made  any  landing,  and  it  is  quite  certain 
that  they  formed  very  crude  ideas  of  our  topography. 
While  the  icy  seas  and  shores  of  Greenland,  Labrador 
and  Canada  were  depicted  on  the  maps  of  the  six- 
teenth century  with  a  high  degree  of  truth,  the  coast 
of  New  England  remained  neglected  and  unknown. 
And  when  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury French  and  English  adventurers  arrived  here, 
they  had  to  begin  the  work  of  exploration  anew. 
Hudson,  who  as  late  as  1609,  sailed  south  of  Cape 
Cod,  and  entered  the  Bay  of  New  York,  was  justified 
in  saying  that  he  penetrated  an  unknown  sea.  Ex- 
cepting the  fishery  of  Newfoundland,  the  Europeans 


MARTIN    PR] NO.  301 

at  that  time  were  in  actual  })ossession  of  no  part  of 

North  America,  although  the  English  claimed  a  right 

to  the  whole  by  virtue  of   the  prior  discovery  by  the 

Cahots.     In  the  language  of  the  poet,  the  maxim  in 

those  days  w^as, 

The  time  once  was  here,  to  all  be  it  known, 
When  all  a  man  sailed  by,  or  saw,  Avas  his  own. 

The  opening  of  the  seventeenth  century  witnessed 
a  revival  of  colonial  enterprise  under  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  in  March,  1602,  Bartholomew  Gosnold  sailed 
for  the  new  world  in  a  small  vessel  called  the  "  Con- 
cord." His  company  numbered  thirty-two  persons,  a 
third  of  wdiom  intended  to  remain  and  plant  a  colony. 
On  the  fourteenth  of  May,  he  sighted  our  coast  near 
Casco  Bay,  calling  the  place  Northland,  twelve 
leao-ues  southwest  of  wdiich  he  visited  Savao-e  Eock, 
or  Cape  Neddock,  whence  the  Indians  came  off,  and  by 
signs  desired  them  to  stay,  but  ''  the  harbor  being 
naught  and  doubting  the  weather,"  the  invitation  was 
not  accepted.  In  the  night,  they  departed  southward 
to  Boon  Island,  and  thence  to  Cape  Cod,  which  they 
rounded,  and  searched  that  island  of  the  group  now 
known  as  Cutty  hunk.  The  erection  of  a  fortified 
house  there,  the  lading  of  their  vessel  with  sassafras 
and  cedar,  the  final  demoralization  of  the  company, 
and  its  return  to  England  after  two  months,  are  de- 
tailed by  Gabriel  Archer  and  John  Bereford,  journal- 
ists of  the  voyage. 

Although  the  experience  of  the  voyagers  upon  the 
island  and  mainland  are  given  in  length  by  the  above 
named  journalists,  no  mention  of  any  landing  within 


302  MAINE    HISTORICAL    i^OCIETY. 

the  limit  of  our  own  State  appetirs,  and  an  explora- 
tion of  its  bays  and  rivers  awaited  future  navigators. 
To  one  of  these,  Martin  Pring,  who  followed  Gosnold 
the  next  j'ear,  belongs  the  honor  of  beirig  the  first 
white  man  who  is  known  lo  have  set  foot  upon  our  soil. 
But  unlike  Gosnold,  Waymouth  and  De  Monts,  the 
particulars  of  whose  adventures  have  been  written  by 
faithful  and  painstaking  hands,  no  narrative  of  the 
expedition  of  Pring  is  preserved,  and  therefore  he  has 
been  deprived  of  the  prominence  which  those  voy- 
agers have  enjoyed,  and  which  his  fl\me  merits. 

Pring  was  born  in  15S0.  Although  the  place  of  his 
birth  is  not  determined  with  certainty,  it  was  prob- 
ablv  Devonshire.  For  at  least  four  centuries  his 
family  name  has  so  extensively  prevailed  in  that 
county  as  to  afford  suflicient  grounds  for  believing 
that  he  originated  there.  In  the  negligent  orthog- 
raphy characteristic  of  the  period  it  is  found  to  be 
spelt  in  various  forms.  A  list  of  burials  preserved  at 
Awliscomb,  a  parish  midway  between  Bristol  and  Ply- 
mouth, contains  under  the  year  1569,  the  name  of 
•'  Martyn  Pringe."  Considering  that  neither  the  sur- 
name of  Prinor  nor  the  Christian  name  of  Martin  are 

o 

of  common  occurence,  the  association  of  the  two 
names  warrants  the  conclusion  that  the  two  Martin 
Prings,  living  so  nearly  together  in  point  of  distance 
and  time,  were  related  to  each  other. 

Pring  first  came  to  notice  at  Bristol,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  seventeenth  century.  By  what  means  he 
was  attracted  there  is  unknown.  A  high  prestige 
then  attached  to  that  port  in  the  line  of  naval   enter- 


MARTIN  rr.ixG.  303 

prise,  and  aii}*  resident  of  its  vicinity  touched  with 
the  spirit  of  adventure  wonld  naturally  have  souu^lit 
an  opportunity  for  development  there.  It  was  from 
Bristol  in  1496  that  Robert  Thorne  and  Hugh  Eliot 
sent  ships  for  discovery  nnder  the  world-renowned 
Sebastian  Cabot,  and  as  early  as  1581,  Master  Thomas 
Aldworth,  a  prominent  citizen,  and  who,  thirt}^  years 
later  was  a  patron  of  Pring,  wrote  "  that  he  had  good 
inclination  to  the  western  discovery"  —  an  inclination 
which  culminated  the  following  year  in  a  subscription 
by  the  merchants  of  that  city,  for  an  exploration  of 
the  coast  of  America,  lying  to  the  southwest  of  Cape 
Briton.  A  degree  of  enterprise  prevailed  there, 
which  was  unequaled  in  any  part  of  the  kingdom. 

"Of  the  earlier  years  of  Pring,"  says  his  biogra- 
pher, Dr.  James  H.  Pring,  from  whose  account,  pub- 
lished in  1888,  many  of  the  facts  in  this  paper  are 
derived  and  incorporated,  "  no  direct  information  can 
be  obtained.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  pru- 
dence, integrity  and  courage  which  became  so  conspic- 
uous in  him  as  he  grew  up,  were  all  subordinated  to  a 
high  sense  of  Christian  duty.  This,  indeed,  was  to  a 
considerable  extent  characteristic  of  most  of  those 
who  embarked  at  that  period  in  this  special  line  of 
service.  It  has  been  well  observed  that  the  difficulties 
of  crossing  the  Atlantic  at  that  time  were  new,  and  it 
required  strong  courage  to  encounter  hazards  which 
ignorance  exaggerated.  The  imagined  dangers  were 
infinite;  the  real  dangers  were  very  great.  The  ships 
first  employed  for  discovery  were  generally  less  than 
a  hundred  tons  burden  ;  that  in  which  Frobisher  sailed 


304  MAINE    HISTOPvICAL    SOCIETY. 

Avas  a  vessel  of  but  twenty-five  tons;  and  so  perilous 
were  the  voyages  then  deemed,  that  the  sailors  were 
accustomed  before  embarking  to  perforin  solemn  acts 
of  devotion,  as  if  to  prepare  for  eternity.  The  inllu- 
eiices  to  produce  this  general  eft'ect  on  the  nautical 
mind  of  the  period,  would  not  we  may  be  sure  be 
suffered  to  pass  unrecognized  by  Pring,  who  seems  to 
have  been  naturally  of  an  earnest  and  somewhat 
serious  turn  of  mind.  It  was  the  recognition  of  his 
high  qualities,  his  prudence  and  courage,  joined  with 
true  Christian  character,  which  led  the  chief  mer- 
chants of  Bristol,  with  the  ready  assent  of  Raleigh 
and  at  the  special  instance  of  Hakluyt,  the  enlight- 
ened friend  and  able  historian  of  those  enterprises, 
unanimously  to  elect  Pring,  at  the  early  age  of 
twenty-thiee,  to  undertake  the  charge  of  an  impor- 
tant expedition  of  this  kind  for  the  discovery  of  the 
north  part  of  Mrginia.  The  singularly  complete 
success  which  attended  the  voyage  shows  how  fully 
their  confidence  was  justified. 

Although  in  point  of  time  the  expedition  of  Gos- 
nold  and  Pring  were  closely  connected,  they  were  of 
a  different  nature.  The  purpose  of  Gosnold  was  a 
more  "  purely  trading  adventure  "  ;  that  of  Pring  wore 
the  character  of  maritime  exploration.  Gosnold's 
enterprise  was  without  official  sanction;  and  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh,  who  held  the  patent  covering  the  whole 
of  Virginia,  on  the  return  to  his  vessel,  confiscated 
her  cargo  of  sassafras,  then  worth  fifty  pounds  per 
ton,  and  of  cedar,  as  contraband.  On  the  other  hand, 
profiting  by  Gosnold's  experience,   Pring  first  sent  a 


ILARTIN    PRING.  305 

deputation  to  the  distinguished  patentee,  asking 
permission  to  visit  his  territory,  '^  and  leave  being 
obtained  of  him  under  his  hand  and  seal,"  no  time 
was  lost  in  fitting  out  a  small  ship  called  the  "  Speed- 
well," of  fifty  tons,  with  a  crew  of  thirty  men  and 
boys,  and  the  "Discoverer"  (so  named  to  mark  the 
exploratory  character  of  the  voyage),  a  bark  of  twenty- 
six  tons  with  thirteen  men  and  bovs.  The  conmiander 
of  the  ship  was  Pring,  and  his  mate  was  Edmund 
Jones.  The  captain  of  the  bark  was  William  Brouue, 
and  had  Samuel  Kirkland  as  mate.  Robert  Saltern, 
who  had  been  with  Gosnold,  the  year  before,  went  as 
chief  agent  and  supercargo,  and  was  furnished  with 
various  kinds  of  clothing,  hardware  and  trinkets  for 
trade  with  the  natives.  The  vessels  were  provisioned 
for  eight  months. 

"  We  set  saile  from  Milford  Haven,"  says  the  narra- 
tive of  the  voyage,  in  Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes,  "  (where 
the  winds  had  stayed  us  a  fortnight,  in  which  time  we 
heard  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  death),  the  tenth  of  April, 
1603.  In  our  course  w^e  passed  by  two  lies  of  the 
Azores,  had  first  sight  of  the  Pike,  and  afterwards  of 
the  Island  of  Onermo,  and  Flores,  and  after  we  had 
runne  some  five  hundred  leagues  we  fell  with  a  multi- 
tude of  small  Islands  on  the  north  coast  of  Virginia, 
in  the  latitude  of  43  degrees,  the  —  of  June,  which 
Hands  were  found  very  pleasant  to  be  hold,  adorned 
with  goodly  grasse,  and  sundry  sorts  of  trees,  as 
cedars,  spruce,  pines  and  firre  trees.  Heere  wee 
found  an  excellent  fishing  for  Cods,  which  are  better 
than  those  of  New-Found-land,  and  withall  we  saw 
Vol.  VII.        22 


I 


306  MAINE    JIISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

good  and  rockic  ground  fit  to  drie  them  upon  ;  also 
we  could  see  no  reason  to  the  contrary,  but  that  salt 
may  be  made  in  these  parts,  a  matter  of  no  small  im- 
portance. We  sayled  to  the  south-west  end  of  these 
Islands,  and  then  rode  with  our  ships  under  one  of  the 
greatest.  One  of  them  we  named  Foxe  Hand,  because 
we  found  those  kinds  of  beasts  thereon.  So  passing 
through  the  rest  with  our  boats  to  the  mayne  land, 
which  lieth  for  a  good  space  North-east  and  South- 
west, we  found  safe  riding  among  them,  in  sixe,  seven, 
eight,  ten  and  twelve  fathomes.  At  length,  coming  to 
the  Itiayne  in  ihelatiiude  of  iorty-Uiree  degrees  and  an 
halfe,  we  ranged  the  same  to  the  South-west.  In 
which  course  we  found  four  Inlets,  the  most  easterly 
whereof  was  barred  at  the  mouth,  but  having  passed 
over  the  barre,  we  ranne  up  into  it  five  miles,  and  for 
a  certaine  space  found  very  good  depth,  and  coming 
out  againe  as  we  sailed  South-westward,  wee  lighted 
upon  two  other  Inlets,  which  upon  our  search  we 
found  to  pierce  not  farre  into  the  Land,  the  fourth 
and  most  westerly  was  the  best,  w^hich  we  rowed  up 
ten  or  twelve  miles. 

"  In  all  these  places  we  found  no  people,  but  signes 
of  fires  where  they  had  beene.  Howbeit  we  beheld 
very  goodly  Groves  and  Woods,  replinished  with  tall 
Okes,  Beeches,  Pine-trees,  Firre-trees,  Hasels,  Witch- 
Hasels  and  Maples.  We  saw  here  also  sundry  sorts 
of  Beasts,  as  Stags,  Deere,  Beares,  Wolves,  Foxes, 
Lusernes,  and  Doggs  with  sharp  noses.  But  meeting 
with  no  sassafras,  we  left  these  places  with  all  the 
foresaid  Islands,  shaping  our  course  for  Savage  Hockey 


MARTIN    PRING.  307 

discovered  three  years  before  by  Captain  Gosiiold, 
where  going  upon  the  Mayne  we  found  people,  with 
whom  we  had  no  long  conversation,  because  here  also 
we  could  find  no  sassafras." 

The  cluster  of  Islands  v.hich.  Pring  first  fell  in  with, 
was  at  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  Bay,  the  two  principal 
of  which,  comi^rising  North  Haven  and  Vinalhaven, 
still  retain  the  name  of  "Fox  Islands,"  Dr.  Belknap 
and  other  historians  conclude  that  after  he  had  passed 
the  islands  as  ftir  westward  as  Casco  Bav,  the  easter- 
most  of  the  four  inlets  which  he  entered  was  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Saco.  The  next  two  were  Kenne- 
bunk  and  York  rivers,  and  the  westermost  and  best 
was  the  Piscataqua.  From  his  exploration  of  the 
latter,  Pring  has  been  pronounced  by  Bancroft  the 
discoverer  of  New  Hampshire.  The  reason  of  finding 
no  people  w^as,  that  the  natives  at  that  season  (June), 
w^ere  fishing  at  the  falls  of  the  river,  and  the  vestiges 
of  fires  marked  the  places  at  or  near  the  mouth  where 
they  had  resided  and  taken  fish  in  the  earlier  months. 
Savage  Rock  is  supposed  to  have  been  near  Cape  Ann, 
but  the  Rev.  Dr.  DeCosta  claims  that  it  was  Cape 
Neddock,  at  the  entrance  of  York  Harbor.  Desiring 
to  collect  sassafras,  then  highly  esteemed  for  its  medi- 
cinal qualities,  but  finding  none,  they  doubled  the 
cape,  again  pursued  a  southerly  course,  and  finally 
anchored  in  Old  Town  harbor,  or  Martha's  Vineyard, 
where  they  remained  six  weeks.  This  Pring  called 
'•'Whitson  Bay,"  from  the  name  of  the  "Worshipful 
Master  John  AVhitson,  then  Mayor  of  the  Citie  of  Biis- 
toll,"  and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  voyage. 


308  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

In  an  article  entitled  '"'  Norumbega  and  its  English 
Explorers,"  forming  a  portion  of  Windsor's  History  of 
America,  Dr.  DeCosta  assumes  Whitson  Bay  to 
be  identical  with  modern  Plymouth  harbor,  but  his 
quite  ingenious  theory  has  not  been  generally  adopted. 
During  the  stay  in  this  harbor,  the  narrative  says, 
"  according  to  our  instructions  given  us  in  charge 
before  our  setting  forth,  we  pared  and  digged  up  the 
earth  with  shovels  and  sowed  Wheat,  Barley,  Gates, 
Pease,  and  sundry  sorts  of  garden  seeds,  which  for  the 
time  of  our  abode  there,  beins:  about  seven  weeks, 
although  they  w^ere  late  sowne,  came  up  well,  giving 
certain  testimony  of  the  goodness  of  the  climate  and 
of  the  soyle.  The  natives  came  to  us  some  times  in 
great  numbers,  at  one  time  as  many  as  one  hundred 
and  twenty  at  once,  We  used  them  kindly,  and  they 
did  eat  Pease  and  Beanes  with  us.  The  men  are  of  a 
tawny  or  chestnut  color,  somewhat  taller  than  our 
people,  strong,  swift,  well  proportioned,  and  given  to 
treacherie,  as  in  the  end  we  perceived.  Some  few  of 
the  men  wore  plates  of  brasse  a  foote  long  and  half  a 
foote  broad  on  their  breasts.  Their  weapons  were 
bows  and  arrows  very  skilfully  made,  and  of  such 
length  and  strength  as  must  have  required  not  only 
great  dexterity,,  but  great  strength  on  the  part  of 
those  who  used  them.  These  arrows  were  of  a  yard 
and  an  handful  long,  made  of  fine  light  wood  very 
smooth  and  round,  with  three  long  and  deepe  blacke 
feathers  of  some  Eagle,  Vulture,  or  Kite  closely 
fastened  with  some  binding  matter.  Their  boats, 
whereof  we  brought  one  to  Bristoll,  were  in  propor- 


MARTIX    PKING.  309 

tioii  like  a  Wherrie  of  the  River  Thfimes,  seventeen 
foot  long  and  four  foot  broad,  made  of  the  burke  of  a 
Birch-tree  far  exceeding  in  bignesse  those  in  England, 
and  though  it  carried  nine  men  standing  upright,  yet 
it  weighed  not  at  the  most  above  sixty  pounds,  a 
thing  almost  incredible  in  regard  to  the  largenesse 
and  capacite  thereof."   ~ 

By  the  end  of  July  Pring  had  loaded  the  Discoverer 
with  sassafras,  when  Jones  sailed  in  her  for  England, 
leaving  him  to  complete  the  cargo  of  the  other  ship. 
On  the  ninth  or  tenth  of  August,  the  Speedwell  de- 
parted from  Whitson  Bay,  and  after  a  passage  of  five 
weeks  by  the  route  of  the  Azores  they  reached  King 
Eoad  below  Bristol  on  the  second  of  November,  the 
bark   havino;  arrived  about  a  fortnight  before.     The 

CD  O 

whole  voyage  occupied  six  months. 

It  is  quite  certain  that  Pring  committed  to  paper  a 
detailed  account  of  this  voyage,  and  historians  have 
generally  attributed  to  him  the  authorship  of  the  rela- 
tion found  in  Purchas.  Such,  however,  is  not  the 
case,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  paragraphs.  A 
Dutch  abstract  of  his  relation  is  mentioned  long 
before  Purchas's  Pilgrims  appeared,  but  the  original 
from  which  it  was  made  has  disappeared.  It  was 
undoubtedly  in  the  possession  of  the  compiler  of  that 
work,  and  one  writer  without  giving  his  authority, 
however,  states  that  Strachey,  who  in  1618,  prepared 
an  account  of  the  Popham  settlement,  "  used  the 
Journals  of  Gosnold,  Pring  and  Rosier"  —  thus  inti- 
mating that  Pring's  Journal  was  published  like  the 
others.     The  manuscript  may  have  been  among  the 


310  MAINE    [IISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

collection  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  which  comprised 
''all  sorts  of  materials  for  the  history  of  English  North 
America,  from  the  first  discovery  down  to  the  civil  war; 
memoirs,  journals  of  voj^ages,  charts,  charters,  minutes 
of  arguments,  letters,  sketches  of  projects,  lists  of 
partners  —  everything  to  illustrate  the  events  and 
their  causes  and  to  display  the  actors,  and  which,  it  is 
not  extravagant  to  suppose,  ma}^,  undreamed  of  by 
their  possessor,  be  now  feeding  the  moths  in  the  gar- 
ret of  some  manor-house  in  Somerset  or  Devon,  or  in 
soinp  orvn't  of  T.ondon.  whioli  vn«:t  oitv  has  alwavsbeen 
the  receptacle,  often  the  final  hiding-place  of  such 
treasures."  New  England  would  welcome  its  discovery 
in  a  spirit  akin  to  that  with  which  the  world  would 
rejoice  at  finding  the  lost  books  of  Livy. 

The  successful  voyage  of  George  Waymouth  in 
1605,  induced  the  next  year  several  fresh  enterprises 
to  the  coast  of  New  Eno'land.  In  one  of  these  Prinor 
bore  a  conspicuous  part.  It  appears  that  Gorges  had 
previously  sent  out  a  ship  under  Captain  Challounge, 
but  the  result  of  the  expedition  was  disastrous.  No 
tidings  could  be  obtained  of  it,  and  this  led  to  des- 
patching another  ship  to  search  for  the  missing  one, 
and  to  make  further  explorations.  The  latter  was  in 
a  great  measure  intrusted  to  Pring.  Of  it,  Gorges 
gives  the  following  account  in  his  "  Briefe  Narration." 

"Shortly  upon  my  sending  away  of  Captain  Chal- 
lounge, it  pleased  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  (Popham) 
according  to  his  promise  to  despatch  Captain  Pring 
from  Bristoll,  with  hope  to  have  found  Captain  Chal- 
lounge, whereby  his  instructions  he  was  assigned,  who 


MAl^TIX   PRING.  311 

observing  the  same,  happily  arrived  there,  but  not 
hearing  by  any  what  became  of  him  (Challounge) 
after  he  had  made  perfect  discovery  of  all  those  rivers 
and  harbors  he  was  informed  of  by  his  instructions,  — 
(the  season  of  the  3'ear  requiring  his  return)  —  brings 
with  him  the  most  exact  discovery  of  that  coast  that 
ever  came  into  my  hands,  and  indeed  he  was  the  best 
able  to  perform  it  of  any  I  met  withall  to  this  present, 
which  with  his  relation  of  the  Country,  wrought  such 
an  impression  on  the  Lord  Chiefe  Justice,  and  us  all 
that  were  his  associates,  that  (notwithstanding  our 
first  disaster)  we  set  up  our  resolutions  to  follow  it 
with  effect."  On  this  report  an  expedition  was  at 
once  fitted  out  to  establish  a  colony. 

From  the  completion  of  his  last  American  voyage 
until  1614,  Pring  was  probably  in  the  East  India 
service.  Purchas  makes  several  extracts  from  his 
manuscript  journal  of  two  voyages  to  that  part  of  the 
world  between  1614  and  1621.  In  the  last  of  these 
he  commanded  a  squadron  of  five  ships,  one  of  which 
was  over  a  thousand  tons  burden.  At  that  time  the 
vessels  of  the  East  India  Company  combined  many  of 
the  requisites  of  ships  of  war  ;  and  the  officer  in  charge 
of  an  entire  fleet  bore  the  title  of  General.  While 
on  this  service,  he  captured  a  Portugese  frigate,  and 
in  cooperation  with  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  attacked  the 
Dutch  fleet,  off  the  Island  of  Java.  Upon  the  death  of 
Dale,  in  1619,  Pring  succeeded  to  the  command  of 
the  whole  English  East  India  squadron.  After  his 
return,  there  is  no  account  of  any  other  voyages 
which  he  performed.     His   merits    were   appreciated 


312  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

in  Virginia,  and  a  record  of  1G22  shows  that  "the 
Quarter  Court  of  the  Virginia  Company  thought  fit 
to  make  Captain  Martin  Pring  a  freeman  of  the  Com- 
pany, and  to  give  him  two  shares  of  Land  in  regard  of 
the  large  contribution  which  the  gentlemen  and  mari- 
ners of  his  ship  liad  given  toward  good  works  in 
Virginia,  whereof  he  was  an  especial  furtherer." 

Captain  Pring  died  in  1626.  By  his  will,  executed 
that  year,  it  appears  that  the  name  of  his  wife  was 
Elizabeth,  and  that  he  had  one  son  and  five  daughters. 
An  imposing;  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
St.  Stephen's  Church,  Bristol,  by  the  Companj^  of  the 
Merchant  Venturers  of  that  city.  The  inscription, 
which  is  as  follows,  '-  acquires,"  says  his  biographer, 
"additional  strength  from  representing  the  sentiments 
of  a  public  body,  instead  of  being  due  to  private  and 
individual  aflections,  a  source  which  is  apt  to  be  in- 
fluenced by  partiality." 

To  the  pious 
Memorie  of  Martin  Fringe, 

Merchant,  sornetymee  Generall  to  the 

East  Indies,  and  one  of  ye 

Fraternitie  of  the 

Trinitie  House. 

The  liuing  worth  of  this  dead  man  was  such 

That  this  fay'r  Touch  can  gine  you  but  A  touch 

Of  his  admired  gifts;  the  ise  quarter'd  Arts, 

Enrich'd  his  kno\vledge  and  ye  spheare  imparts 

His  hearts  true  Embleme  where  pure  thoughts  did  moue 

By  A  most  sacred  Infiuence  from  aboue. 

Prudence  and  fortitude  ore  topp  this  toombe, 

Which  is  braue  FRINGE  tooke  vpp  ye  cheifest  roome; 

Hope,  —  Time  supi>orters  showc  that  hee  did  clyme. 


I 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EARLY  MAINE  MINISTERS.  313 

The  highest  pitch  of  hope,  though  not  of  Tyrue. 

His  paiuefuU,  skillful  tiau.iyles  reach't  as  faire 

As  from  the  Article  to  th'  Aiitartick  starre; 

Hee  made  himselfc  A  shippe.     Keligiou 

His  onely  compass,  and  the  truth  alone 

His  guiding  Cynosure,  faith  was  his  sailes, 

His  anchovr  hope,  A  hope  that  never  fayles; 

His  fraight  was  charite;  and  his  returne 

A  fruitfull  practice.     In  this  fatall  vrne 

His  shipps  fayr  Bulck  is  lodg'd  but  ye  ritch  ladinge 

Is  hous'd  in  heaven,  A  hanen  neuer  fadiuge. 

Hie  terris  multum  iactatus  el  vndis. 


owtA„„„{s^>^',;;[ 


1626. 
4G. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE   LIVES   OF  EARLY 
MAINE  MINISTERS. 

BY   WILLIAM    D,    WILLIAMSON. 

Presented  to  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  with  an  Introduction  by  Joseph 
Williamson,  December  10,  1881. 

[COXCLUDED.] 

REV.  THURSTON  WHITING. 
Rev.  Thurston  Whitixg,  ordained  in  July,  1776, 
was  the  second  settled  minister  in  Newcastle.  His 
predecessor  was  Eev.  Alexander  Boyd,  ^vlio  was  dis- 
missed in  1758.  The  interval  of  eighteen  years  had 
been  truly  full  of  anxiety  and  interest  in  Newcastle. 
The  affairs  and  transactions  with  Mr.  Boyd,  and  also 
with  Mr,  Ward,  made,  in  their  progress  and  result, 
unfavorable  impressions  upon  the  minds  of  the  people. 
They  tended  to  loosen,  and  even  break,  the  ties  of 
sound  union,  which  always  in  all  younger  communi- 


314  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

ties  specifilly  need  strengthening.  Parochial  disputes 
and  religious  controversies  are  the  hotbeds  of  evil, 
which  nothing  but  long  labor  and  much  grace  can 
change  into  the  garden  of  the  Lord.  After  the 
departure  of  Mr.  Ward  in  1761,  the  people  emplo3^ed 
several  candidates,  and  invited  Rev.  Moses  Job  Lain, 
Samuel  Perley,  William  Southmayd,  Joel  Benedict 
and  Jesse  Reed  to  settle  with  them  in  the  ministry, 
but  they  severally  returned  answers  in  the  negative. 
Mr.  Whiting  first  appears  as  a  preacher  at  Winthrop 
in  1773  and  next  in  1775  at  Newcastle,  where  he  is 
now  settled.  The  people  had  been  Presbyterians,  yet 
beinor  willino:  to  adopt  ConQ-reorational  rites  and  forms 
in  harmony  with  his  sentiments,  they  settled  him  on 
that  foundation,  and  a  church  of  the  same  order  was 
embodied  at  the  same  time.  But  Mr.  Whiting  was 
not  the  minister  for  the  people  of  Newcastle.  He 
did  not  in  the  outset  come  to  them  in  the  power  and 
spirit  of  Elijah  or  Paul.  He  had  not  a  collegiate 
education  ;  he  had  no  more  than  ordinary  abilities  ; 
there  was  nothing  captivating,  or  commanding  in  the 
turn  or  temperament  of  the  inan.^  Nor  was  he 
endued  with  the  faculty  to  mold  disconnected  mate- 
rials into  form  and  comeliness  and  thus  build  up  the 
parish.  His  destiny,  at  length,  proved  to  be  like  that 
of  his  predecessor,  for  in  January,  1782,  he  was  dis- 
missed, not  without  reflections  by  the  Council,  after 
an  unpleasant  pastorate  of  five  years  and  six  month. 
The  next  year  he  was  preaching  in  Edgecomb  when 

1  This,  I  think,  is  incorrect,  inasmuch  as  he  was  never  destitute  of  many  warm 
friends,  and  when  I  knew  hiin  in  later  years  possessed  an  amiable,  mild,  social 
disposition,  thou^b  he  was  wanting  in  firmness.    Cykus  Eaton. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EAKLY  :MA1NE  MIXISTEKS.  315 

the  Coiiiieil  formally  restored  liim  to  "  good  standing" 
and  organized  a  chinch,  but  did  not,  though  requested, 
think  fit  to  instal  liim.  Tn  two  or  three  years  after 
the  dismissal  of  Mr.  Urquhart,  about  1 784-85,  Mr. 
Whiting  removed  into  Warren  and  was  employed 
about  ten  years  in  preaching  there  and  in  Thomaston, 
but  was  never  resettled  after  leaving  Newcastle. 
In  179G  he  represented  Warren  in  the  General  Court, 
and  it  might  have  been  more  for  his  honor,  interest 
and  happiness  if  he  had  never  engaged  in  any  other 
than  secular  employments,  for  uneducated,'  uncon- 
verted, self-made  men  are  never  distinguished  for  their 
success  and  usefulness  in  the  ministry  of  the  gospel. 

REV.  BENJAMIN  CHAD  WICK. 

Rev.  Benjamin  Chadwick,  Harvard  College  1770, 
was  ordained  December,  1776,  the  second  settled 
minister  in  the  second  parish  of  Scarborough.  His 
predecessor  was  the  Rev.  Mr.  Elvins.  His  ancestors 
were  the  early  settlers  of  Watertown.  His  ministerial 
labors  faithfully  performed  so  wasted  his  strength  and 
impaired  his  health  as  to  affect  severely  his  spirits 
and  gradually  his  mind.  At  his  instance,  therefore, 
he  was  dismissed  in  May,  1795,  by  mutual  consent. 
Afterwards,  .by  exercise,  change  of  air  and  of  scene, 
and  freedom  from  cares,  he  so  far  recovered  his  health 
and  energies  as  to  be  able  to  preach  occasionally, 
though  without  any  pastoral  charge.     He  died  Novem- 

*  His  literary  attainments  were  by  do  means  inconsiderable.  He  entered  college, 
though  for  some  reason,  probably  misconduct,  did  not  graduate.  He  was 
acquainted  with  the  Laljn,  Greek  and  French  languages,  wrote  a  good  style,  and 
Ills  contributions  often  appeared  iu  the  newspapers  of  tlic  day.    C.  E. 


316  '  MAINE    IJISTORICAL,    SOCIETY. 

ber  10,  1819,  respected  and  lamented.  His  piety 
shone  with  pure  light,  and  might  have  been  splendid 
had  it  not  been  veiled  with  gloom  and  even  eclipsed 
by  the  dark  planet  of  ill  health. 

REV.  CHARLES  TURNER. 

Rev.  Charles  Turner,  Harvard  College,  1762, 
preached  and  dwelt  in  Turner,  but  was  never  settled 
in  Maine.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Pilgrim  ancestry 
at  old  Plymouth  and  a  minister  of  Duxbury  seventeen 
years.  He  first  visited  this  place,  called  Sylvester 
plantation,  in  1776,  the  year  after  the  first  settlement 
was  begun,  and  again  in  1779,  at  which  latter  time  he 
admitted  such  as  desired  to  own  the  covenant  and 
then  baptized  them  and  their  children.  This,  denom- 
inated the  "  half-way  covenant,"  was  an  unfortunate 
beginning  of  religious  establishments  in  a  new  town. 
Nor  did  the  procedure  evince  the  minister's  scriptural 
godliness,  nor  the  most  correct  view  of  the  sacred 
ordinances.  He  continued  to  preach  in  different 
places  and  in  1792  he  removed  into  this  tow^n,  it  hav- 
ing been  incorporated  July  7,  1786,  and  also,  as  a 
compliment  to  him,  taken  his  surname.  After  Mr. 
Strickland's  dismission  in  1797,  both  were,  at  times, 
employed  to  preach,  and  in  1802  Mr.  Turner  was 
invited  by  the  parish  to  settle,  but  the  procedure  was 
non-concurred  by  the  church  and  nothing  was  affected. 
Mr.  Turner  was  in  the  ministry  about  forty  years, 
though  only  fitted  for  secular  employments.  No  man 
can  teach  what  he  never  knew,  nor  guide  to  heaven 
in  ways  to  which  he  is  a  stranger.     He  emigrated  into 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EAItLY  MA1>"E  JIINISTERS.  317 

this  new  town,  principally  for  the  peennicary  advan- 
tages of  his  famil}",  an  enterprise  wherein  he  met  a 
reward.  His  son,  John,  a  worth}^  man,  was  the  first 
representative  of  Turner,  1806-7-8-9,  in  the  General 
Court  and  a  magistrate. 

KEY.  NATHANIEL  WEBSTER.       • 

Rev.  Nathaniel  Webster,  Harvard  College  1769, 
was  ordained  April  14,  1779,  the  third  settled  minister 
of  Biddeford  succeeding  to  the  pastorate  of  Rev. 
Moses  Morrell,  He  is  believed  to  be  the  son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Webster,  D.  D.,  who,  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  1737,  was  the  minister  of  Salisbury,  Mass., 
and  died  1796.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  partook 
largely  of  the  talents  so  readily  conceded  to  the 
name,  and  acquired  the  character  of  a  pious  and 
devoted  divine.  His  ministry  closed  with  his  life,  in 
1728,  after  being  extended  thirty-nine  years. 

EEV.  JOHN  ADAMS.       ^ 

Rev.  John  Adams  was  the  first  minister  in  Wash- 
ington plantation,  incorporated  a  town  February  26, 
1794,  by  the  name  of  Newfield.  He  was  the  son  of 
Mathew  Adams,  an  ingenious  and  literary  mechanic  of 
Boston,  whose  writino-  in  the  New  England  Journal 
raised  him  to  public  notice.  He  died  in  1753  leaving 
several  children  without  any  other  inheritance  than  an 
estimable  reputation.  His  son  John,  above  named, 
born  1732,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1745, 
the  father  having  anxiously  labored  to  give  him  a 
liberal    education.       Having  completed  a  theological 


318  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

course  of  reading,  be  was  ordained  in  1748  at  Dur- 
ham, in  New  Hampshire/  the  nephew  of  Rev.  Hu,o:h 
Adams,  the  first  minister  settled  in  that  place.  But, 
unfortunately,  the  subject  of  this  notice  was  connected 
with  a  people  whose  opposition,  fanaticism  and  indo- 
lence gave  him  great  discomfiture.  For  in  the  words 
of  Dr.  Eliot,  •'  Huy  man  who  received  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, who  wore  a  baud  or  black  coat,  and  held  a 
regular  service  on  tlie  Lord's  day,  was  called  hireling, 
thief,  wolf,  or  anything  that  would  make  him  odious. 
So  insulted,  he  was  often  enveloped  in  gloom,  read}^ 
to  sink  into  despondency.  In  his  best  days,  however, 
he  was  very  much  the  sport  of  his  feelings.  Some- 
times he  was  so  depressed,  as  to  seem  like  a  being 
mingling  with  the  dust ;  then,  suddenly,  he  would 
mount  up  to  heaven  with  a  bolder  wing  than  any  of 
his  contemporaries.  This  would  happen  frequently  in 
the  pulpit,  so  that  when  he  had  been  all  the  week 
preparing  a  sermon  which  was,  according  to  his  own 
expression,  as  dull  as  his  feelings,  he  would  take  a 
new  text  and  give  a  flow  to  his  sentiments  and  expres- 
sions, which  were  much  better  than  he  was  ever  able 
to  utter  with  previous  consideration.  His  delivery 
was  then  as  lively  as  his  fancj'."  He  was  called  in 
another  publication,  "  a  man  of  superior  natural 
talents,  but  rather  eccentric  in  his  genius." 

At  length  the  people  became  weary  of  supporting 
a  man  they  did  not  like,  and  of  paying  their  money 
which  they  thought  they  needed  more  for  other  pur- 
poses in  time  of  war;  therefore,  they  dismissed  him 

» 2  Coll.  of  Farmer  Moore  p.  3C5. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EARLY  MAINE  MINISTERS.    319 

ii)  17GS,  and  it  was  a  dissolution  "vvhich  ministered 
much  to  his  own  relief  and  comfort.  In  a  couple  of 
years  the  proprietors  of  Newfield  believing- a  preached 
gospel  to  be  of  the  first  importance  in  new  settle- 
ments, freely  gave  him  four  hundred  acres  of  land  in 
consideration  of  which  he  removed  his  family  into  the 
plantation  in  February,  1781,  when  it  contained  only 
five  or  six  families.  Indeed,  the  population  in  1790 
was  only  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  souls.  Mr. 
Adams  was  a  physician  as  well  as  a  minister,  and 
rendered  himself  exceedingly  useful  in  both  profes- 
sions, continually  douig  good,  tor  he  preached  con- 
stantly, somewhere,  and  practised  physic  in  Newfield, 
Ijexington,  Parsonsfield  and  Limerick  till  a  short  time 
before  his  death.  His  home  was  in  Newfield  and  he 
died  there  June  4,  1792,  aged  sixty  years,  leaving  a 
character  for  faith  and  good  works  which  will  not,  for 
ages,  wholly  be  lost  in  oblivion. 

KEY.  DAVID  JEWETT. 

Rev.  David  Jewett,  Harvard  College  1769,  was 
installed  January  2,  1782,  the  first  settled  minister  of 
VVinthrop,  which  was  incorporated  in  1771.  The  first 
preacher  here  was  Rev.  Thurston  Whiting,  1773  ;  the 
second  was  Rev.  Jeremiah  Shaw  in  1776,  when  a 
church  was  formed  of  twenty-seven  members.  Mr. 
Jewett  had  been  recently  dismissed  from  a  pastoral 
charge  in  Candia,  N.  H.,  and  he  now  entered  upon  the 
solemn  duties  and  labors  of  his  office  as  an  experienced 
teacher.  But  his  ministry  was  of  short  continuance, 
he  being  taken  from  his  people  by  death  in  February, 


320  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

ITSo,  in  less  than  fourteen  months  after  his  instaUa- 
tion.  Transformed  by  grace  and  fitted  to  die,  he  was 
translated  early  to  the  mansions  of  blessedness.  In 
his  departure,  the  world  had  a  minister  less  ;  God  an 
angel  more. 

RE 7.  CALEB  JEW1':TT. 

Rev.  Caleb  Jewett,  Dartmouth  College  1776, 
ordained  November  20,  1783,  was  the  third  settled 
minister  of  Gorham.  He  w^as  a  successor  of  Eev. 
Isaiah  Thatcher.  He  was  a  kindred,  perhaps  a 
brottier  ot  Kev.  David  Jewett,  settled  at  Winthrop. 
They  were  both  men  of  considerable  talents,  forcible 
and  persevering,  rather  than  intuitive,  free  and  flow- 
ing. Abundant  time  was  taken  for  the  people  of 
Gorham  to  become  acquainted  wdth  his  piety  and 
powers,  for  he  was  there  more  than  two  years  before 
he  was  settled.  He  was  their  preacher,  in  all,  about 
nineteen  years,  and  though  his  preaching  was  inter- 
mitted by  reason  of  infirmity  a  year  or  two  before  his 
death,  his  pastoral  relation  was  only  dissolved  by  his 
own  dissolution,  which  occurred  in  1801  —  a  good  and 
faithful  minister  of  consecrate  memory. 

REV.  SAMUEL  PERLEY. 

Rev.  Samuel  Perley,  Harvard  College  1763,  in- 
stalled the  eighth  of  September,  1781:,  the  second 
settled  minister  of  Gray.  He  was  the  successor  of 
Rev.  Samuel  Nash,  much  such  a  man  and  minister, 
and  continued  his  pastoral  relation  about  the  same 
len*!:th  of  time.     But  neither  of  them  were  fit  ministers 


i 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EARLY  3LMNE  MINLSTERS.  321 

for  Graj^  No;  the  people  there  longed  for  a  minister 
of  splendid  mind,  interesting  manners,  pristine  piety  : 
for  such  a  preacher  sent  from  God  might  have  been 
the  means  of  showing  what  religion  can  achieve. 
Mr.  Perley  had  been  previously  a  settled  minister  at 
Seabrook  and  at  Moultonborough,  N.  H.  A  repeat- 
edly dismissed  minister,  like  an  often  removed  family, 
gathers  no  substance,  nor  yet  fame.  He  may  varnish 
and  redeliver  his  old  sermons,  but  they  are  not  new- 
cooked  viands  directly  from  the  fire.  On  his  settle- 
ment Presbyterianism  was  adopted.  He  represented 
Gray  in  the  General  Court  in  1788,  and  he  worried 
along  till  May,  1791,  when  he  and  his  people  mutually 
agreed,  and  perhaps  rejoiced,  to  be  set  asunder. 
From  that  time  he  ceased  to  preach,  though  short  of 
fifty  years  of  age;  a  minister  whose  motives  and 
character  were  better  than  his  piety  and  talents. 
His  son,  Jeremiah  Perley,  was  a  counselor-at-law, 
author  of  Powers  and  Duties  of  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
and  stenographer  of  the  delegates  in  the  convention 
at  Portland  that  formed  the  constitution,  1820.  He 
died  at  Orono,  1830,  a  pious  man. 

REV.  JOHN  STRICKLAND. 

Rev.  John  Strickland,  Yale  College  1761,  in- 
stalled September  20,  1784,  the  first  settled  minister 
and  second  preacher  of  Turner.  Rev.  Charles  Turner 
had  previously  preached  there  and  his  residence  was 
in  that  town.  Mr.  Strickland  was  a  dismissed  minister, 
having  been  previously  settled  first  at  Oakham,  Mass., 
April  1,  1768,  dismissed  June  24,  1773,  and  again 
Vol.  VII.        23 


322  MAINE    IIISTOIUCAL    SOCIETY. 

installed  July  15,  1774,  at  Nottingham,  West,  N.  H.. 
and  was  then  dismissed  a  second  time  in  1783.  He 
professed  to  be  a  Presbyterian  :  a  church  was,  there- 
fore, previously,  August  IG  (1784),  established  on 
that  foundation,  and  he  was  installed  by  the  "  Salem 
Presbytery"  removed  there  for  that  purpose.  On 
this  occasion  Eev.  Dr.  Nathaniel  Whitaker,  lately  dis- 
missed from  Salem,  Mass.,  and  John  Urquhart,  late 
minister  of  Warren,  and  Mr.  Perley,  just  installed  at 
Gray,  officiated  in  the  ordination.  There  was  at  this 
time  in  Turner  only  two  hundred  and  twenty  souls. 
For  five  or  six  years  his  situation  was  satisfactory,  as 
he  enjoyed  the  praise  of  his  people  and  his  ministerial 
success  was  considerable,  as  he  saw  his  church  in- 
crease from  thirteen  to  thirty-two  members.  But  the 
day  of  ordeal  had  arrived :  several  of  his  parishioners 
had  become  affected  with  the  Baptist  leaven,  and, 
consequently,  on  the  seventeenth  of  Noveuiber,  1702, 
they  were  incorporated  with  their  brethren  in  Brook- 
field  into  a  religious  society.  Thus  weakened,  Mr. 
Strickland  like  a  good  shepherd  that  careth  for  the 
flock,  agreed  to  relinquish  so  much  of  his  salary  as  the 
seceders  would  have  paid  and  strive  to  live  on  the 
rest.^  For  the  seven  subsequent  years  he  rather 
existed  than  lived,  and  on  the  eighteenth  of  May, 
1797,  he  took  a  final  dismission.  He  continued  to 
reside  in  town  and  was  sometimes  employed  as  its 
minister.  In  1806,  March  12,  he  was  installed  the 
first  settled  minister  in  Andover,  formerly  East  An- 
dover.     He  died  there  full  of  years  and  experience  in 

*  His  wife  was  Patty  Stone,  by  wlioni  he  had  fourteen  children,  eleven  of  whom 
survive  him.    She  died  May  4,  1805. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EARLY  MAINE  MINISTERS.    323 

the  ministry  of  the  Lord,  October  4,  1823,  a  good 
man,  though  not  a  great  preacher.  His  death  was  in 
the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age.  (See  3  Coll. 
Farmer  and  Moors  p.  117,  appx.  98.) 

REV.  NATHANIEL  AVHITAKER. 

Rev.  Nathaniel  Whitaker,  Nassau  Hall  1752,  D. 
D.,  at  Dartmouth  College  1780,  was  installed  Septem- 
ber 10,  1784,  the  first  settled  minister  in  (Canaan), 
the  present  Bloomfield.  He  had  been  recently  dis- 
n::c?:d  frcir.  S;,lcin,  }.lz2z.,  r.nd  removed  into  this  new 
place  in  hopes  of  a  happier  home.  Himself  a  Presby- 
terian, he  received  installation  from  the  Salem  Pres- 
bytery that  adjoiirned  its  session  at  Gray,  after  rein- 
ducting  Mr.  Perley  into  the  sacerdotal  office  to 
Bloomfield.  Dr.  Whitaker  continued  his  ministry 
about  five  years,  and  then  he  took  a  dismission  and 
left  the  town  to  labor  in  some  richer  vine'yards.  Dr. 
Whitaker  was  not  the  first  nor  the  last  mistaken 
great  man  that  supposed  he  should  be  the  Alpha 
and  Omega,  in  influence  and  dictation,  after  a  removal 
into  this  eastern  country.  The  settlers  of  a  new- 
formed  community  are  often  more  shrewd  and  enter- 
prising than  those  left  resident  in  the  places  of 
their  nativity.  They  are,  likewise,  more  jealous  of 
strangers  having  more  intercourse  with  them  ;  also, 
abilities  and  character  are  as  quickly  discerned,  and 
as  often  in  requisition  as  in  places  older  and  more 
populous.  An  oak  standing  alone  is  more  readily 
essayed  and  even  more  easily  upturned  than  in  a 
forest. 


324  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

REV.  JOSEPH  LITCHFIELD. 

Rev.  Joseph  Litchfield,  Brown  University  1773, 
ordained  July  10,  1782,  was  the  second  settled  minister 
of  the  Second  Parish  in  Kittery.  He  was  the  succes- 
sor of  Eev.  Josiah  Chase.  Though  Mr.  Litchfield  was 
old-fashioned  in  his  appearance,  manners  and  style  of 
preaching,  and  formal  in  his  prayers,  he  was  thought 
to  be  unquestionably  a  pious  man,  and  allowed  to  be 
an  orthodox  minister.  But  his  salary  was  small  and 
his  family  large ;  hence,  he  was  under  a  necessity  of 

CiOill^      lilUi'C      CsUOUicti      kdiJyJL       li_i(.4.il       »(  ilo      OOil^iScCIi  t    V."1lU    ft 

full  discharge  of  his  parochial  duties.  His  useful 
ministry  was,  however,  continued  through  the 
lengthened  period  of  little  less  than  forty  years.  He 
died  at  his  dwelling-place  January  28,  1828,  aged 
seventy-eight  years.  He  was  probabl}^  the  brother  of 
Rev.  Paul  Litchfield,  Harvard  College  1775,  who  died 
at  Carlisle,  Massachusetts,  November  5,  1827,  aged 
seventy-six  years.  It  is  good  evidence  in  support  of  a 
minister's  usefulness  to  find  that  the  people  of  his 
parish  in  New  England,  who  have  intelligence  and 
think  and  act  with  independence,  have  sat,  edified 
and  contented,  under  his  charge  and  instructions  nearly 
half  a  century. 

REV.  PETER  POWERS. 

Rev.  Peter  Powers,^  Harvard  College  1754,  was 
probably  a  descendant  of  an  ancestor  having  the  same 
name,  and  born  in  1G13  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  Mr. 
Powers  was  many  years  the  minister  of  Haverhill,  N. 

>  Originally  perhaps  "  Power."    2  Savage's  Wenth  148.    Farmer. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF  EAIILY  ^fAlNE  MINISTERS.  325 

li.,  situated  liortliwesleily  of  Dartmouth  College. 
Being  dismissed  in  1784,  he  proceeded  to  Deer  Isle 
and  the  next  year  took  charge  of  the  new  church 
there,  being  its  first  pastor.  Animated  by  a  lively 
faith  in  his  Lord,  he  preached  the  truth  with  force  and 
soberness  ;  truth  which  his  Divine  Master  set  home 
with  effectual  power  upon  the  hearts  of  his  charge, 
for  in  1798,  he  had  the  heartfelt  satisfaction  of  wit- 
nessing a  revival  of  religion,  which  hardly  terminated 
with  the  succeeding  year.  All  his  parishioners  were 
awakened  to  serious  thought ;  about  fifty  were  sub- 
jects ot  tne  mighty  work,  and  still  others  were  dis- 
ciples of  reform.  In  the  midst  of  this  refreshing 
season,  Mr.  Powers  was,  however,  confined  to  his 
house,  unable,  through  illness,  to  preach  to  his  people 
from  the  lively  oracles  and  mingle  with  them  in  spir- 
itual sympathies.  He  died  in  the  fore  part  of  the  year 
1799,  when  short  of  seventy  years  old.  He  possessed 
talents  of  a  superior  order,  piety  that  sanctifies  the 
affections  and  faithfuhiess  that  searches  the  heart,  yet 
never  fears,  never  tires.  "An  Humble  Inquiry  into 
the  Nature  of  Convenanting  with  God,"  was  published 
by  him  three  years  before  his  decease.  It  was  logical 
and  able  ;  intended  to  encounter  the  practise  of  the 
*' half-way  covenant." 

REV.  SAMUEL  NASH. 

Rey.  Samuel  Nash,  Brown  University  1770,  in  the 
second  class  of  graduates,  was  ordained  June  21,  1775, 
the  first  settled  minister  of  New  Boston,  the  present 
town  of  Gray,  incorporated  in  June,  1778.     A  Congre- 


\ 

326  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

gatioual  church  was  formed  of  seven  male  members  in 
August,  177-1,  with  hopes  of  peace  divine  and  reviving 
grace.  He  was,  probably,  a  descendant  of  the  wortliy 
pilgrim  whose  name  he  bore  and  wlio  settled  in  Dux- 
borough,  Massachusetts.  Mr.  Nash  was  not  the  man 
for  a  young,  rising  community,  where  the  social  rela- 
tions are  to  be  formed  and  streno-thened  and  the 
original  impress  of  character  to  be  received.  It  is 
quite  a  mistake  to  tliink  that  ordinary  abilities  and 
glimmering  piety  will  answer  for  new  and  small  places. 
For,  surely,  new  towns  need,  first  of  all,  able  ministers, 
in  the  vigor  of  iiie,  glowing  in  •"  tlieir  first  love,"  attrac- 
tive by  the  fresh  beauties  of  holiness.  Such  a  minister 
will  inspire  in  his  people  a  relish  for  divine  things 
which  will  often  be  noticeable  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration. Great  is  a  young  people's  misfortune  to  have 
a  dull  minister.  Mr.  Nash,  unsuccessful  and  disheart- 
ened, took  a  dismission  in  1782,  thus  closing  a  pastor- 
ate of  seven  years  and  a  few  months,  perhaps  with 
regret  that  he  ever  entered  into  the  sacerdotal  office. 


HALLOWELL  RECORDS. 


COMMUNICATED    BY   DR.    W.    B,    LAPHAM. 

[Continued  from  Page  204.] 
John    Smith    3J    was  born  in   England.     Came  to  this  town 
sometime  in  1814.     Married  Margaret,  daughter  of  William  and 
Jane  Vass  of  this  town,  formerly  from  New^York.      Their  chil- 
dren are :  — 

Martha,  b.  Sept.  26,  1815. 
Loisa,  b.  Oct.  G,  1816. 


HALLOWELL    KECOUDS.  327 

Henry  Smith  came  to  this  town  with  bis  family  March  2G, 
1816.     Tho  children  are  :  — 

Harrison,  b.  Dec.  13.  1799. 
Pelina,  b.  :sray  15,  1802. 
Wmtbrop,  b.  June  14,  1804. 
Tbankfu],  b.    June  16,  1806. 
Lucinda,  b.  Aug.  28,  1809. 

Safson  Butler,  son  of  Elijah  Butler  and  Jane  Kelley,  his  wife, 
was  born  in  Edgarton,  Martha's  Vineyard,  October  13,  1761. 
Married  Susanna,  daughter  of  Levi  Young  of  the  same  place. 
Came  to  this  town  March,  1811.  Died  June  20,  18-12,  Their 
children  are :  -— 

•  Henrv  Youner.  b.  Xov.  25.  17S3. 
Jane  Kelley,  b. 

Susan  and  Sarson  (twins),  b.  Mar.  21,  1790. 
Mary,  b.  Sept.  21,  1792. 
Phebe  Young,  b.  Feb.  28,  1794. 
Deborah,  b.  Dec.  12,  1796. 
Elisha,  b.  Aug,  11,  1799. 
Amelia  and  M^atban  (twins),  b.  Oct.  8,  1801. 
Hannah,  b.  Aug.  11,  1S05. 
Shepherd  N.,  b.  Sept.  2,  1808. 

Joseph  White,  son  of  Joseph  White,  was  born  in  Rochester, 
state  of  New  Hampshire.  Married  Sally,  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Gardiner  of  Boston.     Their  children  are: — 

Sally  Mumford  Gardiner,  b.  Apr.  15,  1797. 

MaryHinkley,  b.  Mar.  15,  1799, 

Mr,  Joseph  White,  d.  Oct.  20, 1798,  age  30. 

Ralph  Moran,  son  of  William  Moran  and  Betsey  his  wife,  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny  in  Ireland,  February  1,  1782,  came 
to  this  town  1804,  Married  Hannah,  daughter  of  Daniel  Tibbetts 
and  Betsey  Billington,  his  wife,  w^ho  was  born  in  Litchfield. 
Their  childrc  n  are  :  — 

Mary,  b.  Sept.  4,  1811. 
Eleanor  R.,  b.  Mar,  26,  1814. 
William  Maurice,  b.  Nov.  26,  1817. 
George  M.,  b.  May  11,  1821. 


328  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Ebeuezer  Besse,  sou  of  Jabcz  and  Ruth  Besse,  was  born  in 
Wareham.  Married  Patience  Burgess  of  Rochester.  Their 
children  are  : — 

Warren,  b.  Mar.  18.  1797,  ) 

Henrietta,  b.  Ana.  2:^.  1798,       >    in  Wayne. 
Lot  Handy,  b.  Dec.  26,  1790,     ) 

Braddock,  b.  July  21,  ISOl,  in  Hallowell. 

Ebenezer,  b.  Feb.  1S03. 

George,  b.  Oct.  6.  1804. 

Loisa,  b.  July  17,  1SU6  ;  d.  Nov.  15. 

Mary  Ann,  b.  Nov.  21,  1807. 

Julia  Ann,  b.  Sept.  25,  1809. 

A  son,b.  Dec.  24,  1810:  d. 

Achsab,  b.  July  25,  1S13. 

J'abez  Dingley  of  xMarsbfield  came  with  his  family  to  this  town 
August  5,  1816.     Their  children  are  : — 

Harvey,  b.  Aug.  31,  1797. 
Celia,  b.  June  7,  1800. 
Jabez,  b.  Sept.  6,  1809. 
Iciiabou,  b.  July  1,  1812. 

Solomon  Clark,  son  of  Jonathan  Clark  and  Judith  Norton,  his 
wife,  was  born  in  Wells,  county  of  York,  March  23,  177-1,  came  to 
this  town  November  9, 1793.  Married  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
and  Betsey  Thurston  of  Exeter,  New  Hampshire.  Their  children 
are : — 

Charlotte,  b.  Nov.  25,  1794. 

John,  b.  Sept.  1,  1798. 

Joseph  S.,  b.  Oct.  23,  1799. 

Ebenezer,  b.  Dec.  25,  1801;  d.  Nov.  21,  1884. 

Lucretia  Pa^e,  b.  Feb.  9,  1804. 

Eliza  S.,  b.  July  22,  1806. 

William  Rufus,  b,  Nov.  25,  1808;  d.  Oct.,  1835. 

Mary  Jane,  b.  Mar.  11,  1813:  d.  Feb.  22,  1837, 

George  F.,  b.  Oct.  31,  1815. 

Robert  Francis,  son  of  Jeremiah  Francis,  was  born  in  Creigh- 
ton  in  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  county  of  Surry,  came 
to  this  town,  March  1797.     Married  Mary,  daughter  of  Bachelder 


HALLOWELL   llECOlxDS.  329 

Bennett  of  Middleborougb.     Robert  Francis  died  XovcniLcr  16, 
1834.     Mrs.  Francis  died   March  3,  1S51.     Their  children  are  :— 

Mary  licimett,  b.  June  6,  1799. 
Robert,  b.  Oct.  23,  ISOO. 
Jeremiah,  b.  Mar.  IS,  1S02. 
Orrin,  b.  Feb.  16,  ISOT. 

Elisabeth,  natural  daughter  of  Jose.ph  Leigh  of  this  town  living  iu  the 
family,  b.  Feb.  16,  1815. 

Barney  Gorbara,  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Johnson 
of  Hailowell.     Tlieir  chiMrcn  are: — 

Hiram,  b.  Sept.  22,  1S04. 
Sarah  Jane,  b.  July  13, 1806. 
Betsey,  b.  Nov.  11,  1808. 
Olive,  b.  Apr.  22,  1812. 

Gideon  Gilman,  son  ofEliphalet  and  Joanna  Gilman  was  born 
in  Gilmanton,  state  of  New  Hampshire,  March  29,  1770.  Came 
with   his  father's   family   to   this   town    1785.     Married   Nancy 

daughter  of  Benjamin  and Hilton  of  tliis  town,  by  whom 

he  had  one  child  viz. :— Eliza,  b.  November  10, 1800.     Mr.  Gilman 
died,  January  4,  1845. 

Mrs.  Nancy  Gilman  died  March  30,  1810,  and  Mr.  Gilman  mar- 
ried  Lois,  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Silence  White  of  this  town. 
Their  children  are  : — 

Lucy,  b.  Apr.  15,  1813. 
Eliphalet,  b.  Apr.  10,  1815. 
Mary,  b.  May  11,  1817. 
Nancy,  b.  Jan.  15,  1820. 
Gideon,  b.  July  2, 1824. 
EUtn.  b.  July  8,  1S2G. 
John,  b.  Mar.  19,  1829. 

Nathan  G.  Pratt,  son  of  Richard  Pratt  and  Rebecca  Ingals, 
his  wife,  was  born  in  Lynn,  November  10,  1770.  Married,  Mary, 
daughter  of  James  Keppell  of  Salem,  who  was  born  July  3,  1773. 
Came  to  this  town  July,  1809.     Their  children  are: — 

Mary,  b.  Mar.  18,  1797;  d.  Feb.  9,  1842. 
Nathan,  b.  Dec.  15,  179G;  d.  Aug.  2,  1814. 
Harriet,  b.  Feb.  13,  1800;  d.  June  3,  1800. 
John  Gillespee,  b.  Oct.  17, 18Q2;  d.  Oct.  13,  1884. 


330  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

Eliza  Cox,  b.  Dec.  6,  ISOo. 
Julia  Auu,  b.  Aup.  20,  1S08. 
James  Archor,  b.  Sept.  10,  ISll. 

The  children  of  William  Harvey,  viz. : — 

James,  b.  Juue  4,  1S13,  in  Euglaud. 

William,  b.  Mar.  2-1,  ISIO,  at  .^ea. 

Mary  Loisa,  b.  Apr.  22,  ISIS,  iu  Qallowell. 

Henry,  b.  Sept.  15,  1S20. 

Charles,  b.  June  15,  1S23. 

Edward,  b.  Feb.  26,  1S25. 

Grace  Greenlief,  b.  July,  22,  1830. 

John  Franklin,  b.  ^lov.  22,  1S33 

Elisha  Nye,  son  of  Elislia  Xye,  married  Nancy  Young  of  this 
town.     Their  children  are  : — 

Nancy,  b.  Dec.  25,  1707, 
Elisha  Bacon,  b.  Mar.  12,  1799. 
James,  b.  Oct.  24.  1S03. 
TilistoD,  b.  June  25,  1800. 
Jane,  b.  Sept.  14,  1807. 
Eleanor,  b.  Jan.  27,  1813. 

Mr.  Nye  was  lost  on  a  passage  to  Boston,  December  3,  1S13. 
Mrs.  Nye  afterwards  formed  an  illicit  connection  with  John 
Smith  of  this  town,  which  produced  a  son  whom  she  named  Rufus, 
born  July  31,  1817. 

The  children  of  Solomon  Stewart  and  Margaret  Drew  his  wife 
are  as  follows,  viz.  : — 

Sulvanus  Freeman,  b.  Mar.  12,  1800;  d.  Oct.  2,  1812. 
James  Gamaliel,  b.  Apr.  23,  1804. 
Mary  Collins,  b.  July  5,  1806;  d.  Feb.  22,  1807. 
Rebecca  Ilovey,  b.  Jan.  20,  li:08;  d.  June  4,  1819. 
John  Collins,  b.  Oct.  3,  1810;  d.  1818. 
John  Collins,  b.  Sept.  3,  1812. 

Deborah  Taylor  Ranville  Cooper,  b.  Nov.  24,  1815;  d.  Sept.  6,  1817. 
Solomon  Stewart,  d.  Sept.  13,  1842. 
Mrs.  Margaret,  d.  March  15,  1840. 

Rufus  Davis  came  with  his  family  to  this  town  March.  1817- 
The  children  are  : — 


Rufus,  b.  Mar.  3,  1801,  ) 

Betsey,  b.  Apr.  20,  1802,        >  in  Farmingtc 

Charlotte,  b.  Feb.  2,  1S04,     ) 


HALLOWELL    RECORDS.  331 


ShoparJ,  1'.  May  10.  ISOG.  ) 

Patty  Ballon,  b.  Nov,  3,  ]S09.       [   iu  New  Sharou. 

Waneu  Smith,  b.  Apr.  30.  1S12,  ) 

Mrs.  Davis  dieJ  January  27,  1S4S. 


Moses  Davis  came  with  his  family  to  this  town  February,  181G. 
The  children  are : — 

Alfred,  b.  May  2,  1802.  in  Madbury. 

Charles,  b.  Dec,  17,  1S04,  in  Lee. 

Mary  Ann,  b.  Apr.  25,  ISIO,  iu  Hallowell. 

Moses  Davis  died  January,  1842. 

Seth  Littlefield,  son  of  Jeremiih  Littlcfield,  was  born  iu  VVells, 
coiirity  o^  York.  Jnly  90.  1757.  Ararried  T>ncy,  dau-^liter  of  .John 
H.  Bartlett  and  Mary  M(>ultori,his  wife,  of  Kittery,  1780.  Came 
with  his  family  to  tliis  town  November,  1795.  Mr.  Seth  Littlefield 
died  January  21, 1804.  Mrs.  Lucy  Littlefield  married  Mr.  Stephen 
Toby  of  Augusta,  September  15,  1809.     Their  children  are: — 

William  Bartlett,  b.  Sept.  2-5,  1781,  in  \Yells. 

James,  b.  SejU.  5,  1783. 

George,  b.  Feb.  16,  17S0;  d.  Apr.,  1812. 

Jeremiah,  b.  June  3,  17SS;  d.  June  2,  1819. 

John,  b.  Mar.  17,  1791;  d.  18^1. 

Dorothy,  b.  Oct.  3,  1793. 

Nathaniel,  b.  May  8,  1796,  in  Hallowell. 

Benjamin,  b.  Mar.  16,  1709;  d.  Mar.  11,  1814. 

Dorcas,  b.  Oct.  12,  1801 ;  d.  Aug.  10,  1806. 

William  B.  Littlefield,  son  of  Seth,  married  Elizabeth  C.  Nye 
of  Sandwich,  county  of  Barnstable,  October,  1807.  Their  chil- 
dren are : — 

George,  b.  Mar.  26.  1809. 

Celia  Nye,  b.  Mar.  16,  1811. 

William,  b.  Nov.  19,  1813. 

Lucy  Boothby,  b.  Dec.  22,  1815. 

Elizabeth  M.,  b.  Apr.  13,  1818. 

Hannah  Emeline,  b.  Jan.  17,  1820;  d.  Aug.  21,  1822. 

Abigail,  b.  May  15,  1822. 

Jane. 


332  JIAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Jeremiah  Liltleficld,  son  of  Seth  Littlefield,  married  Dolly, 
daughter  of  Eliphalet  and  Alice  Pray  of  Berwick,  county  of  York, 
October  9,  1810.     Their  children  are  :— 

Orilla,  b.  July  21,  1811. 
Nathaniel,  b.  Jan.  7,  1S13. 
John,  b.  May  9,  1815. 
Susan,  b.  July  10,  1817. 

Mr.  Littlefield  died  June  2,  1819,  on  his  passage  from  New 
Orleans. 

Isaac  Clark,  son  of  Pease  and  Alice  Clark,  was  born  in  Attlebor- 
ough,  Massachusetts,  August  IG,  1741.  Came  with  his  family  to 
this  town  May  3, 1762.  Married  Alice,  daughter  of  Eliphalet  Phil- 
biook,  ox  Ciuuut-jiaii<],  biiiiu  oi  KLovie  Iblarid.  Their  children 
are : — 

Anna,  b.  Nov.  21,  1767. 

Lydia,  b.  Nov.  17,  1771. 

Martha,  b.  Sept.  19,  1773. 

Isaac,  b.  Sept.  5.  17S0;  d.  iu  Hallowell,  1813. 

William  and  Charlotte,  b.  Oct.  12,  178S, 

Mrs.  Alice  Clark  died  August  15,  1810,  of  a  bilious  colic,  aged 
65. 

Josiah  Bachelder  son  of  Abraham  and  Anna  Bachelder,  was 
born  in  London,  state  of  New  Hampshire,  February,  1779.  Came 
to  reside  in  this  town,  1803.  Married  Betsey,  daughter  of  Moses 
and  Anna  Rollins  of  said  London.     Their  children  are  : — 

George  Albert,  b.  Dec.  25,  1809,  in  Hallowell. 
Sally  Rollins,  b.  Oct.  1,  1812,  in  Gardiner. 
Josiah  Otis,  b.  Feb.  3,  1814,  in  Gardiner. 
Caroline,  b.  Apr.  IB,  1817,  in  Hallowell. 


PROCEEDI^■GS.  333 


PROCEEDINGS. 

December  19,  1895. 

A  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in-  Baxter  Hall, 
and  was  called  to  order  at  2.30  P.  M.,  the  President 
in  the  chair. 

The  followinjj;  crreetinir  to  the  Pil^jrim  Society  of 
Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  was  presented  and  adopted: 

The  Pilgrim  Society  of  Plymouth,  Massacliusetts,  celebrates  on 
Satm-day,  December  21,  1805,  the  two  hundred  and  seventy-fifth 
anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims.  Organized  to  commemo- 
rate the  landing,  and  to  venerate  the  memory  of  the  intrepid  men 
who  first  set  foot  on  Plymouth  Rock,  the  Pilgrim  Society,  for  three- 
quarters  of  a  century,  has  honored  itself,  as  well  as  the  Forefathers, 
by  the  high  character  of  its  public  celebrations,  and  by  its  unwea- 
ried efforts  to  cidtivate  and  perpetuate  the  Pilgrim  spirit.  On  the 
eve  of  this  added  commemorative  occasion,  the  ]Maine  Historical 
Society,  holding  in  everlasting  honor  the  stalwart  virtues  and  heroic 
deeds  of  the  Pilgrims,  sends  its  greetings  to  the  Pilgrim  Society, 
with  the  assurance  of  its  fellowship  in  maintaining  and  extending 
the  principles  which  brought  the  Pilgrims  to  these  New  England 
shores.  James  P.  Baxter, 

President  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society. 

Dr.  Burraore  was  deleorated  to  bear  these  resolutions 
to  the  Plymouth  Society,  and  deliver  them  in  behalf 
of  the  Maine  Historical  Society. 

Mr.  Samuel  T.  Dole,  of  V/indham,  read  a  paper  en- 
titled Gambo,  Old  and  New,  giving  particulars  of  the 
gunpowder  industry  and  the  casualties  that  have 
occurred  at  Gambo  Falls  in  the  powder  mills. 

A  paper  on  Colonel  Thomas  Goldthwaite  of  Fort 
Pownall,  Was  he  a  Tory,  contributed  by  Col.  Robert 


334  MAINE    HISTOIIICAL    SOCIETY. 

Goldthwaite  Carter,  U.  S.  A.,  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
•vvas  read  by  Rev,  Dr.  Burrage. 

A  genealogical  paper  on  the  Rogers'  Family  of 
Plj^mouth  was  presented  by  the  author,  Mr.  J.  H. 
Drummond,  and  it  was  accepted  for  publication. 

A  communication  from  Mr.  Edwin  S.  Drake  of  Port- 
land \vas  read  by  the  Secretary,  giving  an  account  of 
the  discovery  of  some  human  bones  on  Mr.  Stover's 
land  in  Harpswell.  These  bones  w^ere  found  un jointed 
and  split. 

Votps  of  fhrniVs  wpre  passed  for  the  papers  read, 
and  copies  requested. 

At  the  evening  session  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage  presided, 
and  Hon.  William  W.  Thomas  Jr.,  read  a  thorough  his- 
tory of  the  colony  of  New  Sweden  in  Maine. 

February  14,  1896. 

A  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  Baxter  Hall, 
and  was  called  to  order  at  3  P.  M. 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  Life  of  Otis  R.  Johnson  of 
Racine,  Wisconsin,  a  native  of  Maine,  was  read  by  Mr. 
Brown  Thurston.  A  paper  on  the  Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Stephen  Manchester,  the  slayer  of  the  Indian 
chief  Polan,  the  terror  of  the  early  settlers  of  Cum- 
berland County,  was  read  by  Mr.  Nathan  Goold.  At 
the  evening  session  a  paper  on  Nathan  Noble  of 
Gray,  Maine,  was  read  by  Mr.  Nathan  Goold. 

March  26,  1896. 
A  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  Baxter  Hall, 
and  was  called  to  order  at  2.30  P.  M.,  Mr.  George  F. 


PROCEEDINGS.  335 

Emery  in  the  chair.  The  Librarian  and  Curator,  Mr. 
Br^'ant,  made  a  report  of  the  acquisitions  to  the 
library  and  cabinet. 

A  paper  on  Tlic  Little  Falls  of  the  Presumpscot 
River  was  read  by  Mr.  Samuel  T.  Dole  of  Windham. 

Mr.  Leonard  B.  Chapman  read  a  paper  on  the  First 
European  Occupants  of  Saccarappa,  and  exhibited  a 
number  of  photographs  of  landmarks  in  that  local itj'. 

A  paper  of  personal  reminiscences  of  the  late 
Gov.  John  Fairfield  of  Saco,  was  read  by  his  daugh- 
ter. Mrs.  B.  F.  Hamilton  of  Saco.  It  was  largely 
made  up  of  extracts  from  family  letters  written  by 
Gov.  Fairfield  while  in  Congress,  in  which  he  described 
graphically  men  and  doings  in  Washington. 

Rev.  Henry  0.  Thayer  read  a  paper  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  life  of  a  pioneer  minister  on  the  Kennebec. 

Mr.  Edwin  S.  Drake  presented  to  the  Society  some 
additional  fragments  of  human  bones  found  at 
Harpswell. 

Adjourned  until  evening. 

At  the  evenintr  session  Rev.  Dr.  Burrasre  read  a 
paper  contributed  by  Hon.  James  W.  Bradbury  of 
Augusta,  entitled  Some  Railroad  Reminiscences. 

The  President,  Mr.  Baxter,  read  a  paper  on  the 
Municipal  Management  of  Towns,  especially  in 
England. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage,  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  Maine  Historical  Society  urgently  appeals  to  the 
members  of  Congress  from  New  England  to  advocate  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Records  and  Papers  of  the  Continental  Congress. 


336  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Votes   of  thanks  were   passed  for  the   papers  read, 
and  copies  requested  for  the  archives. 
Adjourned. 

AppxIL  24,  1896. 

A  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  Baxter  Hall, 
and,  in  the  absence  of  the  President,  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage 
took  the  chair. 

Mr.  L.  B.  Chapman  of  Deering  read  a  history  of 
the  Mast  Industry  at  Stroud  water  and  Vicinity,  as 
drawn  from  original  documents. 

Tile  second  paper  was  the  History  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Continental  Regiment  of  1776,  Commanded  by 
Col.  Edmund  Phinney  of  Gorham,  by  Mr.  Nathan 
Goold. 

Remarks  were  made  by  the  chairman  and  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Dalton. 

A  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Thomas  Davee  of  Piscata- 
quis County,  contributed  by  John  F.  Sprague  of  Mon- 
son,  was  read  by  Dr.  Burrage. 

The  Recording  Secretary,  Mr.  Bryant,  read  extracts 
from  a  rare  pamphlet  which  he  had  recently  received 
from  London,  entitled,  Description  of  Portland  in  the 
United  States  in  a  letter  from  an  Enu-lish  Gentleman 
in  America  to  his  friend  in  Shropshire,  printed  in 
1816.  The  author,  James  Gay,  settled  in  Portland, 
and  many  of  his  descendants  still  reside  there. 

Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  for  the  papers,  and  the 
meeting  adjourned. 


Ip  f.L\IKE  [II^TOF^IC/IL  poClFjy  pPJEi(Ly 

Will  be  issue-J  J:tir.;ary,  April,  Jaly  aii<\  October.  'Each  miniber 
will  contain  au  attractive  and  valuable  amount  of  historical  mat- 
ter, Proceotliuirs,  Historical  Momoranda  am]  other  miscellaneous 
material. 

It  is  under  the  superintendence  of  IJev.  H.  S.  Burrage,  Rev. 
E.  C.  Cunimings  and  H.  W  Bryant,  as  editing  and  publish- 
in<^  cnnniMUop 

The  continuation  uf  the  j'ublicalion  is  guaranteed  by  the 
strength  in  membership  of  the  Society;  but  as  it  is  expected 
that  there  will  be  a  large  class  of  general  readers  who  can  be 
interested  in  these  researches,  it  is  considered  desirable  to  invite 
the  cooperation  of  that  class  in  carrying  f<jrward  this  good 
woi'k. 

The  terms  of  tl'.e  quarterly  are  Three  Dollars  per  year 
payable  in  advance,  which  includes  postage.  Remittances  may 
be  made  by  money  order,  registered  letter,  check,  or  in  money  at 
the  sender's  risk,  pavaldetu  The  Thurston  Print,  Portland. 

Short  hi.>torical  aiticles,  notes,  queries  aii.d  answers,  are  solicited 
for  publication,  and  should  be  nddres«ed  to  II.  W.  Brvant,  Secre- 
tary Elaine  Historical  Society,  Portland,  Maine. 

We  send  them  out  uncut,  that  they  may  be  bound  at  the  close 
of  the  year  to  correspond i  ^iih  other  volumes  issued  by  the 
Society.  The  price  for  l.tinding  will  be  cloth  50  cts.,  half-sheep 
7o  cts. 

All  corresi-omlence  concerning  subscriptions  and  payment 
should  be  addressed  to 

TilE    THL'KSTOX    PRINT, 

PoKTLAXD,  Maine. 


COLLECTIONS 


AND 


p  R  c  c  r£  E  D I N  as 


MAINE  F^^^^^^"'^ 


iiDlUWljAL  OU 


lOAL  SOCIETI 


^nliqaltatis  glonniranta  CoIUgew 


OCTOBER.    1896 

VOL.  Vll 


PUBLISHED  iOB-THE  SOCIETY  BY 

THE    TUFPtSTOX    PRIKT 

rORiLAXD,  MAINE 


TilBLE     OF     GDITTENTS. 


OCTOiiER,   1896. 

PAGE. 

Origin  of  Deniocratic   Institutions   iu   Xcw    Eui;l;iU'l,   by  Edward 

H.  Ehvell .337 

Thomas  Goidthwait — Was  Ho  n  Tory"?  by  M.  Goldllnvaite  Carter, 

r.  S.  Army, 3G2 

I'l'ilroad  rLtMniniseenoes,  by  Hon.  James  AV.  Bradbury,  .         .  370 

The  Mast  luciiistry  of  Old  Fahnouth,  by  Leonard  B.  Cliapman,       .  ol'O 

Ancient  Xaguaniqueeg.  by  Samuel  T.  Dole,  .         .         .         .  40-3 

Tliomas  Chute,  by  William  Goold, 412 

The  Simaceas  Map  of  1*310.  by  Rev.  Henry  S.  I'.urrage,           .        .  424 
Settlements  in  Maine  afier  the  Penobscot  Expedition,  frum  Massa- 
chusetts Archives, 433 

Letter  of  John  Allan  to  Massachnsetts  Coitncil,         ....  43.> 

HallowoU  Records,  communicated  by  Dr.  W.  B.  Lapham.     .        .  437 

Pvoceediugs, 44.5 


Biiifcin^  and  P"ablish.ing  Staff. 


Rev.  H.  S.  BURRAGE, 
Rev.  E.  C.  CUMMJKGS, 
H.  W.  BRYANT. 


KXTBRED  At  THE   POST  OFIICE   AT   POUTLAN-D,  .MaIXE,  AS   SEC0:;I>  CLASS    MaTTEIC. 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  337 


ORIGIN  OF   DEMOCRATIC   INSTITUTIONS 
IN  NEW  ENGLAND. 

BY  EDWAKD   H.  ELWELL. 

Bead  before  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  May  4,  1893. 

All  history  proves  that  governmental  institu- 
tions among  men  are  not  made  but  grow  out  of  the 
conditions  and  necessities  of  their  surroundings.  As 
the  patriarchal  form  of  government  grew  out  of  the 
family  relations,  so  monarchial  institutions  sprung 
from  the  necessity  of  leadership,  and  the  feudal 
system  of  the  middle  ages  met  the  need  of  the  times. 
Systems  Mi  and  rise  as  conditions  change  and  can 
never  be  made  to  order. 

Nowhere  has  this  fact  been  more  clearly  demon- 
strated than  in  the  growth  of  democratic  institutions 
in  New  England.  They  were  not  purposely  planted 
here.  The  Pilgrim  forefathers  did  not  knowingly 
bring  them,  nor  did  the  colonists  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  purposely  establish  them.  They  sprung  out  of 
the  soil  in  the  favoring  conditions  under  which  it  was 
comprised.  They  became  a  necessity  of  the  times, 
not  always  Avillingly  recognized. 

Neither  the  Pilgrims  nor  the  Puritans  came  here 
with  cut-and-dried  political  institutions.  The  gov- 
ernmental system.s  of  the  old  world  could  not  be 
transplanted  to  the  new.  The  field  was  too  large 
and  uncontrolled.  All  such  systems,  when  attempted 
Vol.  VII.        24 


338  MAIXE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

here,  failed  to  establish  tiieraselves.  The  plans  of 
John  Locke  in  North  Carolina,  and  of  Ferdinando 
Gorges  in  Maine,  with  their  church  establishments, 
their  orders  of  nobility,  their  feudal  tenure  of  land, 
gained  no  foothold  here. 

The  great  object  of  the  Plymouth  and  Massachu- 
setts colonists  was  to  establish  their  own  form  of 
church  government  and  discipline  in  a  place  where 
they  could  live  under  them  unmolested.  In  the 
articles    of    confederation    of    all    the    New    Encrland 

O 

colonies,  in  IG-io,  they  declared  that  they  came  to  this 
country  "  to  advance  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  and  to  enjoy  the  liberties  of  the  gospel  in 
purity  with  peace."  Forms  of  civil  government  w^ere 
a  secondary  consideration  with  them. 

It  is  true  that  both  the  Pilgrims  and  the  Puritans 
brought  with  them  certain  principles  out  of  which 
democratic  institutions  naturally  sprung.  The  condi- 
tions were  favorable,  for  there  were  here  no  riorid 
customs  to  be  overcome,  no  foregone  conclusions  to 
impede  a  progress  to  future  freedom,  sure  if  slow^ 
We  shall  see  how  the  better  men  of  Plymouth,  on 
board  the  Mayflower,  were  constrained,  unwillingly, 
to  grant  civil  rights  to  their  servants  ;  we  shall  see 
how  the  people  (the  church-members)  in  Massachu- 
setts came  to  take  and  keep  powers  which  even 
Winthrop,  one  of  the  most  liberal  of  the  magistrates, 
believed  to  be  most  dangerous;  and  how  the 
people  who  were  not  church-members  took  the 
power  which  had  been  usurped  by  the  members 
alone,  and  exercised   it  in   common  with  them  \  how 


DEMOCRATIC    IXSTITI'TIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  339 

in  short,  Mav^i>ucluisetts  became  a  democracy,  a  tiling 
of  which  the  Rev.  John  Cotton,  the  leading  mind  at 
one  time  in  the  Bay,  said  :  "•  I  do  not  conceive  that 
ever  God  did  ordain  it  a:^  a  fit  government,  either  for 
church  or  commonwealth,  for  if  the  ])eople  be  gov- 
ernors, who  shall  be  governed  ?  "  It  did  not  occur  to 
him  that  the  people  might  govern  themselves.  We 
shall  see  how  this  democracy,  in  spite  of  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  leaders,  grew  up  gradually,  under  the 
force  of  circumstances,  the  pressure  of  necessity  ex- 
pressed by  popular  demand,  questions  being  met  as 
they  arose,  and  decided  by  the  conditions  which 
brought  them  about. 

Though  more  liberal  in  their  views  than  the  Puri- 
tans of  Massachussets  Bay,  the  Pilgrims  of  Plymouth 
did  not  intend  a  democrac\^  They  had  no  faith  in  it. 
They  came  hither  without  a  charter,  and  no  one  or 
more  of  the  parij'  possessed  hereditary  or  delegated 
authority  to  govern  the  rest.  They  thought  little  of 
government  until,  as  the}^  neared  their  destination, 
they  heard  the  mutterings  of  some  of  the  smaller 
grains  of  this  ••choice  seed."  Some  of  the  more 
ignorant  sort  said,  "  It  is  all  very  well ;  but  when  we 
get  abhore,  there  is  pilent}*  of  room  and  one  will  be  as 
good  as  another ;  and  if  we  have  no  voice  in  ordering 
matters,  we  can  step  out  into  the  woods  and  order 
things  to  suit  ourselves."  The  leaders  said  this  will 
never  do,  and  being  men  of  sense  as  well  as  justice, 
they  said  that  to  deny  these  men  —  though  they  were 
"servants" — a  voice  in  diiecting  their  own  common 
affairs  would  not  only  be  unjust,  but  unwise.     They 


340  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

foresaw  the  evils  and  dangers  of  division,  hence  they 
drew  up  the  compact  which  bound  thcra  all  together 
into  "  a  civil  body  politic,  for  their  better  ordering 
and  preservation,"  and  "  by  virtue  thereof  to  enact, 
constitute  and  frame  such  just  and  equal  laws,  ordi- 
nances, acts,  constitutions,  and  oftices,  from  time  to 
time,  as  shall  be  thought  meet  and  convenient  for  the 
general  good  of  the  colony,  unto  which  we  promise 
all  due  submission  and  obedience."  Each  man  was 
asked  to  sign  this  instrument,  and  by  that  act  he 
boniid  himself  to  submit  to  orderly  government, 
while  on  the  other  hand  he  was  admitted  to  an 
equal  share  in  it.  This  was  beginning  de  novo. 
They  were  all  at  sea  in  more  senses  than  one. 
They  had  separated  themselves  from  civil  as  well 
as  ecclesiastical  authority ;  they  of  necessity  fell  back 
on  the  primitive  rights  of  the  individual.  "  This," 
says  an  historian,  "  was  the  birth  of  popular  consti- 
tutional liberty.  Thus  were  organized  the  rights  of 
man.  Each  man  —  master  and  servant  —  thencefor- 
ward was  recognized  as  a  man  ;  felt  the  responsibility 
of  a  man,  and  voted  as  a  man ;  his  voice  counted  as 
one."  But  the  Pilgrims  did  not  take  this  long  look 
ahead.  They  were  providing  only  for  their  own 
safety  in  the  establishment  of  order  among  them- 
selves. They  had  no  power  to  control  the  inferior 
class  without  their  consent.  Necessity  forced  the 
superior  class  to  concede  what  may  have  well  seemed 
then  an  unwise  admission.  But  men  build  better 
than  they  know.  The  men  of  birth  and  education 
amono-    the    PilKi'ims,    while    forced  to    concede  civil 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IX    NE^V    ENGLAND.  341 

equality,  strictly  maintained  the  social  distinctions  to 
which  they  had  been  accustomed.  '^  Mr."  and 
"Goodman"  were  titles  rigidl3'  adhered  to. 

Plymouth  was  originally  intended  as  a  trading-post. 
The  purpose  was  to  establish  a  factory  rather  than  a 
colony.  The  form  which  government  took  under  the 
compact  was  at  first  paternal  rather  than  representa- 
tive. The  governor  was  chosen  annually  by  general 
suffrage  and  ruled  as  the  father  of  his  people.  It 
was  not  until  1G24  that  he  was  given  a  council  of  five 
to  assist  in  tlip  (TovpiMnrtAnf,  Tho.  f-oTync-  •which  sDran"* 
up  had  no  act  of  incorporation,  no  selectmen  until 
1662,  nearly  half  a  century  after  the  settlement  at 
Plymouth.  All  business,  local  as  well  as  general,  was 
transacted  at  the  general  court  at  which  all  citizens 
were  expected  to  attend.  But  in  process  of  time 
the  people  complained  of  the  hardship  of  personal 
attendance  upon  every  session  without  pay,  and  in 
1638  it  "was  enacted  that  Plymouth  should  make 
choice  of  four,  and  every  other  town  of  two,  of  their 
freemen,  to  join  with  the  court,  to  enact  all  such  laws 
and  ordinances  as  should  be  adjudged  to  be  good  and 
wholesome  for  the  whole,  provided,  that  the  laws  they 
do  enact  shall  be  propounded  at  one  court,  to  be 
considered  and  confirmed  at  the  next  court."  This 
latter  was  a  cautious  provision,  characteristic  of  the 
legislation  of  both  colonies.  It  was  instigated  by  the 
fear  of  the  leaders  that  the  populace  might  go  too  fast 
and  too  far.  The  magistrates  of  Massachusetts,  in 
particular,  hadtlie  gift  of  procrastination  in  an  ex- 
traordinary   degree.       What    they    could    not    assent 


342  MAINE    mSTOinCAL    SOCIKTY. 

to  tliey  put  off  as  long  as  possible.  Representation, 
in  the  Plymouth  colony,  came  about  of  necessity, 
eighteen  years  after  the  settlement. 

It  is  to  be  always  borne  in  mind  that  Plymouth  and 
Massachusetts  Bay  were  two  entii-ely  distinct  and 
independent  colonies,  in  many  respects  unHke  each 
other.  They  were  separated  by  forty  miles  of  un- 
broken wilderness,  a  distance  then  as  o-reat  as  five 
hundred  miles  are  now.  Ph'mouth  was  weak,  Massa- 
chusetts comparativeh^  strong;  Plymouth  expanded 
slowly,  Ma:sachu.-Gtts  grew  rnpidly  ;  Plymouth  was 
poor,  Massachusetts  comparatively  rich;  Ph-raouth 
was  republican,  Massachusetts  essentiall}'  aristocratic  ; 
Plymouth  gave  a  voice  in  the  government  to  all 
citizens  of  good  character;  Massachusetts  restricted 
citizenship  to  church-members ;  Plymouth  was  toler- 
ant of  diversity  of  religious  views,  Massachusetts 
permitted  no  differences  of  belief,  and  persecuted  all 
heretics  ;  the  Plymouth  leaders  were  plain,  unlettered 
men,  though  of  sound  judgment  and  wise  distinction  ; 
the  Massachusetts  maijistrates  and  clerirv  were  men 
of  culture,  graduates  of  universities,  some  of  them 
being  among  t!ie  most  learned  men  of  their  day  in 
Eno^land.  Plvmouth  at  first  had  no  ordained  clera-y- 
men ;  Massachusetts  swarmed  with  clergymen  and 
was  largely  governed  by  them ;  Plymouth  had  no 
men  of  rank  among  its  leaders,  few  being  entitled  to 
have  esquire  added  to  their  names,  and  not  a  great 
number  were  hio;h  enouLch  in  rank  to  be  addressed  as 
Mr.  Many  of  the  Massachusetts  magistrates  were 
members  of  distinguished   families,  with  high  connec- 


DEMOCIIATIC    INSTITLTIOXS    IX    NEW    ENGLAND.  3-13 

tions,  and  some  of  them  bear  titles  of  nobility.  But 
.-above  and  beyond  all,  the  Plymouth  people  were 
Separatists ;  those  of  Massachusetts,  Nonconformists. 
This  made  a  crreat  difference  and  distinction  between 
the  tw^o  colonies. 

The  Plymouth  men  had  separated  themselves  from 
the  Church  of  Enu:land  because  of  its  abominations,  as 
they  had  cut   themselves    off  from    English    rule    b}* 
ttheir    twelve    years'  expatriation    in    Holland.       The 
Massachusetts    colonists   still   regarded   themselves  as 
members  of  the  Church  of  England  and  were  loyal  to 
Tthc  king  ;  they  only  refused  to  conform  to  what  they 
considered  the  corruptions  and  abuses  of  the  church, 
for  which  they   w^ere   persecuted,  w^hich  led  to  their 
rseeking  a  home  in   America.     They  had  a  horror  of 
►Separatists.     The  latter  had  been  given  a  bad  reputa- 
tion in  England  as  Brownists,   from  one  Brown,  who 
after  being  of  them  had  gone  back  to  the   Church  of 
England  and  was  not  a  man  of  immaculate  character. 
All    manner   of    slander    against  the    Separatists   was 
;afloat  in   England   and  had  created    such    a  prejudice 
.'\gainst  them,   insomuch    that  when    the   Piev.   Ralph 
Smith,  the  first  minister  at  Plym.outh,  by  some  chance 
rgot  smuggled  on  board  a  ship  conveying  colonists  from 
JEntrland  to  Massachusetts,  the  friends  of  the  Massachu- 
.•setts  people  w^rote  them  to  beware  of  him,  although 
he    was    a  very   harmless    individual.     Circumstances 
gradually    dispelled    this  prejudice    against    the  Ply- 
Eiiouth  people.     It  was  broken  in  the  first  instance,  as 
in   so  many  other  cases,  by  kindly  offices  and  better 
knowledofe  of  those   agninst   whom    it    was    directed. 


344  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

During  the  winter  of  1G28-20  a  deadly  sickness  broke 
out  amongst  the  people  at  Salem,  the  first  settlement 
of  Massachusetts.  Having  no  physician  in  their  dis- 
tress, Gov.  Endicott  sent  to  Plymouth  requesting  that 
their  good  Dr.  Fuller,  who  had  had  experience  of  similar 
sickness  at  Plymouth,  might  be  sent  to  their  relief. 
The  doctor  not  only  ministered  to  their  ailments,  but 
by  his  conversation  so  enlightened  Gov.  Endicott  as  'to 
the  views  and  practises  of  the  Plymouth  people  that  his 
prejudices  were  dispelled,  and  he  wrote  to  Gov.  Brad- 
ford of  Plvmouth  that  he  rejoiced  that  he  w^as 
satisfied  by  Dr.  Fuller  touching  your  judgment  of  the 
outward  form  of  worship.  "It  is,"  he  wrote,  "  so  far  as 
I  can  gather,  no  other  than  is  warranted  by  the 
evidence  of  truth,  and  the  same  which  I  have  pro- 
fessed and  maintained  ever  since  the  Lord  in  his 
mercy  revealed  himself  unto  me  ;  being  far  different 
from  the  common  report  that  hath  been  spread  of  you 
touching  that  particular."  The  intercourse  thus  hap- 
pily begun  was  continued  by  occasional  acts  of  courtesy,, 
and  the  necessity  of  common  defense  against  the  Indi- 
ans, resulting  in  a  confederation  of  all  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies  in  1643,  and  the  union  of  Plymouth  ant] 
Massachusetts  by  royal  decree  in  IGUl.  Plymouth 
thus  had  a  separate  existence  of  about  seventy  years, 
but  in  the  end,  as  we  shall  see,  her  principles  and 
practise  prevailed  over  those  of  the  larger  colony  into 
which  she  was  absorbed. 

The  Massachusetts  colony,  having  previously 
effected  a  settlement  at  Salem  under  Endicott,  came 
over    with    their    patent     under    Winthrop    in    1620. 


DEMOCKATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  345 

Unlike  the  Pilgrims  they  came  with  authorit}''  and  a 
form  of  government — -that  of  a  joint  stock  company, 
which  was  to  have  the  trade  in  beaver  for  seven 
years.  Their  patent  provided  for  a  governor,  deputy 
governor,  and  eigiiteen  assistants,  called  magistrates, 
to  be  chosen  by  the  members  of  the  company  known 
as  freemen,  who  were  required  to  take  an  oath,  and 
this  oath  was  the  first  thing  printed  when  the  press 
was  introduced  in  1638.  This  body  was  to  be  the 
law-maker  and  executive,  and  the  formation  of  a  leg- 
islature, or  a  body  of  delegates  from  the  people,  was 
not  contemplated.  The  General  Court  was  to  meet 
four  times  in  the  year,  when  freemen  having  business 
before  it  might  attend,  and  once  a  year  all  the  free- 
men were  to  meet  in  one  place,  and  elect  the 
governor  and  assistants,  the  latter  body  meeting  in  the 
intervals  for  the  general  administration  of  affliirs. 
But  so  little  did  the  freemen  regard  their  right  of 
election  that  during  the  first  three  years  they  merely 
elected  the  assistants  and  allowed  them  to  choose  the 
governor  and  deputy  from  among  themselves.  It 
would  seem  that  they  allowed  the  assistants  to  con- 
tinue in  office  without  reelection  annually,  for  in 
1632,  in  after-dinner  talk,  the  governor  told  his 
company  that  he  had  heard  that  the  people  intended, 
at  the  next  General  Court,  to  desire  that  the  assistants 
might  be  chosen  anew  every  year,  and  that  the 
governor  might  be  chosen  by  the  whole  court,  and 
not  by  the  assistants  only.  Whereupon  Mr.  Ludlow 
grew  into  a  passion  and  said  that  then  we  should 
have  no  government,  but  there  would  be  an  interim, 


346  MAINE    HISTOKICxVL    SOCIETY. 

■\vlierein  evcrj^  man  might  do  what  he  pleased,  and 
protested  that  he  would  then  return  back  into  England. 
Nevertheless  the  change  was  made,  though  the  assis- 
tants  took  care  that  if  they  were  no  longer  to  choose 
the  governor,  he  was  to  be  chosen  out  of  their  own 
number.  These  magistrates  were  jealous  of  their 
power,  and  took  care  to  keep  the  government  in  their 
own  bands.  When  the  inhabitants  of  Boston,  in 
choosing  a  commission  to  divide  the  lands,  selected 
some  of  "  the  inferior  sort,"  "  fearing  that  the  richer 
men  would  give  the  poorer  sort  no  great  proportion 
of  land,"  the  magistrates  were  highly  offended,  and 
Rev.  Mr.  Cotton  labored  with  them,  "showing  that  it 
was  the  Lord's  order  amono;  the  Israelites  to  have  all 
such  business  committed  to  the  elders,"  whereupon  it 
was  agreed  to  go  to  a  new  election,  in  which  the  men 
chosen  were  all  of  the  superior  sort.  The  magistrates 
v/ent  so  far  as  to  have  it  ordered  by  the  General 
Court  in  IG06,  that  a  certain  number  of  the  magis- 
trates should  be  chosen  for  life.  The  pretext  for  this 
was,  as  for  most  things  they  wished  to  accomplish, 
that  it  "  was  shown  in  the  word  of  God  that  the 
principal  magistrates  ought  to  be  for  life,"  but  the 
real  motive  was  to  tempt  over  here  some  of  the 
peers  and  other  leading  men,  who  might  expect  at 
home,  in  due  season,  to  be  raised  to  the  upper  house, 
by  assuring  them  of  an  equal  tenure  of  power  on  this 
side  of  the  ocean.  This  council  for  life  existed  for 
only  three  years,  the  magistrates,  who  were  wise  in 
their  day  and  generation,  taking  care  to  avoid  the 
unpopularity  it  excited. 


DEMOCRATIC    IXSTITITIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  347 

We  shall  see  how  out  of  this  oHo-archv.  under  the 
pressure  of  Dece^<sitv,  Avas  slowly  evolved,  step  by 
step,  against  the  continued  opposition  of  the  magis- 
trates, a  more  democratic  form  of  government. 

"We  find  the  germ  of  our    free    institutions  in   the 
town   govenmieuts  of  New  England,  but  the  Puritans 
had  no  conception  of  town  government  as  it  is  now  un- 
derstood and  practised  here.     It  was  a  thing  of  growtli. 
It  sprung  out   of  the  conditions  in  which   the  people 
found  themselves ;  it  came  of  necessity.     As  the  colony 
grow.  fl7irl  it  bocame  necessary  to  form  new  settlements, 
plantations  were  established  at  various  points.     The 
germ  and  center  of  these  plantations  v.'as  the  church. 
The  people  went  out  as  a  church,  and  no  house  was 
to  be  built  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  meeting- 
house  than  one-half  mile.     This  was  for  convenience 
in  attending  worship,  and  for  safety  from  the  Indians. 
But  it  led  to  too  great  density  of  population,  and  was 
the  cause  of  frequent  emigration.     The  plantation  was 
not   a    town  as  we  understand  that  term.     It  was  a 
parish.     The  church  had  jurisdiction  over  the  whole 
of  it,  and  eveiy  inhabitant    was    expected  to  attend 
worship.     The  Puritans   held  that  ecclesiastical  juris- 
diction  is    committed    by    Christ    to    each    particular 
organized  church,  from  which  there  is  no  appeal.  From 
this  it  would  seem  easy,  the  parish  being  the  town,  to 
pass  to  town    government.     But    the    magistrates  at 
first  were  not  ready   to  grant  the  people  this  povrer. 
The  plantations,  as  such,  were  under  the  centralized 
rule  of  the  court  of  assistants.     They  were  not  incor- 
porated, they  had  no  power  of  self  government.     But, 


348  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

it  becomino;  inconvenient,  to  reo:iilato  all  matters  in 
General  Court,  it  was  at  last  ordered  in  1035,  that 
"trivial  things  should  be  ended  in  towns."  The  magis- 
trates were  not  ready  to  give  up  their  centralized 
power,  but  they  found  it  convenient  to  disburden 
themselves  of  trifling  matters.  Doubtless  there  were 
constant  appeals,  complaints,  requests,  coming  up  from 
the  plantations  which  it  were  7iot  always  easy  to  meet. 
So  trivial  matters  w^ere  entrusted  to  towns.  The 
w^eightier  questions  they  reserved  to  themselves.  But 
the  thing  grew.  The  placiiiii!:  of  power  in  the  hands 
of  the  people  is  like  the  letting  out  of  waters.  It  is 
not  to  be  controlled.  Out  of  these  trivial  things  grew 
the  town  government  which  is  the  corner-stone  of  our 
democratic  institutions. 

At  first  the  town  business  was  transacted  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  whole  body  of  its  free  men,  who,  it  should 
be  understood,  must  be  church-members.  The  larger 
number  of  men  of  ripe  age  were  therefore  placed  in 
the  position  of  mere  wards  of  the  commonwealth.  No 
such  restriction  existed  in  Plymouth,  or  afterwards  in 
Connecticut.  In  time  Dochester  designated  twelve 
men  to  meet  weekly  and  consult,  but  they  had  no 
authority  beyond  other  inhabitants  who  should  choose 
to  meet  with  them.  Watertown  at  the  same  time 
agreed  that  three  persons  should  be  chosen  for  the 
ordering- of  civil  affairs.  In  the  fourth  vear  from  the 
settlement  of  Boston  three  persons  were  chosen  "  to 
make  up  the  ten  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  town." 
An  order  was  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  Charlestown, 
at  a  full  meeting,  for  the  government  of  the  town  by 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IX    NEW    ENGLAND.  319 

selectmen.  This  name  presently  extended  tlii'oughout 
New  England  to  the  municipal  governors  —  eleven 
men  to  be  chosen  to  act  for  the  town,  with  the  advice 
of  pastor  and  teachers  in  any  case  of  convenience  — 
the  chnreh  still  keeping  its  hand  upon  the  people  in 
all  matters  involving  morals  or  religious  belief,  as  the 
magistrates  did  in  all  civil  affairs. 

For  as  yet  the  to^vn  had  no  representation  in  the 
General  Court,  which  passed  upon  all  weightier  matters 
relating  to  them.  The  freemen  might  go  up  to  Bos- 
ton once  a  year  to  elect  their  rulers.  If  the  distance 
was  so  great  as  to  make  it  inconvenient  lor  tiie  whole 
body  to  go,  a  town  might  send  proxies  to  represent 
them  in  the  election.  But  as  the  Court  of  Assistants, 
which  was  the  legislative  body,  did  not  represent  the 
towns,  it  was  inevitable  that  complaints  should  arise 
and  protests  be  made. 

In  1632  the  first  complaint  came  from  Watertown 
upon  this  occasion.  For  the  purpose  of  fortifying 
Newton,  since  called  Cambridge,  which  was  to  have 
been  made  the  capital,  a  tax  was  laid  upon  the  towns 
by  the  Court  of  Assistants.  Whereupon  '•  the  pastor, 
elder,  etc.  of  Watertown  assembled  the  people,  and 
delivered  their  opinion  that  it  was  not  safe  to  pay 
moneys  after  that  sort,  for  fear  of  bringing  themselves 
and  their  posterity  into  bondage."  For  this  -offense  the 
pastor  and  others  were  summoned  before  the  governor 
and  assistants,  and  were  told  that  the  assistants  were 
representatives  of  the  freeman,  being  chosen  by  them, 
and  hence  had  the  power  to  lay  assessments.  "  After 
much  debate,"  says  Winthrop,   "  they    acknowledged 


350  MAINE    llISTOIilCAL    SOCIETY. 

their  fault,  confe.<siiig  freely  that  they  were  in  error 
and  made  a  retraction  and  submission  under  their 
hands,  and  were  enjoined  to  read  it  in  the  assembly 
the  next  Lord's  day."  "  And  so  their  submission  was 
accepted  and  their  offense  pardoned."  Yet  the  ^Vater- 
town  people  were  clearly  in  the  right,  for  no  potver 
was  by  the  charter  granted  to  tlie  governor  and 
assistants  to  raise  money  by  levy,  assessment,  or 
taxation.  And  although  this  became  a  necessity  the 
power  lay  with  the  General  Court  and  not  with  the 
Court  of  Assistants. 

Tile  iieeinen  were  now  becoming  more  jealous  of 
their  rights,  and  grew  restive  under  the  rule  of  the 
Court  of  Assistants.  Trivial  occasions  often  open 
great  causes.  It  was  left  to  that  humble  domestic 
animal,  the  hog,  to  be  the  occasion  of  the  granting 
of  representative  government  in  the  Massachusetts 
colony. 

Swine  were  among  the  most  important  of  the 
domestic  stock  of  the  early  settlers.  The  contracts  for 
labor  often  required  four  meals  per  week  of  meat,  and 
the  flesh  of  the  swine  was  relied  upon  to  provide  them. 
Much  of  their  food  was  fish,  and  pork  was  a  necessary 
element  in  its  preparation.  The  herds  of  swine  were 
therefore  carefully  cherished.  In  some  localities 
swineherds  were  appointed  to  take  charge  of  them. 
In  others  they  were  allowed  to  run  at  large,  upon 
their  being  properly  yoked,  between  April  6  and 
October  15,  and  ringed  in  the  nose  all  the  rest  of  the 
year.  The  Indians  stole  them  and  the  wolves  devoured 
them.     The    wolves  were  a  great  pest.     They  came 


DE.MOCHATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  351 

daily  about  Governor  Wintlirop's  house  at  Mystic,  so 
that  when  he  went  out  to  walk  he  took  his  iJ-un  a  Ion"-. 

CD  CD  ^ 

thinking    he    might    vshoot    one.     Swine   were    often 
pastured  out  npon  the  islands  to  save  them  from  the 
depredations  of  the  wolves  and  the  Indians,  hence  the 
number  of  islands  on  our  coast  that  bear  the  name  of 
Hoc::.     In   1633   the  Court  of  Assistants  ordered  that 
"  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  man  to  kill  any  swine  that 
comes  into  his  corn ;  the  party  that  owns  the  swine  is 
to  have  them,  being  killed,  and  allow  recompense  for 
the  damage  they  do."     This  was  the  cause  of  frequent 
uei^h'uoilnjuu  tj^uaiitris.     Those  who  nad  swine  at  large 
objected  to  this    provision.     They    went  to  the  gov- 
ernor to  advise  with    him    about  abrogating  it.     He 
told    them  that  "  when  the  patent  was    granted    the 
number  of  freemen  was  supposed  to  be  so  few  that 
they  might  all  join  in  making  laws,  but  now  they  were 
gro"\vn  so  many  it  was  not  possible  for  them  to  make 
or  execute  laws,  and  the  Company  could  not  be  at  the 
loss   of  time  to  attend  to  it.     Yet  this  might  be  done. 
The  General  Court  might  make  an  order  that  once  in 
the  year  a  certain  nmiiber  should  be  appointed  (upon 
summons  by  the  governor)  to  revise  all  laws,  and  to 
reform    what  they  found    amiss   therein ;  but  not  to 
make  any   new  laws,  but   prefer   their  grievances  to 
the    Court    of    Assistants ;     and    that   no   assessments 
should  be  laid  upon   the  county   without  the  consent 
of  such    a    committee,  nor    any    lands    disposed    of." 
This  suggestion  was  adopted,  and  two  representatives 
from  each  town  met  to  consult  about  the  laws,  though 
they  w^ere  not  to  enact  any  new  ones,  having  only  an 


352  MAIXK    HISTOlilCAL    SOCIETY. 

advisory  voice.  So  it  came  about  that  an  order  was 
passed  that  every  town  should  be  at  liberty  to  make 
such  orders  about  swine  as  thev  should  iudire  best. 
The  door  once  partially  opened,  full  representation 
naturally  followed.  The  deputies  soon  began  to 
exceed  the  powers  granted  by  Winthrop,  and  became 
competent  to  make,  as  well  as  to  mend  laws.  In  1634 
the  representative  system,  brought  about  by  this  dis- 
pute about  swine,  was  fully  established,  each  town 
having  three  representatives. 

For  a  period  of  ten  years,  until  1C44,  the  General 
Court,  consisting  of  the  magistrates  and  deputies,  sat 
and  determined  matters  together,  in  one  body,  over 
which  the  governor  or  deputy  governor  presided. 
But  although  they  sat  together  they  did  not  vote  as 
one,  the  magistrates  having  a  negative  voice.  No 
measure  could  pass  without  the  consent  of  six  of  the 
assistants.  This  w^as  a  cause  of  g-reat  difference 
between  the  governor  and  assistants  and  deputies. 
The  latter  would  not  yield  the  assistants  a  negative 
voice  and  the  assistants,  "  considering,"  says  Winthrop, 
"  how  dangerous  it  might  be  to  the  commonwealth,  if 
they  should  not  keep  that  strength,  to  balance  the 
greater  number  of  the  deputies,  thought  it  safe  to 
stand  upon  it.  So  when  they  could  proceed  no  fur- 
ther, the  whole  court  agreed  to  keep  a  day  of  humili- 
ation to  seek  the  Lord,  which  was  accordingly  done  in 
all  the  congregations,"  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cotton 
preached  a  famous  sermon,  in  which  he  laid  down  the 
rights  of  the  magistracy,  the  ministry  and  the  people — 
"  the  strength  of  the  magistracy  to  be  their  authoritj'; 


DEMOCRATIC    IXSTITUTIONS    IX    XE"\\'    ENGLAND.  353 

of  the  people,  their  liberty  ;  and  of  the  rainistr}",  their 
purity,  and  jshowed  how  all  these  had  a  negative  voice, 
and  that  yet  the  ultimate  resolution  ought  to  be  in 
the  whole  body  of  the  people,  with  answer  to  all  objec- 
tions, and  a  declaration  of  the  people's  dutj'  and  right 
to  maintain  their  true  liberties  against  an}'  unjust 
violence,  which  gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  company" 
and  composed  the  quarrel  for  the  time  being. 

But  as  years  w-ent  on  new  causes  of  dispute  arose 
between  the  magistrates  and  deputies,  until  at  last 
the  swine  again,  in  the  person  of  an  innocent  sow, 
came  to  the  solution  of  the  question  by  the  separation 
of  the  General  Court  into  two  bodies. 

The  ballot  had  succeeded  the  show  of  hands,  and  it 
had  been  decided  that  the  consent  of  the  people  was 
necessary  for  levying  taxes ;  but  the  powers  of  the 
assembly  and  the  magistrates  were  not  well  defined, 
and  it  was  not  until  1644  that  the  negative  voice  of 
the  magistrates  was  established.  This,  as  I  have  said, 
was  brought  about  by  a  quarrel  concerning  a  sow, 
which  agitated  the  colon}'  for  a  period  of  seven  years. 
As  Winthrop  says,  it  was  "  a  great  business  upon  a 
very  small  occasion." 

In  1G36  a  stray  sow  in  Boston  was  committed  to  the 
care  of  Capt.  Kea3aie,  who  kept  it  in  a  yard  with  a 
sow  of  his  own.  He  had  it  cried  divers  times,  but 
none  laid  claim  to  it  for  near  a  year.  Then,  after  he 
had  killed  his  own  sow,  there  came  forward  one  Mrs. 
Sherman,  but  not  finding  her  own  marks  upon  the 
sow,  she  claimed  that  the  sow  he  had  killed  was  hers. 
The  noise  thereof  spread  abroad,  the  matter  was 
Vol.  VII.        25 


354  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

brought  before  the  elders  of  the  church,  many  witnesses 
were  examined,  and  Capt.  Keayne  was  cleared.  But 
he  had  an  enemy,  one  Story,  who  had  a  grievance 
against  the  captain,  and  he  took  up  the  cause  of  Mrs. 
Sherman  with  all  the  vigor  inspired  by  personal 
animosity.  The  case  was  brought  before  the  inferior 
court,  Capt.  Keayne  was  again  cleared,  and  the  jury 
gave  him  <£3  for  his  costs.  Thereupon  he  brought  an 
action  against  Story  and  the  woman  for  reporting  that 
he  had  stolen  her  sow,  and  recovered  £20  damages  of 
either  of  them.  Story  now  bestirred  himself  to  search 
town  and  country  to  find  matter  against  Capt.  Keayne 
and  had  the  case  reopened  before  the  General  Court. 
Seven  days  were  spent  in  examing  witnesses,  and 
debating  the  cause,  but  no  decision  could  be  reached, 
"  because  no  sentence  could  by  law  pass  without  the 
greater  number  of  both  the  magistrates  and  the 
deputies,  which  neither  plaintiff  nor  defendant  had.'^ 
The  majority  of  the  magistrates  favored  the  captain, 
the  majority  of  the  deputies  the  woman.  This  excited 
the  democratic  spirit.  It  became  a  popular  question. 
It  entered  into  the  politics  of  the  towns.  Many  of  the 
people  could  not  distinguish  the  action  for  slander 
from  the  principal  cause.  "  What !  "  they  said,  '•  shall 
Mrs.  Sherman  be  fined  <£20  for  demanding  her  sow ; 
she  a  poor  woman  ;  he  a  rich  man  ?"  The  captain  was 
unpopular,  for  he  was  known  to  drive  hard  bargains. 
The  magistrates  had  sided  with  him ;  it  was  time 
their  negative  vote  was  taken  away.  Winthrop  came 
to  the  rescue  with  a  published  statement  of  the 
necessity    of    upholding    the    same.     The    case   was 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEAV    ENGLAND.  355 

adjourned  from  court  to  court.  It  went  as  usual  to 
the  elders ;  they  could  come  to  no  decision,  but 
earnestly  desired  "  that  the  court  might  never  more 
be  troubled  with  it."  All  consented  except  Mr. 
Bellingham,  one  of  the  magistrates,  who  would  have 
them  lay  down  "  their  negative  voice,  and  so  the  cause 
to  be  heard  again."  Mr.  Saltonstall,  another  magis- 
trate, issued  a  treatise  against  the  council,  but  was 
brought  to  see  the  error  of  his  way.  Story  petitioned 
for  another  hearing ;  many  favored  it. 

The  elders  undertook  to  deal  with  the  deputies  of 
their  town.  But  the  deputies  declared  their  towns 
were  not  satisfied.  "  Which"  says  Winthrop,  "shows 
plainly  the  democratical  spirit  which  acts  over 
deputies."  The  deputies  chiimed  victory ;  the  mag- 
istrates were  fain  to  let  the  matter  drop  for  the  sake 
of  peace.  The  deputies  continued  earnest  to  take 
away  the  magistrates'  negative  vote  in  the  General 
Court.  Winthrop  issued  a  small  treatise  showing 
"  how  it  w^as  fundamental  to  our  government,  which 
if  it  were  taken  away,  would  be  a  mere  democracy." 
As  usual  he  fortified  himself  from  Scriptures.  Yet 
even  this  would  not  satisfy,  but  the  deputies  and 
common  people  would  have  it  taken  away.  An 
answer  to  AVinthrop's  treatise  was  written  by  one  of 
the  magistrates,  and  the  deputies  made  great  use  of 
it.  The  magistrates  now  being  so  hard  pressed  it 
was,  says  Winthrop,  "  their  only  care  to  gain  time, 
that  so  the  people's  heat  might  be  abated,  for  then 
they  knew  they  would  hear  reason^  and  that  the 
advice  of  the  elders  might  be  interposed,  they  agree- 


356  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

ing  that  if  the  elders  decided  against  them  they 
would  surrender  their  negative  voice.  Thereupon 
one  of  the  elders  wrote  a  small  treatise,  laying  down 
the  true  form  of  the  o-overnment,  and  showiucr  the 
unavoidable  change  into  a  democracy,  if  the  negative 
voice  were  taken  away.  This  prevailed  for  the  time 
being  ;  "  the  people,"  says  AVinthrop,  "  having  their 
heat  moderated  by  time,  and  their  judgments  better 
informed,  let  the  cause  fall."  But  only  for  a  time. 
The  agitation  about  the  negative  voice  still  went  on. 
At  last,  in  1644,  it  being  evident  that  they  would  be 
outvoted,  the  magistrates  passed  for  separate  houses, 
as  the  deputies  agreed  that  the  Court  should  be 
divided,  "the  magistrates  by  themselves,  and  the 
deputies  by  themselves,  what  one  agreed  upon  they 
should  send  to  the  other,  and  if  both  agreed,  then  to 
pass." 

So  the  magistrates  saved  their  negative  voice  by 
going  off  by  themselves,  and  forming  a  separate  house, 
which  was  the  origin  of  the  present  Senate  of  Massa- 
chusetts, the  division  of  the  Legislature  of  our  states 
into  two  separate  branches.  So  ended  the  great  sow 
case,  which  formed  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  New 
England.  AVell  has  it  been  said  that  '*the  animal 
whose  wanderings  have  thus  led  to  the  establishment 
of  two  of  the  great  securities  of  liberty  among  us  may 
surely  claim,  at  least,  as  honorable  mention  in 
history  as  has  been  awarded  to  the  geese  of  the 
capitol."  The  hog  should  take  its  place  beside  the 
codfish  in  Massachusetts  halls  of  leirislation. 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  357 

The  deputies  were  now  presided  over  by  one  of 
their  own  number,  and  the  first  speaker  elected  was 
WilHam  Hawthorne,  who  being  of  Salem,  may  have 
been  an  ancestor  of  our  o-reat  romancer.  The  denu- 
ties  still  remained  jealous  of  the  rule  of  the  magis- 
trates, who  claimed  the  right  to  govern  in  the 
vacancy  of  the  General  Court.  The  deputies  would 
have  had  a  commission  appointed  to  govern  in  the 
interim,  composed  of  seven  magistrates  and  three 
deputies.  The  magistrates  objected  that  this  ^vould 
overthrow  the  foundation  of  the  government.  They 
claimed  that  by  virtue  of  the  patent  the  magistrates 
or  Court  of  Assistants,  which  had  now  become  a 
separate  legislative  body,  was  the  standing  council 
of  the  commonwealth.  They  offered,  as  usual,  to 
refer  the  question  to  the  elders,  but  all  compromise 
being  rejected,  they  declared  that  if  occasion  re- 
quired they  must  act  according  to  the  power  and 
trust  committed  to  them.  To  this  Speaker  Haw- 
thorne replied  "  You  will  not  be  obeyed."  When 
the  deputies  and  magistrates  would  not  agree  the 
deputies  preferred  to  refer  the  question  to  arbitrators 
rather  than  to  the  clergy,  as  the  magistrates  desired, 
well  knowing  that  the  clergy  would  agree  with  the 
magistrates. 

In  considering  this  disposition  of  the  deputies  to 
absorb  all  powers,  it  must  be  remembered  that  they 
were  very  far  from  representing  the  whole  body  of 
the  people.  The  government  set  up  by  the  Puritans 
was  still  a  theocracy,  not  only  because  all  important 


358  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

questions  were  referred  to  the  clergy,  whose  decision 
in  most  cases  was  final,  but  because  no  other  than 
church-members  could  choose  or  be  chosen  to  any 
office,  or  even  serve  as  jurymen.  Thus  all  power  was 
committed  to  about  one-sixth  of  the  males  of  full  ngre. 
Thus  all  others  were  to  be  tried  for  life,  limb  or 
estate,  by  those  of  the  church,  who  were  in  a  sense 
their  adversaries.  As  a  matter  of  course,  this  did  not 
work  well.  The  more  unscrupulous  the  conscience, 
the  easier  it  was  to  join  the  church,  and  abandoned 
men  who  wanted  public  preferment  could  join  the 
church  with  loud  professions,  gain  their  ends  and 
make  church-membership  a  by-word.  True,  in  a  few 
years  a  slight  relaxation  took  place ;  non-church- 
members  were  permitted  to  serve  as  jurymen  and  to 
vote  in  laying  town  taxes  and  choosing  selectmen. 
But  the  choosing  of  deputies  still  remained  with 
chu  rch-m  e  mb  e  rs . 

Tiie  denial  of  civil  rights  to  non-church-members 
was  a  cause  of  much  discontent.  Even  some  of  the 
magistrates  disapproved  of  it.  Mr.  William  Vassal,  who 
had  been  one  of  the  first  assistants,  but  was  of  a  less 
strait  sect  than  the  Puritans,  petitioned  that  the  dis- 
tinctions in  church  estate  might  be  taken  away,  and 
that  the  people  might  be  wholly  governed  by  the  laws 
of  England.  For  this  he  is  stigmatized  by  AYinthrop 
as  "a  man  of  busy  and  factious  spirit."  A  number  of 
others  joined  with  him  in  his  petition.  Among  these 
was  one  Dr.  Child,  a  young  gentleman,  who  having 
studied  physic  at  Padua  had  come  to  this  country  to 
make    his   fortune.     Finding  himself  denied  all  civil 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN   NEW    ENGLAND.  359 

and  religious  liberty,  and  being  a  man  of  spirit,  lie 
joined  in  the  petition,  and  threatened  to  appeal  to  the 
Parliament  of  England.  This  was  taken  as  a  contempt 
of  authority  and  as  tending  to  sedition.  They  were 
summoned  to  appear  before  the  court  to  answer  for 
their  offenses.  When  they  pleaded  the  right  of 
petition,  they  wore  answered  that  they  were  summoned 
not  for  petitioning,  but  for  the  matter  of  their  peti- 
tions. When  they  pleaded  the  rights  of  freeborn 
Englishmen,  the  reply  was  the  peculiar  privileges 
granted  by  the  patent.  When  it  was  pointed  out  that 
the  patent  required  that  no  laws  should  be  passed 
repugnant  to  those  of  England,  resort  was  had  to  the 
Jesuitical  casuistry  that  they  had  no  laws  diametrically 
opposed  to  those  of  England,  for  then  they  must  be 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  God  and  of  right  reason,  which 
are  the  fundamental  basis  of  English  laws,  and  if  any- 
thing had  been  otherwise  established  by  England,  it 
was  an  error,  and  not  a  law  !  Thus  all  laws  of  England 
which  did  not  conform  to  the  Puritans'  idea  of  the  laws 
of  God,  were  not  laws!  When  the  right  was  claimed 
of  an  appeal  to  the  English  Parliament  it  was  replied 
that  "  appeals  do  not  lie  from  us  by  our  charter,  and 
to  appeal  before  any  sentence  is  to  disclaim  our 
jurisdiction." 

The  result  was  that  Dr.  Child  was  fined  £dO,  and 
the  others  less  sums,  even  the  hospitable  Maverick,  of 
Noddle's  Island,  who  had  advanced  money  for  fortify- 
ing the  defenses  of  the  harbor,  being  mulcted  in  the 
sura  of  ten  pounds.  This  odious  tyranny  resulted  in 
driving  all  the  petitioners,  save  Maverick,  out  of  the 


360  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

country.  Dr.  Child  prepared  to  leave  in  high  dudgeon, 
to  prosecute  the  appeal  before  Parliament.  To  this 
end  he  got  a  petition  from  the  non-freemen  to  take 
with  him.  The  leadint^  raacristrates,  o-ettinoj  wind  of 
this,  consulted  together,  and  keeping  their  purpose 
secret  from  those  of  their  own  number  who  did  not 
accord  with  their  extreme  views,  they  agreed  to  stay 
the  doctor  for  his  fine,  and  to  search  his  trunk,  but  not 
to  do  so  until  he  had  got  on  shipboard.  But  fearing 
that  one  of  their  number  had  disclosed  their  intentions, 
the  doctor  was  seized  on  shore,  his  study  and  his  trunk 
searcned,  aim  ine  peiiiions  and  appeals,  asking  that 
the  laws  of  England  may  be  established  here,  that 
arbitrary  power  may  be  banished,  and  that  liberties 
for  Entrlish  freeholders  be  established  here  as  in  Ens^- 
land,  were  secured.  Dr.  Child  and  others  were 
apprehended  and  held  prisoners  until  the  ship  had 
sailed.  "  Ilis  confinement,"  says  Winthrop,  ''  he  took 
grievously,  but  he  could  not  help  it."  Refusing  bail 
he  was  committed  to  prison,  but  in  the  end  he  got 
away  to  England,  where  he  was  loud  in  rehearsing  his 
wrongs. 

The  Puritans  naturally  dreaded  all  appeals  to  Eng- 
land for  the  correction  of  errors  in  their  administration,. 
fearing  the  loss  of  their  charter  to  which  they  te- 
naciously clung,  in  spite  of  repeated  demands  for  its 
surrender.  This  practical  denial  of  the  authority  of 
England,  united  with  the  evil  spirit  of  the  clergy,  that 
would  enforce  uniformity  in  ceremonies  and  belief, 
produced  the  effect  of  preventing  many  from  cominp^ 


DEMOCRATIC    INSTITUTIONS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND.  3G1 

to  Mu.ssachusetts  and  drove  away  many  who  had 
already  established  there  their  domestic  altars. 

Civil  liberty,  it  has  been  said,  roots  itself  in  spiritual 
liberty.  The  Puritans  claimed  spiritual  liberty  for 
themselves,  but  were  not  ready  to  grant  it  to  others, 
hence  they  were  slow  in  arriving  at  democratic  insti- 
tutions. They,  in  common  with  the  age  in  which  they 
lived,  had  not  arrived  at  the  truth  which  Jefferson 
proclaimed  more  than  a  century  later,  that  "  error  of 
opinion  may  be  tolerated  where  reason  is  left  free  to 
combat  it."  But  they  understood  how  to  reason 
together,  and  this  freedom  of  discussion  which  pre- 
vailed among  them,  together  with  the  force  of  circum- 
stances and  the  conditions  which  surrounded  them, 
ultimately  worked  out  the  free  institutions  under 
which  we  live. 

The  church  test  of  citizenship  was  tenaciously  clung 
to  until  the  year  1665,  when  it  was  reluctantly 
yielded,  at  the  requirement  of  His  Majesty's  commis- 
sioners, and  was  entirely  abandoned,  after  some 
evasions,  about  the  year  1686.  Under  the  charter 
granted  by  William  and  Mary  in  1691  the  qualifica- 
tion for  electors  was  fixed  at  a  "  freehold  of  forty 
shillings  per  annum,  or  other  proparty  of  the  value 
of  <£40  sterling."  Since  then  the  democratic  spirit 
has  steadily  advanced,  until  now  all  tests  of  citizen- 
ship, even  that  of  sex,  are  swept  or  are  being  swept 
away,  and  w^e  aie  launching  out  into  the  great  ocean 
of  unqualified  equality  with  all  its  perils  and  its 
breezy  freedom  before  us. 


362  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


COL.  THOMAS  GOLDTHWAIT-WAS 
HE  A  TORY? 

BY    K.    GOLDTHWAITE   CAETER,    U.    S.    ABMT. 

Bead  before  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  December  19,  1895. 

Part  IV. 

THE  STORY  OF   FORT   POWXALL. 

M  J-.  cwiiAt-  xiu >>  cv>  ci_i^  sj voiieo  J ujo  prcccciinir  tuG  ouu- 
break  of  the  struggle  for  Independence. 

Besides  the  statements  made  that  Thomas  Gold- 
thwait  was  cruel  and  unjust  to  the  settlers  and  Indians, 
that  he  was  an  extortioner,  etc.,  all  accounts  reflect 
severely  upon  him  for  the  part  he  took  when  the  fort 
was  dismantled  in  1775,  which  —  with  the  traditions 
and  stories  handed  down  by  those  who  were  more  or 
less  injured  by  the  temporary  suspension,  through  this 
act,  of  the  extensive  trade  which  had  been  carried  on 
with  the  Indians,  and  upon  which  the  very  existence 
of  the  settlers  then  depended  —  had  set  the  seal  of 
condemnation  upon  Col.  Gold th wait  for  all  time. 

Having  recently  examined  into  this  matter  very 
carefully  and  exhaustively,  the  writer  has  come  across 
such  strong  proof  as  will,  he  feels  confident,  not  only 
upset  and  contradict  these  statements,  but  will  exon- 
erate Col.  Goldthwait,  from  all  blame  in  the 
matter. 

The  files  of  the  Massachusetts  Archives  were  not 
then  so  fully  accessible  to  the  historians  of  Maine  as 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTHWAIT WAS    HE    A    TOllY?         363 

now,  and  the  history  of  that  event — the  dismantle- 
ment of  Fort  Pownall  —  of  so  much  significance  to 
the  people  of  that  region,  to  be  written  at  all  at  that 
time,'_had  to  be  based  upon  no  more  authentic  source 
than  that  of  John  Davidson's  manuscript  narrative,  as 
there  was  no  other  account  to  be  had. 

It  is  thus  graphically  described  in  the  following 
letter,  which  the  writer  believes  has  never  been 
printed.  It  was  found  accompanying  and  attached  to 
the  petition  of  Capt.  Goldthwait  and  the  garrison 
to  the  General  Court,  for  pay  for  their  services  for 
the  year  1774-76.     (Mass.  Arch.  88  :  211.) 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the  manner  which  the  cannon  & 
spare  arms  were  taken  from  Fort  Pownall  on  the  14th  of  April 
1775  by  an  order  of  General  Gage  directed  to  Tho**  Goldthwait, 
Esq.,  Commander  of  said  Fort. 

On  Friday  eveu'g  the  13th  of  Apl.  came  into  Penobscot  river  a 
Topsail  Schooner,  which  anchored  near  Fort  Pownall,  which  my- 
self and  others  took  to  be  a  Merchantman,  going  up  the  River  to 
purchase  Lumber  :  and  early  next  morning  we  saw  another  schooner 
which  came  to  anchor  near  the  Former. 

Soon  after  came  ashore  some  sailors  from  the  first  mentioned 
Vessel  to  beg  some  milk  for  their  Breakfasts,  and  said  they  were 
going  up  the  River  to  get  Lumber. 

Presently  after  came  on  shore  an  officer  who  enquired  for  the  Com- 
mander of  the  Fort,  and  on  seeing  him,  presented  an  order  from 
Gen.  Gage  for  the  Cannon  and  spare  Arms :  he  then  returned  on 
board  and  immediately  appeared  a  large  number  of  Soldiers  on  the 
Deck  (which  before  was  not  seen),  who  directly  got  into  Boats  & 
came  ashore  &  marched  into  the  Fort,  and  went  to  v>-ork  getting 
out  the  Cannon.  &c.  vf^^  was  carry'd  on  board. 

I  am  convinced  at  that  time  'twas  not  in  Col°  Goldthwait's 
power  to  have  resisted  them  with  the  least  degree  of  success,  having 
only  6  or  8  men  in  the  Fort,  and  but  half  a  Barr'  of  powder  which 
the  Gunner  shew  in  the  Magazine. 


364  3IAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

I  turtbcr  declai-e  that  1  remained  at  ?ai<l  Fort,  'till  the  news  came 
of  the  Battle  of  Lexington  —  immediately  ou  which  (tho'  late  at 
night),  Col*^  Goldthwait  dispatched  a  nmnber  of  Men  in  hi?  Barge 
to  go  20  miles  up  tlie  River  and  advise  the  people  of  the  news,  and 
recommended  to  tliem  to  immediatcdy  call  a  Meeting,  to  consider 
what  was  Elagable  to  be  done. 

The  meeting  was  at-cordinglv  held  the  H  day  of  May —  when  Col" 
Goldthwait  presided  a  Moderator  thereof.  I  attended  the  Meet- 
ing myself,  and  found  that  at'ter  CoP  Goldthwait's  Conduct  was 
represented  to  them,  that  they  were  universally  satisfyed,  w*^''  they 
manifested  by  a  General  vote,  during  the  whole  of  the  above 
transactions  I  was  at  the  Fort,  and  look't  ou  Col"  Goldthwait  to  be 
a  Strong  Advocate  for  the  Liberties  of  his  Country. 

W.  Molineux. 
The  above  if  required  am  ready  to  make  oath  to 
Watertowa,  23  Oct.  1775. 

I  would  further  add  that  the  Officer  which  Commanded  the  party, 

said  that  if  Col°  Goldthwait  refused  delivering  up  the  Cannon,  &c. 

'twas  liis  orders  to  destroy  the  Fort  immediately. 

W.  M. 

The  writer  has  included  in  the  foregoing  letter  all 
erasures,  interlineations,  etc.  It  will  bear  a  very  close 
study  as  to  Col.  Goldthwait's  motives  in  calling  the 
meeting,  etc.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe,  by  a 
correspondence  had  with  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
the  Admiralty  at  London,  that  the  two  schooners 
referred  to  were  the  Diana,  commanded  by  Lieut. 
John  Graves,  a  nephew  of  Admiral  Samuel  Graves, 
commanding  the  British  fleet  in  American  waters,  and 
the  Neptune.  Both  were  tenders  to  the  sloop  of 
war,  Canceaux,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Henry  Mowat, 
who  later  burned  Falmouth. 

The  armed  force  on  board  the  two  schooners 
was  a  large  detachment  from  the  64th  British  Foot. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT — WAS    HE    A    TORY?  3G5 

(Cor.  British  \Yar  Office.)  The  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  meeting  referred  to,  as  held  on  May  6,  has 
been  searched  for  but  "without  success. 

It  may  be  of  interest,  just  here,  to  state  that  the 
Diana  commanded  by  Lieut.  Graves,  was  in  action 
May  28,  1775,  at  Noddles  Island  (East  Boston),  and 
after  being  riddled  with  shot  from  two  field-pieces 
served  by  Capt.  Gideon  (?)  Foster  and  a  detachment 
of  men,  was  run  ashore,  burned  and  blown  up, 
(Moore's  Diary  of  the  Eevolution,  pp.  85-7.)  (Vol.  1, 
Kemble  Papers,  New  York  Historical  Societ}^) 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  event  occurred 
just  preceding  the  actual  outbreak  of  hostilites,  five 
daj's  before  the  Battle  of  Lexington.  Col.  Gold- 
thwait  had  not  been  in  close  touch  with  the  sentiments 
and  inflamed  passions  of  the  people  at  Boston, 

He  was  at  a  place  remote  from  the  centers  of 
uprising,  where  news  reached  slowly.  The  writer 
does  not  think  that,  in  that  quiet  region  of  Penobscot, 
he  could  have  been  so  keenly  aware  of  the  spark  of 
war  then  being  fanned  into  an  intense  flame  at 
Boston,  by  an^-  thing  he  could  see  at  Fort  Pow- 
nall.  But,  nevertheless,  he  was  then  compelled  to 
obe}"  that  order. 

Directly  following  this,  there  transpired  an  event, 
which  had  more  to  do  with  shaping  public  sentiment 
in  that  region,  and  branding  Col.  Goldthwait  with  the 
opprobrious  epithets  and  aspersions  which  have  been 
so  freely  bestowed  on  him,  than  the  event  just  de- 
scribed. It  is  thus  given  in  the  Rev,  Richard  Pike's 
Centennial  Address,  previously  referred  to,  as  also  in 
the  History  of  Belfast  (pp.  55-57). 


366  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  people  of  Belfast  suti'ered  greatly  from  the  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions. One  cause  of  this  was  that  they  ])ad  gone  short  of 
ammunition,  and  could  take  but  little  wild  game.  Col.  Goldtluvait 
had  ammunition  entrusted  to  him  for  the  public  good. 

In  their  distress,  the  people  of  Belftist  sent  to  him  for  a  supply, 
but  he  refused  to  give  heed  to  their  representations,  and  treated 
their  importunities  with  contempt.  But  tlicy  were  determined  not 
to  be  defrauded  of  their  rights  by  a  t^Tant  and  a  coward ;  so  a  few 
days  after  tliey  made  another  application.  Taking  their  guns  and 
what  ammunition  they  had,  they  went  in  numbers  to  the  fort. 

Upon  drawing  near  their  destination,  they  deputed  two  of  their 
men  to  go  in  advance  and  make  the  demand.  They  met  with  no 
better  success  than  their  predecessors.  The  narrator  of  the  account 
says  :  we  told  him  that  we  were  determined  to  iiave  it.  the  ammu- 
nition, and  would  take  it  by  force  of  arms  if  we  could  not  get  it 
without. 

By  this  time  our  company  was  in  sight.  "NVe  said  —  here  comes 
assistance,  and  you  may  see  them.  We  are  determined  not  to  be 
treated  as  the  two  men  were  who  came  to  you  on  this  business 
before.  He  cooled  down,  and  gave  to  each  man  a  poimd  of  powder 
and  ball  and  flint. 

The  next  we  heard  of  the  Colonel  he  had  gathered  up  all,  and 
gone  on  board  a  British  vessel  out  of  the  Countiy.  He  adds  the 
following  words  which  are  very  suggestive: — Vs'a  heard  nothing  of 
him  afterwards,  .so  that  icliat  v:e  received  at  (he  time  teas  clear  gain. 

The  italics  are  mine. 

This  visit  to  the  fort,  of  the  detachment  of  men 
from  St.  Georges,  is  even  more  graphically  described 
in  a  letter  written  by  Col.  Goldthwait  himself  to  the 
selectmen  of  that  town. 

This  letter  has  been  copied  several  times,  and 
published  both  in  the  Annals  of  Warren  and  in  the 
Bangor  Historical  Magazine.  But  there  have  been 
just  enough  errors  in  them  of  sufficiently  vital  im- 
portance to  have  it  now  printed  correctly. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         3G7 

It  has  now  been  copied  from  the  original  by  Mr. 
Edward  Brown  of  Tliomaston,  Maine,  in  whose  posses- 
sion it  is,  who  has  .kindly  sent  copies  to  the  writer, 
with  explanations  as  to  the  missing  sentence,  an 
altered  word,  etc.,  and  it  is  now  absolutely  correct. 

It  is  given  entire,  as  follows  : — 

To  the  Gentlfmeii,  tlie  Selectmen  of  St.  Georges,  and  in  the 
absence  of  Selectmen,  to  Major  Mason  AVheaton  and  Capt.  Jno. 
Mclntire,  to  be  communicated  to  the  luliabitants  of  St.  Georges. 

Fort  Poavxal,.  May  8,  1775. 

Gentlemen: — On  the  L^7th  of  last  month  about  20  arme'd  men 
arrived  here  from  St.  Georges  who  came  in  the  name  &  as  a  Com- 
mittee from  the  people  of  St  Georges  &  others  who  they  said  had 
assembled  tliere  to  the  amount  of  250  men  &  this  party  in  their 
name  demanded  of  me  the  reason  of  my  delivering  the  Cannon,  &c. 
belonging  to  this  Foi-t  to  the  Kings  forces. 

I  told  tliem  I  tho't  their  request  reasonable  and  that  I  would  give 
them  all  the  satisfaction  they  demanded  in  this  matter,  &  immedi- 
ately left  them. 

I  went  into  the  Fort  &  got  the  Governor's  letter  to  me,  and  it 
was  read  to  them.  1  then  intbrnied  them  tliat  this  was  the  King's 
Fort  &  built  at  his  expense  ;  that  the  Gov""  Avas  Commander  in 
Chief  of  it,  that  I  could  not  refuse  obeying  his  orders;  that  I  was 
ready  to  make  oath  that  I  had  no  intimation  of  this  matter  until  Mr. 
Graves  who  commanded  this  expedition  shew'd  me  tlie  Governor's 
order,  within  ten  minutes  after  his  vessels  came  to  anchor  here  ;  & 
in  case  it  had  been  in  my  power  to  have  resisted  this  order,  I 
should  not  have  tlio't  it  expedient  to  have  done  it,  as  the  inevitable 
consequence  of  such  resistance,  would  have  been  the  Total  Ruin  of 
the  River :  being  that  a  small  naval  force  at  the  mouth  of  it,  could 
entirely  stop  the  provision  Vessels  &  Coasters,  and  all  other  mer- 
chant Ye-<-els,  &  must  have  soon  broke  up  the  River. 

Upon  ray  representing  these  facts  and  reasoning  in  this  manner, 
Capt.  Gragg  &  his  party  appeared  to  be  satisfied  :   He  then  told  me 


368  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

that  they  had  intelligence  that  the  Cauadiaus  &  Indians  were 
swarming  d«»wn  upon  ns ;  that  the  arm'd  vessels  that  went  from 
hence  had  killed  the  peoples  cattle  at  Townsend,  &  they  expected  to 
meet  witli  the  same  fate  at  St.  Georges;  that  amoiig  all  the  people 
that  -were  assembled  there,  they  hadn't  ten  charges  of  ammunition, 
and  -were  very  scant  of  arms ;  tfc  that  one  part  of  their  orders  was  to 
desire  &  demaiid  of  me  a  part  of  ours,  I  informed  them  the  true 
condition  of  the  Fort  &  the  Scarcity  of  ammunition  upon  the  River; 
still  they  persisted  in  their  request. 

I  sometime  after  told  the  Serjent  he  must  see  what  there  was  & 
let  them  have  what  could  be  spared  upon  such  an  emergency  ;  and 
he  accordingly  delivered  them  7  musketts  10"^  powder  &  2-1"'=  Balls, 
for  which  ]\fessr>  Sam'  Gragg.  Rob.  Mclntire  &  Benj.  Burton 
gave  a  rec'  for.  as  a  Committee  from  St.  Gcorses. 

Now  Gent"  as  it  appears  that  this  alarm  was  premature,  &  that 
these  people  ciime,  as  they  declared,  with  authority  from  your 
Town  ;  I  hope  you'll  interfere  in  it  and  see  that  the  arms  &  am- 
munition are  returned  to  the  Fort,  and  especially  too,  as  it  is  now 
declared  c^  known  to  be  true  that  this  river  is  barer  of  arms  and 
ammimition  than  you  are  at  St.   Georges. 

I  shall  enclose  a  copy  of  the  Gov''  letter  to  me  for  your  satisftic- 
tion.  I  beg  thefav*"  of  you  to  communicate  this  letter,  together  -svith 
the  votes  passed  upon  this  river  (which  will  be  delivered  you  by  a 
Committee  sent  on  purpose)  to  your  Town  that  they  may  have  an 
opportunity  to  act  in  it  as  they  judL^e  expedient,  I  am  Gent"  , 

Y""    most  humble  serv^  , 

Tho.   Goldthwait. 

In  the  original,  there  appears  the  word  '^letter " 
crossed  out,  followed  by  the  word  "  order."  But  in 
the  copies,  it  reads  "  later  order."  This  latter  ex- 
pression would  make  it  appear  that  Col.  Goldthwait 
had  already  received  a  jyrior  order,  which  was  not  the 
case.  0)16  order  icas  handed  to  him  hy  Lieut.  Graves, 
and  this  condition  with  the  alternatice  —  as  stated  in 
William  Molineux'  letter  —  stared  him  in  the  face. 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         369 

There  is  also  omitted  in  the  copies,  one  very 
important  sentence,  one  that  in  all  human  probability, 
influenced  his  decision  quite  as  much  as  the  appear- 
ance on  the  scene  of  an  overwhelming  force.  In 
fact,  it  may  liave  been  the  strongest  motive,  or 
mainspring  of  Col.  Goldthwait's  action  in  so  promptly 
obeying  the  Governor's  order.  The  sentence  reads 
as  follows :  — 

Beincj  that  a  small  naval  force  at  the  )nouth  of  the  river,  cou'd 
erdireJi/  stop  the  provision  vessels  &  coasters.  &  all  other  merchant 
Vesstls,  (t^  must  have  soon  broke  upj  the  River. 

This,  with  the  sentence  just  immediately  preceding 
it,  shows  conclusively  that  his  good  military  sense 
and  sound  judgment  v.diich,  by  all  the  letters  quoted, 
he  had  previously  shown,  was,  in  this  case  given  for 
the  benefit  of  the  settlers  as  it  had  been  done  on  all 
other  occasions. 

To  have  resisted  a  large  armed  force  at  that 
moment,  with  the  few  men  he  had  on  hand,  would 
have  been  not  only  madness  on  his  part,  but  would 
have  invited  the  prompt  destruction  of  the  fort  and 
insured  a  speedy  blockade  of  the  Penobscot  River,  and, 
in  consequence  brought  sure  starvation  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  entire  Penobscot  Valley.  It  nearly 
followed  as  it  was. 

None  but  a  good  soldier,  with  a  rare  coup  d'ceil, 
would  have  known  that  it  was  wise  to  surrender  to  an 
overwhelming  force,  or  have  displayed  such  a  remark- 
able forethought,  as  is  shown  in  the  sentence  now 
quoted,  as  to  the  consequences  to  the  people  had  he 
not  have  promptly  done  so. 
Vol.  VII.         26 


370  MAINE    DISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

This  was  another  most  dignified  and  soldierly  letter  : 
written  calmly  amidst  the  tumult  of  his  surroundings. 

In  reading  carefully  the  events  of  that  period,  just 
prior  and  subsequent  to  the  battle  of  Lexington,  in 
many  histories,  journals,  diaries  and  narratives,  we 
have  been  struck  v.ith  the  generally  lawless,  unrea- 
sonable character  of  the  acts  committed  by  the  Whigs, 
under  the  guise  of  patriotism  in  carrying  out  their 
loyal  plans  :  and  especially  in  and  about  the  region 
of  what  is  now  known  as  Eastern  Maine. 

It  is  very  evident  to  our  mind  that  John  Davidscn 
was  one  ot  tuose  rougn,  lawjess,  oorder  characters, 
who  reigned  supreme  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  in  those  spai"sely  settled  districts.  The 
writer  has  seen  just  such  within  twenty  years  in 
Mexico,  Texas,  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

Everybody  was  supposed  to  take  sides  upon  the 
spur  of  the  moment  at  the  outset,  and  if  one  was 
suspected  even  of  being  Loyalist,  Tory  or  Neutral, 
the  first  thought  was  to  burn  him  out,  mob,  or  kill 
him,  or  do  him  some  personal  injury. 

The  Annals  of  Warren,  by  Eaton,  mention  the 
lawless  acts  committed,  and  the  turbulent  spirits  in 
that  region,  ready  to  use  mob  violence,  or  any  other 
methods  to  enforce  their  demands  upon  all  who  did 
not  agree  with  them.  There  was  lack  of  sound  judg- 
ment and  cool  reason  on  both  sides.  Burton  and 
Greiirc!;  are  cited  in  this  valuable  work  as  examples  of 
this  sort.  They  were  the  companions  of  Davidson 
and  Nichols  on  their  errand  to  the  fort ;  and  the 
two   latter  were  selected  to  make  the  demand  upon 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTIIWAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         371 

Col.  Gokltluvait.  Burton  was  also  in  the  famous  tea- 
party  of  Indians  (?)  at  Boston.     (Annals  of  ^Yarien.) 

In  Davidson's  narrative,  this  feeling  is  quite  in 
evidencej  from  the  manner  in  which  he  describes 
their  visit  to  the  fort,  first  demanding  powder  and 
ball,  then  threatening  what  would  be  done  were  it  not 
complied  with,  and  his  general  condemnation  of  Col. 
Goldthwait  for  all  his  acts. 

The  narrative  was  written  when  Davidson  was  an 
old  man,  and  necessarily  from  memory  ;  but  his 
prejudices  do  not  seem  to  have  died  out  or  even 
iibaieu,  iur  iils  recoiieciions  ol  luose  days  centered 
on  two  events  —  the  dismantlement  of  Fort  Pownall, 
the  incident  connected  with  the  ammunition,  and 
Col.  Goldthwait's  seeming  indifference  to  his  de- 
mands. 

To  further  prove  the  lawlessness,  turbulence  and 
unororanized  force  of  those  times,  one  need  onlv  to 
consult  the  archives  :   they  are  bristling  vrith  facts. 

A  letter  from  Marshfield,  Massachusetts,  to  a 
gentleman  in  Boston,  dated  January  24,  1775,  de- 
scribes it  in  very  vivid  colors  there.  (Am.  Arch.  1 : 
177.) 

A  letter  was  written  by  Enoch  Freeman,  Commit- 
tee of  Safety,  etc.,  at  Falmouth,  May  10,  1775,  con- 
cerning the  projected  capture  of  the  sloop  Canceaux, 
Gapt.  Mowat,  by  one  Col.  Thompson.     He  says ; — 

"We  are  in  confusion.  Pray  let  Congress  be  informed  of  this 
affair,  and  let  us  know  whether  Thompson  had  such  orders,  and 
pray  the  Congress  to  give  us  some  directions,  for  loe  are  m  such 
confusion  nohody  seems   rational. 


372  MAINE    UISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

On  May  11,  follows  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  of 
Falmouth  to  somebody  at  Watertown  (probably  Enocli 
Freeman  to  Samuel  Freeman,  Secretary  of  the 
Provincial  Congress),  then  the  seat  of  Congress,  con- 
cerning the  doings  in  the  town  on  that  day  ;  he 
describes  the  rioting,  drunkenness,  the  number  of 
barrels  of  rum  drank,  etc.,  etc.  (Am.  Arch.,  2  :  550- 
552.) 

Then  follows  a  letter  from  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble, 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Safety,  commending 
Capt.  Mowat  for  his  prudence,  gentlemanly  con- 
duct, etc.     (Am.  Arch.,  2  :   585 ) 

A  letter  was  sent  to  Col.  Thompson,  censuring  him 
for   his    unjustifiable    conduct,    etc.     (Am.    Arch.,  2: 

587.) 

Numerous  other  instances  are  on  record. 

Numerous  letters  were  written  to  the  Provincial 
Cono-ress  concerning  the  act  of  Col.  Goldtliwait. 
They  do  not  seem  to  have  been  wholly  free  from 
jealousy  and  selfish  motives. 

In  the  journal  of  each  Provincial  Congress  of 
Massachusetts  is  a  letter  written  by  Enoch  Freeman 
of  Falmouth,  dated  Falmouth,  May  5,  1775,  about  three 
weeks  after  Fort  Pownall  had  been  dismantled.  He 
says  :  — 

"NVe  hiive  lately  beard  that  the  Penobscot  Indians  are  highly 
exasperated  at  Captain  Goldtliwait  for  suttering  the  tender  to  dis- 
mantle the  Fort  there,  and  carrying  off  the  powder:  and  truck  trade 
is  stopped  v,-e  are  informed:  and  that  a  number  of  men  around 
about  there  are  ?oing  to  take  him —  Goldtliwait  —  for  delivering  up 
the  fort,  into  their  custody  :  but  what  they  intend  to  do  with  him  I 
dont  hear. 


COL.    TH031AS    GOLDTHAVAIT WAS    HE    A    TORY?         373 

Perliaps  it  would  be  prudent  for  Congress  to  send  down  here  and 
secure  the  Indians  in  oiu*  interest,  by  keeping  Truck  Trade  open, 
supplying  them  with  powder,  or  any  other  method  in  theu'  wisdom, 
upon  mature  considoration  they  may  think  best. 

A  hint  on  this  head  is  enough. 

A  letter  now  follows  from  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble, 
the  first  Truckmaster.  Its  animus  is  clearly  seen 
and  as  easily  understood.  In  fact,  the  letter  explains 
itself.  The  truck  trade  must  be  kept  open  and 
continued  for  the  benefit  of  his  son  John  Preble  ;  and 
the  influence  of  the  party  addressed,  whose  name  is 
u\jh  givtjii,  x:>  suuciLeu  lur  ihai  purpose. 

Falmouth,   June    1,  1775. 

Col.  Goldthwait  will  no  doubt  make  interest  to  have  provition 
made  for  the  subsistence  of  the  garrison  at  Penobscot,  but  I  M'ill 
leave  you  to  judge  whether  a  man  is  tit  to  command  such  a  fortitica- 
tion  as  Fort  Pownall  who  will  sufibr  two  schooners  to  Rob  it  of  guns 
&  ammunition. 

I  think  it  will  be  the  height  of  imprudence  to  neglect  supplying 
the  Truck  Trade.  Shall  be  much  obliged  to  you  to  use  your  influ- 
ence that  my  son  may  be  continued  Truckmaster,  for  he  has  been 
at  grate  expence  to  furnish  himself  with  a  habitation  and  other 
necessaries  for  carrying  on  the  Indian  Trade. 

I  am  your  ready  friend  &  humble  servant, 

Jedediah  Preble. 

These  waite  on  you  by  Capt.  John  Lane,  who  arrived  here  yes- 
terday from  Penobscot  with  four  Indian  Chiefs  who  are  bound  to  the 
Congress. 

(AVillis  Papers,  Portland  Public  Library.) 

This  letter  was  undoubtedly  addressed  to  Samuel 
Freeman,  Secretary  of  the  Provincial  Congress. 

Acting  upon  the  hint  given  by  the  letters  of  Enoch 
Freeman  and  Gen.  Jedediah  Preble,  both  members  of 


374  MAINE    HISTUKICAL    SOCIKTY. 

the  Committee  of  Correspoiulence  and  Safety  at 
Falmouth,  the  Secretary  of  the  Provincial  Congress, 
Samuel  Freeman,  addressed  the  following  letter  to 
the  Penobscot  Indians  :  — 

In  Provincial  Congress,  AVatertown,  May  15,  1775. 
Friends  and  Good  Brothers  :—AVe,  the  Delegates  of  the  Colony 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  being  come  together  in  Congress  to  consider 
whatever  is  best  for  you  and  ourselves.  &c.  have  thought  it  best 
to  write  the  following  letter:  .  .  .  ^' Capttain  Goldthwait  has 
given  up  Fort  Pownall  to  our  enemies.  AVe  are  angi-y  at  it,  and  we 
hear  that  you  are  angiy  at  him,  and  we  dout  wonder  at  it. 

htojuiutu  tuiuo-  a/iuL  t^i'jo.,  ou,  yuvd  uroUitis,  ivanljroni  us  oj 
clothing,  or  warUhe  stores,  and  tee  xdll  supply  you  as  fast  as  we  can. 
We  vnll  do  all  for  you  we  can,  and  fight  to  save  you  any  time  :  and 
hope  none  of  your  men  or  the  Indians  in  Canada,  will  join  with 
our  enemies.  You  may  have  a  great  deal  of  good  influence  on  them." 
"We  have  sent  Captain  Lane  to  you  for  that  purpose,  and  he 
will  show  you  his  orders  for  raising  one  company  of  your  men  to 
join  with  us  in  the  war  with  you  and  our  enemies." 

''Brothers  I  if  you  will  let  Mr.  John  Prehle  know  what  things 
you  want,  he  icill  take  care  to  inform  us,  and  ice  will  do  the  best  for 
you  that  we  can." 

(Am.  Arch.,  2  :   1433.) 

The  itahcs  are  mine.  This  sudden  exuberance  of 
spirit  and  excessive  liberality,  now  displayed  towards 
the  Indians,  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  niggardly 
policy  previously  shown. 

It  looks  very  much  like  a  clear  case  of  "locking 
the  stable  door  after  the  horse  is  stolen."  Had  one- 
half  of  this  diplomatic  generosity  been  exercised  in 
that  direction  toward  reenforclng  and  supf)lyincj  Fort 
Pownall  With  its  necessary  (jarrisoii,  ammunition  and 
stores,  before  Admiial  Graves  had  the  opportunity  of 


COL.    THO:\lA8    GOLDTHWAIT WA8~-HE    A    TOIIY?         375 

sendins;  down  and  dismiintlinu'  it :  had  tlie  '^  ounce  of 
prevention  "  been  applied  at  the  right  time,  instead  of 
the  "  pound  of  cure  "  after  the  mischief  was  done  ; 
Col.  Goldthwait's  course  might  have  been  ditl"erent, 
iind  all  the  suffering  and  misery  caused  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  Penobscot  Valley  might  have  been 
avoided. 

There  was  certainly  a  most  remarkable  lack  of 
wisdom  shown  in  dealing  with  this  momentous  prob- 
lem at  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot  River. 

After  the  dismantlement  of  Fort  Pownall,  the  fol- 
lowing private  letter  was  sent  from  that  region  to  the 
Provincial  Congress  at  Watertown.  This  appears  in 
full  in  American  Archives,  2  :   943. 

Extracts  have  been  quoted  from  it  at  various  times 
by  the  local  historians  of  Maine,  hut  not  that  portion 
tcJiich  stands  out  as  a  strong  vindication  of  the  char- 
acter of  Col.  Thomas  Go^dthwait. 

It  is  as  follows  :  — 

Penobscot,  (written  from  Wheelerborougli) ,  June  7,  1775. 

(Extract) 

Sir: — The  River  excells  for  fish  of  various  kinds,  and  easie 
navigation  for  tlie  largest  of  vessels.  The  people  firmlj  attached  to 
tlie  Constitution  you  precide  off*,  and  I  ara  confident  will  support  it 
to  the  last  moment  of  their  lives,  being  willing  in  general  to 
•encounter  any  ilifficulty,  rather  than  yield  to  that  Band  of  Tyranny 
whose  plodding  Toles  (Pates)  have  long  been  projecting  methods  to 
enslave  us. 

I  am  confirmed  in  this  opinion  by  an  anecdote  or  two  that  has  come 
to  my  knowledge  since  my  residence  on  this  River,  for  I  live  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Col"  Thomas  Goldthwait,  who  was  a  member  of 
our  Assembly  (as  you  may  remember)  for  many  years,  particularly 
in  the  year  17G2. 


37G  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

From  whom  1  had  the  tbllowing  story.  Richard  Jackson,  Esq., 
was  then  the  agent  for  our  Province.  The  Col"  says  that  tlien  in 
some  of  his  private  letters,  which  he  wrote  after  his  appointment, 
he  intimated  his  fears  that  it  would  mA  be  in  his  power  to  do  the 
Province  much  service,  as  there  was  a  principle  prevailing  in  P^ng- 
land  at  that  time  to  render  the  Colony  Assemblys  useless. 

The  Colonel  also  says  Mr.  Bollin  (who  was  agent  before  Mr. 
Jackson),  v/as  continually  warning  the  General  Court  of  this 
principle  then  prevailing  in  England,  and  yet,  you  no  doubt 
remember,  both  those  Gent"  were  turned  out  of  their  Agency  upon 
a  suspicion  that  they  were  not  in  the  interest  of  the  Province. 

Certainly,  they  were  taithful  as  touching  the  most  important 
matter,  whatever  part  of  their  conduct  might  give  umbrage  to  their 
Constituents.  And  there  seems  to  be  some  degree  of  similarity  in 
the  Case  of  the  above  gentlemen  and  CoP  Goldthwait,  For  one  of 
your  members,  viz  : —  Capt.  John  Lane,  wIiq  is  now  here,  says  the 
Congress  had  ree'd  very  imfavorable  acct's  of  the  Col'^'^  conduct. 
Whereas  on  a  fair  and  impartial  examination,  it  will  appear  that 
CoP  Goldthv.-ait  has  been  a  steady  and  uniform  Friend  to  our  Con- 
stitution. 

Some  unimportant  or  irrelevant  matter  follows  and 
he  adds  :  — 

Pray  excuse  the  want  of  order  in  these  hints. 

From,  Ilonble  Sir,  Your  Humble  Ser't, 

In  Haste,  Elihu  Hewes. 

P.  S. 

I  have  wrote  by  this  opportunity  to  .Joseph  Hewes,  Esq.,  in  the 
Continental  Congress.  We  are  Brothers  children,  and  were  bro't 
up  together  in    the    same  Family.     Your  favour    in  forwarding    is; 

prayed  by. 

Sir.  Yours,  &c.  &c. 

There  is  an  Island  in  the  mouth  of  this  River  owned  by  Isaac- 

Winslow,    Esq.,   as  he  saith,   contains    C    or    7000    acres.      I    first 

settled  on  it.     There  is   10  or  12  good  Conn.    [Connecticut]   men 

who  are  Heartily    in  our  cause  and  should  hold    what    they    have 


COL.    THOMAS    GOLDTllWAIT WAS    HE    A    TOKY?  377 

taken  iu  their   own   right.     The    rest    should   be  deemed    Forfeit. 
This  is  my  private  opinion  made  to  none  but  you. 

To  Joseph  Warren,  Esq.  President  of  the  Provincial  Congress  for 
the  Mass.  Bay. 

This  letter  as  a  whole  will  bear  a  great  deal  of  care- 
ful study.  Had  he  at  that  time  had  any  occasion  to 
suspect  Col.  Goldthwait's  loyalty  to  his  cause,  he 
would  have  so  stated  it  in  a  private  letter  to  the 
President  of  the  Provincial  Congress.  The  writer 
will  refer  to  him  later. 

The  following  petition  was  also  referred  to  the 
Provincial  Congress,  of  this  same  date.  As  it  is 
headed  by  Thomas  Goldthwait,  and  it  expresses  the 
strongest  sentiments  of  lovaltv  to  the  cause,  it  would 
indicate  just  the  reverse  of  Toryism  or  disaffection  to 
the  Province. 

PETITION. 

Gent°^  : — 

AVe  the  subscribers  being  appointed  a  Committee  by  the  inhab- 
itants on  Penobscot  Piver,  the  inhabitants  of  Belfast,  Major  bigwa- 
duce  &  Benjamins  River,  to  make  representation  to  you  of  the 
difficulties  &  distress  the  said  inhabitants  are  imder,  in  respect  to 
the  scarcity  of  corn  &  ammunition  occasioned  by  the  interruption  of 
vessels,  which  they  depend  upon  for  their  supplies,  &  also  in  the 
impediments  in  exportations  from  the  Seaport  towns,  &c. 

We  accordingly  herewith  send  you  the  votes  of  the  said  inhab- 
itants passed  by  them  at  a  general  meeting  on  Teusday  the  Gth  day 
of  June  instant  which  we  are  to  pi"ay  your  consideration  of,  &c.  &c. 

We  are  further  to  assure  you  that  the  said  inhabitants  are  ready 
with  their  lives  &  all  y*-  they  have  to  support  the  cause  lohich  their 
country  is  engaged  iii,  in  defence  of  their  liberties  &  their  pjriveledges , 
and  loill  hold  themselves  in  readiness  for  that  purpose^  &c. 


378  MAIXE   HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

"\Vc  are  in  behalf  of  the  said  inhabitants,  Gent"  , 

Your  most  liumblc  ser** , 
Tho.  G old (h wait. 

John  Tufts.  Benj.  Shute. 

Jonathan  Buck.  Oliver  Crary. 

Edwin  Moocrs. 

Accompanying  it  was  the  following  letter  :  — 

Penodscot,  June  7,  1S75. 

Gentlemen  : —  The  said  Committee  are  also  to  inform  you  that  it 
was  represented  at  the  said  meeting  that  the  establishment  of  Fort 
Powuall  is  nearly  expired.  That  the  Commander  of  the  s**  Fort  in 
obedience  to  the  command  of  the  Gov""  delivered  to  his  order  the 
Artillery  &  spare  arms  belonging  to  s'^  Fort :  that  he  also  delivered 
to  our  inhabitants  in  the  difll-rent  parts  of  this  vicinity,  upon  their 
own  application,  some  spare  arms  &  ammunition,  reserving  only  a 
small  quantity  of  each  for  the  use  of  the  soldiers  belonging  to  said 
"•arrison,  which  occasions  the  said  Fort  at  this  time  to  be  very  bare 
of  arms  in  those  respects. 

To  the  lion.  Th^  Gentlemen  at  Cambridge  to  represent  the 
Province  in  Provincial  Congress.      (Mass.  Arch.  193  :  328.)    _ 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  petition  and 
accompanying  letter  were  written  after  the  disman- 
tlement of  Fort  Pownall  and  before  it  was  destro^^ed. 
It  was  also  written  before  the  maltreatment  of  Col. 
Thomas  Goldthwait:  the  mutilation  of  his  portrait, 
and  the  indignities  he  and  his  family  suflered  in  the 
dead  of  night  July  21,  1775,  when  the  lawless 
and  turbulent  spirits  collected,  under  the  name  of 
militia,  in  command  of  Col.  James  Cargill,  and  burnt 
him  out  of  house  and  home  for  having,  as  is  set  forth 
in  the  above  petition  :  — 

In   obedience  to  the  command  of  the  Governor  delivered  to  his 
order  the  Artillery,  &;c. 


RAILROAD    REMINISCENCES.  379 

The  italics  are  mine.  Could  anything  in  the  shape 
of  loyalty  to  one's  country  be  stronger,  especially 
after  the  act  of  his,  already  so  many  times  cited,  than 
this  petition  over  the  signature  of  Thomas  Gold- 
thwait?  Can  anyone  doubt  of  his  sincere  intentions 
toward  sustaining  the  cause  of  the  patriots  ?  In  the 
original,  the  ])etiiion  looks  as  though  it  was  draicii  iq) 
hy  lliomas  Goldthwait  himself.  It  is  my  belief  that 
it  is  his  own  handwriting.  He  would  not  even  allow 
another  to  express  his  own  language  in  the  sentiments 
he  wished  to  convey. 


RAILROAD  REMIiNISCENCES, 

BY    HON.    JAMES    W.    BKADBURY. 
Read  before  the  Maine  Ilistorical  Society,  March  S6,  1S96. 

I  HAVE  always  felt  great  interest  in  the  advance  of 
the  railroad  system  in  my  native  state,  especially  as 
it  so  happened  that  it  fell  to  my  lot  to  aid  in  obtaining 
from  the  Legislature  the  charter  of  the  first  railroad  of 
importance  constructed  within  its  limits.  This  was  in 
1837.  While  battling  for  this  road  I  little  thought 
that  within  my  lifetime  more  than  sixteen  hundred 
miles  of  good  substantial  railroad  would  be  in  success- 
ful operation  in  the  state. 

In  1836  the  petitioners  for  two  contesting  lines  of 
railroad  towards  Boston  were  before  the  Legislature  — 
the  Shore  Line  to  pass  through  Saco,  Biddeford,  Ken- 


380  MAINE    HISTOKICAI.    SOCIETY. 

nebunk  and  York,  to  Portsmouth,  and  the  "  Interior 
Line"  through  Gorham,  Alfred,  North  Berwick  and 
Berwick  to  Dover,  New  Hampshire.  In  the  struggle 
between  them  the  hitter  prevailed,  and  obtained  a  char- 
ter under  another  name  than  the  Boston  &  Maine, 
which  it  afterwards  received.  But  it  did  not  proceed 
to  build  during  the  year. 

When  the  Legislature  assembled  the  next  year,  the 
petitioners  for  the  "  Shore  Line  "  applied  to  me  to 
assist  them  and  take  charge  of  their  case  before  the 
leL«-islative  committee,  and  we  were  able  to  satisfy  the 
committee  and  the  Legislature  that,  as  their  contest- 
ants had  neglected  to  do  anything  under  their  charter, 
the  petitioners  were  entitled  to  have  one  for  the  Shore 
Line  ;  and  the  act  for  the  incorporation  of  the  Port- 
land, Saco  &    Portsmouth    Railroad    was    passed  and 

approved. 

A  year  or  two  afterwards  the  company  obtained 
an  amendment,  professedly  to  avoid  a  hill  in  York, 
in  terms  so  general  as  to  enable  it  to  avoid  Kenne- 
bunk  and  York  Village  and  to  go  so  far  to  the  west  as 
North  Berwick,  which  was  in  the  chartered  line  of 
the  other  road.  With  this  I  had  nothing  to  do. 
Under  its  charter  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth 
was  constructed  prior  to  any  other  railroad  in  Maine, 
excepting  only,  the  few  miles  of  imperfect  road  from 
Bangor  to  Oldtown. 

The  Boston  &  Maine  had  built  its  road  from  Boston 
to  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  and  thence  to  North  Ber- 
wick, reaching  that  place  in  1842.  It  found  the  Port- 
land, Saco  &  Portsmouth  operating  its  road  in  conncc- 


RAILROAD    UEMIXISCEXCES.  381 

tion  with  the  Eastern,  and  tluis  forming  a  continuous 
line  between  Boston  and  Portland.  Trouble  soon 
arose  between  these  rival  lines.  The  Boston  &  Maine 
complained  that  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  had 
unfiiirly  got  upon  its  chartered  line,  and  was  manag- 
ing its  road  to  monopolize  the  travel  between  Boston 
and  Maine.  It  refused  to  connect,  or  to  ticket  over 
the  other  line ;  and  it  was  said  it  would  not  stop  at 
the  station  for  the  passengers  if  the  cars  were  in  sight 
on  the  other  line,  and  that  its  hostile  management  was 
depriving  the  Boston  &  Maine  of  any  share  of  the 
tnrougn  travel,  ihe  Boston  >X  Maine  then  made  ap- 
plication to  the  Legislature  for  relief.  Its  agent  called 
upon  me  to  attend  to  their  case  before  the  Legislature. 
It  was  an  important  case  as  the  life  of  the  road  de- 
pended upon  the  result.  The  battle  before  the  rail- 
road committee  was  a  hard  one.  Among  the  eminent 
lawyers  we  had  to  contend  with  who  were  employed 
by  our  real  opponent,  the  Eastern  Railroad,  that  con- 
trolled the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  —  was  Gen. 
Fessenden,  in  the  full  maturity  of  his  power.  We 
asked  that  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  should  be 
required  to  connect  and  take  our  cars  over  its  road 
upon  the  receipt  of  fare  for  the  passengers  that  were  in 
them.  This  was  scouted  at  as  a  thing  unknown,  and 
as  an  unjust  use  of  their  property  for  the  benefit  of 
others,  aofainst  their  will.  At  the  close  of  the  arsru- 
ment,  the  committee  voted  to  grant  our  petition  and  to 
give  us  a  bill.  I  was  directed  to  prepare  the  bill  and 
present  it  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  committee. 
During  the  week  after  the  adjournment  our  opponents 


382  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

performed  so  successful  lobby  work,  that  when  I  pre- 
sented the  bill  a  member  moved  to  take  the  vote  again 
on  the  petition,  and  he  succeeded  in  reversing;  the 
action  of  the  preceding  meeting,  and  denying  the 
prayers  of  the  petitioners.  We  were  surpjised.  It 
chanced  that  tliere  was  another  railroad  bill  pending 
before  the  committee  to  which  there  was  no  objection. 

I  expressed  the  hope  that  the  committee  would  not 
kill  that  bill  also,  as  they  had  done  mine.  The  reasons 
for  connection  were  being  discussed  by  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature,  and  I  felt  confident  of  the  result 

II  we  couia  get  our  measure  beiore  either  branch  of 
the  Legislature, 

The  committee  reported  in  favor  of  the  other  bill. 
It  was  a  creneral  act  concerninci;  railroads.  When  it 
came  up  for  action  a  senator,  who  was  in  favor  of  the 
provisions  of  our  bill,  moved  that  they  be  added  to  the 
pending  bill  as  an  amendment.  After  a  good  deal  of 
discussion  the  amendment  was  adopted  and  the  pro- 
vision requiring  railroads  to  connect  became  a  law. 

Thereupon  the  two  roads,  after  a  little  delay, 
entered  into  an  agreement  for  the  division  of  the 
through  business  which  continued  in  force  for  nearly 
thirty  years.  In  1871,  the  Eastern  gave  notice  of  its 
intention  to  terminate  the  agreement,  and  paid  the 
forfeiture  required  of  the  party  that  should  terminate 
it.  This  was  regarded  by  the  Boston  and  Maine  as  a 
declaration  of  war.  It  tried  to  settle,  but  every  offer 
of  adjustment  was  rejected  by  the  Eastern.  At  the 
request  of  the  president  of  the  Boston  and  Maine  I 
met  him  at  his  of&ce  in  Boston  early  in  January,  1872. 


IIAILKOAD    RKJIINISCENCES.  383 

There  appeared  to  be  no  other  mode  of  relief  than  to 
obtain  the  right  to  extend  its  road  to  Portland.  I  pre- 
pared a  brief  petition  which  he  signed.  I  informed  him 
that  as  he  had  not  given  the  requisite  notice,  it  was 
doubtful  wdiether  we  could  get  a  hearing  by  the  pres- 
ent Legislature,  which  was  then  in  session.  The  peti- 
tion was  presented  hy  me  to  the  Legislature  immedi- 
ately after  my  return.  When  it  came  before  the  com- 
mittee the  objection  was  at  once  made  that  the  thirty 
days'  notice  required  had  not  been  given,  and  that 
under  the  rules  the  2:)etition  must  be  referred  to  the 
next  Legislature.  The  reasons  for  waiving  this  objec- 
tion were  urged  by  me,  and  upon  my  proposition  that 
the  objection  of  the  preliminary  notice  should  not  be 
reojarded  as  waived,  but  be  considered  at  the  hearino-, 
the  committee  finally  consented  that  notice  for  a  hear- 
ing might  be  given.     This  w^as  a  substantial  victory. 

On  the  day  named  for  the  hearing  the  opponents  to 
our  petition  appeared  wdth  their  lawyer  and  went  into 
the  general  merits  of  the  case  so  fully  as  to  take  away 
all  force  to  the  objection  of  want  of  preliminary  notice, 
as  it  plainly  appeared  that  there  had  been  time  for  the 
most  thorough  preparation. 

The  committee  decided  in  our  favor  and  reported  a 
bill  giving  the  right  to  the  petitioners  to  extend  their 
road  to  Portland  on  the  line  prayed  for,  which  after  a 
good  deal  of  debate  passed  the  Senate  and  House  and 
was  approved  by  the  governor,  thus  giving  to  the  Bos- 
ton &  Maine,  what  it  deemed  essential  to  success,  an 
independent  line  between  Boston  and  the  commercial 
capital  of  Maine. 


384  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  next  movement  in  connection  with  raih'oads  on 
this  line  was  made  by  Judge  Rice.  He  was  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Maine  Central  and,  to  secure  proper  nccom- 
modations  and  rates  for  freight  and  fares,  lie  offered  to 
the  stockholders  of  the  Portland,  Saco  c\;  Portsmouth 
to  take  a  lease  for  the  Maine  Central  of  their  road  and 
to  pay  them  eight  per  cent,  on  the  entire  stock,  and 
to  ticket  the  through  business  equally  over  both  lines 
beyond  North  Berwick.  The  Portland,  Saco  &  Port.s- 
mouth  was  then  so  under  the  influence  of  the  East^ 
ern  that  it  rejected  the  ofler  at  the  meeting  at 
whiph  Judge  Rice  was  present  and  made  it,  and  con- 
tinued its  arrangement  with  the  Eastern  at  six  per 
cent,  instead  of  the  eight  it  could  have  been  sure  of 
receiving.  The  Maine  Central  was  also  to  lay  a  double 
track  from  North  Berwick  to  Portland,  which  he  judged 
would  accommodate  the  business  and  cost  but  little  in 
comparison  with  the  millions  that  a  separate  and 
nearly  parallel  line  would  necessarily  cost. 

Failing  in  this  he  then  made  an  effort  to  arrange 
with  the  Boston  &  Maine  in  regard  to  the  through 
business  of  his  road,  as  that  road  had  accommodation 
for  his  freight  which  the  Eastern  had  not. 

After  correspondence  and  conference  the  Boston 
&  Maine  appointed  a  committee  consisting  of  the  pres- 
ident  and  Messrs.  White  and  Beckford  of  the  directors 
to  meet  the  Maine  Central  and  adjust  the  terms  and 
prepare  an  agreement  to  be  presented  to  the  Board 
for  its  action  thereon. 

At  the  request  of  Judge  Rice,  in  behalf  of  the 
Maine  Central,  I  met  the  committee  in  Boston,  and 


RAILEO.AD    EEMINISCEXCES.  385 

we  spent  several  days  in  adjusting  the  terms  of  an 
agreement.  By  it  the  Maine  Central  was  to  hove  the 
charge  of  the  through  business,  receive  its  profits  and 
pay  its  expenses,  and  pay  to  the  Boston  and  Maine  a 
sufficient  amount  to  enable  it,  with  its  net  local  earn- 
ings, to  pay  to  its  stockholders  an  annual  dividend  of 
ten  per  cent,  in  semiannual  paj-ments.  There  were 
other  provisions  that  were  satisfactory  to  the  Eastern, 
so  as  to  secure  peace. 

Finally,  every  point  was  agreed  upon  and  put  in 
proper  form,  and  the  president  of  the  Boston  and 
Maine,  who  was  the  chairman  of  the  committee, 
signed  the  committee's  approval,  and  agreed  to  rec- 
ommend the  adoption  of  the  agreement  by  his  Board, 
and  the  stockholders.  When  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee reached  the  directors  and  the  stockholders 
it  failed  of  being  adopted.  The  Boston  &  Maine 
then  went  forward  and  completed  its  line  into  Port- 
land, at  a  ver}'  heavy  expense.  Up  to  that  time  it 
had  been  very  economical,  and  my  impression  is  (as 
I  write  from  memory,  having  no  report  at  command) 
that  its  entire  stock  and  bonded  debt  were  less  than 
nine  millions  of  dollars. 

I  rendered  one  service  to  the  stockholders  of  rail- 
roads which  I  think  is  of  substantial  value.  I  pre- 
pared and  sent  to  the  Legislature  the  bill  for  the 
foreclosure  of  railroad  mortgages,  which  was  passed 
and  became  the  law  of  the  state.  Its  distinguishing 
feature  is  the  provision  that  upon  the  completion  of 
the  foreclosure,  the  holders  of  the  bonds  may  at  once 
become  the  stockholders  in  a  new  corporation,  in  pro- 
VoL.  VII.        27 


386  .  mainf:  histoiiical  society. 

portion  to  their  bonds,  to  continue  in  the  possesf?ion 
and  management  of  the  road,  subject  to  prior  chiims 
thereon. 

This  saves  the  small  stockholders  from  being  frozen 
out  by  the  sale  of  an  equity,  that  may  in  some  cases  be 
worth  millions,  for  a  comparatively  small  amount  to  a 
combination  of  a  few  rich  owners,  and  secures  to  every 
one  his  fair  proportion  of  the  value  of  the  property. 
•  Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  holders  of  the 
second  mortgage  bonds  of  the  Kennebec  &  Portland 
Railroad,  which  at  the  time  of  the  foreclosure  were  sel- 
ling at  from  fifteen  to  twenty  dollars  per  hundred. 
became  the  stockholders  of  the  Portland  and  Kenne- 
bec, and  their  stock  became  worth  much  more  than 
one  hundred  dollars  per  share  several  years  ago ;  while 
a  sale  of  their  equity  in  the  road  under  the  old  law 
would  not  have  given  them  twenty  per  cent,  of  the 
amount  the}'  subsequently  received. 

A  similar  law  throughout  the  Union  would  have 
saved  millions  for  those  who  had  not  the  means  to 
get  into  the  small  syndicate  of  purchasers. 

ADDENDUM. 

BY    JOSIAH    H.    DRUMilOND. 

There  are  important  and  interesting  historical  facts 
connected  with  the  railroad  controversy  in  1871  and 
1872,  which  should  be  stated  in  connection  with  the 
history  given  by  Mr.  Bradbury. 

In  1870  the  competition  between  the  Eastern  and 
Boston  &  Maine  was  exceedingly  sharp  ;  unfortunateh' 


RAILKOAD    KEMIMSCEXCES.  387 

parties  had  secured  an  interest  in  the  Eastern  ^vho 
were  disposed  to  use  it  for  speculative  purposes.  This 
they  believed  could  be  effected  by  obtaining  the  sole 
control  of  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Po)-tsmouth  Piail- 
road.  The  first  movement  in  this  direction  was  to 
terminate  the  contract  of  1847  for  the  use  of  that 
railroad  by  the  Boston  &  Maine  and  the  Eastern, 
which  could  be  done  by  notice  by  any  one  of  the 
three  parties  and  the  payment  of  two  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  forfeit. 

The  Eastern  gave  the  requisite  notice  to  terminate 
the  contract  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1871 ;  it 
also  eli'ected  a  contract,  dated  May  5,  1871,  the  pre- 
cise terms  of  which  were  not  made  public  or  brought 
out  in  the  litigation  which  followed,  but  which  was 
understood  to  give  thti  full  control  of  the  Portland, 
Saco  &  Portsmouth  to  the  Eastern.  Thereupon  the 
latter  company  advertised  that  it  would  put  on  a 
through  express  train  on  June  5,  in  addition  to  its 
other  trains,  both  ways  between  Boston  and  Portland. 

Of  course  the  Boston  &  Maine  was  practically  com- 
pelled to  do  the  same.  There  was  some  question  in 
the  minds  of  its  officers  whether  the  Eastern,  would 
draw  the  cars  of  the  Boston  &  Maine  on  those  trains, 
and  they  consulted  counsel  in  Portland  with  the  view 
of  an  appeal  to  the  courts  in  case  of  refusal.  Later 
they  became  satisfied  that  there  would  be  no  refusal, 
and  so  notified  their  counsel,  but  requested  him  to  be 
in  his  office  on  the  fifth. 

But  they  were  disappointed  ;  the  new  train  ran  by 
the  Junction,  and   the   Eastern  refused   to   draw   the 


388  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

cars  of  the  Boston  &  Maine  on  that  train ;  in  the  same 
manner  it  refused  to  draw  the  Boston  &  Maine  cars 
from  Portland  on  the  corresponding  train  to  Boston. 

An  appUcation  was  made  for  an  injunction  practi- 
cally to  compel  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  (or 
really,  as  it  was  alleged,  the  Eastern)  to  draw  the  Boston 
&  Maine  cars  on  those  trains  ;  as  the  matter  was  pressing 
and  delay  almost  ruinous,  application  was  made  for  an 
injunction,  without  any  hearing,  upon  the  giving  of  a 
sufficient  bond ;  the  application  was  granted  upon  the 
filintr  of  a  bond  for  fiftv  thousand  dollars  ;  the  bill  in 
equity  was  filed  June  6,  1871,  and  the  injunction  was 
issued  and  served  the  next  day.  Of  course  it  was 
obeyed. 

But  on  June  13,  1871,  a  motion  to  dissolve  it  was 
filed,  and  later  u  hearing  was  had.  Vv^hile  the  motion 
was  addressed  to  Judge  Walton,  and  must  be  acted 
upon  by  him,  it  was  heard  by  him  in  the  presence  of 
five  of  the  other  judges  at  the  Law  Term  in  Bangor. 
It  was  argued  for  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth 
by  Judge  Libbey,  with  whom  Thomas  K.  Lothrop, 
then  president  of  the  Eastern,  was  associated  ;  and 
Henry  W.  Paine,  then  of  Boston,  was  associated  with 
me  for  the  Boston  &  Maine. 

The  court  did  not  dissolve  the  injunction,  but 
allowed  it  to  remain  in  force  until  the  final  decision  of 
the  case.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  injunc- 
tion was  temporary,  until  the  whole  case  should  be 
heard  in  the  regular  manner,  and  then  if  the  injunc- 
tion had  been  denied  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth 
would  have  their  remedy  by  enforcing  the  bond. 


KAILROAD    REMINISCENCES.  389 

The  Boston  &  Maine  relied  upon  the  act  of  1S42, 
mentioned  above  by  Mr.  Bradbury,  which  compelled 
the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  to  draw  its  cars, 
while  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Portsmouth  claimed  that 
the  extent  of  its  duty  was  to  carry  the  passengers, 
and,  so  far  as  it  was  concerned,  the.  act  of  1842  was 
inapplicable  or  invalid.  It  is  quite  a  curious  coinci- 
dence that  thirty  years  after  the  enactment  of  this 
statute  the  very  parties,  which  had  the  contest  over  its 
enactment,  should  be,  for  the  first  time,  contesting  its 
application  to  them  in  the  courts —  the  Portland,  Saco 
&  Portsmouth,  with  the  Eastern  behind  it,  on  the  one 
side,  and  the  Boston  &  Maine  on  the  other. 

When  the  application  of  the  Boston  &  Maine  for  a 
charter  to  extend  its  railroad  into  Portland  was  before 
the  Legislature  in  1872,  the  Portland,  Saco  &  Ports- 
mouth were  drawing  the  Boston  &  Maine  cars  on  its 
express  trains  only  by  the  injunction  of  the  court.  I 
well  remember  with  what  tremendous  power  Mr.  Brad- 
bury used  this  fact  before  the  committee  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  reply  to  the  objection  that  the  required  no- 
.  lice  of  the  petition  had  not  been  given,  and  therefore 
that  no  action  could  be  had  at  that  session. 

It  was  intended  and  expected  to  make  up  the  in- 
junction case  for  the  law  court,  but  it  had  not  been 
actually  done  when  Mr.  Bradbury  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing the  charter  for  the  extension;  the  injunction, 
therefore,  was  continued  in  force  till  January,  1873, 
when,  as  the  extension  into  Portland  had  been  com- 
pleted, the  case  was  dismissed  without  prejudice  and 
without  costs,  and  the  bond  canceled,  but  left  on  the 
files  of  the  courts. 


390  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  Boston  &  Elaine  was  first  chartered  under  tlie 
name  of  the  *'  Maine,  New  Hampshire  k  Massachu- 
setts Railroad  Corporation,"  and  its  western  terminus 
was  "the  village  of  Great  Falls  in  the  town  of  Som- 
ersworth,  New  Hampshire,"  instead  of  Dover. 


THE  MAST  INDUSTRY  OF  OLD 
FALMOUTH. 

BT    LEOXARD    B.    CHAPMAX. 

Read  be/ore  the  Maine  Historical  Societij,  April  2^,  1896. 

At  the  time  of  the  last  settlement  of  Old  Falmouth, 
the  land  was  covered  by  a  native  growth  of  soft  and 
hardwood  trees,  excepting  a  few  places  where  clear- 
ings had  been  commenced  by  those  driven  from  the 
soil  by  the  Indians. 

An  idea  of  the  kind  of  growth  that  covered  Fal- 
mouth Neck,  now  Portland,  is  obtained  by  the  record 
of  the  highway  from  the  head  of  what  is  now  known 
.as  India  Street  —  then  called  King  —  to  Libby's 
Corner  in  Deering,  and  at  this  date  known  by  the 
name  of  Congress  Street.  It  was  the  first  highway 
voted  by  the  new  settlers  and  «ras  in  the  year  of  1728, 
as  follows  :  — 

The  highway  tliat  goes  from  King  Street  up  to  the    head  of  fore 
River,  beginning  at   the  head  of  ^liddle  St.   "where  it  comes  into  s'^ 
Avay  bounded  as  followeth  at  a  stake   standing  ou  the  northern  side 


THE    MAST    IXDUSTKY    OF    OLD    FAL.AIOUTII.  3'Jl 

of  said  way  Kmmiug  south  west  and  he  west  or  there  abouts  to  Mr. 
Proctors  lenee,  theuce  to  a  groat  Read  oak  tree  marked  with  W 
near  as  the  way  gose  and  from  s'*  tree  to  another  Red  oak  marked 
with  W,  thence  to  a  hirgc  white  oak  tree  marked  with  W,  thenee  to 
a  large  Red  oke  near  a  small  brook  or  guUey  marked  with  AV, 
thence  to  a  hirge  white  oke  tree  with  AV  thence  to  a  Red  oak  tree 
marked  with  a  VT.  T.  the  way  turnes  to  tlie  marsli  to  a  Red  oak 
Jree  by  y®  side  of  the  marsh  marked  with  \Y.  thence  cross  y^ 
anarsch  to  the  point  of  uphiud  to  a  small  Bircli  marked  with  W  and 
A  stone  by  it  —  thence  to  a  small  white  oke  marked  with  W  thence 
ito  a  large  white  oke  marked  witli  W,  thence  to  a  large  Red  Oke 
to  the  norword  marked  with  A  W.  again:-;t  the  head  of  y  Round 
marsh  thence  to  Mr.  Thams  bound  of  his  thirty  acre  lot.  (Old 
Jpalmouth  Records,  City  Clerk's  office,  Portland.) 

Towering  above  all  in  certain  localities  was  the 
haughty  pine,  sought  and  procured  for  shipsVniasts, 
yards  and  bowsprits,  the  less  in  size  being  used  for 
unill  lotrs. 

o 

Mast  procuring  in  those  days  was  an  industry  of  no 
small  proportions,  compared  with  the  means  at  the 
disposal  of  those  engaged  in  the  business.  The 
market,  or  place  of  disposal  of  the  product,  was  Eng- 
land, and  the  business  was  under  the  ban  of  statutory 
law.  The  Proyince  of  New  Hampshire  was  the  place 
of  commencement  of  the  industry  in  New  England  as 
the  data  I  haye  been  able  to  obtain  shows,  Samuel 
Waldo  appearing  before  the  legislature  of  the  Proy- 
ince for  the  purpose  of  explaining  the  law,  who,  it  is 
believed,  transferred  his  interest  in  the  business  to 
Col.  Thonjas  Westbrook  in  the  year  1718  —  the 
pioneer  in  the  industr}^  hereabouts,  who  established 
himself  temporarily  at  the  place  now  known  as  Dun- 
stan   Landing,    in  the  town  of  Scarboro,  living,  it  is 


392  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIKTV. 

conjectured,  in  what  is  termed  in  lumber  regions,  "  a 
lumberman's  camp."  Rev.  Thomas  Smith,  the  fir.st 
minister  of  Portland  Neck,  or  Falmouth  of  the  last 
settlement,  for  his  field  of  hibor  embraced  the  entire 
township,  frequently  alludes  in  his  diary  to  the  act  of 
loading  and  the  sailing  of  mast  ships;  but  I  propose 
on  this  occasion  to  present  to  you  statements  founded 
upon  careful  perusal  of  original  records,  to  some  of 
which,  now  before  me,  I  not  only  allude  but  invite 
your  attention,  and  the  first  is  the  account  book  of 
Nathaniel  Knight ;  and  I  will  here  acknowledge  that  1 
am  indebted  for  its  use  to  Miss  Ruth  E.  Knight  of 
Auburn,  this  state,  who  has  kindly  loaned  it  to  me. 
Could  it  speak  what  an  interesting  story  of  local 
history  it  would  tell. 

But  who  was  Nathaniel  Knight?  He  was  a  son  of 
Nathan  Knight,  whose  wife  was  a  sister  of  Col- 
Thomas  Westbrook.  Nathan  Knight  was  the  sou  of 
George  Knight,  who  died  in  Scarboro,  October  9, 1671? 
will  made  same  year.  In  1720  this  Nathan  Knight, 
came  to  Dunstan  and  made  a  purchase  of  land  at  the 
Landing  and  built  a  dwelling-house,  which,  on  the 
fifteenth  day  of  November,  1748,  for  a  consideration 
of  forty-five  pounds,  was  conveyed  to  Richard  King., 
gentleman,  of  Scarboro,  by  Nathan's  children,  eight 
in  number,  Nathaniel  who  married  with  Priscilla  Berry 
being  the  eldest.  Nathan  was  admitted  to  the  Scar- 
boro church  September  12,  1731. 

In  the  year  173-5  he  purchased  a  hundred  acres  of 
land  at  Stroudwater  Falls,  a  mile  southerly  of  Sacca- 


THE    MAST    INDUSTKY    OF    OLD    FAL3I0UTH.  393 

rappa  village,  where  he  built  a  good  bvo-story 
dwelling,  the  cellar  hole  being  plainly  visible  at  this 
date.      His  children  were  :  — 

1.  Mai-y,  born  March  6,  172G. 

2.  Sarah,  born  March  17,  1728. 

3.  John,  born  June   10,    1730;  «lied  August  3,   1744,   and  tradi- 

tion says  carried  otf  and  murdered  by  Indians. 

4.  Hannah,  born  August  20,  1732. 

5.  Elizabeth,  born  September  16,  1734  ;  died  January  22,  173G. 

6.  Nathaniel,  born  August   1.  1735. 

7.  George,  born  Februrary  27,  1739. 

8.  Priscilla,  born  May  29,  1742  ;  died  September  24,  1743. 

Nathaniel  retained  the  homestead  and  married  his 
cousin    Ruth  Elden,  of  Buxton,  December  12,  1782. 
He    was    accustomed    to    say  in  his   young  manhood 
that  he    would  not  marry,  but  his  Uncle  Elden,  who 
married  his  aunt,  the  sister  of  liis  father,  w^ould  occa- 
sionally inform  him  that  he  was  raising  him  a  wife,  so 
at  the  time  above  stated,  he  united  in  marriage  with 
Elden's   daughter,    she    being    twenty-nine    years  his 
junior.     The  farm,  the  best  of  the  region,  comprising 
nearly  two  hundred  acres  and  half  a  sawmill  and    a 
good  house,  came  into  the  possession  of  this  Nathaniel. 
The  house  was  destroyed  by  fire,  September  4,  1829, 
"while    owned    by   John    Knight,    son    of  the    second 
Nathaniel  and  father  to  Miss  Ruth  E.  Knight,  alluded 
to  above  as  the  possessor  of  the  ancient  account  book 
and  other  papers  now  before  me.     In  course  of  time 
most  of  the  farm  went  to  the  late  Edward  Chapman, 
deceased,  and  is  now  owned  by  the  City  of  Westbrook. 


394:  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

There  is  nothing  recorded  in  this  ancient  book  of 
Nathaniel  Kniglit,  senior,  that  reveals  the  exact  tiine 
it  was  first  used.  Evidently  memoranda  were  trans- 
ferred to  it  from  time  to  time.  Under  date  of  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1728,  I  find  as  follows  :  — 

Col.  Westbiook,  E.>q.  Dr. 
Tlieu  began  ye  Oak  contract. 

To  dvating  ye  men  wlien  liewing  at  Dnnstan  £77-4-0 

To  making  "Walter  Hinds  Trowsers  0-5-6 

To  one  day  carrying  thing?  to  Stroudwater  0-8-0 

To  Sundry  times  my  liorse  and  boy  to  Stroudwater  3-0-0 

To  32  days  hewing  masts  at  Dunstau  S  7  pr  day  14-8-0 

To  a  house  44-0-0 

This,  evidently,  was  the  house  that  stood  at  what 
is  known  as  the  southwesterly  corner  of  Westbrook 
and  Bond  Street,  Stroudwater,  which  was  given  the 
name  of  "•  Harrow  House,"  but  is  better  known  in 
history  as  the  ^'  Garrison  House,"  which  was  removed 
to  make  room  for  the  so-called  Fickett  house,  built  a 
hundred  vears  ao-o  by  Samuel  Fickett. 

The  account  then  goes  on  ;  — 

To  driving  hogs  to  Strouilwater  £0-8—0 

To  clearing  roads  at  Dunstan  20-0-0 
July  24,  1732.     To  Avhole  years  work  which  was  our 

agreement  for  £40-0-0 
To  finding  myself  in  victuals  in  foul  v.'hether  and  from 

Saturday  night  to  Monday  morning  the  whole  year  10-0-0 

November  2^J,  1732,  he  commences  a  record  of 
what  he  says  is  "  An  account  of  what  Provisions  I 
found  in  Partnership  with  Thomas  Westbrook,  Esq., 
masting."      The    account    cover.«    four    pages    of  this 


THE    MAST    INDUSTRY    OF    OLD    FALMOUTH.  H95 

lon^^  book,  but  1  can  make  only  two  or  three  extracts 
at  this  time  as  follows  :  — 

To  myself  1273S  days  £63-15-0 

To  28  loads  ofhay  81-0-0 

June  12,  173S,  he  begins  an  account  with  Col. 
Westbrook  as  follows  :  — 

To  hunting  masts,  fitting  thom,  and  clearing  of  roads. 

The  time  covered  was  fortj^-seven  weeks  and  he 
charged  one  pound  per  day  for  his  services,  but  there 
is  not  a  date  entered  after  the  first. 

I  wall  here  state,  though  the  fact  is  known  to  many, 
that  the  highways,  as  now  used  in  this  vicinity,  were 
laid  out  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  mast  logs  in 
connection  with  the  rivers,  and  cleared  or  opened  by 
Col.  Westbrook  and  others  eno'afred  in  the  mast  busi- 
ness. 

November  1,  1744,  he  opens  an  account  with  Sol- 
omon Bragdon,  who  owned  the  sawmill  on  the  Stroud- 
water  River,  above  the  Falls  mill,  and  known  fifty 
years  ago  and  later  as  the  Curtis  mill,  as  follows  :— 

To  72'^  days  work  hunting,  fitting,  clearing  and  hailing  masts, 
£72-10-0. 

Then  he  charges  for  going  up  the  Stroudwater  River, 
"  twitching  masts  into  the  river,  clearing  river,  bring- 
ing dow^n  the  river,"  '•  to  soldiers  w^ork  paid  for,"  and 
and  then  ''  twitching  masts  out  of  the  river."  Brag 
don  is  charged  also  for  hauling  masts  at  ''  Horse  Beef 
and  at  Saccarappa  —  self  and  four  oxen  four  days 
£5-10-0. 


o  ■ 


396  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

For  the  purpose  of  showing  who  Bragdon  was  I  re- 
fer to  Vol.  2,  page  527,  time  1761,  Cuniberland  County 
Registry  of  Deeds,  us  follows  :  — 

lu  consideration  of  Love  and  Affection,  I  Jeremiali  Jordan  of 
Falmouth  convey  to  my  beloved  grandson  and  daughters  Solomon 
Bragdon.  Deborali  Bragdou,  Mehitable  Bragdon  and  Sarah  Brag- 
don,  the  heirs  of  my  daughter  Deborah  Bragdon,  the  wife  of  Capt. 
Solomon  Bragdon  of  Scarboro,  deceased  at  Spurwink  in  Falmouth 
50  acres  of  laud,  etc." 

Vol.  2,  p.  -lo'J,  same,  and  same. records.  Considera- 
ation  same  as  foregoiiiir  :  — 

Solomon  Bragdon  of  Scarboro  to  my  son  Solomon  of  Scarboro  60 
acres  of  land  iu  Scarboro,  one  fourth  part  of  one  saw  in  my  saw  mill 
in  Scarboro,  now  standing  on  Stroudwater  river  with  the  one  half 
of  my  privilege  on  s*^  streem.  The  60  acres  was  granted  to  John 
"NVentworth  Esq  &  Henry  Bigford  by  the  proprietors  of  Scarboro, 
etc. 

July  24,  1749,  and  June  5,  1751,  he  charges  Capt. 
Joshua  BauiJ-s   with  certain   masts  at  the   rate  of  one 

O 

pound  per  inch  in  diameter,  and  Col.  Jedediah  Preble 
at  the  same  rate  at  the  same  time. 

From  the  reading  of  a  certain  part  of  the  book  it 
appears  he  was  at  one  time  in  company  with  his 
neighbor  Babb. 

The  exact  time  that  George  Tate  came  to  this 
country  as  the  king's  mast  agent  does  not  appear  by 
records,  but  in  the  year  1753  he  purchased  a  lot  at 
Stroudwater  and  built  the  house  as  now  seen,  though 
some  changes  in  the  roof  were  made  by  a  son  of  his 
near  the  year  1800.  His  career  as  a  procurer  of 
masts  does  not  appear  in  a  connected  form.  He  was 
a  merchant  in  England,  and  a  few  family  relics  of  his 


THE  MAST  IXDUSTKY  OF  OLD  FALMOUTH.       397 

still  exist,  one  of  which  is  the  large  family  Bible,  con- 
taining: the  names  of  his  children  and  date  of  time 
when  born,  from  which  the  following  is  copied  :  — 

The  Tate  Family. 
George  Tate,  born  in  London,  Eng.  Apr.  20,  1700;   d.  1794^ 
Children  of  George  and  Eleanor  Tate.  b.  in  Eng. 

1.  Samuel  Tate,  b.  Aug.  3,  1738  ;  d  — 

2.  William,   '•     b.  Nov.  15,  1740;  d.  Aug.  1833,  in  London. 

3.  George,     •'      b.  Nov.  7,  1741  ;  died  young. 

4.  George  2'^^'    The  Admiral,  b.  June  14,  1746  ;  d.  1824,  at  St. 
Petersburg. 

5.  Robert  Tate,  b.  Jan.  23,  17-51  ;  d.  at  Barbadoes,  1801. 

In  the  month  of  May,  1757,  Nathaniel  Knight 
opened  an  account  with  Mr.  Tate  and  charges  him 
with  sixty  large  spars  two  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 
The  charges  for  masts  are  few,  but  the  account  con- 
tinued till  January  7,  1769,  when  a  settlement  was 
made,  Mr.  Tate  writing  the  receipt  for  the  balance 
due  Mr.  Knight  which  appears  in  this  old  book.  For 
two-thirds  of  three  masts,  Mr.  Tate  was  charged  £300  ; 
thirteen  pounds  veal.  £1-7-0,  and  six  turkeys, 
£6-15-0. 

September  30,  1754,  Mr.  Knight  came  under  obli- 
gations to  furnish  Capt.  Samuel  and  Francis  Waldo 
with  a  certain  number  of  masts,  mainyards  and  bow- 
sprits. The. copy,  evidently  in  the  hand  of  one  of  the 
Waldoes,  is  nearly  as  fresh  as  one  a  year  old. 

An  abstract  reads  as  follows  :  — 

Falmouth,  Sep.  30,  1754.  I  Nathaniel  Knight  of  P'almouth,  do 
hereby  covenant  and  agree  ■with  ISIessrs.   Samuel  &  Francis  Waldo 

*  Gravestoue  at    Stroadwatcr.     See  Maine  Historical  aud  General    Recorder, 
Vol.  n  p.,  195. 


398  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

to  Procure  &  deliver  them  at  Pre.sum.scot  Dam  &  Stroudwater 
Landing  on  or  before  the  Twenty-lifth  day  of  October  next,  the 
afore  mentioned  fifteen  main  masts,  eight  fore  masts,  ten  main 
yards  &  ten  bowsprits  of  ye  exact  Dimeutions  i!s:  Lengths  aforesaid 
at  the  rate  of  two  shillings  &  four  pence  per  Inch  diameter  for  ye 
masts  yards  &  Bowsprits  whicli  are  to  be  chiefly  Apple  pines, 
alias  Norways,  &  all  sd  masts  &  Bowsprits  that  are  over  twenty 
Inches  diameter  are  to  be  hewed  into  Sixteen  Squares  &  thereunder 
&  yards  into  Eight  Squares  as  is  customary.  The  above  said 
masts,  yards  &  Bowsprits  are  to  be  handsome  straight  &  sound 
sticks,  free  from  Defects  of  all  sorts  &  are  to  be  delivered  on  sd 
Day  &  place  atorementioned,  under  the  penalty  of  Two  hundred 
Pounds. 

A  little  later  than  the  date  of  this  contract, 
Nathaniel  Knight  and  one  John  Libby  constituted 
a  company,  as  appears  by  the  old  books,  for  tlie  pro- 
curement of  masts,  and  a  long  list  of  names  of  those 
who  were  employed  with  oxen  appear. 

Labor  was  very  low  at  this  date.  Two  shillings 
and  eight  pence  paid  for  a  day's  labor.  William 
Haskell  is  credited  with  sixteen  shillings  for  self  and 
two  oxen  three  days. 

To  Mr.  George  Johnson,  grandson  of  John  Johnson, 
who  settled  upon  the  wild  land,  a  mile  westerly  of 
Stroudwater  in  1747,  upon  which  George  now  resides, 
I  am  indebted  for  original  papers  relating  to  mast 
procuring  in  the  year  1769,  copies  of  which  1  here 
present  as  follows  :  — 

Provinc  of      )  By  the  Serveyor  General  of 
New  Hampshire  j       Ilis  Majesty's  "Woods  in  North  America. 

Having  had  application  made  to  me  by  Edmund  Wendell,  Agent 
to  John  Durand  &:  Anthony  Baron  Esq''*  under  Contract  to  Ilis  Maj- 
esty,   for    supplying  the   Koyal   Navy   \vith  Masts,   Yards   &  Bow- 


THE    MAST    INDUSTRY    OF    OLD    FALMOUTH.  399 

gprits  —  that  Lyeeiise  be  gvautetl  to  Mess*"*  John  Johnsou,  Jarne^ 
Joiinsou,  David  Small,   William  Lamb.   AVilliam  "Webb  all  of  Fal- 
mouth,   c^c    Richard  Maboriy    ol"  Windham,  in   the  County  of  Cum- 
berland in  the  Province  of  the   Massachusetts  Bay  to  go  with  their 
AVorkmen  into    the  King's   Woods   in   the  Township  of  New  Glou- 
cester and  half  of  Bakers   Town    [now    Puland]    in   the   County   & 
Province  aforesaid  there   to   cutt    &  hall  Fit\v  white  pine  Trees  for 
Masts,    Yards,    and  Bowsprits   being  agreed  for  and  to  be  delivered 
to    the    said    Edmund    Wendell    for    the    aforesaid    Contract,     and 
Whereas  by  His  Majestys  Royal  Lycense  dated  2Sth  day  of  October, 
1768,  to  me  directed — lam   authorized   to  grant  such  permission. 
I    do   therefore  in   obedience    thereunto   grant    Lycense   to  the  said 
John  Johnson,    and  Company   as  above   named  to  go  into  the  said 
Township  of  New  Gloucester  &  half  of  Bakers  Town,  then,  to  cutt 
and  hall  to   the  most  convenient  Landing,    fifty   White  pine  masts 
which  fifty  white  pine  Trees  first  to  be  surveyed  and  marked  by  an 
Officer  lawfully  deputed  &  authorized  for  said  service  who  is  hereby 
required  to  attend  said  Survey  when  requested  —  And  said  Masts  to 
be  delivered  to  said  Edmund  Wendell  as  agent,  or  to  the  Agent  for 
the  time  being  of  said  Mast   Contract  —  also  to  transmit  &  deliver 
to  me,  under  Solemn  Oath,  within  one  year  of  the  Date  hereof,   an 
exact  account  of  the   Number  and  tlimensions   of  White  pine  Trees 
cutt,  fell  &  hailed  by  virtue  of  this  Lycense.      In   the   execution  of 
which  you  are  directed  not   to  interfere   with  or  molest  any  other 
workmen  lycensed.     For  all   of  which   and   every  part  thereof  this 
shall  be  your  full  &  sufficient  Warrant,   Dated  at  Portsmouth,  30th 
August,  17G9. 

J.  Weniwouth.  ^ 

MEMORANDA  of  Agreemen  made  &  Concluded  upon  by  &  be- 
tween Edmund  Wendell  of  Portsmouth  In  the  Province  of  New  Hump- 
shire,  Merch'  of  the  one  part  &  John  Johnson,  James  Johnson,  David 
Small,  William  Lamb.  William  Porterfield,  Jesse  Partridge  & 
William  AVebb  of  Falmouth  and  Richard  Mayberry  of  Wimlham, 
all  of  the  County  of  Cumberland,  Province  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay,  Yeoman,  of  the  other  part  Witnesseth  : 

1  John  U'entworth  -was  governor  in  3 7*55. 


400  MAINE    mSTOIUCAL    SOCIETY. 

That  the  said  John  Johnson,  James  Johnson,  David  Small, 
William  Lamb,  William  Porterfield,  Jesse  Partridge,  "\V°»  Webb  6: 
Richard  Maberry,  tor  themselves  &  their  Respective  Heirs,  Exec- 
utors, Administrators  &  Assigns,  do  hereby  Covenant,  promise  & 
agree  to  &  with  the  said  Edw.  Wendell,  hi?  Executors,  Administra- 
tors &  Assigns,  to  procm-e  &  deliver  him  or  them,  at  the  Common 
&  Usual  place  of  Delivery  at  Falmouth  aforesaid,  on  or  before  the 
Thirtieth  day  of  July  Next  Ensuing,  from  the  date  hereof,  the  fol- 
lo\ving  Number  &  sizes  of  Masts  Yards  &  Bowsprits,  to  be  sound 
&  good  fit  for  his  Majesty's  use,  as  shall  be  so  esteemed  by  him  the 
said  Edmund  Wendell,  or  by  any  other  person,  the  sd.  Edmund 
AVendell  shall  think  proper  to  appoint  to  receive  such  Masts  &c,  <t 
to  be  hew'd  into  their  sixteen  squares  —  viz  : 

2.  Two  Mast  Thirty-two  Inches  diameter  —  32  yards  long  at 
Forty-tive  poimds  Sixteen  shillings  sterling. 

2.  Two  do  Thirty  One  Inch*  do  —  31  yd  do  at  Thirty  five  pound 
four  shillgs. 

6.      Six  do  Thirty  Inc*  do  —  30  yd  do  at  Twenty  Eight  pound. 

10.  Ten  do  Twenty  Nine  Inch*  do  —  20  yd  at  Twenty  two  pound 
Eight  shillgs. 

6.  Six  do  Twenty  Eight  Inch^  do  —  29  yd  do  at  Eighteen  pound 
Eight  shillgs. 

6  Six  do  Twenty  Seven  Inch=  do  —  at  29  yd  do  at  Fourteen  pound 
Eight  shillgs. 

4.  Four  do  Twenty  Six  Inch*  do  —  28  yd  do  at  Twelve  pound  Six- 
teen shillgs. 

36  Masts 


1.  One  Bowsprit  Thirty  five  Inch^  do  —  23^^^  yd  do  at  Thirty  four 

pound. 
3.     Three    do    Thirty    four    Inch*  do  —  23   yd    do    at  Thirty     two 

pound. 
3.     Three  do  Thirty  two  Inch^   do  —  21^/2   yd  do  at  Twenty  three 

pound  four  shillgs^ 

2.  Two  do  Thirty  Inches  do  — 10^  yd  at  Sixteen  pounds. 

9  Bowsprits 


THE    :kIAST    INDUSTPxY    OF    OLD    FALMOUTH.  -401 

1.     One  Yard  Twenty   four    Inchsdo  — 34  yd  do  at  Twenty  five 
pound  Twelve  sliillgs. 

1.  One  Yard  Twenty  three  Inch*  do  — 32  yd  do  at  Twenty  pound 

Eight  shillgs. 

2.  Two  do  Twenty  two  Inch^  do  —  31   yd  do  at  Sixteen  pound  Six- 

teen shillgs. 
1.     One  do  Twenty  Inch  do  —  28  yd  at  Eleven  pound  twelve  shillgs. 

5  Yards 


We  the  said  parties  do  further  agree  that  the  above  Stipulated 
prices  are  to  be  paid  for  each  vfc  every  such  Mast,  Yard  &  Bowsprit 
that  on  delivery  shall  be  found  lit  for  his  Majesty's  use.  In  Cash, 
unless  AVe  should  ha%-e  Occasion  Of  supply's,  in  which  Case  we 
agree  to  take  of  said  Edmund  Wendell.  (If  he  inclines  to  supply.) 
To  the  True  &  faithful  performance  of  these  presents,  We  bind  & 
Oblige  ourselves  Jointly,  &  severally  by  these  presents  &  Each  of 
our  respective  Heirs.  Executors  &  Assigns,  Each  to  the  other  In 
the  penal  sum  of  Two  Thousand  Pounds  Sterling  money  of  Great 

Britain. 

In  Witness  whereof  the  parties  have  hereunto  Interchangeably  set 
their  hands  &  Seals  the  Fifth  day  of  September  Anno  Domini  One 
Thousaiid  Seven  hund'd  &  Sixty-Nine.     Fakuouth  Casco  Bay. 

Edmund  Wendell  [  Seal  ] 

John  Johnson  Jn  [  Seal  ] 

James  Johnson,  Jur.       [  Seal  ] 

Sign'd,  Seal'd  &  Delever'd  Daniel  Small  [  Seal  ] 

In  the  presence  of  W"i  Lamb  [  Seal  ] 

William  Siemens  William  Porterfield  [  seal  ] 

Stephen  Eiggs  Jesse  Partridge  [  Seal  ] 

William  Webb  [  Seal  ] 

Richard  Mayberry  [  Seal  ] 

Four  months  after  the  signing  of  the  foregoing,  the 
company  received  a  communication  as  follows  :  — 

PoRTsaiouTH,  2Gth  Dec,    17G9. 

Gextlemex  :  —  I  have  it  in  command  from  His  Excellency  Gov- 
ernor Went  worth  to  acquaint  you  He  ha?  received  the  Complaint  of 

Vol.  VII.        28 


402  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

Messes.  Wm.  Slenions  &  George  Kniglit  of  Falmouth  that  you  «fc 
your  Company  luive  contrary  to  your  License  for  cutting  'Must  Trees 
interfered  with  the  said  Slemous  &  Knight  in  their  District  by  en- 
tering upon  tlieir  half  of  Bakers  Town  as  agreed  upon  by  a  dividing 
Line  between  yourselves,  cutt  down  &  barked  two  considerable 
large  Trees  much  to  their  Damage — By  which  means  you  have 
exposed  yourselves  not  only  to  an  action  of  Damage  from  the  sd. 
Slemons  &  Knights  ;  but  of  Trespass  from  the  Surveyor  General, 
and  it  is  his  Orders  that  you  immediately  settle  the  matter  to  the 
Satisfaction  of  Messes.  Slemons  and  Knight  within  a  month  from 
this  time,  otherwise  His  Excellency  is  determined  to  bring  an  action 
against  you  for  Trespass  in  a  court  of  Admiralty  which  you'U  do 
well  to  avoid.  I  am  Gentlemen 

Your  most  hmn.  Svt. 

John  Hurd. 
To  Messes. 

James  John  Jun.  &  Company  Mast  cuttters  &  License. 

It  seems  that  the  Johnson  party  of  mast-cutters  got 
over  the  line  agreed  upon  and  cut  two  trees,  and 
Messrs.  Wm.  Slemons  and  George  Knight  entered  a 
complaint  against  them.  This  is  the  first  and  only  in- 
timation I  have  that  Slemons  k  Knight  were  in  the 
mast  business.  Slemons  lived  where  Mr.  Fred  A. 
Johnson  now  resides,  in  the  same  Slemons  house,  west- 
erly of  Stroudwater;  and  Knight,  who  was  a  son  of 
Nathaniel  Knight  alluded  to  in  the  foregoing,  and  be- 
came son-in-law  to  Slemons,  being  married  January  6, 
1771,  lived  on  the  Buxton  road,  a  mile  or  more  west- 
erly of  the  Johnsons. 

The  matter  of  trespass  was  settled  by  arbitration, 
James  Milk,  Richard  Codman  and  John  AYaite  being 
chosen  referees,  who,  after  a  bond  had  been  signed  by 
Messrs.    Slemons    and    Knit<:ht    in   the   sum    of  £100 


THE    MAST    INDUSTRY    OF    OLD    FAOIOUTII.  403 

lawful  money  to  abide  by  the  award,  brought  in  that 
the  Johnson  Company  should  pay  Messrs.  Slemons  & 
Knight  £7-14-0,  and  that  Slemons  and  Knight  sliould 
pay  the  others  for  cutting  the  trees  forty  shillings. 

Accompanying  the  papers  from  which  the  foregoing 
copy  is  made,  is  the  original  acknowledgement  dated 
September  10,  1770,  that  the  money  was  received  and 
signed  by  William  Slemons. 

A  statement  made  by  Wendell  dated  November, 
1770,  shows  that  the  Johnson  Company  received  from 
him  £1375-15-9  lawful  money,  among  the  items  of 
which  is  one  of  £400-8-6  paid  on  an  order  in  favor 
of  George  Tate,  and  one  in  favor  of  Joshua  Went- 
worth  for  £35-13-0,  thus  making  it  appear  doubtful 
who  J.  Wentworth  really  was  that  signed  the  license 
—  whether  John  Wentworth,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire  or  Joshua  Wentworth,  another  character. 
Jonathan  Sparrow  was  a  trader  at  Stroudwatcr 
about  fifteen  years.  In  his  old  daybook,  date  of  June 
21,  1804,  I  select  the  following  :  — 

Asa  Fickett  Dr- 

To  1  18^  Inch  Mast  I  ,  016.96 

To  carrying  dow  the  same  |  -So 

Nov.  17,  1804 

Joseph  McLellax  &  Sox  I>r. 

To  Twelve  Masts,  212  inches  f  $189.50 

To  carrying  down  the  Same  2/  *     "     4.00 

Nov.  17.  1804. 

Jonx  Tabek  &  Sox  Di- 

To  Eighteen  Masts.  3  10,  inches  f  $371.26 

To  carrying  down  the  same,  6.00 

$277.26 


404  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

These  parties  were  business  men  in  Portland  and 
"  carrying  down  the  same  "  means,  down  Fore  River 
to  Portland. 

A  period  of  one  hundred  and  sixtj'-eight  years  has 
passed  since  the  mast  industry  was  commenced  in 
what  is  now  termed  Old  Falmouth.  The  lofty  pine 
tree  has  passed  awa}',  probably  forever.  Record 
evidence  of  the  events  of  the  time  is  scarce.  Rec- 
ords of  the  footprints  of  the  actors  are  difficult  of 
obtaininent.  Places  of  rest  of  the  earthly  part  of 
their  lives  are  not  known.  Long  may  the  few  manu- 
script records  live  in  a  manner  that  will  illustrate  the 
good  deeds  of  those  wiio  felled  the  forest  trees  and 
made  the  water  of  the  river  assist  in  the  labors  of 
civilization,  and  the  hillside  bring  forth  sweet  grasses. 
One  relic  of  which  time,  this  mammoth  mast-chain, 
turned  up  by  the  plow  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  George 
Johnson,  some  fifty  years  ago,  in  the  "Johnson 
ninety-acre  field,"  located  in  front  of  the  site  of  the 
first  John  Johnson  dwelling-place  in  Falmouth,  now 
Deering,  in  his  behalf,  I  now  present  to  this  Society.' 
Henceforward  it  is  for  you  to  keep,  with  this  meager 
offering-  of  mine. 

o 

*The  chain  presented  is  now  with  the  relics  of  the  past  belonging  to  the  Society; 
and  for  a  short  sketch  of  the  Johnson  family,  and  a  cut  of  the  modernized  family 
abode,  see  "History  of  Cumberland  County  of  1S80." 


ANCIENT    NAGUAMQUEEG.  405 


ANCIENT  NAGUAMQUEEG. 

BY    SAMUEL    T.    DOLE. 
Read  before  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  February  6,  1S95. 

The  territory  of  New  Marblehead  (now  AYindham) 
was  confirmed  to  the  petitioners  on  June  7,  1735, 
and  they  at  once  began  preparations  to  conipl}'  with 
the  conditions  imposed  by  the  Great  and  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts,  and  believing  that  a  sawmill 
would  tend  to  encourage  settlers  to  come  here,  we 
find  that  at  a  proprietors'  meeting  held  in  old  Marble- 
head,  August  8,  1735,  it  was  put  to  vote,  to  see  if  a 
sawmill  should  be  built  in  said  township  at  the 
general  charge.  This,  however,  passed  in  the  nega- 
tive, and  the  meeting  adjourned  to  the  twenty-first 
of  the  same  month,  at  which  time  the  following  com- 
munication was  presented  for  their  consideration, 
which  I  copy  verbatim  from  the  old  records  :  — 

To  the  Grantees  of  the  Township  upon  Presumscot  River,  laid 
out  to  several  Inhabitants  of  Marblehead  :  this  Manifesto  of  George 
Pigot,  Clerk,  Declareth  that  upon  the  grant  of  one  Mill  right,  and 
Two  acres  of  land  thereunto  adjoining  to  him  his  heirs  and  assigns 
forever,  he  will  undertake  to  Erect  a  Sawmill  upon  the  falls  of  the 
Great  River  next  above  the  Township  lots  before  Michaehnas  Day 
1736.  Provided  he  have  convenient  Highways  leading  to  said  mill 
laid  out  by  order  of  the  Grantees,  with  Liberty  to  cut  Timber  off 
the  School  lot.  George  Pigot. 

Accordingly  it  was  voted  that  the  above  manifesto 
be  allowed  and  granted  to  said  Pigot,  so  long  as  he  or 


406  MAINE    HISTOHICAL    SOCIETY. 

his  assigns  keep  up  a  mill  there.  This  flourish  of 
trumpets,  however,  amounted  to  nothing  and  we  hear 
no  more  about  a  mill  until  January  12,  1738,  or  more 
than  two  years  later  at  which  time  there  were  but 
four  families  in  the  township,  viz.: — Thomas  Chute, 
William  Mayberry,  Stephen  Manchester  and  John 
Farrow.     On  that  day  it  was 

Voted,  That  whereas  it  is  the  opinion  of  tlie  proprietors  or 
grantees,  that  the  grant  made  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  George  Pigot  is  void, 
it  appearing  to  the  proprietors  that  he  did  not  erect  said  mill  by 
Michaelmas  day  1736,  nor  hath  yet  erected  the  same,  nor  begim  it, 
therefore, 

Voted,  That  the  committee  formerly  appointed  for  receiving  the 
proposals  of  any  of  the  proprietors  relating  to  erecting  a  sawmill, 
take  under  their  further  consideration  the  proposal  of  Ebenezer 
Hawks  and  others,  and  make  report  at  the  adjournment  of  this 
meeting. 

At  the  adjournment  on  January  19,  1738,  this  com- 
mittee reported  as  follows  :  — 

Forasmuch  as  it  is  thought  by  the  said  proprietoi'S  to  be  very 
expedient  to  have  one  or  more  sawmills  upon  some  part  of  the 
aforesaid  tract  of  land,  and  conducive  to  their  general  good,  and 
advantage  ;  and  forasmuch  as  ^Messrs.  Ebenezer  Hawks,  Black- 
smith, Ayilliam  Goodwin,  Carpenter,  Isaac  Turner,  Carpenter,  and 
Ebenezer  Stacey,  Shoreman  all  of  Marblehead,  in  the  County  of 
Essex,  four  of  tlie  proprietors  have  manifested  their  desires,  and 
inclinations  upon  suitable  encouragement,  to  erect  and  set  up  one  or 
more  sawmills  upon  some  part  or  place  of  said  tract  of  land  suitable 
for  that  purpose,  it  was  voted  for  their  encouragement  in  the  under- 
taking that  there  be  and  hereby  is  given  and  granted  to  the  above 
named  Ebenezer  Hawks  and  others  all  die  proprietors  right,  title 
and  interest  in  and  to  any  one  of  the  falls  of  water  in  the  main 
river  lying  above  tlie  great  bridge  lately  erected  over  said  river  at 
their  choice  or  election,   together  with  all    the    privilege   thereunto 


ANCIENT    NAGUAMQUEEG.  407 

belonging,  and  ten  acres  of  land  to  be  laid  out  on  the  nortlieaster- 
mo5t  corner  of  four  acres  of  counnou  land,  ordered  to  lay  in  common 
for  the  use  of  said  mill  as  a  landing  place  to  lay  logs  on. 

Then  follows  a  list  of  conditions  full  of  that  quaint 
legal  phraseology  our  ancestors  were  wont  to  use  in 
their  business  trnnsactions.  from  which  we  learn  that 
Mr.  Hawks  and  his  associates  were  bound  to  begin  the 
erection  of  their  mill  on  or  before  the  first  da}^  of 
August,  1738,  and  have  it  readj^  for  operation  before 
the  last  day  of  the  November  following  ;  they  were 
also  to  improve  the  residue  of  their  water  power  with 
any  kind  of  mills  they  might  think  proper,  within 
five  years,  also  they  were  positively  forbidden  to 
obstruct  by  dams  or  otherwise  the  free  passage  of  logs 
or  rafts  over  said  falls.  One  proviso  here  recorded 
shows,  or  at  least  gives  us  a  hint,  of  the  unsettled 
state  of  affairs  at  that  time,  for  says  the  old  record, — 

If  in  case  of  a  war  with  the  Indians  the  said  Hawks  and  his 
associates  shall  be  obstructed  in  the  fulfilment  of  any  condition  on 
their  part,  then  they  shall  be  allowed  the  same  length  of  time  after 
the  close  of  said  war,  for  peTforming  the  conditions  as  is  above 
limited. 

After  mature  deliberation,  these  gentlemen  selected- 
as  the  site  of  their  future  operations  the  falls  next 
above  ancient  Saccarappa,  at  a  place  called  by  the 
Indians  Naguaraqueeg,  now  known  as  Mallison  Falls. 
And  they  chose  wisely  and  well,  for  the  water  power 
here  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  river,  and  at  that  time 
a  magnificent  forest  of  pine,  hemlock,  oak  and  ash 
timber  grew  in  profusion  along  the  river's  bank,  and 
crowned   the  hilltops    on  every    hand.     In    fact,    the 


408  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIKTY. 

whole     township    was    one    dense    forest   ahnost    un- 
touched by  the  woodman's  ax. 

Having  settled  the  question  of  locality,  these 
gentlemen  commenced  to  build  the  mill  at  the 
appointed  time  and  were  making  rapid  progress  when 
they  were  suddenly  interrupted  by  the  Indians,  who 
forbade  their  building  at  that  place,  and  by  threats 
and  menaces  drove  the  workmen  away,  and  the  work 
was  suspended  for  a  time.  Shortly  after,  however,  a 
compromise  of  some  kind  was  made  with  the  savages, 
and  the  enterprise  carried  to  a  successful  completion, 
and  on  December  13,  1740,  they  were  able  to  report 
that  they  had  finished  and  put  in  operation  a  sawmill 
on  said  falls ;  whereupon  the  proprietors  confirmed 
the  grant,  laid  out  the  ten  acres  as  voted,  and  also 
the  common  lot  of  four  acres,  together  with  the 
necessary  roads  ;  and  a  plan  of  the  whole  was  entered 
on  the  proprietor's  book  of  records  where  it  is  still  to 
be  seen.  This  was  the  first  mill  of  any  kind  erected 
within  the  limits  of  the  township,  and  remained,  with 
various  repairs  and  additions,  until  the  spring  of  1843, 
when  the  last  of  its  venerable  timbers  disappeared  in 
a  great  freshet  which  occured  on  the  river  in  that 
year.  It  was,  according  to  the  best  information  I  can 
obtain,  about  fifty  feet  long  by  thirty  wide,  and 
appears  to  have  been  an  exceedingly  wide  and  sim- 
ple affair,  containing  but  one  up-and-down  saw,  put  in 
motion  by  an  old-fashioned  undershot,  or  as  our 
ancestors  called  it,  '''  a  flutter  wheel."  It  had  none  of 
the  modern  appliances  for  either  despatch  or  economy 
in  the  process    of  manufacture  ;   in  fact,    they    were 


ANCIENT    NAGUAMQUEEG.  409 

unable  to  saw  much  beside  boards  aud  planks.  To  do 
even  this  they  were  obliged  first  to  saw  the  log  into 
a  square  stick  of  timber,  and  then  from  one  side 
manufacture  a  board,  or  plank,  as  the  case  might  be, 
and  so  on  until  the  log  was  made  into  the  required 
article,  when  another  would  be  subjected  to  the  same 
slow  process.  But  with  all  its  inconveniences  this 
first  mill  was  an  important  factor  in  the  early  growth 
of  the  town.  It  enabled  the  settlers  to  build  a  better 
class  of  dwellings  than  is  usually  found  in  a  new 
settlement,  and  gave  a  decided  impetus  to  the  timber 
trade,  which  in  after  years  became  a  source  of  consid- 
erable revenue  to  the  inhabitants. 

Several  years  after  this  a  mill  was  erected  on  the 
Gorham  side  of  the  river,  similar  in  construction  and 
for  the  same  purpose,  but  it  is  said  a  little  better 
equipped  for  business  for,  whereas  the  first  mill  had  no 
edging  saw,  this  one  was  the  fortunate  possessor  of 
that  most  necessary  piece  of  machinery.  This  mill 
stood  on  Mallison's  grant,  but  who  built  it,  or  when  it 
was  first  put  in  operation,  I  am  not  able  to  state.  But 
it  is  written  in  the  "  History  of  the  Libby  Family  in 
America,"  that  Joseph  Libby,  born  in  Scarborough, 
March  24,  1732,  came  to  Gorham  in  1760,  and  bought 
the  privilege,  and  for  many  years  carried  on  a  saw- 
mill there: 'and  for  aught  anyone  knows  to  the 
contrary,  may  have  been  the  first  man  to  improve  the 
water  power  on  that  side  of  the  river.  But  certain 
it  is  that  during  its  history  it  had,  like  its  near  neigh- 
bor, many  owners.  After  Libby  came  a  Mr.  Johnson, 
then  Capt.  Joshua  Suett,  a  Revolutionary  soldier  who 


410  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

died  here  in  1851  aged  eight3"-nine  years.  After 
him  came  his  son.  Col.  Chirk  Suett,  a  man  highly 
esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him,  and  who  died  in  1839, 
at  the  age  of  forty-eight ;  after  his  decease  the  mill 
was  occupied  for  some  years  by  Jonathan  Stevens 
and  his  son  William,  who  leased  it  of  the  late  Nathan 
Winslow,  into  whose  hands  the  property  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  had  previously  fallen.  This  was  the 
last  lumbering  of  any  amount  done  here.  These 
mills  became  the  center  of  a  thrivinir  villau;e  which  in 
point  of  age  antedates  any  other  in  Windham. 

In  the  prosperous  days  of  the  lumber  business 
there  were  at  least  twenty  dwelling-houses  here, 
toojether  with  two  g-rocerv  stores,  one  tannerv,  one 
grist-mill,  a  small  paper  mill,  a  pottery,  the  first  of 
the  kind  in  town,  one  blacksmith's  shop,  and  a  local 
physician,  Dr.  Henry  Dupee,  who  resided  here  for 
some  years  and  then  removed  to  Portland  where  he 
died  according  to  "  Deane's  Diary,"  in  March,  1811. 

In  1822,  the  Free  Baptists  erected  a  small  church 
edifice  here,  which  was  one  of  the  first  built  by  that 
denoimnation  in  Cumberland  County.  But  as  time 
elapsed  the  lumber  interest  in  this  vicinity  declined 
rapidl^^  as  the  land  became  denuded  of  trees  suitable 
for  milling  purposes,  and  in  a  few  years  this  once 
flourishing  village  began  to  show  signs  of  decay  and' 
dissolution;  this  was  especially  the  case  when  in  1822, 
a  company  of  Portland  capitalists  purchased  the 
water  power  at  Little  Falls,  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
above,  and  built  a  large  cotton  mill  which  they 
operated  with  uniform  success  for  many  years.     This 


ANCIENT    NAGUAMQUEEG.  411 

corporation  gave  eraploymeiit  to  raany  who  resided 
in  the  old  village,  and  several  moved  their  houses  to 
the  new  center  of  business,  until  but  two  or  three  of 
the  original  dwellings  were  left,  and  aside  from  these 
nothing  remained  of  the  once  busy  and  thriving 
hamlet  but  ruined  cellars  and  moss-grown  foundation 
stones  scattered  here  and  there  along  the  principal 
street,  and  so  endeth  the  early  history  of  ancient 
Naguamqueeg. 

A  few  words  in  regard  to  the  names  these  falls 
have  borne  at  different  times  nia3'  not  be  amiss  here  ; 
as  we  have  seen,  they  were  called  by  the  Indians 
Naguamqueeg,  and  they  are  so  termed  in  the  propri- 
etors' book  of  records.  In  1739-40,  while  building  the 
dam  and  mill  they  were  re-christened  Horse  Beef,  a 
name  they  bore  without  question  for  nearly  one 
hundred  years,  the  origin  of  which,  I  was  informed 
by  a  gentleman  who  was  old  when  I  was  a  boy,  came 
about  in  this  wise.  He  said  that  when  the  propri- 
etors commenced  operations  on  their  mill  there  were, 
of  course,  no  houses  in  the  vicinity.  So  they  built  a 
temporary  dwelling  in  which  to  board  and  lodge  their 
workmen ;  among  other  things  necessary  for  their 
sustenance,  a  barrel  of  beef  was  procured ;  this  the 
men  one  and  all  pronounced  of  the  best  quality  until 
one  unlucky  day  the  cook  produced  the  hoofs  of  a 
horse  which  he  solemnly  declared  he  had  found  in  the 
beef  barrel.  This  produced  a  tremendous  sensation 
of  course,  but  investigation  proved  it  to  be  a  fact ; 
so  they  headed  up  the  barrel,  hoofs  and  all,  rolled  it 
over  the  dam.  and  renamed  the  fliUs  "  Horse  Beef." 


412  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Iti  1830,  when  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  Canal 
was  opened  to  traffic,  an  attempt  was  made  to  chang-e 
this  queer  Uxame  to  "  Lock  Falls,"  and  they  are  thus 
designated  in  a  few  deeds  of  that  date,  which  have 
come  to  ray  knowledge  ;  but  the  name  never  came 
into  general  use,  and  is  now,  and  for  many  years  past 
has  been  almost  forgotten,  and  the  old  name  Horse 
Beef  was  used  until  1866,  when  a  company  of  gentle- 
men in  this  vicinity  purchased  the  old  sawmill  site  on 
Windham  side,  and  built  a  woolen  mill,  and  in  their 
charter  they  were  styled  the  "Mallison  Falls  Manu- 
facturing Company,"  and  the  falls  by  common  usage 
are  now  called  Mallison  Falls. 


THOMAS  CHUTE. 

THE  FIRST  SETTLER  OF  WINDHAM,  MAI>'E,  AJTD  HIS  DESCENDANTS. 

BY    WILLIAir    GOOLD. 

Read  bd'orethe  Maine  Historical  Society,  December  SS,  1882. 

Thomas  Chute,  the  first  settler  of  Windham,  was 
born  in  London  in  1690,  and  emigrated  to  Marble- 
head,  Massachusetts,  previous  to  1725.  The  first 
charge  in  his  carefully  kept  book  of  accounts  bears 
that  date.  He  notes  that  he  raised  his  house  on  the 
twenty-ninth  of  February,  1729.  He  kept  a  house 
of  entertainment,  and  sold  all  kinds  of  drinks — toddy, 
wines,  flip,  and  the  like,  and  often  charged  his  cus- 


THOMAS    CHUTE.  413 

tomers  for  melting  his  pewter  pots.  There  was  very 
little  money  in  circulation  which  compelled  the 
charging  of  the  smallest  articles  which  were  finally 
paid  for  in  barter.  The  wealthiest  people  did  not 
hesitate  to  have  a  grog  score  in  the  public  house  in 
what  Chute  called  his  •'  drink  book,"  and  when  it 
became  large  enough  it  became  a  debtor  item  in  his 
account  book.  He  also  dealt  in  other  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise, hardware,  dry  goods  and  crockery.  He  was 
also  a  tailor,  making  up  his  own  clothes  and  tlio.<e 
brought  to  him  by  his  customers.  He  also  made  suits 
of  colors  for  vessels,  and  has  on  the  cover  of  the  book 
the  quantity  of  bunting  of  each  color  required  for  an 
ensign,  and  for  a  suit  —  British  of  course. 

Chute  soon  became  the  owner  of  buildings  which 
he  rented.  In  1730  a  barber  is  chars-ed  with  half  a 
year's  shop  rent,  six  pounds,  and  on  the  opposite  page 
is  credited  with  the  ''  curling  of  his  wig,"  and  "  half  a 
years  shaving  10  shilling,"  also,  for  "  a  wig  for  his 
son,"  and  ^'  shaving  his  head  to  receive  it."  He  also 
had  a  horse  to  let,  often  "  double,"  that  was  for  two 
persons  to  ride  on  his  back  at  the  same  time.  He 
sometimes  let  his  chaise  to  go  to  Boston.  This  was  a 
pleasure  vehicle  that  was  very  rare  in  those  days. 

In  1733  Mr.  Chute  was  appointed  deputy  sheriff 
by  Benjamin  Marston,  high  sheriff  of  Essex  County 
and  we  have  his  original  commission.  A  large  part 
of  his  book  is  taken  up  with  charges  for  the  service 
of  writs.  The  hitrh  sheriff  was  entitled  to  a  share  of 
the  fees  which  compelled  the  deputy  to  keep  a  book 
separate,    with    the    sheriff,    in    which    each    writ   is 


414  MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

entered ;  we  have  that,  also,  from  which  we  learn 
that  in  the  four  years  Avhich  he  held  the  office  he 
served  neasly  one  thousand  w^its,  besides  other  pre- 
cepts. Mr.  Chute  served  writs  for  Wm.  Shirley, 
who  W'as  afterwards  appointed  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince. The  first  charge  to  him  is  in  1733.  His 
biographers  have  it  that  he  did  not  come  from  Eng- 
land until  two  years  later. 

James  Bowdoin,  subsequently  governor  of  the  state, 
Brigadier  Waldo,  and  Andrew  and  Peter  Faneuil,  are 
charged  with  the  service  of  w^rits  in  Essex  County. 
In  the  book  the  name  of  Faneuil  is  spelt  Funel  —  the 
same  as  it  is  on  the  family  tomb  in  the  Granary 
b  u  ry  i  n  g-g  ro  u  n  d , 

By  his  book  Chute  seems  to  have  served  occasion- 
ally as  an  attorney  as  well  as  deputy  sheriff,  and  did 
not  hesitate  to  treat  the  jury  and  witnesses.  The 
following  charges  were  made  in  1735  :  — 

Alexander  Watts,  Mariner. 

Dec.     To  my  attending  the  court  tliree  days  at  Salem, 

2  s  per  day        .  .  .         '.  .  .  .6  shillings 

To  my  expenses  .  .  .  .         .  .15  shillings 

To  cash  I  gave  to  treat  the  jury     .  .  .  .10  shillings 

We  got  our  case  —  Hiues  appeals. 

At  the  review  of  the  case  he  charged  again  : — 

1736,  jNIay  Court.     To  cash  paid  Mr.  Gridley, 

ye  lawyer  .......  1  pound 

>  This  was  Jeremiah  Gridley  of  Boston,  who  after- 
wards became  the  king's  attorney.  One  pound  for 
attending  court  at  Salem  and  making  a  plea  seems  at 


THOMAS    CHUTE.  415 

this  time  a  very  small  fee  for  one  of  Gridley's  ability 

and  celebrity.     The  next  charge  is  :  — 

To  cash  to  treat  ye  jury  after  they  gave  yc  cause  in 

favor  of  you 10  shillings 

At  the  Ipswich  term  in  the  following  October,  in 
another  case  for  the  same  client,  there  is  a  similar 
charge  for  treating  the  jury,  and  another  for  treating 
"  ye  witnesses." 

In  1733  Sheriff  Marston  is  charged  for  cash  paid  for 
whipping  John  Barnor,  and  for  putting  him  in  jail. 

Soon  after  the  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1727,  it 
was  decided  by  the  provincial  government  to  survey 
a  second  or  back  tier  of  townships,  between  Salmon 
Falls  Kiver  and  the  Androscoggin,  and  offer  them  to 
settlers  on  very  easy  terms.  For  nearly  a  century 
the  old  towns  had  formed  a  single  line  between  the 
ocean  and  the  w^ilderness,  and  never  were  a  people's 
prudence  and  heroism  more  severely  tried  by  the  In- 
dian enemy.  Four  new  townships  were  granted : 
one  of  which  was  New  Marblehead,  now  Windham,  on 
the  petition  of  inhabitants  of  old  Marblehead  in  Essex 
County. 

Thomas  Chute  was  one  of  the  original  grantees  of 
the  township,  and  was  chosen  one  of  a  committee  of 
three  to  accompany  the  committee  of  the  General 
Court  in  the  location  and  survey  of  the  township, 
which  was  begun  in  April,  1735.  In  the  distribution 
of  lots  Chute  drew  home  lot  number  twelve.  He 
soon  decided  to  make  himself  a  home  in  the  new 
township.  After  closing  his  business  in  Essex  County 
he,  with  his  family,  came  to  Falmouth  in  the  spring 


416  MAIXE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY, 

of  1737.  The  last  entry  in  his  book  in  Marblehead 
is  under  date  of  April  twentj-fifth.  He  did  not  im- 
mediately go  to  the  new  township,  but  remained  in 
Falmouth,  where  he  commenced  his  old  business  of 
keeping  a  house  of  entertainment  and  woi'king  at  his 
trade. .  His  book  contains  charges  against  many  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  town,  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  Col. 
Thomas  Westbrook,  and  Moses  Pearson,  for  whom  in 
1738  he  made  "  a  plush  coat  and  britches  trimmed 
with  silver  lace."  From  his  account  we  learn  that  Mr. 
Pearson  kept  an  Indian  boy,  who  wore  a  red  jacket, 
land  a  negro,  both  of  whom  wore  leather  breeches. 
The  church  record  of  the  first  parish  in  Falmouth,  in 
October,  1738,  has  this  entry  :  — 

Thomas  Chute,  Mary  his  wife,  and  Abagail,  their  daughter, 
being  regularly  dismissed  from  Marblehead  church,  were  admitted 
to  the  one  here. 

While  living  at  Falmouth,  Chute  had  been  prepar- 
ing for  a  new  home  in  the  new  township,  ten  miles 
off.  The  precise  date  of  his  removal  to  New  Marble- 
head  is  not  known.  His  first  charge  in  the  book  there 
is  against  Rev.  John  Wight,  the  first  minister  of  the 
town,  for  twenty-nine  week's  board.  He  was  ordained 
and  settled  in  the  town  in  December,  1743,  and  Chute 
and  his  family  were  dismissed  from  the  Falmouth 
church  and  recommended  to  that  at  New  Marblehead. 

Mr.  Chute  in  his  new  home  became  the  first  settler 
of  the  township.  His  house  was  near  the  shore  of 
Presumpscot  river,  which  was  the  best  highway  to  Sac- 
carappa,  three  miles  off,  where  his  nearest  neighbors 
lived.     The    settlers    in  the  new   tier  of  towns  were 


THOMAS    CHUTE.  417 

really  picket  sentinels  for  the  coast  towns  —  sure  to 
be  attacked  first  in  the  event  of  an  Indian  war.  In 
1743,  in  expectation  of  a  French  and  Indian  war,  the 
General  Court  of  the  Province  appropriated  twelve 
hundred  pounds  for  the  defense  of  the  eastern  sel- 
tlenients,  of  which  one  hundred  pounds  was  as- 
signed to  New  Marblehead.  This  was  expended  bj 
a  committee  of  the  legislative  council  in  building  a 
fort  of  square  timber  two  stories  high  and  fifty  feet 
on  the  sides,  with  flankers  of  twelve  feet  square  at  the 
two  diagonally  opposite  corners.  These  flankers  each 
contained  a  mounted  swivel  gun,  furnished  by  the 
proprietors  of  the  township,  and  a  long  nine-pound 
gun  was  mounted  in  front  of  the  fort  to  fire  as  an 
alarm  gun.  This  was  furnished  by  the  Province,  and 
the  whole  work  was  enclosed  by  a  palisade.  This  fort 
was  built  in  February  and  March,  1743.  In  the  same 
book  alread}''  quoted,  Mr.  Chute  charged  for  the  labor 
of  himself,  his  son,  and  his  hired  man,  on  the  fort  to 
the  amount  of  sixteen  pounds  and  six  shillings,  and 
in  December  of  the  same  year,  he  credited  the  Prov- 
ince, by  the  hands  of  the  committee,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  old  tenor,  to  balance  the  charge  of  sixteen 
pounds  and  ten  shillings  lawful  money.  Mr,  Chute, 
continued  his  habits  of  thrift  in  the  new  town.  Be- 
sides the  clearin'j  of  bis  farm  he  hauled  masts  to  the 
river  and  furnished  the  settlers  with  o:oods  of  different 
kinds;  made  their  clothes  and  entertained  them  with 
drinks.  His  neighbors  probably  gathered  at  his  house 
after  the  labors  of  the  day,  to  hear  from  the  outside 
world,  from  some  one  who  had  been  to  town,  as  the 
Vol.  VII.        29 


418  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

settlement   at    Falmouth  Neck  was  called,  and  some 
treated  in  their  turn. 

Moses  Pearson  continued  his  custom  to  Chute's 
house  after  he  removed  to  New  Marblehead.  It  was 
a  half-way  house  on  his  way  to  Pearsontown,  now 
Standish.  He  often  stayed  over  night.  Here  is  a 
sample  of  Chute's  charges  to  him, ''  To  a  bowl  of  toddy 
and  oats  for  ye  horse."  The  same  year  is  this  charge: 
"  To  one  mug  of  flip  when  your  son  Freeman  came 
from  loffixino;."  This  was  Joshua  Freeman,  his  son-in- 
law,  who  lived  where  Jeremiah  Dow  now  does  on  Grove 
Street.  Rev.  Dr.  Deane  married  another  of  Pearson's 
dausrhters,  and  fled  to  Freeman's  when  the  town  was 
burnt  in  1775.  In  1749  Mr.  Chute  attended  the  Gen- 
eral Court  at  Boston  seventy-three  days  as  agent  to 
defend  the  inhabitants  against  Capt.  Daniel  Hill's 
petition  :  but  there  is  no  intimation  in  the  book  what 
was  the  purport  of  the  petition.  In  1751  John  Frost 
of  Kittery,  justice  of  the  Court  of  General  Sessions, 
issued  a  warrant  to  Chute  as  "  one  of  the  principal 
inhabitants,"  to  warn  them  to  assemble  for  the  choice 
of  officers,  according  to  an  act  of  the  General  Court. 
This  warrant  is  among  the  papers.  In  1762  the  town 
was  incorporated  by  the  name  of  Windham,  and  Mr. 
Chute  was  the  town  clerk  from  that  year  until  1766, 
when  he  was  chosen  selectman,  and  charged  for  eight 
days*  work,  making  "  town,  county  and  province 
rates."  Mr.  Chute  died  in  1770  aged  eight}^  years. 
His  descendants  can  be  numbered  by  hundreds.  He 
had  an  only  son,  Curtis,  who  had  lived  with  the  father 


THOMAS    CnUTE.  419 

but  was  killed  by  ligbtning.     In  Parson  Smith's  jour- 
nal of  1767,  June  5,  is  this  entry :  — 

Curtis  Chute  and  one  young  man  were  killed  in  an  instant  by  the 
lichtuinji:  at  the  Widow  Gooding's — Harrison  and  others  hurt,  and 
near  being  killed,  and  the  house  near  being  destroyed  also. 

Curtis  Chute  was  a  selectman,  and  in  the  town 
clerk's  book  of  records  of  Windham  is  the  following 
vote  recorded  in  town  meeting  :  — 

Voted,  that  Peter  Cobb  be  selectman  and  assessor  this  year  ia  the 
room  of  Curtis  Chute,  who  was  killed  by  the  thunder  June  ye  third 
at  Falmouth. 

Thomas  Chute  had  two  daughters  ;  Sarah  married 
John  Bodge  of  Windham,  and  was  drowned  in  1776. 
Abigail  married  Cobham. 

Curtis  Chute,  who  was  killed  at  Falmouth  left  a  widow 
and  five  children.     She  seems  to  have  been  a  business 
woman,  and  carried  on  the  homestead  farm,  continued 
the  old  family  book  of  accounts,  and  reared  her  four 
sons    to    be  useful  and  respectable  citizens.      Josiah, 
Thomas  and  James  were  in  the  army  of  the    Revolu- 
tion.    John  was  selectman  in  1806.     He  continued  to 
live  on  his  grandfather's  farm  until  about  1830,  when 
he  moved  to  Naples  and  opened  a  public  house  at  the 
foot  of  Long    Pond,    where    he    died    in    1857,    aged 
ninety  years.     He    was    father    of   John    Chute,    the 
second  cashier  of  Casco  Bank.     A  daughter  married  a 
Mr.  Church,  who  continued  the  public  house.     Josiah 
Chute,  the  son  of  Curtis,  and  a  grandson  of  the  first 
Thomas,    was  born  June  fourth,  1759.     At  the  com- 


420  MAINE     III:<TOKI0AL    SOCIETY. 

mencoment  of  the  Revolution,  he  was  sixteen  years 
old.  He  enlisted  in  the  army  and  served  two  years, 
but  I  do  not  learn  with  what  body  of  troops  he  served. 
On  his  discharge  he  again  enlisted  in  a  conipan}- 
under  Capt.  Richard  May  berry  of  Windham.  I  have 
the  muster-master's  book  of  records  which  has  Chute's 
name  and  that  of  his  brother  Thomas,  and  says  the}' 
were  mustered  with  their  company  January  21,  1777. 
From  his  former  service  Josiah  was  appointed  a  ser- 
geant and  clerk  of  the  companj'.  The  muster-master's 
book  says  the  company  was  attached  to  the  regi- 
ment under  Col.  Francis.  It  became  the  fifth  com- 
pany of  the  eleventh  regiment  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay  forces  and  was  in  the  left  wing  of  the  army  under 
Gen.  Gates  in  the  campaign  of  1777,  which  ended  in 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga  in  October. 

My  own  great-grandfather,  Nathan  Noble,  belonging 
to  Capt.  John  Skilling's  Falmouth  and  Scarborough 
company,  was  killed  by  a  musket  shot  in  his  head 
while  entering  the  British  works  alongside  of  Capt. 
May  berry's  company  just  before  the  surrender.  He 
had  fought  for  the  English  at  Louisburg  thirtv-two 
years  before  in  the  "Canada  Expeditions"  of  1757. 
1758  and  1759  and  now  was  killed  by  an  English 
bullet.  He  also  served  in  Capt,  Winthrop  Boston's 
company  at  the  siege  of  Boston  in  1776. 

Chute  was  not  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne.  He 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Hubbardton,  July 
seventh,  three  months  previous,  when  he  received  a 
musket  ball  in  his  shoulder,  and  his  commander,  Col. 
Francis   was  killed  by  his  side  while  enquiring  about 


THOMAS    CHUTE.  421 

Chute's  wound.  He  was  taken  prisoner  and  put  into 
a  hospital  tent,  from  which  he  and  another  made 
their  escape  and  were  two  weeks  in  the  woods  before 
they  got  to  a  friendly  settlement  and  finally  reached 
his  Irome.  After  the  healino'  of  his  wound  which  re- 
quired  two  years,  he  returned  to  his  regiment  and 
having  only  one  month  more  to  serve  he  obtained  his 
discharge  which  I  have.  It  is  written  in  the  book  of 
his  own  muster-roll.     It  reads  thus  :  — 

Headquarters  —  Robinson's  House,  Peekskill  Dec.  12**'  1779. 
Sergeant  Josiah  Chute  of  the  Eleventh  Massachussetts  regiment 
having  been  reported  as  a  faithful  soldier  who  has  been  Avounded  in 
battle,  and  thereby  rendered  unfit  for  duty,  has  leave  of  absence 
from  the  camp  until  the  first  day  of  January  next,  in  the  year  1780. 
As  Major  Knap  has  reported  that  the  time  for  which  said  Chute 
engaged  to  serve  in  the  army,  will  expire  on  the  said  first  day  of 
January  next,  he  is  not  required  to  again  join  his  regiment,  but  to 
receive  this  as  a  discharge  from  the  army  of  the  United  States  of 
Arherica,  as  fully  as  if  given  after  his  time  of  service  had  expired. 
By  command  of  Maj.  Gen.  Heath. 

Th.  Cartwright 

Aid  de  Camp. 

Mr.  Chute  was  then  twenty-one  years  of  age.  He 
came  home  to  his  widowed  mother  with  his  depreci- 
ated Continental  money  in  his  pocket,  with  which  he 
was  paid  off,  which  was  of  small  value,  but  he  had 
good  pluck ;  lie  commenced  the  ordinary  business  of 
his  life  as  if  nothing  had  happened.  He  engaged  in 
farming,  school  teaching,  and  town  business.  He  was 
selectman  twenty  years,  between  1788  and  1816. 
He  was  representative  to  Massachusetts  General  Court 
ten  years,  1805-12  and   1817-20.     He  was  a  delegate 


422  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    s^OCIETY. 

from  his  town  to  the  convention  that  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  Maine  in  1819.  He  wms  much  respected 
by  his  townsmen.  The  centennial  of  the  incorpora- 
tion of  \Yindham  occured  in  1SG2.  In  response  to  an 
invitation  from  the  citizens  of  the  town,  Gov.  John  A. 
Andrew  of  Massachusetts,  a  native  of  Windham,  left 
his  pressing  business  of  sending  forward  troops  to  the 
army,  and  on  the  Fourth  of  July  he  delivered  a  cen- 
tenial  address  to  his  former  fellow  citizens.  In  that 
address  he  alluded  to  Josiah  Chute  and  another  — his 
fellow  soldier,  in  these  words  :  — 

But  I  must  mention  two  men  who  never  should  be  omitted  — 
these  two  soldiers  of  the  Revohition.  Josiah  Chute  and  John  Swett : 
venerable  when  tirst  I  knew  them,  yet  intelligent  and  active.  Many 
times  and  oft,  on  a  pleasant  morning  like  this,  have  I  rode  with  my 
mother  and  listened  to  the  story  of  events  in  which  they  played  a 
part.  You  know  how  warmly  glows  every  emotion  of  the  heart 
when  we  return  to  the  old  family  hearthstone.  So  long  as  memory 
bears  the  recollections  of  childhood,  so  long  as  the  earth  of  "Windham 
is  consecrated  by  tlie  sacred  dust  of  one  [his  mother]  whom  no 
fortunes  of  life  can  cause  me  to  forget — so  long  will  her  interests 
and  people  be  near  and  dear  to  my  alFectionate  memories. 

Josiah  Chute  died  October  2,  1834,  aged  seventy- 
five  vears,  leavino;  seven  sons  and  dauii'hters. 

How  sleep  the  brave  who  sink  to  rest. 
By  all  their  country's  wishes  blest ! 

Mr.  Chute's  son,  George  W.,  remained  at  home, 
and  smoothed  his  father's  pillow  in  his  last  days, 
when  the  British  bullet,  which  he  had  carried  fifty- 
five  years,  caused  him  pain. 

Tiiis  son,  true  to  the  original  stock,  was  a  valuable 
citizen,  and  spent  his  life  on  the  father's  farm.     Here 


THOMAS    CHUTE.  423 

he  substantially  walled  up  a  family  burial  lot,  and 
also  a  larger  one  adjoining,  which  he  presented  to  the 
town  for  public  use.  He  died  a  bachelor,  on  the 
twenty-third  of  November  1SS2,  aged  seventy-seven 
years.  By  his  will  he  set  aside  one  thousand  dollars, 
to  be  expended  by  his  executors  in  the  erection  of 
two  similar  marble  monuments  in  the  family  burial 
lot :  one  to  be  inscribed  to  the  memory  of  Thomas 
Chute,  his  great-grandfather,  and  the  other  to  his  own 
memory. 

While  I  w^as  preparing  Mr.  Chute's  will,  as  he  had 
no  descendants,  he  expressed  a  wish  that  I  would 
accept  these  family  mementoes,  his  great-grandfather's 
books  and  papers  including  the  commission  as  deputy 
sheriff,  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  old,  and  his 
father's  muster-rolls  of  December,  1778.  One  has  his 
discharo-e  at  Peekskill  on  the  back.  The  other  is 
dated  at  West  Point,  January  1,  1779.  They  are  prob- 
ably duplicates.  He  authorized  nie  to  dispose  of 
them  as  I  thought  best  for  their  safe  keeping.  The 
rolls  are  very  valuable.  Of  course  it  occurred  to  me 
that  the  library  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society  was 
the  proper  place  for  them,  where  they  would  be  safe 
and  accessible  to  all.  Accordingly  I  now  present 
them  to  the  Society  without  resei've. 


424  ■      MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY 


THE  SIMANCAS   MAP  OF   1610. 

BY    REV.    HEXRY    S.    BUKRAGE. 

Read  before  the  Maine  nutorical  Society,  February  26,  1S91. 

In  the  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  Amer- 
ica," '  Mr.  Justin  Winsor,  in  an  editorial  note,  says  : 
"  The  cartography  of  New  England  in  the  seventeenth 
century  began  with  the  map  of  Capt.  John  Smith  in 
1614."  AYhen  this  sentence  was  penned  the  most 
painstaking  researches  in  England  and  on  the  conti- 
nent, by  different  persons  and  in  places  where  it 
might  naturally  be  expected  that  such  researches 
would  be  rewarded,  had  not  bromjrht  to  lic>;ht  a  seven- 
teenth  century  map  of  the  coast  of  New  England 
with  an  earlier  date.  Such  a  map,  however,  has  at 
length  been  found  in  the  General  Archives  of  Siman- 
cas,  Spain,  and  it  is  now  accessible  to  all  interested  in 
our  early  American  history,  as  it  has  a  place  in  Alex- 
ander Brown's  "Genesis  of  the  United  States"-  an 
exceedinyrlv  valuable  work  published  at  the  close  of 
1890  by  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston. 

But  this  is  not  a  Spanish  map.  It  is  an  English 
map,  and  it  found  its  way  into  Spain  soon  after  its 
preparation,  in  a  noteworthy  way.  The  king  of 
Spain,  Philip  III.,  regarded  with  a  jealous  eye  the 
efforts  of  Englishmen  to  establish  colonies  in  North 
America.  March  8,  1607,  he  wrote  from  Madrid  to 
the  Spanish  ambassador  in  London,  Don  Pedro  de 
Zuniga,  as  follows  :   "  You  will  report  to  me  what  the 

1  Vol.  3,  P.3.S1.     »  Vol.  1,  p.  457. 


THE    SIMANCAS    MAP   OF    1610.  425 

Eno-Hsh  are  doinijr  in  the  matter  of  Viri^iuia  —  and  if 
the  plan  progresses  which  they  contemplated,  of  send- 
ing men  there  and  ships  —  and  thereupon,  it  will  be 
taken  into  consideration  here,  what  steps  had  best  be 
taken  to  prevent  it."'  ^  Six  days  after  the  date  of 
this  letter  Philip  consulted  with  his  council  as  to  the 
manner  in  which  these  efforts  of  the  Engrlish  to 
colonize  North  America  could  best  be  thwarted.  Two 
months  later  the  Spanish  minister  was  directed  to 
ascertain  "  with  great  dexterity  "  the  movements  of 
the  English  in  this  direction,  and  he  was  instructed 
"  to  give  the  king  of  England  to  understand  "  that 
the  government  of  Spain  complained  '•  of  his  per- 
mitting English  subjects  of  his  to  disturb  the  seas, 
coasts  and  lands  of  his  majesty."  He  was  also  to 
continue  to  report  whatever  he  might  learn  concern- 
incr  Enorlish  movements  in  North  America,  in  order 
that  the  necessary  remedies  might  be  provided.-^  The 
Spanish  minister  was  faithful  to  his  instructions,  and 
kept  his  royal  master  as  well  informed  concerning  the 
English  plans  with  reference  to  the  occupation  of  the 
American  coast  as  it  was  possible  for  one  in  his  posi- 
tion, and  with  the  doubtless  large  means  at  his 
disposal.  Information  was  diligently  and  skilfully 
gathered  and  promptly  communicated. 

The  anxiety  of  the  king  of  Spain  at  this  time  was 
doubtless  occasioned  by  the  preparations  of  the  Pop- 
ham  colonists  and  their  patrons ;  and  the  movements 
of  the  colony  w^ere  carefully  followed.  When  Sir 
John  Popham  died,  Zuiliga,  under  date  of  August  22, 

» Genesis  of  the  United  Stales,  Vol.  1,  p.  91. 
*  Genesis  of  tUe  United  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  101. 


426  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

1607,  wrote  to  the  king :  "  As  the  chief  justice  has 
died,    I    think    this   business    will    stop,"  ^    a    shrewd 
observation  which  subsequent  events  justified.     Sep- 
tember 10,  1608,  Zuiiiga  wrote  to  the  king:   "I  have 
thought  proper  to  send  by  M.  a  plan  of  Virginia  [i.  e. 
South    Vircrinia,  '  Genesis  of  the   United  States,'   Vol. 
1,  p,  184]  and  another  of  the  fort  [do.,  p.  190],  which 
the  English  have  erected  there,  together  with  a  report 
given  me  by  a  person  who  has  been  there."  ^     The 
fort  to  which  reference  is  here  made  was  Fort  St.  George 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.     The  plan  of  the  fort 
was  carefully  drawn  and  bears  the  following  inscrip- 
tion :    ''The  draught  of  St.  Georges  fort  erected  by 
Captayne  George  Popham  Esquier   one  the  entry  of 
the  famous  River  of  Sagadahock  in  Virgina  taken  out 
by  John  Hunt,  the  viii  day  of  October  in  the  yeare  of 
our  Lorde,  1607."     It  is   an  evidence  of  the  tireless 
activity  of  the  Spanish  ambassador  that  a  plan  of  this 
fort  should   have  been  secured  for  the  king  so  soon 
after  its  arrival  in  England  and  from  a  member  of  the 
expedition.     The  date  upon  the  plan  may  have  been 
•  the  date  of  the  sailing  of  the  Mary  and  John  from  the 
Kennebec  on  the   return  voyage  to  England.      It  is 
worthy  of  notice  in  this  connection  that  the  manu- 
script of  the  Popham  colony  found  in  the  library  at 
Lambeth    Palace    a    few   years    ago    abruptly    closes 
October  6,  1607. 

Zuniga  continued  to  report  to  the  king  of  Spain 
until  the  arrival  of  his  successor,  Don  Alonso  de 
Velasco,  who  was    appointed  Spanish  ambassador    to 

»  Genesis  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  111. 
»  Genesis  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  1,  p.  1S3. 


THE    SIMANCA8    MAP    OF    1610.  427 

England  in  January,  1610.  Velasco  seems  to  have 
been  as  watchful  and  efficient  in  securing:  valuable 
information  as  was  his  predecessor.  In  a  letter  to  the 
king,  dated  London,  March  22,  1611,  he  says  that  since 
coming  to  England  he  had  endeavored  to  ascertain 
the  condition  of  the  people  of  Virginia,  tlie  reasons 
that  induced  the  English  to  continue  there,  and  the 
inconveniences  that  might  follow  to  Spanish  interests 
because  of  their  occupation  of  the  country.  Having 
found  the  reports  to  vary  very  much,  he  says :  "I 
have  tried  to  ascertain  the  truth  by  means  of  the  per- 
sons who  have  come  over  in  the  two  ships  which  have 
recently  arrived,  thro  the  agency  of  '  Guillermo  Mon- 
Qon,'  admiral  of  this  strait,  who,  as  a  person  of  such 
high  authority  among  sailors,  has  in  secret,  and  with 
great  skill  discovered  what  follows."  ^  The  letter 
concludes  with  these  words:  "This  kintj;  sent  last 
year  a  surveyor  to  survey  that  province,  and  he 
returned  here  about  three  months  ago  and  presented 
to  him  [King  James]  a  plan  or  map  of  all  that  he 
could  discover,  a  copy  of  which  I  send  by  M."  It 
was  not  creditable  to  William  Monson  that  he  had 
become  a  pensioner  of  Spain  and  was  willing  for 
Spanish  gold  to  betray  the  interests  of  his  country. 
And  yet,  in  so  doing,  he  accomplished  a  service  which 
later  generations  will  gladly  acknowledge.  The  map 
which  he  secured  for  the  Spanish  ambassador  at 
length  found  its  way,  with  the  reports  of  Zuniga  and 
Velasco,  to  a  place  in  the  General  Archives  at  Siman- 
cas,  from  which,  through  the  Hon.  J.   L.   M.  Curry, 

*  Genesis  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  1,  p  455. 


428  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

late  United  States  minister  to  Spain,  it  was  secured 
by  Mr.  Brown  for  his  '•'  Genesis  of  the  United  States." 
Indeed  this  map  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
treasures  which  Mr.  Brown's  work  contains. 
■  From  the  above  extract  from  Velasco's  letter  to 
Philip  III.,  we  learn  that  this  map  was  prepared  in 
1610  by  a  surveyor  whom  King  James  had  sent  to 
Virginia  that  year  for  this  purpose.  Having  accom- 
plished his  task  the  surveyor  returned  to  England 
late  in  the  year  and  laid  his  map  before  the  king. 
Evidently  the  map  had  been  prepared  with  great  care, 
although  only  in  part  doubtless  from  original  surveys. 
Its  author  is  unknown.  Mr.  Alexander  Brow^n,  in  his 
note  concerning  it,  says :  — 

I  am  inclined  to  tliink  that  the  map  was  compiled  and  drawn 
either  by  Robert  Tyndall  or  by  Capt.  Powell.  However,  I  cannot  be 
certain.  ^ 

And  he  adds: 

I  think  the  map  evidently  embodies  (besides  the  surveys  of 
Champlain  and  other  foreigners)  the  English  surveys  of  White, 
Gosuold,  Weymouth,  Pring,  Hudson,  Argall  and  Tyndall,  and 
possibly  others.  Strachey,  referring  tu  Argall's  voyage  of  June  to 
August,  1610,  says  he  "made  good,  from  forty-four  degrees,  what 
Captaj-ne  Bartho.  Gosnoll  and  Capta^Tie  Waymouth  wanted  in 
their  discoveries,  observing  all  along  the  coast,  and  drawing  the 
plotts  thereof,  as  he  steered  homewardes,  unto  our  bay."  Purchas 
[Vol.  iii,  p.-  590],  in  a  side  note  to  the  narrative  of  Hudson's 
voyage  along  our  coast  in  August,  1G09,  says,  "  This  agi'eeth 
with  Pobert  Tyndall."  Tyndall  made  a  plan  of  James  River  for  the 
Prince  of  Wales  in  1607,  which  is  now  probably  lost.  He  made  a 
chart  of  James  and  York  rivers  in  1G08.  .  .  The  North  Caro- 
lina coast,  on  this  map,  was  evidently  taken,   chiefly,   from  Captain 

1  Genesis  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  1,  p,  458. 


THE    SIMANCAS    MAP    OF    IGIO.  429 

John  White's  survey  and  drawings.  .  .  .  The  coast  from  Capo 
Charles  to  about  41°  north  latitude,  and  up  the  Hudson  River  to  a 
little  beyond  tlie  entrance  of  the  Mohawk,  contains  only  one  or  twu 
names,  and  I  think  was  drawn  from  the  recent  surveys  of  Hudson 
(1G09)  and  Argall  (IGlO).  .  .  .  I  believe  the  New  England 
coast  of  this  map  shows  traces  of  the  surveys  of  Captains  Gosnold, 
Archer,  Pring,  AVaymouth,  and  probably  of  the  North  Virginia  col- 
onists, as  well  as  of  Champlaine,  and  possibly  other  foreigners. 

Unfortunately  the  maps  of  these  voyagers  have  not 
been  preserved,  with  the  exception  of  the  map  of 
Champhiin.  That  Gosnold  and  Pring  prepared  maps 
of  those  parts  of  the  coast  that  were  visited  by  them  is 
well  known.  Mr.  Baxter  has  a  small  Dutch  map  entitled 
"Northern  Part  of  Virginia,  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold 
and  Martin  Prino;,"  \vhile  a  note  o-ives  the  added  infor- 
mation  that  in  the  preparation  of  this  map  the  maps 
of  Gosnold  and  Pring  had  been  "  compared  with  later 
and  more  correct  maps."  Way  mouth  also  prepared  a 
map.  Rosier,  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Relation "  of 
Way  mouth's  voyage  to  the  coast  of  Maine  in  1605, 
refers  to  the  "  perfect  Geographicall  map  of  the  coun- 
try "  XDrepared  by  Wajanouth. 

With  these  and  other  maps  in  his  possession,  the 
surveyor  sent  out  by  King  James,  adding  such  infor- 
mation as  he  was  able  personally  to  obtain,  executed 
his  task,  and  the  result  was  a  map  surprisingly  accu- 
rate for  that  early  period,  especially  in  its  delineation 
of  the  coast  of  southern  and  northern  Viririnia. 

Very  naturally  that  portion  of  this  map  on  which 
is  outlined  the  coast  of  Maine  has  the  greatest  interest 
to  us.  Familiar  names  greet  us  for  the  most  part, 
such   as  Cape   Porpus,  Sagadahock,   Cinebaque  (Ken- 


430  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Debec),  Pemerog'at  (Pentagoet,  —  Penobscot),  lies  de 
Moimtes  Deserts,  He  haute,  etc.  Monbegan,  called 
St.  George,  is  correctly  located,  and  the  multitudinous 
islands  along  the  coast  are  largely  represented,  con- 
sidering the  scale  upon  which  the  map  is  drawn. 
Such  marked  features  of  the  landfall  as  the  Camden 
and  Union  Mountains  are  indicated,  and  a  single 
mountain  west  of  the  Kennebec,  may  be  intended  to 
represent  Mt.  Washington  as  seen  from  Small  Point. 
As  to  the  general  trend  of  the  coast  line  the  superi- 
ority of  this  Simancas  map  of  1610  appears  w^hen 
compared  with  the  maps  of  the  same  period,  as  for 
example  with  Capt.  John  Smith's  map  of  1614,  and 
the  Dutch  "  Figurative  Map  "  of  the  same  year  ;  also 
with  Champlain's  larger  map  of  1632,  and  other  maps 
of  the  seventeenth  century. 

But  of  especial  interest  is  the  bearing  which  this  Si- 
mancas map  has  upon  the  discussion  that  has  occurred 
with  reference  to  the  places  visited  by  Waymouth  in 
his  visit  to  the  coast  of  Maine  in  1605;  and  the 
discoveries  which  Waymouth  made  at  that  time. 

Hitherto  one  argument  presented  by  the  advocates 
of  the  Kennebec  theory,  the  advocates  of  the  St. 
George's  theory  have  not  been  able  satisfactorily  to 
meet,  viz.  :  that  on  Capt.  John  Smith's  map  of  1611 
and  on  the  "  Figurative  map  "  of  the  same  year,  the 
St.  George's  River  has  no  place  whatever ;  while  on 
Champlain's  large  map  of  1632  it  hardly  attracts 
attention.  The  force  of  this  argument  is  destroyed 
by  the  Simancas  map  of  1610.  Here  the  St.  George's 
River,  under  the  Indian  name  Tahanock,  is  delineated 


THE    SIMANCAS    JIAP    OF    1610.  431 

with  singular  accuracy.  The  St.  George's  River  has 
this  marked  peculiarity,  that  on  either  side  are  large 
coves  by  which  the  breadth  of  the  river  is  greatly 
extended.  On  the  coast  survey  map  these  coves  are 
designated  as  Deep  Cove,  Gay  Cove,  Turkey  Cove, 
Maple  Juice  Cove,  Otis  Cove,  Watts'  Cove,  Cutter's 
Cove,  Broad  Cove,  and  Hyler's  Cove.  Rosier  noted 
this  feature  of  the  river  in  his  ''Relation."  "There 
were  on  both  sides,"  he  says,  "  every  half  mile  very 
gallant  cones  ;"  and  Waymouth's  ^'perfect  Geograph- 
icall  map,"  which  Rosier  mentions,  could  hardly  fail  to 
indicate  this  noteworthy  peculiarity.  Certainly  the 
Simancas  map  does  not.  On  it  these  manj^  "  very  gal- 
lant cones  "  are  distinctly  marked,  although  of  course 
not  with  the  accuracy  of  our  present  careful  surveys. 

Rosier  also  makes  reference  to  "  the  codde  "  of  the 
river  which  AYaymouth  discovered,  and  up  which  he 
sailed  in  his  vessel.  Capt.  John  Foster  Williams,  who 
in  1797  examined  the  coast  of  Maine  with  reference 
to  Waymouth's  discoveries  in  1605,  in  his  report  says  : 
"The  word  'codde'  is  not  common,  but  I  have  often 
beard  it  as  '  up  in  the  codde  of  the  bay,'  meaning  the 
bottom  of  the  bay.  I  suppose  what  he  calls  '  the 
codde  of  the  river'  is  a  bay  in  the  river."  There  is 
such  a  bay  at  Thomaston,  exactly  where  from  Rosier's 
description,  we  should  expect  to  find  it;  and  this  bay 
is  indicated  on  the  Simancas  map  of  1610. 

Further,  the  river  that  Waj^mouth  discovered  at 
length  "  trended  westward  into  the  maine."  So  does 
the  St.  George's  River  at  Thomaston.  Such  a  trend 
there  is  in  the  Tahanock  on  the  Simancas  map  of 
1610.     Moreover,  Rosier  says  that  Waymouth,  when 


432  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

he  ascended  the  river  the  second  time,  took  "with  him 
"  a  crosse  to  erect  at  that  point."  It  is  a  remarkable 
fact  that  on  the  Simancas  map,  where  the  St.  George's 
River  trends  westward,  there  is  the  mark  of  a  cross. 
What  is  this  cross  but  the  cross  to  which  Rosier  refers, 
and  which  \Yaymouth  erected  as  a  token  of  English 
discovery  ?  Its  indication  on  the  map  ma}^  be  re- 
garded as  very  strong  evidence  that  this  part  of  the 
Simancas  map  was  taken  by  King  James'  surveyor 
from  Waymouth's  *•'  perfect  Geograpliicall  map." 

It  should  be  added  that  on  the  Simancas  map  Mon- 
hetran  is  desio'nated  "  I  St.  Georo-e."  This  was  the 
name  "iven  to  Monhegan  bv  Wavmouth.  "The  first 
Hand  we  fell  with,"  saj-s  Rosier,  was  "  named  by  vs 
Saint  Georges  Hand."  ^Yhen  Waymouth  was  an- 
chored north  of  Monhegan,  "'  From  hence,"  says 
Rosier,  "  we  might  discerne  the  maine  land  from  the 
west-south-west  to  the  east-north-east,  and  a  great 
way  (as  it  then  seemed,  and  as  we  after  found  it)  up 
into  the  maine  we  might  discerne  very  high  moun- 
taines."  In  the  direction  o-iven  mountains  are  indi- 
cated  on  the  Simancas  map. 

This  Simancas  map  of  1610  may  have  an  equally 
important  bearing  upon  other  historical  discussions 
pertaining  to  the  beginnings  of  our  American  history. 
It  was  a  copy,  as  Velasco  testifies,  and  it  is  not  a  little 
strange  that  the  original  in  England  should  have  disap- 
peared so  long  ago  that  the  memory  of  it  had  perished. 
Its  discovery  at  Simancas  at  this  late  day  is  one  over 
which  we  may  well  rejoice  out  of  full  hearts ;  and  it 
cannot  fail  to  have  an  important  place  in  the  cartogra- 
phy of  the  American  coast  in  the  seventeenth  century. 


MAINE  SETTLEMENTS  AFTER  PENOBSCOT  EXPEDITION.   433 


SETTLEMENTS  IN  MAINE  AFTER  THE 
PENOBSCOT  EXPEDITION. 

FROM   MASSACHTSETTS    ARCHIVES,    VOL.    18.5,    PAGE    359. 

Petition  of  Jnhahifants  of  Lincoln  Co.  to  Gen' I  Court. 

Extracts  dated  Boston,  Oct.  1st,  1779. 

"  The  failure  of  the  late  expedition  to  Penobscot  has  already  laid 
desohite  a  number  of  very  hopefid  settlements  in  these  parts  :  the 
inhabitants,  men  and  yromeu,  having  fled  through  the  wilderness  to 
the  western  parts  of  the  state,  leaving  behind  them  their  stock,  pro- 
visions, crops  and  all  they  had ;  many  of  them  are  already  arrived 
in  these  parts  and  know  not  where  to  lay  their  heads,  being  desti- 
tute of  money  and  every  resource  of  supply  to  their  families  and 
must  cast  themselves  on  the  mercy  of  the  country  in  general  or 
expect  to  terminate  their  present  calamities  by  a  miserable  death ; 
many  more  are  following  then^  in  similar  circumstances,  and  if  gov- 
ernment does  not  speedily  devise  some  method  for  the  relief  of  that 

ruined  people  the  prospect  before  them  is  horrible  indeed Nor  is 

the  condition  of  that  part  of  the  people  yet  remaining  near  the  shores 
in  the  county  much  more  comfortable  than  of  those  who  fled ;  their 
prospects  of  sustenance  by  the  fruits  of  the  earth  are  now  cut  off 
&  ended  :  they  were  engaged  in  opposing  the  common  enemy  when 
they  should  have  been  attending  their  grain  and  hay,  and  hence 
great  quantities  were  much  damaged  and  not  a  little  totally  perished — 
of  the  residue  very  little  now  remains  after  supplying  the  retreating 
army  &  the  flying  families  that  followed  them,  and  that  little  is  in 
jeopardy  every  hour  from  the  wanton  depredations  of  an  insolent  . 
and  triumphant  enemy  who  avows  the  design  of  treating  the  coun- 
try as  a  conquered  one  and  its  inhabitants  as  persons  taken  in  actual 
rebellion  :  hence  many  have  been  compelled  to  take  an  impious  and 
profane  oath  contrary  to  their  consciences,  and  then  driven  in  like 
slaves  to  work  at  constructing  forts,  recovering  cannon,  etc.,  for  the 
enemy,  and  in  the  meanwliile  obliged  to  find  their  own  supplies  and 
subjected  to  be  cudgelled,  kicked  and  abused  by  every  petty  officer 
Vol.  VII.        30 


434  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

set  over  them "We  therefore  only  beg  leave  to  add  that  for 

aught  ^ve  can  see  there  is  the  greatest  reason  to  apprehend  that  wliat 
is  now  sutlered  by  the  people  near  Peuobseot  will  be  the  cojnnion 
fate  of  the  whole  coast  of  the  Connties  of  Cumberland  and  Lincoln 
before  the  opening  of  another  campaign  ;  the  provision  already  made 
having  hardly  a  show  of  intention  to  defend  it ;  the  whole  mimber 
raised  being  scarce  a  man  to  a  mile  if  equally  distributed  on  the 
coast  and  even  these  are  likely  to  become  a  grievous  burden  to  the 
towns  that  must  maintain  them,  whose  stores  are  utterly  inade- 
quate to  the  wants  of  their  o\vti  houses,  and  without  a  number  of 
whale  boats  the  troops  as  already  stationed  can  never  be  assembled 
seasonably  at  any  place  to  answer  any  great  purpose  either  for 
offence  or  defence. 

"A  very  little  reflection  on  the  condition  of  the  country  invaded, 
ravaged,  in  great  part  desolated  and  ruined,  may  suffice  to  convince 
an  impartial  mind,  that  it  will  be  utterly  impossible  for  its  inhabi- 
tants to  supply  as  formerly  an  equal  proportion  of  the  public  funds  : 
the  valuation  by  which  the  late  tax  bills  were  regulated  cannot  be 
coiisidered  as  a  rule  by  Avliich  to  judge  of  taxable  property  in  that 
country  now  when  so  great  a  part  of  it  has  ftxUen  into  the  enemy's 
hands  and  so  much  more  lost  at  the  late  destruction  of  our  fleet.  .  . 
.  .  and  fi-om  the  best  judgment  we  are  able  to  form  by  a  pretty  gen- 
eral acquaintance  with  the  County  of  Lincoln,  we  declare  it  our 
belief  that  all  the  money  in  it  would  not  suffice  to  pay  more  than 
one-half  of  the  tax  last  assessed  upon  it. 

With  the  firmest  confidence  then,  we  refer  to  the  wisdom  of  the 
Hon.  Court  to  judge  of  the  policy  of  laying  farther  taxes  on  the  peo- 
people  at  this  time  ;  as  we  cannot  prognosticate  without  pain  the  steps 
that  may  be  taken  by  a  people  in  their  circumstances,  deeming  them- 
selves abandoned  by  government  to  the  fury  of  an  enemy  left  secure 
of  their  triumph  in  the  very  heart  of  their  country,  neglected  in 
their  distress  tho'  crying  for  relief  to  the  fathers  of  the  state  and 
driven  to  desperation  by  oppressive  burdens  which  neither  themselves 
nor  their  fathers  in  their  best  circumstances  were  able  to  bear. 

Signed  by  Sam'i  McCobb,  James  CargiU,  Josiah  Brewer,  Water- 


LETTER    OF   JOHN    ALLAN.  435 

man  Thomas,  Moses  Copeland,  Jacob  Eaton,  Agreen  Crabti-ee, 
Jolm  Murray,  Sani'l  Oakman,  Sam'l  Howard,  Reuben  Colburn. 

(A  petition  from  Selectmen  of  Winslow,  Vassalboro.  Winthrop, 
and  Hallowell  was  also  received  Oct.  7.  praying  to  be  released  from 
full  pay't  of  tax  and  stating  their  inability  to  meet  the  demand.) 

A  Resolve  passed  Oct.  Sth  directing  the  selectmen  of  towns  in 
Lincoln  County  to  which  any  inhabitants  residing  at  or  near  Penob- 
scot had  fled,  to  supply  them  with  necessaries  and  present  their 
accts.  to  Gen.  Ct.  The  treasurer  of  Mass.  was  directed  to  stay 
"  execution  to  the  constables  of  the  several  towns  in  the  Co.  of  Lin- 
coln until  3d  Wedncsdav  of  the  next  sitting;  of  the  Gen.  Court." 


LETTER    OF    JOHN    ALLAN    TO    MASSA- 
CHUSETTS COUNCIL,  FRO.AI  ARCHIVES, 
VOL.   153,    PAGE  362. 

■   Indian  Encampment,  Passamaquoddy,  May  28,  1780. 

Sir  :  —  I  have  to  acquaint  the  Honorable  Board  that  I  arrived 
here  the  23  inst.  in  consecjuence  of  the  movement  among  the 
Indians  occasioned  by  the  invitation  of  the  enemy  and  the  reports 
propagated  among  them  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  states. 

I  have  had  several  conferences  with  them  during  the  time,  do  not 
find  them  as  usual,  tho'  1  have  prevailed  with  them  to  cojuiuue  some 
time  longer  till  further  news  from  the  westward.  The  enemy  have 
received  large  supplies  on  St.  Johns:  a  fort  is  erected  about  70 
miles  up  the  river  where  a  truck  house  is  fixed  :  several  other  per- 
sons under  government  scattered  up  and  down  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  them.  Mr.  Franklin  and  the  priest  is  expected  every 
hour,  the  latter  to  continue  at  the  fort  up  the  river.  The  day  after 
my  arrival  three  Indian  Expresses  from  Penobscot  arrived  with 
strings  of  Wampum  to  the  several  tribes  Eastward  v.'ith  intelligence 
that  50  Irroquois  were  thro'  in  the  winter  and  desired  the  eastern 


436  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

Indians  to  give  a  final  answer  of  thoir  doteruiinalion.  In  the  even- 
ing, express  from  St.  Johns  from  the  Miemaeks  and  others  on  the 
St.  Johns  where  numbers  were  collecting  for  the  grand  conference 
on  that  account  and  to  meet  the  priest  and  Franklin.  No  doubt  the 
Britons  are  at  the  head  of  this  to  create  confusion  among  the  Indians. 
The  great  advantage  the  Britons  have  by  the  priest  and  the  large 
and  good  supplies,  put  me  in  the  greatest  ditficulty  how  to  act :  add 
to  this  I  have  no  instructions  or  advice  what  is  to  be  done  with  the 
Indians  from  the  westward. 

Mr.  Parker  who  had  a  quantity  of  the  meat  for  the  Indians  is 
taken  and  carried  into  Magabigwaduce,  we  have  not  one  morsel  of 
meat  left,  consequently  nothing  but  corn  and  a  little  butter  to  use, 
as  we  had  meat  last  winter  :  there  are  ten  bushels  of  corn  a  day 
used  among  the  Indians,  while  this  difficulty  is  kept  up,  and  for 
"want  of  meat  we  are  grooving  short.  No  provisions  have  arrived 
for  any  white  persons,  as  to  the  goods  they  merely  scoff  at  it,  as  the 
British  goods  are  so  superior :  their  furs  are  selling  everywhere, 
particularly  beaver,  which  they  sell  at  St.  Johns :  other  furs  to 
American  fishermen  who  keep  rum  for  the  purpose,  and  my  indigent 
situation  (having  but  six  persons)  prevents  my  apprehending  and 
pursuing  such  to  justice.  Indeed,  the  imposition  of  the  American 
traders  is  such  that  it  much  discourages  the  Indians,  the  Britons 
dealing  much  fairer  and  on  more  honorable  terms,  which  is  sup- 
ported by  the  British  government,  and  must  say  from  the  appearance 
of  things  that  those  who  may  continue  must  be  actuated  from  such, 
principles  of  virtue  rarely  to  be  found  at  this  day. 


HALLO^VELL    KECOUDS.  437 


HALLOWELL  RECORDS. 


COMMUNICATED    BY    DR.    \V.    B.    LAPHAM. 

[Coutinucd  from  Pa^e  332. J 

Chandler  Robhins,  son  of  the  Rev.  Doctor  Chandler  Rol.bins, 
and  Jane  Prince,  his  wife,  wns  born  in  Plymouth,  Massachusetts, 
August,  19,  17 — .  Gr.'iduated  :>t  Harvard  College,  1782,  came  to 
this  town  1791.  Married  Harriet,  daughter  of  Thomas  Lothrop 
and  Lydia  Goodwin,  his  wife,  1792,  who  was  born  in  said  Ply- 
mouth. Appointed  Kegister  of  Probate  and  a  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  for  the  county  of  Kennebec,  1799.  Appointed 
sheriff  of  said  county,  ISIG.     Their  children  are  : — 

William  Heury,  b.  Oct.  22,  1795. 
Chandler,  b.  Aug.  21,  1797. 

The  Chandler  first  mentioned  is  of  the  fifth  generation  from 
Xathaniel  Robbins  who  came  to  Xew  England  from  C  iledonia  in 
Scotland  in  1670,  whose  son  Xathaniel  was  the  father  of  Philemon 
who  was  the  father  of  the  s  lid  Rev.  Doctor  Robbins. 

Nathaniel  Dummer,  born  in  Newbury,  March  9,  1755,  is  of  the 
fifth  geneiation  in  a  lineal  descent  from  Richar.l  Dummer,  Esq., 
who  came  from  Englan  1  with  the  first  settlers  of  Newbury,  Nov- 
ember, 1633.  The  said  Nathaniel  was  the  son  of  Richard,  who 
was  the  son  of  Nathaniel,  who  was  the  son  of  Richard  who  was 
son  of  the  Richard  first  mentioned.  The  first  mentioned 
Nathaniel  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Joseph  Owen  of  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  who  was  the  widow  relict  ot  John  Kelton 
by  whom  she  had  one  child,  viz.,  Sarah,  who  married  with  .John 
Odlin  Page  of  tliis  town),  Camo  from  Providence  with  his 
family  to  this  town  November,  1789.  Died,  September  15,  1815. 
Children  of  Nathaniel  and  Mary  Damner  are : — 

Joseph  Owen  and  (  born.  Mar.  5,  1780. 

Judith  Greeuleaf,  )   Judith  G.,  d.  Mar,  19,  17S3. 

Gorhatn,  b.  Sept.  27,  1782;  d.  Jan.  2, 1805. 

Maria,  b.  Aug.  7,  1737. 


438  MAIXE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Richard  Dmnnier,  son  of  Richard  Dummer  and  Judith  Green- 
leaf,  liis  wife,  was  born  in  Xewbury  in  the  Parish  of  Byfield, 
county  of  Essex,  ^lay  19,  1757.  Married  Hannah,  daughter  of 
Samuel  and  Susanna  Northend  of  Rowley,  June,  1785.  Their 
children  are  : — 

Sophia,  b.  Oct  2,  ITSS,  iu  Byfield. 
Judith  Greenleaf,  b.  Mar.  1(3,  1792,  in  Byfield. 
Eliz:ibeth.  b.  Mar.  4, 1794,  in  Byfield. 
Susanna  Northeud,  b.  Feb.  0,  179(5,  in  Byfield. 

Mr.  Duintner  came  with  his  family  to  this  place  October,  ISOl. 

Jeremiah  Dummer,  son  of  Richard  Dnmnier  and  Judith  Green- 
leaf,  his  wife,  was  born  in  Newbury  in  the  parish  of  Byfield. 
Married  Mehitable,  daughter  of  Paul  and  Mary  Moody  of  said 
Byfield.     Came  to  this  town  to  abide.     Their  children  are  : — 

Charle?,  b.  Sept.  3.  1793. 
Mary  Moody,  b.  Dec.  15,  1795. 
Harriet,  b.  Apr.  17,  179S. 
Deborah  Elizabeth,  b.  July  21,  ISOO. 
Richard  William,  b.  Mar.  6,  1S05. 
Jeremi;;h.  b.  Sept.  17,  lS(i5. 
Heutv  Euocb,  b.  Apr.  9,  ISOS. 

Joseph  Owen  Dummer,  son  of  Nathaniel  Dummer,  married 
Judith  Greenleaf,  daughter  of  Richard  and  Hannah  Dummer. 
Their  children  are  : — 

Nathaniel,  b.  Dec.  30,  1S16. 
Richard  Gorham.  b.  Apr.  12,  1819.' 
Hannah  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  2,  1S26. 

Edward  Cummings,  sou  of  Thomas  Cummings  and  Catherine 
Clary,  his  wife,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Waterford  in  Ireland 
August  15,  1786.  Came  to  America  in  1800.  Married  Sophia^ 
dauohter  of  Peter  Lemerica  of  Dresden.  Came  to  this  town  with 
his  family  August  15,  1810.     Their  chiMren  are  : — 

Mary,  b.  Sept.  3.  1807,  in  Boston. 

Thoma-:,  b.  Jan.  23,  1SU9,  in  Boston. 

John,  b.  1S1(>,  d. 

Cecil,  b.  Jan.  20,  1811,  in  Hallowell. 

Peter,  b.  1813,  d. 

Henry,  b.  May  12,  1SI6. 

John,  b.  Dec.  31,  1S18. 


HALLOWELL    RECORDS.  430 

Daniel  Evans  2(1,  son  of  George  ami  Lois  Williams,  his  wife, 
was  born  in  Allenstown,  state  of  Xew  Hampshire,  February  2 2, 
1780.  ^Mairied  Philomehi,  daughter  of  Levi  and  Susanna  Dear- 
born of  Monmouth,  District  of  Maine,  came  with  his  family  to 
this  town  Ai'ril  25,  IS  14,     Their  children  are  : — 

George,  b.  Aug.  27,  1S04,  in  Monmouth. 
Louisa,  b.  July  14,  1S06,  iu  Monmouth. 
John,  b.  Mar.  8,  1S09,  iu  Monmouth. 
Daniel,  b.  Oct.  21,  ISll,  in  Monmouth. 
Susan,  b.  June  16,  1S14,  in  llallowell. 
Julia,  b.  Dec.  22,  1S16. 
Gorham,  b.  Aug.  16,  1S19. 

John  Sewall,  son  of  John  Sewall  and  Joanna  Stone,  his  wife, 
was  born  in  York,  District  of  Maine,  September  13,1756.  May 
19,  1791  married  Eunice,  daugliter  of  William  ari-l  Abigail  Grow 
of  the  same  town,  who  was  at  that  time  the  widow  relict  of  Wil- 
liam Emerson  of  said  York,  and  then  had  four  children, viz.: — 

Edward,  b.  Apr.  24,  1770. 

Oliver,  b.  Oct.  23.  1781 ;  d.  Dec.  1S14. 

Sophia,  b.  Apr.  19,  17S4. 

Lucy,  b.  June.  17S6;  d.  Jan.  3,  1842. 

Joanna  Sewall,  only  child  of  said  John,  was  born  March  9, 1792. 
Came  with  his  family  to  this  town  October  8,  1797.  The  first 
mentioned  John,  is  of  the  fifth  gtneration  in  a  line.-d  descent  from 
Henry  Sewall,  who  came  from  England  in  1G34  and  setth  d  in 
Newbury.  Samuel  and  Nicholas,  sons  of  John,  and  gianilsons  of 
said  Henry,  settled  in  York  about  the  year  1708.  From  them 
descended  the  numerous  ract-  of  Sewalls  scattered  over  the  District 
of  Maine.  Samuel  was  the  grandfather  of  the  first  mentioned 
John. 

Moses  Sewall,  son  of  Moses  Sewall  and  Miriam  Stone,  his  wife, 
was  born  in  York.  He  wis  grandson  of  Samuel  Sewall.  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1787,  married  Ruth,  daughter  of  Nathaniel  and  Sarah 
Barreil  of  said  York.  Came  with  his  f  imily  to  this  town  1787. 
Their  children  are  : — 

Sophia,  b.  May  16,  17SS. 

Benjamin,  b.  Jan.  29,  1790. 

Charlotte,  b.  Jan.  24,  1792. 


440  MAIXE    HISTORICAL   SOCIETY. 

Elizabeth,  b.  Feb.  10, 1794. 
Moses,  b.  Mar.  24,  1796. 
Mary,  b.  June  24,  179S. 

Mr.  Moses  Sewall  died  March  24,  179S,  and  Mrs.  Ruth  Sewall 

married  Mr.  John  Arnold,  by  whom  she  had  two  sons,  viz.: — 

Nathaniel  Barrell,  b.  Mar.  24,  ISOo. 
Henry  Augustus,  b.  Mar.  22.  1S07. 

— •  David  Sewall,  brother  of   Moses,  was  born  August  16,  17G6. 

Came  to  this  town  to  settle  17S4.     September  7,  1793,  married 

Hannah,  daughter  of  Xathauiel  and  Sarah  Barrell  of  York,  who 

was  born  January  28,  1774.     Their  children  are  : — 

David,  b.  Oct.  10,  1794;  d.  Oct.  b,  1795. 

Mary,  b.  M.jr.  3,  1796;  d.  Aug.  17,  1796. 

A  daughter  still-boru,  Feb.  10,  1793. 

George  Barrell.  b.  Jan.  20,  1799. 

David,  b.  July  17,  IS H;  d.  Jan.  S,  1S12. 

Rufus,  b.  Dec.  11,  1S02. 

Edward,  b.  Oct.  15,  1^04. 

John,  b.  Mar.  14,  1S06., 

Charles  Albert,  b.  Dec.  23,  1S07. 

Hannah  Barrell,  b.  Jan.  lo,  ISll;  d.  July  9,  1811. 

Olive  Maria,  b.  Feb.  20,  1S14. 

Charlotte  Sophia,  b.  Sept.  22,  1816. 

Stephen  Sewall,  b'Otlier  of  Moses  and  David,  was  born  Septem- 
ber, 1768.     Married  Abigail,  daughter  of  John  H.  Bartlett  and 
Mary  Moulton,  Ids   wife,  of    Kittery.     Settled   at    Bath.      Mr. 
Stephen  Sewall  died  at  Bath.     Their  children  are,: — 

Dorcas,  b.  Mar.  17,  17S9. 
William,  b.  Sept.  17.  1790. 
Miriam,  b.  Feb.  IS,  1792. 
Stephen,  b.  Feb.  1:3,  1794. 

John  Kannavaii,  son  of  Martin  Kannavan  and  Bridget  Mayo, 

his  wife,  was  born  in  the  couuty  of  May-.*,  in  Ireland,  June,  1785. 

Came    to   America    1807.     Came    to   this    town   July    19,  1811. 

Mariicd    Mary,  daughter  of Hunt    of    Ireland,  who  was  at 

that  lime  the  widow  relict  of Ronen  and  then  had  one  child, 

viz.: — 

Johu  Roneu,  b.  Jan.  1809,  in  Boston. 

Children  of  said  John  Kannavan  and  Maiy  his  wife. 

Martin,  b.  June  15,  1314,  in  Hallowell. 


HALLO  WELL    RECORDS.  441 

Charles  Freeman,  son  of  Barnabas  Freeman  and  Hannah 
Hewitt, his  wife,  was  born  in  Waldoborough,  September  30, 1782. 
MaiTied  Lois,  daughter  of  Andrew  Kimball  of  Belgrade.  Came 
with  his  family  to  this  town  October  24,  1S15.  Their  children 
are: — 

John  Lyman,  b.  Mar.  5,  ISOS,  in  Yassalboro. 

Willard,  b.  Apr.  27,  ISIO,  in  Vassalboro. 

Otis,  b.  Jan.  17,  1811,  in  Vassalboro. 

Thomas  Waterman,  b.  Dec.  24,  1S13,  in  D, 

Susan  Ann,  b.  June  19,  1S16,  in  Hallowell. 

Charles,  b.  Feb.  26,  1819. 

Charles,  b.  Oct.  11,  1821. 

Louisa,  b.  Sept.  12,  1S24. 

Benjamin  "White  was  born  in  1728  ;  came  with  his  family  from 
Roxbury  to  this  town  in  17G2,  and  settled  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Moses,  b.  Jan.  22,  1751,  in  Roxbury. 

Elizabeth,  b.  Oct.  14,  1752. 

Mary,  b.  July  20,  1754. 

Benjamin,  b.  June  12,  1756. 

Sarah,  b.  Aucj.  1,  1758.  ,  • 

Aaron,  b.  March  1,  1760. 

Wilbam,  b.  Feb.  22,  1762. 

Jeremiah,  b.  Nov.  2,  1763,  in  Hallowell. 

Prudeuce,  b.  Dec.  2,  1766. 

Rebecca,  b.  -May  24,  17G3. 

Hannah,  b.  Oct.  15,  1770. 

Lydia,  b.  Juno  30,  1772. 

Patty,  b.  June  7,  1776. 

Benjamin  White,  son  of  the  above  Benjamin,  was  born  in  Rox- 
bmy,  Juae   12,  1756.     Came  with  his  fother's  family  to  this  town 

1762.     Married    Silence,  daughter  of Baker  of  Dorchester, 

who  was  born  September  15,  1759.     Their  children  are  :  — 

James,  b.  Oct.  0,  1784. 

Mary,  b.  Sept.  1,  1787. 

Lois,  b.  April  11,  1789.  -  ■  - 

Lydia,  b.  Oct.  10,  1791. 

Lucy,  b,  Dec.  8,  1794. 

Joseph,  b.  March  12,  1797. 

Hannah,  b.  June  I,  1800. 


442 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


James  ^^tite,  son  of  Benjamin  and  Silence  White,  married  Dor- 
othy, daughter  of  Kimball  of  Readficld,  who  was  born  Octo- 
ber 6,  1784:.     Their  chiklren  are  :  — 

Charles,  b.  Jan.  10,  1S15. 
Franklin,  b.  Aug.  U,  1817. 

James  Kenney,  son  of  Patrick  Kenney  and  Molly  Perkins  his 
wife,  was  born  in  Edgecomb,  county  of  Lincoln,  Augiist  20,  1770. 
Came  to  this  town  July,  1780.  and  was  bound  as  an  apprentice  by 
the  selectmen  of  Vassalboro  to  David  Jackson,  late  of  Hallowell, 
deceased.  :Married  Nancy,  daughter  of  Eliphalet  and  Joanna  Gil- 
man  of  this  town.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Woodburn,  b.  Oct.  23,  1792;  d.  Feb.  25,  1816. 

Xancy,  b.  April  27,  1794. 

Eliphalet  Gilraan.  b.  March  24,  179(3. 

Sally,  b.  April  21,  1708;  d.  Aug.  5,  1802. 

Maria,  b.  Sept.  9,  1800. 

James,  b.  Jan.  15,  1803,  in  Gardiner. 

Lutherasa,  b.  Oct.  3,  1805,  in  Hallowell ;  d.  July  5,  1815. 

Joshua,  b.  Jan.  11,  1807,  in  Gardiner. 

Lydla,  b.  Aug.  26,  1810. 

William,  b.  Feb.  1,  1813,  in  Hallowell. 

Ephraim,  b.  Dec.  17,  1815. 

Joanna,  b.  July  10,  1818. 

James  Goodwin,  son  of  Andrew  Goodwin  and  Hannah  Stackpole 
his  wife,  was  born  in  Pittston  (now  Gardiner)  February  22,  1786. 
Came  -with  his  fother's  family  to  this  town.  Man-ied  Remember, 
daughter  of Nye  of  Sandwich.     Their  chiltlren  are  :  — 

Sophronia,  b.  July  31,  1804. 
Oliver,  b.  March,  1807. 
Emma  Jane,  b.  Feb.,  1809. 
Julia  Octavia,  b.  Feb.,  181.3. 
James,  b.  Jan.,  1821. 

Mr.  James  Goodwin  died  February  17,  1821.  His  death  was 
occasioned  by  a  limb  falling  from  a  tree  on  his  head,  which  so 
fractured  his  skull  that  he  died  the  day  follov.'ing. 

John  Hesketh,  son  of  John  and  Mary  Hesketh,  was  born  in 
Knowsley  in  the  county  of  Lancashire,  in  the  kingdom  of  Great 
Britain,  May  12,  1771.     Came  with  his  family  to  America  May  4, 


HALLOWELL    liECORDS.  443 

1797.  Came  to  this  town  May,  1798.  Married  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Hedge  Syers  of  Fow,  in  the  county  aforesaid.  John  Hes- 
keth  died  June  8,  1845.     Their  chiklren  are  :  — 

Mary,  b.  Dec.  3,  1795;  d.  Aug.  29,  1S02. 

Ann  Leunar,  b.  July  13,  1707. 

John,  b.  Dec.  27,  1790;  d.  Aug.  17,  1S02. 

William,  b.  Mar.  14,  1S02. 

John  Kerley,  b.  Aug.  20,  1801. 

Mary  Syers,  b.  Oct.  19,  1806. 

Robert,  b.  June  5,  1809. 

Thomas,  b.  April  13,  181 1;  d.  July  IS,  1832. 

Margaret  Ann,  b.  Dec.  2,  1813. 

Jane  Maria,  b.  May  27,  1819;  d.  July  15,  1836. 

George  Gardiner,  was  born  in  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
March  19,  1766.  Came  to  this  town  January,  1794.  Married 
Martha,  daughter  of  AVilUam  and  Mary  Baxter  of  Hailburn,  county 
of  Cheshire.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Mark,  b.  Feb.  10,  1789. 
Mary,  b.  June  24,  1792. 
Luke,  b.  Oct.  15,  1793. 
Aliza,  b.  Sept.  9,  1795. 

Capt.  George  Gardiner  died  May  11,  1839. 

David  Day,  brother  of  Daniel  Day,  was  born  June  3,  1796. 
Came  to  reside  in  this  tovsTi  1794.  Married  Abigail,  daughter  of 
Samuel  Lord  of  Ipswich.     Their  children  are  :  — 

William  Lord,  b.  Jan.  16,  1803. 
David  Goodbue,  b.  Feb.  6,  1806. 

Mrs.  Abigail  Day  died  May,  1812.  and  Mr.  David  Day  married 
Lucretia  Rich  of  Bath,  June  4,  1820.  She  was  born  February  2.5, 
1784,  in  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Abigail  L.,  b.  May  12,  1821. 
Samuel  Henry,  b.  June  3,  1824. 
Lucretia  Ann,  b.  Nov.  10,  1827. 

Gideon  Farrell,  son  of  Josiah  and  Mary  Farrell,  was  born  in 
Brimfield,  county  of  Hampshire,  October  30,  1779.  Married  Sally, 
daughter  of  Isaac  and  Hannah  Moore  of  "Western  in  the  county  of 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  who   was  born  in   Plymouth  County   in 


444  MAIXE    HISTOIIICAL    SOCIETY. 

the  town  of  Hanover,  Massachusetts,  June  23,  1783.  Came  to 
this  tovm  April,  ISOG.  Mr.  Gideon  Farrell  died  January  18.  1841. 
Their  children  are:  — 

Mary  Moore,  b.  Aug.  IS,  1S02,  in  Western. 

Frances  Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  25,  1S05,  in  Portland. 

Sarah  Ann,  b.  Dec.  S,  1807. 

Charles  Gideon,  b.  Sept.  30,  ISIO. 

Hannah  Moore,  b.  April  6.  1S13. 

Geor^re  WashinQ:ton,  b.  Dec.  17,  1815. 

Lewis  Edwin,  b.  Dec.  7,  1818. 

Isaac  Eugene,  b.  Sept.  19,  1S21. 

Ellen,      ■) 

Louisa,  I  ^- ^1^^-26.^824. 

Benjamin  Dearborn,  son  of  Levi  Dearborn  and  Anne  Haven  his 
wife,  Avas  born  in  North  Hampton,  state  of  Xew  Hampshire,  De- 
cember 17,  1786.  Came  to  reside  in  this  toA^Ti  September,  1807- 
Married  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Mary  Haven  of  Bos- 
ton.    Their  children  are  :  — 

Julia,  b.  Jan.  18,  1S19. 
Eunice,  b.  Jan.  1,  1822. 

Samuel  Smith  was  born  in  Exeter,  state  of  New  Hampshire. 
Married  Hannah,  daughter  of  Jonathan  Young  and  Abigail  Scrib- 
ner,  his  wife,  of  said  Exeter.  Came  to  this  town  with  their  family, 
February,  1793.     Their  children  are  :  — 

Abigail,  b.  Jan.  5,  1779.  in  Gilraanton,  N.  H. 
Sally,  b.  July  5,  1782,  in  Gilmanton. 
John,  b.  May  .5,  1786,  in  Gilmanton. 
Samuel,  b.  Aug.  18,  1789,  in  Gilmanton. 
Susan,  b.  Sept.,  1791,  in  Gilmanton. 
Hannah,  b.  Mar.  14,  1794,  in  Hallowell. 


PROCEEDINGS.  445 


PROCEEDINGS. 

Annual  Meeting,  June  24,  1896. 

The  Annual  Meeting  was  held  at  Brunswick  in  the 
Cleveland  recitation  room  at  2  P.  M. 

The  President,  Mr.  James  P.  Baxter,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Moses  A.  Safford  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  meeting. 

The  members  present  were  :  — 

Messrs.  Charles  E.  Allen,  Charles  F.  Alien,  J.  P.  Baxter,  John 
Marshall  Brown,  Henry  S.  Biirrage,  Horace  H.  Burbank,  Samuel 
C.  Belcher,  Edward  P.  Burnham,  Hubbard  W.  Bryant,  Henry  L. 
Chapman,  Samuel  F.  Dike,  L.  A.  Emery,  Charles  J.  Oilman,  Sam- 
uel F.  Humphrey,  Henry  Ingalls,  Henry  Johnson,  Fritz  H.  Jordan, 
James  M,  Larrabee,  George  T.  Little,  Hiram  K.  Morrell,  John  A. 
Peters,  Parker  M.  Reed,  "Walter  H.  Sturtevant,  Asbury  C.  Stil- 
pheu,  .Joseph  Williamson,  .Joseph  Wood,  Marshall  Pierce,  of  Califor- 
nia, a  Corresponding  Member. 

The  record  of  the  last  Annual  Meeting  was  read  by 
the  Recording  Secretary,  Mr.  Bryant,  and  approved. 
The  Secretary  read  also  his  annual  report  as  Libra- 
rian and  Curator,  and  the  same  was  accepted. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Treasurer  was  read  by 
Mr.  Fritz  H.  Jordan,  and  it  was  accepted  to  be  placed 
on  file. 

Mr.  Joseph  Williamson,  as  Corresponding  Secretary 
and  Biographer,  read  his  annual  reports  which  were 
accepted  to  be  placed  on  file. 


446  MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 

A  report  of  the  doings  of  the  Standhig  Committee 
for  the  past  year  was  read  by  the  Secretary. 

Eev.  Dr.  Biirrage,  on  the  part  of  the  Publication 
Committee,  made  a  verbal  report  on  the  extra  work 
done  in  the  library  during  the  past  year  and  suggest- 
ed a  continuance  of  the  indexing  of  pamphlets  and 
manuscripts. 

Mr.  M.  A.  Safford  presented  a  copy  of  the  record 
of  the  organization  of  the  York  Historical  Society,  and 
Mr.  Bryant  read  a  report  from  the  Lincoln  County  His- 
torical Society. 

Voted,  That  the  publications  of  this  Society  be  furaished  hereafter 
to  the  auxiliary  historical  societies. 

The  President  then  read  a  letter  from  Dr.  George 
A.  AYheeler  of  Castiue,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of 
Arrangements  for  the  celebration  of  the  centennial 
of  the  incorporation  of  the  town,  inviting  the  members 
of  the  Society  to  attend  the  exercises  of  the  celebra- 
tion on  the  ninth  day  of  July,  next,  and  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  next  Field  Day  excursion  of  the  Society  be  made 
to  Castiue  on  the  date  specified  in  Dr.  Wheeler's  letter. 

The  following  Committee  of  Arrangements  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  chair  :  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage,  Joseph  Wil- 
liamson and  Fritz  H.  Jordan. 

The  President  then  appointed  the  following  a  Com- 
mittee to  nominate  a  Board  of  Officers  for  the  coming 
year  :  — 

Edward  P.  Burnham,  Samuel  F.  Humphrey,  Hiram  K.  Morrell. 

On  motion  of  Rev.  Dr.  Burrage  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  biographical  notices  of  deceased  members,  fur- 
nished by  the  Biographer,  be  printed  as  a  part  of  the  Proceedings. 


PROCEEDINGS.  447 

The  Nominating  Committee  having  reported  that 
they  had  agreed  upon  the  same  Board  of  Oflicers  for 
the  coming  year  on  motion  of  Mr.  Stilphen  it  was 

Voted,  That  Mr.  Biiniham  cast  the  vote  for  the   present  Board  of 
Officers  and  having  dune  so  the  foUowing  were  declared  elected : — 
For  President,  James  P.  Baxter. 

"     Fi!'ce-P/-'.'Si(7e/if,  Eufus  K.  Sewall. 

"     Treasurer,  Fritz  H.  Jordan. 

"     Corresponding  Secretary  and  Biographer,  .Joseph  AVilliamson. 

'•     Recording    Secretary,   Librarian  and   Curator,   Hubbard  W. 
Bryant. 

'•  Standing  Committee,  Kev.  Henry  S.  Barrage,  of  Portland, 
Professor  Henry  L.  Chapman,  of  Brunswick,  John  Marshall  Bro^^'n, 
of  Fahiiouth,  Edward  P.  Burnham,  of  Saco,  Samuel  C.  Belcher,  of 
Fannington,  Henry  Ingalls,  of  ^Yiscasset,  Charles  E.  Nash,  of 
Augusta. 

The  following  candidates  for  resident  membership 
having  been  duly  nominated  in  advance  of  the  Annual 
Meeting,  were  balloted  for  and  unanimously  elected  : — 

Frank  AV.  Hovey,  of  Pittsfield. 
John  Owen  Patten,  of  Bath. 
Herbert  Payson,  of  Portland. 

The  following  were  elected  Corresponding  Mem- 
bers :  — 

Kobert  Hallowell  Gardiner,  of  Boston. 
Benjamin  Vaughan,  of  Cambridge. 
Robert  C.  Winthrop,  Junior,  of  Boston. 
Henry  Yovde  Hind,  of  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 
Robert  Goldthwaite  Carter,  of  Washington. 

On  motion  of  Professor  Chapman  it  was 
Voted,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  meeting  that  any  expense  at- 
tending the  arranging  and  cataloguing  of  the  pamphlets  belonging  to 
the  Society  meets  with  the  approbation  of  the  Society. 


448  MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

Professor  Chapman  also  gave  notice  of  the  following 
proposed  amendment  to  the  By-Laws,  to  come  up  for 
action  at  the  next  Annual  Meeting  :  — 

NOTICE  OF  PKOPOSED  AMEND:\rENT. 

To  amend  Section  4  of  the  By-La^vs  l»y  inserting  before  the  words 
"may  be  elected"  etc.,  the  ckuse  "  or  who  have  been  resident 
members  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  thirty  years  :  "  —  so  that  the 
whole  section  shall  read  as  follows  : 

"Persons,  whether  residents  of  the  state  or  not,  who  shall  have 
attained  an  eminent  distinction  in  history  or  kindred  subjects,  or 
shall  have  done  eminent  service  in  promoting  the  objects  of  this 
Society,  or  who  have  been  resident  members  for  a  period  of  not  less 
than  thirty  years,  may  be  elected  honorary  members  with  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  corresponding  members." 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Burnham,  it  was 

Voted,  That  the  next  Annual  Meeting  be  called  at  2  P.  M.  on 
the  date  to  be  fixed  by  the  Standing  Committee. 

Adjourned. 


^>f<J-^0 


I  N  DEX 


INDEX. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Addresses  :  — 

Barrows,  G.  B.,  21S. 

Baxter,  J.  P.,  213. 

Lewis,  A.  F.,  221. 
Ancient  Defenses  of  Portland,  1. 
Ancient  Naguamqueeg,  405. 
Army,  Continental,  161,  169,  172, 

173,  177;  Uniform  of  94;  Named. 

9S. 
Army,  Provincial,  93. 
Arnold's     Canadian     Expedition, 

167,  171,  17S. 
Assistants,  Court  of,  .349,  350,  351 

357. 

Bagaduce  Expedition,  164,  175. 
Barclay  Papers,  106. 
Bellingham  "Will  Case,  38. 
Biographical  Sketolies:  — 

Adams,  Rev.  John,  317. 

Bailey  Jacob,  207. 

Baker,  Josiah,  170. 

Banks,  Moses,  165. 

Beard  Hannah,  ISl. 

Brackett,  John,  168. 

Bradish,  David,  165. 

Brown,  Jacob,  164. 

Burbank,  Silas,  181. 

Chadbourne,  Silas,  172. 

Chadwick,  Benjamin,  315. 

Child,  Isaac,  166. 

Chute,  Josiah,  420-422. 

Dunn,  Samuel,  183. 

Ellis,  Paul,  165. 

Fessenden,  William,  209. 

(Jilraan,  Tristram,  45. 

Goldthwait,  John,  31. 

Graves,  Crispus,  177. 

Haskell,  Nathaniel,  175. 


Biographical  Sketches: — 
Heath  William,  97,  98. 
Jewett,  Caleb,  320. 

David,  319. 
Johnson,  James,  168. 
Lancaster,  Thomas,  209. 
Lewis,  Archelaus,  168. 
Litchfield  Joseph,  324. 
Lombard,  Calvin,  88. 
Lunt,  Daniel,  168. 
Lyon  .Tames,  46. 
McKenney,  iloses,  179. 
McLean,  Alexander,  50. 
McLellan,  Cary,  172 

William,  172. 
Manchester,  Stephen,  168. 
March,  Samuel,  164. 
Means,  James,  168. 
Merrill,  Joshua,  170. 

Moses,  175. 
Meserve,  Elisha,  179. 
Milliken,  Edward,  181. 
Moore,  Thomas,  206. 
Nash,  Samuel,  325. 
Newell,  Ebenezer,  183. 

Zachariah,  166. 
Noyes,  Samuel,  170. 
Partridge,  Jesse,  168. 
Perley,  Samuel,  320. 
Phinney,  Edmund,  163. 
Powers,  Peter,  324. 
Eice,  John,  ISO. 
Rogers,  John,  of  Duxbury,  2SS. 

John  jr.,  of  Duxbury,  295. 

John,  of  Marshfield,  277. 

John  jr.,  of  Marshfield,  279. 

John,  of  Scituate,  185. 

John,  of  Weymouth,  281. 

John  jr.,  of  Weymouth,  283. 


452 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Biof^raphical  Sketches: — 

Rogers,  Joseph,  275. 
Thomas,  275. 

Eowe,  Caleb,  174. 

Sawyer,  Jonathan,  174. 

Sewell,  Henry,  165. 
,     Smith,  Georg'^,  164. 

Spring,  Alpheus,  49. 

Strickhmd,  John,  321. 

Stuart,  Wentworth,  173. 

Swett,  Stephen,  165. 

Thomas,  Samuel,  183. 
John,  210. 

True,  Bradbury,  177. 

Turner,  Charles,  316. 

Tyler,  Abraham,  179. 

Urquhart,  John,  204. 

Walker,  Xoali,  175. 

Webster,  Nathaniel,  317. 

Whitaker,  Nathaniel,  323. 

Whiting,  Thurston,  313. 

Williams,  Hart,  172. 

Winter,  Francis,  48. 

Wortliley,  John,  177. 

York,  Bartholomew,  165. 
Bishop,  Tyng's,  89. 
Boston  Massacre,  24. 
Brown ists,  the,  343. 

Canal,  The   Cumberland  and   Ox- 
ford Co.,  412. 
Charter   llights  of  Massachusetts 

in    Maine    Early    in    the     18th 

Century,  107. 
Chipman,  Ward,   Papers,  106,  107. 
Citizenship,  Church  Test  of,  361. 
Codde,  defined,  431. 
Colonies    of    Massachusetts     Bay 

and  Plymouth  Compared,  342. 
Commission    of    Officers    of    the 

Lincoln  County   Regiment,  271. 
Congress,    Continental,    98,     155, 
160,  161,  335. 

Provincial,  30,  85,  90,  91,  92,  93, 
94,  154,  164,  371,  372,  373,  374, 
375,  376,  377,  378. 

United  States,  16,  17. 


Council  of  Plymouth,  1. 

Democratic    Institutions   in   New 
England,  Origin  of,  337. 

Expedition,    Arnold's     Canadian, 
167,  171,  178. 
Bagaduce,  164,  175. 
Canadian,  420. 
Louisbiirg,  420. 
Penobscot,  4.33. 

Falmouth,  Mast  Industry  of,  390. 
Flag,  First  Federal,  162. 
Foreign   Emigi-ant  Association  of 
Maine. 

Game,    Indians    Included    in   the 

List  of,  244. 
Genealogical  Notes:  — 

Amory,  36. 

Arbuthnot,  36. 

Auchmuty,  36. 

Bachelder,  332. 

Besse.  328. 

Brown,  204. 

Butler,  327. 

Chute,  419. 

Clark,  328,  332. 

Corlidge,  202. 

Cummings,  4-38. 

Davis.  .330,  -331. 

Day,  443. 

Dearborn,  444. 

Dingley,  -328. 

Drew,  104. 

Dumaresques,  36. 

Dummer,  36,  436,  437,  4.38. 

Evans,  4.39. 

Farrell,  443,  444. 

Francis,  328,  329. 

Freeman,  441. 

Gardiner,  443. 

Gilman,  329. 

Goldthwait,  31,  35. 

Goodwin,  442. 

Gorham,  329. 


INDEX. 


453 


Genealogical  Notes:  — 
Hallowell,  3G. 
Harvey,  330. 
Herke'th,  442. 
Hinkley,  201,  202. 
Kannavan,  440. 
Kenney,  442. 
Kimball,  104.'' 
Knight,  303. 
Littlefield,  331,  332. 
Lorings,  -33. 
McSparran,  36. 
Marshall,  202. 
ilascarenes,  36. 
Mason,  33,  36.^' 
Mellur,  104. 
Moian,  327. 
Morrill,  203. 
Xorton,  203. 
Xye,  330. 
Ochterlony,  36. 

Perkins,  33,  36. 

Powalls,  36. 

Piatt,  329. 

Eobbins,  437. 

Eogers,  33.  275,  300. 

Rollins,  202. 

Sears,  33,  36. 

Sewall,  439,  440. 

Sherburne,  103. 

Simmons,  104. 

Smith,  103,  326,  327,  444. 

Stevens,  10.^. 

Stevrart,  330. 

Sweatland,  103. 

Tate,  397. 

West,  201. 

White,  327,  441,  442. 

Winslow,  203. 

Yeaton,  105. 
General   Court  of  Massachusetts, 

4,  7,  9.  14,  24,  .37,  38,  49,  89,  241, 

2.S2,  26S,  274,  284,  315,  317,321, 

.345,  346,  347,  348,  .349,  3-50,  351, 

352,    353,    3.54,    355,    356,    357, 

363,  376,  .377,  405,  415,    417,   418, 

421,  433,  434. 


Gestures  not  Used  with  Sermons, 

48. 
Goldthwait,  Col.  Thomas,  Was  He 

a  Tory,  23,  185,  254,  362. 
Goodman,  341. 
Government,   llepresentative,  341, 

342.  ■ 
Great  Awakening,  the,  246. 
Gun,  First  Fired  at  Falmouth,  SS. 

Hallowell   Pvecords,  103,  201,  326, 

437. 
Hat,  Tyng's,  89. 
Highway,  The  First  in  Falmouth, 

390. 
Historical  Societies  :  — 

Knox  County  Historical  Society, 
110. 

Lincoln  Historical  Society,  109, 
110,  446. 

Pilgrim  Society,  333. 

Washington   County    Historical 
Society,  110. 

York  Historical  Society,  446. 
Hog,  The,  in  Massachusetts  His- 
tory, 353-356. 
Horse  Beef    Falls,   Origin   of   the 

Name,  411. 

Immigration,  Board  of,  59,  64,  70. 
Immigration       and       Isothermal 
Lines  55. 

Jingoism  and  Patriotism,  252. 
Jurisdiction,  Ecclesiastical,  347- 

Kemble  Papers,  365. 
"King  Plot,"  The,  181.  ' 

Letters:  — 

Allen,  John,  435. 
Bernard  Francis,  189,  267,  269. 
Cartwright,  Thomas,  421. 
Cotton  J.,  189,  190. 
Freeman,  Enoch,  92. 
Samuel,  374. 


454 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Letters :  — 

Goldthwait,  Thomas,  40,  41,  43, 
ISO,  187,  197,  19S,  190,  254,  256, 
257,  259,  260,  261,  202,  307. 

Hedlund,  S.  A.,  113. 

Hewes,  Eliliu,  375. 

Hurd  J.,  401. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  273. 

Molineux,  "William,  363. 

People  of  Penobscot,  378. 

Preble,  Jedediah,  91,  92,  373. 

KobinsoD,  Hans,  197. 

Washington,  Geo.,  158,  160. 

Wentworth,  J.,  399. 
Liberty,  Constitutional,  Birth   of, 

340. 
Liberty,  Civil  and  Spiritual,  361. 
Lovewell's  Fight,  244. 

Maine  Board  of  Immigration,    59, 

64,  70. 
Maine,  Decrease  of  Population  of, 

56. 
Maine  Historical  Society:  — 

Proceedings  of  Feb.  6,  1895,  105; 
May  10,  1895,  107;  June  26, 
1895,  108;  Sept.  12,  1895,  212; 
Xov.   22,    1895,    110;    Dec.    19, 

1895,  3.33;  Feb.  14,  1896,  3-34; 
March  26,  1896,  334;  April  24, 

1896,  336;  June  24,  1896,  445. 
Maine,  Sketches  of  the  Lives  of  the 

Early  Ministers  of,  45,  204,  313. 

Maine,  Settlements  in  after  the 
Penobscot  Expedition,  4."]3. 

Maps,  Champlaiu's,  430;  Figura- 
tive, 429,  430;  Simancas,  424, 
430,  432;  Smith's,  430;  Way- 
mouth's,  429,  431,  432. 

Mast  Chain,  404. 

Mast  Industry  of  Old  Falmouth, 
390. 

Memoirs:  — 

Bailey,  Jacob,  225. 
Chute  Thomas,  412. 
Goldthwait,    Thomas,    23,    185, 
254,  362. 


Memoirs:  — 

Pring,  Martin,  300. 
"  Midsommas  Afton,"  Celebrated 

in  New  Sweden,  122. 
Morgan's  KiHemen,    Uniform,  of, 

152. 
"Mr."  the  Use  of,  341. 
Muster  Poll  of  the  31st  Regiment, 

165,  166,  169,  170,  172,  174,  176, 

177,  179,  181,  183. 

Xaguamqueeg,  Ancient,  405. 
Neutrals,  The  French,  230,  247,  264. 
Newspapers,  The  First  in  Swedish, 
Published  in  New  England,  128. 
New  Sweden,  The  Story  of,  53,  113. 
Northmen,  69. 

Origin  of  Democratic  Institutions, 
in  New  England,  337. 
Patriotism  and  Jingoism,  252. 

Penobscot  Expedition,  The  Set- 
tlement in  Maine  after,  433. 

Petition  of  Inhabitants  of  Lincoln 
County  to  General  Court,  433- 

Phinuey's,Col.  Edmund,  31st  Regi- 
ment of  Foot,  85,  151. 

Pilgrim  Society,  Greeting  to,  from 
Maine  Historical  Society,  ;3o3. 

Portland,  Ancient  Defenses  of,  1. 

Presbyterians,  Irish,  249. 

Railroad  Reminiscences,  379. 

Railroads:  — 

Boston  &  Maine,  380,  381,  -383, 
384,  385,  386,  388,  389,  390; 
Eastern,  381,  .382,  386,  387, 388, 
389;  Interior  Line,  380;  Ken- 
nebec and  Portland,  3S6; 
Maine  Central, -384,  3S5;  Maine, 
New  Hampshire  and  Massa- 
chusetts Corporation,  39; 
Portland,  Saco  and  Ports- 
mouth, 330,  .381,  284,  387,  388, 
.389;  Shore  Line,  379,  380. 


INDEX. 


455 


Records  of  War  Deijartment,  Lost, 

19. 
Eemiuiscences  of  Railroads,  379. 
Revival  in  Maine,  46. 
Rogers,  John,  The  Families  of,  in 

Plymouth  and  Vicinity,  275. 


St.  Croix  Boundary  Commission, 

106. 
Sawmill   Built   at  Windham,  405, 

400,  40S,  409. 
Scotch,  Irish,  250. 
Senate   of    Massachusetts,   Origin 

of,  356, 
Separatists,  343. 
Shingles,  A  Celebrated  Bundle  of, 

128. 
Simancas  Map,  424. 
Sixty-fourth  British  Foot,  364. 
Sketches  of  the  Lives  of  the  Early 

Ministers  of  Maine,  45,  204,  313. 
Stamp  Act,  259. 
Swedish  Immigration  to  America, 

53,  54,  .55,  50,  57,  62,  64,  65,  66, 

68,  69,  71,  73,  76,  77,  84.  113,  116, 

117,  120,  123,  144. 


Thirtieth  Regiment,  100. 

Thirty-first  Regiment  of  Foot,  85, 
86,  100,  162,  163,  106,  169,  170, 
174,  176,  177,  179,  181,  183. 

Twenty-ninth  British  Foot,  24. 


Uniform  of  Continental  Army,  94; 
of  Morgan's  Riflemen,  152;  of 
Putnam,  99;  of  Washington,  99. 


Vessels:  — 
Alabama,  220. 
Boxer,  21,  106. 
Canceaux,  3(>4,  371. 
Cerberus,  158,  159. 
City  of  Antwerp,  63. 
Concord,  301. 
Diana,  364,  365. 
Discoverer,  305,  309. 
Elk,  201. 

Enterprise,  21,  106. 
Fogel  Grip,  62. 
Hind,  230,  232. 
Kalmar  Xyckle.  62. 
Kearsargo,  220. 
London,  159. 
Mary  and  John,  420. 
Mayflower,   275,    277,    288,    293, 

299,  338. 
Xeptune,  364. 
Orlando,  53,  62. 
Speedwell,  .305,  309." 

Wars:  — 

Of  1812,  21,26. 

King  Philip,  3,  105. 

Queen  Anne's,  12,  14. 

Revolution,  15,  16,  24,  49,  85,  86, 
88,  112,  151,  422. 

Spanish  Succession,  14. 

Thompson's,  87,  88,  172,  173. 
Washington,  George,Headquarters 

Guarded  by  Troops  from  Maine, 

154;  Personal  Appearance  of,  99; 

Uniform  of,  99. 
•'  Will  the  Yankee  Fight?"  1.59. 

York  County  Deeds,  108. 
York  County  Regiment,  SO,  100. 


INDEX   OF  NAMES. 


Abnakis,  The,  8,  9. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  246. 

Hugh,  318. 

Jacob,  153. 

John,  98,  161,  209,  225,  317,  318. 


Adams,  Matthew,  317. 

Moses,  171. 

Sarah,  165. 

Winborn,  105. 
Adduhando.  195. 


456 


MAINE    HISTOKIGAL    SOCIETY. 


AMen,  Austin,  174. 

John,  270. 
Aldworth,  Thomas,  80o. 
Allen,  Charity,  104. 

Charles   E.,    lOS,    110,    111,  225, 
227,  44.5. 

Charles  F.,  221,  445. 

John,  4o5. 

Micah,  104, 
Allin,  Wright,  1S4. 
Allyn,  Sarah,  2S1. 
Amariscoggins,  The,  11. 
Amey,  Jacob,  lGi5. 
Amherst,  JetYrey,  38,  ot>,  44. 
Anderson,  Alfred  A.,  151. 

Jacob,  178. 

Robert,  112. 
Andrew,  John  A.,  422. 
Andross,  Edmund,  4,  7. 

Anson, ,  194. 

Anne,  Queen,  12,  14. 
Archbald,  Catharine,  33. 

Francis  jr.,  24,  33. 

Thomas,  33. 
Archer,  Gabriel,  301,  429. 

John,  1-53. 
Aresquinticooks,  2G4. 
Arexes,  19S. 

Argall,  Samuel,  42S,  429. 
Arnold,  Henry  A.,  440. 

John,  440.* 

John  S.,  67,  71. 

Nathaniel  B.,  440. 

Ruth,  440. 
Arundel,  Earl  of.  1. 
Atwood,  Stephen,  184. 
Austin,  Patience,  105. 
Avery,  Edward,  1S4, 

Babb, ,  396. 

Bachelder,  Abraham,  332. 

Anna,  332. 

Caroline,  332. 

George  A.,  332. 

Josiah,  3.32. 

Josiah  O.,  332. 

Sally  R.,  332. 


Bachelor,  Ephraim,  175. 
Bailey,  Abner,  208,  200. 

Deborah,  175. 

Jacob,  110,  207,  208,  225,  22G, 
227,  228,  229,  230,  231,  232, 
233,  235,  236,  2-37,  23S,  239, 
240,  241,  442,  244,  145,  240, 
247,  248,  249,  2-50,  252. 

John,  167. 

MartJia,  177. 

Mrs.  Martha,  177. 

Robert,  176,  177. 
Baker,  Beniah,  178. 

Josiah,  101,  170. 

Silence,  441. 

Zachariah,  167. 
Baldwin,  Clarissa,  202. 

Loam  mi,  202. 
,  Mary,  202. 
Baley,  Robert,  176. 
Bancroft,  George.  29,  307. 
Bangs,  Barnabas,  173. 
.    Joshua,  396. 

Thomas,  173. 
Banks,  Charles  E.,  107. 

Moses,  100,  163,  165. 
Barbour,  Joseph,  167. 
Barclay,  Thomas,  106. 
Barker,  Abijah,  166. 

Noah,  71,  73,  SI,  119. 
Barnes,  Catharine,  32,  33,  35. 

Henry,  32. 

John,  2S9. 
Barnor,  John,  415. 
Baron,  Anthony,  398. 
Barrel],  Hannah,  440. 

Nathaniel,  439,  440. 

Ruth,  4.39. 

Sarah,  439.  440. 
Barrett,  F.  R.,  108. 

G  P.,  108. 
Barrows,  George  B.,  212,  213,  218, 

223,  224. 
Bartlett,  Abigail,  440. 

John  H.,  331,  440. 

Lucy,  331. 

Mary  Moulton,  440. 


INDEX. 


457 


Bartlett,  William  S.,  226,  230,  240. 
Bates,  Edward,  283,  284.  • 

Mary,  283. 
Bathorick,  Able,  171. 
Baxter,  James  Phinney,  2,  22,  108, 

110,  111,  213,  333,  335,  429,  445, 

447. 

Martha,  443. 

Mary,  443. 

William,  443. 
Bean,  Daniel,  175. 
Beard,  Hannah,  181. 
Beaubussin,  Sieur  de,  12. 
Beckford,  Mr.,  384. 
Belcher,  S.  C,  108,  440,  447. 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  307. 
Bell,  George,  167. 
Bellingham,  Richard,  355. 
Benedict,  Joel,  314. 
Bennett,  Bachelder,  328,  329. 

James,  296. 

Mai-y,  328. 

Xathauiel,  176. 

Benton,  Dr. ,  223. 

Berden,  Nathan,  180. 
Bereford,  John,  301. 
Bernard,  Francis,  44,  185,  189,  191, 
196,   220,    262,    263,    269,   270, 
271,  273. 

Francis  jr.,  26. 
Berry,  Benjamin,  182. 

George,  104,  108,  172. 

Jonathan,  179. 

Joseph,  153. 

Joshua,  167. 

Priscilla,  392. 
Besse,  Achsah,  328. 

Braddock,  328.^ 

Ebenezer,  328, 

George,  328. 

Henrietta,  328. 

Jabez,  328. 

Julia  Ann,  328. 

Loisa,  328. 

Lot  H.,  328. 

Mary  Ann,  328. 

Ruth,  328. 


Besse,  Warren,  328. 

Bethune,  Mr. ,  256. 

Bigelow,  Timothy,  165. 
Bigford,  Henry,  396. 
Billings,  C.  E.,  112. 
Billington,  Betsey,  327. 
Black,  James  W.,  110. 
Blage.  Henry,  289. 
Blair,  John,  109. 
Blake,  Samuel,  170. 
Blanchard,  Moses,  171. 
Blasdel,  Stephen,  178. 
Bodge,  John,  419. 
Bodin,  Jonas,  77,  150. 

Jonas  jr.,  150. 
Bogeson,  John,  150. 

Bolliu,  Mr. ,  376. 

Bomazeen,  214. 

Bond,  Capt. ,  230. 

Boobey,  William,  182. 
Bossuet,  Jacques  B.,  6. 
Bowdoin,  James,  414. 
Bowman,  Jonathan,  235,  236,  237, 

239,  241,  250. 
Boyd,  Rev.  Alexander,  313. 
Brackett,  Anthony,  168. 

James,  169. 

Jeremiah,  109. 

John,  87,  97,  101,  168,  169. 

W^illiam,  109. 
Bradbury,  Anna,  177. 

James  W.,  335,  379,  380,  389. 

Moses,  178. 
Bradford,  Hannah,  293,  295. 

Perez,  297. 

Samuel,  288,  290,  295,  296. 

William,  275,  299,  334. 
Bradish,   David,   95,   97,    100,    154 

105,  166. 
Bradley,  A.  R.,  223. 
Bradstreet,  Simon,  7. 
Bragdon,  Deborah,  396. 

Mehitable,  396-. 

Sarah,  396. 

Solomon,  395,  396. 
Bramhall,  Cornelius,  106. 
Breedean,  James,  171- 


458 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Brewer,  Col. ,  16S,  ISl. 

Josi;ih,  434. 
Brewster,  Jonathan,  2S9. 
Bright,  Richard,  33. 
Bromfield,  ilary,  33. 
Brooks,  Edward,  4.5. 
Broune,  William,  305. 
Brown,  Alexander,  424,  42S. 
.    Amos,  174. 

Andrew,  204. 

Ann,  204. 

Betsey,  204. 

Edward,  307. 

Elizabeth,  179. 

Jacob,  90,  100,  163,  1G4. 

John  Marshall,  lOS,  445,  447. 

Judith,  204. 

Peater,  17S. 

Robert,  343. 

Stephen,  204. 

Sylvanus,  173. 

William,  209. 
Browning,  Marah,  296. 
Bryant,    Hubbard    W.,    106,    107, 
lOS,  109,  110,  335,  336,  44-5, 447. 

John,  1S4. 

Walter,  213. 
Buck,  Jonathan,  378. 

Bullard,  Deacon ,  96. 

Bunalt,  Charles,  ISO. 
Burbank,  Horace  H.,  445. 

Silas,  102,  ISl. 
Burgess,  George,  226. 

Patience,  328. 
Burgoyne,  John,  94,  181,  420. 
Burleigh,  Albert  A.,  119. 
Burnam,  Joseph,  182. 
Burnham,    Edward   P.,   445,    446, 

447,  448. 
Burrage,  Henry  S.,  106    107,  108, 

109,  111,  112,  .3.33,  334,  335,  336, 

424,  445,  446,  447. 
Burrill,  Ephraim,  284,  285. 

John,  284,  281. 

Lydia,  285. 

Mary,  285. 

Samuel,  285. 


Burroughs,  George,  247, 

Burt,  Major ,  43. 

Burton,  Benjamiu,  308,  370,  371. 

Thomas.  1S2. 
Buswell,  Mehitable,  103. 
Butler,  Amelia,  327. 

Clarissa,  203. 

Deborah,  327. 

Elijah,  203. 

Elisha,  327. 

Hannah,  327. 

Jane  K.,  327. 

Joanna,  280. 

Henry  Y.,  327. 

Mary,  327. 

Xathan,  327. 

Phebe  Y.,  327. 

Sarson,  327. 

Shepherd,  327. 

Susan,  327. 
Buxton,  William,  171. 
Byram,  Jonathan,  178. 

Cabel,  James,  176. 
Cabot,  Sebastian,  300,  303. 
Cairl,  Xathaniel,  182. 

Callahan,  Capt.  ,  250. 

Cammett,  Paul,  153. 
Campbell,  John  A.,  34,  35. 
Cargill,  James,  23,  378,  434. 
Carlson,  Kjersti,  127. 
Carleton, ,  239. 

Dudley,  262. 
Caruig,  C  S.,  112. 
Carter,  Caleb,  166. 
Carter,  R.  Goldthwait,  23,  185,  254, 

334,  362,  447. 
Carter,  Thomas,  421. 
Gary,  A.  C,  66. 
Cash,  Francis,  184. 
Gates,  Samuel,  167. 
Catinat,  Nicholas,  5. 
Gavanak,  Thomas,  167. 
Ghadbourne,  Silas,  172,  173. 
Chadwick,  Mr. ,  254,  255,  256, 

258,  260, 
Chadwick,  Benjamiu,  315. 


INDEX. 


459 


Callounge,  Henry,  310.  311. 
Chamberlain,  Aaron,  lo3. 

Joshua  L.,  59. 

Melleu,  29,  38. 

William,  179. 
Chamberling, ,  2S7. 

Abigail,  2S0,  2S7. 
Champlain,  Samuel  do.  428,  430. 
Champney, ,  105. 

Betsey,  105. 
Chanler  Edmund,  288. 
Chapman,  Edward,  393. 
Chapman,  Henry  L.,  108,  445,  447, 
448. 

Leonard  B.,  108,  335,  336,  390. 
Chase, ,  223. 

John,  184. 

Josiah,  324. 
Cheever,  Elizabeth,  31. 

Ezekiel,  31. 

Child     )  T .     laa 

Childs  \  ^^^^^'  ^^^ 

Kobert,  .358,  359,  360. 
Chipman,  Ward,  106. 
Church,  Mr. ,  419. 

Benjamin,  5,  11,  154. 
Churchman,    Ann,    281,  282,   289, 

298,  299. 
Chute,  Abigail,  416. 

Curtis,  418,  419. 

George  W.,  422. 

James,  419. 

John,  419. 

Josiah,  419,  420,  421,  422,  423. 

ilaiy,  416. 

Sarah,  419. 

Thomas,  406,  412,  413,  414,  415, 
416,  417,  418,  419,  420,  423. 
Clark,     / 
Clarke,  j 

Anna,  332. 

Charlotte,  328,  332. 

Ebenezer,  328. 

Eliza  S-,  328. 

Ephraim,  153. 

George  F.,  328. 

Isaac,  332. 


Alice,  287,  288,  332. 


clark;,|j-^^'2^«- 

Jonathan,  328. 

Joseph,  328. 

Josiah,  171. 

Judith,  328. 

Lucretia  P., "328.     ' 

Lydia,  332. 

Martha,  332. 

Mary  Jane,  328. 

Morris,  169. 

Pease,  332. 

Robert,  183. 

Samuel,  184. 

Solomon,  328. 

Thaddeus,  9,  10. 

Thomas,  288,  291. 

William,  332. 

William  R.,  328. 
Clase,  Hilma  D.,  64,  72. 

Xichola.s   P.,  64,    73,  74,  78,  80, 
116,  1.32,  149.  / 

Clay,  Catherine,  438. 
Clifford,  Benja.,  176. 
Clough,  Ebenezer,  167. 

John,  167. 
Cobb,  Elisha,  173. 

Peter,  419. 

Samuel,  183. 

William,  170,  175. 
Codman,  Richard,  153,  402. 
Coffin,  Isaac,  30. 

John,  36. 

Xathaniel,  35,  36. 

Paul,  221. 
Colburn,  Reuben,  435. 
Cole,  John,  178. 
Colebroth,  Daniel,  182. 
Coleman,  Martha,  165. 
Colley,  Israel,  171. 

John,  171. 
Collins,  Harvey,  77. 
Condeu,  Richard,  167. 
Cooke,  Francis,  290. 

John,  290. 
Cookson,  Reuben,  175. 
Coombs,  David,  204. 


460 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY 


Coombs,  Edward,  204. 

Judith,  204. 
Cooper,  WilliLim,  31. 
Copeland,  Moses,  435. 
Copley,  John  Singleton,  20. 
Corlidge,  Benjumiu,  202. 
Clarissa,  202. 
Mary  C,  202. 
Thomas  B.,  202. 
Cottle,  Hannah,  201. 
Cotton,  John,  339,  346,  352. 
Jno.,  189,  190,  421. 

Coulson,  .  40. 

Thomas,  SS,  89.  90. 
Cox,  Joseph,  167. 
Crabtree,  Agreen,  435. 
Crary,  Oliver,  3TS. 
Crawford,  Mr.,  266. 
Creasy,  Edward,  218. 
Creesy,  Joseph,  173. 
Crockett,  Daniel,  170. 
Ephraim,  184. 
George,  169. 
John,  174. 
Lydia,  103. 
Crocksford,  John,  180. 
Cummings,  Catherine,  438. 
Cecil,  438. 
Edward,  4-38. 
E.  C,  108. 
John,  438. 
Mary,  438. 
Peter,  438. 
Thomas,  184,  438. 
Curry,  J.  L.  M.,  427. 
Curtis,  Phebe,  165. 

Stephen,  177. 

Cashing,    Charles,   235,   2-37, 

241,  242*,  250. 

Loring,  167. 

Thomas,  188. 

William,  235. 

Cutter,  B.  F.,  70. 

Dacy,  John,  171. 
Dale,  Thomas,  311. 
Dalton,  Asa,  198,  111,  336. 


239, 


Dalton,  Tristram,  209. 
Dana,  Judah,  223. 
Danville,  Due,  15. 
Davee,  Thomas,  336. 
Davidson,  John,  27,100,363,370,371. 
Davis,  Alfred,  331. 
Betsey,  330. 
Charles,  331. 
Charlotte,  330. 
Daniel  F.,  110. 
Eleazer,  216. 
Elijah,  175. 
Francis,  178. 
Mary  Ann,  331. 
Micall,  184. 
Moses,  331. 
Patt\-  B.,  331. 
Kowland,  171. 
Rufus,  330. 
Mrs.  Rufus,  331. 
Shepard,  331. 
Sylvanus,  9,  10. 
Warren  S.,  331. 
William  T.,  297. 
Day,  Abigail,  443. 
Daniel,  443. 
David,  443. 
David  G.,  443. 
Lucretia  A.,  443. 
Samuel  H.,  443. 
William  L.,  443. 
Doan,  John  Ward,  254. 
Deane,  Samuel,  22,   95,   27-5,    281, 
285,  287,  290,  297,  299,  410,  41S. 
Dearborn,  Alexander  S.,  21. 
Anne  H.,  444. 
Benjamin,  444. 
Eunice,  444. 
Henry,  20. 
Julia,  444. 
Levi,  439,  444. 
Philomela,  430. 
Susanna,  430. 
DeCosta,  B.  F.,  307,  308. 
Dearing,  )  ^     ^^g^ 
Deering,  ) 
Joseph,  171. 


INDEX. 


461 


DcKalb,  Baron,  160. 

De  Monts,  Pierre  du  Guast,  302. 

Denny,  Judge ,  271. 

Dike,  Samuel  F.,  445. 
Dill,  John,  ITS. 
Dingley,  Celia,  328. 

Harvej',  o2S. 

Ichabod,  328. 

Jabez,  328. 
Dogged,  Samuel,  280,  '281. 
Dole,  Samuel  T.,  105,  107,  333,  335. 

405. 
Dolliver,  Peter,  .33. 
Done,  Levi,  183. 
Donnel,  David,  176. 
Doughty,  James,  169. 

Jonathan,  176. 
Douty,  George,  169. 
Dow,  Abner,  166. 

Jeremiah,  418. 

Neal,  112. 

Samuel,  167. 
Drake,  Edwin  S.,  334,  335. 

Samuel  A.,  111. 

Samuel  G.,  37,  97. 
Drew,  Allen,  104. 

Lucia,  104. 

Margaret.  330. 

William,  104. 

William  A.,  104. 
Drummond,   Josiah   H.,   108,   111, 

275,  334,  3S6. 
Dudley,  Joseph,  12,  1.3. 

Trueworthy,  178. 
Dugan,  Anne,  104. 

James,  104. 
Dummer,  Anna,  33. 

Charles,  438. 

Deborah  E.,  438. 

Elizabeth,  4.38. 

Gorham,  437. 

Hannah,  438. 

Hannah  Elizabeth,  438. 

Harriet,  438. 

Henry  E.,  438.- 

Jeremiah,  438. 

Joseph  Owen,  437,  4^38. 


Dummer,    Judith   Greenlcaf,    437, 

4.38. 

Maria,  437. 

Mary,  437. 

Mary  Moody,  438. 

Nathaniel,  437,  438. 

Kichard,  437,  4.38. 

Richard  G.,  438. 

Richard  W.,  438. 

Sophia.  438. 

Susanna  X.,  438. 
-William,  33. 
Dunbar,  David,  50,  107. 
Dunn,  Samuel,  102,  183. 
Dupee,  Henry,  410. 
Durand,  John,  398. 
Durgin,  Abraham,  180. 

David,  182. 

John,  183. 

Silas,  182. 
Dutch,  the,  6. 
Dutton,  Seth,  176. 
Dyer,  Bickford,  173. 

Daniel,  184. 

Reuben,  183. 

Eaton,  Cyrus,  314,  370. 

Jacob,  435. 
Edmondson,  Charles,  201. 

Deliverance,  201. 

Mercy,  201. 

Rebecca,  201. 
Ek,  Carl  J.,  117. 
Ekman,  Carl  G.,  151. 
Elden,  Ruth,  293. 
Elder,  Eunice,  172. 

William,  184. 
Eliot,  Dr. ,  318. 

Hugh,  303. 

John,  246. 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  .301,  305. 
Ellis,  Paul,  100,  10.5,  166. 
Elms,  Elkenah,  178. 

Elvins,  Rev. ,  315. 

Elwell,  Anna  S.,  202. 

Edward  H.,  337. 
Emerson, ,  223. 


462 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Emerson,  Ed-ward,  439. 

Ezekiel,  48. 

Lucy,  439. 

Oliver,  439. 

Sophia,  4.39. 

William,  439. 

Mrs.  William,  439. 
Emery,  George  A.,  224. 

George  F.,  107,  334-335. 

H.,  107. 

L.  A.,  445. 
Endicott,  John,  344. 
Ericsson  O.  A.  L.  A.,  SO. 
Espequeunt,  194,  195. 
Evans,  Daniel,  439. 

Gorham,  439. 

John,  439. 

Julia,  439. 

Lois  W.,  439. 

Louisa,  4-39. 

Susan,  439. 

Fairbanks,  Jonathan,  184. 
Fairfield,  John,  335. 
Faneuil,  Andrew,  414. 

Peter,  414. 
Farmer,  John,  318,  323,  324. 

Farrah, ,  216. 

Farrell,  Charles  G.,  444. 

Ellen,  444. 

Francis  E.,  444. 

George  Washington,  444. 

Gideon,  443,  444. 

Hannah  M.,  4r44. 

Isaac  E.,  4-14. 

Josiah,  443. 

Lewis  E.,  444. 

Louisa,  444. 

Mary,  443. 

Mary  M.,  444. 

Sarah  A.,  444. 
Farrington,  William,  ICG. 
Farrow,  John,  406. 

Farwell,  ,  216. 

Fellows,  D.  W.,  108. 
Felt,  Sarah,  1C4. 
Fernald,  Tobias,  165. 


Ferrin,  Jonathan,  178. 

Michael,  178. 
Fessenden,  Samuel,  210,  223. 

Thomas,  210. 

William,  209,  210,  222,  223. 

William  Pitt,  223,  381. 
Fickett,  Asa,  403. 

Samuel,  394. 
Field,  Benjamin.  171. 

Daniel,  182,  183. 

Darby,  220. 

Joseph,  17S. 
Files,  A.  P.,  70. 
Fisher,  Joseph,  64. 
Fitts,  Sally,  LSI. 
Fitzgerald,  Benjam  J.,  35. 

Fletcher,  Capt. ,  262. 

Flint,  L.  C,  70. 
Flood,  Henry,  167. 

James,  167. 
Flucker,  Lucy,  254. 

Thomas,  2.54,  256. 

Mrs.  Thomas,  254,  256,  260. 
Fly,  John,  ISO. 
Fogg,  Hannah,  179. 

John,  179. 

Seth,  182. 
Foster,  Gideon,  365. 

Jacob,  211. 
Fowler,  John,  184. 

Philip,  167. 
Fox,  Gustavus  V.,  220. 
Foy,  John,  174. 
Francis,  Ebenezer,  166,  420. 

Jeremiah,  328,  329. 

Mary  B.,  329. 

Orrin,  329. 

Robert,  328,  329. 

Mrs.  Robert,  329. 
Frank,  James,  171. 
Franklin,  Mr.  ,  435. 

Benjamin,  233. 
Freeman,  Barnabas,  441. 

Charles,  441. 

E.  Dudley,  llO". 

Enoch,  90,  92,  93,  371,  372/373- 

Frederick,  276. 


INDEX. 


46.3 


Freeman,  John  L.,  441. 

Joshua,  418. 

Louisa,  441. 

Otis,  441. 

Samuel,  372,  373,  374. 

Susan  A.,  441. 

Thomas  W.,  441. 

Willard,  441. 
French,  Jacob,  165. 
FrobisLer,  Martin,  303. 
Frontenac,  L.  de  B.,  6,  S. 
Frost,  Capt. ,  194. 

Charles,  169. 

Enoch,  173. 

John,  41S. 
Frotbingham,  John,  153. 
Frye,  Joseph,  158,  159,  210,  216. 
Fuller,  Samuel.  344. 
Furber,  D.  L.,  112. 

Gabrielson,  Gabriel,  150. 
Gage,  Thomas.  152,  15G,  158,  363. 
Gaines, 'Myra  Clark,  35. 
Gammon,  George,  169. 

Philip,  173. 

Samuel,  173. 
Gardiner,  )   ^ ,-        .to 
Gardner,    <,  ^^'^^>  '^^^■ 

George,  443. 

John,  233,  238,  242,  248,  252. 

Jonathan,  167,  327. 

Luke,  443. 

Mark,  443. 

Mary,  443. 

Robert  H.,  447. 

Sally,  327. 

Sylvester,  33,  36,  199. 
Garrick,  David,  2-33. 
Gates,  Horatio,  420." 
Gay,  James,  336. 
George  III.,  2.37. 
Gerrish,  Xathaniel,  178. 

Samuel,  100. 

Timothy,  180. 
Gibbs,  Susannah,  170. 
Gilford,  John,  183. 
Gilman,  C  J.,  108,  445. 


Gilman,  Edward,  4.5. 

Eliphalet,  329,  442. 

Eliza,  .320. 

Ellen,  329. 

Gideon,  329. 

Joanna,  329,  442. 

John,  329. 

John  Taylor,  45. 

Joseph,  45. 

Lucy,  329. 

Mary,  329. 

Nancy,  329,  442. 

Mrs.  Xancy,  329. 

Nicholas,  45. 

Tristram,  45,  46. 
Glidden,  J.  M.,  108. 
Glovger,  John,  176. 
Goff,  William,  176. 
Gold,  Joseph,  182. 
Goldthwait,  Alfred,  35. 

Benjamin,  31,  261. 

Catharine,  33,  36. 

Elizabeth,  33,  35. 

Esther,  33. 

Esther  A.,  34. 

Ezekiel,  31,  37. 

George,  34. 

Henry,  24,  34,  35. 

Jane,  34. 

John,  30,  31,  32,  33. 

Joseph,  31. 

Mary,  24,  33. 

Michael  B.,  31. 

Oliver  C,  34, 

Philip,  31. 

Samuel,  31. 

Thomas,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29, 
30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38, 
40,  41,  42,  44,  185,  1S6,  187, 
188,  189,  190,  191,  196,  197,  198, 
199,  200,  2.54,  256,  258,  260,  261, 
262,  269,  270,  271,  272,  273,  274, 
333,  362,  363,  364,  365,  366,  368, 
369,  371,  372,  373,  374,  375,  376, 
377,  378,  379. 

Mrs.  Thomas,  32,  256,  260. 
I   Gooding,  Widow ,  419. 


464 


MAINK    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Gooding.  Lemuel,  167. 

Ptichard,  ICG. 
Goodwin,  Major ,  2.34,  253. 

Andrew,  202,  4-12.  . 

Betsey,  202. 

Emma  J.,  442. 

Hannah,  203,  442. 

James,  442. 

Julia  O.,  442. 

Lydia,  437. 

Oliver,  442. 

Samuel  jr.,  239. 

Sophronia,  442. 

William,  406. 
Gookin,  Daniel,  166. 
Goold,  Nathan,  85,  112,  151,  .334, 
336. 

Samuel,  179. 

William,  2,  20,  22,  412. 
Gordon,  S.  C,  213,  221,  223,  224. 

William,  224. 
Gorges,  Ferdinando,  1,  3,  310,  338. 
Gorham,  Barney,  329. 

Betsey,  329. 

Hiram  329. 

Jane,  329. 

Olive,  329. 

Sarah  J.,  329. 
Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  301,  302, 

304,  305,  307,  309,  428,  429. 
Gould,  Daniel,  1C9. 
Graffam,  Uriah,  179. 

Caleb,  175. 

S^^^S,  }  Samuel,  367,  368,  370. 
Gregg,  ) 

Graham,  William  A.,  35. 

Grant,  Charles,  175. 

Moses,  166. 
Graves,  Crispus,  101,  177. 

John,  364,  365,  367,  368. 

Samuel,  364,  375. 
Greaton,  John,  168. 
Greeley,  John,  174. 
Green,  Benj.,  174. 

Daniel,  167. 

Joseph,  171. 

Solomon,  173. 


Greenleaf,  Jonathan  46. 
Gridley,  Jeremiah,  414,  415. 

Griswold,  ,  223. 

Grover,  Samuel,  1S4. 
Grow,  Abigail,  439. 

Eunice,  439. 

William,  439. 
Guston,  Thomas,  173. 
Gutch,  Robert,  111. 

Hacker,  Isaac,  66. 
Haines,  John.  182. 
Hakluyt,  Richard,  304. 
Hall,  Job,  174. 

Mrs.  Thomas,  112. 

Hambleton, ,  239. 

Hamilton,  Mrs.  B.  F.,  3-35. 

Marquis  of,  I. 
Hamlin,  Cyrus,  lOS,  110,  112. 

Prince,  17-"1. 
Hammond,  Elizabeth,  181. 

George,  109. 

Jacob,  176. 

John,  170. 

Samuel,  176. 
Hancock,  John,  31. 
Haney,  Daniel,  176. 
Hans,  John,  184. 
Hanscome,  Gideon,  ISO. 

Joshua,  173. 

Moses,  184. 

Nathan,  174. 

Umphrey,  ISO. 
Hardison,  Benja.,  171. 

Haines,  76. 

Jacob,  75,  119,  121. 
Harleman,  K.  G.,  149. 
Harmon,  Abner,  ISO. 

Dominicus,  145. 
Harris,  Aaron,  178. 

Harrod,  Mr. ,  265. 

Harsey,  Joseph,  166. 
Hartford,  Solomon,  182. 
Hartley,  Rol)ert,  180. 
Harvey,  Charles,  330. 

Edward,  3.30. 

Grace  G.,  330. 


INDEX. 


465 


Harvey,  Henry,  330. 
James,  330. 
John  F.,  330. 
Mary  Loisa,  330. 
William,  330. 
Haskell,  Nathaniel,  101,  175,  176. 
\yiiliam,  176,  39S. 

Hastings, ,  223. 

Hatch,  Ezekiel,  173. 
Haven,  Anne,  -144. 
Joseph,  444. 
Maiy,  444. 
Mary  Ann,  444. 
Haviland,  William,  44. 
Hawks,  Ebenezer,  406,  407. 
Hawthorn,  William,  4,  3-37. 
Haynes,  Matthias,  167. 
Heath,  William,    97,    9S,  100,  166, 

421. 
Hedluncl,  S.  A.,  62,  113,  115. 
Hedman,  John,  137. 
Hemmenway,  Moses,  209. 
Herlin,  Anders,  122. 
Hertel,  Francois,  S,  9. 
Hesketh,  Ann  L.,  443. 
Jane  M.,  443. 
John,  442,  44-3. 
John  K.,  443. 
Margaret,  443. 
JIargaret  A.,  443. 
Mary,  442,  443. 
Mary  S.,  443. 
Kobert,  443. 
Thomas,  443. 
William.  443. 
Hewes,  Elihu,  376. 

Joseph,  376. 
Hewitt,  Hannah,  441. 
Hicks,  Ephraira,  299. 
Mary.  ICS. 
Robert,  289. 
Samuel,  169. 
Higgius,  Elizabeth,  276. 
Hill,  Daniel,  164,  168,  172,  418. 
Hilton,  Benjamin,  329. 

Nancy,  320. 
Hinckley,  Amos,  202. 

Vol.  VII.        32 


Hinckley,  Helen  L.,  202. 
Henry  K.,  201. 
James,  201,  202. 
James  jr.,  201,202. 
Joanna,  201,  202. 
Martha  A.,  201. 
Mary,  201,  202. 
Mary  M.,  201. 
Nicholas,  201. 
Oliver,  202. 
Owen,  201. 
Pamelia,  201. 
Sarah,  202. 
Sarah  E.,  202. 
Shubel,  201. 
Smith,  201. 
Thomas,  201. 
Hind,   Henry  Y.,  447. 
Hinds,  Walter,  394. 

Hines, ,  414. 

Hobb.s,  John,  ISO. 
Hodgdon,  Amey,  105. 
Jeremiah,  173. 
John,  182. 
Hodges,  Nicholas,  153. 
Holbrook,  Mary,  284. 

Thomas,  284. 
Holmes,  Albe,  147. 

Holt,  CoL ,  186. 

Benj.,  180. 
Hooper,  Benjamin,  166. 
Hopcgood,  5,  S,  9. 
Hovey,  Frank  W.,  447. 
Howard,  Samuel,  435. 
Howland,  Arthur,  279. 
Hubbard,  Keziah,  164. 
Hudson,  Ann,  277,  278. 
Henry,  300,  428. 
John,  278.  . 

Hull,  John  T.,  22. 
Humphrey,  S.  F.,  108,  445,  446. 
Hunt,  Daniel,  171. 
George,  173. 
Ichabod,  173. 
John,  426. 
Mary,  440. 
Hunter,  Joseph,  178. 


466 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Huntress,  Pearson,  169. 
Hurd, ,  223. 

John,  402. 
Huston,  John,  109. 

Rebecca,  172. 
Hutchin,  Edward,  279. 
Hutchinson,  Edward,  249. 

Stephen,  1S4. 

Thomas,  29,  3S,  39,  41,  42,  185, 
237,  24.5,  247,273,  274. 

"William,  1G7. 

Iberville,  Pierre  Lemoine  d',  8. 
Ilsley,  Enoch,  153. 
lugalls,  Henry,  445,  447. 

Rebecca,  329. 
Ingersol,  Nathaniel,  176. 
Ingraham,  Joseph  H.,  153. 
Irish,  James,  173,  174. 

Thomas,  173. 

William,  173. 
Iroquois,  S,  435. 

Jackson,  Benjamin,  ISO. 

David,  442. 

James,  1S4. 

Richard,  376. 

Solomon,  184. 
Jacobson,  John  P.,  150. 
James  I.,  1,  427,  42S,  429,  432. 
James  II.,  5,  6. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  19. 
Jenkins,  Josiah,  174. 
Jenks,  Samuel,  3S. 
Jennings,  Joseph,  175. 
Jeweit,  Caleb,  320. 

David,  319. 
Jimminson,  Robert,  184. 
Johanson,  Anders,  150. 

Anders  F.,  80. 

Carl  J.,  151. 

Jacob,  150. 

J.  P.,  150. 

Soloman,  150. 
Johnson,  Mr. ,  409. 

Benjamin,  329. 

Betty,  183. 


Johnson,  Eastman,  223. 

Fred  A.,  402. 

George,  398,  404. 

George  jr.,  1G9. 

Henry,  445. 

James,    101,   108,   169,   399,  400, 
401. 

Jane   108,329. 

John,  398,  399,  400,  401,  402,  104. 

Joseph,  170. 

Otis  li.,  334. 

Samuel,  237. 

Timothy.  184. 

William,  184,  264. 
Jones,  — — ,  210. 

Eben,  171. 

Edward,  305,;,309. 

Jeremiah,  173. 

Mariam,  103. 

Xathan,  272. 

Stephen,  47. 
Jordan,  Ebenezer,,184. 

Fritz  H.,  445,  440,  447. 

Jeremiah,  396. 

John,  183,  1S4. 

Nathaniel,  108. 

Peter,  184. 

Soloman,  .184. 

Thomas,  184. 
Jose,  Nathaniel,  182. 
Jourden,  James,  173. 
Juhlen,  Pehr  O.,  150,  151. 

Kannavan,  John,  440. 

Martin,  440. 
Keayne,  Robert,  353,  354. 
Kelley,  Jane,  327. 

Peter,  179. 
Kelton,  John,  437. 

Sarah,  437. 
Kelley,  Eliphalet  G.,  44.'. 

Ephraim,  442. 

James,  442. 

Joanna,  442. 

Joshua,  442. 

Lutherasa,  442. 

Lydia,  442. 


INDEX. 


467 


Kelley,  Maria,  44'2. 
Molly,  442. 
Nancy,  442. 
Patrick,  442, 
Sally,  442. 
William,  442. 
Woodburn,  442. 
Keppell,  James,  329. 

Mary,  .329. 
Kidder,  Frederick,  221. 
Kilby,  ^V•illiam  H.,  106. 
Kimball,  Andrew,  441. 
Dorothy,  442. 
Henry,  104. 
Lois,  441. 
Mary  Ann,  104. 
Xatlian,  104. 
Sally,  104. 
King,  Eliab,  184. 
L.  R.,  71. 
Rhoda,  285,  287. 
Richard,  181,  392. 
Kingsbury,  Anna,  306. 
Kirkland,  Samuel,  305. 

Knap,  Major ,  421. 

Knight,  Charles,  167. 
Elizabeth,  393. 
Enoch,  169. 

George.  176,  392,  393,  402,  40-3. 
Hannah,  393. 
Jacob,  171. 
John,  169,  393. 
Joseph,  169. 
Mary,  393. 
Xathau,  168,  392. 
Nathaniel,  392,  393,  394,  .397,  398, 

402. 
Priscilla,  .393. 
Ruth  E.,  392,  393. 
.  Sarah,  16S,  393. 
Knowlton,  Ebenezer,  202. 
Knox,  Henry,  254. 

Lain,  Moses  J.,  314. 

Lamb,  William,  399,  400,  401. 

Lamson,  Dr. ,  223. 

Lancaster,  Thomas,  209. 


Landgrave,  Frank  O.,  151. 
Landin,  Svan  S.,  132. 
Lane,  Eliphalet,  176. 
John,  3C3,  376. 
Nathaniel,  176. 

Zepheuiah,  176. 
Lapham,  W-  B.,  103,  201,  326,  437. 
Larrabee,  Eunice,  179. 

J.  M.,  108,  44.5. 

Samuel,  180. 
Larry,  James,  182. 
Larsson,  Jacob,  122. 

Lars  P.,  151. 
LaSalle,  R.  R.  Cavalier,  7. 
Laurell,  Jaune  L.,  150. 
Lawrence,  William,  178. 
Leach,  Mark,  184. 
Leary,  Peter  jr.,  1. 
Leavet,  Joseph,  176. 
Leigh,  Elizabeth,  329. 

Joseph,  329. 
Lemerica,  Peter,  438. 

Sophia,  438. 
LeMoyne,  Charles,  8. 

Iberville,  S. 

St.  Helene,  8. 
Lenox,  Duke  of,  1. 
Leonard,  Abiel,  155. 
Lesley,  James,  176. 
Levett,  Christopher,  1,  2,  3. 
Lewis,  Abijah,  173. 

A.  F.,  221,  224. 

Archelaus,  16S,  169. 

Libbev.  }  j    ^ 

T  -1.1    ■     ^  Judge.  — 

Libby,     )  '^ 

Allison,  180. 

Anna,  164. 

Daniel,  179. 

Dominicus,  180. 

Eliakim,  182. 

Elisha.  16.5,  180. 

Ichabod,  179. 

Joab,  175. 

John,  104,  398. 

Joseph,  175,  409. 

Keziah,  164. 

Luke,  ISO. 


-,  388. 


468 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Reuben,  180. 

Simeou,  ISO. 

Thomas,  170. 

"William,  ISO. 

ZebuloD,   ISO. 

Limbo, ,  222,  223. 

Lincola,  Abraham,  29,  54. 

Enoch,  223. 
Lindber*::;,  Oscar,  77. 

O.  G.  W.,  149. 
Lith.<?ow,  William,    199,    200,  248, 

272. 
Little,  George  T.,  108,  109,  44-5. 
Littlefleld,  Abigail,  3-31. 

Benjamin,  331. 

Cell  a  M.,  331. 

Dorcas,  331. 

Dorothy,  331. 

Elizabeth  M.,  331. 

Georc^e,  331. 

Hannah  E.,  331. 

James,  331. 

Jane,  331. 

Jeremiah,  331,  332. 

John,  331,  332. 

Lucy,  331. 

Lucy  B..  .331. 

Nathaniel,  331,  332. 

Orilla,  332. 

Seth,  331,  332. 

Susan,  332. 

William,  331. 

William  B.,  .331. 
Locke,  I.  S.,  109. 

J.  A.,  109. 

John,  SSS 

Samuel,  209. 
Lockett,  Moll,  222. 
Lombard,  Butler,  173. 

Calvin,  88. 

Nathaniel,  173. 

Solomon,  8S,  174. 

Susannah,  174. 
Longfellow,  H.  W.,  8.5,  98,  223. 
Lord,  General,  ,  211. 


Lord,  Abigail,  443. 

Samuel,  443. 
Loriiig,  John,  170. 
Lossing,  Benson  J.,  26,  1G3. 
Lothrop,  Harriet,  437. 

Thomas,  437. 

Thomas  K.,  3SS. 
Louis  XIV.,  -,,  253. 
Louvois,  F.  M.  de.  0. 
Lovewell,  John,  213,  214,  215,  216, 

217,  218,  219,  221,  223,  244. 
Low,  Bezaleel,  1S2. 
Lowder,  Jonathan,  191. 
Lowell,  Abner,  172. 

Lowther,  Dr. ,  153. 

Ludlow,  ,  345. 

Luudvall,  Lars,  151. 
Lunt,  Abner,  182. 

Amos,  153. 

Daniel,  168,  169. 

Paul,  155. 

John,  170. 
Lyon,  James.  46,  47,  48. 


Macaulay,  T.  B.,  6. 

McClenuahan,  Eev. 

McCobb,    Samuel,  434. 
McDonald,  John,  170. 

Joseph,  173. 

Pelctiah,  173. 
McFarland,  ,  193. 

JameS;  176. 

McGaw, ,  223. 

Mclntire,  David,  171. 

John,  367. 

Robert,  .368. 
Mcintosh,  John,  167. 
McKenney,  Abner,  180. 

Elizabeth,  179. 

Isaac,  179,  ISO. 

James,  ISO. 

Jonathan,  184. 

Joseph,  180. 

Mary,  201.   - 

Matthew,  201. 

Moses,  102,  179. 

Thomas,  ISO. 


,  228. 


INDEX. 


4G9 


McKenney,  Willifim,  1S4. 
McLean,  Alexamk-r,  50,  51,  52. 
McLellan,  Cary,  S9,  101,  172,  173. 
Elizabeth,  172. 
Hugh,  IGo,  172. 
James,  17S. 
Joseph,  173. 
Joseph  and  Son,  403. 
William,  101,  172. 
McManners,  Carl,  178. 

James,  167. 
Madockawando,  9. 
Malmqvlst,  Anders,  79. 
Manchester,  Stephen,  16S,  169,  334, 
406. 

Manly,  Capt. ,  159. 

Mantet,  D'AIlibout,  S. 
March,  Benjamin,  ISO. 
John,  12,  13. 
Peltiah,  16S. 
Samuel,  91,  92,  100. 
Marow,  John,  17S. 
Marr,  James,  ISO. 
Marriner,  Stephen,  169. 
Marsh,  Benjamin,  164. 
Elizabeth,  164. 
Samuel,  163,  164. 
Marshall,  Benjamin,  202. 
Betsey,  202. 
Daniel,  1S2. 
David,  202. 
Enoch,  202. 
Sarah,  202. 
William,  202. 
Marston,  Benjamin,  413,  415. 
Brackett,  153. 
Daniel,  167. 
Martin,  John,  179. 
Mary,  Queen,  5. 

Mason,  Dr. ,  223. 

John,  3. 
Mather,  Cotton,  22,  214. 
Matthews,  John,  ISO. 
Maverick,  Samuel,  359. 
Maxwell,  Daniel,  173. 
Joseph,  1S4. 
William,  182,  1S.3,  185. 


Mayberry,  Richard,  399,  400,  401, 
420. 
William,  406. 
Mayo,  Bridget,  440. 
Ebenezer,  104,  203. 
Rhoda,  203. 
Sally,  104. 
Sarah, 104,  203. 
Means,  James,  168,  169. 
Melius,  Charity,  104. 
David,  104. 
Henry,  104. 
John,  104. 
Joseph,  104. 
Mary,  104. 
Rhoda,  104. 
William,  104. 
Mellvin,  John,  173. 
ilerrick,  Isaac,  179. 
Merrill,  Abigail,  165. 
Amos,  171. 
Benjamin,  176. 
Daniel,  170. 
Enoch,  171. 
Humphrey,  170. 
Joshua,  101,  170. 
Levi.  166,  176. 
Mark,  176. 
Mary,  170. 

Moses,  101,  171,  175,  176,  177. 
Nathan,  171,  176. 
Xathaniel,  171. 
Silas,  171. 
Stephen,  171. 
Susannah,  177. 
Meser,  French,  194. 
Meserve,  Daniel,  179. 
Elisha,  102,  179. 
Gideon,  ISO. 
Mehitable,  179. 
Solomon,  179. 
Micmacs,  20S,  436. 
Mifflin,  Thomas,  160. 
Milk,  James,  402. 
Miller,  John,  184. 
Millet,  John,  176. 
Solomon,  176. 


470 


MAIXE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Milliken,  Abigail,  ISl. 

Abner,  1S2. 

Benjamin,  182. 
\  Edward,  102,   ISl. 

James.  182. 

Joshua,  1S2. 

Lemuel,  182. 
Mitchell,  Bela,    178. 

Ebenezer,  173. 

Job,  180. 

John,  272,  273. 

Jonathan,  164,  175,  178. 

Nahum,  281,  290,  297. 

Eobert,  184. 
Mol  Lockett,  222. 
Molineux,  William,  304,  36S. 
Monson,  William,  427. 
Moody,  Major ,  14. 

Enoch,  153,  158,  167. 

Joel,  180. 

Mary,  438. 

Mehitable,  433. 

Paul,  438. 

William,  154,  167. 
Mooers,  Edwin.  378. 
Moore,  Frank,  365. 

Hannah,  443. 

Isaac,  443. 

J.  B.,  318,  .323. 

Luther  E.,  110. 

Sally,  443. 

Thomas,  206,  207. 
Moran,  Betsej-,  327. 

Eleanor,  327. 

George  M.,  327. 

Mary,  327. 

Ralph,  327. 

William,  327. 

William  M.,  327. 
Morgan,  Daniel,  152. 
Morell,  Olof  G.,  1.50. 
Morrell,  Hiram  K.,  108,  445,  446. 

Moses,  317. 
Morrill,  Caroline,  203. 

Eliza,  203. 

Emeline,  203. 

George  M.,  203. 


Morrill,  Peace,  203. 

Peasley,  203. 

Pelatiah,  203. 

Pelatiah  jr.,  203. 

Ehoda,  203. 

Ehoda  H.,  203. 
Morrison.  Daniel,  178. 
Mors,  Anthony,  171. 

John.  176. 

Mark,  171. 

Eichard,  176. 
Morton,  Briant,  172. 

Ebenezer,  174. 

James,  173. 
Moses,  Daniel,  182. 
Moulton,  Augustus  F.,  108,  111. 

Johnson,  SO. 

Mary,  331. 

Peter,  174. 
Mowat,  Henry,  87,  88,  89,  90,  172, 

364,  371,  372. 

Murray,  John,  35,  49,  51,  435. 

Mussev,  J  T3      ■       •      ,-o 
Mus.sy:    f^^"J^™^°'l^-^- 

Daniel,  166. 

Xash,  Charles  E.,  447. 

Samuel,  320,  325,  326. 
Xasou,  Xathaniel,  175. 

Uriah,  109. 
Nealley,  E.  B.,  108,  109. 
Xebegin,  John,  182. 
Xeely,  Henry  A.,  126. 
Nelson,  Anders,  151. 

Ola  H.,  151. 
Newell,  Ebenezer,  102,  183,  185. 

Solomon,  184. 

Zachariah,  160. 
Newman,  Ebenezer,  167. 

Samuel,  281. 

Nichols,  ,  370. 

Nickel,  Alexander,  272. 
Noble,  Arthur,  272. 

Nathan,  334,  420. 

Reuben,  170. 
Norberg,  .Michael  U.,  148,  151. 
Norcross,  Joanna,  201. 


INDEX. 


471 


Norcross,  Joaathan,  201. 

Martha,  201. 
Xorridgewocks,  the,  5.  204. 
Norris,  J.,  TO. 
Korthend,  Hannah,  43S. 

Samuel,  4;)S. 

Susanna,  4oS. 
Norton,  Betsey,  203. 

Clarissa,  200. 

Ebenezer,  203. 

nenry,  204. 

Jeremiah,  204. 

Judith,  323. 

Mary,  203. 

Hansom,  132. 

Winthrop,  203. 
Nowell,  Zacharich,  166. 
Noyes,  Amos,  170. 

Cutting,  1.53. 

Mary,  165. 

Samuel,  00,  101,  170,  171. 
Xye,  Eleanor,  330. 

Elisha.  .330. 

Elisha  B.,  330. 

Elizabeth  C,  -331. 

James,  330. 

Jane,  330. 

Xancy,  330. 

Remember,  442. 

Tiliston,  330. 

Oakman,  Samuel,  435. 
Olosou,  Xils,  7S,  81,  149,  150. 

Olof,  150. 
Oso,  265,  20G. 
Owen,  Joseph,  437. 

Mary,  437. 

William,  1.53.- 

Paybody  (      208. 

John,  2'J5. 

William,  2'.)l,  295. 
Pajie,  John  O.,  4.37. 

Jove,  182. 
Paine.  Henry  AV.,  388. 

Thomas,  107. 


Palfrey,  John  G.,  22,  29. 
Parcher,  Daniel,  182. 
Parker,  Mr.  ,  436. 

Rev. ,  250. 

John,  86,  173. 

Mary,  172. 
Parsons,  Harriet,  112. 

Isaac,  111,  105. 
Partridge,  David,  1G9. 

Jesse,  101,  168,  169,399,400,401. 

Nathan,  170. 
Patten,  John  O.,  447- 
Patterson,  John,  100. 

William  D.,  273. 
Paugus,  217. 
Payson,  Edward,  108. 

Herbert,  447. 
Peabody,  Andrew  P.,  223. 

Josiah,  169. 
Pearson,  Moses,  416,  418. 
Pennell,  Jereraiah,  169. 

Joseph,  170. 
Penney,  J.  W.,  109,  111. 
Pennyman,  John,  167. 
Pepperell,  William,  14. 15.  162.  248. 
Pequakets,  the,  213,  215.  217,  218, 

222. 
Perham,  .Sidrey,  126. 
Perkins,  James,  173. 

John,  173. 

Molly,  442. 
Perley,  Jeremiah,  321. 

Samuel,  314,  S20,  321,  322,  323. 
Persdotter,  Hannah,  79. 
Per.'^son,  Jons,  79,  149. 

Korno,  79. 

Xils,  79.  81,  150. 

Truls,  150. 

W.  W.  T.,  79. 
Peters,  J.  A..  109,  445. 
Peterson,  John,  182. 
Pettengill,  John,  1G7. 
Petterson,  Petter,  150. 

Pehr,  1.50. 
Pettingill,  Sarah,  177. 
Philbrook,  Alice,  332. 

Eliphalet,  332. 


472 


MAINE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY 


Philip,  264,  265.  266,  270,  271. 
Philip  III.,  424,  42."),  42S. 
Philips,  John,  279. 
Phillips,  Ricluud,  176. 
Phinuey,    Edmuad,  S5,  S6,  88,  89, 
90,  91,  92,  93,  97,  100,  112,  151, 
15S,  159,  161,  163,  164,  166,  16S, 
174,  176,  179,  ISl,  1S3,  336. 

John,  165,  172,  173, 

Martha,  172. 
Phipps,  "William,  11. 
Pickard,  S.  W.,  22. 

Pierce,  Hon. ,  205. 

.     L.,  109. 

Marshall,  445. 
Pigot,  George,  405,  406. 
Pike,  Eichard,  26,  365. 

Timothy,  175. 
Piibbury,  Isaac,  202. 

Mary,  202. 

Sarah,  103,  202. 

Tobias,  167. 
Pilts,  Gottlieb  T.,  149. 
Plank,  F.  K.  W.,  150. 
Plummer,  Daniel,  178. 

Samuel,  179. 
Poat,  Thomas,  173. 
Polan,  334. 
Polin,  168. 
Pool,  Abijah,  166. 

Samuel,  171. 
Poole,  W.  F.,  245. 
Poor,  Thomas,  179. 
Popham,  George,  426. 

John,  310,  425. 
Porter,  Stewart,  171. 

Thomas,  172. 
Porterfield,  Elizabeth,  168. 

John,  169. 

William,  399,  400,  401,  404. 
Portneuf,  8,  9,  10. 
Pottenger,  Arthur,  175. 
Potter,  Lucy,  202. 

Lydia,  202. 

Samuel,  202. 
Powell,  Nathaniel,  428. 

YlTilliam,  33,  36. 


Powell,  Mrs.  William,  33,  .36. 
Powers,  Peter,  324,  .325. 
Pownell,  Thomas,  23. 
Pratt,  Dier,  176. 

Eliza  C,  330. 

Hannah,  282. 

Harriet,  329. 

James  A.,  330. 

John  G.,  329. 

Julia  Ann,  330. 

Mary,  329. 

Xathan,  329. 

Xathan  G.,  329. 

Richard,  329. 

Samuel,  282,  2S3. 
Pray,  Alice,  3.32. 

Dolly,  332. 

Eliphalet,  332. 
Preble,  Edward,  19,  20. 

Jedediah,  20,  23,  90.  91,  92,  93, 
188,  189,  190,  191,  200,  272,  273, 
372,  373,  .396. 

John,  ISS,  373,  374. 
Prescott,  William,  100. 
Preston,  Richard,  174. 

Thomas,  24. 
Priest,  John,  170. 
Primatt,  Humphrey,  33. 

Sarah,  33. 
Prime,  Joseph,  16S. 
Prince,  Jane,  437. 

Stephen,  178. 
Pring,  Elizabeth,  312. 

James  H.,  .303. 

Martin,   300,  302,  303,  304,  305, 

307,  309,  310,  311,  312,  428,  429. 
Proctor,  Mr. ,  391. 

Abel,  176. 

Mary,  168. 
Pryor,  Joseph,  200. 

Roger,  32. 
Purchase,    Samuel,  305,  309,   311, 

428. 
Putnam,  Israel,  97,  98,  99,  155,  160, 

181. 

Quimby,  Joseph,  169. 


INDEX. 


473 


Raleigh,  Walter,  304. 
Ralle,  I  Sebastian,  214,  243. 

Ramsay,  Dr. ,  223. 

Rand,  G.  D.,  109. 

Jonathan,  100. 
Randall,  Mr. ,  1.^3. 

Benjamin,  107. 

William,  270. 
Rane,  John,  2S2. 

Mary,  2S2. 
Record,  Frank,  14.5. 

Redknap,  Col. ,  13. 

Reed,  Abraham,  178. 

Jesse,  314. 

Parker  M.,  109,  445. 
Rice,  Judge ,  3S4. 

Benjamin,  1S2. 

Ebenezer,  182. 

Jolin,  102,  177,  ISO,  ISl. 

Lemuel,  182. 

Thomas,  1S2,  206. 
Rich,  Barnabas,  175. 

Joel,  175. 

Lucretia,  443. 

Martha,  174. 
Richard,  Joseph,  182. 
Richardson,  A.  F..  109. 
Richmond,  Abigail,  293. 

Edward,  293,  294. 

John,  292,  294,  290. 

Joseph,  293.  294,  296. 

Sylvester,  296. 

William,  297. 
Riddel,  William,  52. 
Riggs,  Enoch,  169. 

Stephen,  401. 

Thomas,  178. 
Rines,  Ambrose,  176, 
Ringdahl,  Erik,  151. 
River,  George  L.,  106,  110. 
Robbins, ,  216. 

Chandler,  437. 

Nathaniel,  437. 

Philemon,  437. 
William  Henry,  4.37. 
Robert,  Joseph,  184 


Robinson,  George,  173. 

Hans,  198. 

John,  170,  183. 

Joshua,  167. 

Samuel,  184. 
Rochefoucauld,  Due  de,  16. 
Rockingham,  Marquis  ot,  1. 
Rogers,  Abigail,  277,  278,  285,  287, 

293,  204,  296,  298,  299. 
Alice,  287,  288. 

Ann,  278. 

Anna,  294,  299. 

Caleb,  288. 

Elizabeth,  276.  285,  287,  288,  293, 

204,  205,  296. 
Else,  287. 

Experience,  283,  284. 
Frances,  277,  298. 
Hannah,  276,  283,  284,  286,  287, 

288,  203,  294,  296. 
James,  178,  276. 
John,  49,  275,  276,  277,  278.  279, 

280,  281,  282,  283,  284,  285,  286, 

287,  288,  280,  290,  291,  292,  293, 

294,  295,  296,  297,  208,  290,  .300. 
Joseph,   275,  276,  277,  278,  279, 

288,  280,  200,  292,  298. 
Joshua,  2S8. 

Judith,  282,  283,  284. 

Lydia,  281,  282,  283,  284,  286,  287, 

299. 
Mary,  276,  277,  282,  283,  284,  285, 

286,  287,  296. 
Ruth,  203,  296. 
Samuel,  281. 

Sarah,  276,  283,  293,  296. 

Seth,  178. 

Thomas,  275,  276,  277,  281,  286, 

287,  288,  298,  299. 
Timothy,  33,  277,  279,  298. 
William,  296. 

Rolfe,  John,  153. 
Rollins,  Alphonzo,  203. 

Andrew  J.,  203. 

Anna,  202,  332. 

Ariel  M.,  202. 

Eliza  A.,  203. 


474 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Rollins,  Betsey,  332. 

Elzadrv,  iOG. 

Hannah  S.,  203. 
•     Holman  P.,  202. 

Lucy,  202. 

Lucy  A.,  203. 

Moses,  202,  332. 

Moses  H.,  202. 

Sally  Ann,  203. 

William,  202.  203. 

William  H.,  203. 
Kollo,  6S,  69. 
Eomer,  Wolfgang,  11. 
Ronan,  John,  -140. 
Rosier,  James,  309,  429,  431,  432. 
Rounds,  Theodore,  173. 
Row,  Zebulon,  176. 
Rowe,  Caleb,  101,  174. 
Royel,  Eliah,  176. 
Runnells,  Owen,  173. 
Russell,  Ephriam,  175. 

George,  27S. 

Mrs.  George,  27S. 

John,  27S. 

Posy,  278. 
Rutherford,  Robert,  50. 
Ryal,  Adams,  178. 

Sabine,  Lorenzo,  25,  26, 

Safford,   Moses  A.,  108,   109,  445, 

446. 
St.  Castine,  J.  V.  de,  9. 
St.  Johns  Indians,  264. 
St.  Vincent,  Earl,  33. 
Salt,  Joseph,  1S2. 
Saltern,  Robert,  305, 
Saltonstall, ,  355. 

Col. ,  186. 

Sanborn,  Jonathan,  175. 
Sanburn,  Paul,  178. 
Sargent,  Epes,  32,  35. 

Esther,  32,  35. 

Henry,  35. 

Lucius  M.,  35. 

Paul  D.,  35, 

William  M.,  2,  22. 

Wicthrop,  35. 


Saunders,  Bradbury,  40,  2.54,  255, 
256,  257,  260. 

Thomas,  153,  2.57. 
Savage,  James,  275,  277,  280,  285, 

298,  324. 
Sawyer,  Daniel,  183. 

Joel,  174. 

John,  170. 

Jonathan,  101,  174,  185, 

Joshua,  184. 

Peter,  184. 
Scammel,  Alexander,  20. 
Scammon,  James,  86,  100. 
Schomberg,  A.  F.,  6. 
Schroder,  G.  W.,  GO,  62,  116. 
Scolly,  Benjamin,  166. 
Scott,  John,  167. 
Scribner,  Abigail,  444. 
Searle,  Nathaniel,  296.  297. 
Seaton,  Messrs,  63. 
Sewall, ,  223. 

Benjamin,  439. 
•    Charles  A.,  440. 

Charlotte,  4.39. 

Charlotte  S.,  440. 

David,  209,  440. 

Dorcas,  440. 

Edward,  440. 

Elizabeth,  440. 

George  B..  440. 

Hannah  B.,  440. 

Henry,  165,  166,  439. 

Joanna,  439. 

John,  439,  440. 

J.  S.,  109, 

Mary,  440. 

Miriam,  439. 

Moses,  439,  440. 

Nicholas,  439. 

Olive  M.,  440. 

Rufus,  440. 

Rufus  K.,  447. 

Ruth,  439,  440. 

Samuel,  439. 

Sophia,  439. 

Stephen,  440. 

William,  440. 


INDEX. 


475 


Sharp,  Jonathan,  ITl. 
Shaw,  Jeremiah,  319. 

John,  2S4. 

Mary  Ann,  103. 

Josiah,  107. 

Sarah,  2S5. 

Sargant,  175. 

Thomas,  175. 
Shepley,  Mr.s.  George  F.,  213. 
Sherburne,  Caroline,  103. 

Isaac,  103. 

James,  103. 

Jephthah,  103. 

Lydia,  103. 

Naomi,  103. 

Phineas,  103. 

Kebecca,  103. 
Sherlock,  Thomas,  233. 

Sherman,  Mrs. ,  3.53,  354. 

Shirley,  William,  1-4,  249,  414. 
Shute,  Benjamin,  37S. 
Silvester,  John,  242. 

Richard,  281. 
Simmons,  Amelia,  105. 

Arthur  S.,  105. 

Charles,  104. 

Daniel,  104,  105. 

Gorham,  104. 

Hannibal,  104. 

Noah,  104. 

Sarah  J.,  104. 
Simons,  Juel,  177. 
Simonton,  Walter,  184. 
Skillings,  John,  175,  183,  420. 

Samuel,  1S3. 

Sarah,  183. 

Thomas,  175. 
Skinner,  John,  184. 
Slemons,  William,  401,  402,  403. 
Small,  Daniel,  401. 

David,  399,  400,  401. 

James,  180. 

Elizabeth,  1G4. 

Henry,  183. 

William,  'j9,  C6 
Smith,  Abigail,  444. 

Ason,  104. 


Smith,  C.  D.,  109. 

Daniel,  104. 

Dorcas,  105.  * 

Elizabeth,  103. 

George,  100,  1G3,  164. 

Hannah,  104,  444. 

Harrison,  327. 

Henry,  327. 

Isaac,  103,  104. 

Israel,  175. 

John,  104,  32C,  330,  424,  430.  444. 

J.  Y.  C,  223. 

Joseph,  103,  104. 

Loisa,  326. 

Lucinda,  327. 

Martha,  326. 

Olive,  104. 

Peleg,  178. 

Pelina,  327. 

Ralph,  343. 

Riifus,  330. 

Sally,  444. 

Samuel,  292,  444. 

Sarah, 103. 

Seba  jr..  111. 

Stephen,  104. 

Susan,  444. 

Thankful,  327, 

Thomas,  22,  211,  392,  416,  419. 

Winthrop,  327. 
Southhack,  Cyprian,  12. 
Soutlimayd,  William,  314. 
Southward,  Sylva,  104. 
Southworth,  Constant,  289. 

Thomas,  289. 
Soverin,  Joseph,  180. 
Sparrow,  Jonathan,  403. 
Sprague,  John  F..336. 
Spring.  Alpheus,  49. 

Sprout,  Col. ,  108. 

Stackpole,  Hannah,  442. 
Stacy,  Ebenezer,  406. 
Staples,  Frank  L.,  110. 

Joshua,  177. 

Mary,  2SS. 
Starbird,  Elias,  169. 

John,  170. 


476 


MAINE    niSTOKICAL    SOCIETY. 


Starbird,  Snmuel,  1G9. 
Stevens. ,  104. 

Benjamin,  105. 

Ebenczer,  177. 

Ephraiin,  105. 

George,  105. 

Henry,  105. 

Isaiah,  105. 

Jacob,  177. 

Jonas,  177. 

Jonathan,  105,  410. 

Joseph.  17G. 

Joshua,  169. 

Mary,  104,  105. 

Nathaniel,  174,  177. 

Noah,  177. 

Patience,  105. 

Mrs.  Patience,  105. 

Samuel,  105. 

Sarah,  164. 

William,  410. 
Stewart,  D.  T.  E.  C,  330. 

James  G.,  3-30. 

John  C,  830. 

Margaret,  a30. 

Mary  C,  330, 

Peater,  171. 

Ptebecca  H.,  330. 

Solomon,  330. 

Sylvanus  F.,  .330. 
Stickney,  Daniel,  66. 
Stiles.  Ely,  17S. 
Stilphen,  A.  C,  109,  445,  447. 
Stinchfield,  "William,  177. 
Stone, ,  223. 

B.  M.,  224. 

James  M..  59. 

Joanna,  439. 

Miriam,  439. 

Patty,  322. 

Story, ,  354. 

Stover,  Mathias,  17S. 
Strachey,  William,  .309,  428. 
Strickland,  John,  316,  .321,  322. 
Strout,  Elezer,  184. 
Stuart,  Joseph.  174. 

Wentworth,  87,  00,  101,  173,  174- 


Stubbs.  Jeremiah,  178. 

Samuel,  177. 
Sturdavant,  John.  17S. 
Sturgis,  Jonathan,  173. 
Stnrtevaut,  Walter  H.,  445. 
Suett,  Clark,  410. 

Joseph,  409. 
Sullivan,  James,  22. 
Sumner,  Increase,  16. 
Svensson,  Anders,  1.50. 

Christine,  130. 

Svan,  130,  149. 
Sweatland,  Alonzo,  103. 

Arabella,  103. 

Charles,  103. 

Dorcas  J.,  103. 

Edward,  103. 

Elizabeth,  103. 

Jane  W.,  103. 

Matthew,  103. 

Nathan,  103. 

Perley,  103. 

Rebecca,  103. 

Sarah  Ann,  103. 

Seth,  103. 

Zurnah,  103. 
Sweet,  Moses,  171. 
Sweetser,  Eichard,  171. 
Swett,  John,  4:^2. 

Stephen,  100,  163,  165. 
Syers,  Hedge,  443. 

Margaret,  443. 
Symmes,  Thomas,  217. 
Symonds,  J.  W.,  109. 

Taber,  John  and  son,  403. 
Talbot,  G.  F.,  107,  111. 
Talleyrand.  C.  M.  de.,  16. 
Tappan,  Benjamin,  112- 
Tate,  Eleanor,  .397. 

George.  300,  397,  403. 

Robert,  397. 

Samuel,  396. 

William,  396. 
Teague,  Jiidah  D.,  75. 
Temple,  Robert,  240. 
Terry,  Anna,  293,  294. 


INDEX. 


477 


Terrv,  Benjamin,  294. 

Thomas,  294. 
Tesliarey,  George,  175. 

Thams,  Mr. ,  391. 

Thatcher,  Benjamin  B.,  110. 

Isaiah,  320. 
Thayer,  H.  O.,  109,  111,  335. 
Thomas,  John  jr.,  170. 

Joseph,  167. 

Samuel,  102,  1S3. 

Waterman,  434,  435. 

W.  W.,  53,  112,  113, 114,  144,  149, 
3S4. 
Thompson,  George.  182. 

Samuel,  87,  88,  371.  372. 
Thomson,  John,  210,  211,  212. 

William,  211. 
Thorne,  Robert,  303. 
Thrasher,  John,  153. 
Thrift,  Hannah,  2SS. 
Thurlow,  John,  175. 
Thurston,  Betsey,  328. 

Brown,  112,  334. 

John,  328. 

Margaret,  328. 

Thwing,  Col. ,  186. 

Tibbetts,  Betsey  B.,  327. 

Daniel,  327. 

Hannah,  327. 

Samuel,  182. 

Tibbitt,  Mr. ,  64. 

Tisdale,  Anna,  292,  294. 

John,  293,  294,  295. 
Titcomb,  Benjamin,  153. 
Tobey,  Page.  178. 

Stephen,  331. 

Toma, ,  193,  194,  195,  196. 

Tornquist,  Axel  H.,  151. 

Carl  J.,  151. 
Torrey,  Micajah,  284. 

Samuel,  284. 
Toward,  Daniel,  175. 

Towles, ,  223. 

Tracy,  Stephen,  289. 
Treat,  ,  193;''194. 

Mr.,  265. 
Trouve,  Pastor,  62. 


True,  Anna,  177- 

Bradbury,  101,  177. 

William,  177. 
Tucker,  William,  177. 
Tufts,  John,  378. 
Tukey,  Benjamin,  166. 

Stephen,  l.>3. 
Turenne,  H.  de  la  Tour  D'A.,  5. 
Turner,  Charles,  315,  316,  321. 

George  F.,  145,  146. 

Isaac,  406. 
Twitchell,  Moses,  171. 
Tyler,  Abraham,  87,  102,  172,  179. 

James,  179. 

Jonathan,  177. 

Umphrey,  180. 
Tyndall,  Pvobert,  428. 
Tyng,  William,  89. 

Urquhart,  John,  204.  205,  206,  315, 
322. 

Vane,  Henry,  246. 
Vass,  Jane,  326. 

Margaret,  326. 

William,  326. 
Vassal,  Mrs. ,  289. 

William,  .3-58. 
Vaughan,  Benjamin,  447. 

George,  180. 
Velasco,  Alonso  de.,  426,  427,  428, 

432. 
Vendome,  Louis  J.,  5. 
Verrazauo,  Giovanni  da,  300. 
Videtor,  Joseph,  178. 
Vose,  Joseph,  164,  168,  174. 

Carl,  149. 

Waite,  John,  402. 
Waldo,  Francis,  397. 

Hannah,  254. 

Lucy,  256. 

Samuel,    164,  254,  256,  260,  391, 
397,  414. 
Walker,  C.  H.,  213,  224. 

Noah,  101,  175,  176. 
Walton,  Judge, ,  38S. 


478 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIEXr. 


Ward,  Rev. ,  313,  314. 

Artemas,  S5, 
Elijah,  169. 
Ward-well,  Samuel,  247. 
Warren,  Adrial,  170. 
John  jr..  170. 
Joseph,  97,  377. 
Mercy,  161. 
Peter,  153, 
Warwick,  Earl  of,  1 

Wasgat,  Capt. ,  192,  193. 

Washburn,  Israel,  56. 
Washington,    George,   20,    9S,    99, 
154,  I.dS,  100,   161,  162,  168,  ISl. 
Martha,  161. 
Waterhouse,  George,  173. 
John,  179. 
Joseph,  1S2. 
Waterman,  Charles  E.,  110. 
Watson,  Eliphalet,  126. 
Elizabeth,  289. 
John,  174. 
Thomas,  289. 
Watts,  Alexander,  414. 

David,  173. 
Waymouth,  George,  302,  310,  428, 

429,  430,  431,  432. 
Wcare,  Joseph,  178. 
Lydia,  164. 
Peter,  164. 
Sarah,  164. 
Webb,  Henry,  169, 
James,  170. 
John,  169. 

William,  309.  400,  401. 
Webster,  Daniel,  212.  220. 
John,  177,  182. 
Xathaniel,  317. 
Samuel,  317. 
Wendell,    Edmund,  39S,    .399,  400, 

401,  403. 
Wentworth,  Amey,  105. 

John,  166,  209,  306.  399,  401. 
Joshua,  403. 
Phebe,  105. 
Timothy,  105. 
Wescot ,  171.  i 


Wescot,  Joshua,  18:3. 
West,  Charles  E.,  201. 
Delia  E.,  201. 
Desper,  175. 
George,  201. 
Gustavus  O.,  201. 
Hannah,  201. 
Hannibal  A.,  201. 
Harriet  E.,  201. 
John,  201. 
Joseph,  201. 
Joseph  M.,  201. 
Peter,  201. 
Shubael,  201. 
William,  176. 
Westbrook,  Thomas,  391,  392,  394, 

395,  416. 
Westergren,  Anders,  78. 
Westmore,  James,  170. 
Weymouth,  Joseph,  173, 
Wheaton,  Mason,  93,  272,  367. 
Wheeler,  G.  A.,  109,  446. 

Whidden,  Capt. ,  248,  249. 

Whipple,  William,  108. 
Whitaker,  Xathaniel,  322.  323. 

Whitcombe,  Col. ,  40. 

White,  Mr. ,  384. 

Aaron,  441. 

Benjamin,  329,  441. 

Charles,  442. 

Elizabeth,  441. 

Franklin,  442. 

Hannah,  441. 

James,  441,  442. 

Jeremiah,  441. 

John,  428,  429. 

Joseph,    282,  283,  285,  286,  287, 

327,  441. 
Lois,  329,  441. 
Lucy,  441. 

Lydia,  282,  286,  287,  441. 
Mary,  281,  287,  441. 
Mary  H.,  327. 
Moses,  441. 
Nicholas,  281. 
Patty,  441. 
Prudence,  441. 


INDEX. 


479 


White,  Eebocca.  441. 
Sally,  M.  G.,  327. 
Sarah,  441. 
Silence,  329,  441,  442. 
Tliomas,  282. 
Timothy,  2S7. 
.     William,  441. 
Whitefielcl,  George,  49,  246. 
Whiting,  Betsey,  203. 
Jonathan,  203. 
Sarah,  203. 

Thurston,  313,  314,  319. 
Whitmore,  William,  174. 
Whitney,  Amos,  173. 
Daniel.  173. 
David,  175. 
John,  171,  173. 
Moses,  183, 
Napthalim,  173. 
Paul.  173. 
Wliitsom,  John,  .307. 
Whittam,  [Martha,  177. 
Whitten,  John,  183. 

Thomas,  182. 
Wight.  John,  416. 
Willard,  Peleg,  184. 
Samuel,  211. 
Simon,  9. 
William  and  Mary,  5,  7,  -361. 
Williams,  Anna,  294,  29-0. 
Elizabeth,  293,  294,  29-5. 
Hart,  87,  101,  172. 
John  Foster,  431. 
Lois,  439. 
Nathaniel,  293. 
Samuel,  294. 
Williamson,  Joseph,  4o,  204,  272, 
300,  313,  445,  44G,  447. 
William  D.,  22,  45,  1C9,  204,  313. 
Willis  William,  17,  22,  226,  373. 
Wilson,  Anne,  33,  34. 
F.  A.,  109. 
John,  182. 
Joseph,  170. 
Mark,  169. 
Thomas,  3-3. 
Wimble,  John,  184. 


Winberg,  E.,  128. 
Winslow,  Abigail,  203. 
Abigail  C,  203. 
Mrs.  Betsey,  203. 
Betsey  F.,  203. 
Charles  H.,  203. 
Fraziette  E.,  203. 
George  A.,  203. 
Hannah,  203. 

Isaac,  256,  257,  260.  261,  376. 
Mrs.  Isaac,  256,  260, 
Jonathan,  203. 
Jonathan  W.,  203. 
Mary,  170. 
Xathan,  410. 
Sarah  W.,  203. 
Sewall,  203. 
Sewall  S.,  203. 
Winsor,  Justin,  279,  297,  308,  424 
Winter,  Francis,  48. 
Samuel,  49. 

Winthrop,  Capt. ,  420. 

John,    338.    349,    351,    352,   355, 

356,  358,  360. 
Eobert  C,  jr.,  447. 
Wiren,  Andrew,  123,  124,  125. 
Withee,  James,  72. 

Witherell,  Rev. ,  285,  286. 

Witherspoon,  John,  51. 
Wood,  Abiel,  238,  253. 
George  W.,  112. 
Joseph,  445. 
Sarah,  3-3. 
Woodbury,  Joseph,  177. 
Woodman,  Joseph,  172,  173. 
Woodsum,  Caleb,  171. 
Workman,  John,  175. 
Worthley,  John.  101,  177. 
Wright,  Abiel  H.,  110. 
Wyburne,  William,  280. 
Wyman,  Lieut. ,  210. 

Yeaton,  Dorcas,  105. 
John,  105. 
Mary,  105. 
Philip,  105. 
Phineas,  105. 


480 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY, 


Yeaton,  Sarah,  105. 

Thomas,  105. 

Timothy  W.,  105 
York,  Abraham,  175. 

Bartholomew,  100,  154,  157,  105, 
166. 

John,  171,  174. 

Thomas,  1S4. 
Youlen,  Benja.,  177. 
Young,  Abigail  S.,  444. 


Young,  Hannah,  444, 
Jonathan,  444. 
Levi,  -327. 
Nancy,  330. 
S.  J.,  109. 
Susanna,  32". 

Zuniga,   Pedro   de,   424,    425.    426. 
427. 


INDEX  OF  PLACES. 


Abington,  2S1. 
Adimenticus,  234. 
Alabama,  7,  34,  35. 
Albany,  -39,  40,  41,  42,43. 
Alfred,  3S0. 
Allentown,  439. 
Allon,  Presbytery,  204. 
Andover,  171,  222,  322. 
Eullard's,  96. 
Stevens'  Tavern,  96. 
Andrews'  Island.  3. 
Androscoggin  River,  415. 
Annapolis-Pvoyal,  20S,  242,  243. 
Arlington,  Wetherby's  Tavern,  96. 
Aroostook,  66,  117,  121.  129. 
County,  05,  132,  135,  146,  147. 
Piiver,  65,  67. 
Arundel,  179. 

Patten's  Tavern,  95. 
Attleborough,  332. 
Auburn,  392. 

Augusta,    110,    13S,  142,  145,   1G6, 
331,  335. 
Capitol,  128. 
Avrliscomb,  302. 
Azores,  305,  309. 

Bagaduce,  175. 
Baker's  Town,  399,  402. 
Bangor,  110,  142,  .380,  388. 

Historical  Magazine,  273,  366. 

Historical  Society,  187. 
Bang's  Island,  3. 
Barbadoes,  397. 


Barnerdstown,  175. 
Barnstable.  163,  276. 

County,  331. 
Barrington,  103,  296,  297. 
Bath,  49,  201,  440,  447. 
Beardsley  Brook.  123. 
Belfast,  272,  365.  366,  367. 
Belgrade,  174,  441. 
Benjamin's  River,  377. 
Berwick,  105,   171,    173,   175, 
.332,  3S0, 
Lord's  Tavern,  96. 
Morrell's  Tavern,  95. 
Biddeford,  179,  317,  379. 
Billerica,  397. 
Black  Point,  4. 
Bloorafield,  .323. 
Blue  Point,  179. 
Boon  Island.  301. 
Boothbay,  50,  51. 
Boston.  4,  5,  6,  11,   12,  24,  25. 
30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37 
44,  87,    95,   97,    152,    155, 
159,  165,  172,  174, 179,  180, 
190,  192,  194,  202,  230,  2-50. 
295,  296,  346,  348,  -349,  353, 
371,  379,  381,  3S2,  38-3,  384. 
413,  420,  447. 
Atkinson  Street,  32,  37, 
Beacon  Street,  -36. 
Charter  Street,  30. 
Christ  Church,  31. 
Congress  Street,  37. 
Cornhill,  24. 


203, 


,  39, 
1-56, 
136, 
271, 
365, 
3^8, 


INDEX. 


481 


Cow  Lane,  32. 

naibor,  Castle  William,  ir^G,  1S6. 

Harbor  Lighthouse,  151,  152. 

Latin  School,  31,  32,  34. 

Massachusetts     Historical     So- 
ciety, 208. 

Milk  Street,  32. 

North  Street  Church,  31. 

Salem  Street,  32. 

Trinity  Church,  242. 
Bow,  213. 
Bowdoin  College,  111. 

Cleveland   Lecture    Room,    108, 
445. 
Braintree,  283. 
Bridgewater,  290. 
Brimfield,  443. 
Brintwood,  103. 

Bristol,    England,    302,    307,    308, 
310. 

King  Road,  309. 

St.  Steplieu's  Church,  312. 
Bristol,  Maine,  50,  51,  52. 

Broad  Cove,  50,  51,  52. 
Bristol,  R.  L,  292,  295,  296. 
Broad  Cove,  431. 
Brook  field,  322. 
Brown  University,  324,  325. 
Brunswick,  87,  108,  171,  447. 
Buckfield,  165. 

Buxton,  173,  182,  183,  .393,  402. 
Byfield,  438. 

Cambridge,  90,  91,  92,  93,  95,  96, 
97,  98,  99,  100,  151,  153,    159, 
161,  167,  169,  180, 181, 183,  210, 
349,  378,  447. 
Common,  155,  160. 
Franklin  Street,  97. 
Longfellow  House,  98,  154. 
Prospect  Hill,  155,  156,  157. 
Putnam  Avenue,  97. 
Wasliington  Elm,  96. 
Winter  Hill,  155. 
Camden,  430. 

Camp  4,  at  Charlestown,  39,  44. 
Canaan,  323. 

Vol.  YII.         33 


Canada,  106,  204,  265,  266,  .300,  374. 

Candia,  319. 

Cape  Ann,  307. 

Capo  Briton,  31,  303. 

Cape  Charles,  429. 

Cape  Cod,  5,  276,  300,  301. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  102,  153,  183,  184, 

185. 
Cape  Jellison,  23. 
Cape  May,  0. 
Cape  Xeddock,  301,  .307. 
Cape  Porpus,  429. 
Cape  Sable,  264. 
Caribou,  67,  71,  72,  75,  77,  127,  129, 

132,  136,  137,   138,  142,  144,  145, 

146,  147. 
Caribou  Stream,  77,  121. 
Carlisle,  324. 
Carolinas,  The,  7. 
Casco,  9. 

Casco  Bay,  9,  11,  301,  307,  401. 
Castine,  446. 

Charlestown,  97,  324,  348. 
Charlestown,  Camp  Xumber  Four, 

39,  44. 
Charlestown,  Bunker  Hill,  93,  100, 

157,  158,  159,  225. 
Charlestown,  Ploughed  Hill,  156, 

157. 
Charlestown      and       Connecticut 

River,  39,  44. 
Chelsea,  Mass.,  26,  29,  30,  34,  37, 

38,  39,  156. 
Cheshire  County,  443. 
Colby  University,  137. 
Concord,  Mass.,  87,  225. 
Connecticut,  6,  1.55,  348,  376. 
Connecticut  River,  39,  44. 
Conway,  221,  224. 
Cornwall  County,  7. 
Coteticut  fiiver,  291. 
Cow  Lsland,  22. 
Creightou,  328. 
Crown  Point,  31,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42, 

43,  185,  273. 
Cumberland    and    Oxford    Canal, 

107,  412. 


482 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Cumberland  County,  86,  91,  92,  93, 
112,  143,  151,  lOS,  201,  243,  334, 
39(5,  399,  404,  410,  434. 

Cumberland  Railroad,  332. 

Cushing,  20.>. 

Cusbing's  Island,  2,  3,  22. 

Cushing's  Pond,  11. 

Cutter's  Cove,  431. 

Cuttyhunk,  301. 

Damariscotta  River,  50,  51,  272. 
Dartmouth   College,  49,  210,  320, 

323,  325. 
Deep  Cove,  431. 
Deering,  170,  336. 

Libby's  Corner,  390. 
Deer  Island,  37,  325. 
Delaware,  0,  7. 
Devonshire,  .302. 
Dorchester,  441. 
Dover,  3,  3S0,  390. 
Dover,  Hanson's  Tavern,  96. 
Dresden,  110,  207,  225,  248,  250,  4.38. 
Dunstan,  180,  392,  394. 
Dunstan  Corner.  Milikin's  Tavern, 

95. 
Dunstan  Landing,  391,  .392. 
Durham,  45,  165,  178,  183,  318. 
Durham  Falls,  Adams'  Tavern,  96. 
Duxbury,   104,  275,  276,  277,  279, 

280,  288,  289,  2V)0,  291,  292,  293, 

294,  295,  396,  297,  298,  299,  300, 

316,  326. 

East  Andover,  322. 

East  Boston,  365. 

East  Bridgewater,  281. 

Eastern  Eivei-,  47. 

Eastham,  ^,  288. 

Edgecomb,  314,  442. 

Edgertovi^n,  327. 

Ellsworth,  205. 

Epping,  203. 

Es.sex   County,  406,  413,  414,  415, 

438. 
Exeter,  45,  165,  328,  444. 

Gidding's  tavern,  96. 


Falmouth,  11,  14,  15,  23,  87,  88,  89, 
90,  92,  93,  97,  100,  101,  1.53,  1.57, 
158,  159,  103,  165,  169,  170,  171, 
172,  173,  175,  248,  371,  372.  .370, 
390,  396,  397,  399,  400,  402,  404, 
415,  410,  420,  447. 

Neck,  154,  158,  159,  167,  390,  392, 
418. 

Round  Marsh,  391. 
Farmiugton,  203,  330,  447. 
Fish  Point,  21. 
Floi-enccville,  64. 
Flores,  305. 
Fore  River,  390,  404. 
Fort  Allen,  16. 

Burrows,  21. 

Fairfield,  64,  05,  66,  142. 

Gorges,  21. 

Halifax,  199,  200. 

Loyal,  4,  5,  S,  11,  14,  16,  22. 

Xew  Casco,  11,  14. 

Number  2,  at  Cambridge,  97, 
1.52,  170. 

Point,  2.3,  257. 

Pownall,  23,  24,  26,  27,  30,  34, 
187,  ISS,  189,  190,  191,  192,  195, 
197,  198,  254,  256,  257,  2.59,  260, 
261,  262,  264,  267,  269,  273,  333, 
362,  363,  305,  367,  371,  372,  373, 
374,  .375,  378. 

Preble,  11,  17,  18,  19,  21,  190. 

Richmond,  234,  248,  249. 

Scammel,  2,  17,  20,  11. 

Shirley,  234. 

Sumner,  16,  19. 

Ticonderoga,  164,  172,  179,  181. 

William  Henry,  11,  50. 
Forts  and  Garrisons:  — 

at  Cape  Jellison,  23. 

at  Fish  Point,  21. 

at  Jordan's  Point,  21. 

at  the  Kennebec  River,  207. 

at  Marblehead,  417. 

at  Pemaquid,  11,  50. 

at  Purpooduc,  10. 

at  St.  George,  205,  234,  426. 

at  Spring  Point,  11. 


INDEX. 


483 


Forts  and  Garrisons:  — 

at  Stroud\Yater,  394. 

at  Warren,  205. 

Bethune's,  25S. 

Ingersoll's,  4. 

Lawrence's,  4,  9,  10. 

Munjoy's,  3. 
Fox  Islands,  306,  307. 
Frankfort,  143,  207,  228,  235,  236, 

254. 
Fredericton,  63,  64,  117. 
Fryeburg,  209,  212,  213,  215,  218, 
221,  222,  223,  224,  244. 

Dana  Homestead,  213. 

Fight  Brook,  220. 

Frye  Hill,  213. 

Highlands,  213. 

Jockey  Cap,  213. 

Lovewell's  Pond,  213. 

Mount  Pleasant,  219. 

Mount  Tom,  213. 

Gambo  Falls,  333. 

Gardiner,  36,  207,  332,  442. 

Gay  Cove,  431. 

Georgetown,  48,  104,  271. 

Georgia,  7. 

Gilmanton,  329,  444. 

Glasgow,  University  of,  50. 

Gloucester,  32,  33,  35. 

Gorham,  88,  89,  91,  100,  101,  163, 
164,  165,  169,  170,  172,  173,  174, 
175,  202,  320,  336,  3S0,  409. 

Gothenburg,  60,  62,  113  115. 

Gray,  111,  171,  175,  176,  320,  321, 
322,  323,  325,  334. 

Great  Diamond  Island,  2,  3. 

Great  Falls,  390. 

Great  River,  405. 

Greenland,  -300. 

Guilford,  232. 

Hailburn,  443. 
Haletown,  177. 
Halifax,  Mass.,  104. 

K.  S.,  G3,  64,  242,  252,  270. 


Hallowell,  103,  104,  166,  201,  202, 
203,204,  326,  320,  330,  331,  332, 
435,  437,  438,  439,  440,  441,  442, 
444. 

Hampshire  County,  443. 

Hanover,  285,  444. 

Harpswell,  334,  335. 

Harrington,  .50. 

Harvard  University,  32,  45,  48,  88, 
206,  207,  209,  210,  211,  227,  315, 
316,  317,  319,  320,  -324,  437. 

Haverhill,  324. 

Greenleaf's  tavern,  96. 

Hingham,  282. 

Ilobamock  Pond,  280. 

Hobbstown,  211. 

Hog  Island,  2. 

Hollis,  178. 

Hopkinton,  32. 

Horse  Beef  Falls,  .395,  411,  412. 

Houlton,  117,  142,  150. 

House  Island,  2,  3,  17. 

Hubbardtown,  420. 

Hudson  River,  6,  168,  181,  429. 

Hull,  63. 

Hyler's  Cove,  431. 

lies  de  Montes  Deserts,  430. 

Illinois,  7. 

Indiana,  7. 

Ipswich,  168,  415,  443. 

Island  Creek,  299. 

Isle  of  Wight,  232. 

Jamaica  Farm,  267. 

James  River,  428. 

Java,  311. 

Jemptlaud,  119. 

Jones  River,  275,  289,  290. 

River  Bridge.  290. 

River  Pond,  291. 
Jordan's  Point,  21. 

Kenduskeag  River,  34. 
Kennebec,  178. 

County,  4.37. 

Purchase,  36. 


484 


MAINE    IIISTOKICAL    SOCIETY, 


Kennebec  River,  S.  86,  110,  111,  109, 
207,  -220,  220,  2o0,  241,  243,  249, 
250,  253,  307,  335,  420,  429,  430. 

Valley,  249. 
Kennebunk,  379,  3S0. 
Kensington,  174. 
Kentucky,  7. 
Kilkenny,  327. 
Kinderliock,  40. 
Kingston,  Mass.,  104. 

N.  n.,  96. 

On-Tliames,  33. 
Kittery,  164,  175,  324,  331,  41S,  440. 


Labrador,  300. 

Lake  Sabine,  249. 

Leclmi ere  Point,  156,  157. 

Lee,  331. 

Lexington,  Maine,  319. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  30,  SQ,  87,  lOS, 

110,  16S,  173,  179,  225,  364,  365, 

S70. 
Limerick,  319. 
Lincoln  County,  49,    93,  207,  237, 

271,  272,  433,  434,  435,  44l>. 
Litcbfield,  327. 
Little  Compton,  296,  297. 
Little  Falls,  335,  410. 
Little  Meadows  River,  122. 
Littleton,  176.  177. 
Lock  Falls,  412. 
London,  England,  397.  412. 

Drury  Lane  Theater,  233. 

"Westminister  Abby,  233. 
London,  X.  H.,  202,  332. 
Long  Fond,  419. 
Loaisburg,    15,  31,  37,     1G2,  273, 

420. 
Lovewell's  Pond,  213,  220,  221. 
Lyndon,  122. 
Lynn,  .329. 

Macliias,  47,  48. 
Madawaska  River,  130. 
Madbury,  331. 


Maine,  5,  6,  7,  11,  IS,  25,  29,  3-1 
46,  49,  53,  55,  56,  57,  59,  61,  68, 
69,  74,  75,  S3,  91,  106,  145,  300, 
328,  370,  422,  439. 

Major  Bagadiice,      )    ._.    -^_-    .-, 

Major  Bagwaduce,  I-    ^  "'''.':'-'  '^ " ' 

Majo  Bigwaduce,     )        ■*"^- 

Major  Purchase,  293. 

Mallison  Falls,  407,  412. 

Mallison  Falls  Manufacturing  Co., 
412. 

Mallison  Grant,  409. 

Maple  Juice  Cove,  431. 

Marblehead,  33,  152,  157,  405.  406, 
412,  415,  410. 

Mare  Point,  11. 

Marlboro,  32. 

Marshtield,  275,  277,  278,  279,  2S0, 
281,  286,  287,  289,  292,  297,  298, 
299,  300,  328,  371. 

Martha's   Vineyard,  201,  203,  307. 

Maryland,  6. 

Massachusetts,  6,  7,  17,  25,  29,  38, 
58,  85,  185,  186,  187,  189,  290,  291, 
338,  339,  341,  342,  343,  344,  374. 

Mechanic  Falls,  110,  111. 

Mechisses,  47. 

Menotomy,  Wetherby's  Tavern,  96. 

Michigan,  7,  55. 

Middleboro,  293,  294,  329. 

Milford  Haven,  305. 

Milton,  296,  297. 

Minas,  31. 

Minnesota,  55. 

Mississippi  Valle}',  1. 

Mobile,  35. 

Molia-.vk  River,  429. 

Monheg.'.n  Island,  3.  4.30,  432. 

Monraouih,  165,  181,  183,  439. 

Monson,  142,  336, 

Montgomery,  34,  35. 

Montreal,  6,  8. 

Moosehead  Lake,  249. 

Moultonborough,  321. 

Mount  Cliocorua,  220. 

Mount  Desert,  250,  263,  264,  430. 

Mount  Hope,  292,  295,  296. 


INDEX. 


485 


Mount  Kearsarge,  220. 
Mount  AYashingtou,  220,  4o0. 
Mystic,  15r>,  351. 


Nagwamqueog,  105,  405,  407,  411. 

Xamatakeesett,  278,  279,  2S0. 

Nantasket,  232. 

Naples,  419. 

Nassau  ITall,  46,  49,  51,  323. 

New  Boston,  171,  175,  176,  177,  325. 

Xe^v  Bristol,  296. 

New  Brunswick,  147. 

Newbury,  437,  43S,  439. 

Newburyport,  155. 

New  Casco,  Marstou's  Tavern,  90. 

New  Castle,  .52,  205,  313,  314. 

Ne«-field,  317,  319. 

Newfoundland,  300,  305. 

New  Gloucester,  101,  111,  165,  175, 

176,  177,  399. 
New  Hampshire,  6,  7,  10,  56,  307, 

391,  399,  403. 
New  Jersey,  6. 
New  Jersey  College,  51. 
New    Marblehead,    405,    415,    416, 

417,418. 
New  Market,  Doe's  Tavern,  96. 
New  Providence,  207. 
New  Sharon,  .331. 
New  Sweden,  Del.,  62. 
New  Sweden.  Maine,  6'^,  69,  70.  77, 
7S,  80,  113,  115,   UG,  117,  119, 
121,  122,  126,  127,  129,  1.32,  133, 
1.34,  136,  1.3S,  142,  143,  144,  145, 
146,  147,  148,  149,  150,  151,  334- 

Capitol,  82,  83. 

Castle  Garden,  82. 

Mount  Ararat,  120. 
Newton,  184,  .349. 
New  York  Bay,  .300. 
New  York  City,  110,  .326. 
New  York  State,  6,  7- 
Nobleboruugh,  50. 
Noddles  Island,  359,  .365. 
Norridgewock,  214,  236,  24.3. 
North  Berwick,  380,  3S4. 


North  Britain, 

AUon  Presbytery,  204. 
North  Carolina,  428. 
North  Hampton,  444. 
North  Haven,  307. 

Northland,  301. 
North  River,  289,  299. 
North  Yarmouth,  45,  46,   100,   101, 

164,  171,  177,  178. 
Norton,  175. 
Norumbega,  308. 
Nottingham,  322. 
Nova  Scotia,  241,  243. 

Oakham,  321. 
Ohio,  7. 

Old  Town,  307,  .380. 
Oncrmo,  305. 
Onslow,  N.  S.,  47. 
Oregon,  55. 
Orono,  321. 
Ossipee,  Mount,  220. 
Otis  Cove,  431. 
Otisfield,  165,  168. 


Padua,  358. 
Parsonsfield,  319. 
Passamaquoddy,  435. 
Passionkeag,  270. 
Passoggasawackkeeg,  255,  257 
Pearsontown,  174,  175,  418. 
Peekskill,  423. 

Robinson's  House,  421. 
Pemaquid,  7,  11,  50. 

County,  108. 

River,  50. 
Pemerogat,  430. 
Pennsylvania,  7. 
Penobscot,  142,  175,  373,  375, 
430,  433,  434,  435. 

Bay,  23,  307. 

Falls,  264. 

River,    23,  25,    27,  47,  187, 
2.56,  258,  262,  263,  264,  363, 
367,  369,  375,  377. 
Valley,  262,  269,  270,  273,  369, 
Pentagoet,  430. 


254, 
365, 

375. 


486 


MAINE    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 


Pequaket,  219. 

Perham,   121,     122,   132,   ICG,   137, 

ISS,  146. 
Philbrick's  Corner,  77. 
Pierson-town,  211. 
Pike,  30.5. 
Pine  Point,  181. 
Piscataqua  River,  87,  307. 
Piscataquis  County,  1-42,  33G. 
Pittsfield,  447. 
Pittston,  207,  442. 
Plaistow,  Sawyer's  Tavern,  96. 
Plymouth,  Eug.,  302,  303,  304. 
Plymouth,    Mass.,    163,    246,    275, 
276,  278,  284,  288,  289,  290,  299, 
308,  316,  333,  334,  338,  339,  341, 
342,  .343,  344,  348,  437. 

Duxburrow   Side,  275,  277,  279, 
280,  291,  292. 
Point  Shirley,  37. 
Poland,  168,  399. 

Portland,  4,  14,  15,  17,  19,  22,23, 
110,  112,  1.38,  147,  158,  210,  211, 
220,  321,  334,  .336,  380,  381,  383, 
3S4,  389,  390,  392,  404,  410,  444, 
447. 

Adams  Street,  17. 

Ancient  Landmark  Lodge,  111. 

Anderson  Mansion,  16. 

Baxter  Hall,  333,  334,  336. 

Casco  Bank,  419. 

Congress  Street,  9,  .390. 

Deering  Park,  5. 

Fore  Street,  16. 

Free  Street,  16. 

Grand  Trunk  Ptoundhouse,  4. 

Grove  Street,  418. 

Harbor,  1,  17,  20,  21,  22. 

Head,  21. 

India  Street,  4,  390. 

Island,  3. 

King  Street,  390. 

Liberty  Hall,  105,  107,  110. 

Middle  Street,  390. 

Munjoy's  Hill,  4,  9,  16,  17. 

Neck,  3,  14,  87,  SS,  89,  90,  95. 

Public  Library,  373. 


Portland,  Queen  Street,  9. 

Soldiers'  Monument,  16. 

Transcript,  22. 

Upper  Battery,  16,  17,  19. 
Port  Royal,  13. 
Portsmouth,  Eng.,  232. 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  3,  8,  14,  3S0, 

381,  399,  401. 
Pownalborough,  184,  200,  207,  227, 
228,    230,   234,    235,    236,    238, 
242,  248,  2.j0,  251. 

St.  John's  Church,  234. 
Presque  Isle,  65,  111,  142. 
Presumpscot  Dam,  398. 

River,  90,  105,  335,  405,  416. 
Princeton,  X.  J.,  47. 
Prospect,  254. 
Pullen  Point,    1    qt 
Pulling  Point,  ) 
Purpooduc,  10. 

Quampegan,  96. 
Quantabagood  Pond,. 198. 
Quebec,  9,  10,  57,  70. 

Racine,  334. 
Readfield,  442. 
Robury,  296. 
Rochester,  Mass.,  .328. 

N.  H.,  327. 
Rowley,  227,  438. 
Roxbury,  152,  156,  157,  441. 

Neck,  156. 
Royalsborough,  178. 
Rye,  175. 

Saccarappa,  168,  335,  392,  393,  395, 

407,  416. 
Saco,  4,  11,  110,  224,  335,  379,  380, 
381,  447. 

River,  220,  221,  307. 
Sagadahock  River,  426.  429. 
St.  Francis,  204. 
St.  Georges,  93,  366,  367,  363. 

Island,  430,  432. 

River,  204,  430,  431,  432. 
St.  John,  63,  266,  435,  436. 

River,  63,  69,  118. 


INDEX. 


487 


Salem,  Mass.,  no,  31,  322,  323,  320, 
344,  3o7,  414. 

Presbytery,  2U5. 

X.  n.,  208. 
Salisbury,  177,  317. 
Salmon  Falls,  S,  264. 

River,  415. 
Sandwich,  331. 
Sandy  Point,  255. 
Saratoga,  183,  420. 
Savage  Pvock,  .301,  30G,  307. 
Sawtuekett,  290. 

Scarborough,  11,  47,  91,  100,  102, 
108, 111,  164,  1G5,  179,  ISl,  183, 
209,  315,  391,  392,  396,  409,  420. 

Oak  Hill,  104. 
Schenectady,  8. 
Scituate,   275,    276,    281,    285,   286, 

287,  2S8,  297. 
Seabrook,  321. 
Searsport,  254. 
Seguin  Island,  249. 
Sewell's  Point,  174. 
Sheepscot,  178. 

River,  228. 
Sheffield,  40. 
Simancas,  424,  427. 
Small  Point,  430. 
Somersetshire,  1. 
Somersworth,  390. 
South  Berwick,  211,  212. 
South  Windliam,   105,  107. 
Spring  Point,  11,  15,  16,  17,  19. 
Spurwink,  11. 

Standish,  101,  173,  174,  211,  418. 
Stillwater,  105. 
Stockholm,  Maine,  137,  138. 
Stockton,  254. 

Springs,  257. 
Stroudwater,  95,  102,  168,  183,  336, 
396,  397,  398,  403. 

Curt.i.s'  Mill,  394. 

Bond  Street,  394. 

Buxton  Road,  402. 

Falls,  392,  394. 

Falls  Mill,  395. 

Fickett  House,  394. 


Stroudwater,  Garrison  House,  394. 

Harrow  House,  394. 

Landing,  398. 

River,  395,  396. 

Slemon  House,  402. 

Wcstbrook  Street,  394. 
Surry  County,  328. 
Swan  Island,  207.  248,  249. 
Swansey,  296. 
Sylvester,  316. 

Tahanoch  River,  430,  431. 
Taunton.   176,    177,   291,   292,   293, 

294,  296. 
Tennesee,  7. 
Teticut,  291. 
Thames  River,  309. 
Thomastou,  205,  315,  367,  431. 
Three  Rivers,  8. 
Tobique  Landing,  64,  78,  118. 
Topsham,  201,  205. 
Townshend,  50,  368. 
Township  No.  Fifteen,  58,  67,  70, 
137. 

No.  Sixteen,  1-37,  138. 
Turkey  Cove,  431. 
Turner,  316,  317,  321,  322. 

Union  Mountain,  430. 
River,  205. 

Valley  Forge,  165,  166,  181.  183. 

Vassalboro,  4-35,  441,  442. 

Vassal's  Range,  289. 

Vermont,  6. 

Vinal  Haven,  .307. 

Virginia,  6,  304,  305,  425,  426,  429. 

Waldoborough,  50,  441. 

Waldo  Patent,  254,  273. 
j   Walpole,  50,  210. 

Walthamstow,  25,  33,  34. 
I    Wamappahesett,  278. 

Wareham,  328. 

Wan-en,   204,   205,    315.    322,    366, 
370,  371. 

Washington,  D.  C,  447. 


488 


MAINE    HISTOniCAL    SOCIETY 


Washington  Plantation,  317. 

St;ite  of,  55. 
Watertown,  24,  207,  315.  34S,  340, 

350,  364,  372,  374,  375. 
Watcrville,  110,  137. 
Watt's  Cove,  431. 
Wells,  328,  331. 
Westbrook.  170,  303. 
Western,  444. 
Westmanland.  137,  1.3S. 
West  Point,  34,  423. 

River.  47. 

Virginia,  7. 
Weymouth,  275,  2S1,  2S2,  283.  ♦S4, 

285,  280,  297,  298,  299. 
Wheelerborough,  375. 
White  Head,  3. 

Mountains,  220. 
Whitson  Bay,  307,  303,  309. 
Wilmington,  90. 
Windham,  164,  165,  lOS,  169,  170, 

173,  174,  175,  333,  335,  399,  405, 

410,  412,  415,  418,  419,  420,  422. 


Winslow,  4.15. 

Win.'^or,  447. 

Winthrop.  203,  314,  310,  320,  4-35. 

Wiscr.sset.  206,  273,  447. 

Point,  200. 
Wisconsin,  55. 
Woburn,  202. 
Wyman's  Tavern,  96. 
Woodbridge,  33. 
Woodland,   77,  121,    132,  136,    137, 

138,  145,  146.  149,  1.50. 
Worcester,  156. 

County,  443. 


Yale  College,  321. 
York,  165,  380,  439,  440. 

County,   86,   100,   105,   143, 
331,  332. 

Harbor,  307. 

River,  307.  128. 

Yillase.  380. 


2561