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COLONIAL CHRONOLOGY. 



COLONIAL CHRONOLOGY 

Jl dhronoloflp of the principal (Sbenta 



COMNECTED WITH THE 



ENGLISH COLONIES AND INDIA 

From the Close of the Fifteenth Century to the Present Time. 



WITH MAPS. 



IP! "J. ROBINSON, 

Fellavi Bl iht Koyal Slalislical Sxtely ; Fdlexv of thi Sayal Colmtial /ntttttte. 




LONDON: 

LAWRENCE & BULLEN, 

16 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 

1892. 

[All rigU< m,rvfil.\ 



'^4°'^-^f 



• t 



.» 1 



\ • . 



. \ 



■'■ i^!*:" ' 



Minimis : 
IIKMDKKSON ANI> SPALI>IS<; (LIMIIKlH. I'klSFKHft 
MAKYl.i.BONK 1. \NE, W 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Dedication vii 

Preface - - ix 

List of Principal Authorities consulted xiii 



PART I. 

Series of Four Maps illustrating growth of Colonial Empire. 

Chronological Tables, arranged in parallel columns, recording Chief Events from 

1486 to 1891 1 to 175 



PART 11. 



PAGE 

Aden, and Dependencies - - - 179 

Antigua 180 

Ascension 181 

Australia (with Map) - - - . 182 

Bahamas 186 

Barbados 188 

Basutoland - 190 

Bermudas ------ 191 

British Bechuanaland - - - . 192 

British East Africa - - - - 192 

British Guiana 193 

British Honduras 194 

British New Guinea - - - . 195 



PAGE 



British North Borneo, including Labuan, 

Sarawak, and Brunei - - - 196 
British South Africa, or British 

Zambezia- . . . - . 197 

Canada (with Map) . . - . 198 

Cape Colony (with Map) - - - 221 

Ceylon 241 

Cyprus 242 

Dominica ------ 243 

Falkland Islands 244 

Fiji 245 

Gambia 246 

Gibraltar 247 



VI 



TAHLH UF (*0NTKNT8. 



Gold Coast - 
Grenada 
Hong Kong • 
Jamaica (with Map) 
Lagos • 

Leeward Islands • 
MalU < 
Manritius • 
Montserrat - 
NaUl • 
Newfoundland 
New South WaleH 
New Zealand 
Niger Protectorate 
Norfolk Island 
Pitcaim Island 
Queensland - 



Part II. contiutinl. 

I'AGK 

- 24H St. CliriHtopher (St. Kitts), Nevis, and 
26() Aii^uilla - 

- -Jol Si. Helena - 
252 St. Lucia - 
2.V> St. Vincent - 
250 Sierra Ijeone 

257 South Australia • 

258 Straits Settlements 

260 Tasmania • 

261 Tobago 
265 Trinidad - 
26H Victoria 
272 Virgin Islands 

276 Western Australia 

I 

277 Western Pacific Protectorate 

277 Windward Islands 

278 Zululand .... 



PAOK 

2K) 
281 
283 

2s5 
2S7 

2*- 8 

2in 

21I3 
295 
2<)7 
2<W 
:M)1 
8()2 
'V)l 
IMH 
:S04 



TO THE 

RIGHT HONOURABLE 

CHARLES PELHAM VILLIERS, M.P., 

FOB UPWARDS OF HALF A CENTURY A 

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT, 

WHOSE NAME IS INSEPARABLY ASSOCIATED WITH 

THE CAUSE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, 

THE REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS, 

THE PROMOTION OF A FREE PRESS, 

THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PENNY POSTAGE, 

AND 

THE REFORM OF THE POOR LAW, 

CIdilt 'Folume in mitcribetr 



By thb AXJTHOE. 



PREFACE. 



In '* Colonial Chronology " an attempt has for the first time been made to give, within 
the compass of a single volume, a bird's-eye view of the history of our Colonial Empire. 

England claims a foremost place in the annals of discovery for the hardy Bristol sailors 
who, under the guidance of Sebastian Cabot, traversed the Atlantic and, landing upon the 
coast of Labrador in 1497, were the first of modern Europeans to set foot on the soil of the 
continent of America. But — whereas the Portuguese, following up in haste their successful 
sea-passage to India (1497), for nearly a century reaped vast gains from their trade with the 
East, and the Spaniards contrived to extract a rich reward from the West Indies and Central 
America — our English navigators for many years devoted themselves to searching for the 
North- West Passage, and our merchants were content with the spoils of the seas surrounding 
Newfoundland. 

At length in 1553, under the still powerful influence of the veteran Cabot, a Company 
was formed in London to discover a North-East Passage. In the attempt Sir Hugh 
Willoughby and two ships' crews of brave men met their fate on the coast of Lapland ; but a 
third ship reached St. Michael's Bay, and Kichard Chancellor, her captain, found his way 
thence to Moscow. Thus a rich future was opened to the Merchant Adventurers, who at once 
began to trade with the Empire of Moscovy. 

By this time the French were making fitful attempts at settlement upon the shores of 
the St. Lawrence, without achieving any permanent success. With the reign of Elizabeth, 
English enterprise assumed a more practical form. Following upon Drake's voyage round the 
world. Sir Humphrey Gilbert took formal possession of Newfoundland in 1583, and in the 
next year Sir Walter Raleigh received a royal patent granting him possession of all lands 
which he might discover on the continent of America, ** not actually possessed of any 
Christian Prince or People." Two of his captains straightway crossed the Atlantic, and 
explored the coast south of Chesapeake Bay. Their report induced Baleigh to send out ships 



X FRBPACB. 

with settlers, to eHnay in earnest the task of colonizing the newly-nainod •* Empire of Virginia." 
ThcRe early settlei-s, however, were at their own request brought back by Drake, on his retuni 
froni raiding the Spanish settlements. A second expedition, sent out to Roanoke Island 
by Raleigh in I5H7, mysteriously disappeared within three years. 

A full century, then, had elapsed since the Discovery of the New World, and England 
had obtained no foothold in either hemisphere. Newfoundland, indeed, was nominally 
English territory, but the fishermen returned to EtirojMS at the close of each saason ; and a 
vague claim to the coast of America from Florida to New France was preferred in respect of 
the discoveries and attempts at settlement by Raleigh. With the commencement of the 
second century, however, James I^ncaster reached India in the sole 8ur\iving ship of three 
that sailed from Plymouth for the Eastern seas. The Dutch, having been shut out by Philip of 
Kpain from Lihbou, where they had been in the habit of obtaining their supplies of the 
produce of the East, had now established a direct trade with India and the islands of the 
Eastern Archipelago. Their conduct in raising the price of Eastern produce to English 
merchants was the immediate cause of the formation of the English East India (.'onqiany, 
and of its gradual acquisition of the trade which had formerly l>een the monopoly of Portugal 
and Spain. 

The early years of Janies I. are memorable for the formation of the London and Plymouth 
Ck>mpanies, and for the colonization of North America under their auspices. The foundation 
of Jamestown in 1G07 laid the comer-stone of the world-power now known as the United 
States of America. The choice by Champlain of the site of Quebec in the following year 
may fitly be styled the birth of the Dominion of Canada. 

A few years later the Pilgrim Fathers founded the earliest of the Colonies of New 
England. In 1G52, the Dutch took possession of the Cape of Good Hope and of Table Hay, 
to serve as a victualling station for their East India fleets. Three years later Jamaica was 
captured from the Spaniards by Penn and Venablea, and England began to acquire her 
valuable possessions in the W*est Indies. By the end of the second centur}* after the 
discovery of the New World, England had assumed her place as the chief colonizing couutr}* 
of the Old World. 



The third centur}' witnessed the fierce straggle between Great Britain and France for 
supremacy in America, which resulted in the final conquest of Nova Scotia and Canada by 
the English in 1759, and the sabtequeni revolt of the American Colonies, In the Ea«t the 



PBEFACB. XI 

foundations of our Indian Empire were firmly laid by Clive and Warren Hastings ; and in 
1788 the settlement of Australia began. 

With the opening of the fourth century the Cape of Good Hope passed into the possession 
of Great Britain, and the close of the war with France found England mistress of most of the 
West India Islands. During the last fifty years immense progress has been made in the 
colonization of New Zealand and the eastern and southern coasts of Australia, as well as in 
developing the resources of South Africa ; but perhaps it is in the history of the second and 
third centuries after the discovery of America that the chief lessons to be learned from a 
study of the history of our Colonial Empire should be sought. 



In Part I. of the ** Chronology " the main events of the history of the Colonies are 
recorded year by year in parallel columns, and a series of Maps has been specially prepared 
to show the growth of the British Empire century by century. In Part II. a concise account 
is given of each of the Colonies. The geographical situation and extent, and the form of 
government are set forth ; and a table of the principal statistics, showing the population, 
revenue and expenditure, trade and debt of each Colony for the years 1871, 1881, and 1890, 
has been compiled from the Annual Statistical Abstracts. 



H. J. ROBINSON. 



Boyal Colonial Institute, 

25th May, 1892. 



A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 



Allen, Jambs, '* History of Australia." London, 1884. 

The Annual Register, 1758 to 1891. London. 

BiRDwooD, Sir George, K.C.I.E., C.S.L, LL.D., " Report on the Old Records of the India 

Office." Second Reprint. 1891. 
BouRiNOT, J. G., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada ; " Parliamentary Procedure and 

Practice : with an Introductory Account of the Origin and Growth of Parliamentary 

Institutions in the Dominion of Canada." Montreal, 1884. 
Bronkhurst, Rev. H. V. P., '* British Guyana." London, 1883. 
Cape op Good Hope Official Handbook. Edited by John Noble, Clerk of the House of 

Assembly. Capetown, 1886. 
CoGHLAN, T. A., Government Statistician, '* The Wealth and Progress of New South 

Wales." Sydney, 1890. 
The Colonial Office List. London, 1891. 
CooKB, John Esten, ** Virginia : a History of the People." Fourth Edition. Boston and 

London, 1884. 
DiLKE, The Rt. Hon. Sir Charles W., Bart., ** Problems of Greater Britain." 2 vols. 

Second Edition. London, 1890. 
DowELL, Stephen, ** A History of Taxation and Taxes in England." 4 vols. London, 1884. 
Doyle, J. A., M.A., " The English in America." London, 1882. 

„ „ ,, '* The Puritan Colonies." 2 vols. London, 1887. 

Ferguson, John, ** Ceylon." London, 1883. 
Gisborne, W., ** Official Handbook of New Zealand." Edited by the Agent-General. 

London, 1884. 
Hakluyt's Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America. Selected and Edited, with 

Historical Notices, by E. J. Payne, M.A. London. 
Haytbr, Henry Heylyn, C.M.G., Government Statist of Victoria, ** Victorian Year Book." 

Melbourne and London. 



XIV A LIST OP PBINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

Houston, W., M.A., Librarian to the Ontario Legislature, " Documents illustrative of the 

Canadian Constitution." Toronto, 1891. 
Jamaica, Handbook op. Published by Authority. Jamaica and London. 
KiNGSFORD, W., LL.D., F.RS. Canada, ** History of Canada." 4 vols. London, 1888. 

1889, 1890. 
Lang, J. D., *' Historical Account of New South Wales." 2 vols. London, 1875. 
Lecky, W. E. H., ** History of England in the Eighteenth Century." 8 vols. London. 
Malleson, Colonel G. B., C.S.L, " Akbar." London, 1890. 
Parkman, Francis, ** Count Froutenac and New France under Louis XIV." London, 1878. 

„ „ " Montcalm and Wolfe." 2 vols. London, 1884. 

Ritchie, Leitch, ** The British World in the East." 2 vols. London, 1846. 
The Statesman's Year-Book, 1892. London. 
Statistical Abstract for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United 

Kingdom, 1869-1891. 
Statistical Year-Book of Canada for 1889. Ottawa, 1890. 
Statistics op the Colony of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand, 1888. 
Stow, J. P., ** South Australia." Adelaide, 1883. 
Theal, G. McCall, ** History of South Africa." 4 vols. London, 1888, 1889, 1891. 

,, ,, ** History of the Boers in South Africa," London, 1887. 

Thirty Years of Colonial Government. From the Official Papers of the Rt. Hon. Sir 

G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G. Edited by S. Lane-Poole. 2 vols. London, 1889. 
Traill, H. D., D.C.L., ** Central Government." London, 1881. 
Trotter, Captain L. J., ** Warren Hastings." London, 1890. 
Wheeler, J. Talboys, ** History of India." London, 1880. 
Journal op the Society of Arts. London. 
Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute. London. 
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. London. 



PART I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 




1492 



1493 



1494 



1497 



1498 



1500 



EUROPE. 



AMERICA. 



Henry VII., King of England. (1485 to 
1509.) 

Charles VIII., King of France. (1483 to 
1498.) 

Alexander VI., Pope. (1492 to 1503.) 

John II., King of Portugal. (1481 to 1495.) 

Ferdinand and Isabella, *' The Catholic 
Kings " of Aragon and Castile. (1479 to 1516 
and 1504.) 

Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Moors Columbus discovered the Bahamas 

from Granada. Columbus, after seven years (Watling Island), and named the island on 

of waiting upon their courts, was entrusted with which he landed San Salvador, 
three ships. 



Alexander VI. issued his Bull, drawing a line 
from the north to the south pole, passing 100 
leagues (in 1494 extended to 250 leagues) to the 
west of the Azores, and assigning all land dis- 
covered west of the line to the Spaniards, and 
all land to the east of the line to the Portuguese. 

A rampart was raised round the English 
Colony in Ireland, enclosing Kildare, Dublin, 
Louth, and Meath. 

John Cabot (a native of Venice who had 
settled as a merchant at Bristol) obtained a 
patent from Henry VII., conferring privileges 
upon himself and his three sons, and sailed in the 
Mathew to discover Cipango (Japan). Sebastian 
Cabot acted as pilot. An entry in Henry VII. 's 
Privy Purse expenses reads : ** August 10, 1497. 
To hym that found the new Isle, J[:10." 

The second patent, granted by Henry VII., 
empowered John Cabot and his deputies to fit 
out ships, and ** them convey and lede to the 
londe and isles of late found by the said John 
in oure name and by our commandment." 
Authority was granted to trade and colonize. 



Columbus on his second voyage discovered 
Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Eitts, and 
the Virgin Isles. 



Columbus discovered Jamaica. 



John and Sebastian Cabot, the first 
Europeans to land on the mainland of America, 
having planted the I^hif^lish flag on the coast of 
Labrador, discovered N ewfoundland, which 
they named Prima Vista, two days later on St. 
John's Day. 



Sebastian Cabot, on his second voyage, in 
search of Cathay (China), checked by ice in 
Hudson's Bay, coasted south as far as Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Columbus (third voyage) discovered 
Trinidad. 

Toltago, Grenada, and St. Vincent are also said tc 



1.1 



ave been diacovcred. 



In March Pedralvares Cabral sailed from 
Portugal with thirteen ships for India. Bar- 
tholomew Dias and Pedro Dias each com- 
manded a ship. Seventeen priests and 1200 
sailors and soldiers were on board. After dis- 
covering the coast of Brnzi , four ships 
(including Bartholomew Dins s) were lost in a 
storm. 



Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese, sent out 
by King of Portugal to seek a westward 
route to India, visited Newfoundland (Concep' 
tion Bay), the mouth of the Fleuve de Canada 
(the St. Lawrence), and the coast of Labradoi 
{Laboratores terra). Having landed on the 
coast, he seized some 50 natives and returnee 
to Portugal, where he sold them as slaves. 

Alonzo de Hojeda (who had taken part ii 
the second voyage of Columbus), and Amerigc 
; Vespucci (a learned Florentine merchant) dis 
covered Surinam, Paria, Venezuela, and th< 
coast of South America. 



AFRICA. 



Bartholomew Dias, with two ships doubled 
the Cape op Good Hope and anchored in Algoa 
Bay, beyond which his crews refused to go more 
than two or three days' sail. 

Having reachcxl the mouth of a river — the Cowie, or 
Great Fish River — Dias named it Rio do Infante, 
after the Captain of his second ship. Tlien 
returning, he discovered the Cape whicli he 
named Ca bo Toi-mentoso, but which King John 
re-named Cabo de Boa Esiwrancja. 



Vasco da Gama sailed from the Tagus on 
July 8 with four vessels. After four months* 
voyage he reached a bay which he named St. 
Helena Bay (120 miles north of the Cape). On 
the 20th of November he doubled the Cape. 
On the 25th December he named the land he was 
saiUng past Natal. 

On the 6th January Da Gama landed at the 
mouth of a river on the north shore of Delagoa 
Bay, and found the natives to be of the same 
race as the people of Angola, and quite distinct 
from the Hottentots of St. Helena Bay. Da 
Gama next touched at Sofala, and, having called 
at Mozambique and Mombasa, reached the 
island of Melinda on the 15th April. There he 
secured a Christian Indian pilot, who guided his 
fleet across the Indian Ocean. 

Cabral doubled the Cape of Good Hope, but 
did not anchor till he reached Sofala ; after 
touching at Mozambique and Melinda, he sailed 
across to the Malabar Coast. 

On his return voyage from India, Cabral 
revisited these ports and compelled several chiefs 
to become tributary to Portugal 



ASIA. 



YEAH. 



At the close of the fifteenth centniy the whole 
Indian peninsula was in a state oi disturbance. 
The Punjab and Hindustan from the banks of 
the Indus to the mouths of the Ganges were 
being desolated by invading Afghans. The 
Bahmani empire of the Dekhan was splitting 
into five kingdoms under independent Sultans. 
The Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar, south of the 
Kistnah, was distractc*! by internal revolts. 
The Malabar c^ast was ruled by twelve petty 
rajahs, who owned allegiance to the Zamorin, 
reigning at Calicut. 



Babar (aged fifteen) captured Samarkand, 
then the most iraporant city in Central Asia, but 
soon had to depart to save hia own kingdom of 
Ferghana. In the next few years he again cap- 
tured and lost Samarkand, and lost Ferghana. 



Da Gama anchored off CaHcut on the Malabar 
Coast on 28th May. He announced himself as 
an ambassador with a letter and presents to the 
Zamorin, or chief Rajah, of Malabar. The 
Zamorin was friendly, but the ^foorish traders 
roused the natives against the Portuguese, who 
sailed home without doing any trade. 



1486 



Six ships of Cabral's fleet reached Calicut. 
The jealousy of the Moorish merchants stirred 
up the natives, who after a time attacked the 
Portuguese who were ashore. For two days 
Cabral cannonaded the town. Then he made a 
treaty with the Rajah of Cochin (a rival of 
the Zamorin), w^ho supplied him with a cargo. 

The Dekhan was divided into five Muhamma- 
dan kingdoms. 

The Sikh brotherhood was founded in the 
Punjab by Nanuk Guru. 



1492 



1493 



1494 



1497 



1498 



1500 




1501 Henry VII. granted a patent to Hugh Eliot 
and Thomas Ashurst, niercbants of Bristol, 
and John Gonsalo and Francis Fernando, 

esquires, '* for settling colonies in newly-dis- 
covered countries," and granting the patentees 
a monopoly of trade for forty years. 



1502 Vasco da Gama sailed on his second voyage 
to India with twenty ships. King Emanuel 
of Portugal obtained from the Pope the title 
of '* Lord of the Navigation, Conquest, and 
Trade of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India." 



AMERICA. 



Cortereal sailed again in quest of the nortl 
west passage to India, and was lost on th 
voyage. 



Columbus on his fourth and last voyag 

discovered British Honduras and St. Lucia. 

Miguel Cortereal sailed in search of hi 
brother, and disappeared. 

Thome and Eliot reached Newfoundland. 



1603 



1505 



1506 



1507 



Nine ships were sent from Portugal to 
India, in three squadrons under Francisco 
d' Albuquerque, Alfonso d' Albuquerque, 
and Antonio de Saldanha. 

Julius II. became Pope. 



In an extract from the Privy Purse Expenses 
of Henry VII., mention is made of the product 
of voyages to Newfoundland as follows : 

" 25th August, 1505.— To Clay's going to 
Richmond with wyld catts and popyngays of 
the new found island, for his costs, 13s. id.** 

[Doyle 8 " Euglisli in America — Virginia," p. 37.] 



King Emanuel of Portugal sent out two 
fleets ; the first under Tristan da Cunha, 
the second under Alfonso d'Albuquerque, 
who was instructed ** to exclude the Indian 
Traders from the Red Sea and the Persian 
Gulf." 

[Birdwood's ** Report on the Old Records of the India 
OiHce," p. 168.] 



Jean Denys, of Honfleur, and Camart, 
Rouen, examined and sketched the Gulf 
St. Lawrence. 







AFEICA. 



Juan de Nova (?Castella), a Portuguese, 
discovered on Lady Day an island which he 
named Conception Island, but which Albu- 
querque re - named Ascension Island on 
20th May, 1603. 



ASIA. 



De Nova on his return discovered St. 
Helena. 

One of da Gama's vessels got separated from 
the fleet, and entered Delagoa Bay. Antonio 
do CampOy the captain, kidnapped several 
natives. 

The Portuguese built factories at Sofala and 
Mozambique. 



On his way to India, Saldanha anchored in 
Table Bay, and ascended Table Mountain, which 
he named. 

Ruy Lorenco discovered Zanzibar, which 
became tributary to Portugal. 



D' Almeida, appointed the first Governor and 
Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in India, 
doubled the Cape without seeing land. A second 
fleet sent out by the Portuguese being ordered 
to inspect the coast from the Cape to Sofala, 
entered Table Bay and inspected the coast to 
the east of Cape Agulhas. On entering Delagoa 
Bay some twenty Portuguese were slain by the 
natives. 

The Portuguese discovered the Island of 
Mauritius. 



The fleet of Tristan da Cunha discovered 
the islands which bear his name, and Mada- 
gascar. 



Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, believing he 
was the first to discover Mauritius, named it 
Ilha do Ceme. 

The Portuguese began to strongly fortify 
Sofala. 



De Nova arrived at Calicut and sank the 
fleet which the ,Zamorin was preparing against 
the Portuguese. 



Da Gama formed a settlement at Cochin, 
having found the Zamorin still hostile to the 
Portuguese. 



Francisco d'Albuquerque rescued the 
Rajah of Cochin from the besieging forces of 
the Zamorin, who submitted, and gave per- 
mission to the Portuguese to erect a fort and 
factory at Calicut. 



D'Almeida is said to have entered a port of 
Ceylon, and, in view of the abundance of cinna- 
mon, to have suggested settlements on the south 
and west coasts. 

[Colonial Year Book, 1891, p. 221.] 

Babar, having captured Ktlbul in October, 
1504, advanced as far as the Indus, but did not 
cross the river. 



YEAR. 



1501 



The Portuguese defeated the Zamorin in a 
great sea-fight. 



The Portuguese seized Ormuz; and first 
visited Malacca. 

D'Almeida's son ** accidentally discovered " 
Ceylon. 

[Birdwood, p. 168.] 

Babar, with a view to the invasion of India, 
captured Kandahar, but was unable to hold it. 



1502 



1503 



1605 



1506 



1507 



YEAH. 



1509 



1610 



1611 



1616 



1617 



1524 



1627 



1531 



1534 



EUROPE. 



Henry VIII., King of England (1609-1547). 

Venice was nearly mined by the hostile 
League of Cambrai, formed by Pope Julius II., 
Louis XII. of France, Maximilian I., and 
Ferdinand of Spain. 

King Emanuel sent out two large fleets to 
the East to suppress a determined attack upon 
the Portuguese. 



Julius II. withdrew from the League of 
Cambrai, and formed the Holy League with 
Venice and Ferdinand, and later (1513) with 
Maximilian, against France. 

Wolsey, created Cardinal, became Chancellor. 
Francis I., King of France (1515-1547). 



On 20th September, 1519, Fenlinand Magellan was 
sent by Charles V. of Simin, with five shijw, in 
quest of the Spice Islands. On 27th November, 
1520, Magellan passed through the Straits into 
the Pacific ; he discovered the Philip])ine Islands, 
on one of which he was slain by the natives on 
27th April, 1521. 

The Molucca Islands were reached on the 8th Novem- 
l)er, 1521, and in December, only two ships 
remaining, the Trinidiul was onlei-ed to retrace 
its course, while the Vittorin^ under Sebastian 
Del Cano, sailed homewanls round the Cape of 
Good no|>c (6th May, 1522) and reached S|)ain 
(San Lucar) on 6th September, 1522. 



Albert de Prado, a Canon of St. Paul's, 
fitted out two ships **to seek out the land of the 
great Cham." 

One of the ships, the Sampson, foundered in a 
storm ; the other, Mary of Guildford, commanded 
by Captain Rut, with de Prado on board, 
reached 53° N, and then turned southward to 
New^foundland. 

Brittany annexed to France in 1532. 

Sultan Soliman, who had besieged Vienna in vain in 
1529, was driven out of Hungary in 1532. 

The Act of Supremacy was passed in England. 

The Order of Jesuits was founded by Ignatius 
Loyola in Paris. 



AMERICA. 



Juan Bermudes discovered the Bermudas. 
Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 



Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert 

sailed in search of the north-west passage. 
Their crew mutinied in Hudson's Bay, and 
they were compelled to return to Europe. 



Giovanni Verrazano, under orders from 
Francis I , explored the coast of America from 
Cape Fear (lat. 34° N) to New York Bay, and 
called the country New Franco. 



Captain Rut wrote from the ** Haven of St 
John " to Henry VIII., that ** all his company 
were in good health," and that there were ** in 
St. John's Harbour, engaged in fishing, eleven 
sail of Normans, one Breton, and two Portugal 
barks." 



Jacques Cartier, sent by Francis I«, 

passed through the Straits of Belle Isle, and 
landing at Gasp6 took possession of the couutiy 
in the name of France. Having seized two 
Indians, he returned to France. 



AFBICA. 



D'Almeida, returning from India, landed at 
Table Bay, and was slain with many of his men 
in a fight with the natives. 



After the death of D' Almeida the Portuguese for 
many years avoided the Cape of Good Hope. 
They put into St. Helena (the jiosition of whieh 
they contrived to conceal from other nations) for 
fresh water, anti then doubled the Cape, and 
made Sofala their next port of calL 



ASIA. 



The Portuguese defeated an Egyptian fleet off 
Diu, which was acting in alliance wdth the 
Venetians and the Zamorin of Calicut. 

Ormuz successfully revolted. 

Albuquerque was appointed Governor, but 
was obliged to draw off his united fleets from 
before Calicut. 

The Portuguese seized Goa, and eventually 
made it the capital of their eastern possessions. 



Albuquerque seized Malacca, a flourishing 
commercial centre, and founded a settlement. 



Albuquerque died at Goa, having raised the 
Portuguese power in the East to its highest 
point. 

A factory was built by the Portuguese near 
Colombo, in Ceylon, which they fortified. 



YEAR. 



1509 



1510 



1511 



1616 



1517 



Vasco da Gama, appointed the second 1524 
Viceroy and sixth Governor of the Portuguese 
possessions in the East, made his third voyage 
to India. 

Babar, who in 1522 had acquired Kandahar 
by treat J', captured Lahore and parcelled out 
the Punjab. 

Babar, having crossed the Indus at the head j 1527 
of 10,000 men, defeated the Afghan Sultan at j 
Panipat, 21st April, 1526, and captured Delhi 
and Agra; and, having defeated the Rajputs 
near Agra, became master of Rajputana, 16th 
April, 1527. 



The ''Great South Land" (Australia) was 
discovered by Guillaume le Testu, a Provencal 
navigator. 



1531 



1534 



8 



YEAH. 



1535 



1536 



1540 



1541 



1542 



1555 



EUROPE. 



AMERICA. 



On the 30th April, two ships, The Trinity and 
Minion, fitted out by Hore, a London merchant, 
sailed from Gravesend in the track of the Cabots. 



Cartier, on his second voyage, entered the 
St. Lawkence, which he named on 10th August ; 
he described it as the waterway of Canada (the 
first mention of the name). SaiUng up the river, 
he came to the native town of Stadacona, where 
the city of Quebec now stands. Higher up he 
found a larger town called Hochelaga. He 
called the mountain overlooking it Mont IU)yaly 
from which the modern city of Montreaij is 
named. Returning, he wintered at Stadacona, 
and in the spring sailed home to France. 



Here's ships having reached Newfoundland, 
the crews were reduced to desperation by starva- 
tion, and only saved by the arrival of a French 
ship, in which they returned home. 



A second Secretary of State was appointed by 
Henry VIII. 



Francis I. organized an expedition to found 
a settlement on the river discovered by C artier. 
He appointed Roberval, a noble of Picardy, 
Lieutenant-Governor, and Cartier to be Captain- 
General and Master I?ilot. 



Henry VIII. assumed the title of King 
instead of Lord of Ireland. 

In ir>49 Sebastian Cabot was made Grand Pilot of 
Kuji^land ; and in 1553 a Company (the Rnssian 
Coinnany), with Cabot as governor, was formed 
for the discovery of a north-east ]>assagc, which 
obtained a charter in 1554 from Mary nnder the 
title of '* Mcrcliant Adventurers for the Dis- 
covery of Lands, Countries, and Isles not known 
or frequented by any English." 



Mary, Queen of England (1553-1558). 

1558, Sun-cnder of Calais to France. 

Sir Hugh Willoughby and two ships' crews 
(who had been sent out, in 1553, to seek the 
north-east passage) were found frozen to death 
in a river of Lapland. A third vessel (Captain 
Richard Chancel!or) reached the Bay of St. 
Nicholas, and Chancellor made his way to 
Moscow. '* The route thus opened by Chancellor 
was resolutely followed up." 

[Doyle's ** English in America— Virginia" p. 50.] 



Cartier sailed from St. Malo with five vessels, 
which reached Cap Bouge, nine miles above 
Quebec. He explored the St. Lawrence as far 
as the La Chine rapids. 



Roberval sailed from La Bochelle, and 
reached Newfoundland, where Cartier joined 
him. They believed Cartier had discovered 
gold and diamonds, which, however, proved to 
be iron pyrites and quartz. 



9 



AFRICA. 




1536 



In 1538 the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa sent an embassy 
to Chittagong to try to promote tnule with 
Bengal. The mission was unsuccessful, and 
nanowly escai>e(l destruction. In the same 
year the Sultan of Turkey (Soliman the Magni- 
ficent) sent an Egyptian fleet to attack the 
Portuguese at Diu, who repelled all assaults 
suct^essfuUy. 



The Portuguese established their trade with 
Camboja and Cochin China. 

Babar having died in 1540, his son, 
Humayun, was defeated by Sher Khan 
Sur, an Afghan, who had submitted to Babar, 
but rose against his son, and for fifteen years 
(1540-1655) ruled the Punjab and Iliudustan. 



1636 



1540 



1641 



Birth of Akbar, son of Humayun, on 1642 
15th October, in Sind. 

The Portuguese discovered Japan. 



Humayun and his son Akbar (aged 13) 
re-crossed the Indus, and, having won the battle 
of Sirhind, occupied Delhi and Agra; Akbar 
succeeded as ruler of Hindustan in January. 
1556. 



1566 



10 



jTEAR 



1579 



EUROPE. 



1580 



1583 



1584 



1685 



Elizabeth, Queen of England (1558-1603). 

Desmond rebelled in Munster, and was 
assisted by the Spaniards. 

Lord Burleigh Lord Treasurer (1572). 

Walsingham Secretary (1573). 



Francis Drake having sailed from Plymouth 
on the 13th December, 1577, in the Pelican 
(120 tons), was the first Englishman to pass the 
Straits of Magellan. Having obtained much 
booty from the Spaniards of Peru, he sailed 
across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and reached 
England 3rd November, 1580, the first EngUsh- 
man to circle the world. 

Independence of the Netherlands declared. 

The Turkey and Levant Company formed in London 
in 1581, to trade with India by way of the 
Levant and Pei-»ian Clulf. 



Jan Huyghen Van Linschoten, of Haarlem 
(in the service of Vincente da Fonseca, 
appointed Archbishop of India by Philip of 
Spain), sailed from Lisbon in April, and reached 
Goa in September. 

He remained in India till January, 1589. He reached 
Lisbon in January, l.''»92. He made two attempts 
to fmd a north-eastern i^assage to China, in 
company with William Barentz and Jacob 
Heemskirk. 

Sir W. Raleigh obtained a patent from 
Elizabeth, granting him possession of all lands 
he might discover on the continent of America, 
** not actually possessed of any Christian Prince 
or People.*' 

Philip of Spain, having conquered Portugal 
in 1580, closed Lisbon to the Dutch, who had 
been in the habit of obtaining thence the Indian 
products they required for use and trade. The 
Dutch, in consequence, determined to open up 
direct communication with the East. 

Philip of Spain laid an embargo on all 
British subjects, ships, and goods to be found in 
his dominions. Elizabeth authorized general 
reprisals, and equipped an armada of twenty- 
livo vessels, manned by 2,300 men, under the 
command of Drake, to plunder Spanish America. 
After looting the Spanish vessels in Vigo, Drake 
crossed the Atlantic to Dominica in eighteen 
days. 



AMEEICA. 



" In 1578 there were 150 French vessels at New- 
FouNDi^ND, besides 200 Siwinish, Portuguese, 
and English ships ; . . . . although no record 
exists, there can be no doubt thftt trade with 
Canada was maintained by vessels anniiAlIy 
aniving from Euroi^e." 

[Kingsford's "Canada," vol. i. p. 12.] 



The English took possession of Tobago. 

British Guiana was first partially settled by 
the Dutch West India Company. 



St. John's Harbour (Newfoundland) and the 
adjoining territory were taken possession of by 
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, under a commission 
of Queen Elizabeth, on 5th August. He 
found nearly forty fishing ships in the harbour, 
French, English, Portuguese, and Spanish. 

On his voyage home Sir H. Gilbert was 
drowned. 



Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, sent 
out by Raleigh, landed on Eoanoke Island 
(lat. 36**S.), and, having spent some weeks 
surveying the country and trafficking with the 
natives, returned to England with so favourable 
a report, that the Queen gave the land the 
name of Virginia, extending from Spanish 
Florida to French Canada, or New France. 



John Davis, in search of the north-west 
passage, discovered Davis Straits. 

Raleigh sent out a fleet of seven vessels with 
108 settlers, under the command of Sir Richard 
Grenville, who formed a camp in July on 
Roanoke Island. Ralph Lane, the Governor, 
after the return home of Grenville with the 
ships, explored the neighbouring country, which 
was found to be fertile and well-timbered. 
Although some friendly Indians were met with, 
there was constant conflict with the natives, who 
eventually attacked the settlement itself. 



AFEICA. 



Thomas Stevens, an English priest in the 
service of Portugal, was wrecked near the Cape 
OP Good Hope on his way to Goa, and wrote 
the first account of it recorded in English by an 
eye-witness. Continuing his voyage, Stevens 
was the first Englishman to visit India. 



Francis Drake, returning home, sighted the 
Cape on 18th June, ** a most stately thing, and 
the fairest cape we saw in the whole circum- 
ference of the earth." 

[Payne*s "Voyages of tlie Elizabethan Seamen, from 
tlie Ck)Ilcction of Hakluyt," p. ]68.] 



ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. 



Akbar became supreme over all northern 
India, including Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. 

The Portuguese domination in the East was 
rapidly decaying, owing to the incompetence 
of their Viceroys. 



Akbar's empire attained the highest degree of 
prosperity. Peace prevailed throughout under 
his wise and tolerant rule. Early in 1681 
Akbar abolished the " tamgha," or inland tolls, 
and the '* jizya," or capitation tax, imposed by 
the Afghan rulers of India upon their non- 
Muhammadan subjects. 



11 



YEAR. 



1679 



1580 



Akbar and his son, Prince Murad, totally 1583 
defeated Akbar's brother, Muhammad Hakim 
Mirza, who had invaded India from Kabul. 

Three EngUshman, Ralph Fitch, James 
Newberry, and Leedes, reacted India over- 
land, but were imprisoned at Ormuz, and after- 
wards at Goa, by the Portuguese. 



Akbar pacified Bengal, suppressed a rebellion 1534 
in Gujarat, subdued a revolt in Asirgarh and 
Burhanpur, and put down disturbances in the 
Dekhan. 



1585 



12 



YEAE. 



1586 



EUROPE. 



1587 



1588 



1591 



1595 



AMERICA. 



Sir Francis Drake destroyed part of the 
armament which Philip II. of Spain was pre- 
paring at Cadiz for the conquest of England. 



Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 

Thomas Cavendish, who in July, 1586, 
had sailed from Plymouth with the object of 
plundering the western shores of South America, 
crossed the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and 
reached Plymouth on 9th September, the second 
English captain to circumnavigate the world. 

A patent was granted by Elizabeth to some 
merchants of Exeter to trade in the Gambia 
district. 

On 10th April, the fikst English expedition 
of three ships sailed from Plymouth for the 
East Indies under the command of George 
Raymond and James Lancaster. 

In 1592, an Eii«j:lish exi>edition, mainly fitted out by 
Sir \V. Raleigh, but also assisted by Queen 
Elizal)eth and the merchanta of Loudon, cap- 
tured the ^'ont Spanish plate-shiji, the Mndre 
ik DioSj with a cargo valued at half a million 
sterling. 

Dutch merchants (Association of Distant 
Lands) sent out four ships from the Texel, 
under Cornelis Houtman, to the East Indies 
vid the Cape of Good Hope. 



On New Year's Day Drake captured St. 
Domingo city, and received a ransom of 25,000 
dollars. Later on he took Carthagena, but lost 
so many men from sickness that he was unable 
to attack Nombre de Dios and Panama, which 
the Spaniards in the next few years made strong 
enough to repulse Drake and Hawkins in 
1595. 

Drake, arriving at Eoanoke in June, found 
that the settlers had not received the supplies 
from England expected in April ; and, by their 
wish, he embarked them all on his ships. 

Grenville arrived shortly after Drake's 
departure, and, having sought for Lane's 
settlers, left fifteen men to retain possession of 
the country for England. These men, living 
carelessly, were destroyed by the Indians. 



Raleigh sent an expedition of 150 persons 
(including seventeen women) under John White 
as Governor, who failed to find any trace of the 
the fifteen men left at Eoanoke in the previous 
year, but re-settled the fort. On 18th August, 
Virginia Dare was bom, the granddaughter of 
White, and the first child of EngUsh parents 
born on American soil. 



White, who had returned to England in 1587, and 
had made an unsuccessful voyage in 1588, arrived 
at Roanoke in the spriug of 1590, and found no 
trace of the colony, except the word ** Croatoan '* 
(a neighbouring island) carved on a tree trunk. 



John Davis, in 1592, visited the Falkland Islani>s, 
which were explored by Hawkins in 1594. 



Sir W. Raleigh sailed with five ships 
and 100 men in his vain search for the empire 
of Guiana. Having burnt the Spanish town of 
St. Joseph (built about 1584) on the island of 
Trinidad, Kaleigh proceeded to explore the 
basin of the Orinoco, and finally returned 
unsuccessful to Trinidad. 



13 



AFEICA. 



ivendish passed the Cape of Good Hope 
Gth of May, aud landed at St. Helena on 
^une. 



aymond's fleet, the first English ships to 
our on the South African coast, put into 
B Bay at the end of July. The Merc^iant 
d was sent back home weak-handed in 
ist, and the Penelope, with Raymond on 
i, foundered 12th September, four days 
ssdling from Table Bay. 



le Dutch settled at Cape Coast on the 

Coast, and successfully resisted the 

npts of the Portuguese (who had been 

}a at Accra since 1480, and at Elmina 

1484) to dislodge them. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The Portuguese obtained possession of Macao 
as a station for their China trade. 

Akbar had to subdue outbreaks in the north- 
west of his empire, and sent an army to conquer 
Kashmir, another to chastise the Baluchis, and 
a third against the Yusufzais. By the latter 
the Mogul troops were at first severely repulsed. 
Eventually the tribes were completely defeated 
in the Khyber Pass; Kashmir was conquered, 
and the Baluchis offered but slight resistance. 



a 



Akbar visited Kdbul, and re-established 

firm government. 

In the next few years ho was engaged in i»acifying 
Sind, in putting down a revolt m Kashmir, and 
in definitively annexing Orissa to his empire. 



Captain James Lancaster reached India. 
After three years* absence he arrived in England, 
and his report induced the formation of the 
English East India Company. 



Houtman's fleet obtained much merchandise 
from Java (1596), having successfully attacked 
the Portuguese merchants and their vessels. 

[Uitchie's " Briti«h World in the East," vol. i. p. 96.] 



YEAR. 



1686 



1587 



1588 



1591 



1696 



14 



YEAR. 



1595 



1598 



EUROPE. 



Linschoten published his great work on the 
navigation of the eastern seas by the Portuguese 
(1595-6). 

Rebellion of Tyrone (O'Neal), assisted by 
Philip of Spain. 

In 1596 the naval power of Spain was shattered Ijy 
the expedition against Cadiz, headed by £ssex, 
Iloward, and Raleigh, and composed of 93 English 
and 24 Dntch shijw. The shipping was burned, 
the city sacked, and the fortifications razed. 



Houtman with two ships (John Davis, 
chief pilot) made a second voyage to India 
and was slain. 

Death of Lord Burleigh. 

Henry IV. of France granted toleration to 
the Protestants by the Edict of Nantes. 

In December, 1599, the New Brabant Com]»any sent 
out four ships from Amsterdam to the Indies 
under Pietcr Both. 

The Dutch having raised the price of eastern 
produce against the English, the London 
merchants held a meeting, 24th Sept., 1599, 
under the Lord Mayor, and agreed to form 
an association to trade directly with India. 



AMERICA. 



The Marquis de la Roche sailed to found 
an empire of *' New France " in North America. 
His crew was supplemented from the prisons, 
and his expedition was a total failure; the 
I survivors being rescued in 1603 from Sable 
Island, an island ofif the coast of Nova Scotia. 



1600 



1601 



On December 31st, Queen Elizabeth granted 
a charter to the English (London) E.\st India 
Company, to monopolize the English trade in 
the Indian seas, under the title of ** The 
Governor and Company of Merchants of London 
trading into the East Indies." 



The first fleet of the London East India 
Company sailed from Torbay on 22nd April, 
under the command of ** General ** James 
Lancaster with John Davis as chief pilot. 
It consisted of the Mare Scourge of 600 tons 
(afterwards called the Bed Dracjun), the Hector ^ 
300 tons, the Ascension^ 260 tons, and the Susan^ 
240 tons. 

The Spaniards landed in Ireland and fortified 
Kinsale. 



Chauvin, of Rouen, and Pontgravd, of St. 
Malo, received a monopoly of the fur trade from 
Henry IV., on condition that they established 
a colony of 500 persons. They left sixteen men 
at Tadousac (where the river Saguenay flows 
into the St. Lawrence), and returned to France 
with a full cargo. 



Chauvin and Pontgrav6 made a second 
voyage to the St. Lawrence, and rescued the 
survivors of those left at Tadousac. On a third 
voyage Chauvin died, and Pontgravc induced 
M. de Chastes, Governor of Dieppe, to join 
with him in his Canadian ventures. 



I _ 



15 



AFRICA. 



Dutch ship Liojiy with John Davis on 
called at Table Bay, when thirteen sailors 
ain by Hottentots in Table Valley. 



Dutch captain, Van Warwy k, separated 
borm from Houtman, sighted the island 
16, and, finding it uninhabited, re-named 
UBiTius, in honour of their Prince 
ce of Nassau. 



caster's ships reached Table Bay on the 
ptember, the crews suffering severely from 
After seven weeks' rest they resumed 
oyage to India, having obtained from the 
tots forty- two oxen and 1,000 sheep by 
for pieces of iron. 

vessels of the Dutch fleet returning from 
under Van Caerden, called in at and 
Mossel Bay, Flesh Bay, and Fish Bay, 
coast of South Africa. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1595 



Having held his court at Lahore for fourteen 
years, Akbar was forced to march into southern 
India to subdue the Dekhan sultans. He 
compelled the surrender of Ahmadnagar, and 
appointed rulers over Berar and Khandeish, and 
was then summoned to meet the rebellion of his 
son, Salim. 

*' Cornelius Wytfliet, in 1598, distinctly iiulicated the 
|>osition of Australia: — 'The Australis Terra 
IS the most southern of all lands, and is 
separated from New Guinea [fn-st discovered 
by the Portuguese in 1526] by a narrow 
strait.'" 

[Lirdwoody p. 188. J 



1598 



The Dutch vessels in the Indian seas were 
opposed by the Portuguese, and a war commenced 
between the two countries. 



1600 



Akbar conciliated his son Salim (afterwards 
Jahangir), by granting him the government of 
Bengal and Orissa. 



1601 



16 



YEAR. 



1602 



EUROPE. 



1603 



1604 



The States-General united the trading com- 
panies of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and other 
towns in one great company, to which they 
granted a charter as the Netherlands General 
East India Company on 20th March. 

[Transaclio7is of the Royal Historical Society, New 
S^'ries. Vol. ii. part i. p. 9.] 

Their first fleet of fourteen vessels was at 
once sent out under the command of Van 
Warwyk. 



AMERICA. 



James I., King of England (1603-1625). 

Sir W. Raleigh, being accused of taking 
part in a plot against James, was imprisoned in 
the Tower. 

Richard Hakluyt, John Salterne, Mayor 
of Bristol, and certain merchants, sent out to the 
coast of North America the Sjjecchvellf fifty tons, 
and the Discovery j twenty-six tons, "laden with 
hats of divers colours, clothes, mirrors, and imple- 
ments of husbandry and carpentry." Martin 
Pring was in command, and in six months 
returned home after a succesbful voyage. 



The First Parliament of James vindicated its 
privileges, viz., the right to control its own 
elections, and the right of members to freedom 
from arrest. 

Peace conchuled between England and Spain. 

The French formed their first East India 
Company. 



An attempt to renew settlement in Vu^nia 
was made by the Earl of Southampton and 
others, who sent out a ship with twenty-three ! 
settlers under the command of Bartholomew 
Gosnold. A new route by way of the Azores 
was discovered, which shortened the voyage by 
1,500 miles. 

Gosnold is said to have named Gape Ck>d, 
and to have built a storehouse on Cuttyhunk 
Island ; but he made no settlement. 

Raleigh made a last effort to trace his lost 
settlers. He sent out a ship under Samuel 
Mace of Weymouth, who, however, failed to 
obtain any tidings. 



Samuel Champlain (son of a naval officer, 
and bom in 1567), having received permission 
from Henry IV., from whom he was receiving 
a small military pension, joined the expedition 
of Pontgrave and de Chastes, which had 
obtained the support of many merchants. 
Ascending the St. Lawrence, Pontgrave and 
Champlain found the sites of the native villages 
of Stadacona and Hochelaga deserted. Champ- 
lain explored the rivers Saguenay and Richelieu. 
By showing a map of his travels to Henry IV. 
on his return to France, Champlain secured the 
King's support to his future enterprise. M. de 
Chastes having died, the Sieur de Monts 
obtained a grant of all lands from 40 ** to 46** N., 
under the title of Acadie, with a monopoly of 
the fur trade, and supreme authority to govern. 

[Kingsford, *' History of Canada," vol. i. pp. 21, 23.] 



De Monts, Champlain (second voyage), 
and Pontgrav6 reached Cape de la Have (Nova 
Scotia) on 8th May. There were on board their 
ships 150 artificers and some gentlemen of 
family, including the Baron de Poutrincourt. 
Having explored the Grande Baye Fran^aise 
(Bay of Fundy), Pontgrav6 and de Poutrincourt 
returned to France, while De Monts and Champ- 
lain wintered at St. Croix, in Passamaquoddy j 
Bay. Thirty-nine men out of seventy-nine died 
from scurvy, and the remainder suffered terribly 
from the cold. 



17 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The fleet of the London East India Company 
reached Sumatra in June, and established 
commerical relations with the King of Acheen. 

Captain Lancaster also obtained cargoes 
for his ships from the Molucca Islands, and from 
Bantam. 



Lancaster set up a factory, or "House of 
Trade" at Bantam. 

The Dutch, with a large European force, 
attempted in vain to oust the Portuguese from 
Mozambique aud Goa. 



YEAR. 



1602 



1603 



The Dutch settled factories on the Malabar 1604 
and Coromandel coasts, in Ceylon, and at 
Bantam, and Jacatra (Java). They also success- 
fully resisted an attack made on them by the 
Spaniards from Manilla. 

Sir E. Michelburne, under a licence from 
James I. to trade ** to Cathay, China, Japan, 
Corea, and Cambaya," plundered the native 
traders in the Indian Archipelago. 



The Company's trade was extended to Banda 
and Amboyna by Sir Henry Mtddleton in 

command of the ** Second Voj^age," which con- 
sisted of the Dragon, Hector, Ascension, and 
Susan, 



Gunpowder Plot discovered. 

The Earl of Southampton and Sir Thomas 
Arundel sent out George Weymouth, who 

explored the Kennebec river and the adjacent 
country od the coast of Maiue. 



The patent of Sir W. Raleigh becoming 
void by his attainder for treason. James I. 
granted a patent (10th April) dividing Virginia 
between two companies, the London fund the 
Plymouth. 

The Ti<^)Ni>ON (South Virqisia) Company 
(oomprisiiif; Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George 
Somers, Hakluyt, Edward Maria "Wing- 
field, merchant, and others) engaged Captain 
Christopher Newport to lead three ships to 
take poasession of the country assigned them by 
the patent, viz., from 34"N. to SS'N., with 
right to settle as far as 41 °N. if they founded 
their colony before the PljTnouth Company 
founded theirs, and to extend 100 miles inland. 
The fleet sailed from Blackwall on 19th 
December. The ships vfere of 100 tons, 
40 tons, and 20 tons burden, and carried 100 
" adventurers." 

The London East India Company sent out 
their " Third Voyage," consisting of the Dragon, 
Hector, and Consent. 



The English Commons rejected a Bill for the 
union of England and Scotland. 

The hostile Border laws were repealed, 

The "Fourth Voyage" of the London East 
India Company was made by two ships, the 
Ascension and the Union, of which the first was 
wrecked off Diu, and the latter off the coast of 
Franco on her way home in 1609. 

The PLVMontn Company Ecnt out 120 settlei-s 
in two ships, commanded by Raleigh Gilbert 
and George Popham, the latter of whom was 
appointed President of the Colony about to be 
founded. 



In the spring De Monts decided to remoya 
to the site of Port Royal (Annapolis). Tbera 
tiiey began to cultivate the soil. Pontgrave 
and de Poutrincourt arrived with supphee, 
Champlain eicplored as far south aa Nantackat 
Bay. lie wintered at Port Royal with Pont- 
grave. De Monts returned to France. 

Barbados was taken possession of by tbA 

crew of the English ship Olive, in the nar ' 

England. 



Champlain continued to explore the coast 
and country of Acadie, and again wintered al 
Port Royal with de Poutrincourt. under 

whose direction the settlement was prospering, 
and aubsisting by (he labour of the settlers. 

The Plymouth (North Viroisia) Comi-akt 
of Woat-country gentlemen and mcrcliants, the 
cliii:f men being Chief Justice Popham, Sit 
Ferdinando Gorges (Governor of Plymouth), 
and Raleigh Gilbert, was formally incoiixjratwl, 
and sent out two expeditious. The first was 4 
failure; the second, under Martin Pring, mad* 
a complete sun-ey of the coast : and, onhisi^ort) 
the Company decided to undertake a colony. 



The ships of the London Coupakt reachai 
Chesapeake Bay on 26th April. Their sealed 
orders were found to contain the names of ths 
council who had been nominated by the govern- 
ing body in Loudon. They were Gosnold, 
John Smith, Wingfield, Newport, Ratclififli 
Martin, and Kendall, Ascending the rin 
Powhatan, which they named James River, i 
site was chosen and named James Town, a 
13th May. During the summer, famine UL 
fever killed fifty of the colonists, inclodiiil 
Gosnold. 



19 



AFRICA. 



Edward Michelburne and Captain 
Davis in the Tiger (240 tons) put into 
Bay in April, on their way to the Indies. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 






Akbar died, and was succeeded by his son 
Salim, who reigned as Jahangir (1605-1627). 

De Quiros, a Spaniard, was sent from Lima, 
in Peru, to discover the ** great southern land." 
He made land, probably one of the Louisiade, or 
New Hebrides Islands, and named it "Tierra 
Austral del Espiritu Santo." His lieutenant, 
De Torres, separated by a storm, passed 
through the Torres Straits, and discovered 
the mainland near Cape York. 

Davis was killed in a fight with Japanese 
pirates in the Straits of Malacca on 27th 
December. 



The yacht, Duyfhen, sent from Bantam by 
the Dutch East India Company, discovered the 
northern coast of Australia, probably a few 
months earlier than De Torres. 



YEAR. 



1605 



William Hawkins, commanding the Hector^ 
which belonged to the ** Third Voyage" of the 
London East India Company, landed at Surat, 
and travelled to Agra with a letter from James 
I. to the Great Mogul (Jahangir), who received 
him well, but who was persuaded by the 
Portuguese not to grant him any trading 
concessions. 

The Hector , Dragon, and Consent obtained at 
Bantam a cargo of pepper and spicery, and a 
small quantity of cloves from Amboyna; the net 
profits on the ** Voyage " amounting to 234 per 
cent. 



1606 



1607 



20 
YEAR. 
1607 



The London East India Company sent out 
only one ship, the Consent, on their " Fifth 
Voyage." The Company received a new charter 
from James I, (31st May), making perpetual 
the privileges granted by Elizabeth ; and con- 
structed their dockyard at Beptford to build 
larger ships. 

The Boyol Dockyard had been built in 1613. 

At the beginning of the sevvutcpnth century there 
wi'ta tint tour English mprolinut Bhiiw of 400 
toni each, and not mora than 150 other I'essels 
averaging about ]50 tous. 

The Puritan congregation of Scrooby, in Lin- 
cohishire, owing lo the enforcement of laws 
against them, fled to Holland, and eventually 
settled at Leyden under the pastorate of John 
Bobiuson, and became a nucleus round which 
Nonconformists from ail parts of England 



The coloniBta of the Plymouth Compaijt 
settled on the river Sagadahoc (Kennebec) in 
August, and built " fifty houses, an intrcDchcd 
fort, ft church, and storehouse " before tha 
winter set in with exceptional severity. 
Popham, however, was the only one to 
succumb ; but the colony came to an end, owing 
to (he death of Chief Justice Popham in 
England, and the withdrawal of the support 
of Raleigh Gilbert, on inheriting his family 
estate. The loss of their two chief supporters. 
and the destruction by fire of the fort, decided 
the colonists to toraaJte their new home, 
attempt was made by the Plymouth Company 
to form a fresh settlement during the nest seven 
years. 

[DmiU, •■ Purit-iii Cnloiiics." vol. L pp. 23, 26.] 

De Monts' patent having been revoked, ha 
recalled his settlera from Port Royal. Champ- 
lain, and all who had shared in this first attempt 
lo colonize in tlie north of the continent of 
America, returned to France. 

Henry Hudson made his first voyage in 
search of the north-west passage. 



John Smith, exploring the country around 
James Town, was captured by the Indians, and 
taken before their kin", Powhatan. He is 
said to have been saved from death by Poca- 
hontas, the King's daughter. Returning U 
Jatiies Town, Smith found the leaders about to 
desert the colony. By threats he deterred 
them ; and food was obtained from the Indians 
until Newport brought supplies from England. 
Francis Nelson also arrived from Ixindon. 
and on his return took back Smith's "True 
Relation of Virginia," the first book written by 
an Englishrrmn in America, which was pablished 
the same year at "The Greyhound, in Panl't 
Churchyard," 



De Monts sent an expedition under Pont- 
grav6 and Champlain (Third Voyage) 
found a settlement on the St. Xi^wrenoa 

Quebec was chosen as a site (3rd July), 

a fort was commenced. Pontgrav^ returned to 
France, but Champlain remained and laid 
foundation of the future city, 



Second voyage of Henry Hudson in search 

of a north-west passage to the Indies. 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



21 



YEAR 



1607 



The Dutch hindered the Consent from trading 
at Banda, but the English obtained a cargo of 
spicery from Pulo Way, a neighbouring island. 

" At this period the ever-prosperous Hollanders are 
stated to have had factories at Mocha ; in 
Persia ; at Cambay ; in Malabar ; Ceylon ; Coro- 
mandel ; Bengal ; Aracan ; Pegu ; in Sumatra, 
at Achcen, Jambi, and Palembang ; in Java, 
at Bantam ; in Camboja ; Siam ; Cochin China ; 
Tonquin ; China ; an(l Japan ; exclusive of the 
entire possession of the Moluccas and the fac- 
tories taken from the Portuguese in the Banda 
Islands." 

{Birdwood, p. 186.^ 



1608 



A new charter was granted to the Londoo 
(South Virginia) Company, extending the hmits 
of their colony to 200 miles north and 200 miles 
south of the mouth of James River. Lord Dela- 
ware wfts appointed Governor, Sir Thomas 
Gates Lieutenant-Governor, andSirG. Somers 
Admiral. On the 1st June Gates and Somers 
Bailed with nine vessels, well supplied, and 
carrjung 500 settlers. 

Spain recognized the independence of the 
United Provinces. 

The Moors were expelled from Spain. 



The London East India Company sent out 
their " Sixth Voyage," consisting of the Trades 
hicrease (Sir H, Middleton), the Peppercorn 
(Nicholas Downton), and the Darlinij. Built 
in the Company's Dockyard at Deptford, the 
Tratles Increase, of 1,100 tons, was hy (ar the 
largest merchant vessel afloat. 

The English Parliament, refusing to agree to 
"The Groat Contract," by vfhich Salisbury 
(Sir Robert Cecil) proposed to commute the 
feudal dues, was dissolved. 

By the close of the year the evil condition of 
their colony in Virginia had been made known 
to the members of the London Compauy. Their 
funds Tunning short, and their profits failing, 
the policy of abandoning their scheme of coloni- 
zation was seriously debated. Lord Delaware, 
moreover, urged a yet greater oiitlay and the 
necessity of sending out as settlers *• men of 
quahty, and painstaking men of arts and 
practices," " not a hundred or two of debauoht 
hands dropt forth year after year." 

[QaoteJ by DmjU, "Tirginm," p. 181.] 



Pontgravc returned to Quebec with stores. 
and Champlain, accompanied by a party of 
Algonquin Indiana, ascended the Bicheliea 
River, and discovered Lake Champlain, Heia 
the Iroquois Indians (or Five Nations) were 
met with and defeated mainly by the aid of 
Champlain. By direction of De Monts 
Champlain returned to France. 

John Smith, chosen president hy the James 
Town colonists, obtained corn from Powhatan 
in- the winter of 1608-9, and in the spring com- 
pelled all the " company " of settlers to plant 
the soil, declaring that " he that will not work 
shall not eat." Fresh settlers from England 
arrived in the summer; and Smith, having 
been wounded by an explosiou, returned to 
England, leaving James Town built of aiity 
wooden houses, with a population of 500 bouIg. 

The Sea YeiUun\ having on board Sir Geoi^e 
Somers and Sir T. Gates, was wrecked on 
the BEBMun,\s : the rest of the fleet reached 
James Town. 

Henry Hudson made his third and Ust 
voyage, and discovered the River and Bay that 

now bedJ' his name. 

At the end of ten months the castaways oD 
the Bermudas had built a cedar bark of 80 tons, 
and a smaller one, in which, after a fourteen 
days' voyage, they reached Virginia (10th May). 
They found the James Town colonists in despair, 
and reduced by famine, fever, and Indian attacks 
to sixty souls. Having but scanty stores. Gates 
and Somers decided to embark every one, and 
to attempt to reach Newfoundland. On 7th June 
they saileJ from James Town, but were met 
in the James River by Lord Delaware ' 
three ships and supplies. Returning to James 
Town, under the energetic rule of Lord l)elawaro 
the defences were repaired, and the colonists 
were made to work systematically. Bnt in fiva 
months 150 of them had died ; and Somers. who 
sailed to the BEntiuDAS to obtain food supphe«, 
died there, and his ship's crewretumed to England. 

Champlain (Fourlh Voyage) took out fresb 
workmen to Quebec, and again took part with 
the Algonquin Indians in fighting the Iroquoia 
De Monts' privileges having been revoked, ft 
number of French vessels ascended the SL 
Lawrence as tar as Tatlousac, but failed Ut 
effect much trade. On learning the death dt 
Henry IV., Pontgrave and Champlain re- 
turned to France, leaving Du Pare with sixteen 
men in charge of Quebec. 



23 



AFRICA. 



ter Both, who had been appointed the 
rovernor-General of Netherlands India, 
id sailed from the Texel in January, was 
ted by a storm from the rest of his fleet, 
)ok refuge in Table Bay, where he was 
by Captain Downton in the Peppercorn 




AMERICA. 

A Bristol Company, of which Sir Francia 
Bacon and John Guy, Mayor of BriBtol, wera 

patentees, attempted to form a settlement at 
Cupid's Cove, Conception Btiy, New 
but without 



The London East Indiii Company sent out 
their " Seventh Voyage." the Globe ; and their 
" Eighth Voyage," consisting of the Clove, 
Hector, and Thonuus. 

The second French East India Company was 
formed. 

Sir Thomas Gates reported bo strongly on 
the tertihty of the soil of Virginia that the 
Loudon Company, though disheartened by the 
great loss of Ufe aud small return for their out- 
lay, fitted out three ships with 300 settlers and 
a year's Bupphea, and appointed Sir Thomas 
Dale "High Marshal of Virginia," with com- 
mand of the expedition. 



In March a new charter was granted to the 
London (South Virginia) Company, adding to 
their doraaioa the Sotners Islands (Bermudas). 
The Company was also released from all import 
and export duties, aud allowed to raise funds by 
means of lotteries. 

The London East India Company sent out 
their "Ninth Voyage," made by one ship only, 
the James, which was also included in their 
" Tenth Voyage," of the Soseander, the Hector, 
and the Solomon, which last vessel is also called 
their " Eleventh Voyage," 

Probably the Ninth and Eleventh Voyages, 



ing of aingle sAiJpa Mii being cqiii[ip«il 
la th« Tenth Voj 
iiipai 
■eulirity, and have thu 



: the 



doaimtched 

- -'"" """' ' — thuH come to be included 

oyigf." The firat Tw«lve 
Voyogea raido by liliipa of tlm Euglish Euat 
Inili* Company are known m tlie " Separate 
Voyages." The entire coat of each Vnyage was 



Lord Delaware having left Virginia throngb 
ill-health, Sir Thomas Dale found that ths 
colonists "had gone back to their old habits o 
sloth aud improvidence. Many of thorn spent 
their time playing bowls in the streets of Jamefl 
Town, while their houses were crmnbhng beforS 
their eyes," Dale at once set vigorously to 
remedy affairs ; but he declared, in a letter to 
Lord Salisbury, that his settlers were " pro- 
fane " and "full of mutiny," and "their bodie* 
diseased and crazed that not sixty of them 
may be employed upon labour." 

In the autumn. Sir T. Gates arrived 

Governor, with six ships and 300 more settlers. 
A new site for a town was chosen, fortified, and 
named Henrico. The houses were mostly built 
of brick, and a church and hospital were also 
erected. For nearly eight miles the country 
was secured by a palisade, and soon fifty houses 
were built within the pale. 



Champlain ( Fifth Voyage) arrived at Quebec 
in May and found his garrison safe. He con- 
tinued to explore the banks of the St. Lawrence, 
but " found no place more fitted for settlement 
than that at the foot of the mountain which 
Cartier had described as Mount Boyal"- 
where the ^lontreal Custom House stands. 



De Monts retiring from the Association, 
Champlain spent the year in France seeking 
some other patron, and, finally enlisted the 
sympathy of the Prince de Condd, who wa« 
appointed by the Regent " Governor and 
Lieu tenant-General " of New France, with 
Champlain as his Lieutenant. 

Samuel Argall, who hiul been sent by Dalft 
to trade tor corn along the Kiver Potomac, seiud 
Pocahontas (theu about seventeen years ct 
age) and demanded from Powhatan as ' " 
ransom the Englishmen whom he held 
prisoners, as well as all tools and guns ta 
from the settlers, and a tribute of com. 

Sir Thomas Button sailed to Hudson^ 
Bay, and erected a cross at the mouth of the 
river flowing into the Bay on the west side, SSi 
token of the sovereignty of England, and auDd 
the place Fort Nelson. 



26 



AFRICA. 



The Dutch skipper, Isaac le Maire, called at 
Table Bay in May, and left his son Jacob and 
some seamen, who resided for several months in 
Table Valley. Their object was to kill seals on 
Bobben Island, and to harpoon whales. An 
attempt was also made to open up a trade for 
hides with the Hottentots. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Sir Henry Middleton failed to establish an 
agency for his Company at Mocha. Having 
defeated the Portuguese at Cambay, he obtained 
important concessions from the native powers. 
Proceeding to Sumatra and Java, he freighted 
the Peppercorn and Darling with pepper and 
spices, and sent them home. The Trades Increase y 
while being repaired, capsized and was burnt by 
the Javanese. In spite of her loss, the net profit 
on the Sixth Voyage was over 120 per cent. 

Captain Hippon, in command of the Globe 
(Seventh Voyage), settled agencies at Masuli- 
patam and in Siam, and ** opened a free trade " 
at Patany on the east coast of the Malay Penin- 
sula, but was hindered by the Dutch from 
trading at Pulicat, on the Coromandel coast. 



YEAR. 



1610 



1611 



Captain Best, in command of the Tenth 
Voyage, being attacked off Swalley, the port of 
Surat, by the Portuguese, decisively defeated 
them. As a result of his victory, the English 
were allowed to set up a factory at Surat, with 
agencies at Gogo, Ahmedabad, and Cambay ; 
and trade was opened with the Persian Gulf. 

Captain Newport, commanding the 
"Twelfth" and last Separate Voyage, took out 
Sir Robert Shirley (who had come to England 
as Ambassador from Shah Abbas of Persia), 
and Sir Dodmore Cotton, who was sent by 
James I. as his Ambassador to the Shah. 

The Dutch received from the King of Candy 
the monopoly of the cinnamon trade of the 
island, in return for their assistance against the 
Portuguese, whom they also drove out of Timor. 



1612 



homo hj iu nilMcribcn aihI U» whola prafln 
(Tijayril by Uirm. Thn kggrpgati- ui<iUl niiml 
(ur tliir Tvelve Vi.y«eca wu illSl.SSi, and tha 
arnrwii imiHt ww'al Um rata o( I31J per not. 
Th» Voyaffi*. ofloti roll hi Hi in a of ■ liugla ilnp, 
wen oiubTB to cantnn'l «tth Uin rortiiKucw uii] 
Dntch; and U wu ilinjitUxI in iai£ tWfutura 
toyaKH ihauM be maJo un tli« Joint Stock 
prtuulpl* 

The LoMDoK East Inpu CourANv aent out 
their First Voyage, on tho Joint Stock Account, 
consisting of the New Year's Oi/t, Hector, 
Merchant Hope, and Solomon, under tfaa com- 
mandol Captain Downton. 



nia offer of the Dutch Govenin«ut to awitt 
thcCoglishin capturing the Molucca Islaiiils from 
the Spaniards, and to combine the Kiigliati and 
Duieh Companies in one company, was declined, 
OD tbs grouud that war was ttto buaineu of the 
StAte, and that it waa contnu; to sound coiu- 
Diarcial jprinciplea for two nations to attempt to 
nonopolise a tnule to the exclusion of others. 

The value of the Kn^lish woollen eoodseiportod 
to India by the shirM u( the KngUsn Company in 
16U waa UtimDlcd hy Sir Dudley Diggcs to 
ba £14.1)00 : tlio value of Iron, lead, and foreign 
merelianilise. £10,000; wtiile onljr £12,000 in 
bullion waa exported : anil the shipping emplo}red 
that fcar had coat £31.000. and the provisioning 
o( tbao and other charges amounted io £30,000. 



Champlain mado hia sixth voyage 
and ascended the Ottawa Biver in t' 
rcachiDg the northern sea (Hudson's 
met some Algonaidn Indiana at Allumi 
whore be planted " a white cedar oroM 
arms of France"; and, promising lo 
aaaist the Indians against their eoemlaa, be M 
the cross into their cliargo, and rettin>M I 
Franoe. 

In the spring, Pocahontas waa bA{rtJsed 
the name of Rebecca, and marrivd to one of 
Virginian settlers, John Rolfe, with tba 
proval of Powhatan, whose gooilwill waa U 
assured to the Colony, lu the autunm, CspUl 
Argall, who had been sent to &sh along I* 
coast of North Virfjinia, found a Mitlaaiani k 
just been made on the Fenobseol Bivn by an 
Frenchmen under the lead of I*> Saosaaya 
Jesuit. Argall deatroyed the aeUioineiit 
being an invasion of the privilegea of 1 
Virginia Company, and carried off the aettleta 
prisonon to James Town. 

Sir T. Gates rtaunied to 1 r 
ginia, leaving Sir T. Dale as i 
out three ships, and sent t).' 
againat thn French Colony al 1 
settlement was burnt, and the sctllLra c 
prisoners and taken to James Town. Di 
bale'a severe rule the Colony in Virginia ( 
pered. Com was grown in uceaa of tbalr n^ab 
menta. Three acres of land wan aBoWad 
every settler to oultivata, when fraa Eran I 

Kabhc service. Bat moat of iha wtUan wi 
itle belter than eoovlela or alana, aad 
merciless code ol law* waa m a i i iil a»ly a 
ministered. " Bat lor the IndetMsodant saMN 
the Colony onder Dale's guveminaai waa i 
orderly ana profitable slave gang." 

[IfifU. •■ YtiKliiu,'- |L KL] 
Captain John Smith made a voyafa la 
ooaU of North Virginia, which be sunvywd 
named Maw EnaLaxb 

Champlain lonned a cotnpany with the ■ 
ol the loading maa of Booan and St. Halo, 
paraooally appealed to tfaa ae c la si aali 
wan pnaent a» Iba mealing of tlia SCalaa 
al Saoa Io aiiial blia, and aatboriaa eaHl 
of the BeeoUal Vkiben to aeeewpaay Ua 
Canada, and iflatniol meb aativaa ae night 
indoeed to aettia down Io e^prieelUm. 



27 



AFBICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1612 



Captain Saris, of the " Eighth Voyage," set 
up an agency at Firando, in Japan. 



1613 



The English established an agency at Ajmere; 
and the Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam, 
and in Siam. 



1614 



EUROPE. 

Captain John Smith sailed from Plymouth 
with two ships fitted out by Sir F. Gorges 
aod other Weat-couutry gentlemen. Smith was 
captured off the coast of Now England by 
a French man-of-war. and though lie finally 
escaped, his career as an explorer came to an end. 

Sir Dudley Digges published " A Defence 
of Commerce," showing that " the re-osport of 
Indian goods from England to the Contiueiit had 
yearly eiceeded the value of the bnllion exported 
from England to India; that the English nation 
had, from the time of the establishment of the 
Bast India Company, saved £70,000 a year in 
the price of pepper and other spices," and that 
the commerce with India had led to the building 
of great ships, and the employment of large 
numbers of Englishmen. 

Sir Thomas Roe sailed in the East India 
Company's ship Lion, as Ambassador from 
James I. to the Great Mogul (Jahangir). 

Sir Walter Raleigh was released from the 
Tower on the condition that he sailed to Gniaua 
in search of the gold mine which he assured 
James I. was to be found on the Orinoco. His 
health failed him on the voyage, and his son 
Walter, with his trusted officer Captain 
Keymis, made an uusuccessful attack on the 
Spanish settlement of St. ThomiS. 



Pocahontas, the wife of the Virginian settler 
Rolfe, died at Gravesend, leaving one son " the | 
ancestor of more than one old Virginian family." 

Negotiations were opened with the London 
(South Virginia) Company by the Puritans of 
Leyden, with ft view to their being allowed to 
emigrate to Virginia. 



Sir W. Raleigh was executed for the old 

treason of which he had been accused in 1603. 

The Leyden Puritans formed a Company with 
certain London merchants who were to furnish 
funds to enable the colonists to found their co- 
lony in Virginia. For seven years the colonists 
were to labour for the common benefit of their 
Company, after which the Company was to be 
dissolved and the stock divided. 

The London (South Virginia) Company granted 
permission by patent to the Leyden Puritans 
and their associatos to settle in Virginia. 



Champlatn (Seventh Voyage) took out three | 
ItecoUet Fathers, one of whom settled at ' 
Tadousac, another at Thi'ee Eivera, and the 
third at Quebec, where, on the 25th June, mass 
was first performed in a church in Canada. In , 
company with bis Huron allies, Champlain was 
the first European to visit Lake Huron and Lake n 
Ontario. Champlain's policy was to attach thei 
Algonquin Indians to himself by assisting them 
againat the Iroquois, with whom they were al 
perpetual war, and he unsuccessfully attacked « 
village of the Seneca Indians. 

Captain Whitbume was commissioned bf 
the English Admiralty to hold a court at StJ 
John's, Newfoundlano, and to administoi 
justice among the people resorting thither, then 
being at that date nearly 300 English ships 
engaged in the fisheries. 



Champlain returned to Quebec, having spe 
more than a year with his Huron allies. Aft 
directing additional buildings to be erected 
Quebec, he returned to France with a sample 
Canadian wheat. 

Sir T. Dale returned to England with Rolfe, 
his wife Pocahontas, and other Indi 
Yeardley acted as Governor at James Town, 
and under his rule the growth ol corn " 
neglected iu favour of tobacco. 

Champlain (Eighth Voyage) took vnth I 
the first French Colonists (the Sieur H6befl 
and his family) to settle at Quebec. 

Argall was appointed Deputy Governor o 
Virginia, and ruled despotically and for 1 
private Eidvantage. He, however, proviiled U 
the due cultivation of com land. Lord Dela- 
ware on his voyage to Virginia, with 200 emi- 
grants, died at the Spanish colony of St. Michael* 

Champlain (Ninth Voyage) found his settled 
at Quebec much depressed. Two of their n 
her had been slain hy Indians, and their storal 
had given out. Champlain urged upon the a 
elates of his Company the necessity of Bendii 
out an industrious population to till the soil & 
to keep the Indians in check by thoir numben 



Champlain was informed that he might ,._ 
tinne his discoveries as Vice-Eegal Liuutenvil. 
that the strength of the Company's estnl 
ment in Canada should be eighty ; and 
Pontgravi should control their cointn( 
poUcy in Canada with the direction of the 
sons employed. 



29 



AFRICA. 



le Assembly of Seventeen, the governing 
of the Netherlands East India Company, 
ved (7th August) that its outward-bound 
i should always put into Table Bay to 
sh the crews. But no attempt was made 
:plore the country. 



Company was formed in London to open 
:ade along the Gambia river. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



An English agency was established on the 
island of Amboyna, the chief of the Molucca 
Islands. 



Sir Thomas Roe was favourably received 
by Jahangir, but failed in his attempt to obtain 
a treaty from the Great Mogul. Firmans, how- 
ever, or orders to local oflficers to grant certain 
privileges to the English were granted, which 
much improved the position of the agents of the 
Company throughout his domains. 

Factories were also set up by the English at 
Calicut and Cranganore on the Malabar coast. 

Dirk Hartogs visited the north-west coast 
of Australia. 

The London East India Company obtained 
possession of Pulo Roon and Rosengwyn belong- 
ing to the Banda group of islands, and established 
a factory at Macassar, on the Celebes. 

The Dutch set up factories at Surat, and at 
Broach, on the river Nerbudda. 



YEAR. 



1615 



The English set up a factory at Mocha, but 
were compelled by the Dutch to resign all pre- 
tensions to the Spice Islands. Owing to the bad 
faith of the Zamorin of Calicut, the Company 
met with reverses at Dabul and Calicut. 

Sir Thomas Roe left India. 

The Dutch ships, Pera and Amhem, from 
Amboyna, explored the gulf on the northern coast 
of Australia (afterwards named Carpenter's 
Gulf). 

The English were permitted to set up a factory 
and build a fort at Jasques, in the Persian Gulf. 

A fruitless ** Treaty of Defence '* with the 
Dutch was ratified. 



1616 



1617 



1618 



1619 



James I. exacted an increased duty (one 
shilling a pound) on Virginia tobacco, on the 
ground that Spanish tobacco sold for twenty 
shillings a pound, and that the Chai-ter of the 
Company entitled him to a 5 per cent. duty. 

Sir Ferdinando Gorges and hia associates 
endeavoured to obtaiti a new Charter for the 
Plymouth Company, but were for some time 
opposed by the Virginia Company. 



In July, about half the Leyden Puritans sailed 
from Delfthaven in the Speedwdl. A few emi- 
grants joined them in England; and on 5th 
August, 120 in number, they left Southampton 
on board the Mnyjhwcr (ISO tons) and the .'^jKcd- 
well. Stress of weather drove the sliips into 
Dartmouth, and later on into Plymouth, where 
the Speedwell was condemned as unseaworthy. 
Finally, on the 6th September, the '• Pilgrim 
Fathers" (seventy-four men and twenty-eight 
women) sailed from Plymouth in the Maijfiovier. 

A patent was granted by James I. in Novem- 
ber to the " Plymouth" or "New Bnoland 
Company," consisting of forty patentees, covering 
the coast of America from i\y to lyH. Chief 
among the pattntcoa were Buckingham and 
Lenox, the Earls of Southampton and 
Pembroke, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Sir 
Thomas Roe, Sir N. Rich, and Mompesson, 
the arch -monopolist. Tho Company was given 
the right to make laws, and to monopolize trade 
in their territory and to expel intruders. Free- 
dom from all customs beyond 4 per cent, was 
also granted to the Company, but their privileges 
were opposed from the outset by a strong party 
in Parliament. 

A patent was granted by the New England 
Company, assigning to the Company associated 
with the Puritau emigrants the tract on which 
they had settled. 

James I. granted a moooply of the trade in 
tobacco to certain persons, and limited by pro- 
clamation the importation of tobacco from Vir- 
ginia and the Somers Islands to £35,000 in the 

James I. granted to Sir \Vm. Alexander 
(afterwards £arl of Stirling) the province of 
Acadift, which ha re-named Nova Scotia. 



Complaintshavingreaehed London of tho ca 
duct of Argall, Yeardley was sent out ^ 
Governor of Virgixia to 6Upei*sede him, an<i j 
summon an Assembly of Burgesses from n 
various hundreds and plantations of the cc^on 
On 30th July the Assembly {twenty-two^ 
number), first met in the church at James ToM 
They were (1) To codify the Instructions I 
the Council of the Company ; (U) To eupplemoa 
these with laws of their own ; (3) To petition tl|l 
Council on certain points. Having got throod 
their labours satisfactorily, the Assembly, jo) 
before dissolving, imposed a poll-tax on tobasci 
for the payment of the salaries of their officers^ 

In August, a Dutch ship brought the first nog 
slaves to Virginia, and sold them to tha planten 

Over 1,200 persona were sent out to Vii;pi 
this year. 

In November, the Mayflower reached C^ 
Cod, more than seventy leagues to the nor^ 
the territory of the Virginia Company, Havj 
chosen John Carver as their Governor, a 
having signed a covenant to obey all Buch la 
aud ordinances as the community should ona 
the PiLGRiu Fatheiib sent a party, under Mi] 
Standish, to explore the neighbouring coanb 
and choose a site for their colony. A spot a 
selected on the coast nearly opposite Gape Oo 
and on 15th December the Mayflower sa3 
across the bay, and the settlers landed on I 
site of New Plymouth. 

Champlain made bis tenth voyage to Canaj 
and was accompanied by hia wife. He repail 
the buildings at Queiiec, and began the constn 
tion of a fort— on the site of the present Darhi 
terrace^commanding the river in its namnH 
part. The population of sixty men, women, a 
children passed the winter in good health. 



During the winter Carver and half of 
Plymouth settlers died from sickness and 
posure. William Bradford was chosen Go' 
nor; William Brewsterbeingthe ruling E!( 
The Mayfloiver returned to England in 
spring, the settlers having built themselL 
houses, a church and fort, and surrounded tfa 
eettloment with a palisade. 

Some ninety young women were sent out 
wives for the settlers in Virginia, who bouf 
them by repaying the Company the cost o! tit 
outfit and passage, estimated at ISOIbs. of ' 
or eighty dollars each. 



31 



AFRICA. 



Q July, a fleet of tour ships belonging to the 
^lish East India Company, the London, Hart, 
buck, and Eagle, under the command of 
drew Shillinge, put into Table Bay on its 
I to the Persian Gulf. They found one 
;lish and nine Dutch homeward-bound vessels, 
►rtly after the departure of the Dutch vessels 
cond English fleet, bound for Bantam, arrived 
^he Bay under the command of Humphrey 
zherbert. 

'he two captains decided that Table Bay was 
ui table site on which to erect a fort to serve 
' a place of refreshment " for the East Indian 
ts, and proclaimed English sovereignty over 
adjacent country, hoisting the English flag 
the Lion's Bump, which they named King 
les' Mount. Possession, however, was not 
ntaiued. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



At this date the English Company exercised 
sovereignty over no territory in the Indies except 
the island of Great Banda, where an agent of 
the Company had a stafl" of 30 European officials, 
and an armed force of 250 Malays. 

The Dutch acquired the sovereignty of Java, 
and on the ] 2th August they founded Batavia, 
on the site of the native town of Jacatra. 



The English factors were expelled by the 
Dutch from the islands of Pulo Boon and Great 
Banda. 

The London East India Company established 
agencies at Agra and Patna. 



YEAR. 



1619 



1620 



Captain Shillinge's fleet being attacked by 
Portuguese, defeated them with great loss at the 
entrance to the Strait of Ormuz. Shillinge him- 
self was slain in the fight, and buried near the 
town of Jashk. 

The Dutch drove out the English from 
Bantam. 



1621 



Patrick Copland, " the first great missiouary 
whom tbe English Church hcid produced since 
the Reformation," in a eermon prea^bed in 
Loudon on helialf of the Virginia Company, 
referred to the mineral and agricultural wealtii of 
the colony, and dwelt upon the over-peopled 
state of the mother-country and the need of pro- 
viding a refuge for out surplus population, 
eloquently contrasting the prosperous lot of a 
settler with the wretched life of a starving 
London workman. 

The Virginia CoMrAor, "divided agninst 
itself," owing to tbe presence in its ranks of 
" court " and " country " parties, was summoned 
before the Privy Council to answer various 



A royal proclamation was issued in England 
forbidding all persons to trade on the coast of 
New England, or to have any dealings with the 
natives without liceuce from the Council of 
New England (Plymouth Company). 



The Vihoinia Company was again summoned 
before tbe Privy Council ; and Commissioners 
were sent to Virginia to inquire into the 
administration of the Company. Their Eeport 
showed that tbe Colonists were unanimously in 
favour of the Company ; and an Address was 
sent by the Virginian Assembly to the Privy 
Council vindicating the Company. In October, 
however, James I. announced that, acting upon 
the advice of his Attorney and Solicitor-General, 
be should resume the Charter, and himself 
appoint the governing bodies at home and in 
Virginia. 



A quo warranto having been issued against the 
ViBOiNiA CoMPAHV, the judges declared theii 
patent null and void ; and the great corporatioc 
ceased to exist. " Its stockholders were about a 
thousand in number, and embraced fifty noble- 
men, several hundred knigbts, and countless 
gentlemen, merchants, and citizens of tho highest 

rank They had spent £150,000 on 

Virginia, sent 9,000 colonists thither, and granied 
tbe colony free government." 

ICootf, '■Virginia." p. 132.] 



In the spring an attack was made by the 
Indians npon the scattered settlements in 
Virginia, and 347 settlers were slain. The 
colonists at once retaliated by ravaging the corn- 
fields of the Indians, and by hunting them down 
thoroughly that peace was secured for many 
years. 

Fresh emigrants arrived at New Plymouth 
and several small private plantations were settled 
and fortified along the coast of MasBachusetts 
and New Hampshire. 

New Amsterdam was founded by the Dotch 
West India Company on the site of tbe modem 
New York. 

Id 1013 a. Diitclj Iriuliti^ poat had been cstablislin) 
Bt tLe inoutli of tliB Hudson river. In 
uett year a fart wu built by the Dutch 
Manhattan IsUud ; nod in 1621 the Datcb 
West India Com(*iiy whs incorporated with 
oieluHivc riulilB to trade and colonize in AmeHo 
aud nn tlie West Coast of Arrica. In tliB wit 



thfy csloblislicit catonics in New .ler^r ; aud i« 
1U26 Ibc island of Manhattan (New York} av 
]nirch»sc<I by tlie Dutch fot sixty pnUitci^ Is 
1627 Mttlements vein made on the Drlawai^ 
anr) in 16SS they ousted same Swcdst «h 
setOcd on that rivor. 

The New Plymouth settlers endeavoured 
buy corn fiom tho Narragansett Indians and to 
trade with them, but found the Dutch had beeu 
beforehand, and spoiled their market. Thej. 
therefore, allotted land to each household for the 
cultivation of corn. Some sixty fresh emigrant* 
arrived at New Plymouth who were allotted land. 
but remained independent of the government d 
the Colony, 

Some merchants of Dorcliester, who had been 
in the habit of sending vessels to fish on the Ne« 
England coast, established a permanent etation 
at Cape Ann, to the north of Massachusett Bay. 

Lord Baltimore received a grant of land to 
Newfoundland, and founded a small Betllemenl 
on the peninsula of Avalon, 

Tbe settlement of the island of St. Kitts 
commenced by Mr. Thomas ^Varner, 

Champlain returned to France, leaving 
Quebec — sixteen years after its site had be«n 
fixed on for a settlement — with a popnlatioo of 
only forty- five peraons. 

Permanent holdings of one acre to each fi 
man were granted at New Plymouth, i 
inhabitants then numbering 180. 

The Virginian Burgesses in Assembly deciM^ 
"That the Governor shall not lay any taxes cr 
ympositions upon the colony, their lands or 
commodities, otherway than by the authontj 
of the General Assembly, to be levjed aM 
ymployed as the said Assembly shall appoynl." 



33 



AFKICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 




The English assisted Shah Abbas in driving 
the Portuguese out of Ormuz, and received from 
the Shah a grant in perpetuity of one-half of the 
custom dues of Gombroon. 

Sir Thomas Miin, Deputy Governor of the London 
East India Company, showed in his Discourse of 
Trade from England to the Enst Indies that the 
princi|>al imports were annually : Pepper, 
6,000,000 lbs. ; cloves, 450,000 lbs. ; nutmecp, 
400,000 lbs. ; maco, 150,000 lbs. ; indigo, 
350,000 lbs. ; and Persian raw silk, 1,000,000 lbs. 
These imported by the Cape of Good Hope 
cost £511,458, while by the old overland route 
they would have cost £1,465,000. The English 
consumption was one-tenth of the continental. 
The Company had sent out in the twenty-one 
years of their trade to the East, 86 ships, of 
which 9 had been lost at sea, 1 1 taken by the 
Dutch, 5 woni out, 36 had returned with 
cargoes, and 25 were still abroad. The cargoes 
of the 36 ships had cost £375,288 iu India, and 
sold in England for £2,004,600. 



Accusing the English of conspiring to drive 
them out of the island, the Dutch attacked and 
slew some twenty Englishmen at Amboyna, the 
chief of the Spice Islands, and thus became sole 
masters of the trade of the Indian Archipelago. 

Jan Carstensz, coasting along the great gulf 
on the northern coast of Australia, named the 
Kiver Carpentier, after the Governor of the 
Dutch Indies. 



In face of the superior forces of the Dutch 
in the Indian Archipelago, the English East 
India Company withdrew most of their factors, 
as well as from the Malay Peninsula, Slam, and 
Japan. 



1622 



1623 



1624 



D 



EUROPE. 

Charles I., King of England (1G-25-1G49). The 
goverDtueut of the Colony of Virginia was pro- 
vided for by ft royal ptoclamatioa (13th May), 
wbich appointed two Councils, one resident in 
England, the other in Virginia, and which made 
all public servants dependent on the Crown, thus 
depriving the colonists of all control over public 
espendituro and the conduct of ofiii^iala. 

Charles I. confirraed the grant of Nova 
Scotia to Sir W. Alexander, and crea.ted the 
Order of Knigbta Baronets of Nova Scotia, who, 
to the number of 150, were to receive grants of 
land in Nova Scotia on condition that they 
Bottled emigrants on it. 



Tbo second Parliament of Charles I. met in 
February, and waa dissolved in June on account 
of its impeaching Buckingham, and refusing 
to grant supplies. Money was collected for the 
King by forced loans, and tonnage ( 
was illegally levied. 



War breaking out between England and 
France, the Company of Merchant Adven- 
TUBEKB was formed in London, and obtained 
letters of marque to seize French and Spanish 
ships. Charles I. also granted permission to 
the Company to establish plantations on thi 
banks of the St. Lawrence. 

"Dndor the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu, a 
new Company was formed in France, entitled 
"The One Hundred Associates." It took the 
place of all previous Companies. Three hundred 
artizans were to bo sent at once to Canada. 
The settlers were to be supplied with food, 
lodging, and clothing for three years, and to 
receive land and seed tree. The grant to the 
Company included atl the territory of New 
France, CKtending to Florida. 



Sir Francis Wyatt, the Governor of Virginia 

and some of the chief colonists, memorialize ' 
home government, dwelling upon the neces: 
of encouraging other industriCB besides 
tobacco, especially iron-works and the cultuw' 
"Ik. They insisted upon the need of compact 
settlements for industry and defence, as well m 
for making the Colony a desirable habitation and 
not merely a resort for the purposes of trade. 

Lord Baltimore and his family settled it 

;rryland, in Nbwfoundland, and built • 
residence, storehouses, and granaries, intendiof 
to pernianently remain. 

Henri de Levis, due de Vcntadour. who had 
succeeded de Montmorency as Viceroy of 
Canada, sent out six Jesuits to Canada. 

The New Plymouth settlers senC " a shallop 
laden with corn" to sell to the Indians along the 
Kennebec river, 

Withtbesanctionof the Earlof Marlborough, 
to whom James I. had granted the island of 
Babbados, Sir William Courteen 
chant of London, seat out a party ot settle:*, 
who landed on the west coast of Barbados, aod 
built and fortified a town which they nameJ 
James Town. 

Champlain made his oloventh voyage H 
Canada, and found that there was 
scarcity of food at Quebec— only about ei^ht«n 
acres in all being under cultivation — and th 
the Jesuits were engaged in clearing the land. 

The Dorchester settlers at Cape Ann retumtJ 
to England, their manager, Conant, witbdnn 
ing to Salem (then known by its native naoM 
Naumkeag). 

Tlie partnership between tho London mM 
chants and the Puritan settlers of New Plymouh 
came to an end, the colonists paying £l,tlO0h 
the stock and interest in the Colony. An al" ' 
ment of twenty acres was assigned to each hot 
holder ; and the live stock waa distributed. 

Lord Baltimore's settlement in NewForia 
r.AND was attacked by the French without 
hut some small settlementa of Puritans oa 
island resented his religious practices as a 
Catholic. 

The Earl of Carlisleobtained from Charles 1 
the grant of all the Caribbee Islands (twc i : ■ 
including Barbados), and purchased fi 
Earl of Marlborough for an annuii\ 
his prior claim to Barbaoob. 

Some London merchants purchased h."-*' 
acres in Babiiados from the Earl of Carlisle 

The French and Enghsh settlers in St. Krnt 
signed a treaty of offence and defence, agn;<4 
to divide the island between them. 




35 



AFRICA. 




The English set up a factory at Armagon on 
the Coromandel Coast, to the south of Masuli- 
patam. 



1625 



The English and Dutch made an attack upon 1626 
the Island of Bombay, and, having pillaged and 
burnt the town, abandoned it. 



Jahangir died, and was succeeded as Padishah 
by his son, Shah Jehan (1627-1658). 

The Dutch ship, Guldene Zeepaard, having on 
board Pieter Nuyts as Ambassador to Japan, 
coasted along the southern shores of Australia. 



1627 



The London Company of Merchakt Adve.v- 
TCRBKs fitted out three ships {the Abigail, 
300 tons; the WHliafii, 200 tons; and the 
Gert'ose, 200 tons), and sent them under the 
command of David Kirke and his brothers, 
Louts and Thomas, against the French settle- 
ments in CaDada, 

The Council for New Enjjland granted to sis 
patentees all the territory from the Mcrrimac 
to a point three miles south of the Charles 
river, with unlimited extension inland. Of the 
firanteea, the chief were John Endicott and 
Humphrey, who had heen treasurer of the 
colony at Cape Ann. 

The third Parliament of Charles I. met, and 
after conferring with the Lords, the Commons, 
ledbyWentworth (afterwards Earl of Strafford), 
and Pym, drew up the Petition of Right. 



In March, a royal charter was granted to the 
Governor and Company of the Masbacedsetts 
Bay in New England. No provision was made 
to retain the governmeDt of the Company in 
England. A government resident in the Colony 
was appointed, to cousist of a Governor, Deputy- 
Governor, and twelve Councitlora or Assiatauts. 
The Company had power by the charter to 
defend their territory by force against invasion 
or attack. Laud ^vas to be allotted to the 
shareholders at the rate of 200 acres for every 
£u0 invested ; 50 additional acres being allotted 
to each shareholder settling in the colony, and 
50 acres for each member of his family. Emi- 
grants, not shareholders, were to have 50 acres 
each, and the same quantity for every servant 
exported. 



Champlain records the first ase of the p 
at QuEiiEc (27th April), and laments tha 
than two acres had been cleared up to that 

The Kirkes' fleet sailed up the St. Lan 
as far as Tadousac, whence David 1 
sent a summons to Champlain to siirr 
Quebec. Champlain, though in straits for 
refused ; and Kirke, learning that the firal 
equipped by the " One Hundred Associi 
consisting of eighteen vessels heavily freq 
with caunon, munitions, and provisioai 
QuEUEc, had arrived at Point Gaspe, t 
to meet them. On the ISth July de Rfl 
mont's fleet was met by the English, and, 
a running fight for some hours, seventeen i 
French ships were captured. Taking thei 
out of ten of the vessels, Kirke burnt then 
returned to England with his prisoners and. 

The New Plymodth settlers obtained 
the Council for New England a graut of lai 
the river Kennebec, on which they built a fM 
and another at the mouth of the Petiobscoi 
disorderly settlement of Englishmeii at il 
mount, in Massachusetts Bay, supplyinj 
Indians with arms, was declared to be obna 
by the other English colonists, and li 
Standish, at the head of armed men tron 
various settlements, marched against it and 
perse d its inhabitants, 

John Endicott lauded at Salem to ot 
the territory granted to the Mabsacbia 
Company. 

Bridgetown, the chief town of Babi 
was founded by settlers sent out by I4 
merchants. 

Lord Baltimore wrote to Charles I. 

Newfocnhland declaring that the severity 1 
cUmate and the fanaticism of the Puritan so 
in the island baflled him. In October he u 
followers made an attempt to settle in ViW 
Being Papists, they refused to take the ■ 
of allegiance and supremacy tendered the 
the Governor, and were not permitted to n 
in the Colony. 

In March, David Kirke and his bn 
sailed from Graveseud with six ships xai 
pinnaces, and arrived at Quebbo in July. 
found Champlain and his small force stai 
and unable to offer any resistajico. On ^'lai 
the English flag was hoisted over Qurbbo 
and the French were embarked as prison! 

Fresh emigrants from Leyden arrived at 
Plymouth, where the population amoonl 
300. At this date the population of V! 
was about 3,000, 



37 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Masulipatam was for a time deserted by the 
English in consequence of the exactions of the 
native Governor. 

Dutch vessels explored the coasts of Western 
Australia, and named it ** De Witt's Land "; 
the Gulf on the northern coast of Australia was 
named the Gulf of Carpentaria, after Pieter 
Carpentier, then Governor of the Dutch West 
Indies. 



YEAR. 



1628 



The English re-established their factory at 
Bantam as a subordinate agency to Surat. 



1629 



^ 



TheSpeakerof the English House of Commons 



was hold iu his chair while Holies passed a board, and 



A fleet of sis vessels, with 350 < 



Hesolution that they who make inuovatioaa in 
reUgion, or who exact or pay subsidies not 
granted by Parliament, are SDemies of the 
kingdom, 



In January the New Enoi^nd CouNOUr 
granted by patent to Bradford (Governor of 
New Flymouth) and bis associates, "all the 
land hounded by the Cohasset river on the 
north, the Nariagausett river in the south, and 
the territory of Pokaiioket to the west," as well 
as "a tract of land extending fifteen miles in 
breadth on each bank of the Kennebec," Power 
of legislation was also granted, as well as a 
monopoly of trade with the Indians withio the 
Omits assigned ; and the settlers were empowered 
to defend their rights by force of arms. 

Peace was made between England, France, 
and Spain. 



by the Mj 
at Salem. 



. large supply of live etock, b 
Bay Company, 



4 



About this time the New Plymouth sol 
began to erect new townships out of the fi 
pasture laud to the north of the parent si 
ment. Dnxbury (commemorating the biith] 
of Miles Standish) and Scituate were the 
earliest founded, and by 1636 were impcM 
enough to delegate two Deputies each to a 
with four Deputies from New Plyiiiouth ami 
" Court " (or governing body of the Colony) 
revision of their laws. 

Tub MAsa.u'HUBETTS Bay Comfamy trausf; 
the government of the Colony from Londa 
the colonists in America, and within the vcai 
emigrants, includiog many influential men 
of the Company with their families sailed i 
England, and founded eight separate settlem 
along the shore of blassachu setts Bay a 
the governorship of John Winthrop, who J 
the seat of government at Boston. 

The settlers enacted that no man should 
freeman of the Colony unless he was a mei 
of some Church ; that the freemen should ch 
the Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Assist! 
and that every town should appoiut two tt 
sentativea to advise the Governor and Assist 
on the <)uestion of taxation. 

Roger Williams landed at MlassachuscH 
1631 ; he declined to join the Church at Bo 
unless the members would express repenb 
for ever having had communion with the Chi 
of England, but in August was chosen mini 
by the Church at Salem. 

Captain Luke Fox visited Hudson's, 
by command of Charles I. Se re-ert 
the cross at Port Nelson, which he found 
been defaced. 

Lord Warwick, President of the Couud 
New England, granted to a Company comp 
of twelve persons, including Lord Brook 
Lord Say and Sele, a tract of land aitenH 
known as the Colony of Connscticxjt. 

Charles I. granted to Lord Baltimorel 
to the north of Virginia, which he named Ui 
LAND after Queen Henrietta Maria. I 



39 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR, 



Armagon factory was garrisoned by twenty 
soldiers, and placed under the Presidency of 
Surat. 



1629 



1630 



"he first English settlement on the river 
fBiA was formed. 



1631 



1632 



AMEEICA. 

By the Treaty of St. Gei-main-en-Ijay* {29tti 
March) between England and PVanco, Casuu 
and Acadia were ceded to France ; and in JuIf 
Louis Kirke, who had greatly stren^^tbeoed 
Quebec during the three years he had been in 
cliarge, handed over the fort to M, de Caen en 
behalf of France. 

M. de Charnisay sailed from Franct 
forty families to increase the settlemeut at Part 
Royal (Nova Scotia). Soon after his arrival, M. 
de Charnisay was sent to dislodge the Sew 
England colonists from their fishing Bettlement 
on the Penobscot river, 

A Company of Dutch merchants settled 
emigrants on Tobago, and called it 1 
Walcheren. After two years the Spaniards am! 
Indians from Trinidad destroyed the settlement 

A few English families settled in Antigua. 

Lord Baltimore despatched two ships to Champlain, having received his commission 
Maryland with 300 handicraftsmen and husband- j from Richelieu as Governok op Canada, sailed 
under the command of his brother, Leonard [ on his twelfth voyage to the St. Lawi-ence with 
' three ships, having 200 persons on board, and ft 
supply of merchandise and munitions of war. 

The number of plantations iu Virginia sendiii| 
members to the Assembly had risen to tweoty, 
chiefly situated upon the James river, and 
extending about seveDty miles inland. 



Calvert. Before leaving Grayesend the emigrants 
were compelled to take the oath of allegiance. 



In February ten ships bound for New England 
were stopped by the authorities in England, and 
the emigrants were compelled to take the oath 
of allegiance and to promise to conform to the 
Prayer Book. 

In April, Charles I. appointed twelve Com- 
missioners, including the two Arehbishops.theLord 
Keeper, and the Lord Treasurer, to govern the 
whole body of the Colonies, with power to appoint 
and remove officials, and to supervise all charters 
and patents. 



The colonists of Vinoisu exported com i> 
such abundance to the New England Colonii, 
that the Governor of Virginia declared the colomf 
had become " the granary of all bis Majesty^ ' 
northern Colonies." 

The emigrants to Mahyland arrived i 

Potomac, and fixed upon a site on the Dortben 
shore of the river. So good was the first yidd 
of corn that the settlers were able to exptvl 
some to New England 

Each of the eight townships of Massachcsetb 
sent three delegates to the Genei-al Court, and 
established their right to elect the cxecutin 
officers of the Colony, and to legislate on tbt 
afi'airs of the Colony, as well as to grant lite 
public land. 

Champlain built a fort on the site of Thbxi 
EivEHs, on the northern hank of the Sk 
Lawrence, about midway between Qdebkc 

MoNTBEAL. 

M. Giffard, the first Seigneur of Cano^ 
received the grant of Beauport, about six mil« 
east of Quebec ; and, having taken oot artizAiif ; 
and colonists from France, he founded lb* 
village of Beauport, " the first of its character in 
Canada." 



41 



AFRICA, 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The Portuguese who had been permitted by 
Akbar to establish a settlement at Hughli (about 
twenty miles from the present site of Calcutta) 
were attacked by order of Shah Jehan. The 
settlement was destroyed, and the Portuguese 
were carried captive to Agra, and tortured to 
become Muhammadans. The women and children 
were distributed as slaves among the chief Amirs 
of the Mogul Court. 

The English re-established their factory at 
Masulipatam under a firman from the King of 
Golconda. 



YEAR. 



1632 



1633 



The London East India Company received 
permission from Shah Jehan to trade in Bengal, 
their ships only being allowed to take in cargo at 
Pippli, in Orissa, where a factory had existed for 
ten years. 



1634 



Charles I.andhb MiniBterabeaoming uneasy 
at the growing power of the Puritan colonies, 
and having received from the Cooscic foii Nkw 
England tiie surrender of their charter, issued 
a qiio warianlo against Mabsachusettb. 

An Association of Merchants trading to 
AsBada (Madagascar), headed by a London 
merchant, Courteen, obtained a charter of 
incorporation. 



John Hampden refused to pay ship-mouey, 
notwithstanding the opinion of the judges that 
the King could legally demand it it the kingdom 
were in danger. 

The Scots resisted the introduction of the new 
Liturgy drawu up by Archbishop Laud. 



The English Conimissioners (or the govern- 
ment of the Colonies ordered that tho Charter of 
Massachusetts should be sent to England ; but 
the immediate outbreak of tho Scobch rebellion 
diverted the attention of the Iving'a ministers 
from the Colony, which only sent a letter of 
explanation. 



AMEBICA. 

The proprietors of the Connbcticot patent 
out settlera from England, who built a. fort > 
brook) at the mouth of the Connecticut to pn 
tlie Dutch ascending the river. Many. »« 
from New Plymouth and Massachui 
also established themselves in tho new cd 
[enry Vane arrived in Massacha 
and lii the followiog year was chosen Gov 
of the colony for the year. 

An official census taken iu Virginia ah 
the inhabitants to number 5,000. 

Death of Champlain at Quebec. 

M. de Montmagny was cotumissiom 
Richelieu as Governor of Canada. 

By the end of the year some 800 emig 
had settled iu the territory of Coknectici 
the three townships which came to be kno' 
Hartford, Windsor and Weathersfield. 
were at first governed by magistrates from M 

CH0QBTTB. 

Roger Williams purchased land fron 
Narragansett Indians, and named his settle 
Providence. 

The General Court of Massachusetts 
£400 to found a college or grammai- sch< 
Newton (Cambridge), John Harvar 
graduate of Emmanuel, bequeathed to 
foundation £700 and his hbrary of 260 roll 

The Pequod tribe of Indians having hal 
the settlers in Connecticut, ninety men 
levied from the three townships of the oC 
and the tribe was attacked and destroyed ; 
than 600 Pequods were reported to be slain 
only two of the English settlers. 

The colony of Newhaven was foundet 
tween the rivers Hudson and Connection 
a body of Londoners, many being wealthy 
under the lead of Theophilus Eaton 
John Davenport. 

Sir David Kirke obtained from Charl 
a grant of Newfoundland, and settled o 
island with his family. 

Brick and stone houses began to be b« 
ViiiGiNiA, where prosperity prevailed, altl 
the Secretary to the Council wrote home, i 
the many hundreds who arrived each yoar: 
Colony, the great majority aro bronght 
merchandise to make sale of. 

Tho three towns of Conseoticut harii 
Glared themselves a commonwealth, N 
OHUSETTB proposed to them a scheme of i 
which was rejected. 



43 



AFRICA. 



The Dutch sent a strong force agamst the 
Portuguese settlements on the Gold Coast, and 
captured the fort of St. George d'Elmina. The 
Portuguese soon retired altogether from the 
coast. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Bantam was again made an independent 
Presidency of the London East India Company, 
and an agency was established at Tatta. 

The Portuguese were driven out of Formosa 
by the Dutch. 



Ships belonging to Courteen's Association 
made their appearance in the Indian Seas, and 
plundered some native vessels at Surat and Diu, 
thus embroiling the London East Indian Com- 
pany with the Mogul authorities. 



YEAR. 



1635 



1636 



Courteen's Association settled agencies at 
Goa, Baticola, and Carwar, on the Malabar 
coast, and at Acheen. 



1637 



Armagon, the London Company's first factor^' 
on the Coromandel coast, was declared to be un- 
suitable for the purposes of trade. 



1638 



The settlement at Providence, which "oSt 
fertile soil, and a refuge from the spirit 
tyranny of Massachubetts," waa increaeed 
the arrival of refugee Baptists. Other sett 
occupied a site (Focaeset) on t)ie Islaai] 
Aquednek (afterwards Hhode Islakd). ScI 
ments were also formed at Guildford 
Milford. in the neighbourhood of Newhai 
with which they united in 1643. 

Certain small settlements (Dover, £s{ 
Strawberry Bank) wkich had been fooQl 
under grants from the Council for New Engl 
along the coast and rivers to the north of Sl4 
CHDSETT8, aud south of the Biver Piscati 
(New Hamfbhire), were incorporated of \ 
own will in Massachusetts. 

In April a charter waa granted by Charlf 
to Gorges as Lord Proprietor of Maine, a I 
tory lying between the rivers Piscataqua 
Kennebec. 

The first printing-press waa set up at C 
bridge, in Massachusetts, by Day, a prii 
who had been engaged by Joseph Glo 
a Nonconformist clergj'man, to tiike out 
press from London. 

Some English colonists settled oit the Is 
of St. Lucia, but were all destroyed by 

Caribs in the next year. 



The trade of the Loudon East India Company 
had so increased that it was found nscessary to 
build a new dockyard. Ground was purchased 
at Blackwall, a dockyard constructed, and the 
Hoyai Jitvies, of 1,200 tons, built, "the largest 
merchant ship yet seen in England." 



Civil war broke out in England, during which 
the Dutch were enabled to vastly increase their 
trade. 



Several attempts were made by emigi 
from England, aud by settlers from the coll 
of New England, to settle upon Long Isl 
in spite of the opposition offered by the Gov( 
of New Netherlands. 



Two vessels from La Rochelle, and one 
Dieppe, with fifty or sisty men on board, i 
to found a settlement at Montreai. unda 
command of de Malsonneuve. On 14ib' 
ber the ceremony of taking possession ol 
site was performed. 



Sir William Berkeley, a Royalist, 
appointed Governor of Vihoinia. "The 
iature of Vieginia passed a law against Ak 
"binding the churchwardens to prosecute vi 
offenders against ecclesiastical discipline." 

The Duke of Courland settled a pa^ 
Gourlanders in the north of Tobaoo. 



45 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The Dutch drove out the Portuguese from 
their settlements in Ceylon at Negomba, Point 
de Galle, Baticola, and Trincomalee. 



YEAR. 



1638 



The London Company removed their factors 
from Armagon to Madras, where Francis Day 
founded Fort St. George upon the territory first 
acquired by the English in India. 



1639 



The Portuguese received a fatal blow to their 
trade in the Eastern Seas at the hands of the 
Dutch, who expelled them from Malacca, and 
obtained their expulsion from Japan. 

The London Company set up an agency at 
Bussorah, and factories at Hughli, in Bengal, 
and Carwar, on the Malabar coast. 



1640 



1641 



Abel Jansen Tasman discovered New 
Zealand and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), 
which island he named after the Dutch Governor 
ruling at Batavia. Tasman also explored the 
northern coasts of Australia, which the States 
General of Holland formally named ** New 
Holland." 



1642 



The English Parliament vested the iwJminis- 
tration of the Colonies in a Board of Commis 
siouera under the FreBideucy of the Earl of 
Warwick. 



Roger Williams, who had been sent by the 
three lowiisiiips of Providence, Portsmouth, and 
Nevvport, as their Ambassador to England, 
received from the Commissioners for the 
Colonies a charter incorporating tlio three 
townships under the title of the " Providence 
Plantation." 



Commissioners from Plthouth, Connect 
and Newhavek met at Boston, and, with r 
sentatives of Massachdsettb, signed Articl 
Confederation, constituting themselves a U 
" tor offence and defence, for mutual advicf 
auccour." and " for preserving and propag 
the truth and liberties of the gospel," unde 
style of THE UNITED COLONIES OF » 
ENGLAND, Two commissioners from 
colony were to meet annually to manage fei 
affairs, aod forces were to be raised to meel 
sudden invasion in the proportion of 100 
from Massachusetts, and fifty-five from 
of the other colonies. 

The population of Massachusetts -was a 
29,000, that of Plymouth and Connecticut a 
4,000 each, and that of Newhaven about 3,0 

The Iroquois Indians attacked Montreai^ 
so harassed the settlers along the St. Xiawi 
QS to prevent their cultivating the land. 

Au Indian war again broke out in Vmai 
Some 300 settlors were massacred, an 
desultory warfare commenced, which la 
for two years, when the Indian chief, C 
chancanough, was captured, and died. 

A dispute arose between Massachusetts 
the English Parliament owing to the seizm 
ships in Boston harbour by Pari i am en 
captains. 

Saybrook Fort, at the mouth of the Coua 
cut, was handed over to the Colony of ( 
NECTicuT by its Goveinor, Fenwick, 
received £1,C00, and the grant of the proa 
of " au export duty to be imposed on e 
biscuit, beaver, and cattle," for ten years, 
quarrel arose with Massachusetts out of 

[position of this duty, and soon led to Aief 

"-ig the colonial borders. 



The Federal Commissioners of the United ( 
niea raised a force of 300 men to coerce the Ni 
gansett Indians. Massachusetts suppltr^ 
men, Plymouth and Connecticut forty each, 
Newbavbn thirty men. The Indiana, howi 
submitted without fighting. 

The French Company of the Hundred i 
ciates was re-organized. The old coral 
retained its Seigneurial rights, and appcn 
the governors and judges of the Canadian sa 
ments, but ceded the profitable fur trade tt 
settlers, who, in turn, were charged with 
cost of government, and with the inaintenajH 
100 soldiers. 

African slaves were introduced into Bahih 
to develop the sugar industry. The island 
divided into eleven parishes, each of which i 
two representatives to a General Assembly. 



47 



AFRICA. 



?he Datch established three settlements on 
Island of Maubitius, with the object of 
'pressing the pirate ships that resorted to the 
.nd for shelter. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1643 



1644 



Dhe Dutch occupied the Island of St. IIblbna. 



1646 



Colonics by enncMog "that none in any of tli 
iKiiis of tho planlntioiu of Virginia, Bernivida, 
Barbadoa, and otlior plai^oa of America, ahould 
sulTer any sLip or Tessci to Ude any goods of the 
growth of the jilsntations, nnd mrry thorn to 
foreign parts, cicejit in English battoms, under 
foifeitme of certain eiemptioos from cuatoma, " 



Execution of Charles I. 
A Comni on wealth declared. 
Cromwell stormed and eticked Drogheda 
(Sept. 11) and Wexford {Oct. 12). 



The English Parliament passed an Act pro- 
hibiting all ships of all foreign natioQS whatever 
from trading with the plantations of America, 
without having obtained a licence. 

Cromwell routed the Scots at Duubar. 



The Government of Canada, or New I 
was vested iu the Governor, the Bishop, '1 
none were appointed, the Superior of the Jaq 
and the Governor of Montreal. They wd 
name the executive officers of the Colony^ 
to take cognizance of all affairs of the coa| 
The Syndics of Quebec, Three Bn~EB3;, 
Montreal were to be heard upon qnen 
affecting the intereetH of the inbabilj 
Strangers to the Company (of the Hud 
Associates) were permitted to pass to Cal 
only in the Company's ships. As a resulti 
population of the colony remained stationoij 

^Vinthrop, Governor of MAssACKUsETra, 
posed a treaty between New Enqland and) 
France to preserve mutual peace, thoughi 
might prevail between the mother countries; 

The Providence Plantation (afterwards Bj 
Island Colony) defined its constitution U 
democratical. It declared an oath not tl 
necessary in courts of law, a declaration ti 
sufficient ; and religious freedom was sett 
all men being jiermitted to " vralk as | 
conscience persuades them." 

The population of Viroinia was estiist 
at about 15,000 Englishmen and 3O0 impai 
African slaves. The colony contained -JOi 
cattle, and horses and other stock in abnndq 
Wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco wer« gl( 
plentifully. At Christmas (1647) there wal 
James Biver ten vessels from London, twoli 
Bristol, twelve from Holland, and seven ij 
New England, | 

The Makylasd Assembly was divided I 
two ehambera, the lower composed of the B 
gesses, and the upper of the Councillonl 
persona specially summoned by the Propn'' 
(Lord Baltimore). 

Many Eoyftliata Bought refuge in Yn 
and were hospitably entertained by the Got 
and the chief planters. In October the As* 
met for the first time after the deatlj 
Charles I., and declared themselves infi 
of Charles II, as King of Engla 
ginia. 

The New England Colonieb 
sympathized with the Puritan Party. 

L ord Willoughby, Governor of BabriI 
whither many Koyahsts had fled, deduail 
Charles II. ] 

The Council of New Franco sent a print 
Quebec to invite the active assistance ct 
New England Colonies against the Ira 
Indians. The French emissary estimated 
the United Colonies of New England < 
1 place 4,000 men in the field. 



49 



AFRICA. 



ourteen's Association of London Merchants 
blished their colony at Assada, in Mada- 
ar. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



During the five years from 1645 to 1650, owing 
to the Civil War, and to the ascendancy of the 
Puritan party in En^^'land, the trade of the 
London East India Company was much de- 
pressed, notwithstanding that fresh privileges 
were obtained by their officers and factors from 
Shah Jehan in 1645, and from the Governor of 
Bengal, Shah Shujah, in 1616. 



YEAR. 



1647 



wo Dutchmen, Leendert Janssen and 
:holas Proot, who had been wrecked in 
Haarlem in Table Bay, and had spent five 
iths in Table Valley before being rescued 
a homeward bound fleet, on their return 
Holland reported very favourably on the 
I ate, soil, and attitude of the natives. 



1649 



1 consequence of Janssen and Proofs 
ort the Directors of the Dutch East India 
ipany decided to establish a victualling 
ion for their fleets in Table Valley. 



Courteen*s Association of Merchants was 
formally united with the London East India 
Company, although the whole body of the 
members were not incorporated until 1657. 



1650 



Four Commissioners were sent by the EDgUsh 
Parliament with a fleet to reduce Vibqinia to 



By the Act or Navigation it was enacted 
" That no goods or commodities whatever, of 
the growth, production, or manufacture of Asia, 
Africa, or America, including our own planta- 
tions there, should be imported either into 
England or Ireland, or any of the plantations, 
except in EuRlish- built ships owned by Koglish 
subjects, navigated by English commanders, and 
three-fourths of the sailors Englishmen." 

A number of Eoyalists captured at the 
battle of Worcester were sent as prisoners to 
the Virginian plantations upon assurance of 
good treatment. 



On 19th May the English defeated the Dutch 
in a battle off Dover. War, however, was not 
declared until July. The main cause of the 
war was the cruel treatment shown by the Dutch 
towards the English in the Indian Seas, 

In November Van Tromp defeated Blake 
in the Dover Roads. 



AMERICA. 

The New England Colonies replied t 
Council of New France, that vcbile they 
willing to enter into unrestricted trads 
New France, they were unwilling to ei 
war with the Iroquois Indians. 

Between 1651 and 1653 the half-dozen I 
ments in Maine were incorporated by coi 
in MASSAcncsETTS, thus bringing the vht 
the settled territory north of PLVuourB 
south of New France, under the domioit 

Mas SACHD SETTS. 

Sir George Ayscue. an officer of thfi{ 
monwealth, landed in B.aiibados, and haai 
the Royalist Governor, Lord Willoughby, 
did not infringe the rights of the inhabitant^ 

M. de Lauson, a firm supporter of 
Jesuits, and an active member of the Comp 
of One Hundred Associates, arrived at Qui 
in Ot'tober, as Governor of New France. 



The Iroquois Indians attacked the Ri 
settlers at Montreal and at Three Riven, 
even threatened Quebec, capturing any 
venturing beyond the fort. 

In March the English ships arrived at ' 
GiNiA and demanded the submission c^ 
Colony to the Parliament. After consultu 
with the Commissioners, Sir ^V. Berb 
surrendered his authority as governor. 
terms were made between the Comini^ 
and the Assembly. The Virginians w 
obey the Commonwealth, and to receive 
freedoms and privileges as belong to the (nJ 
people of England "; there was to be 
indemnity for all " acts, words, or writingsd 
or spoken against the Parliament of Enjftl 
the Virginia Assembly was alone to tax 
Virginians, and all who refused to take the 
of allegiance to the ParUament should h*'. 
year to dispose of their property and dfl 
from the Colony, The Assenably was to I 
ihe right of electing all otlicers of the Cdk 
including the Governor, the Council, and 
County Commissioners. 

In Makylakd the CommissionerB rwJ 
from the Governor his submission to the 
monwealth ; but the rights of the Propil 
(Lord Baltimore) were not infringed. 

A Mint was butlt at Boston, in MassachWI 
and silver was coined in ^llinga, sixpMi 
and threepenny pieces. 



51 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



*he Dutch East India Company ordered three 
>s (the Dromedaris, an old-fashioned India- 
1, tne Bicger, a smaller vessel, and the yacht 
de Hoop) to be fitted up to take out settlers 
he Cape of Good Hope. Jan van Riebeek, 
> had been a surgeon in the Company's ser- 
), was selected as Governor. His wife and 
i nieces, who both afterwards married in 
ith Africa, and other women, were among 
settlers. On 24th December, escorted by a 
le fleet of merchantmen, the expedition for 
)le Bay sailed from Texel. 

It. Helena, being abandoned by the Dutch, 
} taken possession of by the English. 



The three ships, under the command of Van 
•beek, arrived at Table Bay on 6th April, 
jr a quick passage of 104 days from Texel. A fort 
I at once commenced. On 24th April, Van 
beek and his family took up their residence 
a rudely-built dwelling close to the beach. 
28th May the 116 Colonists, all being ser- 
is of the Netherlands East India Company, 
■e left to their own reBOorces, the ships re- 
ling their voyage to Batavia. Great suffer- 
I were endured during the rainy season, after 
ch the cultivation of the Company's Garden 
I commenced, and the sick speedily recovered 
IT health. 

Many ships rcacheil Table Bay in an almost disabled 
condition, owing to their crews sntfering from 
sciury. A ptssage between Holland and the 
Cape made in less than four months was oon 
sidered quick. A reward of £50 was bestowed 
on the officers of eyery ship reaching Batavia 
within six months of leaving TexcT, and the 
Cape was estimated to be two- thirds of the 
Toyagc out. 



TEAR. 



1661 



1652 



Peace with Holland concluded by the Treaty 
of Westminster, under which the Dutch agreed 
to pay an indemnity of £S5,000 to the London 
East India Company, and a further sum of 
£3,615 to the heirs and executors of the EngHah- 
men treacherously slain at Amboyna in 1623. 



A Treaty was made by Eii<;land Tvith France 
(Cromwell and Louis XIV.) against Spain, 
which also proviilcd that Prince Charles {after- 
wards Charles II.} should no longer Uveiu France. 



Spain declared war e^iust England. 
Cromwell granted to Thomas Temple, 
William Crowne, and De la Tour, all the 

country from Lunenburg, in Nova Scotia, round 
the Bay of Fuudy. beyond the Penobscot, to the 
borders of New England, on condition that the 
territory was to be settled by Protestauts. 



Cromwell sent an expedition to sei 

hattan from the Dutch, but peace beiu, 
the English sailed to Acadia, and took po 
of all the French seltlemeuts. 

The French population of the 
Canad.4 was stated to be 2,000. 

A Dutch Colony settled on the sonthei 
of the Island of Tobago. 

A body of EngUsh Colonists are said 
been sent out to Newfoundland, aids 
Parliamentary Grant. 



Admiral Penn and General Ven 
having failed in an attack on San Do 
captured Jamaica from the 
nth May. 

The London Society for the Propagil 
the Gospel sent out a printing-press to 
bridge, Massachusetts, to print religiouB 
in the Indian language. 

The Acadian settlements were retfunej 
English under the Treaty negotiated be 
Cromwell and Mazarin. 



The Federal Commissioners of the 
England Colonies recommended the i 
Courts {i.e., governing bodies) of tlie Co 
to exclude notorious heretics such as QatJi 
Ranters. Each of the Colonies, except I 
Island, passed severe laws against tbe Qn 

Sir Thomas Temple purchased frocal 
Tour hiH share in the proprietorship o( 
Scotia. 

A reinforcement of 1,000 troops vu 9 
Cromwell to Jamaica, and soon large on 
of settlers from Nevis, Bermuda, fiamdd 
Now England arrived. A thousand girU,* 
many young men, were '* listed " in Ii^ui 
sent to Jamaica. 

Du Parquet, Governor of tbe FrenchCJ 
ot Martinique, having extirpated tha ( 
inhabitants of the Island of Gkesada, R^ 
the Count de Cerillac for 30,000 croina 

Early in the year Sir David Kirke fl 
Newfoundland, having been sole owdw* 
island for twenty years, during whJcbk 
" encouraged emigration, and protea*' 
Fisheries from pirates, obtaining a rex^ 
the tax paid tor the use of ' the etaye*'* 
sary to dry the fish, and much of lie * 
prosperity of Newfoundland may ba «»• 
to his rule." 

(Kings/ord, "Histnry of Canada," ml, kr^H 



^ 



63 



AFKICA. 



ace with England allowed the Dutch to 
out numerous ships to the East, and as 
^ as twenty-one vessels bound for the 
js put into Table Bay. Van Riebeek, 
ig obtained an abundance of sheep and 
B from the Kaapnian Hottentots, was able 
pply the ships with fresh meat, as well as 
vegetables, which had grown plentifully in 
^^ompany's Garden. 



le CJoIonists at the Cape op Good Hope 
ined several hundred cattle and sheep in 
3r for copper with the Hottentots. During 
year twenty-three Dutch and two English 
3l8 called at Table Bay for fresh provisions, 
h were supplied by the Colomsts. 



tie Dutch Colonists at the Cape built a large 
)ital for the sick sailors and soldiers landed 
I the ships on their way to and from the 
;. By this time " nearly every garden plant of 
3pe and India was cultivated at the Cape . . . 
pt potatoes and maize. . . . Fruit trees of 
y kinds had been introduced. Young oaks 
firs were sent growing in boxes from Europe, 
ous kinds of vines from the Rhine Provinces 
from France were sent out in the same way. 

Horses from JavA, pigs, sheep [rams and 
3 from the best flocks in Holland], dogs, and 
dts from Europe," had also been sent out by 
enterprising Directors of the Netherlands 
t India Company. As many as thirty-five 
ch vessels, five English and four French, put 

Table Bay, and obtained plentiful supplies 
esh meat and vegetables. 

(Thiol, ** South Africa," vol. i. pp. 81-87.) 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Fort St. George (Madras) was constituted 
a Presidency by the London East India Com- 
pany. 

The Dutch having agreed under the Treaty of 
Westminster to restore Pulo Roon (Pepys' 
'' Poleron ") to the English, ** grubbed up all 
the spice trees on the island." 



YEAR. 



1654 



Cromwell granted to the Company of Mer- 
chant Adventurers (the remnant of Courteen's 
Association) a charter to trade with India. 



1666 



The Dutch obtained possession of Calicut from 
the Portuguese, and established a factory at 
Chinsurah. 



1656 



64 



YEAR 



1657 



1658 



EUROPE. 



Cromwell made an ofifensive and defensive 
alliance with France. 

Cromwell refused to accept the title of king. 



Death of Oliver Cromwell, 3rd September. 



16C9 



1660 



Charles II. returned as King to England, and 
Lord Clarendon became his chief minister. 
A Committee of the Privy Council was appointed 
by the King's order (4th July) ** for the Planta- 
tions." On 1st December, a separate Council 
FOR THE Plantations was created by letters 
patent, a Council op Trade having been 
created in November. 



AMEKICA. 



The Federal Commissioners of the 
England Colonies recommended the legislEi 
of the different colonies to make it a ca 
offence for Quakers to return persistently to 
Colony after being banished thence. 

The Spaniards, with 1,000 troops from S{ 
and many hundred old Spanish Ck>loni8ts, Ui 
in Jamaica, but were completely defeated bj 
English under Governor D'Oyley. 

The Courlanders in Tobago were overpowi 
by the Dutch, who retained possession of 
island until 1662. 

Two Quakers (William Robinson i 
Marmaduke Stevenson) were hanged 
Boston, Massachusetts, on 27th October, 
persisting in returning after being baiiisi 
from the Colony. 

The General Assembly of Viboinia eM 
Sir William Berkeley Governor of ( 

Colony. 

Mary Dyer, a Quaker and wife of i 
Secretary of Ehodb Island, who had kfl 
condemned to death at Boston in thepn^ 
year, again returned to Boston and was nai^ 
Soon afterwards another Quaker, VffSS^ 
Leddra, shared her fate. Temple, the J* 
prietor of Nova Scotia, offered to remoie ^ 
Quakers from the New England Colomes,! 
to find a refuge for them at his own cost. 

In October, Ehodb IbIiAKd pi 
Charles II. King, and declared a 
holiday. A month later the freemen of 
cuusETTS sent a loyal address to the King'' 
stated incidentally that the population d 
Confederated Colonies numbered 80,000. 



56 



AFRICA. 



En February ground was allotted to the first 

hers in South Africa." Permission had 

given by the Directors of the Company to 

of their servants and officials at the Cape 

hose to become independent farmers to do 

Nine men were released from the Company's 

ice, and, having divided into two parties, 

n to grow wheat and tobacco, as well 

egetables, in addition to breeding cattle, 

and poultry. The chief conditions were 

the Colonists were to have full possession 

I much land as they could bring under culti- 

m in three years, during which time they 

) to be free from taxes ; and after that date 

were to pay a reasonable land-tax. 



le Dutch extended the cultivation of the 
beyond Table Valley, Van Riebeek himself 
ng out 1,200 cuttings on a farm beyond 
iebosch, afterwards known as Wynberg. 

farmers (free burghers^ were ordered to 
t maize freely. Several mechanics in the 
ice of the Company at the Cape took out 

papers, and began to cultivate the land; 

the Directors stated that they found it 
;ult to induce ** industrious farming people 
nigrate to a country of which nothing beyond 
lame was known." 



le Kaapman Hottentots, becoming jealous 
le growing settlement at the Cape, harassed 
farmers and stole their cattle. The Dutch 
mpted reprisals, but were unable to overtake 
natives. They, therefore, imported horses 
I Java, and established a mounted patrol to 
d the frontier. 



le Kaapmans made overtures for peace ; and 
I Riebeek, declaring he would hold posses- 
of the Company's territory by the sword, 
srtook to punish severely any European 
iging the natives. 

French ship being wrecked at the Cape, 
y-five of her crew, who were Huguenots, 
red the Dutch Company's service. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The ** Merchant Adventurers " having united 
with the London East India Company, the 
Protector granted a charter " giving exclusive 
rights to the United Company " of trade with 
the East Indies. 



YEAR. 



1657 



The London East India Company set up a 
factory at Cossimbazaar, in Bengal, and made 
their establishments in Bengal subordinate to 
Fort St. George, instead of to Bantam. 

The Dutch captured the Portuguese settle- 
ments at Negapatam on the Coromandel coast, 
and Jafnapatam in Ceylon. 

Aurungzebe was proclaimed Padishah at 
Delhi. 



1658 



1659 



1660 



The English Parliament re-enacted that the 
produce of the Colonies should be exported only 
ill English vessels ; and no man was permitted 
to set up as a merchant or factor in the Colonies. 
Various articles were enumerated as the staples 
of colouial produce, which were to be exported 
ouly to England or to English depi 



The Royal CoMr.iNr of AovENTuitRns was in- 
corporated, having the Duke of York as its 
head, and the King as a large Bhareholder. 
The Company derived their chief profit, from the 
exportation of negroes from Guinea to the 
American plantations. 

An attempt was made by the heirs of Sir 
Fernando Gorges, Mason, aud others, to 
whom the Council fob New Enoland had 
granted lands in Maine and New HAWi'SHiitE, 
to recover possession. The Government of 
Massachusetts resented their action ; and the 
conflicting claims of the proprietors and the 
Colony were brought before the Council for 
THE Plantations. 



The Genera! Court of Connecticct eent a 
gratulatory address to Charles II., and | 
tioned him to grant the Colony a charter. 
the summer Plymouth also proclaimed 
King. 

The Quakers in England having sought 
protection of the King, Charles II. 
letter to the Governors of the New Engl 
Colonies, ordering them to cease prosaenl 
the Quakers, and to send to England any 
were still in prison waiting their trial. 

The Court of Massachusetts formally decla 
the constitution of the Colony in a Report ti 
submitted to the King. They claimed 
legislative and executive power over all pec 
witblu the Colony, with no appeal aave vt 
their Acts might be at variance wit>i the l&i 
England. Agents were sent to Kngland 
each of the New England ColonicB. 

In the closing months of the year the Iroqi 
were more than usually troublesome along 
banks of the St. Lawrence, killing or captni 
in the neighbourhood of the Bettlementfi ; 
Frenchmen. Pierre Boucher was deputed 
the Colonists to go to France to seek the 
protection of Louis XIV. against the Iroqa 
who seemed omnipresent, though they □umM 
only about 2,200 iigliting men. 

Louis XIV. received Boucher graciooi 
and his petition being supported by the prea 
and preceding governors of Canada (1 
d'Avaugour and M. d'Argenson). ibc 
tory of New Fkanoe waa incorx>oraled _ 
royal province of France, and ceased to 
under the control of the effete and ineffil' 
Company of the Hundred Associates. 

Sir Thomas Temple was appointed Oi 
nor of Nova Scotia by Charles II , who 
confirmed him in his proprietaj-y rights, 

Placentia, on the south coast of Nrwto 
LAND, was taken iMssessiou of by M. DamJ 
for France, as an important post for the pi> 
tion of the fisheries. 

Charles 11. confirmed the charter of Uj 
chusetts, and gave the Colonists an lnd«a 
for all acts committed during the Commonm 

A charter incorporating Connbctioot 
granted by Charles II. in April, and tm 
Hartford in October. No change took plw 
the coDBtitution of the Colony; but its bonndu 
were so declared as to include the terriurt 
Neweaven, the townships of which Colonj' 
gradually absorbed in Conhecticot beP 
1662 and 16B4. 



57 



L 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The London East India Company were em- 
powered by their charter to plant and fortify 
St. Helena. 

An exploring party of Dutchmen from the 
Cape settlement first encountered the Namaquas, 
whom they found to be superior in physique and 
manners to the Cape Hottentots, and of a friendly 
disposition. 

An English fleet, under Sir Robert Holmes, 
was despatched to the coast of Africa. The 
Dutch were expelled from Cape Verde and the 
Island of Goree, and the fleet then sailed to 
America to claim the territory then occupied by 
the Dutch, but which had been granted to the 
Earl of Stirling by patent of James I. 



Mr. Zacharias Wagenaar, who had served 
as a merchant under the Netherlands East 
India Company, was appointed to succeed Mr. 
Van Riebeek as Governor of the settlement at 
the Capb of Good Hope. On the 7th May Van 
Riebeek and his family sailed for Batavia. 
Daring the ten years' government of Van Riebeek 
the average number of the Company *s ships that 
put into Table Bay each year had been twenty- 
five, having on board an average number of 
200 men, thus making about 5,000 visitors to the 
settlement each year, who greatly benefited from 
its establishment. The Javanese horses had in- 
creased to over forty, enabling eighteen mounted 
men to patrol the border districts. There was a 
a good supply of horned cattle, sheep, and pigs. 
" Every farmer had at least twelve working oxen 
and six cows ; every one whose wife had arrived 
from Europe had at least twelve cows. . . . Their 
stock was the choicest in the country. Each had 
his little freehold farm marked out, and beyond 
the agricultural lands the whole open country was 
common pasturage." The native clans, so far 
known to the Dutch, were supposed to number 
from 45,000 to 50,000 souls. 

Van Riebeek was placed in charge of the Comnany's 
establishment at Malacca until 1665, and sub- 
sequently became Secretary of the Council of 
India. 



On 3rd April Charles II. granted a charter 
to the London East India Company. Bombay 
was ceded by the Portuguese to Charles as part 
of the dowry of his wife, Katharine of Bra- 
ganza. 

A Mint was established at Madras (Fobt 
St. Geokge). 



YEAB. 



1661 



** At this time the Company's establishments in 
the East Indies consisted of the Presidency of 
Bantam, with its dependencies of Jambi, Ma- 
cassar, and other places in the Indian Archi- 
pelago ; Fort St. George and its dependent 
factories on the Coromandel Coast and in the 
Bay of Bengal; and Surat, with its affiliated 
dependency of Bombay, and dependent factories 
at Broach, Ahmedabad, and other places in 
Western India, and at Gombroon in the Persian 
Gulf, and Bussorah in the Euphrates Valley." 

(Birdwoofl, * ' Rejiort on the Old Recoixls of the India 
Olfice," pp. 219, 220.) 



1662 



By the Act, 15 Car. II., ca,p. 17, it was 
enacted that all European products and manu- 
factures intended for the " English plantations 
or factories in Asia, Africa, or America," must 
be landed in England and thence carried direct 
to the Colonies in English ships, and that no 
colonial products were to be carried anywhere, 
except to other Colonies or Plantations, until 
first lauded in England. 

Charles II. granted to Lords Albemarle, 
Ashley, and Clarendon, Sir W. Berkeley, 
and four other patentees, all the land between 
the southern frontier of Vikoinia and the river 
St. Mathias, in Florida. The province was to 
subject directly to the Eugliah Crown, and its 
inhabitants were to enjoy liberty of conscience. 
In other respects the authority of the proprietors 
was absolute. They could make war, impose 
taxes, and confer titles of honour not already 
existing in England. 

TkU tertitotT hail already licon grautod in 1S29 by 
Clisrles I., uoder tho naniD of Carolina, to Sir 
Itob«rt Heatli, vho. boireTer, had made no 
sottlemcnt ; and liiH gvaat was forni&llj revoked 
by CUailcB II. in 1603. 



Four Comniissi oners were appointed to visit 
New England, and were instructed to secure 
the rights of the Crown over Maine and New 
UAMPSHiitE, to enforce the Navigation Acts, and 
to inquire into the administration of justice, the 
treatment of the natives, and the state of 
education. 

On the news of De Ruyter's action reachiug 
England, 130 Dutch vessels then in English 
ports were seized, and an English fleet was 
sent to capture the Dutch pgseessione in 
America. 



Lord Wi^indsor was appointed by Charlei 
Governor of Jamaica, He was " to constil 
a Council and to call Assemblies, and to a 
laws and to levy moneys, such laws to be ( 
in force for two years unless confirmed by 
King." 

Louis XIV. created Cornelius Lampi 
Baron of Tobago and proprietor of the id 
under the Crown of France, the Dalch ti« 
resigned their right to it. 

Charles II. granted a charter to HB 
Island. 

Tiie Company of the " Hundred Associat 
abandoned their charter to Louis XIV., i 
created a " Sovereign Council " to be Buprem 
the new province. New Feance, or Canada 
this date contained only 2,500 French peo| 
of whom 800 dwelt at Quebec, which > 
created a city. M. de Mesy was appot< 
Governor. Five hundred French Battlers arri 
in Canada, and were maintained at the Kil 
cost for the first year. The island of Mo^TB> 
with the 8eiJ,^Jeury and all their rights 1 
responsibilities, were transferred by the Monti 
Company to the Seminary of St. Sulpice. 3 
Iroquois Indians sent an embassy to Quebes 
treat for peace with the French and Algooqid 

Two small settlements, already existing 
Carolina, founded by emigrants from Vmol 
and New England, were placed under the ( 
of Governors appointed by the proprietors, 

Charles II. assumed sovereign rights CI 
Bakbados, and granted to Lord ^^itlougU 
its Governor, the island of Antigda. An ata 
body of planters from Baubados attempted 
oust the French from St, Lucia, and anod 
body of planters applied to the proprietoti 
Caeolina for land on which they might foiui 
independent community with legislative poit 

The Union of Connectioct and NkwbiI 
was completed by the absorption of the udj 
ships of Newhaven in the Colony of Connertl 

The first Assembly of Jamaica was SDmoM 
V>y Sir Charles Lyttleton, the Dqfl 
Governor, in January. In June, Sir Tfaoii 
Modyford arrived as Governor, with U 
settlers. t 

The English from Barbados captured j 
Lucia from the French, who in turn tm 
MoNTSEKitAT, and levied heavy imposts ^ 
its English inhabitants. jj 

Charles II. having granted to the Duke 
York the territory known as the New I 
lands, an English fleet took peaceable poa 
of New Amsterdam, the Dutch merchanU R 
testing, but offering no resistance, Thett 
territory were renamed New York. 



59 



AFRICA. 



A Datch fleet under de Ruyter regained 
possession of the settlements on the Guinea 
Coast that Sir Robert Holmes had captured 
in 1661. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The Dutch became aggressive towards the 
English in the East, and boasted themselves to 
be " Lords of the Southern Seas," even " beating 
several men at Surat, and hanging the English 
standard, St. George, under the Dutch flag in 
scorn." 

^Pepys Diary, 16tb February, 1663.) 



The London East India Company discontinued 
their factories at Cossimbazaar and Patna, in 
Bengal, and at Balasore, in Orissa, and instructed 
their agents only to purchase Indian produce at 
Hoogly. 



YEAR 



1662 



Sivaji, the Mahratta, attacked and plundered 
the town of Surat ; the English and Dutch fac- 
tories, being armed with cannon, successfully 
resisted all assaults made upon them. In re- 
cognition of the bravery of Sir George Oxen- 
den, Aurungzebe granted the English Com- 
pany exemption from custom dues for one year. 



1663 



1061 



War was declared between England and 
Holland. 

Tbe French West India Company was estab- 
lished, and was endowed by its charter from 
Louis XIV. with enormouB territory, most of 
which it never acquired. It was granted a 
monopoly of trade for forty years over Now 
France, from Hudfion's Bay to Virginia, and 
Florida; West Africa, from Capo Verde to the 
Cape of Good Hope ; Soath America, from the 
Amazons to the Orinoco, with tbe trade of the 
Indian Islands. It controlled the whole of the 
trade of Canada, both import and export. 



Louis XIV. dudaied war against England, 
and made an alliance ^viLh the But<;b. 



AMERICA. 

During the year, 800 emigraDts re&ca 
Canada, as well as the Carignan Ilegiment ^ 
the staff of tbf.> Marquis de Tracy, who H 
been appointed Viceroy of the French TrMJ 
' atlantic poBsessions ; the populatiou was til 
doubled. As the troops arrived, they were^ 
to erect three forts upon the river Bicbelkj 
by means of which tbe Iroquois bad been in ■ 
habit of approaching the St. Lawrence setq 
ments. M. de Courcelles arrived in Septeml 
as Governor of Canada, aud M. Talon 1 
Intcndant. I 

The Royal Commissionere were ^vell receiif 
in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Plymoc^ 
although tbe latter Colony declined to pernl 
the King a voice in the appointment of the Gov^ 
nor. In Massachusetts the Comniissioners woi 
baffled by tbe General Court in their attempt j 
modify tbe constitution of tbe Colony by secnnl 
to tbe King tbe right of hearing appeals fnl 
the colonial tribunals. 1 

The Court of Massachusrtts estimated IhJ 
tbeir colonists owned 192 vessels, large <■ 
small, principally belonging to Boston ; and tt 
Commissioners reported that a good storfl^ 
iron was made in tbe province. ' 

A settlement was made at Cape Fear (C^ 
Fair), on tbe coast of Carolina, by the planu^ 
from Barbados, under a grant from tbe pM 
prietors. Sir John Yeamans waa appoiotal 
Governor, and bidden " to encourage immigratifll 
from New England," and within a jrear ll 
Colony numbered fiOO inhabitants. 

Sir W. Berkeley, in a letter to hat 
Arlington, stated that the population ol V 
GiNiA was 40,000. 

In the depth of winter (9th January} M. 
Courcelles led an expedition of 600 troops J 
colonists into the country of the Iroquois. Ifl 
taking bis way, after reaching the Hudson Bhl 
he arrived at the Dutch villaj;e of CodJ 
(Schenectady), which he found occupiedl 
English soldiers. Finding be had failed toil 
prise the Iroquois, he retraced his stop*, ltd 
a score of men in an ambuscade, and many lot 
through cold and privation. The Mobai 
Indians (one of the Iroquois nations) renrt 
their attacks in the summer, and a larger la 
of troops under tbe oommand of De Tn 
marched into their country in the antnB 
burning tbeir villages and deatroyiDK di 
crops. As a result, years elapsed before I 
Iroquois again became aggressive. 

In bis commission appointing his son, Chw* 
Calvert, Governor of Maktdand, Lord Ball 
more described himself as " the absolute hi 
and Proprietor of tbe Province." 



61 



AFKICA. 



The Directors of the Dutch East India Com- 
pany resolved to construct a strong stone fortress 
in Table Valley, to defend their settlement at 
the Cape op Good Hope. They instructed 
Governor Wagenaar to detain 300 soldiers 
from passing ships, and to employ them in pre- 
paring materials. 

An unsuccessful attempt was made by Wage- 
naar to capture the Boyal Charles^ an English 
East Indiaman, which, ignorant that war had 
broken out, had put into Table Bay on her way 
home from Surat. 



Van Quaelberg was appointed to succeed 
V^^agenaar as Commander of the Cape settle- 
ment. He left Holland on 19th December, 

1665. Owing to the war with England, the 
ship he was in sailed round the British Islands, 
and did not reach South Africa until 25th August, 

1666. On her passage out 110 sailors and soldiers 
died, and when she reached Table Bay not a single 
person on board was in sound health. 

A fleet of twelve ships, equipped by the 
French East India Company, and under the 
command of the Viceroy of the French posses- 
sions in the East, put mto Table Bay, and re- 
ceived every assistance from Van Quaelberg. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Bombay was delivered up by the Portuguese 
to Charles II. 



TEAK. 



1666 



1666 









nt&R 


EUBOPB. 


AMERIOA. B 


1066 




As a rotmlt of the report made hy IIm IIo7*iM 








Commisaionem, five ComniiMtonsni w«re mqnirod I ■ 
















to Knuland. Thu (!olonv tompomed. fend lAirlH 
tho tall of Lord Clarendon, a ten horttt^MH 














tude waa atiown towards thmn by BngtaoJ^^^^H 








Aktioua, which had received laq{« li^^^^^l 








of oolonistM from Kngland, wu adJMd^^^l^l 








Fnmch from Martinique. H 




1667 


In Mfty the Freoch and Dntoh fleeU wero 


Tho Dutch captured, or dcatroyod. mora tbao 1 1 






dofGAted in the Wett ludiea. 








In Juno tho Dutch sailed up the Th&mea. and 


The Colony of North Caroux*, which ■prausll 






burnt the ibiiM at tho mouth of the Medw&y. 


from tho uitloment at Albornarie lU w uude br 1 ■ 
omif^raula from VinaiMii, waa gnnled a onasu-[l 






In Jul)' peace wai mode with the Dutch. 






(Tho TrcAty of Brodo.) 


tulion hv the proprioton aotnowhat dtnilartoW 
thnt of Vinpnta. Wban, bowcrer, the O^HIH 






Lord Clarendon w&s impcAt-hnd, and fliTd 






to tho Continent, and the Cabal MinlBlry came 


had hocoine sufTicicotly popuUted the '• l^^^H 
inontal Critmtitutloni " drafted by LodcA^^^H 






into power. 






The RoTAL CoiiriKT or Advkmtuikm wm 


to bo ndoptod. ^^^H 






diawlTed, owing to tho raverun it bad safiered 


The power of the Mohawica baviiift^^^H 






Ihntiah the war with (be Dutch. 


broken, the bulk of tho French traofi^^^H 




1 


ordered home to France. UnwonUof <00h^^^^| 
however, remained ai BoUlera. A oomM^^^^I 














DBinber of emigrwtU wa* eeni out to ^^^^^H 








the coat of Louit XIV. " At UUa F«^^^^H 
















virtue of whieh lU political life waa tobttoSI 








on for nearly a century." 








to the French : AxTtuuA waa restored to tfaa 














Engli»h. and St. Lccu to the VwoA Mttian. 








Captain Zachary Qilham entered JannT 








Bay (Hu.l>ou's Bav). and built Foct CharUt at 








the mouth of a river wbiofa ha naraod afta' 








Prince Rupert. 




1M6 


sad BirabB waa (uoMd. Loiua XIV. tnada 








Maixr. which waa ania fortDally coaatitatad a 






pMMwttbSraia. 


Mwed of a LegiaUttva Coaodl and a llooaa fli 
Lovelace, UieOovcnMror New Torfc. wanad 
















1686 










the eoloniaU of Rhode Iiland that ibe lodiMt 








Batwcm TG6& and ICTO » eantoM of raoM 
wotnn «m rmlarty tbippad " to Canadft. «I 
















■ 






arrival Pretninnu wars given la adult ttmJm 








DO«d upoa thoM who did not tnarry. Colbert, 
la a lellar lo De Coorccllea. tub April. l«70; 

havallMOMaBaotlDoreaM)." 
Port Naboii. Hodaoo-s Bay, waa railad tw 


^^^^^^^^■^^^^^M 



63 



AFRICA. 



<78 reached the settlement at the Gape of 
Hope that the Dutch were supreme at sea, 
\A burnt the English shipping in the Thames. 
I not considered necessary to proceed with 
uilding of the castle, upon which nearly 
len had been employed for a year and nine 
18 without completing even one of its five 
I, owing to the scarcity of timber. 



mmander Borghorst was appointed to 
ed Van Quaelberg, who was dismissed 
e Council of Seventeen, sitting at Amster- 
for having furnished the French fleet with 
I kept at the Cape for the Dutch Indiamen. 



perienced miners and assayers were sent 
Europe by the Directors of the Dutch East 
Company, to search for metals in the 
bourhood of the Cape. Although they 
lied for several years, they were finally 
pointed. 

3 free burghers were formed into a company 
litia numbering eighty-nine. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1666 



Pulo Roon was finally abandoned to the Dutch 
by a provision of the Treaty of Breda. 



1667 



1668 



By a charter dated 27th March, 1669, Charles 
II. transferred the Port and Island of Bombay 
to the East India Company, to be held by the 
Company at a farm rent of £10 per annum. The 
surviving soldiers, who had garrisoned Bombay 
since 1665, entered the Company's service and 
became the cadre of the H.E.I.C.'s '* 1st Euro- 
pean Regiment," or ** Bombay Fusileers/* after- 
wards the 103rd Foot. 



1669 



A Company of EEglish noblemen and gentle- 
men, with Prince Rupert as their President, 
obtained a charter from Charles II., incorpora- 
ting thorn as ihe " Governor and Company of 

AdVEKTUUBBS TRAUIKO TO HuDSOU's EaY." 



War wa3 declared by England and France 
asainst the Provinces of the United Netherlands, 
who choso William of Orange (afterwards 
William III. of England) as Stadtholder. 

The EoYAL African Company was incorpora- 
ted in London. 

The Council fob the Plantations was united 
to the Council for Trade, and became known 
as the Council for Trade and Plantations, 
with Lord Shaftesbury at its head. 



Acadia was formally BurrendereVl to the ¥i 
by Sir Thomas Temple, who in vain a 

compensation from Charles II. 

A settlement was made on the Ashley ; 
on tho coast of South Carolina, by emig 
sent from England by the proprietors, ana 
named Charlestown. 

!ic nudson'e Bay Company was grante 
Charles II, the territory from Lake Suj 

westwards, 

The Assembly of Maryland laid a tax ol 
shiliiogs a hogshead on tobacco exported, 
halt of the proceeds to go to the proprietor 
the other half to be applied as public revem 

Many families from New Yohk eettlai 
Soi'TK Carolina, near Charlestown. 

Considerable progress was made ill .TajI 
by the planting industry under the direoA 
Sir Thomas Modyford. 

M. de Gran d-fon tain e reported that tl 
were 359 people dwelling at Port Boyal, 
only forty more throughout Acadia. 

M. Talon returned to Francs, having q 
eoveo years in Canada, during which gre4l| 
gress had been made by the Province in the M 
vation of hemp, tho manufacture of Caoad 
cloth, tho production of soap, the working 
tanneries, and the pvcpaviition of potiub. 
brewery had been built at Quebec ; two sevg^ 
vessels had been constructed ; and M. Talon I 
himself directed the clearing of land »ni I 
founding of three villages near Quebec. Sti 
succeeded by M. Duchesneau as InteaH 
and M. de Frontenac snceoedod M. j 
Courcclles as fiovernor. 

Charles II. h-rautcd the fee-simple of Viwd 
to Lord Arlington and Lord Culpepper.^ 

the right to gi-arit lands, to nominate sberiSi^ 
land sur\-eyor8, and to dispose of tho f 
patronage of the Colony. The Virginians « 
strated, and the patentees surrendered I" 
rights, except quit-renta and eschetUil 
exchange for a duty ot three -halfpence I 
pound on tobacco exported. 



65 



AFKICA. 



eter Hackius was appointed Commander 
e Cape Settlement. A French East India 
on its way to the East put into Table Bay, 
i7as refused stores and fresh provisions. 



ASIA AND AU STEAL ASIA. 



YEAR. 



iring the ten years from January, 1662, to 
tmber, 1671, 370 of the Dutch East India 
pany's ships called at Table Bay and obtained 
lies. Twenty-six French, nine English, and 
Danish ships also anchored in the Bay. It 

estimated that over 7,000 strangers thus 
2d the Cape yearly, and benefited from the 
)lishraent of the station. A garrison of 300 

was maintained in Table Valley, and the 
her militia now numbered 100, many being 
ated on Javanese ponies. 



ictories were set up on the Gold Coast by 
Royal African Company, and forts were 
ed to defend their agents against the Dutch. 

le Dutch at the Cape formally purchased 
the Hottentots " the whole district [of the 
J Peninsula], including Table, Hout, and 
anha Bays, with all the lands, rivers, and 
its therein," in exchange for goods and mer- 
dise to the value of 4,000 reals of eight 
0), though it was stated in a dispatch to 
directors that the value of the goods actually 
jferred by the Dutch was £2 16s. 5d. 

overnor Goske arrived at the Cape in 
her, and found the European population 
isted of sixty-four burghers, thirty-nine of 
01 w^ere married, sixty-five children, fifty- 
3 Dutch men-servants, and about 370 
mts and soldiers of the Company. ** The 
s castle is the frontier fortress of India,'' 
e the Directors, and Governor Goske was 
orized to land from passing ships as many 
as he might require to work upon the castle, 
;h was again proceeded with. 

)ur vessels w^ere fitted out at the Cape and 
to attack the English victualling station at 
Helena. 



1670 



The London East India Company began to 
build their Dockyard at Bombay, and founded 
the Bombay Mint. 



1671 



The London East India Company endeavoured 
to extend their trade by setting up factories in 
Tonquin, Tywan or Formosa, Siam, China, and 
Japan. The Portuguese were able to hinder the 
establishment of a factory at Macao ; and the 
Japanese refused permission to the English to 
trade, because the King of England had 
married a Portuguese princess. 



1672 



66 




1673 



1674 



EUKOPE. 



Peace was concluded between England and 
Holland. 



1675 



The Commission constituting the Council 
for Trade and Plantations was revoked by 
Charles II., and a standing Committee of the 
Privy Council, entitled *' The Lords of the Com- 
mittee of Trade and Plantations," was appointed 
in its place. 



1676 



AMERICA. 



A Dutch fleet of eight men-of-war at 
English shipping in Chesapeake Ba 
stroyed eleven vessels. The Dutch 
then sailed to New York, which sc 
without offering any resistance, and W) 
the Dutch from July to the following e 

Louis Jolliet, a French Canad 
Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit priest, < 
the Mississippi, and descended it in the 
of friendly Indians as far as the mou 
Arkansas river. 

Fort Frontenac was built on the i 
shore of Lake Ontario by the Gov 
Canada. 

The first ** pot of sugar " was expo: 
Jamaica by General Bannister, as 
to Lord Arlington, then Secretary of 



M. de Laval became the first 1 
Quebec. M. de Frontenac rep 
Louis XIV. that the population oi 
was 6,705, and asked for troops, but wj 
drill the inhabitants, and rely upon 
furnish a fighting force. 

The Newfoundland fisheries were 
by the Lords Commissioners of Trade a 
tations to employ 270 ships and 11,000 : 



The Indians in the south of New 
suddenly attacked the Colonists. In 
CHUSETTS nine towns were destroyed, ; 
towns in Plymouth and Bhodb Island. 
to the loyalty of the Mohicans and ] 
Connecticut escaped almost unharmc 
war lasted until the end of 1676, when 
the Indian chief, was defeated and killec 
400 Colonists had been killed ; and the Po 
' and Narragansctt tribes had been alo 
stroyed by the Federal forces (1,100 mei 
Josiah Winslow. In Maine and Ns^ 
SHIKE a distinct war was waged agai 
Tarrateens, who for three years hiuii 
pillaged the scattered townships. 

Edward Randolph, who was sent i 
England as their agent by the Lords d 
and Plantations, reported fully upon 
CHUSETTS, and recommended that the 
should attack the territorial rishts of the 
by confirming the existing holdiDgs at < 
quit-rent. Two agents were sent by the 
to England to defend its interests. 



67 



AFRICA. 



le small garrison of the London East India 
pany in charge of St. Helena, being unable 
Fer effectual resistance to the Dutch cxpe- 
n from the Cape, spiked their cannon and 
ped in a vessel lying ready for sea. Off the 
b of Brazil they fell in with an English 
dron under Commodore Richard 
iden, who sailed at once to St. Helena and 
kptured the island. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 




Sivaji again attacked the English factory at 
Surat. 

'* In this year the notable fact is recorded of 
the Company having sent out Englishmen to 
Bengal to teach the natives to dye silks the 
green and black colours in fashion at home." 

[Birdxcood, ** Report on the Old Records of the India 
Office," p. 23a.] 



1673 



le island of St. Helena was granted by 
ter of Charles II. to the Loudon East 
a Company. 



ovemor Goske left the Cape settlement, 
ing made considerable progress in the build- 
of the castle, and having established an out- 
ion and farm at Hottentots Holland. He 
succeeded by Johan Bax, who directed 
unsuccessful expeditions of about a hundred 
ch and some friendly natives against the 
hmen, who had slain certain burghers. 



The French settlement at Pondicherry was 
founded. 

Sivaji was installed as Maharajah of the 
Concan, English ambassadors from Bombay 
being present on the occasion. 



1674 



1675 



1676 



68 




AMEBICA. 



Just as the agents from Yxbginia wei 
to obtain a charter from Charles II., co: 
the existing constitution, and providing 
tax should be laid upon the Colonists 
the consent of the Governor, Ck>un 
Burgesses, news reached England tl 
war had broken out in the Colony. Tl 
of Governor Berkeley in suppres 
Indian war, in which nearly 400 Colon 
been killed, brought the grievances of 
ginians to a head. Under the leade 
Nathaniel Bacon, a fresh Assembly wai 
and numerous reforming laws were 
For four months civil war prevailed, 
which Jamestown was burned. The < 
Bacon closed the strife, and Sir 
Berkeley resumed the government, and 
several of his chief opponents, but \^ 
recalled to England. 



Randolph was appointed Collector 
veyor of Customs in New England, and ir 
to secure the due observance of the 
Navigation then in force. 

The Earl of Carlisle arrived in Jjl 
Governor. He informed the Assembly 
was instructed to change the system 
lation, and he presented forty Acts, 
under the Great Seal of England, i 
acceptance. The Assembly rejected tl 
laws (among which was one granting ap 
revenue to the Grown), on the ground tl 
a system was "contrary to the goverai 
England, of which country we are." 

[Official Handbook of Jamaica, p. Sd.] 

Lord Culpepper was appointed Gr 
of YmoiNiA, and instructed to restrict tl 
chise to householders and freeholdera 
Assembly was to be summoned by tbe 
and was to accept or reject laws whi( 
been drafted by the Governor and Couim 
approved by the Crown. Money Bills 
were to be initiated in the Assembly. 

Two vessels were sent to South Caboi 
Charles II. with French Protestants on 
who were to introduce the cultivation o 
worms, vines, and olives. 

Massachusetts purchased from Gorgi 
£1,250 all his rights over Maikb. Tfaei 
the Lords of Trade decided to appoint i 
visional government of New HAMPSHitf 
to call upon the Court of Massachose 
account for their proprietorship and adiuii 
tion of Maine. The two agents from 3 
chusetts, who had been kept in Londoo 



,j 



69 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



rEAR. 



1676 



:ew Dutch farmers advanced beyond the 
peninsula, and began to farm sheep and 
at Hottentots Holland. 



non van der Stel was appointed Com- 
ler of the Cape settlement (12th October, 
to 1st June, 1691), and took out with him 
Dur sons. He found the castle had been 
leted, the moat only remaining unfinished ; 
bhat the garrison had been reduced upon 
Dnclusion of peace with England. 



The London East India Company obtained 
permission to settle a factory at Tonquin, undis- 
mayed by the fact that in the previous year 
their factory at Bantam had been sacked by the 
Javanese at the instigation of the Dutch. 



1678 



A Mahratta force took possession of the 
islet of Kenery, at the mouth of Bombay Har- 
bour, and successfully resisted an assault by the 
English, who thereupon occupied the twin islet 
of Henery. 

A factory was set up by the London East 
India Company at Amoy. 



1679 



70 



YEAR. 



1679 



EUEOPE. 



1680 



1681 



AMEBICA. 



1682 The charters of London and of other English 
towns were examined under a quo warranto^ 
and amended and altered in the interests of the 
Crown. 



1676, were sent home bearing certain d 
All within the Colony, except Papists, 
enjoy freedom of worship, and equal civi 
all persons in office were to take the 
allegiance; military commissions an 
were to run in the King's name ; and 
repugnant to the Navigation Acts wei 
repealed. 

At this date the population of Canai 
France) was 9,400. The Council was s 
the principal Colonists only occasional! 
consulted on matters of trade. 

Lord Cardross and ten Scotch Pres 
families, seeking a refuge from pers 
settled at Port Boyal on the coast o 
Cabolina. The Colonists at Charleston qi 
with them ; and many of the Scotch ha 
Port Boyal, those who remained were d 
hy the Spaniards from Florida. 

A government for New Hampshike 
up by Eoyal Commission, consisting of 
nor and council nominated by the Crowr 
a representative assembly elected by t 
holders. 

Maine expressed its dissatisfaction s 
governed by Massachusetts. 

The Hudson's Bay Company, havii 
Fort Hayes at the mouth of the Moo8< 
on the west side of James' Bay, and Fort 
at the mouth of the Eiver Albabny, sent C 
Draper to the Nelson River for the pur] 
trade. 

Lord Baltimore was ordered by th 
Council to make good the sum of £2,500 
the Crown by his having hindered and imf 
the royal tax collector Rousby. 

The Duke of Courland, to whom 
XIV. had restored Tobago, made over 1 
to the island to a company of liondon mei 



The Canadian Company, " la Compaq 
Nord," composed of traders of Quebec an 
treal, fitted out two vessels which sailed 
Nelson, where they found, and drove o% 
belonging to the Hudson's Bay Compai 
were attempting to set up a factory at the 
of the river. 

In compliance with imperative comman* 
England » two agents were sent by Massacb 
to * ' answer for the Colony." They were ins 



71 



AFRICA, 



oromander van der Stel founded the 
ement at Stellenbosch, having induced eight 
lies to leave the settlement at the Cape by 
fifer of as much land as they could cultivate 
he Stellenbosch valley. The cultivation of 
ceo alone was prohibited. 



►uring the ten years from January, 1672, to 
ember, 1681, 344 Dutch East Indiamen, 
en English, ten Danish, and three French 
m put into Table Bay. 

^esh settlers at Stellenbosch raised an abun- 
t harvest of wheat, sufficient to supply the 
[iers and burghers at the Cape with fresh 
id for several months instead of their custom- 
fare of rice and biscuits. 



everal Dutch farmers from Wynberg and 
idebosch were attracted to Stellenbosch by 
abundant crops raised, but in this year a 
rae, in the form of "prodigious swarms of 
ill insects, which nearly destroyed the crops," 
^tened the extinction of the settlement. 

[Theal, "History of South Africa," i. 268.] 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1679 



Sivaji, who had conquered a considerable 
portion of the Lower Carnatic, died, having 
maintained his independence successfully against 
the repeated attacks upon him by Aurungzebe. 



1680 



Bengal was made independent of Madras, and 
Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Hedges was 
appointed " Agent and Governor in the Bay of 
Bengal, and of the factories subordinate to it." 
** A corporal of approved fidelity, with twenty 
soldiers,'' were to act as body guard to the Agent, 
and to defend the factory at Hoogly, as well as 
" to act against interlopers." 

[Birdicood, pp. 225, 226.] 

Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Child was appointed 
President at Surat. 

The London East India Company first im- 
ported opium from Bengal to England. 



1681 



1682 



In October the Council of Seventeen, sitting 
at Amsterdam, appointed a commission of three 
members " to exaimne into the affairs of their 
posBBBsions in Hiudostan and Ceylon." 



"to apologize for various shortcomings 
as conniving at smuggling, the inflid 
penalties on dissidents in reliyion, and the 
tion of the franchisQ to church members, i 
promise amendment." They were "to 
against any attempt to iutrodace a sys 
appeal to the home government," and i 
plead insufScieut powers if any attack w* 
upon the charter or the constitution. 

Rousby, the tax collector, was slain in 
LAND, by an adherent of Lord Baltimor 
was censured by the Privy Council and tbre 
tvith the loss of his charter. 

William Penn, the son of Admiral Pa 
had captured Jamaica, obtained from Chai 
the grant of the territory lying between Maj 
and New Jebsey. Within the first year t 
two vessels took out 2,000 Colonists, and i 
years' time Philadelphia was a townof 600! 

M. de la Barre was appointed by 
XIV. as " Governor of Canada, Acadii 
Newfoundland " in place of De Fronten) 

A writ of qiiu warranto waa issued fn 
Court of King's Bench suimnoning 1 
CHUSETTS to appear on behalf of its cl 
The Government of Massachusetts emp< 
Robert Humphreys to act as their con 

Colonel Thomas Dongan was apj 
Governor of New York, and announced a 
proprietor had sanctioned the election 
Council and an Assembly. 

In June a decree was issued front tha 
of Chancery, to which the proceedings I 
Massachusetts had been transfeired. am 
the charter of the Colony. 

Lord Howard of Effingham rephusti 
Culpepper as Governor of VmoisiA. 

The charter of the Bermudian Compl 
London was annulled, and since then Uie ( 
nors of the Beemuoas have always been app 
by the Crown. 

A census of BAitnAUOS was taken, and d 
there were 20,000 white people, and 4G,O00i 

De la Barre, Governor of Cakaoa, infc 
the Governor of New York that Seneoi 
Cayugas (two of the Five Nations knowo I 
French as Iroquois) had attacked Fort Frcnl 
and asked that the Colonists of New York d 
not furnish arms and ammuDition tothowB 
He advanced to Port Frontenac, made U : 
ruinious peace with the Indians, aoJ 
in consequence removed from hi> H 
Louis XIV. 



73 



AFRICA. 



L court of " heemraad," to settle trivial dis- 
es between the burghers of the new district, 
3 established. It was composed of four of the 
ef settlers, who held office for two years, but 
:e unpaid. 

^yklof van Goens, the Governor-General of 
therlands India, landed at the Cape on his 
/ to Europe. To encourage the growth of 
in, he relieved the burghers from tithes for 
) years. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Bantam was taken by the Dutch, who expelled 
the English, French, Danes, and Portuguese. 
The English Company was thus compelled to i 
withdraw their factories from Tonquin, Amoy, 
Siam, which had been subordinate to Bantam. 
They, however, effected a settlement at Bencoolen, 
on the south coast of Sumatra. 




Che first school at Stellenbosch was opened, 
e children were taught reading, writing, and 
thmetic, and on Saturdays the boys over nine 
UTS of age were drilled in the use of arms. 



Phe crops gathered by the burghers at the 
PE were so abundant that grain was for the 
it time exported from the settlement, a small 
intity being sent to India. 

At this date, the evils resulting from the officials of the 
Dutch East India Company supplementing their 
salaries by private tnulc had uceome so gross 
that the Assembly of Seventeen appointed a 
commission of three members to examine into 
their affairs in India and the £last. The chief 
commissioner was Hendrik van Rheede tot 
Drakenstein, who was endowed with the fiillest 
power and authority. 



The English were driven out of Java by the 
Dutch. 

Sir John Child was appointed ** Captain 
General and Admiral of India," and Sir John 
Wybornc •* Vice-Admiral and Deputy Gover- 
nor of Bombay." 



1683 



1684 



^ 



James II. King of Englaud {1G8.5-1688). 
Kovocatiou of tbu Edict of Naiitua 
Louis XIV. 



Peace prevailing botwcen Euglaud and France, 
negotiations took place in Loiidou, wliich resulted 
in a treaty being signed (IGtli November) by 
Baiillon, the French ainbaasador, and by the 
English oiinistera, Rochester, Sunderland, 
Middleton, and Godotphin. By this treaty 
it was providid that the domain each power 
held in America should bo maintained in its 
full extent. No aid was to be given to the 
Indians on either side. Neither should carry on 
trade in the geographical Jiiuits claimed by the 
other ; if war broke out between the powers in 
Europe, peace should yet be observed iu Anjcrica. 



The Hudson's Bay Company presented a 
petition to James II., which was signed by 
"Churchill, Governor" (afterwards the Duke of 
Marlborough), claiming redress from the French 
Government and the restitution of their forts. 
A conference was in consequence held between 
Sunderland, Middleton, and Godolphin, 
and the French ambassador, Barillon. 



M. de Denonville was appointed Govei 
of Canada, and Frtiich troops were seal 
Louis XIV. to assist in coutrolling ■ 
Iroquois. He proposed to build a stone | 
at Niagara, on the southern shore o£ If 
Ontario, to hinder English Colonists from ra| 
ing the upper lakes, and to restrain the Iroqdj 
He also recommended that Louis XIA'. BfaiJ 
purchase New York from James II. i 

Two ships from Quebec captured a vd 
belonging to the Hudson's Bay Compann 
Hudson's Straits, and took her and bercnn 
Quebec. 

Randolph diew up and submitted to I 
Privy Council formal charges against CoKJiH 
COT and Bhodbi Island, alleging that tliey || 
passed Acts contrary to the laws of BiDffM 
and had violated the Acts of Trade. 

A French force from Montreal marched at 
land and captured the three forts of the Hudsi 
Bay Company situate on James' Bay. j 

The French settlements in Acadia oontaa 
858 inhabitants, of whom 600 dwelt in and *M 
Port Royal. j 

In May James II. vosted the goveniiDegj 
Massachusetts, Maine, and Nbw HAiiPsn 
in a President, a Deputy-President, aoij 
Council of Sixteen, who were to meet at Boll 
three times a year to conduct the affairs of | 
Colonies, but were precluded from making I( 
or imposing taxes. No provision was madaj 
giving the people a voice in their own affaiitl 
means of a representative Assembly. Josq 
Dudley, of Massachusetts, the first Pree"' 
was soon superseded by Sir Edmund / 
who was commissioned as Governor. Pltiioh 
was also included in his jurisdiction; 
authority was vested in him and his r 
(vacancies in which were to be filled by i 
King) to levy taxes, to administer the finaad 
and to make laws, which were to be r&tifiedl 
the Crown. Andros was also empovued j 
grant land upon quit-rents. 

[noyU, " I^mluii Colonies," ii 301-305.] 

Rhode Island made formal submisaim tof 
King. 

M. de Denonville, Governor of CanaM,] 
the head of 1,(300 French troops and Ctaili 
militia, defeated the Seneca Indians, and »«( 
their country. He built Fort Niagara lo h 
the Engbsh from reaching the Upper LakaJ 
Canada, and to hold the Iroquois in check. " 
retaliation the Iroquois attacked Montreal ti 
Fort Frontenac. 



75 



AEEICA. 



) High Commissioner (Drakenstein), on 
'ay to the East, enlarged the governing 
at the Cape, ** the Council of Policy," so 

consist of eight members, viz., the com- 
er as president, the secunde, the two mili- 
officers of highest rank, the fiscal, the 
irer, the chief salesman, and the garrison 
keeper. He placed Stellenbosch under a 
rost, who was also to supervise the Com- 
3 farms and out-stations. He also granted 
e government officers land to farm, and 
tted them to sell their produce to the 
any on the same terms as the burghers. 

der Stel selected a farm at Wynberg, 
L he named Constantia. When the High 
lissioner had sailed for India, Van der Stel 
it on a journey of exploration to Namaqua- 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



The London East India Company transferred 
the seat of the Presidency of Western India from 
Surat to Bombay, in consequence of the exactions 
of the Mogul Governors. Two squadrons were 
sent from England ; the one to cut off the Mogul 
ships trading with Surat, and the other to 
operate against the Nawab of Bengal, 
who had arrested and scourged Mr. Job 
Charnock, the English Governor of the settle- 
ments in Bengal. 

[Talboys Wheeler, **Histoi-y of India," Part ii., cap. vii.] 



YEAR. 



1685 



stimulate settlement at the Cape, the 
tors of the Dutch Company offered free 
ges and free grants of land to emigrants 

the Netherlands, requiring them to take 
th of allegiance to tbe States General, to 
'rince of Orange, and to the East India 
lany. They also sent out small parties of 
from the orphan homes of Amsterdam and 
rdam, who were married to the most pros- 
s of the Cape burghers. 

Lt the now settlement of Stellenbosch, a yearly fair 
was established in October, during which the 
drilling of the militia took place. 

3 Council of Policy passed a resolution 
g upon all persons to produce their title- 
; and leases to be copied into ** a strong 
and authenticated by the Secretary." 
m this date a record of titles has been 
' but as •' title-deeds were never issued 
the ground was properly surveyed, and 
vas sometimes delayed thirty years after it 
Jlotted .... the records are nearly value- 
as a means of tracing the progress of 
gration." 

Thcal, ** History of South Africa," i. 322, 831.] 



lew settlement of farmers along the Berg 
* was formed by Commander van der 
and named Drakenstein. 

Qon's Bay was surveyed, and named after 
der Stel. 



The English ships operating off Surat captured 
cargoes belonging to Mogul subjects valued at a 
million sterhng. The inhabitants of Surat suf- 
fered so much from the blockade that Aurung- 
zebe sent officers to consider the grievances 
complained of by the English. 

Sir John Child was appointed Governor- 
General, with full power to make war or peace 
in India, and was ordered to secure the safety 
of the Company's possessions in Madras and 
Bengal. 

Mr. Job Charnock retired from the unforti- 
fied factory at Hooghly to Chuttanuttee, whence 
an English squadron conveyed him, his Council, 
and all the Company's merchants and goods to 
Madra3. 



1686 



1687 



1687 Barillon requested James II. to recall 
Colonel Dongan [roin Kuw I'uik. 



William of Orange was invited to land in 
England lo secure tho libertiea of the people. 
He issued his Declaration (September 30tb) tbat 
he was coming to secure a tree and legal Parha- 
ment, by whose decision he would be bound. 
James II., in alarm, offered many reforms. 
William landed at Torbay (November 5th), and 
entered Loudon (Deeoinber X9th). and called a 
meeting of the I'eora. who recommended the 
aummoning of a Convention. 

James II. tied from England, 



William and Mary accepted the Declaration 
of Hight drawn up by the Convention, and wore 
declared to be King and Queen o( England. 

War between England and Holland, and 
France, 



Having received authority from Engl 
Governor of New York, to protect their 
Colonel Dongan, deeming the attack uj 
Senecas to be injurious to ^English c 
interests, invited the Iroquois to unite n 
Ottawas, and to bring their trade to Alba 

A writ of quo warranto was applied for 
the charter of Connecticut ; and GO" 
Andros liimselC went to Hartford and dtu 
its surrender. Although the charter 
away, the government of tho Colony 
in that o( the rest of the New HngUmd C 
by Andros, 

The Duke of Albemarle became G< 
of Jamaica, and attempted to govern arbi 
but died soon after his appointment, 

Altho\igh the population of Canada was 
12,000, the Iroquois were so daring th 
Trench were only safe when within thei; 
They made an unsuccessful attempt to w 
a peace with the Indians. At the sam* 
they encouraged the Abenaki Indiana i 
attacks upon the scattered settlements 
north of Maine and New HAMraaiKE, 
nearly 200 English aettlera were slain. 

Some resistance having been offered at 
meeting in Massachusetts to the tasati 
posed by Andros and hia Council, town 
wore limited to one a year, and the Colonis 
thus deprived of their lost show of indepeo 

By a Royal Comraissiou Sir Edmund A 
was appointed Governor of the whole i 
Enghsti Colonies from the St. Croix to tba 
ware, including all the New England Col 
New York, and New Jersey, but owing i 
change of government in Bnglaud ^t 
" dominion" at once fell to pieces. 

In ViBQiNiA and Mabvland the accesa 
William and Mary was received with 
quillity. 

In &L48SACHUSETT8 Sir Edmund Ai 
was seized by the Colonists, who declaiw 
their former government was resto refl io 
by the fall of James II. 

The French planters in St. '. 
the English Golonists, 

In revenge for the French atta 
Senecas, the Iroquois surprised the seUk 
at Lachine and massacred 200 inhabitant*. 

Louis XIV. appointed De Front 
Governor of Canada, with instmctioa 
seize Albany, on the Hudson Biver, at 
attack New York, which had but lu«r a 
hundred inhabitants. 



77 



AFEICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1687 



A number of Huguenot refugees (176) were 
sent out to the Cape as emigrants by the Dutch 
East India Company, and were located at 
Stellenbosch, Drakenstein, and French Hoek, 
in such a manner as to be readily absorbed 
among the Dutch settlers. 



The Post Ofljce at Bombay was established. 

The French obtained from Aurungzebe per- 
mission to found a settlement at Chandernagore. 

Dampier, cruising against the Spaniards, 
visited and explored some 900 miles of the 
north-west coast of Australia. 



1688 



To improve the breed of horses at the Cape, 
the Dutch East India Company imported stud 
horses from Persia. Spanish rams were also 
sent to cross with the sheep of South Africa. 

The French ships from Pondicherry put into 
Table Bay for refreshment, and were captured 
by the Dutch. 



The factors of the London East India Com- 
pany at Vizagapatam and Masulipatam were 
massacred by the Moguls, and Bombay itself 
was pillaged. The oflBcers of the Company with- 
drew from Bengal to Madras. At this date the 
Directors in London passed a resolution indi- 
cating an advance in their policy on the basis 
of acquiring territory in India. 



1689 



A naval battle was fought off Bettcliy Ilcad 
(June 30th), in which the French were victorious. 

On July 1st the battle of the Boyne was 
fought, and James II. fled to Franco. 



Louis XIV. and James II. prepared to 
mvade England. 



An unsuccessful attempt was made 
French ahipsfroui Quebec tocapture the H 
Bay Company's fort on the Nelson River 

Schenectady (Corlacr), the frontier I 
the English settlements north-west of 
was surprised by a body of French 
Canadians, and Indians, and sixty men, 
and children were massacred. This trea 
attack was the commencement of a p 
slaughter and devastation adopted by the 
Canadians towards the English sett 
.America, Two other English settlemi 
Salmon Falls and Fort Loyal (Portia 
Maine, were surprised by parties of Fr«i 
Indians, and their inhabitants alaio. 
meantime, Sir W. Phipps had been i 
Massachubetts against the French sett 
in Acadia. He captured Port Royal an 
smaller forts, and returned to Boston, bari 
pelled the Acadians to take the oath of all 
to England. During bis absence a con, 
New England Colonists met at New Yo 
decided to send 900 men along the 1 
Valley and Lake Champlaiu against Mo 
and a fleet, with ^,.'300 men, was sent to 
Quebec, The laud force did uot oon 
collision with the French, and the d« 
beaten off by De Frontenac from Qoebc 

[KiMiafonl, " History if Cannda." ii, 20ii.210, »Iidl 

Francis Nicholson, who bad been »pi 
Lieutenant-Governor of Vikbinia, and tl 
clergy of the Colony, petitioned the mei 
of London to assist in founding a college 
ginia. In response, £2,500 was contribntt 
lllmll'; "Tlii; EihgliKli in Alllcri^■a.■• 358.9.) 

General Codrington, with a fom 
Bakbadofi, drove the French out of St. K 

William III. granted a new cbai 
Massac HUSETTH, incorporating with that i 
Plymouth and Maine, and the terril 
Acadia, which Phipps was held to ha» 
quered. The General Court was to cwnsi 
Governor, a Council, and a House of De 
who were to levy taxes and to constitute co 
law. The King was to nominate the Com 
first, as well aa its officers, and in suec 
years the General Court were to elect the 
cillora. But the Admiralty, Customs, an' 
OfBce departments were directly dependi 
the departments in England. The franchi 
granted to all who possessed £40 in per« 
and 40b. freeholders. Fbipps was app 
Governor, 

The government of Marti.and was takei 
by the Crown, which, however, left untouch) 
proprietary rights vested in Lord Baltti 



79 



. AFRICA. 



n consequence of the prosperous condition of 
settlement at the Cape, the Directors of 
Dutch East India Company promoted Com- 
inder van der Stel to the rank of Governor. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Sir John Child died at Bombay. The 
factory at Tegnapatam was fortified, and called 
Fort St. David. 



YEAR. 



1690 



The Colonists at the Cape numbered over a 
>u8and souls, and possessed nearly 300 horses, 
wr 4,000 cattle, nearlv 60,000 sheep, and 200 
3its. They had over half a million vines bear- 
5, and harvested good crops of wheat, rye, and 
rley. 

The number of ships that put into Table Bay 
bween 1682 and 1691 was 424, of which 339 
ire Dutch, forty-six English, twenty-three 
ench, thirteen Danish, and only three Portu- 
ese. 



1691 



80 



TEAR. 



1692 



EUROPE. 



The danger of a French invasion of England 
was averted by the Battle of La Hogne, in 
which Edward Russell (Earl of Oxford) 
defeated the Trench fleet. 



AMERICA. 



Allen, a London merchant, having boa^rht 
proprietary rights from Mason, was apjiuin 
Governor of New IlAMi^fliiiHE. 

A charter was granted by William and III 
incorporating the Virginian College (WiIHa: 
burg), of which James Blair was apnoic 
President, and remained in office nearly £ 
years. The college was endowed with a grani 
£2,000 quit-rents l)y the colonial govemmcn;. 
addition to a sum raised by private subscripts 
A yearly income was provided by a frrmot 
20,000 acres, and a duty of a penny on er 
pound of tobacco exported from ViKtuNu 
^f AiiYLANi). The Assembly also grant«d a d< 
of £100 a year on skins and furs, and the fariL: 
of the Sur\'eyor-General'8 place. 

An earthquake on 7th June deslroyetl V 
Royal (Jamaica), then the principal tomn to \ 
West Indies. 



1693 



I 



An English expedition sailed to Jameii' H 
and recovered possession of the three foru 
the Hudson's Bay Company. 

A British fleet was sent to co-operate with 
land force from New P^nolakd in an attack afi 
Quebec, but yellow fever disabled tht* crt\ 
Phipps built a fort at Pemaquid, and anod 
at the mouth of the Saco, bv which the ludu 
were overawed, and made their submiiibion. 

KiioDE Island was assured that their ch^r 
was still valid in the opinion of the Kd«:1; 
Attoriiev-Cicneral. 

Conuccticut had bcrn an aaptirrti in \C90, on xh* m 
authoritv. 



1694 



A French expedition from Quebec ca}>coi 
the Hudson's Bay forts snd tradiof: stations. 

A body of Indians, instigated by the Frro< 
advanced into New Knui^nd. plundermi; i 
slaying within forty miles of Boston. 

Sir Edmund Andros was appointed Got 
nor of Virginia, and Sir P. Nichols< 
Governor of Mahyland. 

A French fleet landed men in Jamaica, v 
destroyoil many plantations, kidnapped 1/ 
slaves (whom they sold eventually for i>>5.CC 
and were fiiiallY repulsed, with great loss, bj i 
rolonial militia at (^arlisle Bay. 



81 



AFEICA. 




1692 



"The London East India Company spent 1693 
£90,000 in bribing the Privy Council to renew 
their charter, and prevent the incorporation of 
the new * English Company.' " 

[Birdwood, p. 231.] 



1694 



William III. revived the Council for tlie 
control of the Colonies, which began to be calle4 
the "Board of Trade and Plantationa." It was 
composed of the chief oQicers of State and eight 
nominated mcmlicrs. 



The popnlation of England and Wales was 
estimated to be about five and a quarter millions. 



Sir 'W. Phippa, having made many 
in New England, was tummooed to Lo 
account for his conduct as Governor of 
CHOSETTS, but died soon after reaching I 
The Court of Massachusetts, impatiea 
responsibility of governing Acadia, pe 
the King to garrison Port lioyal and St. 
with royal troops. A French force, b 
recovered possession of the province, wh 
then inhabited by about a thousand 
settlers. 



An English fleet recovered possession 
forts in Hudson's Bay. 

A French force, sent by De Fronten: 
tured and destroyed the fort at Pcma(|i 
then attacked the English fishing settlen 
Newfoondl.\nd. 

Nicholson was appointed Governor 
aiNiA, and transferred the seat of goventl 
Williamsburg, ten miles to the north of 
town. 



By the Seventh Section of the Treaty ol De Frontenac sent a fleet to recapt 
Ryswick, Great Britain and France mutually i Hudson's Bay forts, which was effected 
restored " all countries, islands, forts, and ■ gallant fiyht with some English ships, 
colonies, wheresoever situated," which had been Treaty of Eyswick, of the four forts built 
captured from each other during the war then ' Iludsou's Bay Company, only Fort Alba 
ended. restored to them. 



In spite of the opposition offered by the 
LosDON East India Company, a charter was 
granted to " the English Comfany trading to 
the East Indies," who had ofTi-reil the English 
Government a loan of £9,000,000 at 8 per cent. 
For four years a ruinous competition was carried 
on between the two companicB. 

The Board of Trade and Planttitions forbade 
the export of colonial woollens fi'oni one Colony 
to another. 



A powerful fleet sailed from La Bocl 
attack Boston in conjunction with a Ci 
force, but did not proceed beyond Newfooi 

The Earl of Bellomont was a]> 

Governor of M.^ESACHrsKXTs, Nrw Yob 

New Hampshike. 

By the Treaty of By s wick, Nova 
(Acadia) was restored to France, and 
settlers were re-admitted to St. Kittb. 



Death of De Frontenac, Goven 

Canada. 

The Connecticut clergy petitioned the c 
legislature for a charter to a college to be f< 
within the Colony. A charter was grw 
corporating the college and cndowiu^ I 
£120 a year out of thu public taai 
was not, however, until 1716 that the 
was founded at Newhaven, and rectii 
name from its chief benefactor, Elihu Yi 



83 



AFEICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR 



1695 



The European traders in Bengal complained 
to the Nawab of the unprotected state of their 
factories, and were told in reply to protect them- 
selves. Thereupon three forts were commenced 
— Fort William, by the English, at Calcutta ; 
a fort, by the Dutch, at Chinsura ; and a fort, by 
the French, at Chandemagore. 



1696 



new hospital was built in Table Valley 
ly to accommodate the sick crews of ships 
ey arrived at the Cape. 

[n 1693 a vessel arrived from Texcl with every one of 
120 survivors sick, having lost 134 men on her 
passage ont. In 1694 another ship arrived with 
only sixteen sound men and cightv -three invalids, 
having lost sixty of her crew. In 1695 a Dutch 
fleet of eleven snips arrived with 678 men unable 
to walk, having lost 228 on the i)assage out. In 
1696 a ship reached the Ca{>e from Flushing 
with four sound men and 139 sick, ninety- three 
having died on the voyage. 



1697 



The London East India Company obtained 
from the Prince governing Bengal a grant of 
the three native towns of Chuttanuttee, Kalee- 
cutta, and Govindpore. The Company also 
resumed possession of all their old factories at 
Madras and elsewhere, lest they might be occu- 
pied by the English East India Company, 
which at once set up a factory in Borneo. 



1698 



The Scotch failed in their attempt to effect a 
SQttlement at Dftrien, their first expedition 
perishing from starvation, and the second being 
broken up by the Spatitards. 



Anne. Queen of England (1702 to 1714). 

War declared against France by England and 
Holland. 



Vigo 



Spanish treasure- ships destroyed 
Bay. 

An arrangement was arrived at by which the 
EjOndon East India Comi'asy and the now 
English Company were united. 



Gibraltar was captured by Admiral Rooke 
and Sir Cloudesley Shovel. 

Marlborough won the liatLlu of lileiiheiui. 



Commiseioners were appointed to treat for a 
nnion between England and Scotland, and the 
terms of the Union were agreed upon. 

Marlborough won the battle of BamilUes, 
and Louis XIV. proposed terms of peace. 



The population of the Colonies i 
America founded from England was 
about 300.000. distributed as follo\ 
England, U.5,000; New York, 30,0l 
.Jersey, 15,000 ; Pennsylvania and J 
20,000; Maryland. 35 000; Virginia, 
and the Carohnas, 15,000. Of the 
50,000 were African slaves, four out of 
owned by the Southern States. 

[C'Hitv "Hislory uf Vii;gini«,'" !». 808. 

De Cal litres was appointed Goi 
Canada, and was succeeded by De Vi 
in 170.3. The population was about 15 

On the death of Lord Bellomont, 
Dudley was appointed Governor of 
England Colonies, and instructed to in: 
the fortification of the north-east (too 
upon the payment of a fixed salar] 
Governor, both of which demands we 
uately opposed by the House of Depuli< 

The proprietors of South Carolina a 
Sir Nathaniel Johnson as Govern 
carried on a vigorous warfare aga 
Spaniards in Florida. 

St. Kitts was captured by the Englisl 



Deerlieid, the extreme north-v 
Massachusetts, was surprised and d 
by a force of French and Indians, and it 
tants were slain or carried away capti' 
expedition was organized at Boston 
han-ied the French settlements in Acadi 

The F'rench and Spaniards of the We 
having made a successful attack u 
English settlement in the Bahamas, th 
were deserted, and became the rosoct of 



The French from Canada destro; 
English settlements in Newfobhdlakd' 
ing the town of St. John's, but were m 
take the fort after besieging it for a moul 

In order to check the importation of 
slaves into Massacuusbttb, its legislat 
posed a duty of £4 a-head upon ever 
imported. 

The Colonists of Charle&tovm (0 
successfully resisted an attack made 
French and Spanish fleets. 

The warfare on the borders of Cu>i 
New England continued, and llie 
government being unable to spare tr 
colonial force was raised to attack For 
(Acadia). 



85 



AFEICA. 



rilhem van der Stel was appointed Gover- 
%t the Cape in place of his father, who had 
ioned the Directors to he allowed to retire, 
who spent the rest of his life at his Con- 
tia estate, rearing cattle and in the pursuit 
griculture. 

rem 1692 to 1699, 435 ships put into Table 
, of which 293 were Dutch Indiamen, 113 
lish, nineteen Danish, and ten French. 



ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. 



Dampier, in H.M.S. BoebiicJc, visited and 
explored the north-west coast of Australia. 



YEAR. 



1699 



Mr. Thomas Pitt, Governor of Madras, 
grandfather of the Earl of Chatham, was besieged 
in Fort St. George for three months by the 
Mogul Nawab, to whom he had refused to pay 
an exorbitant tax. 



1702 



1704 



1705 



. memorial from several of the chief burghers 
he Cape was sent to the Assembly of Seven- 
1, complaining of the conduct of Governor 
I der Stel, who had taken to farming on a 
:e Bcale for his own benefit. 



1706 



YEAR. 
1707 



The Bill for the Uoion of England and 
Scotlaud, under tho titlo of Great Britain, was 



The first Coutt of Directors of the United East 
Indi.a Company was held on S3rd March, 1709, 
the union of the two Coinpanies then being 
completed under the title of The United Com- 
pany OF MkkCHANTS TRADINQ TO THE EABT 

Indies, afterwards oEGcially known as "The 
Honourable East India Company." 



Upon the dismissal of the Whig Ministry by 
Queen Anne, Harlcy and St. John formed an 
administratioQ. 



Negotiations for peace resulted in the Treaty 
of Utrecht. 

Spaiu ceded Gibraltar and Minorca (which 
bad been captured by an Euglish fleet iu 1T08) 
to Great Britain, and undertook to buy slaves 
for her Colonies only from Great Britain. 



Tho New England force, nuuiberii 
men, laid siege to Tort EoyaJ, but ow 
incompetence of their leader failed to 



A force of 1,500 men, raised inan 
MiBYL.us-D, Pennbvlvania, and Xbw 1 
placed under the command of C 
Nicholson, and sent overland to att 
treal. Sickness broke out, and the e 
did not advance beyond Lake Geoi^. 
expedition, raised in the New England 
to attack Quebec in conjunction vriu 
fleet, did not start, owing to the Bpg] 
not reaching Boston. 

Port Royal (Acadia) was captaradbj 
son, in command of a regiment ol 
marines and four regiments raised b 
chusottg. New Hampshire, Coonectji 
Rhode Island. After a week's siege tb 
garrison {350 men) was allowed to m 
with the honours of war. The inl 
within three miles of Port Boyal, wl 
tliun re-named Annapolis, were to rei^ 
molested upon their estates during t« 
after which they must either take the 
allegiance and fidelity or depart. 
[A'lBjs/brrf, Hi. 97-102.] 

Fifteen EngUsh ships of war and 
transports and storesbips, having on boA 
English and two Massachusetts regiment 
from Boston on 30th Juno, to attack I 
and a force of 2,000 colonial troops 
Nicholson, advanced overland toatiac 
trcal. On 22nd August, owing to the ini 
of the Admiral, eight transports were nu 
in a tog in the Kl. Lawrence, 884 tnx 
many sailors were drowned, and the ec 
was given np, the fleet returning to Fori 
on 9tli October, On learning of tbe i 
Nicholson retreated without having eo 
conflict with the Canadians. 

llTing'fani, iL 45S.167, and Dvylt, " PuriUnl 
ii. 4H2, 8.] 

The country aronnd Hudson's Bay 
forts ou James' Bay were restored by tW 
to the Company. 

Nova Scotia (Acadia), except Cape 
and Newfoundland were yielded U 
Britain. Tho right to fish aud to dryll 



87 



AFRICA. 



«ouis van Assenburgh was appointed 
^ernor at the Cape in place of Van der Stel, 
the latter's estate was resumed possession 
3y the Dutch Company, who forbade their 
rants to own or lease land in the Colony, or 
^rade directly or indirectly in corn, wine, or 
;le. The burghers were expressly admitted 
lave the same rights as if they were living in 
Netherlands. 



^e Dutch East India Company abandoned 
UBiTius, pemoving the Colonists to the Cape, 
to Batavia, and destroying everything that 
Id not be removed, that the island might not 
.-act other nations. 



jovemor van Assenburgh died at the 



)nc-fourth of the Europeans living in Table 
ley died from small-pox, which had been 
veyed by patients returning from India. The 
-settlers also suffered, while whole kraals of 
ives were destroyed. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Aurungzebe died, and his empire became 
the scene of a fratricidal war between his sons, 
of whom the eldest, Shah Alan, succeeded to 
the imperial throne as Bahadur Shah. He 
confirmed all the rights and privileges which 
Aurungzebe had granted to the English. 



YEAE. 



1707 



1709 



1710 



1711 



1713 



George 1., Kin^; of England (1714-1727). 
Death of Louis XIV. 

Jacobito robuUioii. 



Quadruple Alliance between England, France, 
Austria, and Holland agaiiiat Spaio. 



Walpole, Prime Minister of Great Britain 
C17ai-1742). 

The population ot England aad Wales waa 
estimated at 5,500,000. 



George II., King of England (1727-1760). 
The Duke of Newcastle was head of tl 
Board of Trade from 172i to 174t). 



War waa declared between England and 
Franco. 

Shirley, Governor ot Massachusetta, warned 
the English Government that au attack would 
be made on Nova Scotia by the French from 
Canada, and begged that a naval force might bo 
sent to co-operate with the New England 
Colonies in an attack upon Louisbourg. 



over & specified shore of Newfound 
granted to the French (Article XIII., ' 
Utrecht). Both nations were to cease 
the Indian allies ot the other. 

St. ICiTTs waa ceded to England. 

The fourth Lord Baltimore havin 

a Protestant, his proprietary rights I 
LAND were held to bo revived. 

The French population of Nova Scol 
was estimated to number aboni 2,5( 
neither take the oatb of allegiancQ to 
of Great Britain nor leave the country 
Governor suggested that " English 
tar and pitch makers, carpenters anc 
should be sent out to build a royal mi 
Annapolis, and to encourage trade. 
[KhrjK/orJ. iii. 137.] 

The population of Canada nunnbered 
French descent. 

The ColoniBts of South Carolina thri 
authority of the proprietors in favour c 
ment by the Crown. Sir Francis N 
was appointed first royal Governor. 

A regular government was set u; 
Bahamas, the pirates infesting the islau 
been extirpated in the previous year. 

War broke out between the Abeaak 
(instigated by Jesuit missionaries] 
Colonists of New England. 

Governor Hunter, of New York, ee 

a trading post at Oswego, on Lake Out 

The iHJitiilatiuu of Cahaiia k 



1 



Captain Osbom was sent from Si 
the first Governor of NEWFOirNDi,ASD. 

la 1729 tlie [iroiirieton' rigbts over Oie 
wore bought by the Ciown (2 Ueotgi 
£17.500. 

In 1733 Geuihha, the last or tliB'"niiriert 
WM settled by .laniPB Oglotborpcb 

In Canada, where De Beauham 
succeeded De Vaudreuil as Governor 
every preparation had been made for tb 
able stru^le with England. For tweu 
Louisbourg had been continually streni 
and was garrisoned by about 2,000 o 
1725 Fort Niagara had been built ; and 
Crown Point, on Lake Champlsin, hi 
fortified, in spite of the protests of the G( 
of New York. 

The popolation of Canada was about 
An armed force waa sent against Aantpi 
failed to capture the town. 



89 



AFRICA. 






Col. Maurits P. de Chavonnes, who had 
commanded an infantry regiment before the 
Peace of Utrecht, was appointed Governor at the 
Cafb. 

Marauding Bushmea having driven off 700 
sheep belonging to a Dutch farmer of Draken- 
stein, the first colonial commando of thirty 
mounted burghers took the field in pursuit. 

During the fifteen years from Ist January, 
1700, to 31st December, 1714, 1,007 ships put 
into Table Bay. Of these, 683 were Dutch, 
280 English, thirty-six Danish, six French, and 
two Portuguese. 

The French took possession of Mauritius, and 
named it Isle of France. 



ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. 



YEAR 



An English mission was sent from Calcutta to 
Delhi to obtain certain trading privileges from 
the Great Mogul. They were well treated, 
but for two years their requests were evaded. 
Then, in 1717, owing to the chance removal of 
the old factory at Surat to Bombay, the Moguls 
feared the English were about to act as they 
had done in 1686, and the mission obtained all 
bhey wanted. 



1713 



1716 



A terrible gale in Table Bay wrecked ten 
vessels lying there at anchor on 10th June. 
Six hundred and sixty Uves were lost, with 
property to the value of a quarter of a million 
sterling. 

In the ten years 1715-1724, Table Bay was 
visited by 645 Dutch, 192 English, ten Danish, 
seventeen French, four Portuguese, and three 
Flemish ships. 

On the death of De Chavonnes in 1724, Jan de la 
Fontaine acted as Governor at the Cape until 
February, 1727, when Pieter Noodt was installed 
as Governor. On his death, in 1729, Dc la 
Fontaine became Governor until August, 1787. 



The Dutch Colonists at the Gape had con- 
tinued to prosper, and the farmers had taken 
possession of vast tracts of new country in the 
interior, and laid them out in cattle runs of not 
less than 5,000 acres in extent. The Governor- 
General, Van Imhof, on his visit to the Colony, 
endeavoured to check this movement, which he 
considered would turn the Colonists into a body 
of half-barbarous nomads. He also selected a 
site on the southern shore of Simon's Bay for a 
station, and a magazine and hospital were built 
to accommodate the crews of ships unable to 
&id shelter in Table Bay. 



1719 



1722 



1728 



Robert Clive (born in 1725) arrived at 
Madras in the civil service of the Hon. East 
India Company. On war breaking out with the 
French, he obtained an ensign's commission. 



1744 



Charles Edward Sluart landed in the Admiral Warren, with ten ships ol 
Highlands, and wa^ proclaimed at Edinburgh, and William Pepperell, with fifteen 
He won the battle of Preston pans, took Carlisle, 1 and 4,000 troops fumiahed by the New Ei 
and advanced aa far as Derby, but thou retreated ColonieB, besieged the fortresa of Louisbou 
to Scotlaud. Cape Breton iBtaiid), which was defend 

",000 French troops and Canadian 



Having defeated General Hawley at Fal- 
kirk, Charles Edward Stuart was himseli 
defeated at Cullodcn by the Duke of Cumber- 
land. 



The Bjghlandcrs were then disarmed, and 
forbidden to wear their national dress. The 
hereditary jurisdiction of the Highland chiefs 
was abohshed, and the chiefs couipeasated. 



By the Treaty of Aix- la- Chape He, Great Britain 
restored Cape Breton, with its fortress of Louis- 
bourg, to France. France restored Madras to 
Great Britain ; and Spain paid an indemnity of 
£100,000 to Great Britain for reuouncitig the 
right to supply slaves to the Sp&niah West 
Indian Colonies. 



by several ships of war. After 
weeks' siege, the fortress was surrendered. 
this service Warren was made rear-adnii 
the blue, Pepperell was made a boronei 
both Pepperell and Shirley, Governor of J 
chusetts, were commissioned as colonelt 
authorized to raise regiments to be on tl 
of the regular army. Shirley's regiment b 
the 50th of the line (Queen's Own Boyal 
Kent), and Pepperell's regiment the 51st ( 
shire Light Infantry). By the capture of 1 
bourg, the Nova Scotia settlements an 
seaports of New England were secured 
attack, and the supremacy of the British 
North Atlantic was assured. 

[Khvji/ord, iii. 310-321.] 



In May the colonial troops banded ove 
charge of Louisbourg to two English regii 
that arrived from Gibraltar, and the 
American regiments raised by Shirley 
Pepperell. 

A powerful French fleet left La Bocbe 
Juno with the object of retaking Liooisbonr 
of conquering Nova Scotia. It consist! 
twenty-one ships of war, and of twenty 
armed vessels and transports carrying a 
force of 3,150 men. After being scatten 
storms, only a portion of the fleet rei 
Chebucto (Halifax) in September, The 
mander-in-cliiet, the Due d'Anville, 
and fever having decimated the remnant o 
forces, the Marquis de la Jonquiire, 
was on his way to take up the goveruorsL 
Canada, directed the ships to return to I'r 
although they had effected absolutely nothi 



;^i 



Under tlieTrcaty of Aiv-la-CI.«lioll^ 1 

cvaiiintea by tlie Eiigluh on IK 

A lew ilays earlier, lh« Uotu Ed^-ud C 
who hul been ai^paiiiteil GoTenorof NmbI 
arrived at HoILIbx (tliun known ■■ CSmIimI 
renamed in honour of Lord U*lUWs,tlia7n 
of tho Board of I'radesiHl FUtitBlioM)«M| 
emigrants, muuly coni]Mmd of loUiai 
wilom who hod betu dintiw^pd utttttfl 
elnaion of peace, and of >-■' * ■ ■■ - ■J" 



On liin retirement of Jnn da la Fontaino in 1737, 
Ailriiun van Kerr clliecunie Oorcnior At thn Capr, 
but (Itcil nithin a fow weeks or his nppnintiueiit. 
For nearly two jeara Duaiel van den Henghel 
actad >a Governor, when the decision of the 
Auemhlj of Sevuntean removed him in ravniir 
of Hendrik Swell en f^cbcl, who was installed in 
April, 1789, and retired iu Fobinary, liDl, 



BctwMn 172!; am] 1733 there callo.! at Table Bay 
668 Dnteh Tcioels, ninety-one English, twenty- 
seven Dinlah, nineteen French, one Portii^ieae.and 
one Flemish. Between 17SS and 1750 the Dutch 
ships calling at Table Buy nnmbeiBd 610, the 
English IS3, the Danish twenty, am! tbe Fi-ench 
twenty- three. Simou'a Bay, however, began to 
be naed as a port of call by the Dutch vessels in 
1742, and tevonty-seveo oF the Company's ships 
pnt into that harbour before the end of 17^0. 



Admiral Boscawen put into Table Bay in 
)rU, with twenty-ail mcn-ot-war and trans- 
rta, on his way to India to recover Madras 
d restore the power of Kngland. The troops 
ire landed aud drilled for boiiio weelis, as 
uxy of them were newly recruiti^d. 



ASIA AND AUSTEALASIA. 



An Eoglish squadron appeared off the Coro- 
mandol coast for the purpose of destroying the 
French settlementis. Dupteix, Governor ol 
Pondicherry, begged protection from the Nawab 
of the Camatic, who thereupon hade the English 
not to engage iu hostilities within bis dominions. 
Ha assnred the English he would protect them 
in like manner against a superior force of French. 



The English fleet having left the Coromandel 
coast, a French squadron under La Bourdon- 
nais arrived, and threatened Madras. The 
Governor and Council of Madras applied to the 
Nawab for protection, but omitted to send 
presents as the French had done. Accordingly 
the French were allowed to capture Madras, 
and its iuhabitauta were sent to Pondicherry as 
prisoners of war. As Dupleix refused to yield 
Madras to the Nawab, the latter Bont an army 
of 10,000 men to take it, but the Moguls were 
routed by the French, who numbered 400 men 
with two guns. 



The English attacked Pondicherry by land 
and sea on the arrival of Boscawen'a fleet, but 
after a siege of two months and the loss of 1,000 
Europeans, the English retired unsuccessful. 
Robert Clive distinguished LiuisuLf iu tbe 
trenches before Pondicherry. 



TEAR. 
1745 



An Act was passed by the F&rliament of Great 
BritBJn fotbidding the American Colonists to 
erect mills for rolling iron or furnaces (or makiog 
eel. 

The estimated population of England and 
Wales was 6,467.000 ; Scotland, 1,255,000 ; 
Ireland, 2,370.000. 

Oovonior Sliirlny of MAssACHrsrrTB tiii<l Govtmor 
Dinwiililic at ViuctxiA wero roivmoBt among 
llip yolonUl ^vomoni in {lointinf; out the ucces- 
sity of reducuiK the growing power of I'unce in 
Ainorica ; and iii 17fi3 tlie LunU of Trailu sent a 
circular lotter to llie TBrious Colmiies, calliug 
upon them to adoiit a common t'o'i'iJ'- I" 
November, 1TB4. two rrgimciits of royal troops 
wore ordered to iirowcd to Aiiicriwi, uiiJur 
General BraiMock, " ta protect the trade of the 
Etiglinh jiofiir^tona, as one of the soiircca of 
uatiuiial ncallli." 



In January the 44th aud 48th Begiments, 
each 500 strong, embarked at Cork for Vieoinia. 

In May, France ordered a fieet of eighteen 
ships of war, with 3,000 men, to proceed to 
Canada, to maintain by arms the disputed 
territory. Two English fleets were instructed to 
intercept the French ships, the uiajority of 
which Buccoedod in reaching Louisbourg or 
Quebec, 



The first Court of Oyer and Tenmner 
up in Newfoundland ; all persons prev. 
accused of felony having been sent to Bn 
for trial, 

The Ohio Company, comprising many < 
principal Colonists of Virginia, was ~ 
by George II. 500,000 acres on the 
frontier of the Colony, on condition that 
settled a hundred families on the 



While, however, the ColouialB of ViuuiK 
pKNNSYLrANiA endeavourcil to open u] 
rektioDs along the Ohio Valley, tht 
uiidvr the lUi^tioa of Dnijumis — who 
Governor of Canada in 17£2 — built • 
Lake Eric and another at the jiiuotioa 
Ohio aud MonongaheU. Govenidr Dinw 
ViKiiiNiA sent George Washington, is I 
protest ugainst the F^encJi euFroaobmia 
without >ucoem ; and in 1754. W«Iiing 
tient, with SOO coloainl troops, agaii 
Duqueane, but was forcoil to retreat. 

At A meeting at AJbany of reprgtwnti 
Masiachusctti, New Kampatiirp, Hbode 
New Jersey, New York, Peniis;t*«u 
UnryUnd, Benjamin Fruililin ptvpa 
Kchemc for the union of the Coloniw 
Preaident appoinled by tbo Crowu. 

On 9th July Braddock's force {1,460 
was surprised on its way to attack 
Duquesne by a force of French, Cauadiani 
Indians, and lost twenty-six officers and 43 
killed, thirty-seven otlicers aud 380 men woo 
Washington was on the staff.but hadonlyj 
1 the previous day, having been ill with fevw 

In June a force of 2,000 New England b 
whom Shirley had raised by order a 
Thomas Robinson (Secretary of State),! 
Monckton and Winslow, captured the P 
fnrts of Beausojour aud Gaspereau in the dis 
district of Nova Scotia. With the aid of 
troops, Lawrence (Governor of Nora & 
seized G,001 of the Acadians. who number 
all about 9,300), and deported them to liu Ec 
Colonies, in consequence of their still refosi 
take the oath of allegiance, 

A third force of colonial troops, nndtij 
command of William Johnson, a (3oloai 
New York, whom Shirley had created U 
General, ot: its way to attack the Frem 
Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, met 
defeated a I'rencli force from Canada, i 
Dieskau, near Lake George. The French 
fortified Ticonderoga. and the British constn 
Fort William Heruy at the southern end of 
George. 

De Vaudreuil was appointed 
Canada in place of Duquesne. 



] 



AFBICA. 



The African Company of Merchants was 
founded in London by Act of Parliament, and 
was empowered to trade and settle on the West 
Coast between 20° N. and 20^ S., the stations of 
the Royal African Company (whose charter was 
then withdrawn) being handed over to them. 

The burgher councillors at the Cape advised 
that free exportation of their produce to all 
countries should be permitted, in order to induce 
additional Colonists to settle there. 

Ryk Tulbagh, who had lived at the Cape 
since 1716, was appointed Governor of the settle- 
ment by the Directors, in conforniiby with the 
request of the Council of Policy. 

The Europeans at the Cape kept the 8th Apiil, 1752, 
as a day of thanksgiving for the undisturbed 
possession of the Colony oy the Coini)any for n 
uuudrcd years. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Tlie French in India under the skilful leadership of 
Duplcix, became predominant until Clive captured 
Arcot in 1751, and aftcrwanls defended it for 
fifty days against far superior numbers. In 
1752 Stringer Lawrence i*c8umed command of 
the forces of the Eiast India Company, and for 
some time he and Clive were successful against 
the French and their allies. Clive retunied to 
JCni^land in 1 753. For two years longer Lawrence 
and Dujileix strove for the mastery in the 
Caniatic ; and then the Court of Directors in 
London called upon the British Ministrv to end 
the war, or to carry it on at the national cost. 



93 



YEAR. 



1750 



The Cape settlement was again visited by 
small-pox, and in Table Valley, between May 
and October, 963 Europeans and 1,109 blacks 
died of the disease. 

Governor Tulbagh promulgated certain 
sumptuary laws regulating the use of umbrellas, 
silk dresses, embroidery, and ornaments. The 
number of servants and horses that each rank 
might own was also fixed, and penalties were 
imposed on those infringing the laws. 



Peace was concluded between the English and 
French Companies at Pondicherry. Dupleix 
was recalled to France. Clive returned to 
Bombay as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the service of 
the Crown, and aided Admiral Watson in 
destroying the strongholds of a race of pirates on 
the Mahratta coast. 



1766 



England made an alliance with Prussia, and 
declared wBJ- against France. The Seven Years' 
War commenced. 

The English Government appointed the Eari 
of Loudoun to the command of the troops Id 
Am eric n,. 

The Marquis de Montcalm was sent out 
by the French Government to take the command 
in Canada with considerable reinforcements of 
French troops. 

Minorca surrendered to the French. 



A fleet of fifteen ships of the line and some 
frigates, under Admiral Holbourne, was sent 
from England to convoy fifty transports carrying 
G,300 troops under the command of General 
Hopson. The force was to co-operate with 
one raised in the British North American 
Colonies in an attack upon Queheo. 

Admiral Byng was shot on the Monarque at 
Spithead for not having engage<l the French fleet 
before Minorca in 1726. 

Pitt's Ministry took oflice on 2iJt!i June. 



Pitt determined to annihilate the French 
power in America. He called upon the Colonies 
to furnish 20,000 men. A British fleet, twenty- 
three ships of the line, eighteen frigates, and 
116 other vessels and transports, under Admiral 
Boscawen, carried a land force of 12,260 men. 
under General Amherstfto capture Louisbourg. 



Montcalm arrived at Quebec in" 

found that the forces at his disposal ini 
3,000 regular land troops in Canada and 1,1 
Lonishourg, as well as 2,000 of the marine 
of France, and a militta force of Cana 
admirably fitted for outpost work and irre 
warfare. In August, at the head of 3,000 t 
and mihtia, he captured Fort Oswego, on 
Ontario, with two smaller forts, and mode 
prisoners. 

Sir William Johnson, who had btseu 

a Baronet, and appointed Agent for Ii 
Affairs, declared to the Lords of Trade tha 
loss of Oswego placed the Iroquois Indians 
only allies) at the mercy of the French ' 
" they were inclined to it." 

The island of Douimica was seized bj 

British. 

Montcalm, at the head of 8,000 meo (J 
French troops, 3.000 Canadian militia, 
artillery, and 1,800 Indians), captured 
William Henry on 9th August, after five ( 
bombardment. The fort was defended 
Colonel Monroe, with the 35tb B«^i 
(600 strong) and 1.700 colonial troops. W 
calm granted the honours of war to the gam 
but was imahJc to restrain the Indians I 
assaulting them, and slaying many as 
marched out of their camp. 

The expedition from the Colonies, under 
command of Lord Loudoun, equipped 
kttack Quebec, reached Halifax at the em 
June, and was joined by Holbourne's flee 
the middle of July. The French fleet at La 
bourg was believed to bo too strong to pel 
the English expedition to sail for the 
Lawrence, and. in August, Loudoun retUTBO 
New York with the 17th, 22nd. 42nd. Mth,* 
and 55th Begiments, and the 2nd am) 
battahons of the Boy a I Americans (nov 
King's Boyal Rifles, the 60th), which he 
recently recruited in tha Colonies. The 3" 
28th, 43rd, 46th Begiments and thelstbatts 
of the Royal Americans were left to defendN 
Scotia, 



The Siege of Louisbourg commeDced on 
June. The British regiments present were 
15th. 17th, 28th, 35th. 40th, 47tb. 48th, 51 
63rd Highlanders, 2nd battalion of the i 
(Royal Americans), five companies of lUo* 
and 296 Royal Artillery. Tiie three brigJ 
were Wolfe, Lawrence, and Went* """ 



95 



AFRICA. 



During the administration of Governor Tulbagh the 
natives caused but little troiible to the Colonists. 
The Hottentot clans who remained within the 
limits of the Eurojjean settlement wore governed 
by chiefs in most instances api>ointed by the 
Dutch anthoritics ; and any oppression or ill- 
treatment of the Hottentots by Colonists was 
punishable by the courts of law, which were 
ojM^n to the natives. Care was taken, however, 
to prevent the Hottentots becoming possessed of 
hoi-scs and guns. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, ordered 
Mr. Drake, the Govenior of Calcutta, to de- 
molish the new fortifications he had been raising 
for defence against the French. The factory at 
Cossimbazar was seized by the Nawab, and an 
army of 50,000 men was marched against 
Calcutta, where the total force of Europeans 
numbered 500. After a defence of three days 
Fort William surrendered, and 146 European 
prisoners were confined in the strong room of 
the garrison, twenty feet square, known as the 
Black Hole. Only twenty-three survived the 
night's imprisonment. 




Clive and Admiral Watson recovered 
Calcutta in January, 1757, and made peace with 
Surajah Dowlah, who promised to compensate 
the English for their losses. Chandernagore 
was captured from the French by Clive, who 
joined in a conspiracy with Mir Jafir against the 
Nawab. On the 23rd June Clive won the 
battle of Plassy. 

Mir Jafir was placed on the throne of 
the Nawab, and, in return, he engaged to 
pay a million to the East India Company oat 
of the treasures of the deposed Nawab. The 
Company also received a large tract of land on 
the Biver Hooghly, of which the yearly revenue 
was worth £100,000, for which they paid £30,000 
a year quit-rent, which the Nawab in turn made 
over to Clive as the jaghir needful to maintain 
his military rank as an Amir of the Mogul 
Court. 



1757 



or Bonio years past largo parties of Bushmen 
1 the interior had appeared upon the northern 
ler of the Cape Colony, and frequent raids 
been made by them upon the farmers* herds 
attle. At first the farmers abandoned their 
168 in alarm, bnt the Bushmen became more 
ng and drove off manv hundred cattle. The 
imrj board of Stellenbosch and Drakenstein 



A French fleet arrived at Pondicherry in April, 
carrying a large force under the Count de Lally, 
who had been appointed Governor-Cleneral of 
the French possessions in India. In June, Lally 
captured Fort St. David, and prepared to attack 
Madras. Owing to his want of resources he 
was unable to commence the siege of Fort St. 
George until the middle of December. 



1758 



EUEOPE. 

which was dofeoded by De Drucour, with three 
battalions oE FreDch troopa, twenty-four cotn- 
panies of tlie Caaadian marine force, a battalion 
of Votuntaires Etraiigrres, and two companies of 
artillery, in all about 3,800 men. In the harbour 
there were five aliips of the line and seven 
frigates, carrying 5i4 guns and 3,000 men. 



Tho battle of Mindgn was won by Ferdinand 
of Brunswick, who was in comnoand of the 
allied forces opposed to the French under 



On the 26th July the fortress was sumei 
and Cape Breton Island passed into tl 
session of England. Prince Edward 
(then known as He St. Jean) was occn 
British troops. 

In tliD meantiute, Abercrombie, w 
succeeded Loudoun as cuuimandcr-iQ-< 
America, hud altox^kud Montcalm at T 

rogaon 8th July, and suffered a eevere i 
losing neai'ly 2,000 men out of 12,000. 
calm's force (3,300 regular and GOO i 
troops) had entrenched itsolf behind a fon 
abatlis of felled trees, and for four hoi 
British troops In vain assaulted the {x>sit>o 
British regimeuts engaged were the 27th 
44th, 46th, 55th, 6nth Ist battalion, (K 
battalion. Of the 6,000 colonial troops. Si 
killed or wounded, Abercrombie retired 
southern end of Lake Cleorge. 

Colonel Bradstreet attacked FortFro 
on the north shore of Lake Ontario. I 
surrender of the fort on 27th August th« 1 
lost control of the Lakes, as well as an abtu 
of stores and provisions intended tor the p{ 
the Ohio. Nine armed vessels were also 
and sixty pieces of artillery, besides much 
in thG shape of furs and goods for trade wi 
Indians. 



The Indians and French troops, having ( 
tated tracts of Pennsylvania and Mar^-laod 
expressly directed that an expedition sfaoi 
sent to capture Fort Duquesne and seoDT 
valley of the Ohio. Brigadier Forbes, 
had under his command the 62ud Higlila 
and 1st battalion Boynl Americans, as n 
two regiments from Virginia, ihrL-e rep. 
from Pennsylvania, and some hundreds crfl 
from Maryland and North Carolina, conati 
a military road two hundred miles long, fron 
lisle, in Virginia, and with slight loss re 
Fort Duquesne on 25th November. Hu 
the French had abandoned the fort and reti 
towards Canada. The site of tike fori « 
named Pittsburg by Forbes, who wrote te 
" I hope it was in some measure the 
actuated by your spirit that now tnakt 
master of the place." 



[Kings/ord, iv. book r 



-v.] 



In June, Amherst, who had m« 
Abercrombie as conunander - in - dd 
America, advanced to attack Ticondeni^ 



97 



AFRICA. 



$red a commando, which was sent in pursuit 
) cattle-thieves, and after some weeks the 
nen were overtaken in a mountain fastness 
lich they had retreated, and fifty of them 
shot. On another occasion a still larger 
er of Bushmen were killed by a commando 
•suit of stolen herds ; but the farmers were 
n successful in recovering many of their 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR 



1758 



fleet of seventeen French men-of-war and 
sports with troops arrived at the Cape from 
ritius, for the purpose of obtaining pro- 



In February an English fleet arrieed at 
Madras, and Lally was forced to raise the siege 
of Fort St. George. 



1769 



u 



Maishal de Broglie. Ths victory waa mainly 
due to the valoar and discipliDe of the six regi- 
ments of British infantry present ; who marclied 
in litte to attack the French cavalry. 

Sir Edward Hawke defeated in Quiberon 
Bay a French fleet which was waiting to embark 
a Freuch army of 1H,(X)0 men who liad been col- 
lected together to invade England. 



AccesBion of George III. {1760-1820). 
The population of England and Wales was 
estimated at 6,736,000. 



head of eight regiments of tegalax trooj 
and 4,800 colonial troops from Cor 
MaBsachusetts, and New Jersey. On the 
be reached the tort, and found the Fr 
blown it up and retreated to Crown I 
few days later Crown Point was desert* 
French, and occupied by the British 

Sir Wm. Johnson captured Fort 
(July 25th), which couiniandod tlie roat< 
Lake Ontario and Lake Erio, and contr 
fur trade with the Indians of the west. 

In July the fleet of Admiral Saundi 
W^olfe and between 8,000 and 9,000 ( 
board, reached Quebec, which was deft 
about 13,000 French troops and Canadian 
12th July the bombardment of thecitycoa 
and was continued ahiiosl without cesaai 
Wolfe found that his only chance of e 
the citadel lay in his obtaining coinmat 
plateau in rear of Quebec, known as tb 
of Abraham. Having succeeded in rea« 
Plains during the early morning of I 
September, Wolfe was attacked by Moi 
and after a brief but desperate 8tru( 
British bayonets and broadswords proi 
toriouB. 'The number of British troops ■ 
was about 4,000, of French and Canadiw 
5,000. The British regiments preseut w 
15th, 28th, 35th, 43rd, 47th, 4.Sth, 58th! 
3rd battalions of the 60th, and tlie 78tli 
landers), and the Louishourg grenadiers, 
Wolfe was leading in their charge when I 
mortally wounded. The British lost 5t 
and 597 wounded ; the French lost Mo 
and about 1.300 men. Without farther £| 
Quebec capitulated on ISth Septemhe 
Governor of Canada, De Vaudreuil, 
retreated with the bulk of the defeodenl 
De Ldvis, who was holding Montie^. 

ISingi/imi, vol. iv. book xiii. c«j«. vi-iflL] 



De L,ivis with 7,000 French tioM 
3,000 Canadians marched against Q 
General Murray, with 3,000 troope, »i^ 
to attack the French in the open, an 
beaten back on 26th April. An Boglid 
under Lord Colville arrived at Quebec o 
May, and De Levis retreated to Montm 
August, Amherst reached Montreal i 
head of 5,600 regular troops and 4,500 eol' 
General Murray had advanced from Q 
and De Vaudreuil, finding himself heui 
and outnumbered, capitulated, the Frenclil 
to lay down their arms, and pre 
to France. 



99 



AFRICA. 



18. The farmers had previously been much 
issed, owing to a considerable falling off in 
umber of ships that called in for refresh- 
, only twelve foreign ships having put into 
Jay in 1756 and 1757. The price of farm 
ice at once rose considerably, and the 
^rs were enabled to dispose of all their sur- 
stock. Moreover, everything purchased 
)aid for in ready money, and from this date 
the close of the war between England and 
36 the Cape farmers continued to prosper. 
ih men-of-war made frequent visits until 
and after that date ships of both nations 
to refresh their crews and obtain supplies. 

[Theal, -'HUtory of South Africa," ii. 160, 1.] 



eonseauence of the action of Clive, the 
iters of the Dutch East India Company 
ed the authorities at the Cape to refuse all 
ies to English ships touching there, as far 
isting treaties woidd allow. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Clive proposed to Pitt that England should 
take possession of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa in 
full sovereignty. He declared that the Great 
Mogul would readily grant the three provinces 
to any one who would guarantee a regular yearly 
payment of half a million sterling to the Imperial 
treasury ; and he explained that he had already 
been offered the post of collector of the revenue 
of the three provinces on those terms. The 
revenue was between two and three millions, 
and the cost of defence would not exceed half a 
million. 

[Olive's Letter dated 7th January, 1759 — see Malcolm's 
*'LifeofClivo,"ii.] 

The Dutch having sent an armed fleet to rein- 
force their factory at Chinsurah, on the Ganges, 
Clive deemed it impolitic to allow the Dutch 
forces to be increased, lest Mir JaBr should 
play them off against the English. He there- 
fore captured the ships in the Hooghly, and 
imposed conditions forbidding the Dutch at 
Chinsurah to fortify the factory or to raise troops. 



Colonel (Sir Eyre) Coote defeated the 
French under Lally at the battle of Wandewash, 
between Madras and Pondicherry, the crowning 
blow to French power in India. At the close of 
the year Coote besieged Lally in Pondicherry. 

Colonel Forde drove the French out of the 
Northern Circars, and recovered all the captured 
factories. 

Clive resigned his post in Bengal, and re- 
turned to England. 



YEAH. 



1769 



1760 



Amherst having thus completed £he 

o£ Canada, assigned the goverDineii' 
country to the three military officers 
mand at Quebec, Three Rivera, and Mo 

An insurrection broke ont among the 
Jamaica, Many European families w« 
and two regiments of troops were engai 
the militia force, in Bupprossiog the risi: 



Pitt was ot opinion that war ehould be In eoneequence of the restrictiouB u 
declared against Spain, and resiyned because imposed upon the commerce of the J 

.1.. iif;„:„._. j:j — i „;iu i.i™ Colonies by the Board of Trade in '. 

much Bmug^ling was engaged tn, and e 
Lhe Navigation Acts was widespread. 



the Ministry did not agree with him. 

Lord Bute became Secretary ol State ii 
place. 



War was declared by England against Spain. 

Newcastle having resigned, Bute became 
Prime Minister, the Earl of Egremont and 
George Grenville, Secretaries of State, 

Preliminary articles ot peace were signed at 
Fontainebleau in November. 



On 10th February the Treaty of Paris was 
signed, by which peace was made between 
England, France, Spain, and Portugal, 

George Grenville became Prime Minister in 
place of Lord Bute (April), 



The Boston custom house officials ap 
writs of ussislance such as were issuei 
Exchequer in England. Although the w 
ultimately issued, the feeling aroused bj 
Otis and others against them waa bo ho; 
the officers did not dare make use of the 

The military Governors of Quebec, SI 
and Three Rivers reported that the pop 
under their government numbered 
24,957, and 6,612, respectively, making 
for Canada of 61,7BO. 



The English fleet, under Rodney, i 
General Monckton in capturing frc 

French the idlands of Martinique. Grew 
Lucia, and St. Vincent. Havana was it 
and the Spaniards defeated in Cuba. 

Vancouver Island and other isltn 
the Pacific coast of North Amenca vc 
covered. 



Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. hca 
restored to France, who, in turn, w 
England Grenada, St, Vincent, Dohiwi 
Tobago. Cuba was restored to Spun, win 

Florida to England. 

France ceded to England " CAXAnA wh 
dependencies," Capo Breton Island, "uxi 
other islands and coasts in the giilf u 
St. Lawrence" ; England granted "the 
of the Catholic religion to the inbibil 
Canada," and the right to sell their est 
subjects ol Great Britain if they I 
retire from Canada (Clause IV, i 



101 



AFRICA. 




rles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two 

1 astronomers, being delayed on their 
to Bencoolen to observe the transit of 
decided to make their observations at 

PE. This they succeeded in doing on the 

ae, 1761. As matters had been amicably 
between England and the United 

ces, Ryk Tulbagh gave the Englishmen 

assistance in his power. 



demand made upon the Colonists at Table 
3y the oflQcers of French packets from 
tius and of English packets from St. 
Ev for cattle, meal, and wine, was so great 
be Cape government w^ere occasionally 
\ to procure all they needed for the Dutch 
'ndia Company's ships, and an order was 
forbidding the sale of wine to foreigners 
penalty of confiscation of all that was 
I and of a heavy fine. 



In January the French garrison at Pondi- 
cherry was starved into surrender, and the 
town and fortifications were destroyed. With 
the surrender of their fortress at Jingi the 
French lost the last sign of their military power 
in the Carnatic. 

The Afghans defeated the Mahrattas in the 
battle of Paniput on 7 th January. 



Disputes arose between the English in Bengal 
and Mir Kasim, whom they had set up in the 
place of Mir Jafir, as to the payment of certain 
dues. Vansittart, the Governor, and Warren 
Hastings, the youngest member of the Calcutta 
Council, held the Nawab to be in the right, but 
the majority of the Council were against them. 



By the Treaty of Paris, Pondicherry was 
restored to the French unfortified. 

As a result of the dispute with Mir Kasim, 
war w'as commenced by the English at Patna 
seizing the native town and attempting to cap- 
ture the fortress. The Nawab's troops were 
victorious, and the English were imprisoned ; 
the factory at Cossimbazar was also captured, 
and its inhabitants taken to Patna as prisoners. 
The English at Calcutta reinstated Mir Jafir as 
Nawab, and marched against Mir Kasim, by 
whose orders the English prisoners at Patna 
were massacred. Patna was soon stormed by 
the English from Calcutta. 



1761 



1762 



1763 



Four distinct and separate governmeata i 
proclaimed (7th October, 1763) as having I 
erected under the Great Seal of Great Bri( 
viz., Quebec, East Florida, West Floi 
and Gbenada, which included the ielaod 
named.the Grenadines, Dominica, St, Vincent, 
Tobago. By the same Proclamation the Go^-er 
of the new Colonies and of the other Prori 
in North America wore empowered " to gi 
without fee or reward, to such reduced ofl 
as have served in North America daring the 
war, and are actually residiog there, and i 
personally apply for," quantities of land ran 
from 5,000 acres to a field officer, to fifty ■ 
to a private, subject, at the expiration of 
years, to the quit-rents and other coadil 
usual in the Province in which the lands wa 

The island of St. John and Cape Brelon ' 
added to the government of Nova So 
Labrador, Anticoati, and the Magdalen Isli 
were placed under the jm-isdictiou of Nbwfoi 
LAND, which then had a population of 13,lU 



The British Parliament resolved that it was Nbwfoundi.anu was declared to be oq 

just and necessary that a revenue should be Hia Majesty's plantations, and a ooUecU 
raised in his Majesty's dominions in America for , customs was appointed. j 

defraying the expenses of defending, proluctiug, rm ,. , ^. „ r - . «, . J 

and securing the same. The Quebec Gazette was&rstisf^aedoa 21st Ji 

A formidable rising of Indians, nuder Pom 
. chief of the Ottawas, resulted in the captnii 
many outlying forts and the massacre of sett) 
After several months' warfare tbe Indians i 

completely defeated. 



The Stamp Act was passed almost without 
opposition in the British Parliament, despite the 
opposition of the American Colonies, who urged 
every poasibJe argument against tha imposition 
of Internal taxes in a country not represented in 
Parliament. The English merchants also de- 
cried the Act as disastrous to themselves, as the 
Americana refused to pay their debts to them or 
to renew their orders while the Act was in 
force. 



On learning that the Stamp Act had befit 
law, Patrick Henry, a young borgBtt' 
Virginia, moved and carried resolutions inj 
House of Assembly to the eSiict that the I 
Virginia settlers had brought with them fi 
England all the rights and imuiunitios of Ba 
subjects ; that two royal charters had expn 
recoguiiied these rights; that the tasatiooiM 
people by themselves was the distingatu 
characteristic of British freedom ; and that *% 
General Assembly of this Colony has tbe 
right and power to lay tases and impoaitiofl 
the inhabitants of this Colony." 

A Congress of twenty-eight delegates tcDd 
American Colonies was held at Now Yotk 
a Declaration of Bights and liberties 
adopted on 19th October. 

The arrival of olScers to put the Stamp i 
operation was followed by riots ia several i 
especially in Boston and New York. 



103 



AFRICA, 



ord Clive, on his way to India, landed at 
Cape in December, and was received by 
pernor Tulbagh with all possible honour, 
ernment House was placed at his disposal as 
guest of the Company, and he was provided 
I a military guard. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1763 



After some fighting before Patna, the English 
were reinforced by Major Hector Munro, 
who, in October, won the decisive battle of 
Buxar. The whole of the territories of Oude fell 
into the hands of the English, upon whom 
the Mogul Padishah became dependent as 
the foremost power in India. 



1764 



Lord Clive obtained from the Padishah the 
grant to the Company of the office of Dewan of 
Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. The English were 
to pay to the Padishah a quarter of a million 
sterling out of the revenues, half a million to the 
Nawab of Bengal, and the remainder, esti- 
mated at between two and three millions, was 
to be dealt with at their discretion. Oude was 
restored to the Nawab Vizier formerly govern- 
ing it, in order to form a barrier between the pro- 
vinces of Bengal and Behar, and the marauding 
Afghans and Mahrattas. 



1765 



EUROPE. 

The Stamp Act, which had been estimated to 
yield from £G0.OO0 to £100,000 a year, was 
repealed after heing in operation six months, nud 
having yielded £4,000. The expenees incurred 
in executing it hzid been £G,837. Burke termed 
the process " shearing the wolf." 

A Declaratory Act was also passed assorting 
that Great Britain had the right and authority 
to make laws binding upon the Colonies and 
people of America in all cases whatsoever 
(6 Geo. Ill,, cap. 11 * 12). 

In July, Pi It (Earl of Chatham) formed a 
Ministry, with the Duke of Grafton as nominal 
head. Lord Rockingham having resigned office. 

Charles Townshend (Chancellor of the 
Exchequer) having reduced the land-tax in 
England from is. to 3s. in the pound, imposed 
additional custom dues in the Colonies in 
America on glass, paper, painters' coloura, and 
tea, in order to raise a revenue (estimated at 
£30,000) out of which to pay the ofliciala 
appointed by tLo Crown (7 Geo. III., caji. 46). 



A Secretary of State for the American, or 
Colonial, Department was appointed in England. 

Chatham retired from the Ministry owing to 
failing health. 



The British Parliament adopted (Stb February! 
an Address to the King declaring that the late 
Acts of the Massachusettb .\ssembly were 
ille^'al, unconstitutional, and derogatory of the 
rights of the Crown and Parliament of Groat 
Britain, and it was earnestly requested that 
Governor Barnard should send persons ac- 
cused of treason or misprision of treason to be 
tried before a Special Commission in England, 
pursuant to provisions of 30 Hen. VIII,, in case 
bis Majesty, upon Governor Barnard's report, 
should see sufficient ground for such a proceeding. 



General Carleton was appointed to aueoeed 
General Murray as Governor of Quebee 

Province. 



The Legislature of Nkw Yoke refused to maka 
provision for the royal troops quartered in tha 
Colony, and was, in consequence, suspended by 
Actof the British Parliament passed on June l-'iih. 

On 27th October a meeting of the iuhabitanU 
of Boston passed resolutions for the proniotioa 
of native manufactures, and for lesserdng and 
restraining the use of foreign superdi 
subscription was opened and a committee 
appointed for encouraging their own manafu^;- 
tures and estabhshing new ones. These resolu- 
tions, or similar ones, were adopted by aU tha 
other American Colonies. 

The majority of the Council of MASBACRUSEna 
petitioned the King (Uth February) against the 
late Itevenue Acts, and addressed circular lettctl 
to the other Colonies, requiring them to join ia 
petitions, and stating the late laws to have been 
infringements ot the rights of the people oltl" 
Colonies. Having refused to rescind the lettcrft 
the Assembly of Massachusetts was suspenda 
by Governor Barnard. 

The Boston custom house officials seised i 
sloop belonging to John Hancock for a f 
entry. A riot ensued, and the officials Qei U 
Castle William, a fortification on a small i 
in the harbour. 

In October British troops, wider Gener 
Gage, arrived in Boston, and the select m 
refused to find quarters for them. 

The House of Burgesses in VmoiNU was d 
solvdd by the Governor for denouncing I 
intended transportation to England of America 
accused of treason. 

The island of St. John i Prince Edward Isl 
was separated from (juebec, and made & p; 



105 



AFRICA. 



About this date the town in Table Valley 
>egaii to be known to strangers by the name of 
i^APETOWN, though the Dutch Colonists still 
called it the Cape. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



An alliance was made between the English in 
India and Nizam Ali of Hyderabad. They 
directed their joint forces against Hyder Ali of 
Mysore, who had favoured the French and had 
threatened to invade Hyderabad. 



rEAi^ 



1766 



Lord Clive finally left India, and Mr. 
Verelst was appointed Governor of Bengal. 

Nizam Ali deserted the English, and allied . 
himself with Hyder Ali, and with him prepared 
to attack the En^'lish in the Carnatic. 



1767 



The English army retired towards Madras, i 1768 
and, having been reinforced, inflicted two defeats i 
upon the allies; wliereuix)n Nizam Ali sued I 
for peace, and Hyder Ali retired to Mysore. 



A Commission was appointed by the Council 
of Policy at the Caps to lay down a permanent 
boundary between the districts of Stellenbosch 
and Swellendam, and to inspect the outlying 
Fftrms and the frontier of the Colony. They 
reported that many Colonists were found with 
lar^ herds of cattle between the Gamtoos and 
Euh Bivers who were not paying rent to the 
Company. 



Captain Cook and Joseph Banks in II.M.P. 

Endeavour, having made observations in Tahiti ! 
of the transit of Venus, landed at Poverty I 
Bay on the east coast of tlie North Island of 
New Zealand, on the 8th October, and after- 
wards sailed round the islands. 



1769 



lOS 

nuR. 
xm 



Lord North becuno PHme Uinbt«r (1770- 
i7»i) in place of ttia Duke of Grafton, and 
Lord Hillsborough, Rrori'lnry for tlm f !ulotuea. 

In Marali nil the Aiimn[;Au imiiorL duties vrcre 
to]>vale(l, except ihu l&x of tliroaponcv per poaad 

1 left. 

Thu population of Kngl&nd and Wales was 
estimated at 7,4^8.1)00. 



Lord Mansfield decided t!mt iilnvery could 
lOb «xist in England : (BommcriHit'it case). 



ITTS I Lord North'! India Act was pMntA. 
I Warren Hastings, bb Governor of Uentjal, 
bociuna (iDviiriior-<iL-ii<?rAL A auprpinu court 
was MlaltlixlKsl (Elijah Impey, chief jiid);<>). and 
a now Couuoil wa.t created of five monihors, 
including tho (Jo «jrnor- General, wIiom nppuiut- 
moot was vestul ia the twuuly-fcjur Diroctore 
footed by th« propriet«nt of Imua Block. 



Riots in Boston ocearred owina lo iIm h 
attitude ol the dtiitens towani ikm Bi 
soldiers. On one occaaion, thrMt men w«n 
dead and uit{lit wouudvd by soldiitra. 



Lord Dnnmore was appolntaJC 

VlUUINtA. 

An BngUsb nvaooo ■chnooar, Um 
having run agrotrad, wu dMtroynd 
poople of BaoDs Ibukd. 



The leadiog bnrgMSBa of Tiwitna i 
oommitt4M "lo oUain tbo moa 
auUianlic intottigeoeo " at affluia in 
" to maintain a eorrMpoodniee and 
cntiou witli otn- slater Culouiea." In 
cnvsK-rrs a filan had olnady boon 
communication bciwoen Uw oonnlias 
Colony, l)ut the Virginian plan praelically 
the Oolomes. 

Nkw Voux and PuitJiDau^u lodoead 
the East India Company which 
with tea, to irnn ttuir harboor 
loading their eargoM. At Ch arU rt own tkm 
was landed, only lo be stond in damp «■ 
and spoiled. In Boaloo, bowvrar. the Ioa ri 
wen boarded in Deeambsr by d it a— • 
gnised aa Indians, who ddatroyad tba ehaali i 
threw the U» orerboard. 

lo DnifBMU the Court of ^ifioy WM Ml 



The British rnrliamfnt pawed (1) the Iloston 
I\)«t Act, cloning the harljour of Uoeton to tlie 
hnnort and eiporl of all ^roods except food and 
Um i (3) an Act that virtoally revoked lb* 
Charter of MARNACiiriiRTTfi by tranafcrring the 
alsdion of its Council from the O>lonists to the 
Crown, and nated the notnioatioa of its jndgea 
hi thfl Oorantor, who was akw empowered to 
eaad all mnoaa eoocsmed in the reoemt riola to 
BngUnd lor trial ; and (8) an Aet proTiding that 
pamoa aa cn aed of murder or any capital crime 
in Amaciea aboald be tried either in Hnxtand or 
Colony than that in which the 



Tba ViaomA Honse of BargsaMa,«tt 
tliat Boston Port waa to ha emed, ' 
Uay) that the 1st June shonld U 
day of faating, hnniillation, am 
37th Hay tbe Hoom was diawilied' fcy 
Gonmor, but tbo HurKMsoa mel at the Ian 
Raleigh Taram and diraelad tba ComiwUlea 
Uonupoodaooa to profuaa lo tba othar CoM 
aOKHVuL OownaiM 

Oo Ath Soplmfaar tba Oeoaral Oonffiw 
at PhiUdelpbi*. all the Cokniaa bafng np 
iixoept Georgia. Pstrich Hvory. of ' _ 
espresaed the unanintoos faaHng of iba ■■■■ 
when he declared that tba disttaaliaaa brtvi 
tbe Colooists no kwfB adalad. Ikay wtm' 



107 



AFRICA. 



Spanish ship-of-war put into Table Bay, and 
refused all supplies except water and fuel, 
Spain was prohibited by the Treaties of 
ister and Utrecht from sending vessels to 
a via the Cape op Good Hope. 
he Council of Policy ordered that the 
intjes Hooghte range and the Gamtoos 
r should be observed as the colonial boundary, 
that all Colonists then beyond those limits 
lid retire within the boundary. 

During tho twenty-one years 1751-1771 the ships 
that called at Table Bay, or Simon's Bay, 
uunil)eie<i 1,472, of which 1,067 belonged to the 
Dutch East India Company, 182 were English, 
ir>S French, forty-four Danish, fifteen Swedish, 
four Prussian, one Portuguese, and one Spanish. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Cook explored the south-eastern coast of 
New ndland (Australia), and named the 
country New South Wales. An inlet on the 
coast was named Botany Bay, and further north 
another bay was named Moreton Bay after the 
President of the Royal Society. 



1 



YEAR. 



Warren Hastings was appointed Governor 
of Bengal. He had arrived at Calcutta in 1750, 
at the age of eighteen, and for seven years he 
was engaged in mercantile pursuits ; he entered 
political life as Resident at Mui*shedabad in 
1757, and was a member of the Calcutta Council 
under Governor Vansittart. In 1769 he came 
back to India as a member of the Madras 
Council, after a five years* visit to England. 

Captain Cook, on his second voyage round 
the world (1772-1775), planted garden-seeds 
on several plots of ground in New Zealand. 

Shah Alam, the Padishah, having accepted the 
protection of the Mahrattas, the latter demanded 
from the English the tribute which had been 
guaranteed under Clive's settlement in 1765. 
The English refused to pay it, and the Mahrattas 
instigated the Rohillas to threaten Oude. There- 
upon the Nav^ab Vizier of Oude applied to 
Warren Hastings for a brigade of English 
troops, undertaking to maintain them, and to 
pay £400,000 into the Bengal treasury. 



1770 



1772 



1773 



Van Plettenberg, who had acted as Gover- 
• at tho Cape since the death of Ryk 
ilbagh, in 1771, was formally appointed by 
$ Prince of Orange on the nomination of the 
rectors of the Company. 



Early in the year the English troops defeated 
the Kohillas. Hastings appointed a Resident 
at Luck now to conduct correspondence with the 
Nawab Vizier. 

In October tho new Council at Calcutta, com- 
posed of Hastings, Clavering, Monson, 
Francis, and Barwell, displaced the old 
Council of servants of the Company. Francis 
at once commenced his opposition to Hastings, 
who was supported only by Barwell. 



1774 



EUBOPE. 

The British Parliament enacted the Quebec Act, 
1774 (14 Geo. III., cap. S3), " for niakiug more 
effectual provision tor ihe Government of the 
Province of Quebec in North America," and the 
Quebec Revenue Act, 1774 (14 Geo. III., cap. 
88). " to establish a fund towards further defray- 
ing the charges of the Administration of Justice, 
and Bupporc of the Civil Government within the 
Province of Quebpc." 
[fl'oiurtini,"Coii»lituUoiialDotiiniciitaofCan»Jii,"i>p.!IO-10!.] 



In January, Lord Chatham declared in the 

House of Lords, " I ]<uow not the people or 
Senate who, in such a. complication of difficult 
circumstances, can stand in preference to the 
delegates of America assembled in General Con- 
gress in Philadelphia." . . ."Forgenuine sagacity, 
for singular moderation, for solid wisdom, the 
Congress of PJiiladelphia shines unrivalled." 

The merohanta of London and of Bristol 
pleaded for reconciliation with the Colonies. 

A Bill was introduced in the House of Lords 
by Chatham, providing for the repeal of the 
ohnoxioua Acts, and (or the security of the 
colonial charters, abandoning the claim to 
taxation, and ordering the recall of the British 
troops. 

A Colonial Aseembly was directed to meet and 
provide means (or contributing the share of tlie 
American Colonies towards defraying the imperial 
burdens. This measure, and a similar one intro- 
duced by Buike in the House of Commons, were 
rejected. A petition lo the King from the City of 
London iu favour of the Colonies was rejected hv 
George HI. 



Americans. A Declaration of Bights was agreed | 
upon by the Congress, and two addresses were I • 
adopted—one to the People of Great Britain, I 
and another to the People of the Colonies. I 
\Vashington wrote at the time that it was 1 1 
not the wish of the Colonies ■ 
collectively to set up for independency." What | 
they wanted was a redress of grievances, but 11 
untU their wrongs were remedied they would holdll 
no commercial intercourse with Great Britain. 
General Gage fortified his camp at Boston. I 
In October the Massachusetts House of Repre- 1 
sentatives, which had been dissolved by lbs U 
Governor, met and voted itself a Provincial Con- 1[ 
gresB, and organized the militia (minute uieu) of U 
the Colony, and collected stores and arnmunitioo.l 
In order to conciliate Can.id.^, the Quebec Act 11 
was passed by the British Parliament, exteodiagil 
the boundaries of the Province to the Ohio &iia|| 
Mississippi, and granting to the French Canai 
the free exercise of their religion, the enjoyi 
of their civil rights, and the protection of 
own civil laws and customs. The Legist 
Council was to be appointed by the CrowD, 1 
one-third of the members were to be F 
Canadians. The English criminal law \ 
be substituted for the French. When the ( 
gress at Philadelphia proposed that Cat 
should join iu their demand for redress V 
was no response. 

The Governors of the Colonies i 
to deprive the Colonies of their stores of tt 
nition, and General Gage, Govei 
cHtJSETTS, sent a body of 800 soldiers U) 1 
certain military stores at Concord, eigl ' 
miles from Boston. On their march (April: 
a skirmish with a small body of militia {mi 
men) took place at Lexington, iu which eigbta 
the Colonists were slain. Having destroyedUi' 
stores at Concord, the troops were attacked. 
their return march to Boston by the Colcg" 
and 273 British and 103 Americajis viea 
or wounded, 

A numerous body of militia sooa 
General Gage in Boston. A force of Ai 
was sent to seize the forts and towns of CahaI 
Ticonderoga was taki'U by the Colonists on Ifl 
May, and Crown Pouit on I2th May. ^ 
Congress of the Colonies met ou lOlh I" 
Philadelphia, and ^Vashington was i 
commander-in-chief of the provincial 1 
the mih tia encamped before Boston being ii 
as the army of the American ColonieB. 
Washington could take command the 
of Bunker's Hill was fought on 17th Joj 
1,100 British and 500 Americans being I ■" " 
wounded, 



109 



AFKICA. 



Many Dutch farmers continued to settle beyond 
the boundary of Cape Colony ; and in order to 
secure payment of rent from them to the Com- 
pany, the Council of Policy extended the eastern 
boundary of Stellcnbosch to the Fish Eiver, and 
of Swellendam to the Bushman's Eiver (11th 
July, 1775). 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



1774 



The Nawab Vizier of Oude died, and was 
succeeded by his son. Hastings was of opinion 
that the treaty arrangements made with the 
father should continue with the son, but Francis 
insisted that the Nawab should cede the 
suzerainty of Benares to the Company, and 
should pay an increased allowance for the 
services of the brigade of the Company's troops, 
which had been kept in the Nawab Vizier's 
dominion since the Rohilla war. 

The Bombay government became involved in 
Mahratta affairs by accepting from Rughonath 
Rao, the dethroned Peishwa, the cession of 
Salsette and Bassein in return for their replacing 
him on his throne by the Treaty of Surat. The 
English troops sent from Bombay defeated the 
army of the Mahratta Regency, and were about 
to restore Rughonath Rao when the supreme 
government of Bengal intervened, ordering 
Bombay to cease hostilities, and itself making a 
treaty with the Council of Regency at Poena. 



1775 



rEAR. 
1775 



The Whigs disapproving the American policy 
of the Government ceased for a time to attend 
in Parliament. 



Chatham denounced the employment of 
Indiana as allies by Englajid against her 
children, the Colonists, and proposed a federal 
union between Great Britain tuid the American 

Colonies. 



The Americans under Montgomery invaded 
Canada and captured Montreal on 12th 

November, and then besieged Quebec. 



Quebec was relieved by troops from England, 
and by June General Carleton bad driven the 

Americans out of Canada. 

General Gage was superseded by General 
Howe, who evacuated Boston in March. 

The Colonial Congress adopted (4th July) the 
Declaration of Independence, affirming, "That 
these united Colonies are, and of ri^lit ought to 
be, free and independent states; that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, 
and that all political connection between them 
and the state of Great Britain is. and ought to 
be, totally dissolved." The resolution had been 
proposed {7th June) by Richard Henry Lee of 
VmoiMA, and seconded by John Adams of 
Massac HUBKTTs. The Declaration itself was 
drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. 

In June the British fleet appeared before New 
York ; the Colonists were invited to lay dovni their 
arms and were promised the King's pardon, but 
rejected the proposals. 

In the battle of Long Island (27tb August), 
and in the battle of White Plains, near New 
York, the Americans were so severely beaten 
that ^Vashington had to retreat to Fennsyl- 



General Burgoyne advanced from Canods 
in order to join his forces with those of General 
Clinton, who was to start from New York. It 
was hoped that the New England Colonies might 
be cut off from the rest, and subdued in detail. 
After various successes, Burgoyne was compelled 
to surrender (6,000 troops) to General Gates 
■ " ■ 17lh October. 



General Howe defeated Washington at 
Brandy wine on 11th September, and occupiMl 
Philadelphia on 27th September, Washington 
lost the battle of Germantown on 4th October. 

On 15th November articles of confederation 
and perpetual union were agreed upon in Con- 
gress between the thirteen Colonies. The con- 
federacy was to be called " Thr Unitbd Btatrs 
OP America." 



Ill 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



YEATl. 



1775 



Salsette was ceded to the English by the 
treaty of Punindhur. Despatches from the 
Directors of the Company were received by 
Hastings, condemning the treaty of Purundhur 
and approving the Treaty of Surat. 

Colonel Monson died, and Hastings became 
supreme in the Council by means of his casting 
vote as Governor-General. 



1776 



Captain Cook, on his third voyage round 
the world, re-visited New Zealand. 



1777 



In February a.ii allianco was maile between 
France ami tho United States. 

Lord North attempted to conciliate the 
Colonies by renotincing for ever the rif^ht of direct 
taxation over them, but his overtures were 
rejected. 

The Duke of Richmond moved in the 
House of Lords to recognize the independence 
of the Colonies, and was opposed by Lord 
Chatham in his lost speech. 



Spain declared war against Great Britain. 
The French and Spanish ileets commenced a 
three years' siege of Gibraltar, which was 
defended by General Elliot. 



Rodney defeated the Sponieh fleet off Cape 
St. Vincent, and furnished the gniTison of 
Gibraltar with supplies. The siege, however, was 

Catherine, Fmprcse of Bnssia, formed the 
armed neutrality of Russia, Sweden, and Norway 
against Great Britain. 

Great Britain declared war against Holland. 

The estimated population of England and 
Wales was 7.953.000; of Scotland, about 
1,300,000 ; of Ireland, over 3,000,000. 



Sir Henry Clinton on learning thv 
French Seet with 4,000 troops on board 
arrived off the coast of Virginia, evacui 
Philadelphia, and retired to New York. M 

indecisive fighting took place between 
British troops aud the Americans. 

In SopCember Benjamin Franklin was 
pointed minister plenipotentiary at the Ci 
of France. 

Barbados, being severely distressed for I 
owing to the war. was relieved by a grant f; 

the British Parliament. 



The warfare in America becomes more 
bittered. The coasts of Virginia were rav« 
by an expedition from New York. Newha 
and other towns were sacked by the tro 
The Americans fortified West Point, luu 
stormed Stony Point, on the Hudson, < 
destroyed the fortifications. 

The French from Martinique, aided by 
Caribs. captured Gklnada and St. ViNOBMCt 



i 



In May Sir Henry Clinton capti 

Charleston, and South Carolina was subjug 
by Clinton and Lord Cornwallis. 
Americans under Gates were totally dele 
in the battle of Camdfn by Cornwallia. 

Rochambeau, with an army of t, 
Frenchmen, landed on Rhode Island. 

Arnold, being in command at West P^ 
negotiated itH surrender to Clinton. K^ 
Andre, who conducted the correspondence, 
captured, and hanged as a spy by orda 
Washington on 2ud October. 



113 



AFRICA. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



le burghers of Cape Colony petitioned the 
ctors of the Company for a redress of their 
ances, complaining of the arbitrary conduct 
rovemor van Plettenberg, and of the 
iption and exactions of the officials; they 
asked for a reform of the Court of Justice, 
\ definition of their rights and privileges, 
for the establishment of a printing-press, 
finally, for the concession of a limited 
; to export their produce. 

aptain Gordon, second in command of the 
^ garrison at the Caps, in company with 
atenant Paterson, an English traveller, 
ored the great river to the north of Cape 
-ny for some thirty or forty miles from 
nouth, and named it the Orange River in 
>or of the Stadtholder. 

he Colonists on the eastern border of Cape 

Seame into conflict for the first time with 
mneed clans of the Eosa Kaffirs. 



1772 to the outbreak of war between 
li Britain and Holland in 1780, Table Bay 
mited by 418 Dutch, 192 French, 159 
^iih, forty-one Danish, sixteen Spanish, nine 
tngiiese, seven Swedish, and three Austrian 
m ; aod Simon's Bay by eighty-five English, 
f-eeven Dutch, forty-six French, seventeen 
Mht tix Swedish, and one Austrian, all 
liEiDg fresh provisions, the sale of which 
ilj benefited the Colonists. 

ke Kioea Eafl&rs invaded the Colony in such 
tben that Adriaan van Jaarsveld was 
m military authority over the whole of the 
ler fArmers, and instructed to drive back the 
ha aerooB tiie Fish River. 



The English captured Pondicherry from the 
French, but offended Hyder Ali, who then 
ruled over Mysore, by marching through his 
territories. 

War was also being waged with the Mahrattas 
by the English from Bombay. 



Hastings sent troops from Bengal under 
Colonel Goddard against the Mahrattas. 
Goddard captured Guzerat, but was himself 
surrounded and unable to leave that city. 



YEAB. 



1778 



1779 



Captain Popham, who had been sent from 
Bengal by Hastings to assist Goddard, defeated 
a Mahratta army, and captured Gwalior, one of 
the strongest fortresses in Hindustan. 

In July Hyder Ali overran the Camatic 
and threatened Madras, but was defeated by 
Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo, south of Fort 
St. David, and gradually driven back to his own 
territory of Mysore. 



1780 



A motion by Fox to lerminato the war with 
America was rejected by 172 to 99, 

Lord Norlh issued a loan of £12,000.000 to 
defray the cost of the war. 

A fleet of forty-sis vessels under Commodore 
George Johnstone, including nine men-of- 
war, and having 3,000 troops on board, sailed 
from Spithead in March, with the object of 
seining the Cape of Good Hope. While taking 
in fresh water at St. Jago, a French fleet under 
De SufFren surprised the English ships, and a 
fierce eugagcmeut was fought. 



A motion by General Conway in favour 
of peace was lost by one vote in February. 

In March, Lord North reaigned, and Lord 
Rockingham became Prime Minister. The 
Colonial Secretaryship and the Board of Trade 
and Plantations were abolished by the2iiGeo. III., 
cap. 82, and the powers of the Board transferred 
to such committee or committees as the King 
should appoint. 

On the death of Rockingham, in July, Lord 
Shelburnebecame Prime Minister, and William 
Pitt Chancellor of the Exchequer, 

In September, General Elliot saverely de- 
feated the French and Spaniards besieging 
Gibraltar. 



On 20th January the Treaty of Paris was 
signed between Great Britain and the United 
States, by which the thirteen Colonies of 
America were acknowledged to bo free, sove- 
reign, and independent States, and all claims to 
the government, and to proprietary and territorial 
rights were relinquished by the Crown, 

On the same day a Treaty was signed at Ver- 
sailles between Great Britain, France, and Spain, 
by which Pondicherry was restored to France, 
and Trincomalee to the Dutch. 

The Coalition Ministrj- of Fox and North, 
with Portland as Prime Minister, was in power 
from 2od April to 18th December. 



While Sir Henry Clinton held New Yo 
Lord Cornwallis invaded Virginia. 
decided success was gained by either side oi 
the Americans were joined by the French fa 
of 6,<XH) under Rochambeau, and the fl 
under De Grasse entered the Cbesapei 
Cornwallis, with less than 8,000 men. tl 
found himself surrounded by an army twice 
numerous and provided with more powei 
artillery. For three week 8 Yorktown i 
besieged, and from the 9th to the 14th Octal 
was heavily bombarded. Then at nightfall 1 
outer line of redoubts was carried at the pa 
of the bayonet, and on 19tb October Cornwa 
surrendered. 



Rodney defeated De Grasse off Donui 

on 12th April, and saved Jamaica. Bakbai 
and the West India Islands from falling into 
hands of the French. 

Preliminary articles o( peace between Q 
Britain and the United States were signd 

' Paris on 30th November. 

BAiiBAnos having been devastated by a hi 
cane, the British Parliament voted iyO.OOO 
the relief of the island. 



• 



The thirteen States named in the Treat 
Paris were New Hampshire, Maasachi 
Bay, Bhode Island and Providence Plantati 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, P 
sylvania, Dela%vare. Jlaryland, Virginia. N 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, 
Treaty was signed by John Adams, of Mi 
chusetts, Benjamin Franklin, of Pcnoaylr 
and John Jay, of New York, on beball ol 
United States. 

Tobago aud St. LnciA were restored to FVi 
Grenada and St. Vincbnt and DoMisM 
England ; and Florida to Spain. 



116 



AFEICA. 



. Slat March a French frigate arrived in 
^ Bay bearing the news that war had been 
red by Great Britain against the United 
inces, which were in alliance with France. 
Enilitia of the Colony numbered over 3,000 
but they were scattered over an area of 
ly 100,000 square miles, and were engaged 
mstant warfare on the borders with the 
imen, and now were repelling a Kaflir 
uon« 

r July the Kaffirs had been driven out of the 
Dy. 

June De Suffren's fleet reached Cape 
ny, having out-sailed the English fleet, and 
ed two regiments to assist in defending the 
ny. 



ASIA AND AUSTBALASIA. 



^sh charges were made by the burghers 
ist the Cape officials, and the Directors 
ucted the Cape government to allay the 
)ntent of the burghers, without specifying 
concessions to be made. 

May the garrison of the Cape was streng- 
ed by the arrival of the Luxemburg regiment, 
h had been raised in France in the pay of 
3utch East India Company. 



le Directors of the Dutch East India Com- 
r decided that the complainant burghers did 
represent the whole body of burghers at the 
B, and that the charges against the officials 
not been proved. They recommended that 
hanges in the commercial regulations of the 
my should be made until a general European 
je prevailed. They reconstituted the high 
i of justice at the Cape, but would not allow 
kppeal to be made to the supreme court of 
^« etherlands instead of to the court at Batavia. 
Governor and Council of Policy were to use 
ingly their power of banishment from the 
►ny. 



Lord Macartney became Governor of 
Madras. He assumed the control and manage- 
ment of the revenues of the Carnatic, with the 
concurrence of the Nawab, to whom he under- 
took to pay a sixth of the revenues for his per- 
sonal use. The two Dutch seaports of Pulicat 
and Sadras, in the neighbourhood of Madras, 
were captured and their fortifications destroyed. 



YEAK. 



1781 



The first Mahratta war came to an end by the 
treaty of Salbai, by which the English and 
Mahrattas mutually agreed to withhold all help 
from the enemies of the other. Bombay retained 
Salsette, but Guzerat was restored to the 
Mahrattas. 

Hyder Ali died in December. 



1782 



1783 



Pitt became Prime Minister on 23rd December. 

The conduct of colonial affairs waa entrusted 
to a branch of the Home Office called the Plan- 
tation Office, presided over by an Uuder-Secre- 
tary, and supervisgd by a Commitbee of the 
Privy Council. 



The India Bill passed through Parliament, 

creating the Board of Control, consisting of six 
Privy Councillors, including one Secretary of 
State, and the ChancoUor of tlie Exchequer, with 
supreme authority over the civil and military 
admioistration of the East India Company. 
While the Company vraa entrusted vrith the 
patronage, the Crown possessed the rif^ht of 
veto on the chief appointments, The Board 
continued in existence uotil 1S58. 



Captain Arthur Phillip, R.N., sailed from 
England in May with a fleet of eleven vessels, 
having on board 696 convicts, 192 of whom were 
women, and eighty-one free emigrants, with 
whom he was to found a settlement at Botany 
Bay. 

In April a treaty of mutual defence was 
arranged between Great Britain and the Nether- 
lands, and later in the year a triple alliance was 
made between Great Britain, Prussia, and the 
Netherlands. 



AMERICA. 

The United Empire Loyalists began to I 
the United States, many thousands (ab<j 
40,000 in all) settling on the banks of the St. ha(i 
ronce, and on the shores of Lake Ontario, tt 
in that part of the Colony of Nova Scotia al 
known as New Brunswick, Land was Ubeni 
allotted to them by the Government, and wit^ 
a year 10,000 were estimated to have settled^] 
Canada. 

In consequence of the numbers of the Dni 
Empire Loyalists who settled in Nova Sw 
about the mouth of the St. John River (the a 
of St. John being then founded), a portion! 
the Colony, with a population of about ll.St 
was cut off from it and erected into the Pro 
of New Brunswick, by letters patent i 
IGth August. Thomas Carletoo was appoinll 
Captain-Goueral and Governor- in- Chief. 

The population of Canada was returned I 
113,012, which did not include the United Empi 
Loyalists; the British populationof Nova S 
was 32,000; the Acadians numbering &notJ| 
11,000. 



117 



AFRICA. 




jieat dissatisfaction was felt at the Cape 
en the award of the Directors was made 
>wn, and "neither men nor women were 
posed to let the question rest." Fresh 
morials were sent to the Directors, who were 
w about to station at the Cape a large body of 
ops to defend the settlement, and to serve as 
epot for India. An engineer officer, Cornelis 
a de Graaff, was appointed Governor. 

IThMl, " History of South Africa," U., 2G0, 1.] 



It was enacted by the British Parliament that 
no alliances should be made with the native 
princes of India without the consent of Parlia- 
ment, and no servant of the Company was per- 
mitted in future to engage in any monetary 
transactions with any native prince except with 
the express sanction of the Governor-General 
of India. 



V^an de Graaff was installed as Governor of 
t Cape (1785 to 1791). 

rhe burghers sent their last memorial direct 
the States General of the Netherlands. 



Warren Hastings finally left India. 



Penang was ceded to Great Britain by the 
Sultan of Kedah. 



I 



\ new district, Graaff-Beinet, was formed 
Dg between the Gamtoos Biver and the Great 
ih Biver, which was proclaimed to be the 
tern boundary of the Colony. 



Che tract of land on which Freetown, Siebra 
ONE, now stands was ceded by a native chief 
an English company, which had been formed 
vessly to establish a settlement for the recep- 
a of freed Ahican slaves. 



rhe garrison of the Cape at this time con- 
^ of 2,000 mercenary troops, known as the 
^iment of Wortemburg, and a national bat- 
on, 600 strong, under Colonel Gordon, and 
\ engineers and artillerymen, by whom the 
tificaiions of Table Valley had been consider- 
Y sttengtbened. 



Lord Cornv^allis became Governor-General 
of India (1786-1793). 



On 18th January the English fleet anchored in 
Botany Bay, but Captain Phillip decided that 
the site was not suitable for settlement, and 
explored the coast northwards. lie entered Port 
Jackson and selected Sydney Cove as the site for 
his settlement, and on 26th January took formal 
possession of the country in the name of George 
III. On the same day two French ships arrived 
under the command of the Comte de la 
P^rouse, on an exploring expedition. 



1783 



1784 



1785 



1786 



1787 



1788 



An Act (31 Geo. III., cap. 31) known as the Owing to the numbers of TTnited Em 
CoDstitutional Act, 1791, was pasaed by the Loyalists who had Eettled in the upper poi 
British Parliainent for amending the ooneti- | oE Canada, the Province of Quebec was di* 
tution of Canada, by which the Province of i into Upper and Lower Canada ; each of wl 
Quebec was divided into the two provincea of provinces was to have a Lieutenant-Govemt 
Upper and Lower Canada. i Legislative Council appointed for life by 

Lieutenant-Governor, and a House of Assen 
elected by the people tor four years. Power 
vested in the Crown to set apart for " the m 
tenance and support of a Protestant elei) 
one-seventh of all uncleared Crown lands. 
iBourinot. 17, 18, wiJ Uou/ihii. 129, 127.] 
ThepopnlatioDof tbetwoprovinceswul61V 

The Parliament of Upper Canada held ita , 

meeting at Newark (Nij^ara) on 17lh SepI 
ber, the House of Assembly consisting of aixl 



War was declared by France against England 
oo 1st February. 

England, Spain, and Holland joined Austria 
and Prussia in the First Coahtion. 

The affairs of the French War at first were 
managed in the Home Department of Great 
Britain ; in 1794, however, a Secretary for War 
was appointed. 



The French having overrun the Netherlands, 
and the Stadtholder having fled to England, the 
States General made au alliance with France, 
and Great Britain sent a fleet under Admiral 
Elphinstone, with troops commanded by 
General Craig, to seize the Cape of Good 
HorE. 

A letter was written by the Stadtholder 
(the Prince of Orange) ordering Commissioner- 
General Stuysken to admit the troops of the 
King of England into the forts and elsewhere 
in the Colony, and also to admit British ships 
of war into the ports, and such troops and ships 
were to be regarded as sent by a friendly power 
to defend the Colony from a French invasion. 

Henry Dundas (Viscount Melville) was 

Secretary for War from 1794 to IHOl, 

Spain declared war against Great Britun. 



The Legislature of Lower Canada was op« 
on 17th December at Quebec, the Honsi 
Aseembly consisting of fifty members. 



Slavery was aboUsbed in Upper Of 




A aerions outbreak oF tba Maroona in J 
occurred, in course of which 1,.!>00 British in 
(the ISth Dragoons, 20th and 83rd Fool) 
3,000 of the colonial militia were employed, 
failed to subdue the insurgents. In the 
bloodhounds were obtained from Cuba to 1 
down the Maroons, who, however, sorreDdfl 
and 500 were transported to Nova Bcotla, 
theuce to Sierra Iieoue. 



4 



The Directors recalled Colonel van de GraafT 
o Hollaod as be had become very unpopular, 
xit allowed bim to retain liis title and salary. 

The popalation of the Cape Colony consisted 
>! 3,613 European burghers, 2,460 married 
gromeD.and 6.955 children; thirty- nine European 
[nen-servants ; i56 European men — exclusive of 
wldiers— in the service of the Company, with 
391 married women, and 7G0 children ; and 
17,396 slaves, men, women, and children. The 
Begiment of Wurtemburg bad been soot to 
Java. 

[Thtal, "EutoryofSoatli Africa," ii, 2Sg.l 

The Sierra Leone Company, having obtained a 
charter, sent out numbers of freed negroes from 
Nova Scotia and Jamaica to Freetown. 

The affaire of the Dutch East India Company 
having fallen into confusion, commissioners were 
appointed to inquire into the affairs of all their 
settlements, and two commissioners arrived at 
the Cape and took over the administration. 



Thebnrghersof Graaff-HeinetandSwellendam 
were eneagcd in repelling an invasion of KafGrs, 
when Maynier, Landdrost of Graaff-Beinet, 
made terms with the Kaffirs very much to the 
discontent of the horghera. 

The two special commissionei-s left the Cape 
without having introduced reforms to satisfy 
the burghers, and Commissioner-General 
Sluysken was placed in charge of the Colony. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 

Lord Comwallis, who bad become engaged 
in a struggle with Tippu Sultan of Mysore, 

captured the fortress of Bangalore and advanced 
against Seriugapatam, but not being joined by 
the Mahrattas, and falling short of supplies, the 
fortress was not taken until the next year (1792), 
when Tippu Sultan made terms and agreed to 
cede half his territories, to be equally divided 
between the English, the Mahi'attas, and the 
Nizam of Hyderabad. 



Governor Phillip relumed to England from 1792 
New South Wales, and the government of the 
settlement was administered by Major Grose | 
and Captain Paterson until the arrival of 
Governor Hunter in 1795. 



Lord Cornwallis promulgated the permanent 
land system in Bengal, by which the system of 
leases was abolished, the lands were granted in 
perpetuity to the Zemindars, and a yearly 
rental was fixed for the several estates, and 
was never to be enhanced. 

Sir John Shore (Lord TeJgnmouth) suc- 
ceeded Lord Comwallis as Goveruor-Geneial. 



On 6th February the burghers of Graaff-Reinet 
and Swellendam met and expelled their magis- 
trates, declaring they would no longer obey the 
Dutch East India Company, but would be 
independent. 

On 11th June Admiral Elphinstone arrived 
kt Simon's Bay. Negotiations were carried on 
with Commissioner Sluysken, who, however, 
called upon the burgher militia to defend the 
Colony. On 14th July 350 marines and 450 men 
of the TStb Begiment were lauded and occupied 
Simon's Town. Some trifling skirmishes took 
place, but upon General Clarke arriving on 
4th September, with the 84th, 95th, and 98lh 
Regiments, and a strong force of artillerymen 
and engineers, it was plain that no defence 
could be oEfered by the force (leas thau 2,(XI0) 
at Sluysken 's disposal, and the articles of 
capitulation were signed on 16th September. 



Ceylon was taken from the Dutch by Colonel 

Stuart and annexed to the Presidency of 
Madras, under the government of the English 
East India Company; the Hon. F. North 
(afterwards Earl of Guildford) was appointed 
Governor. 

Malacca was captured by Great Britain from 
the Dutch. 

Captain Hunter arrived at Sydney to take 
over the governjiient of the Colony of New 
South Wales. He took out a number of free 
settlers, mostly farming men, who successfully 
commenced farming on the banks of the River 
Hawkesbury. 



120 



YEAH. 



1795 



1796 



1797 



1798 



1799 



EUROPE. 



The British govornment sent Sir Ralph 
Abercrombie with 12,000 troops to subdue the 
insurrectionary movements in the West India 
Islands which had sprung up since the French 
revolution commenced. 



Sir John Jervis and Nelson defeated the 
French and Spanish fleets off Cape St. Vincent 
on 14 th February. 

Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet 
off Camperdown in October. 



Napoleon on his way to Egypt seized Malta, 
then in the occupation of the Order of the Knights 
of St. John of Jerusalem. 

In the battle of the Nile, Nelson destroyed 
the French fleet which had conveyed Napoleon 
and his army to Egypt. 



Pitt formed the Second Coalition with Austria 
and Russia against France. 



AMERICA. 



The seat of government of Upper Canada was 
removed from Niagara to York (Toronto). 

The insurgents in St. Lucia and St. Vincent 
were conquered by Sir R. Abercrombie after a 
month's fighting. 

Sir John Moore was appointed Governor of 
St. Lucia, but returned to England the next 
year. 



Tbinidad was taken from the Spaniards by 
Sir R. Abercrombie, who appointed Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Picton the first English Governor 
of the island. 



The name of He St. Jean was changed to 
Prince Edward Island, in honour of the Duke 
of Kent. The population was 4,500. 

British Honduras became a British possession 
in consequence of Colonel Barrow defeating 
the Spaniards. 



121 



AFRICA. 



The Colonista were to retain all their privileges, 
no new taxes were to be levied, and in view of the 
distressed state of the Colony consequent upon 
the decay of trade, the imposts were to be 
reduced as much as possible. 



A Dutch squadron of nine vessels, with 2,000 
troops on board, was captured in Saldanha Bay 
by Admiral Elphinstone in August. General 
Craig, who had been appointed Governor of the 
Cape, enlislted most of the captured soldiers, who 
were Germans, and willing to serve in India. 



Lord Macartney was appointed Governor of 
the Cape, and it was announced that the Colony 
would be held by Great Britain as commanding 
the highway to India. 



LfOrd Macartney returned to England from 
Caps Colont, leaving Major-General Dundas 
Ml lieatenant-Governor. 



An insurrection of the farmers of Graaff-Beinet 
was pat down by General Vandeleur without 
blooasfaed, bat the British troops on their way 
to Algoa Bay to embark for Capetown were 
unexpectedly attacked by a horde of Eosas, who 
had invaded the Colony. 

Sir George Yonge was appointed Governor. 



ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA. 



Lord Momington (Marquis of Welleslcy) 
became Governor-General of India. He prevailed 
upon Nizam Ali to disband the battalions whom 
he had officered with Frenchmen ; and prepara- 
tions were made for war against Tippu Sultan, 
who was intriguing with the French. 

Surgeon Bass sailed from Sydney in a whale- 
boat, and coasted along the shore of what is now 
known as Victoria as far as Western Port, and 
later in the year sailed with Matthew Flinders 
round Tasmania, which had till then been believed 
to belong to the mainland. 



An English army from Madras, under General 
Harris, withwhom Colonel Arthur Wellesley 
was serving, invaded Mysore, and another 
EngUsh army from Bombay attacked Tippu 
Sultan from the westward. In May, Seringa- 
patam was taken by storm, Tippu beiuc slain in 
the fight. Part of Mysore was formed by Lord 
Momington into a Hindu kingdom, and the 
remainder was distributed among the English, 
the Nizam of Hyderabad (Nizam Ah), and 
the Peishwa. 



YEAR. 



1795 



1796 



1797 



1798 



1799 





122 J 




EUROPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 


1800 








The legislative union of Great 




On the 16th August the first 




Britain and Ireland was effected. 




number of the Capetown Gazette 
and African Adveriiier was 




Malta was captured torn the 




published by Messrs. Walker 




French. 




and Robertson, merchanta at 
the Cape. 




1801 








The population of England and 




Sir George Yonge was accused 




Wales was 8,893,000; of Scotland, 




of misgoTCmment, and General 




1,608,000; ot Ireland, 5,395,000. 




Dundas waa appointed as acting 
Governor of the Capk. 










Colonial business was assigned 








to the department presided over 








by the Secretary (or War, who 








became "Secretary tor War and 








the Colonies." 








1602 1 




The Treaty of Amiens was signed 


Tbinidad was ceded to Great By the Treaty of Amieng. CapbH 




in March. 


Britain by Spain. St. Lucia was 


Colony was restored to the Dutch, 






restored to France. 


who appointed General Janssens 




Great Britain restored to France, 




Governor. 




Spain, and Holland (the Batavian 


By a charter, which conferred on 






Republic) all the conquests sho 
bad made, except Tbinidad and 


it all the privileges of a university. 






King's College, Nova Scotia, which 
had been founded in 1789, became 






Cbtlon. 








the first colonial uuiverBity of 








British origin. 






1803 








War between Great Britain and 
France recommenced. 


Lord Hood captured St. Ldcia. 

British Guiana vras captured 
from the Dutch. 

Slavery waa abolished in Lower 
Canada. 


In February the British troops 
retired from the Cape. 




180S 








The French and Spanish fleets 


Sir G. Prevost successfully 


The Census returns of Gam 




were defeated by Nelson in the 


resisted the attack of a French 


CoLONV showed tha Colometa a 




battle of Trafalgar. 


squadron upon Uouinica. 


European descent to BOiiifti 

owned 29,515 slaves, and tb 
had in their service 20,006 Ho 






























Capetown had a population 








6,273 of European descent, %m 








nearly 10,000 slaves. 


k 


^^^^^^^ 



123 



ASIA. 



Lord ^Vellesley assumed the government of 
the Carnatic on behalf of the East India Com- 
pany. 

The Nizam of Hyderabad ceded back to 
the English all the territories assigned him after 
the Mysore wars, and became a feudatory of the 
Company. 



By the Treaty of Bassein, signed on 31st 
December, the Peishwa became a feudatory 
of the C'Ompany, who undertook to replace 
him on his throne at Poona, whence he had been 
driven by Holkar of Indore. 

Cetlon was ceded to Great Britain, and 
became a Crown Colony. 



Colonel Arthur ^Vcllesley defeated the 
Mahrattas at Assaye and Argaum ; and General 
Lake won the battles of Alighur and Delhi, and 
by defeating the French battalions at Laswari 
and capturing Agra, he gained the supremacy 
for the English in Upper Hindustan. 



The Directors of the East India Company 
having grown alarmed at the extension of their 
responsibilities, recalled Lord Wellesley and 
sent out Lord Cornwallis to conciliate (not 
conquer) the Indian princes. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Captain King was appointed Governor of 
New South Wales, the population of which 
numbered 6,000. The coal mines of the Hunter 
River were now being worked by detachments 
of prisoners. 



YEAB. 



Colonel David Collins attempted to found 
a convict settlement at Port Phillip in October. 
After three months' experience of the country, 
Collins decided to abandon the attempt, and he 
sailed across to Tasmania and founded Hobart in 
January, 1804. 



John Macarthur having imported some 
Spanish merino sheep into New South Wales, 
and having obtained an estate of 10,000 acres in 
the Colony, commenced the growth of wool on 
a large scale. 



1800 



1801 



Lieutenant Murray, R.N., discovered Port 1802 
Phillip Bay on 5th January. 

In April Commander Flinders entered the 
Bay unaware that Murray had already dis- 
covered it. 



1803 



1806 



■ 


124 




EDROPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 1 


1806 
Death oE William Pitt on 

23rd January. 

Death of Charles James Fox 

on 13th September. 

Resolutions in favour of the 
aboHtioii o[ the alava trade were 
proposed and carried in the Im- 
perial Parliament. 


Tlie population of Upper Canada 

numbered 70,000; of Low or Canada, 
250.000. 

Le Canadien, the first Canadian 
newspaper, printed entirely in 
French, was published in Novem- 
ber. 


Sir David Baird, in command 

of G.OOO troops, captured the Capb 
OF Good ITopb, after defeating the 
Dutch garrison (2,000 men) under 
General Janssens in the battle 
of Blueberg. 




Napoleon issued his Berlin 
Decrees, declaring the British 
Isles in a state of blockade, aud 
forbidding France or any of her 
allies to trade with them. 








1807 

The Act tor the abolition of the 
slave trade was passed. 

Heligoland was captured from 
the Danes by the British. 


The slave trade was abolished 

in Jamaica. 

The first newspaper was pub- 

hshed in Newfoundland. 


The Earl of Caledon m« 
appointed Govomor of Gu« 
Colony. i 




Great Britain replied to the 
Berlin Decrees by issuingOrders in 
Council prohibiting all trade with 
French ports, or with ports occu- 
pied by French soldiers. 


Tlii: United States siitTered coDaiJer- 
ably in tlieircomniDrce throngh 
the oiwration of tlia Boiliu 
Decrees and tho Ordpi» in 
CoQudl, and indigu»tion was 
aroused by Orwt BriUin in- 
aUtidg mmn Iicr right to aearcli 
vesKla for deserters from hur 
•Uii-u 






1810 




Abercrombie captured Madei- 
TiUB from the French, having 
obtained the assistance of two 
regiments of British troops from 
the garrison at the Cape of Good 
Hora. 




1811 

Major Johnston, having been 
sent to England by Governor 
Macquarie, was tried by court 
martial aud cashiered. 




On 14th October three judge* 
left Capetown to go on circuit in 

the Colony for the first time. 

Sir John Cradock succeeded 
tho Earl of Caledon as Governor 

of Cai-e Colony. 

The depredations of the KafSm 
on the eastorn borders resulted ia 
three regiments of troops and & 
force of armed burghers being Eenfc 
to drive them across the Groat 
FishBiver. 


k 


^^^^^^J 



125 



ASIA. 



A sudden mutiny of the Sepoys of the Madras 
army stationed at Vellore alarmed the Directors 
of the East India Company. They recalled 
Lord ^Villiam Bentinck, Governor of Madras, 
and Sir John Cradock commanding the 
Madras Army. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Captain Bligh, R.N., who had formerly 
commanded the Bounty^ was appointed to 
succeed Captain King as Governor of New 
South Wales. 



YEAR. 



1806 



LrOrd Minto became Governor- General of 
India. 



Governor Bligh endeavoured to suppress 
the trade in spirits carried on by the officers of 
the New South Wales corps, and after some 
mouths' disputing the Governor was seized and 
deposed by Major Johnston, the Commandant, 
in January, 1808. 



1807 



Under Governor Macquarie, who had 
succeeded Bligh, New South Wales made 
rapid progress, public buildings being erected 
and roads made. 



1810 



LrOrd Minto sent an expedition against the 
Dutch settlements in India which had passed 
into the hands of Napoleon. Java also was 
captured and occupied. 



1811 



EUROPE. 

1812 

Lord Liverpool became Prime 
Minister in June, and Lord 
Bathurst Secretary tor War and 
the Colonies. 



1813 

The Prince of Orange, after 
an exile of nineteen years in 
England, returned to Hollaiirl in 
November, and was received as 
their sovereif^n by the Dutch. 



1814 

By the Treaty of Paris Great 
Britain kept Malta ; in return 
for the cession of the Cave Colony, 
and the Dutch eettlemeota in 
Guiaua, Great Britain luidertook 
to pay £1,000,000 to the King of 
Sweden to hquidate a claim 
againBttheNethcrlauds, £2.000,000 
towards improving the defences 
of the Netherlands, and to bear 
further charges of £3,000,000 
towards settling the Provinces 
under the House of Orange. 

1816 

A mail packet service was esta- 
blished between England and the 
Cape, Mauritius, and India, fast- 
sailing vessels leaving the Thames 
monthly for the conveyance of 
mails, passengers, and light cargo. 
The postage on letters was fixed 
at 33. Gd. per quarter of an ounce. 
1817 



The United Stotea declared war 
.gainst Great Eritaiu, and invaded 
Canaua. The American army 
under General Hull was re- 
pulsed hy the Canadians under 
General Brock, aud forced to 
surrender at Detroit in August. 
A second invasion of Canada in 
October ended in the defeat of the 
Americans on Queenston Heights. 

The Amerieaas captured York 
(Toronto), and were victorious in 
a, naval battle on Lake Erie, but 
were defeated in the battles of 
Stoney Creek in June, aud of 
Chateauguay and Chrysler's Farm 
in September. On 1st June Cap- 
tain Broke, in the Sha'iuon, cap- 
tured the Chesapeake, commanded 
by Captain Lawrence, off 
Boston. 

By the Treaty of Paris, Great 

Britain retained Tobaoo and St. 
Lucia, 

Fighting continued between the 
Americans and British, who now 
carried the war into American 
territory. Peace was made at 
Ghent in December. 

The population of Dpper Canada 
was 95,000 ; of Lower Canada. 
3.35,000. 



Colonel Graham succeeded in 
expelling about20.000 Kalhrsfrom 
within the Cape borders. A line 
of military posts was formed 
to prevent their return. The 
headquarters of the troops on tha 
frontier was named Graham's 
Town, in honour of Colonel 
Graham. 



Considerable discontent prevailed 
in Upper Canada, complaint being 
made that a small group of people 
(the Family Compact) monopolized 
all positions of trust and power. 

The banks of Montreal and 
Quebec were established. 



Lord Charles Somerset be- 
came Governor of Capk Colony, 
which wai ceded to Great Britain 
by the Prince of Orange on 
13th .\ugust, 

Maubitivs was retained by Great 
Britain under the Treaty of Paris. 



Ascension Island was ocoupi ^^ 
as a naval station, and garriHotiM 
by a detachment from St. HeunCA, 



Lord Charles Somerset ra< 

cognized Gaika as the supreiiia 
chief over the Kaflirs dwelling 
west of the Kei River. 



127 




1812 



LfOrd Moira (Marquis of Hastings) became 
Governor-General of India. 

The charter of the English East India Com- 
ysLuy was renewed, but the trade with India 
iras thrown open to all. 



The Ghorkas of Nipal having encroached upon 
British territory, Lord Moira sent 30,000 
broops and sixty guns against them. 



Messrs. Wentworth, Blaxland, and 
Laws on succeeded in crossing the Blue 
Mountains in New South Wales, and dis- 
covered tlie vast plains (Bathurst) lying to the 
west. Governor Macquarie, sent a party of 
surveyors to examine their route, and on 
receiving a favourable report, he at once set 
gangs of prisoners to construct the Great 
Western Road. 



1813 



The first European residents, under the Rev. 1814 
Mr. Marsden, settled in New Zealand at the 
Bay of Islands, with horses, oxen, sheep, and ' 
poultry. 



General David Ochterlony, after a most 
■zduoos campaign, captured all the strongholds 
of the Ghorkas, who sued for peace. 



The Great Western Road across the Blue 
Mountains was opened as far as Bathurst on 
21st January. 

The first emigrant ship arrived at Van 
Diemen'b Land with free settlers. 



1815 



LfOrd Hastings entered upon the Pindhari 
\ and in the course of the year his generals 
mbdaed all the Mahratta princes. 



The first Australian bank was established at 
Sydney. 



1817 






128 



EUEOPE, 



1818 



AMERICA. 



A Convention was signed in 
London on 20th October regulat- 
ing the rights of the Americans 
in the British North American 
fisheries. 



1819 

The British Parliament voted 
£50,000 to assist emigration to 
Cape Colony. About 5,000 out of 
90,000 applicants were accepted 
as suitable emigrants. 



1820 

George IV. King of England 
(1820 to 1830). 



A settlement was made on the 
Falkland Islands by emigrants 
from Buenos Ayres. 



1821 

The population of England was 
11,261.437 ; of Wales, 717,438; of 
Scotland, 2,091,521; of Ireland, 
6,801,827. 



The Lachine Canal was com- 
menced, with the object of over- 
coming the difficulties offered to 
navigation by the rapids of the 
St. Lawrence. 



McGill College, Montreal, which 
had been founded in 1813, was 
made a university by royal 
charter. 



AFRICA. 



Gaika having been defeated by 
other Kaffir chiefs, appealed to the 
Colonial Government for aid. 



Gaika having been restored by 
a colonial force, the hostile Kaffirs 
attacked Grahamstown, but were 
repulsed. The boundary of the 
Cape Colony was thereupon ex- 
tended to the Keiskama river, and 
two military posts were established. 



Between March, 1820, and May, 
1821, nearly 5,000 emigrants of 
British birth arrived in Cape 
Colony. Sir Rufane Donkin, 
who was acting as Governor in 
the absence of Lord Charles 
Somerset, located small parties 
along the KowieBiver,and selected 
the site of Bathurst. The town 
which was expected to spring up 
on the shore of Algoa Bay, where 
the emigrants Icmded, Sir R 
Donkin called Port Elizabeth, in 
honour of his wife. In October 
the district of Albany was created 
by a proclamation of Sir Bufane. 

The Boyal African Company 
was dissolved, and their forts 
were placed under the government 
of Sierra Leone. 



An annual fair was opened at 
Fort Willshire, on the Keiskama 
Biver, which largely developed 
trade with the Kaffirs. 






129 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Lord Hastings annexed the territory of the i 
rishwa, allowing hini a pension of £80,000 a , 



YEAR. 



1818 



3Lr. 



Singapore was taken possession of by Sir 
amford Raffles in accordance with a treaty 
ule with the Malayan princes. 



1819 



The settlers in Van Diemen's Land exported 
wheat to the value of £20,000, and in the next 
year began to export wool. 



1820 



Sir Thomas Brisbane became Governor of , 1821 
New South Wales, and by him free immi- 
gration was much encouraged. 



130 



EUROPE. 



1823 

The Imperial Parliament passed 
an Act providing that the Governor 
of New South Wales should 
nominate a Legislative Council of 
seven members by whose advice 
he was to be guided. 



1824 



1825 



1826 

Lord Liverpool's Ministrj' 
directed the Governor of New 
South Wales to assert the claims 
of Great Britain to the whole of 
Australia, and to occupy certain 
positions on the coast. 



1827 

In April Mr. Canning became 
Prime Minister, and Viscount 
Goderich Secretary of State for 
the Colonies and War. 

A charter of justice was signed 
by George IV. providing for the 
establishment of a supreme court 
of justice at the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

In August Lord Goderich 
became Premier, and Mr. Hus- 
kisson Secretary for the Colonies. 



AMERICA. 



The Legislative Assembly of 
Jamaica, having been called upon 
to ameHorate the condition of the 
slave population, repudiated the 
right of the Imperial Parliament 
to interfere in the internal affairs 
of the island. 



The Welland Canal, to connect 
Lakes Erie and Ontario, was 
commenced. 



The University of Toronto was 
founded by royal charter under 
the name of King's College. 



AFRICA. 



In May, 1823, nearly two-thir 
of the British settlers who h; 
landed in 1820 had abandon 
their locations, only 438 adi 
male settlers remaining on t 
ground assigned to them, and 1 
them a petition w^as addressed 
the Secretary of State (Lo 
Bathurst) regarding the insecuri 
of the border and the depredatio 
of the Kaffirs. 



George Greig set up a prir 
ing press at Capetown, and issu 
the South African Commerce 
Advertiser, 

On the Gold Coast the Briti 
became involved in their first w 
with the Ashantees. 



A Council of six members w 
appointed to assist and advise t 
Governor of Cape Colony. 



General Bourke was appoint 
Lieutenant-Governor of the Ca 

COLOMY. 



The Kaffirs dwelling on i 
borders of Gape Colony we 
attacked by a tribe of Ziilt 
known as Uie Amangwane, w] 
were themselves flying before tl 
warriors of the renowned Tshak 



131 



ASIA. 



Lrord Amherst became Governor-General 
of India. 

The Burmese, having conquered Assam and 
Munipore, invaded British territory, and cut off 
a detachment of Sepoys. 



Lrord Amherst sent an expedition, under 
Sir Archibald Campbell, against Rangoon. 



The British expedition advanced to Promo. 



Peace was made with Burmah. Assam was 
annexed. 

Penang, Malacca, and Singapore were incor- 
porated under one government. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Mr. Oxley, the Surveyor-General of New 
South Wales, was sent to survey the coast-line 
to the north, and discovered and named the 
River Brisbane. 



Governor Brisbane abolished the censor- 
ship of the press. Trial by jury was introduced 
into the Colony. Ten vessels sailed from Sydney 
laden with grain and wool. 

Hume and Hovell travelled overland from 
Sydney and reached Gorio Bay, an inlet on the 
west shore of Port Phillip Bay. 



Sir Ralph Darling became Governor of 
New South Wales. 

Captain Herd made an attempt to colonize 
New Zealand from Sydney. 

Van Diemen*s Land was separated from New 
South Wales and made into a distinct Colony 
under Colonel Arthur as Governor. 



Moreton Bay was proclaimed a convict settle- 
ment. 

Governor Darling sent an expedition to 
Western Port, and another to St. George's 
Sound, to occupy the country, as it was 
believed that the French were contemplating the 
formation of settlements. 



YEAR. 



1823 



1824 



1825 



1826 



1827 



In January the Duke of 'Wel- 
lington became Prime Minister, 
and in May Sir George Murray 
replaced Huskisson as Secretary 
for the Colonieg. 



William IV. King of England 
(1830-1637). 

Lord Grey became Prime 
Minister, and Lord Goderich 

War and t'olonial Recretary. 



The College of New Brunswick, 
(ound«d in 1800 at Fredericton, 
■was incorporated by royal charter 
*i;r the name of King's College, 
Frederic ton. 



The Imperial Govermnent, 
through Lord Belmore, Gover- 
nor of Jamaica, repeated its 
demand that the Legislative 
Assembly sLouhl amend the Slave 
Code. 



The Imperial Government having 
made further proposals for the 
amelioration of the condition 
of the slaves in Jamaica, one 
member of the Legislative 
bly moved that the pi 
should be burned by tlie 
nion hivof^man, and another mem- 
ber suggested that tho recom- 
mendations should be disregarded, 
as the colonial militia was quite 
able to resist the Forces of 
England. 



rom 1806 to 1827 the judg 
of Cape Colony had been a 
pointed by tho Governor, and hi 
been removable at his pleasui 
On Ist January, 1828, the newl] 
appointed Supreme Court eoten 

its duties. It consisted of 
chief justice and three puisi 
judges, all of whom were appointi 
by the Crown. At the same liu 
the Colony was divided into tv 
Provinces, and resident magistral 
and ci^nl com mission era \vere su 
stitnted in place of the landd: 
and heemradeu, who ha<l hithei 
administered justice and mam 
affairs in the country districts, 

General Sir Lowry Col 
was appointed Governor of Caj 

Colony. 

On 27th .August Colon) 
Somerset defeated the iov " 
Amangwane near the Ui 
River. 



By an Order in Couacil. dal 
from Windsor the 15th Jaon* 
it was declared thai " all Hoiti 
tots and other free persons 
colour law^ulty residing will 
the Colony ' ' (of the Cai'e of G 
Hope) were entitled to all ■ 
every right, benefit, and privil< 
enjoyed by other Britiab subjoc 



133 



ASIA. 



Lord William Bentinck became Governor- 
General of India. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Captain (Sir James) Stirling, R.N., sailed 
from Sydney in H.M.S. Success^ and surveyed 
the coast of Australia from King George's Sound 
to the Swan River. 

The Legislative Council of New South Walbs 
was enlarged from seven to fifteen members. 

The population of the Colony now numbered 
36,598. 



YEAR 



1828 



Captain Stirling founded the Colony of 
Western Australia by proclamation on 
1st June, and within a few months emigrant 
ships arrived from England, and formed the 
Swan River Settlement. 



1829 



Captain Charles Sturt discovered the 
Murray route. He started from New South 
Wales, proceeding down the River Murrum- 
bidgee until it joined another river, which 
he named the Murray. Down this river 
he continued for nearly 1,000 miles, until it 
entered the sea at Iilncounter Bay (South 
Australia). 



1830 



1831 ' 

Populalioii of the United Eiug- 
dom nuiJiberGd 24,392, 485. 



1833 

An Act was passed by Lhi 
Imperial Parliament abolishin; 
slavery in the British Coloiiies 
on and alter 1st August. 1834, 
and granting ^20,000,000 to be 
awarded in compensation toowDers 
of slavoa. 

An Act also was passed investing 
the Bupreme government of India 
in a " Governor-General of India 
in Council." 



1834 

The South Australian Colouiza,- 
tion CompiiTty was formed in 
Londou. Its object was to found 
a settlement in Australia iiiicoD- 
nected with New South Wales, 
and upon a different system (the 
WaJtefield system) to that upon 
which the Swan Eiver Settlement 
(Western Australia) had been 
founded. All land was to be sold 
by auction, and the proceeds were 
to be divided equally between the 
importation of labourers and the 
construction of roads, bridges, and 
public works. 



The population of Upper Canada 
was 236,000 ; of Lower Canada, 
553,000. 

The discontent of tho Jamaica 
planters becmne so ictense that 
many threatened to transfer their 
allegiance to the United States. 

At the cloae of the year a servile 

insurrection broke out, and re- 
sulted in the loss of many lives, 
and the dentruction of property 
valued at £666,977. 



I The Falkland Islands were 
taken possession of by Great 
Britain with a view to furthering 
the whale fisbery. 



The first Hepreseutative Assem- 
bly met in Newfoundland, 

£5,853,000 was granted to slave- 
owners in Jamaica for freeing their 
slaves; and £1,720,000 to slave- 
owners in B ABBA DOS. 



The Legislative Assembly of 
Lower Canada formulated their 
(•rievances in the shape of ninety- 
two resolutions, in which, among 
other things, they demanded an 
elective Ii^slative Council. 

[Botirinot, " Parliamentaiy Proceiluro," 
p. 23.] 



By letters patent, issued on 33rd 
October, a Legislative Council 
was created for Cape Colont, to 
consist of five cx-officio inemben, 
and of five to seven meinberscbosea 
by the Governor from among tha 
chief citizens. 

£1,247,000 was awarded as t 
share payable to the slave-owiion 
in Cape Colony, who appraised the 
slaves they owned at £3,040,000. 
Much discontent resulted (rom 
what was regarded as an act c 
confiscation. 



Sir Benjamin D' Urban 
came Governor of Cai-k Colost. 
The English settlers in the distrit 
of Albany had overcome their 
difliculties, and Grahamstown coi 
tained 3,700 inhabitants, exclusti 
of soldiers, and Port Ehzabcth hs 
1,200 residents. 



In December the Kaffirs raid* 
the south-eastern portion of Ca] 
Colony, and slew fifty farmer 
burned many homesteads, as 
recrossed the frontier with the 
spoil of horses, cattle, aboc] 
and whatever they conld can; ol 



135 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



year; 



Sir Richard Bourke became Governor of 
New South Wales, and inaugurated the ' 
system of selling the waste lands of the Colony ■ 
by auction, the minimum price at first fixed 
being 5s. per acra I 



The charter of the East India Company was 
renewed; but the Company withdrew from all 
oommercial transactions, and Euro{>eans were 
granted the right to reside in India and to 
acqoire possession of lands. 



Mr, Busby was appointed by Governor 
Bourke to live as British Resident at the Bay 
of Islands, New Zealand. 

Coal, to the amount of 328 tons, was produced 
in New South Wales. 

Edward Henty, a merchant of Launceston, i 
in Van Diemen's Land, crossed Bass's Straits 
and examined the country aboi ^ Portland Bay. 



1831 



1833 



In November, Henty made the first perma- j 1834 
nent settlement on the soil of Victoria, and 
commenced to till the ground and to breed stock. 



EUROPE. 

1835 

Lord Melbourne becamePrime 
MiQiater, and Lord Glenelg War 
and Colonial Secretary. 



Lord Gosford was appointed 
Govern or- General of Canada, and 
Sir C. Grey and Sir G. Gipps 

were associated with him aa Eoyal 
Commission era to inquire fully into 
tiiB state of Lower CanaOa. 



1837 

On 6th March the Imperial 
House of Commons adopted a 
series of resolulious, moved by 
Lord John Russell, which de- 
clared it inexpedient to comply 
with the demEiiid of the Legislative 
Assembly of Lower Canada for an 
elective Legislative Council. 

Queen Victoria ascended the 
thixine on 20th June. 



In July the first railroad in 
Canada was opened from La 
Prairie to St. John's, in Quebec 
Province. 

The discontent in Lower Canada 
became bo gi'ave that le^^lation 
was completely obstructed. 



The Great Trek of the Boers 
from Cape Colony commenced. 
Their grievances were (1) against 
the Imperial Government for not 
sufficiently protecting them against 
the blacks, for Uberatiog the slaves 
in au unjust manner, and gene- 
rally for showing partiality to 
"persons with black skins and 
savage habits": and (2j aguDst 
the missionaries of the Loudon 
Society, whom they charged with 
ilBurpiug authority properly be- ■ 
longing to the civil magistrate, 
and with advocating schemes hos- 
tile to the Boers' interests. 

[_Theal, " History of the BoM* in 
Soutb Africa," cap. iii.] 

A body of emigrant Boers from 
Cape Colony founded the Orange 
Free State. Another body of 
Boers made its way into the J 
country of Natal, which was then 
claimed by Dingan, the Zola 
chief. 



When the Legislative 
of Lower Canada met in August, 
it declared the resolutions of the 
House of Commons to be " a 
formal and total refusal of the 
reforms and improvements " which 
the Assembly had demanded. 

Lord Gosford prorogued the 
Legislature of Lower Canada on 
20th August, and the popular 
leaders, uutler the influence of 
Louis Joseph Papineau, en- 
deavoured to rouse the people 
to take up arms and strike for 
independence. For a few weeks 
small bodies of insurgents gathered 
together in Lower Canada, but 
were easily dispersed by the British 
troops. 

In Upper Canada, some 1,500 
insurgents enrolled themselves 
under ^^illiam Lyon MaC' 
kenzie, and planned an attack 
on Toronto ; they were speedily 
defeated by the militia, 



The emigrant Boere in Natai 
ndcr the lead of Pieter Relief, 
obtained from Dingan the proniis 
of a grant of territory, condition all] 
upon their first recovering and i 
storing to him certain cattle th| 
had recently been stolen from on 
of his outposts by a party of horsi 
men clothed as RuropeaJis, an 
armed with guns. 

[r/ta-l. ■•Hislurv i>[ ll«t Hoan i 
SoiltJi Afric»," L [i. 103,] 



137 



ASIA. 



Sir Charles Metcalfe acted as provisional 
Governor General of India. 



Lord Auckland became Governor-General 
of India. 



The Shah of Persia besieged Herdt, in the 
defence of which Lieutenant Eldred Pottin- 
greatly distinguished himself. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



In May, John Batman crossed from Van 
Diemen's Land to Port Phillip Bay, and 
obtained from the natives a grant of 600,000 
acres by a treaty, which the Imperial Govern- 
ment disallowed. 

In August, a party organized by John Pascoe 
Fawkner, of Launceston, Van Diemen's Land, 
sailed up the Yarra and founded Melbourne. 
Fawkner himself landed on 18th October. 



YEAR 



1835 



From April to October, Major Mitchell 
explored Port Phillip District, and named the 
western portion AustraUa Felix. 

In September, Captain Lonsdale arrived 
from Sydney to act as Eesident Magistrate in 
Port Phillip District. 

Sir John Franklin became Governor of Van 
Diemen's Land. 

Ships sent out by the South Austrahan 
Colonization Company arrived at Port Adelaide, 
and on 28th December, Captain Hindmarsh, 
R.N., who had been appointed Governor, pro- 
claimed the Colony of South Australia. 

Governor Bourke visited Port Phillip 
District. He approved of the choice made by 
Captain Lonsdale of the site of Fawkner's 
settlement as the seat of government, and 
named it Melbourne. 

At this date the estimated population of New 
South Wales (which included the present 
Colonies of Victoria and Queensland) exceeded 
85,000. 

The South Austrahan Colonists approved of 
the site of the city of Adelaide, which had been 
selected by Colonel Light. 



1836 



1837 



L 



EUROPE. 

The action of Lord Durham 
and his Council in baiiisliiug 
British Bubjecta without a form 
of trial provokeii severe criticism 
in England, and Lord Brougham 
introduced a Bill into Parliament 
(1 Vict., cap. 112) to indemnity 
all those who had issued or acted 
in putting in to force the Ordinance. 

The Imperial Parliament re- 
pealed the 4 J per cent, duties 
hitherto levied upon the export of 

froduce from the West India 
slands. 



Lord John Russell became 

Secretary for War and the 
Colonies. 

On the 16lh September the 
first body of emigrants, seut out 
by the Now Zealand Company, 
sailed from Gravcsend. 



By an Act (1 Vict., cap. 9) passed 
on lOth February, the constitution 
of Lower Canada waB suspended. 
A Special Council was appointed by 
Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant- 
Governor of Upper Canada, who 
acted as administrator until Lord 
Durham arrived as Governor- 
General and High Commissioner 
on 3l3t May. Lord Durham found 
many of the insurgents in prison. 
He sociired the previous consent 
of the leaders to their own banish- 
ment, and by an Ordinance of his 
Council (28tb June) he banished 
eight of theui to the Bermudas, 
and forbade Papineau, George £. 
Cartier, and fourteen others, who 
were then fugitives, from returning 
to Canada except by permission 
of the G over u or. 

Lord Durham returned from 
Canada on fird November, leaving 
Sir J. Colborne and a Special 
Council to a,dniiDi3ter the affairs 
of Lower Canada. 



Lord Durham's Report was 
published (communicated to Par- 
liament on Llth February, 1839), 
recommending the legislative union 
of the two provinces of Upper and 
Lower Canada, the surrender of 
its revenues by the Crown in ox- 
change for a civil list, the inde- 
pendence of the judges to be 
secured, and the establishment of 
municipal institutions. 

C. Poulett Thomson (Lord 
Sydenham) was appointed Gover- 
nor - General of Canada, The 
Special Council passed an address 
in favour of a re-union of the pro- 
vinces under one legislature as a 
measure of " indispensable and 
urgent necessity," Both branches 
of the Legislature of Upper Canada 
also passed addresses in favour of 
the union. 



Sir George Napier became 
Governor of Cape Colosv. In 
July ho issued a " proclamation 
inviting the emigrant Boers to 
return to the Colony, promising 
them redress of well - founded 
grievances, stating that they could 
not boabsolved from tboirallegiance 
as British subjects, and announcing 
that, whenever he considered it ad- 
visable, be would take military 
possession of Port Natal.' 

The Boers having recovered tho 
cattle which had been stolen from 
theZuiuB, Pieter Relief and some 
sixty of the principal enaigrsnts 
returned to Dingan to obtain 
formal grant of the tei-ntory pro- 
mised to them. A document wu 
<lrawQ up by the Rev. Ur, 
Owen, of the Church ^lissionuy 
Society, who was residing at 
Dingao's kraal, and was approved 
by Dingan, who attached hie mark 
to it on 4th February. Two dayi 
later the Boers were treacheroualy 
attacked and murdered by Dingun'a 
order. Fightingcontiuuedthrough- 
out the year, which ended with a 
decisive victory of tho Boers under 
Pretorius on IGth December, 
when 3,000 Zulus were slain in 
an unsuccessful attack upon the 
Boer camp on the Blood Biver. 

The Boers under Pretorius 
were joined in October by some 
thousands of Zulus nnder Panda, 
and a joint expedition was organ- 
ized against Dingan. A company 
of the 72nd Highlanders — wli 
had been sent from Port nUzabctb 
by Sir G. Napier, at the cIom 
of 1838, to take possession of tlit 
Bay of Natal in order to pi 
supplies and warlike storOB 
landed for the use of the 
Boers — was withdrawn on 
December, 1839, although ^ 
Boers hod repeatedly declared 
themselves to be a free and indo- 
pcndent community. 

ITkeal, " Uulovj of the Bam 
SoDth Abiok," pp. llS-117.] 



139 



ASIA. 



The Shah of Persia raised the siege of 
jrdt in September, Great Britain having 
reatened war. 

Dost Muhammad Khan having received 
Russian mission at Kdbul, Lord Auckland 
blared war, with the object of detlironing the 
lir, and of restoring Shah Shuja to the 
rone of Kdbul. 




Sir George Gipps was appointed Governor 
of New South Wales. The minimum selling 
price of waste lands was raised to twelve 
shillings per acre. 

Cattle were taken overland by the Murray 
route by Messrs. Hawden & Bonney from 
New South Wales to the Colony of South 
Australia. 

The system of assigning convicts as servants 
to the settlers ceased. 



1838 



The British forces captured Kandahar, 
Sutfiii, and Kdbul. 

Aden was occupied by a British naval and 
flOiUffy force. 



Sheep as well as cattle were taken overland 
from New South Wales to South Australia. 

The Governor of New South Wales was 
authorized by letters patent to include within 
the limits of the Colony any territory in New 
Zealand acquired in sovereignty by the Queen. 

Mr. Charles J. La Trobe arrived at 
Melbounio from Sydney as Superintendent of 
the Port Philhp District. 



1839 



140 




EUROPE. 


AMEBICA, 


AFBICA. 1 


1840 




1 




Lord John Russell introduced 


By the Union Act responsible 


The Zulus under Panda de- ■ 




his Bill, entitled " An Act to re- 


government was conferred upon feated Dingan's army on Mth 1 ■ 




unite the provipcoa of Upper and 


Canada. The Legislature of the 


-Tanuary; and on IDih February 




Lower Canada, and tor tlio govern- 


united provinces was to consist of 


Panda was crowncf] King of the 




ment of Canada," which received 


a Legislative Council, composed 


Zulus, hut in vassalage to the 




the royal assent on 23rd July, 


of not less than twenty members 


Emigrant Volksraad. 




and came into operation on 


from each province, who were to 






10th Fchruary, 1841 (3 and 4 Vict., 


he appointed by the Crown, and 




1 


cap. 30). 


of a, Legislative Assembly, com- 
posed of eighty- four members, 
forty-two members to be elected 
by the constituencies of each 
province. 

ofCaatid»,"pp. HB-174.] 






1841 








Sir Robert Peel became Piiuie 


Lord Sydenham opened the 


The Amapondos, a tribedwi-lliu^ 




Minister, tind Lord Stanley War 


first united Parliament o£ Canada 


to the south of Natal, appealed to 




and Coioniiil Secretary. 


at Kingston on 13th June. He 


Sir G. Napier to protect tbeni \ 






informed the legislature that in 


against the Boers of Port NaUl. V 




The population of the United 


order "to main the utmost possible 


Briiish troops were therefore sent l 




Kiugdom utimberod 27,057,023. 


harmony " he had been instructed 


to form a camp on the Umgaa. I 






to call to his counsels, and to 


Kiver. The emigrant Boer*. wb(» 






employ in the public service, 


had settled in Natal, and bad de- 






" those persons who, by tlieir 


clared themselves " a true aui^ 






position and character, have ob- 


independonb State, un<ler the nam^» i 






tained the general confidence and 


of The Hepdblic of Post Natm- 






esteem of the inhabitants of the 


AKD AdJOIXINQ COUNTRIES," wer«f , 






province." 


informed by Sir G. Napier tha.E 








Her Majesty " could not aoknoiv- ' 






dure." p. 29.] 


ledge a portion of her own subjects/ , 






as an independent republic; bvt tM 






The population of Upper Canada 
numbered ib6fiti6. 


that on their receiving a military H 






force from the Colony [of the ■ 








Cai'e of Good Hoi-eJ their trade ■ 








would be placed oh tlie footing of ' 








the trade of a British posaesaion." 








The Boers replied that theyrefused 








to he considered British subjects,' 








and would not consent to receive I 








a military force, whereupon &r i 








G. Napier announced his intentioQ ' 








of at once resuming military occn- 1 








pation of Port Natal. 








\Tlual, -UiiUiry of the Hu<>r> ts 1 








Soull. AfiUa."].!'. 150-lSfcl J 


. 


- ■ -^^^^^ 



141 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Edbul was occupied by British troops. 

The British Residency at Ava was expelled by 
be Burmese. 



Convicts ceased to be transported to New 
South Wales. 



Canton was blockaded by a British fleet. 



The first body of the New Zealand Company's 
emigrants arrived at Port Nicholson (Wellington) 
, on "22x13. January, and a week later Captain 
I Hobson, R.N., landed at the Bay of Islands 
! and proclaimed New Zp:aland a British Colony 
Sir James Brooke established the indepen- and a dependency of New South Whales. 
lent state of Sarawak in Bokneo. 

On 5th February the Treaty of Waitangi was 
signed, by which the chiefs ceded large tracts of 
land, and the Queen assumed sovereignty over 
New Zealand. On 17th June the British flag 
! was hoisted at Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, Middle 
Island, just before the arrival of French ships 
with emigrants to found a Colony. 



On 19th September the British flag was 
hoisted at Auckland. A settlement at Wanganui 
was formed. 



HoNO KoNO was ceded to Great Britain, On 8rd May New Zealand was proclaimed 
being at the time inhabited only by a few fisher- an independent Colony. New Plymouth in the 
men, the North Island, and Nelson on the northern 

coast of the Middle Island, were founded in 

An insurrection broke out at Kdbul, and Sir I \prii and October respectively. 
Alexander Bumes was slain on the 2nd 
November. Sir William Macnaghten, whilst 
negotiating the withdrawal of British troops, 
was murdered by Akbar Khan, the eldest sou 
!of Dost Muhammad. 




1841 



EUROPE. 

1842 

In a despatch dated 13th Decem- 
ber, Lord Stanley instrucied 
Sir G. Napier to send a com- 
niissioner to inquire into and 
report upon affairs in Natal. 
Ho was to inform the Boers that 
a Governor would be appointed 
by the Queen ; that all revenue 
from land and customs would be 
;ed in the Queen, and applied 
exclusively to the maintenance of 
the civil government of Natal ; and 
that legielation would be reserved 
to the Grown. 
[Thcal, " Bom ill South Africa," y. 171.) 



Sir Charles Bagot succeeded 
Lord Sydenham hs Governor of 
Casaua. 

The boundary between Canada 
and the United States was adjusted 
by the Treaty signed at Washing- 
ton on 9th Auf^ust by Lord 
Ashburton and Mr. Daniel 
Webster. 

The last tariff framed by the 
Imperial Parliament (or tlie British 
posscssionsin North .'Vuicrioa came 
into operation. 

{Sourinot, Ji. S6.] 



Sir C. Metcalfe (Lord Met- 
calfe) wa,3 appointed Governor of 
Canada. He had been acting as 
Governor of Jamaica eIucb 1839, 
and had not only reconciled that 
Colony to the mother country, 
but had also "reconciled all 
classes of colonial society." 

[Ani/a, "I.ireofI.or,lMptrD!fc."] 



The British troops on enh 
Nat.al were met by agents 
the Boers protesting against i 
crossing the boundary of the 
public, which was aaid to be u 
the protection of Holland. 
troops {263 men of all ranks 
camped close to Durban, w 
then consisted of a few scat! 
buildings. Pretorius, the ( 
mandaut-General of the B 
demanded on 20th May th&l 
troops should at once evacuaU 
territory of the Republic. Oi 
23rd May the British were tl 
selves surprised in attemptl 
night attack upon the Boers, 
lost fifty men out of 138 engi 
The Boers then besieged the ci 
which, however, heJd out 
reinforcements arrived from ' 
Colony on 26th Juno. The I 
then retired inland, and neg 
tions were opened. 

On 12th May Sir G. Na 
issued a proclamation appoii 
Henry Cloete Her Maj* 

CommiBEioiifr for the distrii 
Port Natul, which was U 
recognized and adopted i 
British Colony. After protn 
negotiations, a Declaration 
signed at Pietermaritzbnrg h 
members of the Boer Volks 
in which they accepted the c 
tions contained in the proci 
tiou issued by Sir G. Ni 
Many of the Boors cros9e< 
Draitensburg in order to be be 
the limits of the Colony, ai 
the close of the year not 
than 500 emigrant Boer fat 
remained in Natal. 

Having arranged matters 
the Boers, Commissioner C] 
visited Panda, and obtained 
him the cession of St. Lucia 
to Great Britain, thus preve 
any foreign power from acqi 
a harbour so near to Natai 
checking the malcontent ] 
from opening commuiucationt 
the outside world. 

The district of the Gaubu.i 
had hitherto been governed 
Sierra IiSOKB, waa create 
independent Colony. 



143 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA, 



General Elphinstone's army was entirely 
jstroved on its retreat from Kabul. 

«r 

Jcllalabad was successfully defended by 
eneral Sale, and Kandahar was held by 
eneral Nott. 

Lord Ellenborough became Governor- 
eneral of India. 

General Pollock relieved Jellalabad, and in 
ugust the Afghans were routed in the battle of 
ezeen. Kabul was re-occupied by the British 
I Septeuiber. 



Moreton Bay was proclaimed a free settle- 
ment, and Colonists were at liberty to come 
and go as they pleased. The town of Brisbane 
was partially built. 

An Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament 
granting to New South Wales a Legislative 
Council of thirty-six members, of whom twenty- 
four were to be elected by the Colonists, 
including six for Port IMiilHp. 

Melbourne was incorporated as a town. 

The Bank of Australia failed, and the Colonists 
were so distressed that sheep were boiled down 
to make tallow for export, the price of sheep 
being thus raised from about one shilling to 
three or four shillings per head. 

In South Austualia the Kapunda copper 
mine was discovered fiftv miles from Adelaide. 




Lord Ellenborough engaged in a war with 
Scinde, in the course of which Sir Charles 
Napier won the battles of Meanee and Hydera- 
bad. As a result of the campaign Scinde was 
annexed. 

In December the British army under Sir 
Hugh Gough was ordered by Lord Ellen- 
borough to Gwalior, and the overgrown army 
of the Mahratta state was defeated in the battles 
of Maharajpore and Punniar. I 

Hong Kong was made a separate Colony ': 
under a royal charter. 



Captain Wakefield and other settlers at 
Nelson were massacred bv Maoris. 

Captain R. Fitzroy, R.N., was appointed 
Governor of New Zealand. 

The Legislative Council of New South Wales 
met for the first time on 1st August. 

The entire population of New South Wales 
(including the present Colonies of Victoiua and 
Queensland) numbered about loO,000. Of 
these nearly 30,000 were resident in the Port 
Phillip District, and by them an agitation was 
commenced for the formation of the District 
into a separate Colony. 

[CiHfhltin^ ** Wealth ami Trogress of New Soutli 
AValcs," iKirt i.] 



1843 



EUROPE. 
1844 — — 

Lord Stanley annoimoed to 
Sir P. Maitland that it was not 
deciiiwl ftt tliat time " advisable 
to coTistilule the Territory of 
Natal a separate aad iiidepeudent 
Govern 111 B lit," and that " legis- 
lative powers must be for the 
present reta'ned in the bauds 
of the Governor and Council of 
the Cape," 



1846 

Lord J. Russell became Prime 
Minister, and Earl Grey Colonial 
and War Sccrolary, 



The firat session of the Becond | Sir Peregrine Maitland was 
Parliament o( Canada was opened , appointedGovernorofCArF.CoLONY 
at Montreal. in March. 

The population of Lower Canada In a despatch, dated 25th May, 
numbered 6y7,384. 1844, the Secretary of State ap- 

proved of the cession of St. Liitia 
Bay, but forbade any eettlemont 
being made eastward of the Tagcia 
River. 

Ey letters patent it was pro- 
vided that Natai> should form 
part of Cafe Coi-ost, but uo 
colonial law or magistrate was 
to have operation or jurisdiction 
in Natal. 



Great fires oecnrred in Quebec 
by which 25,000 people were 
made homeless. 

The first batch of coolies from 
India arrived in Jamaica. 



Lord Catlicart was appointed 
Governor of Caxada. 

"The British Colouiesin America 
were authorized by an imperial 
Statute (9 and 10 Vict., cap, 94) 
to reduce or repeal by their own 
legislation duties imposed by Im- 
perial Acts upon forei{;u goods 
imported from foreign countries 
into the Colonies in question." 

[Buiirinol, " Parliamentary Prooo- 
.iiire,"p. 86.] 



Lord Elgin was appointed 
Governor of Canada, and was in- 
structed "to act generally upon 
the advice of his executive council, 
and to receive as members of that 
body those persons who might be 
pointed out to him as entitled to 
be so by their possessing the con- 
fidence of the Assembly." 



' ' I'arliunentary I'rix 
• p. 80.] 



In November, Mr. Martin West 
was appointed Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor otNATAt,; Mr.Henry Cloete, 
Recorder; Mr. Donald Moodic, 
Secretaiy to GoviTiiment ; Mr. 
Walter Harding, Crown Prose- 
cutor ; and Mr. Theophilus 
Shepstone, Agent for Natives. 
,Au Executive Council was 
appointed. 



Cape Colo.vs became involT&d 
in a Kaffir war, known as the 
" War of the Ane," it having 
arisen out of the arrest of a Kaffir 
for the theft of an a^e. The 
Kallirs gained some successes at 
first, but they were finally routed 
out of their strongholds in tfao 
Amatola Mountains in 1847. 



General Pottinger superseded 
Governor Maitland, and was 
himself replaced by Sir Harry 
Smith asGovernor of Cape Colony 
and High Commissioner. The 
Keiskama Kiver was proclaimed 
the eastern boundary of tb« 
Colony, and British sovereignty 
was proclaimed over the district 
of Kaffraria between the 
and Kei Rivera. 



145 




A Treaty was concluded at Gwalior, by which 
the native army was reduced from 30,000 to 
3,000 infantry, 10,000 to 6,000 cavalry, and its 
200 guns were reduced to thirty- two. 

Lord EUenborough was recalled, and Sir 
Henry Hardioge appointed Governor-General. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Heke, the Maori chief, cut down the royal 
flagstaff at Kororareka, where a small settlement 
had been founded in lb33. 



The Sikh army invaded British territory and 
fought the battles of Moodkee and Ferozeshahar. 

The East India and Great Indian Peninsula 
Railway Companies were formed. 






The Sikh war was closed by the decisive 
nciory of Sobraon and the temporary occupa- 
febn of the Punjab. 



Labaan was ceded to Great Britain by the 
Sultan of Borneo, and Sir James Brooke 
appointed Governor. 



Heke destroyed the town of Kororareka, and 
the first Maori war commenced. Captain 
Fitzroy was recalled just as he had concluded 
the war, and Captain George Grey was 
appointed Governor of New Zealand in 
November. 

The Burra copper mine was discovered in 
South Australia, about 100 miles from Ade- 
laide. 

The population of South Australia was 21,700. 



Sir Charles Fitzroy was appointed Governor 
of New South Wales. 

In New Zealand, Heke's war in the northern 
portion of the North Island was ended in 
January, but disturbances broke out in the 
Hutt Valley, near Wellington, in March. The 
Imperial Parliament passed an Act (New Zealand 
Government Act) in August dividing New Zealand 
into two Provinces, and granting the Colonists 
representative institutions. 



By royal letters patent (26th June) Mel- 
bourne was created a city. 

The Maoris attacked the settlement at 
Wanganui, New Zealand. 



YEAR 



1844 



1845 



1846 



1817 



• 



EUROPE. 

1848 

Sir Charles Fitzroy and an 

influential body of sqiiattara in 
tlie Colony of New South Wales 
informed the Colonial Secretary 
of State that it was the wieh of 
the Colonists that transportation 
should ho revived ; accordingly, 
Lord Grey announced in a de- 
spat-ch of 8th September, " that he 
proposed at once recommending 
to Her Majesty to revoke the 
orders in council by which New 
South Waleb was made no 
longer a place for receiving con- 
victs under sentence of transporta- 
tion," 



1850 

In February an order in council 
was issued revoking the former 
order constituting the Cate a 
punal settlement. 



The St. Lawrence Canals were 
opened for navigation. 



The Navigation Laws having 
been repealed by the Imperial 
Parhament, the St, Lawrence was 
tbiown open to veesela of all 
nations. 

The Parliament buildings at 
Montreal having been burnt, the 
Canadiaa Legislature resolved to 
meet alternately at Toronto and 
Quebec. 



The first sod of the Northern 
Railway of Canada was turned by 
Lady Elgin. 



On 3rd February, Sir Hi 
Smith proclaimed the sovereif 
of the Queen over the wl ^ 
country between the Orange Btf 
and the Vaal Biver, eastward ' 
the Kathlamba Mountains, j 
March, a British Hesident, Majl 
W^arden was appointed to i 
minister affairs in the Oral 
River Sovereignty, and the a 
grant Boers dwelling in the i 
trict at once began to protest i 
agitate against being treated 
subjects of Great Britain. In S 
Major Warden had to retreat b 
Bloemfontein, which was occiq^ 
by the Boers under the commi 
of PretorJus. Sir Harry Sa 
faasteued with all the araili 
forces in Cape Colony, nuntbei 
some bOO men composed of 
tachmeuts from the Hide Briga 
the 45th and 01st rcgiiuents, i 
a few artilleryuneD, and on S 
August the fioers were defea 
at Boomplaats ; the troops 
occupied Bloemfontein, and | 
most violent opponents of Brit 
authority among the Boers croa 
the Yaal River without fnrtj 
fighting. 
[ Tktal, '• HbtU>r> of tbe BoecB," 1154 

The ship Neptune with ] 
convicts on board orrivod 
Simon's Bay, but the Colon 
would not allow the convictfl 
be landed, and "the coinmo 
entered into a Bolemn league 
pledge to suspend all bma 
transactions with the GoTemua 
in any shape or on any t<!ni 
until the order in council mat 
the Cape a penal statii 
revoked. After sis mooj 
struggle the Neptune was orJi 
to sail to Van DiEusiN'ti Land. 
[Cbjw of GuoJ Oojw OfficMl 
bw<k, Rlitwl bjr JoKm a 
acrk to (III UonworAnM 

Pi>. es, M.] 



Letters patent wero iafioei 
23rd May empowering the G< 
nor and Legislative CouDcil 
Caps Colony to enact 



147 



ASIA. 



Lord Dalhousie became Governor-General 
of India. 

The second Sikh war began ; the Sikhs were 
joined by the Afghans. 



On 13th January the indecisive battle of 
Chilianwallah was fought between the British 
Army under Lord Gough and the Sikhs, in 
which 2,400 British troops were killed and 
wounded. Sir C. Napier was ordered from 
England to replace Lord Gough, who, however, 
won the battle of Guzerat on 22nd February, 
and decided the fate of the Punjab, which was 
at once annexed to the British Empire by Lord 
I Dalhoaaie* 



AUSTRALASIA. 




Captain Grey was appointed Governor-in- 
Chief over the islands of New Zealand and 
Governor of each of the Provinces. 

An Imperial Act suspended that part of the 
New Zealand Govomnient Act which had 
granted representative institutions. 

Otago, Middle Island, was founded by a 
Scotch Company in connection with the Free 
Church of Scotland. 

Sir Henry E. F. Young became Governor 
of South Australia. Soon after his appoint- 
ment the population of the Colony reached 
50,000, and a Legislative Council was established 
by an Act of the Imperial Parliament, to con- 
sist of eight nominee and sixteen electee! 
members. 



1848 



The arrival of the Hashemy, with convicts 
board, provoked considerable agitation in Sydn 



on 1849 

ey. 



The Legislative Council of New South Wales 
was petitioned by over 35,000 inhabitants of the 
Colony to use its utmost endeavours to prevent 
the revival of transportation. An address was 



1850 



148 1 




EUROPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 


1850 








The Australian Colonies Act 






{13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) waa 




seutative government to consist of 


Dasaed in order to provide for 




two elective Chambers. 




a constitution being granted to 




[Official Uinilbook, e<\lUi hj Joim Xol.l,.-J 




New South Wales, and for the 




The Kaffirs under SaodilU 




ereeUon of Port Phillip District 




attacked a body of troops in the 




into an iadepeuJcut Colony. 




Boomah Pass on 24th Decemlwr, 
and on the nest day massacred a 
number of military settlers in the 

frontier of Capb Colony. 




1861 








The population of the United 


The control of the postal system 


The war on the Capb frontier 




Eingdoin numbered 27,745,942. 


was transferred to the Provincial 


with the Katlirs under SandiUJ 






Governnieuts of Canada, a umtonii 


continued during the year. 






rate of postage being adopted. 








The population of Upper Canada 








was 952,004 ; of Lower Canada, 








890,261 ; of New Brunswick, 








193,200; and of Nova Scotia, 








276,854. 






1863 








Lord Derbv became Prime 


The Grand Trunk Railway oil On the 17th January the SakdH 


Minister in February, and Sir 


Canada was conmienced, , River Convention was signed, hjlU 




John Pakington Colonial and 




which Great Britain acknowledsed 




War Secretar>-. 




the indepondnnce of the emigrant 




On 24th June Sirjohn Paking- 
ton wrote to Sir G. Cathcart 

"signifying his approval of the 




Boer3(some5,000famihe8)whohad 
crossed the Vaal River and founded 
the South African Republic. 




Sand Biver Convention and of the 




Sir George Cathcart was ap- 




proclamation giving e£fect to it." 




pointed Governor of Cai-e CoU>« 
OD 31st March, and on 13th May 
he issued a proclamation fuUi 
confirming the Convention. 

[Thj»i. "HUlorj- nf tho Bom Ii 
Sontli Africa" ri'. S02.S0S.I 




188S 








Lord Aberdeen became Prime 


The number of members of (he 


The war with the Kaffirs, whie) 




Minister, and the Duke of New- Canadian Legislative ABsembly 


had commenced in IfeW, wa 




caaUeColouialaudWorBecretary. ) WB9 increased to 130, each Pro. 


brought to a close. The Gaih 






vince eenduig sixty-hve members. 


tribe was removed from the regia 






Sir Henry Barkly was ap- 
pointed Governor of Jamaica, where 


of the Keiskama and AmaloU 1 






a district eastward of the ThomI 






since 1847 a legislative deadlock 


River, and in their place a settl 






had esiBted. owing to the Council 


ment of Fingoes and other friend 






rejecliug the Bills wliich session 


uatives was formed. 






after session the Assembly had 


[Oapc of Goal tlojx OQldal IlM 






passed embodying a scheme of 


lioolt, |i. 05.1 







149 



ASIA. 



The British subjects at Rangoon having been 
oppressed by the Burmese officials, complained 
to the Government at Calcutta, and Lord 
Dalhousie sent Commodore Lambert in 
H.M.S. Fox to Eangoon to investigate the com- 
plaints of the merchants. The second Burmese 
war commenced. 



Bangoon was captured by British troops, and 
Pegu was annexed by Lord Dalhousie to the 
British Empire. 



Sir John Lawrence was appointed Chief 
Ck)mmis8ioner of the Punjab. 

Nagpore was annexed and Berar ceded to the 
British Government. 

The first section of twenty miles of the Great 
Indian Peninsula Railway was opened from 
Bombay to Tannah. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



transmitted to the Queen, and as a result the 
order in council was revoked, and transporta- 
tion to New South Wales was finally abohshed. 

Sydney University was incorporated. 

Canterbury, New Zealand, was founded by 
an association in connection with the Church of 
England. 



YEAR. 



Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at 
Summer Hill Creek, in New South Wales, on 
12th February. In May a proclamation was 
issued setting forth the regulations under which 
gold might be sought for. 

On 1st July Port Phillip District was pro- 
claimed a separate Colony under the name of 
Victoria. Its population was 76,000. Its 
Colonists owned 6,000,000 sheep, 380,000 cattle, 
and 21,000 horses. In a few weeks' time it 
became known that rich deposits of gold existed 
within its borders. 



The settlers 
26,000. 



in New Zealand numbered 



The University of Sydney was formally opened. 

Owing to the gold discoveries in Victoria, the 
population increased by nearly 60,000 in the 
year. 

Gold was discovered in the Coromandel Range 
in New Zealand. 

The New Zealand Constitution Act was passed 
by the Imperial Parliament, dividing the Colony 
into six Provinces, and vesting the government 
in a Governor, a nominee Legislative Council, 
and an elective House of Representatives. 



1850 



1851 



1852 



The Constitution Act was promulgated in 
New Zealand, and Sir George Grey assumed 
oftice as Governor until his departure from the 
Colony in December. 

The University of Melbourne was founded. 

The transportation of convicts to Van Diemen's 
Land ceased. 

The Legislative Council of New South Wales : 
passed the *• Constitution Act " on 21st Decern- ' 
ber, establishing two Legislative Chambers : the | 



1863 



1854 

In cODBeqnence o£ the war with 
RusBia. accumulatiDg duties upon 
the Secretary of State (or War and 
the Colonies, it was decided to 
separate the two Departments, and 
Sir George Grey became Secre- 
tary for the Coloiiica. 

A royal proclamation was 
signed on 30th January, "aban- 
doning and renouncing all domi- 
nion and sovereignty over the 
Orange River Territory." 



retrenchment. Under Sir Henry 
Barkly a modified form of re- 
sponsible government was intro- 
duced into the island. 

[Offlfual HondboDk of JamiLloa.] 



The Clergy Reserves were secu- 
larized by an Act of the Canadian 
Legislature (18 Vict., cap. 2}, exist- 
ing claims becoming a first charge 
u|Km the proceeds of their sale, 
and the balance being divided 
amongst the municipftlities accord- 
ing to population. The Soigncurial 
Tenure in Lower Canada was 
abolished (18 Vict., cap. 3), the 
Seigneursbeingcompensatodpartly 
by the occupiers, and partly by 
the State. 

iB-mrin-yl, y. 33.] 

Oo 5th June a Reciprocity 
Treaty with the United States 
was signed at Washington (to last 
ton years), providing for the free 
interchange of the products of the 
sea, the soil, the forest, anil the 
mine, and opening the inshore 
Bsheries of Canada to Americans. 
To Canadians was granted the 
right to navigate Lake Michigan, 
and to Americans the use of the 
St. Lawrence River and the Cana- 
dian Canals was permitted on the 
same terms as to British subjects. 



Sir George R. Clerk was sp- 

pointed " Special Commissioner 
for settling and adjusting tho 
affairs of the Orange River Sove- 
reignty," and called upon the in- 
habitants to elect delegates to 
decide upon a form of seli-goveni- 
ment. Seventy-six Dutch South 
Africans and nineteen Engli&hmeD, 
under the chairmanship of Dr. 
Fraser, met at Bloomfonteiu, but 
decided, after two months' delibe- 
ration and negotiation, upon the 
adoption of a constitution undtr 
Her Majesty's Oovemm^nt. 



Sir G. Cleric invited " tfaoae 
persons who were prepared 
form an independent govemmenk 
[in the Orange River Sovereignty] 
to meet in Bloeuifontein on lot, 
15th February." On that day 
two bodies of men assembled ; tbi 
one entered into nogotiations with 
the Special Commissioner 
other, formed of a number of the 
delegates who had been chosen io 
the previous September, declared 
"their intention to set at defiance 
any GovernmeDt that might Le 
established in independence of the 
Queen of England. Those of them 
who were of British blood declared 
that nothing short of an Act el 
Pariiament should deprive themol 
their rights as British subjects.. 
Those who were of Dutch des( 
indignantly exclaimed that 
the Special Commissioner was □( 
about to subject them to thi 
Republican fellow - countrymen,] 
whose friendship they had forfeiM " 
for having adhered to the Briln 
Government, In spite of this 
other similar resolutions, the ( 
vention was signed on 23rd Ft 
ruary, and the independence 
the Orange River Territory 
formally declared. 



151 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



first — the Legislative Council — to consist of not : 1853 
less than twenty-one members, to be nominated 
by the Governor ; and the other — the Legislative 
Assembly — to consist of fifty-four members, who 
were to bo elected on a Uberal franchise. 



[Coghlan, ""Wealth and Progiess of Xcw South Waks."] 



Sir James Outram was appointed Resident Biots occurred at the Ballarat goldfields in 
at Lucknow. Victobia. 

The electric telegraph was introduced into 
Victoria. 

The first session of the New Zealand General 
Assembly was opened at Auckland. 



The first cotton mill was set up in Bombay. 



1854 



152 



EUKOPB. 



1851 



AMERICA. 



1855 

Lord Palmerston became 
Prime Minister, and Sidney 
Hei bert Secretary for the Colonies 
in February, Lord J. Russell in 
May, Sir W. Molesworth in 
July, and Henry Labouchere 
(afterwards Lord Taunton) in 
November. 



Besponsible government was 
granted to Newfoundland. 



1856 



1857 



The Legislative Council of 
Canada was made an elective 
Chajnbor. 



AFRICA. 



On 1st July the first Parliament 
of Cape Colony met at Cape Town, 
and was opened by Lieutenant- 
Governor Darling. 

Sir George Grey was appointed 
Governor of Cape Colony and High 
Commissioner, and obtained from 
the Imperial Parliament a vote of 
£40,000 to execute public works, 
to subsidize some of the Kaffir 
chiefs, and to maintain educa- 
tional institutions. The Cape 
Parliament voted £50,000 to pro- 
vide a frontier police force. 

[Officud Handbook, edited by J, AobU,] 



On the 5th November Natal 
was proclaimed a distinct Colony, 
under a royal charter providing for 
the appointment of a Legislative 
Councnl, of whom twelve members 
were to be elected to represent the 
divisions of the Colony, and four 
were to be nominated members. 



The Ama Xosa Kaffirs, under 
the influence of a native prophet, 
destroyed their cattle and com 
supplies to such an extent, that 
25,000 Kaffirs are said to have 
died from famine. Large tracts 
of lands became vacant, and upon 
them the Governor of Cafx GoLOirr 
located the members of the Anglo- 
German legion, whom the Imp^ial 



.i— « 



A treatj- of friendship was concluded by Lord 
Dalhousie nitlt Dost Muhammad Khan of 
KilbuL 



Owing to the misgovern me tit prevailiug in 
Oude, the Directora of the East India Company 
inslructed Lord Dalhousictoannex thecouutry 

Lord Caooing became Cioveraor-tieuerEil. 



I 



The Indian Mutiny broke out. Gommenciug 
at Barrackpore, sixteen milea from Calcutta, the 
esciiement spread throughout Hindustan and 
the Punjab, and on 3rd May a disturbauce broke 
out at Lucknow, but was promptly suppressed 
by Sir Henry Lawrence. Within a week 
Mecrut, the largest cantonment in India, was in 
a blaze of mutiny. Many Europeans were 
massacred by the Sepoys before they marched 
oCF to Delhi. There, also, the Sepoy regiments 



AUSTRALASIA. 



The new constitution — consiatmg of a Legis- 
lative Council of thirty members, and a Logis- 
lative Assembly of sixty members, both Chambers 
to be elective, and the members to possess a pro- 
perty quali6cation— was proclaimed in Victoria 
on 2.3rd November. The population was then 
estimated at 364,000. 

On 19th December Sir WilHam Denison, 

" Governor- in -Chief " of Nkw South Wales, 
inaugurated the new Constitution in that Colony. 
The railway from Sydney to Paramatta was 
opened. 



The ballot was adopted in the election of 
members to the Legislature of Victouia. 

The electric telegraph was introduced into 
South Aubtkalia. 

Besponsihlo government was established in 
Van Diemen'8 Land, the name of which Colony 
was changed to Tasmania. 



The property qualification of members of the 
Lef^islaiive Assembly in Victobia was abolished, 
and universal suffrage for electors became law. 

1 South Australia the first Parliament 
under the new constitution met in April. It 
consisted of two Chambers — the Legislative 
Council, elected on the basis of a property 

■age; and the House of Assembly, elected 
on the basis of universal sui&age. The session 



154 



EUEOPE. 



1857 



1858 

Lord Derby became Prime 
Minister, and Lord Stanley 
(succeeded by Sir E. Bulwer 
Lytton), Colonial Secretary. 



1859 

In June Lord Palmerston 
became Prime Minister, and the 
Duke of Newcastle Secretary 
for the Colonies. 

The Prince of Wales, at 

Shomcliflfe, presented colours to 
the regiment raised in Canada. 



1860 



1861 

The population of the United 
Kingdom numbered 29,321,288. 



AMEEICA. 



Ottawa became the seat of 
government of Canada. 

British Columbia and Van- 
couver Island were formed into 
separate Colonies. 

A regiment was raised in Canada, 
which became the 100th of the 
Line. 



The Prince of Wales visited 
Canada, and opened the Victoria 
Bridge over the Iliver St. Lawrence, 
and laid the foundation stone of 
the ParUament buildings at 
Ottawa. 



The population of Upper Canada 
was 1,396,000 ; of Lower Canada, 
1,111,000; of New Brunswick, 
262,000 ; of Nova Scotia, 331,000 ; 
of Prince Edward Island, 81,000 ; 
and of Vancouver Island, 3,000. 



AFRICA. 



Government had disbanded on the 
close of the Crimean War. Soon 
afterwards a body of 2,000 North 
German settlers, composed of 
agricultural labourers and their 
wives and children, were also 
assisted to the Colony, and were 
settled along the Buffalo River. 

[Cape Colony Official Handbook.] 



The Capetown and Wellington 
Railway was commenced. 



The first railway was com- 
menced in Mauritius. 

Wool to the value of £1,446,000 
was exported from the Gaps. 



Laoos was ceded to Great 
Britain by its native king in 
return for a yearly pension of 
£1,000. 



155 



ASIA. 



mutinied, the magazine was gallantly defended 
by Willoughby, and finally blown up, and the 
rebels became masters of Delhi. The revolt 
then became general, and fighting continued for 
the rest of the year. 



The mutiny in India was suppressed in March, 
and in June a Bill wa»s introduced into the 
Imperial Parliament for the transfer of the 
powers and territories of the East India Com- 
pany to the Crown, and for the administration 
of the affairs of India by a Secretary of State 
for India, and a Council of Fifteen. The Board 
of Control was abolished. 

Lord Canning became Viceroy of India. 
The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and 
Madras were founded. 



Pekin was captured by the British. 

By the Treaty of Tientsin the Kowloon Penin- 
sula was added to the Colony of Hong Konq. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



is memorable for the passing into law of the Real 
Property Act introduced by Mr. (Sir) Robert 
R. Torrens. The population of 
numbered about 100,000. 



1867 



the Colony 



Sydney and Melbourne were connected by 
telegraph. 



1858 



The Moreton Bay Settlement was separated 
from New South Wales and made into the 
Colony of Queensland, with a Legislature con- 
sisting of a nominated Legislative Council and 
an elective Legislative Assembly. Sir G. F. 
Bowen was appointed the first Governor of the 
Colony, which contained about 28,000 inhabitants. 



1869 



The second Maori war commenced, and lasted 
throughout the year. 



1860 



The population of New South Wales was 
358,000; of Victoria, 541,000; of South 
Australia, 130,000; of Queensland, 34,000; 
of Tasmania, 90,000 ; of Western Australia, 
15,000 ; and of New Zealand, 162,000. 



1861 



■ 


156 ■ 




EUBOPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 


1861 


Lord Monclc became Governor 


The population of C.vpk Coi/i.fT 






of Casaoa. 


was 267,000 ; of Natal. 152,000 ; 






The settlement at British Hon- 


of theGoLD Coast Colony, 151.000; 
of SiEiiRA Leone, 41,000. 






duras, which had hitherto been 








under the government of Jauaica. 


In Cape Coi-ony fifty miles of 






was made into a Colony. 


railway were open, 






The population of Jamaica was 


Sir Philip E. Wodehouse 






441,000; of Barhados, 152,000; 


was appointed Governor of Cape 






of British Guiana, 148,000; of 


Colony. 






Trinidad, 84,000. 








Owing to the dispute with the 






United States about the arrest of 








Messrs. Slidell and Mason on 








the rroii(, 3,000 British troops were 








sent to Canada. 






1862 








The Imperial House of Commons 


Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed 


Sherbro' was addod to the 




resolved " That this House (while 


Governor of Jamaica. 


Colony of Siei;r4 Ijcohb. 




fully recognizing the claims of all 








portions of the British Empire to 








Imperial aid m their protection 








against perils arising from the con- 








sequences of Imperial policy) is 








of opinion that Colonies exercising 








the rights of self-government oaght 








to undertake the main responsi- 








bility of providing for their own 








internal order and secnrity, and 








that snch Colonies ought to assist 








in then- owu external defence." 








1863 








The Imperial Government re- 


The population of "Upper Canada 


An Executive Council for Sibrba 




linquished control of the adminis- 


having increased more rapidly than 


Leone was appointed, to which 




tration of native alluirs in New 


that of Lower Canada, a demand 


tour native members were nomi- 




ZEAI.AKD. 


was made tha.t representation in 


nated. 






the Legislature should be bused 
on population, and matters came 


The second Ashaiili war broke 

out, 






almost to a deadlock owing to the 






division of political parties. 






1864 








Mr. Cardwell (Lord Cardwell) 


There haviug been five changes 
of the Ministry of Canada between 






became Colonial Secretary in AprU. 








May, 1862, aud June, 1864, "a 








coalition government was formed 








on the basis of a federal union of 








all the British American provinces. 








or of the two Canadas iu case of 








the failure of the larger scheme." 








[Hourirwl, • ■ rjirliameulnry PiweJiire," 




ta 


^^^^^^^J 



157 



ASIA. 



Lord Elgin became Viceroy of India. 



The British Government recogrjized Sher Ali 
as Amir of Afghanistan on the death of his father, 
Dost Muhammad Khan. 



Sir John Lawrence became Viceroy of 
India. 

War commenced between Sher Ali and his 
elder brother, Afzal Khan, at that time acting 
as Governor of Afghan-Turkistan. 

Sher Ali treacherously seized Afzal Khan, 
and imprisoned him at Kabul. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



In Victoria, 250 miles of railway were open ; 
in New South Wales, seventy-three miles ; 
in South Australia, fifty-six miles; in New 
Zealand, forty miles; and in Queensland, 
twenty-one miles. 

Sydney an d Brisbane were connected by 
telegraph. 

Sir G. Grey was appointed Governor of Nbw 
Zealand. 



J. D. Stuart succeeded in crossing South 
Australia from south to north. As a result of 
his discoveries, the South Australian Government 
applied to the Home Government for permission 
to annex the Northern Territory. 

Europeans settled in Fiji for the purpose of 
cultivating cotton. 



YEAH. 



The Waikato war was commenced in Nenv 
Zealand by the Maoris treacherously assaulting 
an escort of the 57th Eegiment. The first railway 
in New Zealand was opened from Christchurch 
to Ferry mead Junction. By the New Zealand 
Settlement Act, the Governor was empowered to 
confiscate the lands of insurgent natives. 



Throughout the year there was continual 
fighting with the Maoris, and in December the 
native lands in Waikato were confiscated. 

Gold was discovered at Hokitika on the west 
coast of the Middle Island of New Zealand. 

The first attempt at settlement of the Northern 
Territory was made by a party of surveyors and 
others who were sent by sea from Adelaide, 
Adam Bay was chosen as the site of the capital. 



1861 



1862 



1863 



1864 





158 1 




EUROPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 


]88i 


Nova Scotia, New Erunswiclc, 








Prince Kdward Island, and New- 








foundland, were engaged in con- 








sidering a maritime union at the 








time, and in October a convention 








of delegates representing the six 








provinces met at Quebec, and, after 








eighteen days' dehhe ration with 








closed doora, agreed npon seventy- 








two resolutions, which form the 








basis of the Confederation Act of 








1867. 






1861! 


The seventy- two resolutions were 


A Bill waa carried through the 






formally submitted to the Legisla- 


Parliament of Cape Colonv incor- 






ture of Canada in January, and, 


porating British Kaffraria with the 






after debating them from .3rd Feb- 


Colony, and increasing the number 






ruary to lith March, both Houses 


of constituencies entitled to repre- 






agreed to an Address to the Queen 


sentation in the Assembly, as 






praying her to submit to the Im- 


well as enlarging the Legislativo 






perial Pai-liament a measure "for 


ConncU. 






the purpose of uniting the pro- 








vinces in accordance with the pro- 








visions of the Quebec rpsolntions." 








The result of a general election 








in New Brunswick was adverse to 








the scheme of confederation. 

Disturbances in Jamaica among 
the negro population (who were 
incited by George William 
Gordon) were suppressed by 
Governor Eyre, whose conduct 
became the subject of inquiry by a 
Royal Commission. 

The Constitution of Jamaica was 
abolished by an Act of its own 
Legislature, which received the 
assent of the Crown. 






1886 1 






III Jane Lord Derby became 


The Fenians threatening to in- 


Gambia and Laqos were meor- 




Prime Minister, and Lord Car- 


vade Canada, 10,000 volunteers 


porated with Sieuba Lkokb, and 




narvon Coloniftl Secretary. 


were called out. The Canadian 


a central government was estab- 




In December sixteen delegates, 
representing Upper Canada. Lower 
Canada, New Brunswick, and 


Parliamentwa.s opened at Ottawa, 
and the Habeas Corpus Act was 


lished for the West Coast Settle- 
ments. 




Nova Scotia, met at the Weet- 


Vancouver Island was united to 






Biinster Palace Conference, and 


British Colum^bia. 






decided upon the terms of con- 
federation F 


A general election in New 






IBourimA p. 43.] 


Brunswick returned a Parliament 






favourable to the confederation 






^^^^^^^ 



169 



ASIA. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



YEAR. 



but the attempt failed, as did also a second one 
made later in the same year. 

[Stow, ** History of South Australia," p. 169.] 



1864 



Wellington became the seat of government in 
New Zealand, where the electric telegraph was 
now introduced. 

The war with the Maoris continued. 



1866 



Azim Khan, a brother of Afzal Khan, and 
his son, Abdur Rahman Khan, who had 
remained in possession of Afghan-Turkistan, 
marched towards Kdbul. Sher Ali was deserted 
by his troops and fled to Kandahar. Afzal 
Khan was proclaimed Amir. 



Camels were introduced into South Austhalia 
by Sir Thomas Elder for exploring purposes, 
and to establish a camel caravan route across 
the continent. 

The Maori chiefs made their submission to the 
Government of New Zealand. 



1866 






On 12th February "a Bill for 
the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia, 
and New Brunswick, and the 
Government thereof, and for pur- 
poses connected therewith," was 
introduced into the Imperial Par- 
liament, and on 29th March the 
Bill received the royal assent as 
" The British North America Act, 
1867 " (30 and 31 Vict., cap. 3). 
By royal proclamation the 1st of 
.Inly was named as the day on 
which the Confederation Act should 
come into operation, on and after 
which the provinces of Canada, 
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 
were to form one Dominion under 
the name of Canada. 

[Haimton, " Constitulioiml Docu- 
nn;ntsofCan»Ja."pli.]8fl, 231.] 

[Bo„r»,«l, p. U.] 

The Duke of Buckingham 
and Chandos became Colonial 
Secretarj- in March. 



In December Mr. Gladstone 
became Prime Minister, and Lord 
Granville Colonial Secretary. 



scheme. Nova Scotia also declared 
in favour of union on certain con- 
ditions. 

The Ecciprocity Treaty was 
terminated by the United States. 

The Atlantic Cable was auccess- 
fully laid between Valentia and 
St. John's, NewfoundiiAND, 

Lord Monck was appointed 
the first Governor-General of the 
Dominion of Canada, under the 
Confederation Act. Upper Canada 
became theProvince of Ontario, and 
Lower Canada the Province of Que- 
bec. The Parliament of the Domiu- 
ion was to consist of tho Queen, a 
Senate, and a Ilouse of Commons ; 
the Sen ate ,co n si 8 ti n g of se yen ty - 1 wo 
members, was to be summoned by 
the Governor -General ; the House 
of Commons was to consist of 181 
members, eighty-two to be elected 
for Ontario, aixty-Sve for Quebec, 
nineteen for Nova Scotia, and 
fifteen for New Brunswick, and 
was not to sit longer than five 
years; and the representation was 
to be readjuated according to the 
decennial census returns, on the 
basis of Quebec Province having 
the fised number of sisty-five 
members. The Legislature ot Onta- 
rio was to consistof the Lieu tenaot- 
Govemor and of the Legislative 
Assembly ; that of Quebec of the 
Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative 
Gouncil.anda Legislative Assembly; 
thedurationof tiiBse twoAssembhes 
was not to exceed four years. Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick each 
retained their two Chambers, and 
finally other Colonies were to be 
admitted into the Dominion, on 
addresses from the Parliament of 
Canada and from the Legislatures 
of such Colonies. 

[Ihiislon. jip. 160-217.J 

The first Parliament of the 
Dominion was opened on 7th 
November. 

In accordance with the pro- 
visions of an Act passed by the, 
Imperial Parliament, negotiations 



The first discovery of diamoods 
in South Africa was made 
Griqualand West. 



Sir Philip Wodehouse : 
ceived permission to recognize t 
Basutoh (between whom and 1 



161 



ASIA. 



John Lawrence recognized Afzal Khan 
Jer of K^bul and Afghan -Turkistan, and 
Ali as ruler of Kandahar, which remained 
to him. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



January Sher Ali raised an army and 
led towards K^bul, but was defeated by 
1 Khan and escaped to H6rat, which his 
ifakub Khan, still held. 

zal Khan died in October, and was suc- 
d by Azim Khan, who successfully re- 
. an attempt to place Abdur Rahman on 
irone of Afghanistan. 



3 first railway was opened in Ceylon 
jcn Kandy and Colombo. 



Coal-mining was commenced in New Zealand. 
Four Maori constituencies were formed. 

Sydney and Adelaide were connected by tele- 
graph. 



YEAR. 



1866 



1867 



:im Khan was dethroned by a revolution 

igust, and Yakub Khan marched with an 

from H^rat to Kandahar, and succeeded in 



Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor 
of New Zealand. 



1868 



M 



1870 

L.ord Kinberley became 
Colonial Secretary io July. 



1871 

The population of the United 
Kingdom numbered 31.845,379. 

The Treaty of Washington, 
between Great Britain and the 
United States was signed in May. 
by which the Alabama claims were 
submitted to arbitration. 



took place between delegates from 
Canada and the Hudson's Bay 
Company, for the surrender of the 
North- West Territory to the 
Dominion. 

lBvvri>wi,i^ 45.1 



An agreement was sanctioned 
by the Dominion Parliament, by 
which the territory (Rupert's Land) 
of the Hudson's Bay Couipany was 
transferred to the Dominion, the 
Company receiving £300,000, and 
relaininf; certain resen'oa of land 
and their tradinR posls. 

The Rod Biver Rebellion broke 
out among the halt-breeds. 



A body oE Fenians crossed the 
frontier of Quebec in May, but 
were repulsed by the voUiiiteera. 

In July the Province of Mani- 
toba was formed out of a portion 
of the North-WcBt Territories, and 
was admitted into the Confedera- 
tion. 

An armed force sent from 
England under Colonel (Lord) 
Wolseley, reached Fort Garry 
(Winnipeg) in August, and founrl 
the rebels had dispersed. 



The population of the Dominion 
of Canada was 3,485,7(51 ; of British 
Columbia, 36,224; of Prince 
Edward Island, 94.021 ; of Mani- 
toba, 18.995. 

British Columbia was admitted 
into the Confederation of British 
North America. 

The Enghsh LEEWAnn Islands, 
comprising Antigua, Montserrat, 
Bt. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, and 
the Virgin Islands, were con- 
stituted a single Federal Colony 
by 34 and 35 Vict., cap. 107. 



Boers of thfl Orange Free State 
there hod been an almost unceasing 
struggle since 13Go) as British 
subjects, and to incorporate their 

territory. 



The finding ot the "Star of 
South Africa " diamond, which 
was estimated in ]H70 to bo 
£25.000. caused a rush of digge 
to the neighbourhood ot the OMn| 
River. 



A population of over 10,000 

diggers settled upon the diamond, 
fields of South Africa. 

Sir Henry Barkly was 
appointed (lovemor of CaI"» 
CoLom', and High Conimissiooer 
for South Africa. 



Oriqnaland West was ceded W 
Great Britain by Nicholas 
W^aterbocr, the chief of the Wort 
Griquas, and on 27lh Octobar 
Sir Henry Barkly proclainioj 
Waterboer and his tribe to be 
British subjects, and their country 
British territory. 

Basutoland was annexed to dn 
CoiiONV, which became respoosiUe 
for its administration. 

By a Convention signed at the 
Haj^ue, the Dutch abandoned to 
Great Britain all their posseeuoiu 
on the Gouk Coast. 



163 



ASIA. 



oring Sher Ali to the throne of Afghanistan, 
m and Abdur Rahman fled to Persia. 



-ord Mayo became Viceroy of India, and 
Q after his arrival he held a conference with 
gr Ali Khan, and informed him that the 
tish Government regarded him as the rightful, 
veil as the d^ facto, ruler of Afghanistan, but 
lid not interfere with the internal affairs of 
hanistan. 

'he first colliery in India was opened. 



'he railway between Calcutta and Bombay 
I completed in March. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



The war with the Maoris continued throughout 
the year. 

Transportation of convicts to Western 
Australia ceased. 

The Earl of Belmore was appointed 
Governor of New South Wales. 



The telegraph was introduced into Western 
Au8trall\. 



Sir James Fergusson was 

Governor of South Australia. 

The Maori war still continued. 



appointed 



The last deteuihment of Imperial troops left 
New Zealand in February. 

The San Francisco Mail Service with New 
Zealand commenced. 

The University of New Zealand was estab- 
Ushed. 

Two-thirds of the Legislative Council of 
Western Australia were henceforth to be 
elected. 

The construction of the 1,800 miles of telegraph 
from Adelaide to Port Darwin was commenced. 



The population of New South Wales was 
503,000; of Victoria, 731,000; of South 
Australia, 185,000 ; of Queensland, 120,000 ; 
of Western Australia, 25,000 ; of Tasmania, 
101,000 ; of New Zealand, 256,000. 

In New Zealand the *' Public Works Policy " 
of road and railway construction was commenced. 

The Marquis of Normanby was appointed 
Governor of Queensland. 

Lord Kimberley having objected in a de- 
spatch (13th July) to the complex tariffs between 
the Australian Colonies, a meeting of delegates 
from New South Wales, Victoria, South 
Australia, and Tasmania objected (27th Sep- 
tember) to Imperial interference with their 
mutual fiscal arrangements. 



YEAR. 



1868 



1869 



1870 



1871 



164 



EUEOPE. 



AMERICA. 



1872 



Lord Dufferin was appointed 
Governor-General of Canada. 



1873 



Prince Edward Island was 
admitted into the Confederation 
of British North America. 



1874 

Mr. Disraeli became Prime 
Minister, and Lord Carnarvon 
Colonial Secretary, in February. 



The census of Newfoundland 
showed a population of 162,000, 
of whom 26,337 were able-bodied 
fishermen. 



1876 



The Dominion Government estab- 
lished the Boyal Military College 
at Kingston. 



AFRICA. 



Besponsible government was 
granted to Cape Colony, by an 
order in council dated 9th Au*]just, 
which provided for members of the 
Executive Council holding seats 
and voting in either House of the 
Cape Parliament. The first minis- 
try under the system was formed 
in November. 

The Dutch forts on the Gold 
Coast were transferred to Great 
Britain, and at the end of the year 
the King of Ashanti sent an anny 
of 40,000 men to invade the 
British Protectorate. 



The Ashanti army crossed the : 

Prah, ravaged the Protectorate, i 

and attacked the fortress of 
Elmina. 



Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated 
the Ashanti army, and King 
Coffee renounced all claims npon 
the British Protectorate. 

A charier was issued in July, 
separating the Gold Coast settle- 
ments and Lagos from the 
government of the West Africa 
Settlements, and erecting them 
into a separate Colony as the 
Gold Coast Golont. 



The census of CSapb Coloht 
showed the population to number 
720,984, of whom 236,783 were of 
European descent. 



165 



ASIA. 



Lord Mayo was assassinated by a convict 
at Port Blair, in the Andaman Islands. 

Lord Northbrook became Viceroy of India. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



The London and Adelaide Telegraph was 
completed. 

Two Maori chiefs were appointed members of 
the Legislative Council of New Zealand. 

Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed 
Governor of New South Wales. 



A branch of the Boyal Mint was set up in 
Melbourne,, and was opened on the 12th June. 



YEAR. 



1872 



The export duty on Indian wheat 
remitted. 



was 



Sir James Fergusson was appointed 
Governor of New Zealand ; Sir G. F. Bowen 
Governor of Victoria ; and Sir A. Musgrave 
Governor of South Australia. 



The New Zealand Steam Shipping Company 
was established. 



A great famine occurred in Bengal, affecting 
districts with a population of fort^ millions. 
A relief fund of £125,000 was raised m London. 



The Marquis of Normanby was appointed 
Governor of New Zealand. 



Under the immigration policy of the New 
Zealand Government, as many as 31,774 immi- 
gi-ants were introduced into the Colony during 
the year. 

The Fiji Islands were ceded to Great Britain 
by the native chiefs, and were made into a 
Colony by a charter from the Crown. 



The Prince of Wales visited India. 



Adelaide University was founded. 



Over 18,000 emigrants were sent out to New 
Zealand. 



The Union Steam Shipping Company of New 
Zealand was established. 



1873 



1874 



1875 



166 



EDEOPE. 



1876 

The Queeu was proclaimed 
Empress of India on 1st May. 



1877 



1878 

Sir M. Hicks-Beach became 
Colonial Secretary in February. 

The British fleet were ordered 
to Besika Bay, and native troops 
from India were ordered to Malta 
(April). 

Cyprus was assigned by Turkey 
to be occupied and administered 
by Great Britain. 



1879 



AMERICA. 



The North- West Territories were 
formed into a Province of the Do- 
minion of Canada. 

The Intercolonial Railway from 
Quebec to Halifax was opened. 



A great fire broke out in St. 
John's, New Brunswick. 

The Halifax Fisheries Commis- 
sion awarded the sum of $5,500,000 
to be paid by the United States 
to Canada. 



Lord Lome was appointed 
Governor-General of Canada. 

The Parliament of Canada, in 
an address to the Queen, prayed 
that such British possessions in 
North America (other than New- 
foundland) as were not included 
in the Dominion might be annexed 
to Canada. 



The Dominion Parliament adop- 
ted a protective tarifif, under the 
style of a National Policy. 



AFRICA. 



A Commission was appointed by 
Sir Henry Barkly to consider 
the question of the defence of the 
frontier of Cape Colony. 



Sir Bartle Frere was appoint- 
ed Governor of Cape Colony and 
High Commissioner for South 
Africa. The Cape Colony became 
engaged in a war with the Gcale- 
kas and the Gaikas. On 12th April 
the Transvaal was annexed by the 
British Government. 



On the conclusion of the war 
with the Kaffirs, the Gaika terri- 
tory was declared to be forfeited, 
and a general disarmament of the 
Kaffirs on the frontier was en- 
forced. 



War with the Zulus broke out : 
the British lost the battle of Isan- 
dhlwana in January, bat closed 
the war by the victory at Uliind^ 
in July. 

Fingoland, the Idatywa Reserve, 
and No Man's Land were annexed 
to Capb Colony. 



167* 



ASIA. 



Lord Lytton became Viceroy of India. 



The Qaeen was proclaimed at Delhi Empress 
of India on Ist January. 

A Mansion House Fund of £515,000 was 
raised in London to relieve the distress caused 
by a famine in Bombay and Madras. 



The Afghan Amir (Sher Ali), having de- 
clined to accept a British Besident, received a 
Russian envoy, and signed a treaty accepting the 
guardianship of Eussia. An ultimatum was sent 
to the Amir in September, and in November the 
British forces captured Ali Musjid Fort ; and in 
December General Roberts won the battle of 
the Peiwar Pass, and occupied Jellalabad. 



General Stewart occupied Kandahar. The 
Amir died in February, and his son Yakub 
Khan signed the treaty of Gandamak in May. 

Sir Louis Cavagnari, who had been received 
as British Eesident at Kdbul, was slain in an 
assault upon the Eesidency by Afghan troops. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wel- 
lington was completed. 

The provincial system of local government was 
abolished in New Zealand, the Colony being 
divided into counties and boroughs. 



Adelaide and Perth were connected by tele- 
graph. 

An Act was passed in New Zealand for the 
free and compulsory education of children. 

A High Commissioner was appointed for the 
Western Pacific Islands. 



Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Gover- 
nor of South Australia. 



YEAR. 



The statue of Captain Cook at Sydney was 
imveiled on 2nd February. 



Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed 
Governor of New Zealand, in which Colony a 
Triennial Parliament Act was passed, and the 
sufirage was granted to every adult male resident. 



was 



The Sydney International Exhibition 
visited by 1,045,000 people. Lord Augustus- 
Loftus was appointed Governor of New South 
Wales, and the Marquis of Normanby 
Governor of Victoria. 



1876 



1877 



1878 



1879 



EuaorE. 

1880 

In April Mr. Gladstone be- 
came Prime MinistDr, an3 Lord 
Kimberley ColoniaJ Seoietary. 



1881 

The population of the Uuited 
Kingdom numbered 35,2'li,4^^' 



1882 

On July 11th the fortification! 
of Alexandria were bombarded by 
the British fleet. In August a 
British army landed and occupied 
Egypt, defeating Arabi Pasha in 
September at Tel-el- Kobir. 

Lord Derby became Colonial 
Secretary in December. 



By an order Jn council (31sl 
July) all British possessions in 
North America {other than New- 
foundland), uot previously in- 
cluded in Canada, were annexed 
to the Dominion. 

On 2l9t October the contract 
was signed for the construction of 
the Canadian Faci&c Haitway. 



The population of the Dominion 
of Canada numbered 4,324,810. 

Outarin conUiiied 1,023,000 in- 
liabitanU ; Qndiee, l.35B,OD0 ; 
Nora Sootia, 410,000 ; N«« 
Bnmswiok, 321.000; Prineo 
Edward bkixl, 108,000: Mani- 
toba, (15,000; BiilishCoIiiniWa, 
4B,0O0; and the Territories, 
68,000, 



On 2nd May tbu Canadian Paoi- 
e Bailway was commenced. 



Four Provisional Districts (Aa- 
siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, 
and Athabasca) were formed out 
of a portion of the North-West 
Territories of Canada. 

A Royal Commission waa ap- 
pointed to inquire into the financial 
condition of Jamaica, the Leewakd 
Islands, and the Islands of Gre- 
nada, St. Lucu, St, Visoent, and 

TOBAOO. 



Lord Derby sn^ested to the 
Australasian Agents -General " the 
confederation of the Colonies" 
with the view of dealing with 
affairs in the Western Pacitic. In 
reply (July 2lBt)the Agents-General 



The Basutos resisted the attempt 
to disarm them in accordance with 
the terms of the Colonial Feacu 
Preservation Act, aud war resulted 
with Cape Colon v. 

The Boers of the Transvaal de- 
clared their independence, and be- 
came engaged in war with Great 
Britain. 

Griqualand Weat was incorpo- 
rated with Cape Colony. 



Detachments of British troops 
were defeated by the Boera at 
Laing's Nek in January, and &l 
Majuba Hill in Februarj-. Au 
armistice with the Boers resulted 
in the Pretoria Convention being 
signed in August, by which seif- 
govemment was restored to tha 
Boers under the suzerainty of Great 
Britain. 

Sir Hercules Robinson waa 
appointed Governor of Cats 

Colony. 



General Gordon attempted to 
settle the dispute between CafB 

Colony and the Basutos. 

Natal declined to accept re- 
sponsible government coupled wUb 

self-defence. 

Gold was discovered in tlw 

Transvaal. 



Lord Lansdowne was ap- 
pointed Governor - General of 
Canada. 

The population of Newfound- 
land numbered 193,000. 



BASttTOLAsn was tranafftml 
from the government of Cap* 
CoLONTt to that of the Crown. 



169 



ASIA. 



Lord Ripon became Viceroy of India. 

The British defeated the Afghans at Ahmed 
Khel, but were defeated by Ayub Khan at 
Maiwand. General Roberts made a forced 
march from Kdbul to Kandahar, and won the 
battle of Pir Paimal. 

Abdur Rahman was recognized as Amir of 
Afghanistan. 



Kandahar was evacuated by the British in 
favour of Abdur Rahman, who defeated 
Ayub Khan. 



The Punjab University was opened. 

An Indian contingent fought with distinction 
in the Egyptian campaign against Arab! Pasha. 



A British subsidy of £120,000 a year was 
granted to the Amir, Abdur Rahman. 

Considerable agitation on the part of non- 
official Europeans arose in India against the 
Ilbert Bill, which measure was favoured by the 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Sydney and Melbourne weie connected by 
railway. 

An International Exhibition was opened at 
Melbourne. 

Sir A. H. Gordon was appointed Governor 
of New Zealand. 



YEAR. 



The population of New South Wales num- 
bered 751,000 ; of Victoria, 862,000 ; of South 
Australia, 279,000; of Queensland, 213,000; 
of Western Australia, 30,000; of Tasmania, 
115,000 ; of New Zealand, 490,000. 

Sir G. C. Strahan was appointed Governor 
of Tasmania. 



The export of frozen sheep from New Zealand 
was valued at £20,000. 

Several Maori chiefs visited London, and were 
received by the Prince of Wales. 

Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed 
Governor of New Zealand. 



In November an Inter-colonial Conference of 
Australasian delegates met at Sydney, and 
resolved that a Federal Council should be 
formed to deal with matters in which united 
action might be desirable. 



1880 



1881 



1882 



1883 



■ 


170 






EUROPE. 


AMERICA. 


AFRICA. 


1S83 








for New South Wales, New 








ZEALA.Vn, Q|IEESBI,AND, and Vic- 








TOKtA stated that their Colouiea 








had not made up their minds on 








the question of federation, wliich 








was " of too great moment " to be 








then decided. 








1884 








A convention was signed in 




In July Great Britain aasumod 




London (February 27th) by which 




the Protectorate of the Lower 




Groat Britain recognized the 




Niger, including the Benin and 




Tran&vaai as the South African 




Cross Rivers, treaties being con- 




Repuhlic, and restricted the British 




cluded with the principal native 




suzerainty. 




chiefs. 




1885 








Lord Salisbury became Prime 


An offer of military assistance 


As a result of Sir Charles 




Minister in June, and Colonel 


in the Soudan was made by Canada 


Warren's expedition, a Protec- 




(Lord) Stanley, Colonial Secre- 


to the Imperial Government, 


torate was established over 




tary. 




Northern Bechuanaland, aud 






Louis Riel having again raised 


Southern, or British. Bechuana- 




The Bill drafted at the Sydney 


a rebellion in the North-West 


land was made a Grown Colony. 




Conference in 1883 for the estab- 


Territory, was captured, and 






lishraent of a Federal Council was 


hanged for high treason. 


A British Protectorate was pro- 




amended in the Imperial Parlia- 




claimed over Pondolaud ; and 




ment, and received the royal 


The Fishery Clauaos of the 


Temhuland. Gcalekaland, and 




assent on 14th Auguut. 


Treaty of Washington were termi- 


Bomvanalaud were annexed to 






nated by the United States. 


CArB Colony. The railway from 




Owing to disturbances in 




Capetown wu extended to KJm- 




Bechuanaland between the natives. 


The Canadian Pacific Eailway 
wag completed. 


berley. 




and the intervention of the Boers, 






Sir Charles Warren was ordered 


Mauuitius was granted the 




to proceed to Bechuanaland as 
Special Commissioner. 


By letters patent (17th March) 
the islands of Grenada, St. Lucia, 
and St. Vincent were constituted 
the Colony of the Windward 
Islands. 


right to elect ten representati«B 
to the Legislative ConnciL 




1886 

In February Mr. Gladstone 
became Prime Minister, and Lord 


The first through train on the 


Lagos was detached from tbe 




Canadian Pacific Railway loft 


Gold Coast Colony. 




Granville Colonial Secretary. 


Montreal on 28th June, with war- 
like stores transferred from Quebec 


The Xesibe Country waaonnexed 




The Colonial and Indian 


to Vancouver. 


to Caps Colony. 


k 


^^^^^^^J 



171 



ASIA. 



High CJourts of Bombay and Madras, and 
opposed by that of Calcutta. In December a 
compromise was effected , which allowed Euro- 
peans to claim a jury wholly or partly European. 



Sir Peter Lumsden and Colonel (Sir West) 
Ridgway were appointed to serve on the Anglo- 
Bussian Afghan Boundary Commission. 

Lord Dufferin was appointed Viceroy of 
India in December. 



Bhamo, in Burmah, was occupied by British 
troops. 

The Indian army was increased by 10,000 
British and by 12,000 Indian troops. 

Sir Donald Stewart was ordered to Quetta 
with 50,000 troops, and the native Princes 
offered aid to the British Government against 
Bussia. 

A meeting took place between Lord Dufferin 
and the Amir of Afghanistan. 

In December the first Indian National Con- 
gress was held at Bombay, and attended by 
about 100 delegates. 

The total output of coal from the eighty col- 
lieries in Bengal amounted to 1,316,000 tons. 



AUSTBALASIA. 



Sir Anthony Musgrave was appointed 
Governor of Queensland ; Sir W. F. C. 
Robinson, Governor of South Australia. 



A Protectorate was proclaimed over the south- 
western portion of New Guinea. 

Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor 
of Victoria. Mr. Service, Prime Minister of 
Victoria, carried a Confederation Bill in accord- 
ance with the scheme of the Inter-colonial 
Conference ; in New South Wales a similar 
Bill was defeated. 



On 1st January the annexation of Upper 
Burmah was proclaimed by Lord Dufferin. 

Sir West Ridgway, having completed the 
work of the Afghan Boundary Commission, 



YEAR. 



On 12th February New South Wales 
telegraphed to the Imperial Government offering 
troops for service in the Soudan ; the next day 
Victoria made a similar offer, and other Colonies 
followed suit. On 3rd March the New South 
Wales contingent of 900 men left Sydney, and 
on 29 th March reached Suakim. 

Lord Carrington was appointed Governor 
of New South Wales. 

The Legislatures of Victoria, Queensland, 
and Tasmania adopted the Imperial Act con- 
stituting a Federal Council of Australasia, and 
the Government of Western Australia accepted 
the measure. 

In Queensland an agitation sprang up in 
favour of dividing the Colony. 



The first meeting of the Federal Council was 
held at Hobart on 25th January, and attended 
by representatives from Victoria, Queensland, 
Tasmania, Western Australia, and Fiji. 



1883 



1884 



1885 



1886 



Exhibition held in London woe 
visited by 5,500,000 people. 

In Auguiib Lord Salisbury 
became Prime Minister, and Mr. 
Stanhope, .CoIouiiU Secretary. 



1887 

In January Sir Henry Holland 
(Lord Kiiutsford) became Colonial 
Secretary. 



The seizure by the Canadian 
authorities of Auierican vesBeU, 
for illegal fishing in the Bay of 
l-'undy, was followed by reprisals 
by the Aiuer)au,UB. 



The mails between Great Britain 
and Japan were despatched by way 
of the Cauadiaa Pacific Railway. 



A Conference of Colonial Dele- 
gates was held at the Foreign Ofiico, 
under the presidency of Sir Henry pleted. 
Holland, from 4th April to 9th 
May. It was decided, amongst 
other things, to establish an Aus- 
tralasian squadron of &VB cruisers 
and two gunboats, 



The railway bridge over tbe St, 
Lawrence at Lachine was corn- 



In November a Fisheries Com- 
mission was appointed to settle 
the dispute between Canada and 
the United States. 



The Imperial Parliament passed 
the Imperial Defence Act, ratifying 
the agreement made between the 
Government and the .'Vustralasian 
Colonies for providing a special 
squadron to be maintained in 
Australasian waters, the first cost 
(£850,000) being paid by the Im- 
perial Government, and the Colo- 
nies paying interest (£36.000), and 
the cost of maintenance to the ex- 
tent of £91,000 per annum for ten 
years. 



Western Zululand was occupied 
by Boer farmers, and recognized 
by Great Britain as the New 

Itepublic. 

A charter was granted to the 
Boyal Niger Company, conferring 
administrative powers over terri- 
tories including thirty miles on 
each bank of the rivers Niger ajid 
Binufi. 



Zululand was annexed to Great 
Britain. 

An Inter-colonial Conference was 
held at Capetown. 

The South African JubiW Ex- 
Inbitiou was opened at Grs 
town in December. 



TmsinAD and Ton ago were 
lited as one Colony by an Act of 

the Imperial Parliament (50 and 

51 Yict., cap. 4'1). 

The Fisheries Treaty, signed at 
Washington in February, was re- 
jected by the Senate of the United 
States in August. 

Lord Stanley of Preston was 
appointed Governor-General of 
Canada. 

A dispute between Manitoba and 
the Canadian Pacific RailwayCom- 
pany as to the extension of the 
Bed Itiver Railway across the 
Canadian Pacific Railway track 
was decided by the Supreme Court 
in favour of Manitoba. 



The Imperial British East Africa 
(Ibea) Company was incorporated 
by a royal charter to control the 
territory on the coast, IdO miles in 
length and ten brood, conceded by 
the Sultan of Zanzibar to Mr. W. 
Mackinnon. 



A conference was held at Cape- 
toM'n of delegates from Capk 
Colony, Natal, and the Orange 
Free State, to discuss a Customs 
Union and Koilway Extension. 



173 



ASIA. 



AUSTEALASIA. 



received at Lahore the public thanks of the 
Grovemment. 

The Gwalior fortress was restored to Sindhia. 

A great extension of railways in India was 
commenced. 



The second Indian National Congress was 
held at Calcutta. 



YEAR. 



Many Indian Princes attended the Service in 
Westminster Abbey celebrating Her Majesty's 
Jubilee. 

The Nizam of Hyderabad offered £600,000 
towards the defence of India by the Imperial 
Government. Other native Princes offered troops 
and money. The Indian Government annexed 
Qaetta, Pishin, and Sibi. 

The third Indian Nationai Congress was held 
at Madras. 



The British Government assumed a Protec- 
torate over the territory of the North Borneo 
Company, as well as over Sarawak and Brunei. 

In November Lord Dufferin announced that 
the Government declined to accept money from 
the Princes of India, but urged them so to im- 
prove their armies as to fit them to ffght with 
the British in defence of India. 

Lord Lansdowne was appointed Viceroy in 
December. 



The fourth Indian National Congress was held 
at Allahabad. 



The Legislative Council of Western Aus- 
tralia petitioned the Imperial Government to 
grant the Colony responsible self-government. 

The Parliaments of the Australasian Colonies 
(except Queensland) passed Naval Defence Bills, 
in pursuance of the decision arrived at by the 
delegates to the Colonial Conference in London. 

Sir R. G. C. Hamilton was appointed 
Governor of Tasmania. 



The centenary of the landing of Captain Phillip 
at Sydney was celebrated in New South Wales. 

A conference of AustralasianMinisters was held 
at Sydney to consider the question of Chinese 
immigration. 

Lord Onslow was appointed Governor of 
New Zealand, and Lord Kintore Governor of 
South Australia. 



1886 



1887 



1888 



The TIouBe of Lords passed a 
ill to grant responsible govern- 
ment to WbBTEHN AufiTllALIA. 



lie agreement between Great 
Britain and Gennany, defining 
iiic liomidaries of their respective 
spheres of influonee in Africa, was 
signed on Ist July, 



passed by the Imperial Pai'liament, 



1891 

The popnlation of the United 
Kingdom numbered 37.888,153. 

An agreement was signed on 
11th June between Great Britain 
and Portugal, defining the boun- 
daries of their respective Colonies 
and spheres of influence in Africa. 



House of Com- Sir Henry B. Loch was ap- 

mons negatived, by 94 to 66 votes, pointed Governor of CaI'E Colont 
a motiou to petition the Queen to and High Commissioner for South 



grant the Govern or- General inde- 
pendent action in foreign affairs. 



A nnanimoua Address to the 
Queen was voted in the Dominion 
House of Commons expressing the 
loyalty and devotion of Canada. 

The " Empress" line of steam- 
lips, in connection with the 
Canadian Pacific Railway, com- 
menced runningbet ween Vancouver 
and Japan and Hong Kong in 
December. 



The population of Canada 
numbered 4,829,411. Of the Pro- 
vinces, Ontario contained 9.112,989 
inhabitants; Quebec, 1,488,586; 
Nova Scotia, 450.523 ; New Bruns- 
wick. 321,294; Manitoba, 154,442; 
Prince Edward Island, 109,088 ; 
British Columbia, 92,767 ; and the 
Territories, 56,446. 

An exhibition was held in 
Jamaica. 



Africa. 

royal charter was granted 
(29th October) to the British South 
Africa Company, couTorring large 
powers of administration over the 
territory of Mat abel eland ood 
Mashon aland. 



The pioneer expedition of the 
British South Africa Company 
arrived at Fort Salisbury, in 

Mashonaland. 

The railway connecting the Caps 
Colony vfith the Orange Free State 
was opened on 17th December. 

Natal decided to accept re- 
sponsible self-government. 

On 7lh November a British 
Protectorate over Zanzibar waa 
formally proclaimed. 



The population o( Cape Colont 
numbered 1,527,224, conipOHed of 
376,987 of European descent, and 
1,150,237 native and coloured 



The population of Natal num- 
bered 4G,7S8 of European descent, 
41.142 Indians, and 456,983 



175 



ASIA. 



The fortress of Quetta was completed, and the 
Sukkur Bridge was opened. 

The fifth Indian National Congress was held 
at Bombay. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Lord Hopetoun was appointed Governor of 
Victoria. 

The University of Tasmania was incorporated. 

On 1st May the bridge over the Hawkesbury 
River in New South Wales was opened, and 
railway communication from Adelaide, through 
Melbourne and Sydney, was completed as far as 
Brisbane. 



YEAR 



1889 



The sixth Indian National Congress was held 
at Calcutta. 

The tonnage of 4,114 vessels that entered the 
ports of HoNQ Kong amounted to 4,893,733 tons. 
In addition, 23,612 junks of 1,795,261 tons 
arrived at the ports. 

The tonnage of 8,110 vessels that entered the 
ports of the Straits Settlements amounted to 
4,859,720 tons. The number of native craft 
visiting the ports was 13,337, with a tonnage 
of 359,929 tons. 



The seventh Indian National Congress was 
held at Nagpore. 



A conference of Australasian delegates met in , 1890 
Melbourne, in February, and decided to hold a 
National Australasian Convention, to consider 
and report upon an adequate scheme for the 
Federal constitution. 

The constitution of Western Australia as a 
self-governing Colony was proclaimed on 22nd 
October. 



Lord Jersey was appointed Governor of New 
South Wales. 



The population of New South Wales num- 
bered 1,132,234; New Zealand, 62G.830 ; 
Queensland, 393,718 ; South Australia, 
315,048; Tasmania, 146.6G7;ViCTORiA,l,U0,411; 
Western Australia, 49,782. 

The National Australasian Convention met at 
Sydney in March, and drafted a Bill for the 
constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. 

Queensland passed the Naval Defence Bill 
already adopted by the other Australasian 
Colonies. 



1891 



tiuM^m.^ 



PART II. 



N 



179 



ADEN, 



AND DEPENDENCIES. 



SITUATED on the south coast of the province of Yemen, in Arabia Felix, Aden is a 
dependency of the Indian Empire, and is administered by a political resident appointed by 
the Bombay Government. It is an important coaling-station, and the town is strongly fortified. 
Two islands, Pbbim at the entrance of the Bed Sea, and Socotra in the Arabian Sea, are 
under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Aden. 

The area of Aden is seventy square miles, of Perim five square miles, and of Socotra 1,382 
square miles. The population of Aden and Perim in 1891 numbered 41,910 ; of Socotra, 
about 10,000. 

1839. — Aden was occupied by a British naval and military force. 

1876. — The island of Socotra was attached to Great Britain by a treaty with the Sultan. 

1886. — Socotra was formally annexed to Great Britain. 

1887. — A protectorate was established over the Somali Coast of Africa opposite to Aden, 
extending from Berbera to Bas Hafauri. The protectorate is administered by apolitical agent 
and consul subordinate to Aden. 



N 2 



180 



ANTIGUA. 



ANTIGUA, one of the West India Islands, is the seat of government of the Colony of the 
Leeward Islands. It has several good harbours. With it are usually included the 
two small islands of Barbuda and Eedonda, the total area of the three islands being about 170 
square miles. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council appointed by the Cro\vn, and a 
Legislative Council of twenty-four members, of whom four are ex-officio, eight nominated by 
the Crown, and twelve elected members. 



Year. 


1. 

Population. 

35,157 
34,964 
36,700* 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. ' 

Public Expen- 
diture (exclu- 
sive of 4.) 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Kxports. 


7. 
I>ublic Debt 


1871 
1881 
1890 


£ 

43,747 
41,585 
46,334 


£ 
40,578 
41,341 
50,142 


£ 
1,040 


£ 

175,741 
151,883 
184,590 


£ 
247,630 
178,582 
218,222 


£ 
53,982 
67,432 
26,271 



Census 1891. 



1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Antigua. 



1632. — A few English families settled in Antigua. 



1666. — Antigua, which had received large numbers of Colonists from England, was seized 
by the French from Martinique. 

1667. — By the treaty of Breda, Antigua was restored to the English. 



1871. — Antigua was incorporated in the Colony of the Leeward Islands. 



181 



ASCENSION. 



ASCENSION ISLAND lies in the South Atlantic about 750 miles north-west of St. Helena. 
It is under the control of the Admiralty, and is used as a coaling-station and victualling 
and store depot for the squadron stationed on the West Coast of Africa. 

The island is about thirty-five square miles in extent, and its population consists of a 
small number of officers, seamen, and marines, a few of whom have wives and children with 
them, and about fifty Kroomen, numbering in all about 300 souls. 

1501. — Juan de Nova (? Castella), a Portuguese, discovered on Lady Day an island, which 
he named Conception Island, but which Albuquerque re-named Ascension Island on 20th 
May, 1503. 

1815. — Ascension Island was for the first time occupied by Great Britain as a naval 
station, and garrisoned by a detachment from St. Helena, where Napoleon was then 
in exile. 



182 



AUSTRALIA 

See aUo NEW SOUTH WALES, NEW ZEALAND. QUEENSLAND, 
SOUTH AUSTKALLV, TASMANLV, VICTOULV. and WESTERN AUSTRALLV 



15^^1. — Guillauuie le Testu, a Provcn«.-al navigator, is sfcated to have been the tint 
European to behold the continent of Australia. Tiie evidence relied upon <by the late 
Mr. H. H. Major and others) in furnished by French maps and relative documents dated 
1542 and 1555, which are now preser\*ed in tlie British Museum and in the War Office 
of Paris. 

lolib.- Cornehub Wyttiiet distinctly in<licated the position of Australia: — **The 
Australis Terra is the most southern of all lands, and is separated from New Guinea 
[first discovered by the Portuguese in 152()J by a narrow strait." 

1G05. Dt: Quiros, a Spaniard, was sent from IJnia, in Peru, to discover tbe ** K^^>'*t 
southern laud. " He sighttMl land, probably one of the lx>ui8iade or New Hebrides Islands, 
and uametl it " Tierra Austral del Espiritu Santo. " His lieutenant, De Torres, having been 
8e|)arated from the rest of the fleet by a storm, passed through the Torres Straits, and 
discovered the mainland of Australia near Cape York. 

l(KXi.--Tlie yacht, Duy/hett, sent from Bantam by the Dutch East India CoinpaDy, 
discovered the northern coast of Australia, probably a few months earlier than De Torres. 

IGIC— Dirk Hartogs visited the north-west coast of Australia. 

IGlH. The Dutch shi|)s. I'era and Anihetn, irom .\mboyna, explored the golf on the 
northern coast of Australia (afterwards named Carpenter's Gulf). 

1628.— .Tan Carstensz, coasting along the great gulf on the northern coast of Australia, 
named the River Cari)entier, after the Oovenior of the 1 >utch Indies. 

1()27. — Tho Dutch ship, Ouhlvnv Zecptuird, having on board Pieter Nayts as sniliassadiif 
to Japan, coasted along the southern shores of Australia. 

1G2H. — Dutch vessels explored tht* coasts of WfHtem Australia and named it " Ds 
WittH I^ind "; the gulf on the northern coast of .Australia was named the Gall of 
Carpentaria, after (xovenior Pieter Carpentier. 

1G42. — Abel Jansen Tasman, after discovering New Zealand and Tasmania, eiplorsd tbe 
northern coasts of .Australia, which the States (tt-ncral of Holland formally named **New 
Holland." 



AUSTRALIA. 183 

1699. — Dampier, in H.M.S. Boebuck, visited and explored the north-west coast of 
Australia. 

1770. — Captain Cook, in the Endeavour, 320 tons burden, after landing in New 
Zealand, explored the south-eastern coast of New Holland (Australia), and named the 
country New South Wales. An inlet on the coast was named Botany Bay. Moreton 
Bay was also visited, and named after the then President of the Royal Society. 

1787. — Captain Arthur Phillip, R.N., sailed from England in May with a fleet of eleven 
vessels, having on board 696 convicts, 192 of whom were women, and eighty-one free 
emigrants, with whom he was to found a settlement at Botany Bay. 

1788. — On 18th January the English fleet anchored in Botany Bay, but Captain Phillip 
decided that the site was not suitable for settlement, and sailed northwards. He entered 
Port Jackson on 26th January, and took formal possession of the country in the name 
of George III. A few days later two French ships arrived under the command of the Comte 
de la Perouse. 

1798. — Surgeon Bass sailed from Sydney in a whaleboat, and coasted along the shore of 
what is now known as Victoria as far as Western Port, and later in the year sailed with 
Matthew Flinders round Tasmania, which was beheved till then to belong to the mainland. 

1802. — Lieutenant Murray, R.N., discovered Port Phillip Bay on 5th January. 

In April Commander Flinders entered the Bay, unaware that Murray had already 
discovered it. 

1803. — Colonel David Collins attempted to foimd a convict settlement at Port Phillip in 
October. After three months' experience of the country Collins decided to abandon the 
attempt, and he sailed across to Tasmania and founded Hobart in January, 1804. 

1826. — Lord Liverpool's Ministry directed the Governor of New South Wales to assert 
the claims of Great Britain to the whole of Austraha, and to occupy certain positions on 
the coast. 

Governor Darling thereupon sent an expedition to Western Port, and another to St. George's 
Sound, to occupy the country, as it was believed the French were contemplating the 
formation of settlements. 

1828. — Captain (Sir James) Stirling, R.N., sailed from Sydney in H.M.S. Success 
and surveyed the coast of Austraha from King George's Sound to the Swan River. 

1830. — Captain Charles Sturt discovered the Murray route. He started from New 
South Wales, proceeding down the River Murrumbidgee until it joined another river, 
which he named the Murray. Down this river he continued for nearly 1,000 miles, until it 
entered the sea at Encounter Bay (South Australia). 

1834. — The South Austrahan Colonization Company was formed in London. Its object 
was to found a settlement in Australia unconnected with New South Wales, and upon a 
different system (the Wakefield System) to that upon which the Swan River Settlement 



(Weeteru AuBtralia) had beea founded. All land was to be sold by auction, aud the proceeds 
were to be divided equally between the iniportatiou of labourers and the construction of roads, 
bridges, and public works. 

lfj.I2._The bank of Australia failed, and tbe Colonists were so distresasd that sheep were 
boiled down to make tallow for export, the price of sheep being thus raised from about one 

shilling to three or four shilliuga per head. 

1871.— Lord Kimberley having objected in a despatch {13th July) to the complex tariffs 
between the Australian Colonies, a meeting of delegates from New South Wales, Victoria, 
South Australia, and Tasmania objected {27th September) to Imperial interference with their 
mutual fiscal arrangemeDts. 

1883. — Lord Derby suggested to the Australasian Agents-General " the confederation of 
the Colonies " with the view of dealing with affairs in the Western Pacific. In reply (21at July) 
the Agents- General for New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, and Victoria stated 
that their Colonies had not mode up their minds on the question of federation, which was 
" of too great moment " to be then decided. 

In November an Intercolonial Conference of Australasian delegates met at Sydney, and 
resolved that a Federal Council should be formed to deal with matters in which united action 
might be desirable. 

1884. — Mr. Service, Prime Minister of Victoria, carried a Confederation Bill, in accord- 
ance with th6 scheme of the Intercolonial Conference. In New South Wales a similar Bill 
was defeated. 

1885.— The Bill drafted at the Sydney Conference in 1883 for the establishment of a 
Federal Council was amended in the Imperial Parliament, and received the royal assent on 
14th August. 

On 12th February, New South Wales telegraphed to the Imperial Government offering 
troops for service in the Soudan ; the next day Victoria made a similar offer, and other 
Colonies followed suit. On 3rd March the New South Wales contingent of 900 men left 
Sydney, and on 29th March reached Suakini. 

The Legislatures of Victoria, Queensland, and Tasmania adopted the Imperial Act 
constituting a Federal Council of Australasia, and the Government of Western Australia 
accepted the measure. 

1886. — The first meeting of the Federal Council was held at Hobart on 25th .January, 
and attended by representatives from Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, 
and f^ji. 

1887,— The first through train between Melbourne aud .\delaide ran on I'Jth January. 

At the Conference of Colonial Delegates held in London it was decided to establish 
an Australasian squadron of five cruisers and two gunboats. 

The ParUaments of the Australasian Colonies (except Queensland) passed Naval Defence 
Bills, in pursuance of the decision arrived at by the Delegates to the Colonial Conference. 



AUSTRALIA. 185 

1888. — The Imperial Parliament passed the Imperial Defence Act, ratifying the agree- 
ment made between the Government and the Australasian Colonies, for providing a special 
squadron to be maintained in Australasian waters : the first cost (£850,000) being paid by the 
Imperial Government, and the Colonies paying interest (£35,000), and the cost of maintenance 
to the extent of £91,000 per annum for ten years. 

A Conference of Australasian Ministers was held at Sydney to consider the question of 
Chinese Immigration. 

1889.-— On 1st May the bridge over the Hawkesbury Eiver in New South Wales was 
opened, and railway communication from Adelaide, through Melbourne and Sydney, was 
completed as far as Brisbane. 

1890. — A Conference of Australasian Delegates met in Melbourne in February, and 
decided to hold a National Australasian Convention to consider and report upon an adequate 
scheme for the Federal Constitution. 

1891. —The National Australasian Convention met at Sydney in March, and drafted a 
Bill for the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. 



186 



THE BAHAMAS. 



rpHE BAHAMAS form a chain of islands, of which about twenty are inhabited, stretching 
X from the north of San Domingo to the coast of Florida. The total area of the Bahamas 
is about 5,000 square miles. 

The Oovemor of the Colony is assisted by an Executive Council of nine members, 
a Ijegislative Council of nine, and a Bepresentative Assembly of twenty-nine members. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7- 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public ExjKjn- 
(liturc, exclu- 
sive of 4. 

£ 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exjiorts, 


PubUc Debt. 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


39,162 


41,867 


40,662 




239,190 


152,410 


54,162 


1881 


43,521 


41,294 


44,235 




168,380 


114,100 


57,837 


1890 


47,565 


54,826 

• 


48,688 




222,512 


168.121 


81,426 



1492. — Columbus discovered the Bahamas (Watling Island), and named the island 
on which he landed San Salvador. 

In the course of a short time the Carib natives of the Bahamas were enslaved by the 
Spaniards to work in the mines of Cuba, and the Bahamas became desolate. 

1578. — Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally annexed the Bahamas to England* 

1612. — The Bahamas were claimed by the London Company, then engaged in eolonizing 

Virginia, as included within the limits of their grant. 

1622. — Some English adventurers attempted to found a settlement on the Bahamas 
about this date. 



1641.— The Spaniards from Florida destroyed the English settlement. 



THE BAHAMAS. 187 

1671. — Charles II. having granted the Island of New Providence to a Company of 
Adventurers, Captain Wentworth was appointed Governor of the settlement which was then 
founded. 

1703. — The French and Spaniards destroyed the English settlement on New Providence ; 
and the islands again ceased to be inhabited except by pirates. 

1718. — The Governments of the English Colonies in America extirpated the pirates from 
the Bahamas ; and a settled government was established, many emigrants from England and 
Germany arriving within the next few years. 

1781. — The Spaniards captured the Bahamas in the course of the war. 

1783. — By the Peace of Versailles the islands were restored to Great Britain. 

1848. — The Turks and Caicos Islands, which belong geographically to the Bahamas, 
were placed under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Jamaica. 



188 



BARBADOS. 



BARBADOS, the most easterly of the West Indian Islands, is used as the head-quarters of 
the European troops stationed in the West Indies. The area of the island is 166 square 
miles. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Committee, a Legislative Council of nine 
members, and a House of Assembly of twenty-four members elected annually. 





1 
1. 


1 

2. 


3. 


4. 


6. 


6. 


7. 


Year, i 

1 
1 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Kxpenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 


£ 


1 

£ \ £ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 ! 


162,042 


119,492 


122,346 




1,191,988 


1,298,546 


25,906 


1881 


171,860 


131,509 


133,367 




1,119,213 


1,140,361 




1890 


182,322* 


; 186,179 

1 


181,636 




1,193,723 


1,204,390 


30,100 



* Census of 1891 — preliminary figures. 

1605. — Barbados was taken possession of by the crew of the English ship Olive in 
the name of England. 

1625. — With the sanction of the Earl of Marlborough, to whom James I. had granted 
the Island of Barbados, Sir William Courteen, a merchant of London, sent out a party 
of settlers who landed on the west coast of Barbados, and built and fortified a town which 
they named James Town. 

1627. — The Earl of Carlisle obtained from Charles I. the grant of all the Caribee Islands 
(twenty-two, including Barbados), and purchased from the Earl of Marlborough, for an annuity 
of £300, his prior claim to Barbados. 

Some London merchants purchased 10,000 acres in Barbados from the Earl of Carlisle. 

1628. — Bridgetown, the chief town of Barbados, was founded by some settlers sent out 
by London merchants. 

1645. — African slaves were introduced into Barbados to develop the sugar industry. The 
island was divided into eleven parishes, each of which sent two representatives to a 
General Assembly. 



BABBADOS. ^ 189 

1649. — Lord Willoughby, Governor of Barbados, whither many Eoyalists had fled, 
declared for Charles II. 

1651. — Sir George Ayscue, an officer of the Commonwealth, landed in Barbados, and 
banished the Eoyalist Governor, Lord Willoughby, but did not infringe the rights of the 
inhabitants. 

1663.— Charles II. assumed sovereign rights over Barbados, and granted to Lord 
Willoughby, its Governor, the Island of Antigua. An armed body of planters from Barbados 
attempted to oust the French from St. Lucia, and another body of planters applied to the 
proprietors of Carolina for land on which they might found an independent community with 
legislative powers. 

1664. — The Enghsh from Barbados captured St. Lucia from the French, who in 
turn seized Montserrat, and levied heavy imposts upon its English inhabitants. 

1684. — A Census of Barbados was taken, and showed there were 20,000 white people, 
and 46,000 slaves. 

1687. — The Duke of Albemarle arrived as Governor, attended by Dr. Hans Sloane. 

1690. — The Earl of Inchiquin became Governor. 

1692. — An earthquake on 7th June destroyed Port Royal, then the most flourishing town 
in the West Indies. 

1693. — The colonial militia repulsed a descent made by troops from a French fleet 
at Carlisle Bay. 

1702. — Benbow was defeated by Admiral Du Casse, and died of his wounds at Kingston. 

1734. — A formidable rising of Maroons under Cudjo took place. 

1738. — Governor Trelawney subdued the Maroons, and assigned them special districts 
to live in. 

1778.— Barbados being severely distressed for food, owing to the American war of 
independence, was relieved by a grant from the British Parliament. 

1833. — £1,720,000 was granted to slave-owners for freeing their slaves in Barbados. 

1861.— The population was 152,000. 



190 



BASUTOLAND. 



BASUTOLAND is bounded by Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, and NataL Its area 
is estimated at 9,720 square mile& European settlement is forbidden within the 
territory, which is administered by a Resident Commissioner under the direction of the High 
Commissioner for South Africa. The census returns of 1891 showed a population of 578 
Europeans and 218,324 natives. 

1868. — Sir Philip Wodehouse received permission to recognize the Basutos (between 
whom and the Boers of the Orange Free State there had been an almost unceasing struggle 
since 1865) as British subjects, and to incorporate their territory. 

1871. — Basutoland was annexed to Cape Colony, which became responsible for its 
administration. 

1880. — The Basutos resisted the attempt to disarm them in accordance with the terms 
of the Colonial Peace Preservation Act, and war resulted with Cape Colony. 

1882. — General Gordon attempted to settle the dispute between Cape Colony and the 
Basutos. 

1883. — Basutoland was transferred from the government of Cape Colony to that of the 
Crown. 



19X 



BERMUDAS. 



THE Bermudas, or Somers* Islands, form a cluster of more than 300 islands in the Atlantic, 
and lie about 600 miles eastward of North Carolina. The total area of the islands only 
amounts to eighteen square miles, but they constitute an important naval station. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of six members, and a Legislative 
Council of nine members, all of whom are nominated by the Crown, and a representative 
House of Assembly of thirty-six members. 



1 


1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


i 
Year. 


Popolation. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public expen-' Expenditure 

diture, excln- from Loanson 

sive of 4. Public Works. 

1 
1 


Imiwrts. 


Exfiorts. 


Public Debt. 






£ 


£ £ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 

1 


12.121 


34,970 


33,701 


231,619 


48,406 


15,830 


1 1881 


18,948 


29,628 


29,041 


265,864 


87,868 


9,484 1 


1890 

1 

i 


15,884 


32,394 


30,270 




308,016 


137,526 


7,620 



1609. — The Sea-Venture, having on board Sir George Somers and Sir T. Gates, was 
wrecked on the Bermudas. 

1612. — James I. included the Bermudas with Virginia in a charter which he granted to 
the Virginia (London) Company, who soon afterwards sold the islands for £2,000 to the 
Bermodian Company of Londoa 

1684. — ^The charter of the Bermudian Company of London was annulled, and since then 
the GroyemorB of the Bermudas have always been appointed by the Crown. 

1866. — A floating dock weighing 8,000 tons was constructed in England capable of 
eontaining an ironclad vessel of 10,000 tons, and when completed was towed out to the 
Bermudas by the most powerful ships in the Navy. 



BRITISH BECHUANALAND. 



THE Crown Colony of Bechuanaland compriaes an area of about 51,000 square miles, and 
is bordered by Cape Colony on the soutli, by the German Protectorate of Daniaraland 
on the weat, by the Britiah Protectorate of Eechaaiialand on the north, and by the South 
African Bepublic on the east. 

The Bechuanaland Protectorate comprises an area of about 120,000 square miles, and 
estends over the territory lying north of the Crown Colony of Bechuanaland, east of the 
German Protectorate, south of the Zambezi, and west of the South African Republic and 

Matabeleland. 

The government is administered by a Deputy Commissioner under the control of the 
High Commissioner for South Africa. 

1885. — Owing to disturbances between the natives and the intervention of the Boera in 
Bechuanaland, Sir Charles Warren was ordered by the British Government to proceed thither 
as Special Commissioner. The expedition under his command resulted in the establishment 
of a Protectorate by Great Britain over Northern Bechuanaland, and in British 
Bechuanaland being made a Crown Colony. 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



BY the Anglo-German Convention concluded on the lat July, 1890, the southern boundary 
of British East Africa extends along the northern boundary of German East Africa as 
far as the territory of the Congo Free State, which forms its western boundarj-. The area 
claimed by the Company is eatimated to amount to 1,000,000 square miles. 

The seat of government is at the port of Mombasa, which has been connected by cable 
with Zanzibar. An armed force has been enrolled by the Company, composed of 200 Sikhs, 
200 Soudanese, and a largo body of local levies officered by Englishmen, 

1888. -The Imperial British East Africa (I bea) Company was incorporated by a royal 
charter on 3rd September, to control the territory on the coast, 150 miles in length and ten 
broad, conceded by the Sultan of Zanzibar to Mr. W. Mockinnon, the chief founder of the 
Company. By subsequent treaties with the ItaUan Government in 1889, and the Sultan of 
Zanzibar in 1891, the length of the coast subject to the Company has been extended to 400 
miles. 



193 



BRITISH GUIANA. 



BRITISH GUIANA comprises the three settlements of Demerara, Essequibo, and Borbice. 
The area is estimated at 109,000 square miles. It is bomided on the east by Dutch 
Guiana (Surinam), on the south by Brazil, on the west by Venezuela, and on the north and 
north-east by the Atlantic. The constitution of the Colony consists of a Governor, a Court 
of Pohcy of nine members, five of whom are elected ; to the Court of Policy six financial 
representatives are added, to constitute a combined Cgurt, in order to deal with taxation and 
finance. 



Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt. 


1871 
1881 

1890 


193,491 
252,186 
284,887* 


£ 
379,647 
403,245 

522,767t 


£ 

338,053 
421,087 
508,108t 


£ 

238,472 
19,071t 


£ 

1,897,183 
1,784,145 
1,887,118 


£ 

2,748,720 
2,697,291 
2,161,792 


£ 
512,864 
422,019 
770,346 



Census of 1891. 



t For year ending 31st March, 1890. 



1580. — The country now known as British Guiana was first partially settled by the Dutch 
West India Company. 

1618. — Captain Gromweagle, a Dutchman, is reputed to have been " the first man that 
took firm footing on Guiana by the good likeing of the natives, whose humours the gentleman 
perfectly understood." 

1773. — The Court of Policy was established in Demerara. 

1803. — British Guiana was captured from the Dutch. 



1814. — British Guiana was ceded by the Dutch to Great Britain. 



1861.— The population numbered 148,000. 



194 



BRITISH HONDURAS. 



BRITISH HONDURAS is a Crown Colony on the coast of Central America. Its area, 
including several small islands, is 7,562 square miles. The Governor is assisted by a 
Legislative Council of five official and five unofficial members. 





1. 


2. 


3. 

• 


4. 


5. 


6. 


1 

7. i 


Year. 


Population. 


PubUc 
Revenue. 


Public Exi)en- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


24,710 


42,881 


25,454 


— 


180,662 


207,672 


29,591 


1881 


27,452 


36,823 


34,351 




170,278 


208,746 


— 


1890 


31,471* 


51,204 


45,249 


7,854 


282,045 


287,690 


17,695 



* Census, 1891. 

1502. — Columbus, on his fourth and last voyage, discovered British Honduras. 

1638. — Settlers from Jamaica began to export logwood and mahogany from British 
Honduras. 

1798. — British Honduras finally became a British possession, in consequence of Colonel 
Barrow defeating the Spaniards, who for many years had attempted to expel the wood-cutters 
from their settlements on the coast. 

1861. — The settlement at British Honduras, which had hitherto been under the government 
of Jamaica, was made into a Crown Colony. 



.. J.:^:J». 




195 



BRITISH NEW GUINEA. 



THE south-eastern portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising about 90,000 square 
miles, constitutes the Colony of British New Guinea. The government is carried on by 
an administrator, appointed by the Crown. 

1511.- -The island of New Guinea was discovered by Antonio de Abrea. In succeeding 
years it was visited by the early navigators, but was not annexed by any European nation 
until the eighteenth century, when the Dutch placed certain stations on its western coast 
under the government of Batavia. 

1884. — A protectorate was proclaimed over the south-eastern portion of New Guinea by 
Great Britain, in consequence of the demands made by the Australian Colonies, that shores 
so close to Australia should not be occupied by a foreign power. 

1887. — At the Colonial Conference held in London, the Colonies of Queensland, New 
South Wales, and Victoria undertook to guarantee the sum of £15,000 per annum towards the 
expense of administering the territory of south-east New Guinea, if it were annexed to Great 
Britain. 

1888. — Her Majesty's sovereignty was declared over British New Guinea on 4th September. 



o 2 



196 



BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, 

LABUAN, SARAWAK, AND BRUNEI. 



BEITISH NORTH BORNEO comprises the northern portion of the island of Borneo. 
The territory is held tinder grants made by the Sultans of Brunei and Sulu to the 
British North Borneo Company, which was incorporated by royal charter on 1st November, 
1881. Labuan is an island lying off the south-western coast of British North Borneo, and 
Sarawak and Brunei are contiguous to the territory of the Company. 

The Governor is appointed by the Board of Directors sitting in London, the appointment 
being subject to the approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 

The area of British North Borneo is about 31,000 square miles; of Sarawak, 45,000; 
and of Brunei, about 3,000. 

1840. — Sir James Brooke estabUshed the independent state of Sarawak. 

1847. — Labuan was ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Borneo, and Sir James 
Brooke was appointed Governor. 

1888. — The British Government assumed a protectorate over the territory of the North 
Borneo Company, as well as over Sarawak and Brunei. 

1889. — The Colony of Labuan was placed under the government of the British North 
Borneo Company. 




197 



BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA, 



OR 



BRITISH ZAMBEZIA. 



THE territory lying to the north of the South African Eepublic and 22° S. latitude, and to 
the south of the Congo Free State, and bounded on the east and west by the Portuguese 
and German spheres of influence respectively, is unofficially styled British Zambezia. 

1889. — A royal charter was granted (29th October) to the British South Africa Company, 
conferring large powers of administration over the territory of Matabeleland and Mashonaland. 

1890. — The pioneer expedition of the British South Africa Company arrived at Fort 
Salisbury, in Mashonaland. 

1891. — The charter of the British South Africa Company was enlarged so as to include 
the whole of British Zambezia, except Nyassaland. On 14th May, the protectorate of Great 
Britain was proclaimed over Nyassaland, where for many years previously the African Lakes 
Company had been engaged in missionary work. 



198 



CANADA. 



rriHE DOMINION OF CANADA comprises the whole of the northern half of North 
JL America, with the exception of the United States Territory of Alaska on the west, and 
Labrador, which is under the control of Newfoundland, on the east. It consists of the Provinces 
of Ontario and Quebec (formerly Upper and Lower Canada), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the North- West Territories. 

The area of Canada is about 3,379,000 square miles, and its extent 3,500 miles from east 
to west, and 1,400 miles from north to south. 



1. 

1 


2. j 3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


' 7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Ex|wn- 
(liture (exclu- 
sive of 4.) 


Exi>en<liture 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


1 

Exports. 


1 
l>ublic Debt. 






n 

Jb 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


3,686,096 


4,107,300 


3,338,200 


597,100 


20,486,700 


15,722,900 


16,531,000 


1881 


4,324,810 


6,174,000 


5,313,000 


1,703,300 


21,943,900 


20,477,200 


32,374,100 


1890 


4,829,411* 


8,194,600 


7,396,000 


1,364,300 


25,039,300 


19,879,900 


48,808,100 






» ( 


C!ensu8 1891. 









ORIGINS OF THE PEOPLE INHABITING CANADA IN 1881. 



i*rovince8. 


English 

anil 
Welsh. 

21,568 


Scotch. 

1 

1 


Irisli. French. 


Gennaii 

and 
Dutch. 

1,368 


Indian. 


Other 
origini. 


Prince Edward Island ... 


48,933 


25,415 10,751 


281 


676 


Nova Scotia 


131,383 


146,027 


66,067 40,141 


42,101 


2.126 


12.728 


New Brunswick 


94,861 


49,829 101,284 56,635 


10,683 


1.401 


6,540 


Quebec 


81,866 


54,923 123,749 jl,075,130 


8,409 


7.616 


7.436 


Ontario 


542,232 


378,536 


627,262, 102,743 


210,557 


16.326 


46.673 


Manitoba 


11,606 


16,506 


10.173 ; 9,949 


9,158 


6,767 


1.796 


British Columbia 


7,596 


3,892 ! 3,172 916 


952 


26.661 


7.270 


The Territories 


1,375 
892,487 


1,217 
699,863 


281 


2,896 


32 


49.472 


1,173 


TOTATi 


957,403 


1,299,161 


283.260 


108.547 


84.089 



CANADA. 199 

1606.— Jean Denys, of Honfleur, and Camart, of Rouen, examined and sketched the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. 

1534. — Jacques Cartier, sent by Francis I., passed through the Straits of Belle Isle, and, 
landing at Gasp^, took possession of the country in the name of France. Having made 
captive two Indians, he returned to France. 

1535. — Cartier, on his second voyage, entered the St. Lawrence, which he named on 
10th August ; he described it as the waterway of Canada (the first mention of the name). 
Sailing up the river, he came to the native town of Stadacona, where the city of Quebec now 
stands. Higher up he found a larger town called Hochelaga. He called the mountain 
overlooking it Mont Royal, from which the modern city of Montreal is named. Returning, 
he wintered at Stadacona, and in the spring sailed home to France. 

1541. — Cartier sailed from St. Malo with five vessels, which reached Cap Rouge, nine 
miles above Quebec. He explored the St. Lawrence as far as the La Chine rapids. 

1598. — The Marquis de la Roche sailed ** to found an empire of * New France * " in 
Korth America. His crew was supplemented from the prisons, but his expedition was 
a total failure, the survivors being rescued, in 1603, from Sable Island, an island off 
the coast of Nova Scotia. 

1600. — Chauvin, of Rouen, and Pontgrave, of St. Malo, received a monopoly of the fur 
trade from Henry IV. on condition that they established a colony of 500 persons. They 
left sixteen men at Tadousac (where the river Saguenay flows into the St. Lawrence), and 
returned to France with a full cargo. 

1601. — Chauvin and Pontgrave made a second voyage to the St. Lawrence, and rescued 
the survivors of those left at Tadousac. On a third voyage Chauvin died, and Pontgrave 
induced M. de Chastes, Governor of Dieppe, to join with him in his Canadian ventures. 

1603. — Samuel Champlain (son of a naval officer, and born in 1567) having obtained 
permission from Henry IV., from whom he was receiving a small military pension, joined the 
expedition of Pontgrave and De Chastes, which had obtained the support of many merchants. 
Ascending the St. Lawrence, Pontgrave and Champlain found the sites of the native villages 
of Stadacona and Hochelaga deserted. Champlain explored the rivers Saguenay and 
Richelieu. By showing a map of his travels to Henry IV. on his return to France, Champlain 
secured the King's support to his future enterprise. M. de Chastes having died, the Sieur de 
Monts obtained a grant of all lands from 40° to 46° N. under the title of Acadie, with 
a monopoly of the fur trade and supreme authority to govern. 

1604. — De Monts, Champlain (second voyage), and Pontgrav^ reached Cape de la Have 
(Nova Scotia) on 8th May. There were on board their ships 150 artificers and some 
gentlemen of family, including the Baron de Poutrincourt. Having explored the Grand Baye 
Fran9aise (Bay of Fundy), Pontgravd and De Poutrincourt returned to France, while 
De Monts and Champlain wintered at St. Croix, in Passamaquoddy Bay. Thirty-nine 
men out of seventy-nine died from scurvy, and the remainder suffered terribly from the cold. 



1605. — 111 the spriag, De Moota decided to remove to the site of Port Royal (Annapolis). 
There they began to cultivate the soil. Pontgravt- and De Poutriucourt arrived with supplies. 
Champlaiii explored as far south as Nantucket Bay. He wintered at Port Royal with 
Pontgravd. De Monta returned to Franc*. 

Ig06. — Champlain continued to explore the coaat and country of Acadia, and again 
wintered at Port Royal with De Poutrincourt, under whose direction the settlement 
was prospering and subsisting by the labour of the settlers. 

1607. — De Monts' pateut haviug been revoked, he recalled his settlers from Port Royal. 
Champlain, and all who had shared in this lirst attempt to colonize in the north of the 
continent of America, returned to Franco. 

1608, — De Monta sent an expedition under Pontgravi- and Champlain (third voyage) to 
found a settlement on the St. Lawrence. Quebec was chosen as a site (3rd July), and a, fort 
was commenced. Pontgcavi' returned to France, but Champlain remained and laid the 
fonndation for the future city. 

1609. — Pontgrave returued to Quebec with stores; and Champlain, accompanied by 
a party of Algonquin Indians, ascended the Richelieu river, and discovered Lake Champlain. 
Here the Iroquois Indians (or Five Nations) were met with and defeated mainly by the 
aid of Champlain, By direction of De Monts, Champlain returned to France. 

Henry Hudson discovered the river and bay that now bear his name. 

1610. — Champlain (fourth voyage) took out fresh workmen to Quebec, and again look 
part with the Algonquin Indiana in fighting the Iroquois. De Moots' privileges having been 
revoked, a number of French vessels ascended the Bt. Lawrence as far as Teuiousac, but 
failed to effect much trade. On learning of the death of Henry IV., Pontgrave and Champlain 
returned to France, leaving Du Pare with sixteen men in charge of Quebec. 

1611.— Champlain (fifth voyage) arrived at Quebec in May, and found his garrison safe. 
He continued to explore the banks of the St. Lawrence, but found no place more fitted 
for settlement than that at the foot of the mountain which Cartier had described as 
Mont Royal^where the Montreal Custom House stands. 

1612, — De Monfis retiring from the Association, Champlain spent the year in France 
seeking some other patron, and finally enUsted the sympathy of the Prince de Cond^, 
who was appointed by the Regent " Governor and Lieutenant- General " of Now France, vrith 
Champlain as his lieutenant. 

Sir Thomas Button sailed to Hudson's Bay, and erected a cross at the month of 
the river flowing into the Bay on the west side as a token of the sovereignty of England. 
and named the place Port Nelson. 

1613,— Champlain made his sixth voyage to Canada, and ascended the Ottawa River in 
the hope of reaching the oorthem sea (Hudson's Bay). He met some Algonquin IndiaoB 



CANADA. 201 

at Allumette Island, where he planted " a white cedar cross with the arms of France *'; and, 
promising to return to assist the Indians against their enemies, he gave the cross into their 
charge and returned to France. 

A French settlement on the Penobscot River was destroyed by Captain Argall from 
James Town, in Virginia. 

1614. — Champlain formed a company with the aid of the leading men of Rouen 
and St. Malo. He personally appealed to the ecclesiastics, who were present at the 
meeting of the States General at Sens, to assist him and authorize certain of the 
Recollet Fathers to accompany him to Canada to instruct such natives as might be 
induced to settle down to agriculture. 

Three English ships from James Town under Argall destroyed the French Colony 
at Port Royal (Nova Scotia), and carried the Colonists off captive. 

1615. — Champlain (seventh voyage) took out three Recollet Fathers, one of whom 
settled at Tadousac, another at Three Rivers, and the third at Quebec, where on the 
25th June mass was first performed in a church in Canada. In company with his 
Huron allies, Champlain was the first European to visit Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. 
Champlain's policy was to attach the Algonquin Indians to himself by assisting them against 
the Iroquois, with whom they were at perpetual war, and with this object he attacked a 
village of the Seneca Indians. 

1616. — Champlain returned to Quebec, having spent more than a year with his 
Huron allies. After directing additional buildings to be erected at Quebec, he returned 
to France with a sample of Canadian wheat. 

1617. — Champlain (eighth voyage) took with him the first French Colonists (the Sieur 
Hebert and his family) to settle at Quebec. 

1618. — Champlain (ninth voyage) found his settlers at Quebec much depressed. Two of 
their number had been slain by Indians, and their stores had given out. Champlain urged 
upon the Associates of his Company the necessity of sending out an industrious population to 
till the soil, and to keep the Indians in check by their numbers. 

1619. — Champlain was informed that he might continue his discoveries as Vice-Regal 
Lieutenant ; that the strength of the Company's establishment in Canada should be eighty ; 
and that Pontgrave should control their commercial policy in Canada with the direction of the 
persons employed. 

1620. — Champlain made his tenth voyage to Canada, and was accompanied by his wife. 
He repaired the buildings at Quebec, and began the construction of a fort — on the site of the 
present Durham Terrace — commanding the river in its narrowest part. The population of 
sixty men, women, and children passed the winter in good health. 

1624. — Champlain returned to France, leaving Quebec — sixteen years after its site had 
been fixed on for a settlement — with a population of only forty-five persons. 



202 CANADA. 

1625.— Charles I. coufimied the grant of Nova Scotia to Sir W, Alexander, and created 
the Order of Knights Baronets of Nova Scotia, who, to the number of 150, were to receive 
grants of land in Nova Scotia on condition that they settled emigrants on it, 

Henri de Levis, Due da Ventadour, wlio had succeeded de Montmorency as Viceroy of 
Canada, sent out six Jesuits to Canada. 

1626. — Charnplain made hia eleventh voyage to Canada, and found that tliere was a 
great scarcity of food at Quebec^only about oighteeu acres in all being under cultivation— 
and that the -lesuits were engaged in clearing the land, 

1627. — War breaking out betweeu England and Fran<!e, the Company of Merchant 
Adventurers was formed in London, and obtained letters of marque to seize French and 
Spanish ships, ('barlea I, also granted permiBsion to the Company to establish plantations 
on the banks of the St, Lawrence, 

Under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu, a new Company was formed in France, entitled 
■' The One Hundred .\B30ciates." It took the place of all previous companies. Three hundred 
artizana were to be sent at once to Canada. The settlers were to be supplied with food, 
lodging, and clothing for three years, and to receive land and seed free. The grant to the 
Company included ail the territory of New France, extending to Florida. 



1628, — Champlain records the first use of the plough at Quebec (27th Aprill, and lanieni 
that less than two acres had been cleared up to that date. 

The London Company of Merchant Adventurers fitted out three ships (the Afiijail, 300 
tons; the Willvim, 200 tons ; and the Oervue, 200 tons), and sent them under the command 
of David Kirko and his brothers, Louis and Thomas, against the French settlements iu Canada. 

The Kirkes' fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as Tudouaac, whence David Kirke 
sent a summons to Champlain to surrender Quebec, Champlain. although iu straits for food, 
refused, and Kirke, learning that the first fleet equipped by the " One Hundred Associates," 
consisting of eighteen vessels, heavily freighted with cannon, munitions, and provisions for 
Quebec, had arrived at Point Gasp^, sailed to meet them. On the 18tii July, De Roquemont's 
fleet was met by the English, and, after a running fight of some hours, seventeen of the 
French ships were captured. Taking the cargo out of ten of the vessels, Kirke burnt them 
and returned to England with hia prisoners and spoil. 

1629. — In March, David Kirke and his brothers sailed from Graveaend with sis ships 
and two pinnaces, and arrived at Quebec in July. They found Champlain and his suiall force 
starving and unable to offer any resistance. On 22nd July, the Enghsh flag was hoisted over 
Quebec fort, and the French were embarked as prisoners of war. 

1631. — Captain Luke Fox visited Hudson's Bay, by command of Charles II. He 
re-erected the cross at Fort Nelson, which he found had been defaced. 

1632. — By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye (29th March) between England and 
France, Canada and Acadia were ceded to France; and in July, Louis Kirke, who had 



he^^J 
00 1 



CANADA. 203 

greatly strengthened Quebec during the three years he had been in charge, handed over the 
fort to M. de Caen on behalf of France. 

M. de Charnisay sailed from France with forty families to increase the settlement at Port 
Royal (Nova Scotia). Soon after his arrival M. de Charnisay was sent to dislodge the 
New England Colonists from their fishing settlement on the Penobscot river. 

1633. — Champlain, having received his commission from Richelieu as Governor 
of Canada, sailed on his twelfth voyage to the St. Lawrence, with three ships having 
200 persons on board, and a supply of merchandise and munitions of war. 

1634. — Champlain built a fort on the site of Thi-ee Rivers, on the northern bank of the 
St. Lawrence, about midway between Quebec and Montreal. 

M. Gififard, the first Seigneur of Canada, received the grant of Beauport, about six 
miles east of Quebec ; and, having taken out artizans and Colonists from France, he founded 
the village of Beauport, *' the first of its character in Canada." 

1635. — Death of Champlain at Quebec. 

1636. — M. de Montmagny was commissioned by Richelieu as Governor of Canada. 

1641. — Two vessels from La Rochelle, and one from Dieppe, with fifty or sixty men 
on board, sailed to found a settlement at Montreal under the command of De Maisonneuve. 
On the 14th October the ceremony of taking possession of the site was performed. 

1643. — The Iroquois Indians attacked Montreal, and so harassed the settlers along 
the St. Lawrence as to prevent their cultivating the land. 

1645. — The French Company of the Hundred Associates was reorganized. The old 
Company retained its seigneurial rights, and appointed the governors and judges of the 
Canadian settlements, but ceded the profitable fur trade to the settlers, who, in turn, were 
charged with the cost of government and with the maintenance of 100 soldiers. 

1647. — The government of Canada, or New France, was vested in the Governor, the 
Bishop, or, if none were appointed, the Superior of the Jesuits, and the Governor of 
Montreal. They were to name the executive officers of the Colony, and to take cognizance of 
all the affairs of the country. The Syndics of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal were to be 
heard upon questions affecting the interests of the inhabitants. Strangers to the Company 
(of the Hundred Associates) were permitted to pass to Canada only in the Company's ships. 
As a result the population of the Colony remained stationary. 

1650. — The Council of New France sent a priest from Quebec to invite the active 
assistance of the New England Colonies against the Lroquois Indians. The French 
emissary estimated that the United Colonies of New England could place 4,000 men 
in the field. 



1651. — ^M. de LausOD, a firm supporter of the Jeeuita, and i 
Company, arrived at Quebec in October, as. Governor ot New Francs 



mber of the 



1652. — ^The Iroquois Indians attacked the French eettlers at Montreal and at Three 
Eivers, and even threatened Qnebec, capturing any one venturing beyond the shelter of 
the fort. 

1654. — The French populatiou of the whole of Canada was stated to be 3,000, 

1655. — The Acadian settlements were retained by the English under the treaty negotiated 
between Cromwell and Mazarin. 

1656. — Cromwell granted to Thomas Temple, William Crowne, and Do la Tour all 
the country in Nova Scotia, round the Bay of Fundy, and beyond the Penobscot as far as the 
borders ot New England, on condition that the territory was settled by Protestants. 



8ir Thomas Temple purchased from De la Tour his share 
Scotia. 



1 the proprietorship of Nova 



1661. — In the closing months of the year the Iroquois were more than usually trouble- 
some along the hanks of the St, Lawrence, kilhng or capturing in the neighbourhood of tbo 
settlements 180 Frenchmen. Pierre Boucbev was deputed by the colonists to go to France, 
to seek the direct protection of Louis XIV. against the Iroquois, who seemed omnipresent, 
though they numbered only about 2,200 fighting men, 

1662. — Louis XIV. received Boucher jgraciously, and his petition being supported by tbe 
present and preceding Governors of Canada (M. d'.\vangour and M. d'Argenson), the territory 
of New France was incorporated as a royal province of France, and ceased to be under the 
control of the effete and inefficient Compauy of the Hundred Associates. 

Sir Thomas Temple was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia by Charles II., who also 
confirmed him in his proprietary rights, 

1663,— The Company ot the Hundred Associates abandoned their charter to Louis XIV^ 
who created a " Sovereign Council " to be supreme in the new province. New France, or 
Canada, at this date contained only 2,500 French people, of whom 800 dwelt at Quebec, 
which was created a city ; M. de M6sy was appointed Governor. 

Five hundred French settlers arrived in Canada, and were maintained at the King's cost 
for the first year. 

The island ot Montreal with the seigneury and all their rights and responsibilities were 
transferred by the Montreal Company to the Seminary of St, Sulpice. 

Tbe Iroquois Indians sent an embassy to Quebec to treat for peace with tbe French and 
the Algonquine. 

1665. — Dnring the year 600 emigrants reached Canada, as well as the Carignon regiment 
and the staff of tbe Marquis de Tracy, who had been appointed Viceroy of the French trauB- 



205 

atlantic possessions ; the population was thus doubled. As the troops arrived they were set 
to erect tlireo forte upon tlie River Eichelieu, by means o( which the Iroquois had been in the 
habit of approaching the St. Lawrence settlements. M. de Courcelles arrived in September as 
Governor of Canada, and M. Talon as Intendant. 

1666. — In the depth of winter (9th January) M. de Courcelles led an expedition of 600 
troops and Colonists into the country of the Iroquois. Mistaking his way after reaching the 
Hudson Biver, he arrived at the Dutch village of Corlaer (Schenectady), which he found 
occupied by English soldiers. Finding be had failed to surprise the Iroquois, he retraced hia 
steps, losing a score of men in au ambnscade, and many more through cold and privation. 
The Mohawk Indians (one of the Iroquois Nations) renewed their attacks in the summer, and 
a large force of troops under the command of De Tracy marched into their country in the 
autumn, burning their villages and destroying their crops. .\a a result years olapaed before 
the Iroquois again became aggressive. 

1667. — The power of the Mohawks having been broken, the bulk of the French troops 
were ordered borne to France. Upwards of 400 soldiers, however, remained as settlers. A 
considerable number of emigrants were sent oat to Canada at the cost of Louis XIV. " Ab 
this period the institutions were established in Canada, by virtue of which its political life 
was to be carried on for nearly a century." 

Captain Zachary Gilham entered James' Bay (Hudson's Bay), and built Fort Charles at 
the mouth of a river which he named after Prince Rupert. 

1669. — Between 1665 and 1670 "cargoes of young women were regularly shipped " to 
Canada, and were, as a rule, married immediately on their arrival. Premiuma were given to 
adult males upon their marrying, and restrictions were imposed upon those who did not marry. 
In a letter from Colbert to De Courcelles, 9th April, 1670, hs says, " Encourage early 
marriage, so that by the multiplication of children the Colony may have the means of 



Port Nelson, Hudson's Bay, was visited by Captain Newland. 



1670. — Acadia was formally surrendered to the French by Sir Thomas Temple, who in 
vain sought compensation from Charles II. 

The Hudson's Bay Company, composed of English noblemen and gentlemen, witli Prince 
Rupert as president, was granted by Charles II. the territory from Lake Superior westwards. 

1671. — M. de Grandfontaine reported that there were 359 people dwelling at Port Royal, 
and only forty more throughout .Acadia. 

1672. — M. Talon returned to France, having spent seven years in Canada, during which great 
progress had been made by the province in the cultivation of hemp, the manufacture of Canadian 
cloth, the production of soap, the working of tanneries, and the preparation of potash. 
A brewery had been built at Quebec ; two sea-going vessels had been constructed ; and 
M. Talon bad himself directed the clearing of land and the founding of three villages 
near Quebec. He was succeeded by M, Duehesnau as Intendant, and M. de Fronteuac 
succeeded M. de Courcelles as Governor. 



1673.— Fnrt Frontenae, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, was bailt by the Governor 
of Canada. 

1674.--M. de Laval became the first Bishop of Quebec. M. de Frontenae reported 
to Looia XIV. that the population of Canada was O.TO^, and asked for troops, hiit was 
told to drill the inhabitants and rely upon them to furnish a fighting force. 

1679. — At this date the population of Canada {New France) was 9,400. The 
Council was supreme, the principal Colonists only occasionally being consulted or matters 

of trade. 

1680. — The Hudson's Bay Company, having built Fort Hayes at the month of the 
Moose Biver, on the south-west side of James' Bay, and Fort Albany at the mouth of the 
River Albany, sent Captain Draper to the Nelson Biver for purposes of trade, 

1682. — The Canadian Company, ■■ La Compagnie du Nord," composed of traders of 
Quebec and Montreal, fitted out two vessels which sailed to Fort Nelson, where they found 
and drove off a ship belongiag to the Hudson's Bay Company, who were attempting to set up 
a factory at the mouth of the river. 

M. De la Barre was appointed by Louis XIV. as ■■CJovernor of Canada, Acadia, and 
Newfoundland," in place of De Frontenae. 

1684. — M. De la Barre informed the Governor of New York that Senecas and Cayugas 
two of the Five Nations) had attacked Fort Frontenae, and asked that the Colonists of New 
York should not furnish arms and ammunition to those tribes. He advanced to Fort 
Frontenae, made an ignominious peace with the Indians, and was in consequence removed 
from his post by Louis XIV. 

1686. — M. de DenonviUe was appointed Governor of Canada, and French troops were 
sent by Louis XIV. to assist in controlling the Iroquois. The Governor proposed to build 
a stone fort at Niagara, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, to hinder English Colonists 
from reaching the upper lakes, and to restrain the Iroquois. He also recommended that 
Louis XIV. should purchase New York from .fames II. 

Two ships from Quebec captured a vessel belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company in 
Hudson's Straits, and took her and her crew to Quebec, 



1686.— A French force from MontreaJ marched overland and captured the three forts of 
the Hudson's Bay Company situate on James' Bay. 

The French settlements in Acadia contained 858 inhabitants, of whom fiOO dwelt in and 
about Fort Royal. 

1687. — The Hudson's Bay Company presented a petition to James 11., which was aigned 
by "Churchill, Governor " (afterwards the Duke of Marlborough), claiming redress troin the 
French Government, and the restitution of their forts. A conference was in consequence held 
between Sunderland, Middleton, and Godolphin, and the French ambassador, Barilloa. 



CANADA. 207 

M. de Denonville, at the head of 1,600 French troops and Canadian militia, defeated the 
Seneca Indians and ravaged their country. He built Fort Niagara to hinder the English 
from reaching the upper lakes of Canada, and to hold the Iroquois in check. In retaliation, 
the Iroquois attacked Montreal and Fort Frontenac. 

* 

1688. — Although the population of Canada was nearly 12,000, the Iroquois were so 
daring that the French were only safe when within their forts. They made an unsuccessful 
attempt to conclude a peace with the Indians. At the same time they encouraged the 
Abenaki Indians in their attacks upon the scattered settlements in the north of Maine and 
New Hampshire, when nearly 200 English settlers were slain. 

1689. — In revenge for the French attack upon the Senecas, the Iroquois surprised the 
settlement at Lachine, and massacred 200 inhabitants. 

Louis XrV. re-appointed De Frontenac Governor of Canada, with instructions to seize 
Albany, on the Hudson Eiver, and to attack New York, which had but four or five hundred 
inhabitants. 

1690. — An imsuccessful attempt was made by two French ships from Quebec to capture 
the Hudson's Bay Company*s fort on the Nelson River. 

Schenectady (Corlaer), the frontier town of the English settlements, north-west of 
Albany, was surprised by a body of French troops, Canadians, and Indians, and sixty 
men, women, and children were massacred. This treacherous attack was the commencement 
of a policy of slaughter and devastation adopted by the French Canadians towards the 
English settlers in America. Two other English settlements, at Salmon Falls and Fort 
Loyall (Portland) in Maine, were surprised by parties of French and Indians, and their 
inhabitants slain. 

In the meantime, Sir W. Phipps had been sent by Massachusetts against the French 
settlements in Acadia. He captured Port Royal and other smaller forts, and returned 
to Boston, having compelled the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance to England. 

1692. — An English expedition sailed to James' Bay and recovered possession of the 
three forts of the Hudson's Bay Company. 

1694. — A French expedition from Quebec captured the Hudson's Bay forts and trading 
stations. 

1696. — An English fleet recovered possession of the forts in Hudson's Bay. 

1697. — De Frontenac sent a fleet to recapture the Hudson's Bay forts, which was effected 
after a gallant fight with some Enghsh ships. By the Treaty of Ryswick, of the four forts 
built by the Hudson's Bay Company only Fort Albany was restored to them. By the 
same treaty Nova Scotia (Acadia) was restored to France. 

1698. — Death of De Frontenac, Governor of Canada. 



1699. — Da CalliSres waa appointed Governor of Canada, and was aucceoded by 
De Vaiidteuil in 1703, Ths population was about 15,000. 

1710. —Port Koyal (Acadia) was captured by Nicholson in command of a regiment of 
English marines and four regiinents raised by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, 
and Rhode Island, After a week's siege the French garrison (.3.50 men) were allowed 
to march out with the honours of war. The inhabitants within three miles of Port 
Boyal, which was then re-named Annapolis, were to remain unmolested upon their estates, 
during two years, after which they must either take the oaths of allegiance and fidelity, or 
depart, 

1713.— The country around Hudson's Bay and the forts on James" Bay were restored by 
the French to the Company. 

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Acadia), except Cape Breton, were yielded to 
Great Britain. The right to fish and to dry their fish over a specified shore of 
Newfoundland was granted to the French by Article XIII. of the Treaty of Utrecht. Both 
nations were to cease molesting the Indi&n alhes of the other. 

1715. — The French population of Nova Scotia, which was estimated to number 
about 2,500, would neither take the oath of allegiance to the King of Great Britain 
nor leave the country. The Governor suggested that " English labourers, tar and pitch 
makers, carpenters, and smiths" should be sent out to build a royal magazine at Anna- 
polis, and to encourage trade. 

The population of Canada numbered 18,000 of French descent. 

1726. — On the arrival of the Marquis de Beauharnois as Governor the population of 
Canada was found to number 29,396. 

1731. — A small force was sent from Canada to construct a fort at Crown Point, on Lake 
Champlain. 

1734. — The journey from Quebec to Montreal was for the first time made by a wheeled 
vehicle. 

1744. — Under De Beauharnois, who !iad succeeded De Vaudreuil as Governor in 1726, 
every preparation had been made for the inevitable struggle with England. For twenty years 
Louisbourg (on Cape Breton Island) had been continually strengthfued, and was garrisoned 
by about 2,000 men. In 1725 Fort Niagara had been re-built, and in 1731 Crown Point on 
Lake Champlain bad been fortified, in spite of the protests of the Governor of New York, 
The population of Canada was about 50,000. An armed force was sent by the French 
against Annapolis, but failed to capture the town. 

1745. — Admiral Warren, with ten ships of war, and William Pepperell. with 
fifteen ships and 4,000 troops famished by the New England Colonies, besieged the 

fortress of Louisbourg, which was defended by 2,000 French troops and Canadian militia, 
assisted by several ships of war. After seven weeks' siege, the fortress waa surrendered. 



CANADA. 209 

For this service Warren was made Rear- Admiral of the Blue, Pepperell was made a Baronet, 
and both Pepperell and Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts, were commissioned as Colonels, 
and authorized to raise regiments to be on the roll of the regular army, Shirley's regiment 
became the 50th of the line (Queen's Own Royal West Kent), and Pepperell's regiment the 
51st (Yorkshire Light Infantry). By the capture of Louisbourg, the Nova Scotian settlements 
and the sea-ports of New England were secured from attack and the supremacy of the 
British in the North Atlantic was assured. 

1746. — In May the colonial troops handed over the charge of Louisbourg to two English 
regiments which arrived from Gibraltar, and the two American regiments raised by Shirley 
and Pepperell. 

A powerful French fleet left La Rochelle in June, with the object of re-taking Louisbourg 
and of conquering Nova Scotia. It consisted of twenty-one ships of war, and of twenty other 
armed vessels and transports, carrying a land force of 3,150 men. After being scattered by 
storms, only a portion of the fleet reached Chebucto (Halifax), in September. The 
commander-in-chief, the Due d'Anville, died, and upon fever decimating the remnant of the 
forces, the Marquis de la Jonqui^re, who was on his way to take up the Governorship of 
Canada, directed the ships to return to France, although they had effected absolutely nothing. 

1749. — Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was evacuated by the English on 
12th July. A few days earher, the Hon. Edward Cornwallis, who had been appointed 
Governor of Nova Scotia, had arrived at Halifax (then known as Chebucto, but re-named in 
honour of Lord Halifax, the President of the Board of Trade and Plantations), with 2,576 
emigrants, mainly composed of soldiers and sailors, who had been discharged upon the 
conclusion of peace, and of artificers and their families. 

1752. — The Marquis Duquesne was appointed Governor of Canada, and built a fort 
on Lake Erie, and another at the junction of the Ohio and Monongahela rivers, with the 
object of obtaining control of the Valley of the Ohio. 

1755. — In June a force of 2,000 New England troops under Monckton and Winslow cap- 
tured the French forts of Beaus^jour and Gaspereau in the disputed district of Nova Scotia. 
With the aid of these troops, Lawrence (Governor of Nova Scotia) seized 6,004 of the 
Acadians, who numbered in all about 9,300, and deported them to the English Colonies in 
consequence of their still refusing to take the oath of allegiance. 

A force of colonial troops, under the command of William Johnson, a Colonist 
of New York, whom Shirley had created Major-General, on its way to attack the French 
at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, met and defeated a French force from Canada 
under Dieskau near Lake George. The French then fortified Ticonderoga, and the British 
constructed Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George. 

Pierre de Vaudreuil was appointed Governor of Canada in place of Duquesne. 

1756. — Montcalm arrived at Quebec in May, and found that the forces at his disposal 
included 3,000 regular land troops in Canada, and 1,400 at Louisbourg, as well as 2,000 of the 
marine corps of France, and a militia force of Canadians admirably fitted for outpost work 

p 



and irregular warfare. In August, at the head of 3,000 troops and militia, he captured Fort 
Oswego on Lake Ontario, with two smaller forts, and made 1,640 prisoners. 

Sir Willia,m Johnaon, who had been made a Baronet and appointed Agent for Indian 
Affairs, declared to the Lords of Trade that the loss of Oswego placed the Iroquois Indians 
(our only allies) at the mercy of the French, when ■' they wero inchned to it." 

1757.— Montcalm, at the head of 8,000 men {3,000 French troops, 3,000 Canadian 
militia, 200 Artillery, and 1,800 Indians), captured Fort William Henry on 9th August after 
five days" hombardment. The fort was defended by Colonel Monroe with the 33th Regiment 
{600 strong) and 1,700 colonial troops. Montcalm granted the honours of war to the garrison, 
but was unable to restrain the Indians from assaulting thcin and slaying many as they 
marched out of their camp. 

1758. — The siege of Louisbourg was commenced by General Amherst and Admiral Bosca^ 
wen on 4th .June. The three brigadiers were Wolfe, Lawrence, and Wentworth. On the 26th 
July the fortress was surrendered, and Capo Breton Inland passed into the possession of England. 
Prince Edward Island (then known as lie St. Jean) was occupied by the British troops. 

In the meantime Abercrombie, who bad been appointed commander-in-chief in America, 
had attacked Montcalm at Ticouderoga on 8th July, and soffered a severe repulse, losing 
nearly 2.000 men out of a force of over 12,000. Montcalm's force had entrenched itself 
behind a formidable abatis of felled trees, and for four hours the British troops in vain 
assaulted the position. Abercrombie retired to the southern end of Lake George. 

Colonel Bradstreet obtained permission from Abercrombie to attack Fort Frontenac on 
the north shore of Lake Ontario, The fort was weakly defended, and on 27th August it was 
surrendered, and the French lost control of the Lakes, as well as an abondance of stores and 
provisions intended for the posts on the Ohio. Nine armed vessels were also taken, and sixty 
pieces of artillery, besides much booty in the shape of furs and goods for trade with the 
Indians. 

1759, — In June, Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in-chief in 
America, advanced to attack Ticonderoga at the bead of eight regiments of regular troops 
(6,600 men) and 4,fi00 colonial troops. On the 26th July he reached the fort, and found the 
French had blown it up and retreated to Crown Point. \ few days later Crown Point was 
deserted by the French and occupied by the British. 

Sir Wm, Johnson captured Fort Niagara (July 2.5th), which commanded the roate between 
Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and controlled the fur trade with the Indians of the west. 

In July the fleet of Admiral Saunders, with Wolfe and between 8,000 and 9,000 troops on 
board, reached Quebec, which was defended by about 13,000 French troops and CanadiaDS. 
On the 12th July the bombardment of the city commenced, and was continued almost without 
cessation until Wolfe found that bis only chance of capturing the citadel lay in his obtaimng 
command of the plateau in rear of Quebec, known as the Plains of Abraham. Having 
succeeded in reaching the Plains during the early morning of the iiith Septeinber, Wolfe 
was attacked by Montcalm, and, after a brief but desperate struggle, the British bayonets 
and broadswords proved victorious. The number of British troops engaged was about 4,000, 
of French and Canadians about 5,000. The British lost fifty-eight killed including Wolfe, 



CANADA. 211 

and 597 wounded ; the French lost Montcalm and about 1,300 men. Without further fighting 
Quebec capitulated on the 18th September, the Governor of Canada, De Vaudreuil, having 
retreated with the bulk of the defenders to join De Levis, who was holding Montreal. 

1760. — De L^vis, with 7,000 French troops and 3,000 Canadians, marched against 
Quebec. General Murray, with 3,000 troops, advanced to attack the French in the open, 
and was beaten back on 28th April. An English fleet, under Lord Colville, arrived at 
Quebec on 16th May, and De L6vis retreated to Montreal. In August, Amherst reached 
Montreal at the head of 5,600 regular troops and 4,500 colonials. General Murray had 
advanced from Quebec, and De Vaudreuil, finding himself hemmed in and outnumbered, 
capitulated, the French having to lay down their arms and proceed as prisoners to France. 

Amherst, having thus completed the conquest of Canada, assigned the government of 
the country to the three military officers in command at Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal. 

1761. — The military Governors of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers reported that 
the populations under their government numbered 30,211, 24,957, and 6,612 respectively, 
making a total for Canada of 61,780. 

1762. — Vancouver Island and other islands on the Pacific coast of North America 
were discovered. 

The British population of Nova Scotia numbered 8,104. 

1763. — By the Treaty of Paris signed on the 10th February, France ceded to England 
*' Canada with all its dependencies," Cape Breton Island, *' and all the other islands and 
coasts in the gulf and river St. Lawrence " ; England granted *' the liberty of the Catholic 
religion to the inhabitants of Canada," and the right to sell their estates to subjects of 
Great Britain if they preferred to retire from Canada. 

Quebec was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of 
Great Britain. 

The Island of St. John and Cape Breton were added to the government of Nova Scotia. 

1764. — The Quebec Gazette was issued on 21st June. 

1766. — General Carle ton was appointed to succeed General Murray as Governor of 
Quebec Province. 

1769. — The Island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) was separated from Quebec and 
made into a Province. 

1774. — In order to conciliate Canada, the Quebec Act was passed by the British 
Parliament, extending the boundaries of the Province to the Ohio and Mississippi, and 
granting to the French Canadians the full exercise of their religion, the enjoyment of their 
civil rights, and the protection of their own civil laws and customs. The Legislative 
Council was to be appointed by the Crown, but one- third of the members were to be French 
Canadians. The English criminal law was to be substituted for the French. When the 

p 2 



Congress at Philadelphia propoBsd that Canada should join iu their demand for redress 
there was no response. 

1775. — The Americans, under MontRomery, invaded Canada and captured Montreal 
on 12th November, and then besieged Quebec. 

1776. — Quebec was relieved by troops from England, and by June General Carletou 
had driven the Americans out of Canada. 

17tl3. — After the independence of the United States bad been recognized by the Treaty 
of Paris, the United Empire Loyalists began to leave the United States, many thonsands (abont 
40,000 in all) setthng on the banks of the St, Lawrence and on the shores of Ijake Oniarip, 
and in that part of the Colony of Nova Scotia now known as New Brunswick, Land was 
liberally allotted to them by the Governmont, and within a year 10,000 were estimated 
to have settled. 

1784.— In consequence of the numbers of United Empire Loyalists who settled in 
Nova Scotia about the mouth of the Rl. John River (the city of St. John being then founded). 
a portion of the Colony, with n, population of about 11,500, was cut off from it and erected 
into the Province of New Brunswick, by letters patent dated 16th August. Thomas Carleton 
was appointed Captain-General aud Governor-in -Chief. 

The population of Canada was returned at 113,012, which did not include the United 
Empire Loyalists ; the British population of Nova Scotia was 32,000 ; the Acadiane numbering 
another 11, (XH). 



i founded by an act of the Provincial 



17B9.^King'B College, Windsor, Nova Scotia, 
Legislature, 

1791. — Owing to the numbers of Uuited Empire Loyalists who had settled in the upper 
portion of Canada, the Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, each 
of which Provinces was to have a Lieutenant-Governor and a House of Assembly elected by 
the people for four years. 

The population of the two Provinces was 161,000. 

1792.^The Parliament of Upper Canada held its first meeting at Newark (Niagara) 
on 17th September, the House of Assembly consisting of sixteen members. 

The Legislature of Lower Canada WM opened on 17lh December at Quebec, the House 
of .\ssembly consisting of fifty members. 

Vancouver explored the islands off the coast of British Columbia. 



1793.^Stavei-y was aboUshed in 

1796.^The seat of government 
(Toronto), 



179a— The name of He St. Jean was changed to Prir 
the Duke of Kent, the population being 4.A00, 



Upper Canada. 

of Upper Canada was removed from Niagara to York 



3 Edward Island, in liouonr of 



CANADA. 213 

1802. — By a charter, which conferred on it all the privileges of a university, King's 
College, Nova Scotia, became the first colonial university of British origin. 

1803. — Slavery was abolished in Lower Canada. 

1806. — The population of Upper Canada numbered 70,000 ; of Lower Canada, 250,000. 

Le Canadien^ the first Canadian newspaper printed entirely in French, was published 
in November. 

1812. — The United States declared war against Great Britain and invaded Canada. 
The American army, under General Hull, was repulsed by the Canadians under General 
Brock, and forced to surrender at Detroit in August. A second invasion in October ended 
in the defeat of the Americans on Queenston Heights. 

1813. — The Americans captured York (Toronto), and were victorious in a naval battle 
on Lake Erie, but were defeated in the battles of Stoney Creek in June, and of Chateauguay 
and Chrysler's Farm in September. 

1814. — Fighting continued between the Americans and British, who now carried the 
war into American territory. Peace was made at Ghent in December. 

The population of Upper Canada was 95,000 ; of Lower Canada, 335,000. 

1817. — Considerable discontent prevailed in Upper Canada, complaint being made that 
a small group of people (the Family Compact) monopolized all positions of trust and power. 

The banks of Montreal and Quebec were established. 

1818. — A convention was signed in London on 20th October regulating the rights of 
the Americans in the British North American fisheries. 

1821. — The Lachine Canal was commenced, with the object of overcoming the diflficulties 
offered to navigation by the rapids of the St. Lawrence. 

McGill College, Montreal, which had been founded in 1813, was made a University by 
royal charter. 

1824. — The VVel land Canal, to connect Lakes Erie and Ontario, was commenced. 

1827. — The University of Toronto was founded by royal charter, under the name of 
King's College. 

1828.--The College of New Brunswick, founded in 1800 at Fredericton, was incorporated 
by royal charter, under the name of King's College, Fredericton. 

1831. — The population of Upper Canada was 236,000 ; of Lower Canada, 553,000. 

1834. — The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada formulated their grievances in 
the shape of ninety-two resolutions, in which, among other things, they demanded an 
elective Legislative Council. 



314 CANADA. 

1835. — Lord Gosfurd w^s appointed Goveruor-Gtiueral, itiid Sir C. Grey and Sir G. Gipps 
weru associated with him as royal conmiiBsiouerfl to inquire fully into the state of Lower 
Cauada. 

1836.— lu July the first railroad in Canada was opeued Iroui La Prairie to St. Jobu'a in 
Qoebec Frorinca. 

The discontent iu Lower Cauada became so yrave that legislation was completely 
obstructed. 

1837.— On Clh Muroli tlie Impurial House of Commons adopted a series of resolutions, 
which declared it inexpediuiit to comply with the demand ot the Legislative .Assembly of 
Lower Canada for an elective Legislative Council. When the Legislative Assembly of Lower 
Canada met in August it declared the resolutions ot the House ot Commoue to be " a formal 
and total refusal of the reforms and improvements " which the Assembly had demanded. 

Lord Gosford prorogued the Legislature ot Lower Canada on 26th August, aud the 
popular leaders, under the influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, endeavoured to rouse the 
people to take up ai-ma and strike for independence. For a few weeks small bodies of 
insurgents gathered together in Lower Canada, but were easily dispersed by the British 
troops. 

In Upper Canada some 1,600 insurgents enrolled themselves under William Lyon 
Mackenzie, and planned an attack on Toronto ; they were speedily defeated by the militia. 

1838. — By an Act {1 Vict., cap. 9) ptkssed on 10th February, the constitution of Lower 
Cauada was suspended. A Special Council was appointed by Sir John Colborne, Lieutenaut- 
Governor of Upper Canada, who acted as administrator until Lord Durham arrived as 
Goveruor-General and High Commissioneron 31st May. Lord Durham found many ot the 
insui'gents in prison. He secured beforehand the consent of the leaders to their own bauish- 
meut, and by an ordinance of his Council {2bth June), he banished eight of them to the 
Bermudas, and forbade Papineau, George E, Cartier, aud fourteen othere, who were then 
fugitives, from returning to Canada except by permission ot the Governor, 

The action of Lord Durham and his Council in banishing British subjects without a toriu 
ot trial provoked severe criticism in England, and Lord Brougham introduced a Bill into 
ParUament (1 Vict., cap, 112), to indemnity all those who had issued or acted in putting 
into force the ordinance. 

Lord Durham returned troni Canada on 3rd November, leaving Sir J. Colborne and s 
Special Council to administer the affairs of Lower Canada. 

1839. — Lord Durham's Report was published [coniumnicated to Parliament on 11th 
Febmarj', 1839], recommending the legislative union ot the two Provinces of Upper and 
Lower Canada, the surrender of its revenues by the Crown in exchange for a civil Hsi, the 
independence of the judges to be secured, and the establishment of municipal institutions. 

C. Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) was appointed Governor- General of Cauada. The 
Special Council passed an address iu favour of a reunion of the Provinces under one 
legislature as a measure of "indispensable and urgent necessity." Both branches of the 
Legislature of Upper Canada also passed addresses in favour of the union. 



CANADA. 216 

1840. — Lord John Eussell introduced a Bill, entitled *' An Act to re-unite the Provinces 
of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the government of Canada," which received the royal 
assent on 23rd July, and came into operation on 10th February, 1841 (3 and 4 Vict., 
cap. 35). 

By the Union Act responsible government was conferred upon Canada. The legislature 
of the united Provinces was to consist of a Legislative Council, composed of not less than 
twenty members from each Province, who were to be appointed by the Crown, and of a 
Legislative Assembly, composed of eighty-four members, forty-two members to be elected by 
the constituencies of each Province. 

1841. — Lord Sydenham opened the first united Parliament of Canada at Kingston on 
13th June. He informed the Legislature that, in order *' to maintain the utmost possible 
harmony," he had been instructed to call to his counsels and to employ in the public service 
*' those persons who, by their position and character, have obtained the general confidence 
and esteem of the inhabitants of the province." 

The population of Upper Canada numbered 455,688. 

1842. — Sir Charles Bagot succeeded Lord Sydenham as Governor of Canada. 

The boundary between Canada and the United States was adjusted by the Treaty 
signed at Washington on 9th August by Lord Ashburton and Mr. Daniel Webster. 

The last tariff framed by the Imperial Parliament for the British possessions in North 
America came into operation. 

1843. — Sir C. Metcalfe (Lord Metcalfe) was appointed Governor of Canada. 

1844. — The first session of the second Parliament of Canada was opened at Montreal. 
The population of Lower Canada numbered 697,384. 

1845. — Great fires occurred in Quebec, by which 25,000 people were made homeless. 

1846. — Lord Cathcart was appointed Governor. 

** The British Colonies in America were authorized by an imperial statute (9 and 10 
Vict., cap. 94) to reduce or repeal by their own legislation duties imposed by imperial Acts 
upon foreign goods imported from foreign countries into the Colonies in question." 

1847.— Lord Elgin was appointed Governor, and was instructed "to act generally upon 
the advice of his executive council, and to receive as members of that body those persons who 
might be pointed out to him as entitled to be so by their possessing the confidence of the 
Assembly." 

1848. — The St. Lawrence canals were opened for navigation. 

1849. — The Navigation Laws having been repealed by the Imperial Parliament, the 
St. Lawrence was thrown open to vessels of all nations. 

The Parliament buildings at Montreal having been burnt, the Canadian Legislature 
resolved to meet alternately at Toronto and Quebec. 



1h5(),— The first sod o£ the Northern Railway of Canada was turned by Lady Elgin. 

1H5I. — The control of the postal system wan transferred to the Provincial Governments 
of Canada, a uniform rate of posl^age being a3opteil. 

The population of Upper Canada was 932,004 ; of Lower Canada, 890,261 ; of New 
Brunswick, 193,200; and of Nova Scotia, 276.854. 

1852. — The Grand Trunk Hailway of Canada was commenced. 

1853.— The number of membera of the Canadian Legislative Assembly was increased to 
130, each Province sending sixty-five members. 

The Clergy Reserves were secularized by an Act of the Canadian Legislature (18 Vict.. 
cap. 2), existing claims becoming a first charge upon the proceeds of their sale, and the balance 
being divided amongst the municipalities according to population The Seigneurial Tenure in 
Lower Canada was abolished (18 Vict., cap. 3), the Seigneurs being compensated, partly by 
the occupiers, and partly by the State. 

1854. — On the 5th June a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States was signed at 
Washington (to last ten years), providing for the free interchange of the products of the eea, 
the soil, the forest, and the mine, and opening the inshore fisheries of Canada to Americans. 
To Canadians was granted the right to nn.vigate Lake Michigan, and to Americans tlte use of 
the St. Lawrence River and the Canadian canals was permitted on the same terms as to British 



1856. — The Legislative Council of Canada was made an elective chamber. 

1858. — Ottawa became the seat of government of Canada. 

British Columbia and Vancouver Island were formed into separate Colonies. 

A regiment was raised in Canada, which became the 100th of the Line. 

1859, — The Prince of Wales, at Shorncliffe, presented colours to the regiment raisud ill 
Canada. 

1860. —The Prince of Wales visited Canada, and opened the Victoria Bridge over the 
River St. Lawrence, and laid the foundation stone of the Parliament buildings at Ottawft. 

1861,— The population of Upper Canada was 1,396,000; of Lower Canada, 1,111,01)0; 
of New Brunswick, 252,000 ; of Nova Scotia, 331,000 ; of Prince Edward Island, 81,000 ; and 
of Vancouver Island, 3,000. 

Lord Mo nek became Governor of Canada. 

Owing to the dispute with the United States about the arrest of Messrs. Slidell and 
Mason on board the Trent, 3,000 British troops were sent to Canada. 

1863,— The popalation of Upper C&nada having increased more rapidly than that of 
Lower Canada, a demand was made that representation in the legislature should be based on 
population, and matters came almost to a deadlock owing to the division of political parties. 



CANADA. 217 

1864. — ^There having been five changes of the Ministry of Canada between May, 1862, 
and June, 1864, ** a coalition government was formed on the basis of a federal union of all the 
British American provinces, or of the two Canadas in case of the failure of the larger scheme." 
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland were engaged in 
considering a maritime union at the time, and in October a convention of delegates representing 
the six provinces met at Quebec, and, after eighteen days' deliberation with closed doors, 
agreed upon seventy-two resolutions, which form the basis of the Confederation Act of 1867. 

1865. — The seventy-two resolutions were formally submitted to the Legislature of Canada 
in January, and, after debating them from 3rd February to 14th March, both Houses agreed 
to an address to the Queen, praying her to submit to the Imperial Parliament a measure 
** for the purpose of uniting the provinces, in accordance with the provisions of the Quebec 
resolutions." 

The result of a general election in New Brunswick was adverse to the scheme of 
confederation. 

1866. — The Fenians threatening to invade Canada, 10,000 volunteers were called out. 
The Canadian Parliament was opened at Ottawa, and the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. 

Vancouver Island was united to British Columbia. 

A general election in New Brunswick returned a Parliament favourable to the con- 
federation scheme. Nova Scotia also declared in favour of union, on certain conditions. 

The Reciprocity Treaty was terminated by the United States. 

In December sixteen delegates, representing Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New 
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, met at the Westminster Palace Conference, and decided upon 
the terms of confederation. 

1867. — On 12th February *' a Bill for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
Brunswick, and the government thereof, and for purposes connected therewith," was 
introduced into the Imperial Parliament, and on 29th March the Bill received the royal 
assent as *' The British North America Act, 1867 " (30 and 31 Vict., cap. 3). By royal 
proclamation the first of July was named as the day on which the Confederation Act should 
come into operation, on and after which the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
Brunswick were to form one dominion, under the name of Canada. 

Lord Monck was appointed the first Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, under 
the Confederation Act. 

Upper Canada became the Province of Ontario, and Lower Canada the Province 
of Quebec. The Parhament of the Dominion was to consist of the Queen, a Senate 
and a House of Commons; the Senate was to consist of seventy-two members, who 
were to be summoned by the Governor-General ; the House of Commons was to consist 
of 181 members — eighty-two to be elected for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, nineteen for 
Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick — and was not to sit longer than five years; 
and the representation was to be readjusted according to the decennial census returns, on 
the basis of Quebec Province having the fixed number of sixty-five members. 

The Legislature of the Province of Ontario was to consist of the Lieutenant-Governor, 



and of the Legislativt: Assembly ; that of Quebec of the Lieuteuaot-Goveriior, a Legislative 
Council, ancl a Legislative Assembly. The duration of the Legislative Assemblies of Ontario 
and Quebec was not to exceed four years. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick each retained 
the two chambers it had before the Union, And finally, other Colonies were to be admitted 
into the Dominion, on addresses from the Parliament of Canada, and from the Legislatures 
of Buch Colonies. 

The first Parliament of the Dominion was opened on 7th November. 

1868. — In accordance vrith the provisions of an Act passed by the Imperial FarUameut, 
negotiations took place between delegates from Canada and the Hudson's Bay Company, for 
the surrender of the North- West Territory to the Dominion. 

1869, — An agreement was sanctioned by the Domiuior. Parliament by which the territory 
(Rupert's Land) of the Hudson's Bay Company was transferred to the Dominion, the Company 
receiving £300,000, and retaining certain reserves of land and their trading poats- 

The Eed Biver Bebellion broke out among the half-breeds. 

1870. — A body of Fenians ci-ossed the frontier of Quebec in May, but were repulsed by 
the volunteers. 

An armed force, sent from England under Colonel (Lord) Wolseley, reached Fort Garry 
(Winnipeg) in August, and found the rebels had dispersed. 

In July, the Province of Manitoba was formed out of a portion of the North-West 
Territories, and was admitted into the Confederation. 

1871. — The population of the Dominion of Canada was 3,485,761 ; of British Columbia, 
36,224 ; of Prince Edward Island, 94,021 ; of Manitoba, 18,995. 

British Columbia was admitted into the Confederation of British North America. 

1872, — Lord Dufferin was appointed Govern or- General. 

1873,— Prince Edward Island was admitted into the Confederation of British North 
America. 

1875. — The Dominion Government established the Hoyal Military College at Kingston. 

1876. — The Norlh-West Territories were formed into a Province of the Dominion of 
Canada. 

The Intercolonial Railway from Quebec to Halifax was opened. 



1877. A great fire broke out in St. John's, New Brunswick. 

The Halifax Fisheries Commission tbwarded the sura of $5,600,000 to bo paid by the 
United States to Canada. 

1878. — Lord Iionie was appointed Governor- General. 



CANADA. 219 

The Parliament of Canada, in an Address to the Queen, prayed that such British 
possessions in North America (other than Newfoundland) as were not included in the 
Dominion, might be annexed to Canada. 

1879. — The Dominion Parliament adopted a protective tariff under the style of a 
National Policy. 

1880. — ^By an order in council (31st July) all British possessions in North America 
(other than Newfoundland), not previously included in Canada, were annexed to the 
Dominion. 

On 21st October the contract was signed for the construction' of the Canadian Pacific 
Eailway. 

1881. — The population of the Dominion numbered 4,324,810. 

Ontario contained 1,923,000 inhabitants ; Quebec, 1,359,000; Nova Scotia, 440,000; New Brunswick, 
321,000; IMnce Edward Island, 108,000; Manitoba, 65,000; British Columbia, 49,000; and the 
Territories, 56,000. 

On 2nd May the Canadian Pacific Railway was commenced. 

1882. — Four Provisional Districts (Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca) 
were formed out of a portion of the North- West Territories of Canada. 

1883. — Lord Lansdowne was appointed Governor-General. 

1885. — An offer of military assistance in the Soudan was made by Canada to the Imperial 
Government. 

Louis Kiel having again raised a rebelhon in the North- West Territory was captured and 
hanged for high treason. 

The Fishery Clauses of the Treaty of Washington were terminated by the United States. 
The Canadian Pacific Eailway was completed. 

1886. — The first through train on the Canadian Pacific Railway left Montreal on 28th 
June with warlike stores transferred from Quebec to Vancouver. 

The seizure by the Canadian authorities of American vessels for illegal fishing in the 
Bay of Fundy was followed by reprisals by the Americans. 

1887. — The mails between Great Britain and Japan were despatched by way of the 
Canadian Pacific Railway. 

The railway bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine was completed. 

In November, a Fisheries Commission was appointed to settle the disputes between 
Canada and the United States. 

1888. — The Fisheries Treaty, signed at Washington in February, was rejected by the 
Senate of the United States in August. 

Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed Governor-General. 



221 



CAPE COLONY. 



NAMED after its principal headland, this Colony is bounded on the west and south by the 
Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the Orange River ; on the north-east by 
the Orange Free State and Basutoland ; and on the east by Natal and Pondoland. Its area 
is estimated at 221,311 square miles, including 430 square miles at Walfish Bay in 
Damaraland. 

The Parliament of Cape Colony consists of a Legislative Council of twenty-two members 
elected for seven years, and of a House of Assembly of seventy-six members elected for five 
years. Both Houses are elected by the same voters, who in 1891 numbered 73,816. 



Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture (exclu- 
sive of 4). 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 

£ 

742,443 
1,063,482 


6. 

Imports. 


6. 

Exports. 


7. 

Public Debt 


1871 
1881 
1890 


582,582 

720,984 

1,527,224» 


£ 
836,174 
2,999,903 
4,430,050 


£ 
764,915 
4,788,245 
3,864,014 


£ 

3,107,838 

9,787,140 

10,106,466 


£ 

3,585,996 

8,600,310 

10,285,553 


£ 
1,546,957 
13,261,809 
23,748,921 



• Preliminary figures of Census of 1891. Races: European, 376,987; Malay, 13,907; Kaffir, 608,456 ; Fingo, 
2*29,680 ; Hottentot, 60,338 ; mixed, 247,806. 

1486. — Bartholomew Dias with two ships doubled the Cape of Good Hope and anchored 
in Algoa Bay, beyond which his crews refused to go more than two or three days' sail. Then 
returning he discovered the Cape, which he named Cabo Tormentoso, but which King John 
re-named Cabo de Boa Esperan^a. 

1497. — Vasco da Gama sailed from the Tagus on 8th July with four vessels. After four 
months' voyage he reached a bay (120 miles north of the Cape), which he named St. Helena 
Bay. On the 20th November he doubled the Cape of Good Hope. 

1603.— On his way to India, Antonio de Saldanha anchored in Table Bay, and ascended 
Table Mountain, to which he gave its name. 

1510. — D'Almeida, Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East, returning from 
India, landed at Table Bay and was slain with many of his men in a fight with the natives. 



222 TAPE COLONY. 

1579.— Thomas Stevens, an English prieab in the service of Portngal, was wrecked near 
the Cape of Good Hope on his way to Goa, and wrote the first account of it recorded in 
English by an eye-witness. Continuing liis voyage, Stevens was the first Englishman 
to visit India, 

1S80. — Francis Drake on bis way borne sighted the Cape on 18th June, " a most stately 
thing, and the fairest cape we saw in the whole circumference of the earth." 

1591. — George Baymond's fleet of three vessels, the first English ships to harbour on 
the South African coast, put into Table Bay at the end of July. The Mcrcliant Iloyal was 
sent back home, being weak-handed, in August, and the Penelope, with Raymond on board, 
foundered on the 12th September, four days after sailing from Table Bay. The Edward Bon- 
adventure, under Captain James Lancaster, reached India safely. 

1598. — The Dutch ship Lion, with John Davis on board, called at Table Bay, when 
thirteen sailors were slain by Hottentots in Table VaJley. 

1601. — The first fleet of the London East India Company, commanded by James 
Lancaster, arrived at Table Bay after a voyage of 140 days. After seven weeks' rest they 
resumed their voyage to India, having obtained osen and sheep from the Hottentots. 

Two vessels of the Dutch fleet, returning from India under Van Caerden, called in at and 
named Mossel Bay, Flesh Bay, and Fish Bay. 

1605. — Sir Edward Micbelburne and Captain John Davis, in the Ti'jer (240 tons), put 
into Table Bay in April, on their way to the Indies. 

1610, — Pieter Both, who had been appointed the first Governor-General of Netherlands 
India, and had sailed from the Tesel in January, was separated hy a storm from the rest of 
his fieet, and took refuge in Table Bay, where he was found by Captain Downton, in the 
Peppercorn, in July. 

1611. — The Dutch skipper, Isaac le Maire, called at Table Bay in May, and left his sou 
Jacob and some seamen, who resided for several months in Table Valley. Their object wu 
to kill seals on Robben Island, and to harpoon whales. An attempt was also made to open 
up a trade (or hides with the Hottentots. 

1616.— The ABsenibly of Seventeen, the governing body of the Netherlands East India 
Company, resolved (Tth August) that its outward-bound fleets should always put into Table 
Bay to refresh the crews. But no attempt was made to explore the country. 

1620. — In July a fleet of four ships, belonging to the English East India Coiiipany, the 
London, Hart, Roebuck, and Eaijle, under the command of Andrew Shillinge, put into Table 
Bay on its way to the Persian Gulf, They found one English and nine Dutch homeward- 
bound vessels. Siiortly alter the departure of the Dutch vessels, a second English fleet, bound 
for Bantam, arrived in t lie Bay, under the coniu'ftnd of Humphrey FitKherbert. The two 
captains decided that Table Bay was a suitable site on which to erect a fort to serve &» 



CAPE COLONY. 223 

** a place of refreshment " for the East India fleets, and proclaimed English sovereignty over 
the adjacent coimtry, hoisting the English flag on the Lion's Bump, which they named King 
James' Mount. Possession, however, was not maintained. 

1649. — Two Dutchmen, Leendert Janssen and Nicholas Proot, who had been wrecked in 
the Haarlem in Table Bay, and had spent five months in Table Valley before being taken off 
by the fleet returning from the Indies, on their return to Holland reported very favourably on 
the climate, soil, and attitude of the natives. 

1650. — In consequence of Janssen and Proofs report, the Directors of the Dutch East 
India Company decided to establish a victualling station for their fleets in Table Valley. 

1651. — The Dutch East India Company ordered three ships (the Droniedaris, an old- 
fashioned Indiaman, the Beiger, a smaller vessel, and the yacht Goede Hoop) to be fitted out 
to take out settlers to the Cape of Good Hope. Jan van Riebeek, who had been a surgeon in 
the Company's service, was selected as Governor. His wife and two nieces, who both 
afterwards married in South Africa, and other women, were among the settlers. On 24th 
December, escorted by a large fleet of merchantmen, the expedition for Table Bay sailed fro 
Texel. 

1652. — The three ships under the command of Van Riebeek arrived at Table Bay on 
6th April, after a quick passage of 104 days from Texel. A fort was at once commenced. 
On 24th April, Van Riebeek and his family took up their residence in a rudely-built dwelling 
close to the beach. On 28th May, the 116 colonists, all being servants of the Netherlands 
East India Company, were left to their own resources, the ships resuming their voyage to 
Batavia. Great sufferings were endured during the rainy season, after which the cultivation 
of the Company's garden was commenced, and the sick speedily recovered their health. 

Many ships reached Table Bay in an almost disabled condition, owing to their crews suflferirg from scurvy. 
A ])assage between Holland and the Cape made in less than four months was considered quick. A rewanl 
of £50 was bestowed on the officers of every ship reaching Batavia within six months of leaving Texel, 
and the Capo was estimated to be two-thirds of the voyage out. 

1654. — Peace with England allowed the Dutch to send out numerous ships to the East, 
and as many as twenty-one vessels bound for the Indies put into Table Bay. Van Riebeek, 
having obtained an abundance of sheep and cattle from the Kaapman Hottentots, was able to 
supply the ships with fresh meat, as well as with vegetables, which had grown plentifully in 
the Company's garden. 

1655.— The colonists at the Cape of Good Hope obtained several hundred cattle and 
sheep in barter for copper with the Hottentots. During the year twenty-three Dutch and 
two Enghsh vessels called at Table Bay for fresh provisions, which were supplied by the 
colonists. 

1656. — The Dutch colonists at the Cape built a large hospital for the sick sailors and 
soldiers landed from the ships on their w^y to and from the East. By this time *' nearly 
every garden plant of Europe and India was cultivated at the Cape . . . except potatoes and 
maize. . . . Fruit trees of many kinds had been introduced. Young oaks and firs were sent 



324 

growing in boxes from Europe. Various kinds of vinee from the Rhine Provinces And trnm 
France were sent out in t)ie same way. Horses from Java, pigs, sheep (rams and evras from 
the beat flc»ckR in Holland), dogs, and rabbita from Europe " had also heen sent out hj the 
enterprising Directors of the Netherlaade East India Company. As many as thirtj'-five 
iJutch vessels, five English, and four French put into Table Bay. and obtained plentiful 
supplies of fresh meat and v^etablee. 

1S57. — In February ground was allotted to the first burghers in South Africa. Permisston 
had been given by the Directors of ibe Company to such of their servants and officials at the 
Cape ae chose to become independent farmers to do so. Nine men were released from the 
Company's service, and, having divided into two parties, began to grow wheat and tobacco, 
as well as vegetables, in addition to breeding cattle, pigs, and ponltrj'. The chief con- 
ditions were that the coloniats were to have full possession of as much land as they coold 
bring under cultivation in three years, during which time they were to be free from taxes ; 
after that date they were to pay a reasonable land tax. 

165ft. — The Dutch extended the cultivation of the vine beyond Table Valley, Van Riebeek 
himself setting out 1,200 cuttings on a farm beyond Rondebosch, afterwards known as Wynberg. 
The farmers (free burghers) were ordered to plant maize freely. Several mechanics in the 
service of the Company at the Cape took out free papers, and began to cultivate the land : 
but the Directors stated that they found it difficult to induce " industrious farming peopit 
emigrate to a country of which nothing beyoud the name was known," 



H 



1659. —The Kaapman Hottentots, becoming jealous of the growing settlement at the Cl 
harassed the farmers, and stole their cattle. The Dutch attempted reprisals, but were unable 
to overtake the natives. They, therefore, imported horses from Java, and established a 
mounted patrol to guard the frontier. 

1660. — The Kaapmaus made overtures for peace, and Van Riebeek, declaring he would 
hold possession of the Compnny's territory by the sword, undertook to punish severely any 
European wronging the natives. 

A French ship being wrecked at the Cape, thirty-five of her crew, who were Hiigoenots. 
entered the Dutch Company's service. 

IGGl.— An exploring party of Dutchmen from the Cape settlement first encountered the 
Namaqiias, whom they found to be superior in physique and manners to the Cape Hottentots, 
and of a friendly disposition. 

1663. — Zacharias Wagenaar. who bad served as a merchant under the Netberlaoda 
East India Company, was appointed to succeed Van Riebeek as Governor o( the settle- 
ment at the Cape of Good Hope. On the Tth May, Van Riebeek and his family sailed 
for Batavia. During the ten years' government of Van Riebeek, the average number of the 
Company's ships that had put into Table Bay each year had been Iwenty-fi^-e, having 
on board an average number of 200 men, thus making about 5,0(X) visitors to the settlonenl 
each year, who greatly benefited from its estabUshmeDt. The Javanese horses had increased 



CAPE COLONY. 225 

to over forty, enabling eighteen mounted men to patrol the border districts. There was a 
good supply of homed cattle, sheep, and pigs. ** Every farmer had at least twelve working 
oxen and six cows ; every one whose wife had arrived from Europe had at least twelve cows ; 
.... their stock was the choicest in the country. Each had his little freehold farm marked 
out, and beyond the agricultural lands the whole open country was common pasturage." 

The native clans at that time known to the Dutch were supposed to number from forty- 
five to fifty thousand souls. 

Van Riebeek was placed in charge of the Company's establishment at Malacca until 1665, and subsequently 
became Secretary of the Council of India. 

1665. — ^The Directors of the Dutch East India Company resolved to construct a strong 
stone fortress in Table Valley to defend their settlement at the Cape. They instructed 
Governor Wagenaar to detain 300 soldiers from passing ships, and to employ them in 
preparing materials. 

An unsuccessful attempt was made by Wagenaar to capture the Eoyal Charles, 
an English East Indiaman, which, ignorant that war had broken out, had put into 
Table Bay on her way home from Surat. 

1666. — Van Quaelberg was appointed to succeed Wagenaar as Commander of the Cape 
settlement. He left Holland on 19th December, 1665. Owing to the war with England, the 
ship he was in sailed round the British Islands, and did not reach South Africa until 
25th August, 1666. On her passage out 110 sailors and soldiers died, and when she reached 
Table Bay not a single person on board was in sound health. 

A fleet of twelve ships, equipped by the French East India Company, and under 
the command of the Viceroy of the French possessions in the East, put into Table Bay, and 
received every assistance from Van Quaelberg. 

1667. — News reached the settlement that the Dutch were supreme at sea, and had burnt 
the English shipping in the Thames. It was not considered necessary to proceed with the 
building of the castle, upon which nearly 300 men had been employed for a year and 
nine months without completing even one of its five points, owing to the scarcity of timber. 

1668. — Commander Borghorst was appointed to succeed Van Quaelberg, who was 
dismissed by the Council of Seventeen, sitting at Amsterdam, for having furnished the 
French fleet with stores kept at the Cape for the Dutch Indiamen. 

1669. — Experienced miners and assayers were sent from Europe by the Directors of the 
Dutch East India Company, to search for metals in the neighbourhood of the Cape. 
Although they searched for several years they were finally disappointed. 

The free burghers were formed into a company of militia, numbering eighty-nine. 

1670.— Pieter Hackius was appointed Commander of the Cape settlement. A French 
East India fleet, on its way to the East, put into Table Bay, but was refused stores and fresh 
provisions. 



226 CAPE COLONY. 

1671. — During the ten years from Jaauary, 1662, to December, 1871, 370 of ihe Dutch 
East India Company's ships called at Table Bay and obuincd supplies. Twenty-aix French 
nine Eugliah, find two Danish ships also anchored in the Bay. It was estimated that over 
7,000 strangers thus visited the Cape yearly, and benefited (rem the establishment of the 
station. A garrison of 300 men was noaintained in Table Valley, and the burgher mihtia 
now numbered 100, many being mounted on Javanese ponies. 

1672. — The Dutch at the Cape formally purchased from the Hottentots " the whole 
district of the Cape, including Table, Hout, and Saldanha bays, with all the lands, rivers, and 
forests therein," in exchange for goods and merchandise to the value of 4,000 reals of 
eight (£800), although it was stated in a despatch to the Directors that the value of the goods 
actually transferred by the Dutch was £2 IGs. 5d. 

Governor Goskc arrived at the Cape in October, and found the European population 
consisted of sixty-four burghers (thirty-nine of whom were married), sixty-five children, filty- 
three Dutch men-servants, and about 370 servants and Roldiera of the Company, "The 
Cape castle is the frontier fortress of India,"' wrote the Directors, and Governor Gosli^ 
was authorized to land from passing ships as many men as be might require to work 
upon the castle, which was again proceeded with. 

Four vessels were fitted out at the Cape and were sent to attack the English victualling 
station at St. Helena, 

1676. — Governor Gosk^ left the Cape settlement. He had made considerable progress 
in the building of the castle, and had established an out-station and form at Hottentots 
Holland. He was succeeded by Johan Bax, who directed two unsuccessful expeditious 
composed of about a hundred Dutch and some friendly natives against the Bushmen, who had 
slain several burghers. 

1678. — A tew Dutch farmers advanced beyond the Cape peninsula, and began to farm 
sheep and cattle at Hottentots Holland. 

1679. — Simon van der Stel was appointed Commander of the Cape settlement (12th 
October, 1679, to 1st June, 1691), and took out with him his four sons. He found that the 
castle had been completed, the moat only remaining uufiuished, and that the garrison had 
been reduced upon the conclusion of peace with England. 

1680.— Commander van der Stel founded the settlement at Stellenbosch, having induced 
eight families to leave the settlement at the Cape by an offer of as much land as they conld 
coltivate in the Stellenbosch valley. The cultivation of tobacco alone was prohibited. 

1681.— During the ten years from January, 1672, to December 1681, 344 Dutch East 
Indiamen, eleven English, ten Danish, and throe French ships put into Table Bay. 

Fresh settlers at Stellenbosch raised an abundant harvest of wheat, suEBcieut to supply 
the soldiers and burghers at the Cape with fresh bread for several months, instead of iheir 
customary (are of rice and biscuits. 



CAPE COLONY. 227 

1682. — Several Dutch farmers from Wynberg and Rondebosch were attracted to Stellen- 
bosch by the abundant crops raised, but in this year a plague, in the form of '' prodigious 
swarms of small insects which nearly destroyed the crops/' threatened the extinction of the 
settlement. 

A court of *' heemraad," to settle trivial disputes between the burghers of the new district, 
was established. It was composed of four of the chief settlers, who held office for two years, 
but were unpaid. 

Ryklof van Goens, the Governor-General of Net^ierlands India, landed at the Cape on his 
way to Europe. To encourage the growth of grain, he relieved the burghers from tithes for 
two years. 

1683. — The first school at Stellenbosch was opened. The children were taught reading, 
writing, and arithmetic, and on Saturdays the boys over nine years of age were drilled in the 
use of arms. 

1684. — The crops gathered by the burghers at the Cape were so abundant that grain was 
for the first time exported from the settlement, a small quantity being sent to India. 

At this date the evils resulting from the officials of the Dutch East India Company supplementing their 
salaries by private trade had become so gross, that the Assembly of Seventeen appointed a commission of 
three members to examine into their affairs in India and the East. The chief commissioner was 
Hendrik van Rheede tot Drakenstein, who was endowed with the fullest power and authority. 

1685. — The High-Commissioner Drakenstein, on his way to the East, enlarged the 
governing body at the Cape — ** the Council of Policy " — so as to consist of eight members, 
viz. : — The commander as president, the secunde, the two military officers of highest rank, 
the fiscal, the treasurer, the chief salesman, and the garrison book-keeper. He placed 
Stellenbosch under a landdrost, who was also to supervise the Company's farms and out- 
stations. He also granted to the government officers land to farm, and permitted them to 
sell their produce to the Company on the same terms as the burghers. Van der Stel selected 
a farm at Wynberg, which he named Constantia. When the High Commissioner had sailed 
for India, van der Stel set out on a journey of exploration to Namaqualand. 

1686. — To stimulate settlement at the Cape, the Directors of the Dutch Company offered 
free passages and free grants of land to emigrants from the Netherlands, requiring them to 
take an oath of allegiance to the States General, to the Prince of Orange, and to the East 
India Company. They also sent out small parties of girls from the Orphan Homes of 
Amsterdam and Rotterdam, who were married to the most prosperous of the Cape 
burghers. 

At the new settlement of Stellenbosch a yearly fair was established in October, during 
which the drilling of the militia took place. 

The Council of Policy passed a Eesolution calling upon all persons to produce their title- 
deeds and leases to be copied into '' a strong book, and authenticated by the Secretary." 
** From this date a record of titles has been kept ; " but as " title-deeds were never issued 
until the ground was properly surveyed, and this was sometimes delayed thirty years after it 
was allotted .... the records are nearly valueless as means of tracing the progress 

of immigration." 

Q 2 



OAPB OOIiOHy, 

1687 .^A new Bettletnent of farmera along the Berg Eiver was formed by Commander 
Tftn der Btel, and named Draken stein. 

Bimon'a Bay waa BUireyed, and named after van der Stel. 

1688. — A nnmber of Huguenot refugees (176) were sent out to the Cape as emigrarits by 
the Dutch East India Company, and were located at Stellenboach. Drakenstein, and French 
Hoek, in such a manner as to be readily absorbed among the Dutch settlers. 

1689. — To improve the breed of horses at the Cape, the Dutch East India Company 
imported stud horses from Persia. Spanish rams were also sent to cross with the sheep of 
South Africa. 

Two French ships from Pondicherry put into Table Bay for refreshment, and were 
captured by the Dutch. 

1690. — In consequence of the prosperous condition of the settlement at the Cape, the 
Directors of the Dutch East India Company promoted Commander van der Stel to the 
rank of Governor. 



1691. — The colonists at the Cape numbered over a thousand, and possessed nearly 
300 horses, over 4,000 cattle, nearly -50,000 sheep, and 200 goats. They had over ha1f-a- 
million vines bearing, and hai-vested good crops of wheat, rye, and barley. 

The number of ships that put into Table Bay between 1683 and 1691 was 424, of 
which 339 were Dutch, forty-aix English, twenty-three French, thirteen Danish, and only 
three Portuguese. 

1698. — A new hospital was built in Table Valley, mainly to accommodate the sick crews 
of ships as they arrived at the Cape. 

In 1093 a vessel arrived from Texel -nith every one of 120 lurviirirB lick, harmg lost 131 men on lier paang* 
out. Iq leni oDoIlier sliip arrived witb only aixtecn Bound men anil eighty-three invoUde, baring \tmt 
sixty of her crew. In 16B5 a Dutch H'Cet of oleven ships arrived with 678 menanaliie to wslk, having 
loat 226 oti the passage ont. In 1S6S a ship rcncheil tlie Cape from Flushing with four sound mea and 
ISSaick, ninety-three hsiVing died on the voyagt. 



1699. — Wilhem van der Stel was appointed Governor at the Cape in place of hia father, 
who had petitioned the Directors to be allowed to retire, and who spent the rest of his life at 
his Constantia estate, rearing cattle and in the pursuit of agriculture. 

From 1692 to 1699, 435 ships put into Table Bay. of which 293 were Dutch Indiftmen. 
113 English, oiueteen Danish, and ten French. 



1706. — A memorial from several of the chief burghers was sent to the Assembly of Seven- 
teen, complaining of the conduct of Governor van der Stel, who bad taken to farming on a 
large scale for hie own benefit. 

1707.— Louis van Assenburgh was appointed Governor at the Cape m place of van der 
Btel, and the latter's estate was resumed possession of by the Dutch Company, who forbade 



GAPE COLONY. 229 

their servants to own or lease land in the Colony, or to trade directly or indirectly in com, 
wine, or cattle. The burghers were expressly admitted to have the same rights as if they were 
living in the Netherlands. 

1711. — Governor van Assenbnrgh died at the Cape. 

1713. — One-fourth of the Europeans living in Table Valley died from small-pox, which 
had been conveyed by patients returning from India. The out-settlers also suffered, while 
whole kraals of natives were destroyed. 

Colonel Mauri ts P. de Chavonnes, who had commanded an infantry regiment in the 
army of the States-General, was appointed Governor at the Cape. 

1715. — Marauding Bushmen having driven off 700 sheep belonging to a Dutch farmer of 
Drakenstein, the &:st colonial commando of thirty mounted burghers took the field in 
pursuit. 

During the fifteen years from January 1st, 1700, to December Slst, 1714, 1,007 ships put 
into Table Bay ; of these 683 were Dutch, 280 English, thirty-six Danish, six French, and 
two Portuguese. 

1722. — A terrible gale in Table Bay wrecked ten vessels lying there at anchor, on 
June 10th. Six hundred and sixty lives were lost, with property to the value of a quarter of 
a million sterling. 

In the ten years 1715-1724, Table Bay was visited by 645 Dutch, 192 English, ten Danish, 
seventeen French, four Portuguese, and three Flemish ships. 

On the death of de Chavoimes in 1724, Jan dc la Fontaine acted as Governor at the Cape until February, 
1727, when Pieter Noodt was installed as Governor. On his death in 1729, de la Fontaine became 
Governor until August, 1737. 

1744. — The Dutch colonists at the Cape had continued to prosper, and the farmers had 
taken possession of vast tracts of new country in the interior, and laid them out in cattle runs 
of not less than 5,000 acres in extent. The Governor-General, van Imhof, on his visit to the 
Colony, endeavoured to check this movement, which he considered would turn the colonists 
into a body of half-barbarous nomads. He also selected a site on the southern shore of 
Simon's Bay for a station, and a magazine and hospital were built to accommodate the crews 
of ships unable to find shelter in Table Bay. 

On the retirement of Jan de la Fontaine in 1737, Adriaan van Kervel became Govenior, but died within a 
few weeks of his appointment. For nearly two years Daniel van den Henghel acted as Governor, when 
the decision of the Assembly of Seventeen removed him in favour of Hendrik Swellengrebel, who was 
installed in April, 1739, and retired in February, 1751. 

Between 1725 and 1738 there called at Table Bay, 868 Dutch vessels, ninety -one English, twenty-seven 
Danish, nineteen French, one Portuguese, and one Flemish. Between 1738 and 1750 the Dutch ships 
calling at Table Bay numbered 640, the English 193, the Danish twenty, and the French twenty-three. 
Simon's Bay, however, began to be used as a port of call by the Dutch vessels in 1742, and seventy-seven 
of the Company's ships put into that harbour before the end of 1750. 

1748. — Admiral Boscawen put into Table Bay in April, with twenty-six men-of-war and 
transports, on his way to India to recover Madras and restore the power of England. The 
troops were landed and drilled for some weeks, as many of them were newly recruited. 



1750. — The bargher eouncilloi's at the Cape advisoil tli.il tree exportaliou of their pro 
to all couiiti'it'n should be permitted, in order to induce adilitioual colonists to settle thera.1 

Ryk Tulbftgli. who had lived at the Cape since 1716, waa appointed Governor of il 
settlement by the Directors, in conforaiitj with the request of the Council of Policy, 

175a. — The Europeans at the Cape kept the sth April as a day of thanksgiving forfl 
undisturbed posuession of the Colony by the Company for a hundred years. 

1755.— The settlement was again visited by small-pox, and in Table Valley betw 
May and October 963 Europeans and 1,109 blacks died of tlie disease. 

Governor Tulbagb promulgated certain sumptuary laws regulating the use 
umbrellas, silk dresses, embroidery, and ornaments. The number of servants and horwN 
that each rank might own was also fixed, and penalties were imposed on those iufriD| 
the laws. 



d l^n 



1759. ^A fleet of seventeeji French men-of-war and transports with troops arrived 
the Cape from Mauritius for the purpose of obtaining provisions. The farmers bad previously 
been much depressed owing to a considerable falling off in the number of ships that called 
in for refreshment, only twelve foreign ships having put into the Bay in 1756 and 1757. 

1760.^In consequence of the action of Clive, the Directors of the Dutch East India 
Company ordered the authorities at the Oape to refuse a!i supplies to English ships touching 
there, as far as existing treaties would allow. 

1761. — Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English astronomers, being delayed 
on their voyage to Bencoolen to observe the transit of Venus, decided to make their 
observations at the Cape. This they succeeded in doing on the 6th June. As matten 
hod been amicably settled between England and the United Provinces, Ryk Tulbagb 
the Englishmen all the assistance in his power. 

1764,— Lord Clive, on his way to India, lauded at the Cape in December, and 
received by Governor Tulbagb witli all possible honour. Government House was pli 
bis disposal as the guest of the Company, and he was provided with a military guard. 

1767. — About this date the town in Table Valley began to be known to strangers 
Dame of Capetown, though the Dutch Colonists still called it the Cape. 

1769. — A commission was appointed by the Council of Policy at the Cape to lay down a 
permanent boundary between the distriotB of Stellenboach and Swellendam, and to Inspect 
the outlying farms and the frontier of tho Colony. They reported that many Colonists were 
found with targe herds of cattle between the Gamtooa and Fish Bivers who were not paying 
rent to the Company, 




1770. — A Spanish ship of war put into Table Ray and was refused all supplies exot 
water and fuel, as Spain was prohibited by the Treaties of Munster and Utrecht from seat 
vessels to India vid the Cape of Good Hope. 



CAPE COLONY. 231 

The Council of Policy ordered that the Bruintjes Hoogte range and the Gamtoos River 
should be observed as the colonial boundary, and that all Colonists then beyond those limits 
should retire within the boundary. 

1772. — During the twenty-one years 1761-1771 the ships that called at Table Bay, or 
Simon's Bay, numbered 1,472, of which 1,067 belonged to the Dutch East India Company, 
182 were English, 158 French, forty-four Danish, fifteen Swedish, four Prussian, one Portu- 
guese, and one Spanish. 

1774. —Van Plettenberg, who had acted as Governor at the Cape since the death of 
Ryk Tulbagh in 1771, was formally appointed Governor by the Prince of Orange on the 
nomination of the Directors of the Company. 

1775. — Many Dutch farmers continued to settle beyond the boundary of the Colony, 
and in order to secure payment of rent from them to the Company, the Council of Policy 
extended the eastern boundary of Stellenbosch to the Fish Biver, and of Swellendam to the 
Bushman's Biver (11th July). 

1779. — The burghers of Cape Colony petitioned the Directors of the Company for a 
redress of their grievances, complaining of the arbitrary conduct of Governor van Plettenberg, 
and of the corruption and exaction of the officials; they also asked for a reform of the 
court of justice, for a definition of their rights and privileges, and for the establishment of a 
printing-press, and finally, for the concession of a limited right to export their produce. 

Captain Gordon, second in command of the Dutch garrison at the Cape, in company 
with Lieutenant Paterson, an English traveller, explored the great river to the north of 
Cape Colony for some thirty or forty miles from its mouth, and named it the Orange River 
in honour of the Stadtholder. 

The Colonists on the eastern border of Cape Colony came into conflict for the first time 
with the advanced clans of the Kosa Kaffirs. 

1780. — The Kosa Kaffirs invaded the Colony in such numbers that Adriaan van 
Jaarsveld was given military authority over the whole of the border farmers, and instructed 
to drive back the Kaffirs across the Fish River. 

From 1772 to the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Holland in 1780, Table Bay was visited by 
418 Dutch, 192 French, 169 English, forty-one Danish, sixteen Sj^nish, nine Portuguese, seven Swedish, 
and three Austrian ships ; and Simon's Bay by eighty-five English, forty-seven Dutch, forty -six French, 
seventeen Danish, six Swedish, and one Austrian ship, all requiring fresh provisions, the sale of which 
largely benefited the Colonists. 

1781. — A fleet of forty-six vessels under Commodore George Johnstone, including nine 
men-of-war, and having 3,000 troops on board, sailed from Spithead in March, with the 
object of seizing the Cape of Good Hope. While taking in fresh water at St. Jago, a French 
fleet, under De Suflren, surprised the English ships, and a fierce engagement was fought. 

On 31st March a French frigate arrived in Table Bay bearing the news that war 
had been declared by Great Britain against the United Provinces, which were in alliance 
with France. The militia of the Colony numbered over 3,000 men, but they were scattered over 
an area of nearly 100,000 square miles, and were engaged in constant warfare on the borders 



with the Bushmen, and now were repelling an invasion of Kaffirs, whoi 
drove out of the Colony by July. 

In June, De SuSren's fleet reached Cape Colony, having outsailed the Knglisb fleet, and 
landed two regiments to aasist in defending the Colony. 

17U2. — Fresh charges were made by the burghers against the Cape officials, and the 
Directors instructed the Cape government to allay the diBconteot of the burghers without 
specifying any coQcessious to be made. 

In May the garrison of the Cape was strengthened by the arrival of the Luxemhorg 
regiment, which bad been rused in France in the pay of the Dutch East India Compacy. 

17*3.— The Directors of the Dutch East In^a Company decided that the complainant 
burghers did not represent the whole body of burghers at the Cape, and that the charges 
against the officials had not been proved. They recommended that uo changes in the 
commercial regulations of the Colony should be made until a general European peace 
prevailed. They reconstituted the high court of justice at the Cape, but would not allow an 
appeal to be made to the supreme court of the Netherlands instead of to the court of Batavla. 
The Governor and Council of Policy were to use sparingly their power of banishment (rotu the 
Colony. 

1784.— Great dissatisfaction was felt at the Cape wlien the award of the Directors was 
made known, and " neither men nor women were disposed to let the question rest." Freeh 
memorials were sent to the Directors, who were now about to station at the Cape a large body 
of troops to defend the settlement, and to serve as a depot for India. An engineer officer. 
Colonel Cornelia van de Graafl, was appointed Governor. 



1785.— Van de GraafTwas installed as Governor of the Cape (1785-1791). 

The burghers sent their last memorial direct to the States General of the Netherlands. 

17B6. — A new district, Graaff-Reinet, was formed, lying between the Gamtoos River and 
the Great Fish Eiver, the latter of which rivers was proclaimed to be the eastern boundary of 
the Colony. 



1788. — The garrison of the Cape at this time consisted of ^,000 mercenary troops, known 
as the regiment of Wurtemburg, a national battalion, 600 strong, under Colonel Gordon, 
and 40O engineers and artillerymen, by whom the' fortifications of Table Valley bad been 
considerably strengthened. 

1791. — The Directors recalled Colonel van de Graaff to Holland, as he had become 
very unpopular, but allowed him to retain his title and salary. 

The population of the Cape Colony consisted of 3,613 European burghers, 2,460 married 
women, and 6,955 children, thirty-nine European meu-servants, 456 European men- 
exclusive of soldiers — in the service of the Company, with 291 married women and 760 
children, and 17,396 slaves, men, women, and children. The regiment of Wurtembui^ had 
been sent to Java. 



CAPE COLONY. 233 

1792. — ^The affairs of the Dutch East India Company having fallen into confusion, 
commissioners were appointed to inquire into the affairs of all their settlements, and two 
commissioners arrived at the Cape and took over the administration. 

1793. — The burghers of Graaff-Reinet and Swellendam were engaged in repelling an 
invasion of Kaffirs, when Maynier, landdrost of Graaff-Beinet, made terms with the Kaffirs, 
very much to the discontent of the burghers. 

The two special commissioners left the Cape without having introduced reforms to 
satisfy the burghers, and Commissioner-General Sluysken was placed in charge of the 
Colony. 

1795. — ^The States General having made an alliance with France, Great Britain sent 
a fleet under Admiral Elphinstone, with troops commanded by General Craig, to seize the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

On 6th February the burghers of Graaff-Reinet and Swellendam met and expelled their 
magistrates, declaring they would no longer obey the Dutch East India Company, but would 
be independent. 

On 11th June Admiral Elphinstone arrived at Simon's Bay. Negotiations were carried 
on with Commissioner Sluysken, who, however, called on the burgher militia to defend the 
Colony. On 14th July 350 marines and 450 men of the 78th regiment were landed and 
occupied Simon's Town. Some trifling skirmishes took place, but upon General Clarke 
arriving on 4th September with three more regiments and a strong force of artillerymen and 
engineers, it was plain that no defence could be offered by the force (less than 2,000) at 
Sluysken 's disposal, and the articles of capitulation were signed on 16th September. The 
Colonists were to retain all their privileges ; no new taxes were to be levied, and, in view of 
the distressed state of the Colony consequent upon the decay of trade, the imposts were to be 
reduced as much as possible. 

1796. — A Dutch squadron of nine vessels, with 2,000 troops on board, was captured in 
Saldanha Bay by Admiral Elphinstone in August. General Craig, who had been appointed 
Governor of the Cape, enlisted most of the captured soldiers, who were Germans and willing 
to serve in India. 

1797. — Lord Macartney was appointed Governor of the Cape, and it was announced that 
the Colony would be held by Great Britain as commanding the highway to India. 

1798. — Lord Macartney returned to England, leaving Major-General Dundas as 
Lieutenant-Governor. 

1799. — An insurrection of the farmers of Graaff-Reinet was put down by General 
Vandeleur without bloodshed, but the British troops on their way to Algoa Bay to embark 
for Capetown were unexpectedly attacked by a horde of Kosas, who had invaded the Colony. 

Sir George Yonge was appointed Governor. 

1800. — On the 16th August the first number of the Capetown Gazette and African 
Advertiser was published by Messrs. Walker & Robertson, merchants at the Cap«. 



OAPK coixmr. 

IfiOl. — Sir George Yoiige was accused of misgovern mcut, and GeDeral Dundas i 
appointed as actiug Governor of the Cape. 

1802, — By the Treaty of Amiens, Cape Colouy was restored to the Dutch, who appouJ 
General Janesens Governor. 

1803. — The British troops retired from the Cape. 

1805. — The Census returns of Cape Colouy showed the Colonists of European descent to 
number 25,757, exclusive of soldiers; they owned '29,545 slaves, and in addition they had in 
their service 20,006 Hottentots, half-breeds, and Bushmen, who were bound by agreeineofeEj 
Capetown had a population of 6,273 of European descent, aud nearly 10,000 slaves. 

1806. — Sir David Baird, in comnmnd of 6,000 British troops, captured the Cape 
Good Hope after defeating the Dutch garrison (2,000 strong) under General JanssenB la's 
battle of Blueberg, 

1807.— The Earl of Caledon was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. 

1811. — Un 14th October three judges left Capetown to go on circuit in the Colon; I 
the first time. 

Sir John Cradock succeeded the Earl of Caledon as Governor of Cape Colony. 

The depredations of the Kaffirs on the eastern borders resulted in three regiments of 
troops and a force of armed burghers being sent to drive them across the Great Fiab River. 

1812. — Colonel Graham succeeded in expelling about 20,000 Kaffirs from within the 
Cape borders. A line of mihtary posts was fonned to prevent their return. The head- 
quarters of the troops on the frontier was named Grahamstown, in honour of Cola 
Graham. 

1814. — The Prince of Orange, in consideration of the payment to him of i 
amounting to £6,000,000, ceded to Great Britain, on 13tb August, Cape Colony and the £ 
settlements in Guiana. Lord Charles Somerset became Governor of the Colony. 



1815. — A mail packet service was established between England and the Cape. 

1817. — Lord Charles Somerset recognized Gaika as the supreme chief over the ] 
dwelling west of the Kei Biver. 

1818. — Gaika, having been defeated by other KaHir chiefs, appealed to the coloi 
government for aid. 

1819. ^Tbe British Parliament voted £50,000 to assist emigration to Cape Cola 
About 5,000 out of 90,000 applicants were accepted as suitable emigrants. 

Gaika, having been restored by a colonial force, the hostile Kaffirs attacked Gra 
town, but were repulsed. The boundary of the Cape Colony was thereupon extended to ■ 
Keiskama Biver, and two military posts were estabhshed. 



CAPE COLONY. 235 

1820.— Between March, 1820, and May, 1821, nearly 5,000 emigrants of British bkth 
arrived in Cape Colony. Sir Rufane Donkin, who was acting as Governor in the absence of 
Lord Charles Somerset, located small parties along the Kowie River, and settled the site of 
Bathurst. The town which was expected to spring up on the shore of Algoa Bay, where the 
emigrants landed, was called Port Elizabeth by Sir R. Donkin, in honour of his wife. In 
October, the district of Albany was created by a proclamation of Sir Rufane. 

1821. — An annual fair was opened at Fort Willshire, on the Keiskama River, which 
largely developed trade with the Kaflfirs. 

1823. — In May of this year nearly two-thirds of the British settlers who had landed in 
1820 had abandoned their locations : only 438 adult male settlers remained on the ground 
assigned to them, and by them a petition was addressed to the Secretary of State (Lord 
Bathurst) regarding the insecurity of the border and the depredations of the Kaffirs. 

1824. — George Greig set up a printing press at Capetown, and issued the South African 
Commercial Advertiser. 

1825. — A Council of six members was appointed to assist and advise the Governor of 
Cape Colony. 

1826. — General Bourke was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape Colony. 

1827. — A charter of justice was signed by George IV., providing for the establishment of 
a supreme court of justice at the Cape of Good Hope. 

The Kaffirs dwelling on the borders of Cape Colony were attacked by a tribe of Zulus, 
known as the Amangwane, who were themselves flying before the warriors of the renowned 
Tshaka. 

1828. — From 1806 to 1827 the judges of Cape Colony had been appointed by the 
Governor, and had been removable at his pleasure. On the 1st January, 1828, the newly- 
appointed Supreme Court entered on its duties. It consisted of a chief justice and three 
puisne judges, all of whom were appointed by the Crown. At the same time the Colony was 
divided into two Provinces, and resident magistrates and civil commissioners were 
substituted in place of the landdrosts and heemraden, who had hitherto administered 
justice and managed affairs in the country districts. 

General Sir Lowry Cole was appointed Governor. 

On 27th August Colonel Somerset defeated the invading Amangwane near the Umtata 
River. 

1829. — By an Order in Council dated from Windsor the 16th January, it was declared 
that ** all Hottentots and other free persons of colour lawfully residing within the Colony *' [of 
the Cape of Good Hope] were entitled to all and every right, benefit, and privilege enjoyed 
by other British subjects. 



236 CAPE COLONY. 

1833.— By letters patent issued on 23rd October, a, legislative coaucil was created for 
Cape Colony, to consist of five ex-offieto members, aod of five to seven members chosen by 

the Governor from among the chief citizens. 

£1,247,000 was awarded as the share payable to the slave-owners in Cape Colony for 
freeing their slaves, the owners appraising them at £3,0-10,000. Much discontenl 
resulted from what was regarded as an act of confiscation. 



I 



1834,— Sir Benjamin D'Urban became Governor, The English settlers in the district of 
Albany had overcome their early difficulties; Grahamstown contained 3,700 inhabitants, 
exclusive of soldiers, and Port Elizftbeth had 1,200 residents. 

In December the Kaffirs raided the south-eastern portion of Cape Colony, and slew fifty 
farmers, burned down many homesteads, and recrossed the frontier with their spoil of horses, 
cattle, sheep, and whatever else they could carry off. 

1835,— The Great Trek of the Boers from Cape Colony commenced. Their grievances 
were (1) against the Imperial Government, for not sufficiently protecting them against the 
blacks, for hberating their slaves in an unjast manner, and generally for showing partiality 
to "persons with black skins and savage habits," and (2) against the missionaries of the 
London Society, whom they charged with usurping authority properly belonging to the civil 
magistrate, and with advocating schemes hostile to the Boers' interests, 

1836. — A body of emigrant Boers from Cape Colony founded the Orange Free State. 

1838, — Sir George Napier became Governor. 

1844. — Sir Peregrine Maitland was appointed Governor. 

1846, — Cape Colony became involved in a Kaffir war, known as the ■' War of the Aie," 
it having arisen out of the arrest of a Kaffir for the theft of an ase. The Kaffirs gained 
some successes at first, bat they were finally routed out of their strongholds in the Amatola 
Mountains in 1847, 

1U4T. — General Fottiuger superseded Governor Maitland, and was himself replaced by 
Sir Harry Smith as Governor of Cape Colony and High Comiuisaioner. The Keiakama 
Biver was proclaimed the basteru boundary of the Colony ; and British sovereignty was 
proclaimed over the district of Kafiraria between the Keiskama and Kei Bivers. 



1848. — On 3rd February Sir Harry Smith proclaimed the sovereignty ol the Queen over 
the whole country between the Orange River and the Vaal River eastward to the Kathlamba 
Mountains. In March a British resident. Major Warden, was appointed to administer 
affairs in the Orange River Sovereignty, and the emigrant Boera dwelling in the district at 
once began to protest and agitate against being treated as subjects of Great Britain. In July 
Major Warden bad to retreat from Bloemfontein, which was occupied by the Boers under 
the command of Pretorius. Sir Harry Smith hastened with all the available forces in Cape 
Colony, numbering some 800 men, composed of detachments from the Rifie Brigade, the 45th and 



CAPE COLONY. 237 

9l8t regiments, and a few artillerymen, and on 29th August the Boers were defeated at 
Boomplaats ; the troops re-occupied Bloerafontein, and the most violent opponents among the 
Boers of British authority crossed the Vaal River without further fighting. 

1849. — The ship, Neptune, with 300 convicts on board, arrived at Simon's Bay, but the 
Colonists would not allow the convicts to be landed, and **the community entered into 
a solemn league and pledge to suspend all business transactions with the Government, in any 
shape or on any terms," until the Order in Council making the Cape a penal station was 
revoked. After six months' struggle the Neptune was ordered to sail to Van Diemen's Land. 

1860. — In February an Order in Council was issued revoking the former Order 
constituting the Cape a penal settlement. 

Letters patent were issued on 23rd May empowering the Governor and Legislative 
Council of Cape Colony to enact ordinances for the establishment of a representative govern- 
ment, which was to consist of two elective chambers. 

The Kaffirs under Sandilli attacked a body of troops in the Boomah Pass on 24th Decem- 
ber, and on the next day massacred a number of military settlers in the Chumie Valley on the 
eastern frontier of Cape Colony. 

1851. — The war on the Cape frontier with the Kaffirs under Sandilli continued through- 
out the year. 

1852. — On the 17th January the Sand River Convention was signed, by which Great 
Britain acknowledged the independence of the Emigrant Boers (some 5,000 families), who 
had crossed the Vaal River and founded the South African Republic. 

Sir George Cathcart was appointed Governor of Cape Colony on 31st March, and on 
13th May he issued a proclamation fully confirming the Convention. 

On 24th June Sir John Pakington, the Colonial and War Secretary, wrote to Sir G. 
Cathcart, signifying his approval of the Sand River Convention, and of the proclamation 
giving effect to it. 

1853. — The war with the Kaffirs, which had commenced in 1850, was brought to a close. 
The Gaika tribe was removed from the region of the Keiskama and Amatola to a district 
eastward of the Thomas River, and in their place a settlement of Fingoes and other friendly 
tribes was formed. 

Sir George R. Clerk was appointed '' Special Commissioner for settling and adjusting the 
affairs of the Orange River Sovereignty," and called upon the inhabitants to elect delegates 
to decide upon a form of self-government. Seventy-six Dutch South Africans and nineteen 
Englishmen, under the chairmanship of Dr. Eraser, met at Bloemfontein, but decided, after 
two months' deliberation and negotiation, upon the adoption of a constitution under Her 
Majesty* 8 Government, 

1854. — Sir G. Clerk invited ** those persons who were prepared to form an independent 
government [in the Orange River Sovereignty] to meet in Bloemfontein on the 15th February." 
On that day two bodies of men assembled ; the one entered into negotiations with the Special 



CommiBsioDer ; the other, formed of a number of the delegates who bad been chosen in the 
previous September, declared " their intentiou to set at defiance anygovemment that might be 
established in independence of the Queen of England. Those of them who were of British 
blood declared that nothing short of an Act of Parliament should deprive them of their rights 
as British subjects. Those who were of Dutch descent indignantly exclaimed that .... 
the Special Commisaoner was now about to aubjeet them to their Bepuhlican f e! low-coon try- 
men," whose friendship they had torfeitecj for having adhered to the British Government. In 
spite of this and other similar resolutions, the Couventton was signed on 23rd February, and 
the independence of the Orange Eiver Territory was formally declared. 

A royal proclamation had in the meantime been signed on 30th January, " abandoning 
and renouncing all dominiou and sovereigiity over the Orange Biver Territory." 

On 1st July the first Parhament of Cape Colony met at Cape Town, and was opened by 
Lieutenant-Governor Darling. 

Sir George Grey was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner, and 
obtained from the Imperial Parliament a vote of £40,000 to execute public works, to subsidize 
some of the Kaffir chiefs, and to maintain educational institutions. The Cape Parliameut 
voted £50,000 to provide a frontier pohce force. 

1857.— The Ama Xosa Kaffirs, under the influence of a native prophet, destroyed their 
cattle and corn supplies to sucb an extent that 25,000 Kaffirs are said to have died from fomiue. 
Large tracts of land became vacant, and upon them the Governor of Cape Colony located the 
members of the Anglo-German legion, whom the Imperial Government had disbanded on the 
close of the Crimean War. Soon afterwards a body of 2.000 North German settlers, 
composed of agricultural lahourei's and their wives and children, were also assisted to the 
Colony, and were settled along the Buffalo River. 

1859, — The Capetown and Wellington Eailway was commenced. 

I860.— Wool to the value of £1,446,000 was exported from the Cape. 

1861.— The population of Cape Colony was 267,000. T 
open in the Colony. 

Sir Philip E. Wodebouse was appointed Governor. 

1865. — A Bill was carried through the Parliament of Cape Colony incorporating Briti&h 
Kaffiraria with the Colony, and increasing the number of constitueucies entitled to representA- 
tioa in the Aseembly, as well as enlarging the Legislative Council. 

1867.— Diamonds were first discovered in South Africa at Griqualand West. 

1869. — The finding of the " Star of South Africa" diamond, which was estimated in 1870 
to be worth £25,000, caused a rush of diggers to the neighbourhood of the Orange River. 

1870. — A population of over 10.000 diggers settled upon the diamond fields of South 
Africa. 

Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for 
South Africa. 



e fifty miles of railway 



CAPE COLONY. 239 

1871. — Griqualand West was ceded to Great Britain by Nicholas Waterboer, the chief of 
the West Griquas, and on 27th October Sir Henry Barkly proclaimed Waterboer and his tribe 
to be British subjects, and their country British territory. 

Basutoland was annexed to Cape Colony, which became responsible for its administration. 

1872. — Besponsible government was granted to Cape Colony by an Order in Council 
dated 9th August, which provided for members of the Executive Council holding seats and 
voting in either House of the Cape Parliament. The first Ministry under the system was 
formed in November. 

1875. — The census of Cape Colony showed the population to number 720,984, of whom 
236,783 were of European descent. 

1876. — A Commission was appointed by Sir Henry Barkly to consider the question of 
the defence of the frontier. 

1877. — Sir Bartle Frere was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner 
for South Africa. The Cape Colony became engaged in a war with the Gcalekas and the 
Gaikas. 

The Transvaal was annexed by the British Government on 12th April. 

The University of the Cape of Good Hope, which had been incorporated in 1873, received 
a royal charter conferring the right to grant degrees. 

1878. — On the conclusion of the war with the Kaffirs, the Gaika territory was declared 
to be forfeited, and a general disarmament of the Kaffirs on the frontier was enforced. 

1879. — War with the Zulus broke out. The British lost the battle of Isandhlwana in 
January, but closed the war by the victory at Ulundi in July. 

Fingoland, the Idutywa Reserve, and No Man's Land were annexed to Cape Colony. 

1880. — The Basutos resisted the attempt to disarm them in accordance with the terms of 
the Colonial Peace Preservation Act, and war resulted with Cape Colony. 

The Boers of the Transvaal declared their independence, and became engaged in war 
with Great Britain. 

Griqualand West was incorporated with Cape Colony. 

1881. — Detachments of British troops were defeated by the Boers at Laing's Nek in 
January, and at Majuba Hill in February. An armistice with the Boers resulted in the 
Pretoria Convention being signed in August, by which self-government was restored to the 
Boers, under the suzerainty of Great Britain. 

Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor of Cape Colony. 

1882. — General Gordon attempted to settle the dispute between Cape Colony and the 
Basutos. 

1883. — Basutoland was transferred from the government of Cape Colony to that of the 
Crown. 



240 CAPB COLONY. 

1885. — A British Proteotorate was proclaimed over Pondoland; and Tembuland, 
Gcalekaland, and Bomvanaland were annexed to Gape Colony. 

The railway from Capetown was extended to Eimberley. 

1886. — The Xesibe country was annexed to Cape Colony. 

1887. — An Intercolonial Conference was held at Capetown. 

The South African Jubilee Exhibition was opened at Grahamstown in December. 

1888. — A conference was held at Capetown of delegates from Cape Colony, Natal, and 
the Orange Free State, to discuss a Customs Union and Bailway Extension. 

1889. — Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner 
for South Africa. 

1890. — The railway connecting the Cape Colony with the Orange Free State was opened 
on 17th December. 

1891. — The population of Cape Colony numbered 1,527,224, consiBting of 376,987 people 
of European descent, and of 1,150,237 native and coloured people. 

The railway from Kimberley was extended through Vryburg to Mafeking, and Fort 
Salisbury was connected by telegraph with Capetown. 



241 



CEYLON. 



CEYLON is distant from India about forty miles; its area is about 25,000 square miles ; 
and its harbour of Trincomalee is an important naval station. Imperial troops are 
stationed at Trincomalee, Colombo, and Kandy. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of five members, and a nominated 
Legislative Council of seventeen members. 



i 

s 

Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 

£ 

340,128 
115,531 


5. 

Imports. 


6. 
Exi)orts. 


7. 
Public Debt. 


1871 
1881 
1890 

1 


2,106,262 
2,763,984 
3,008,239* 


£ 

1,121,679 
1,140,536 
1,216,782 


£ 
1,064,184 
1,164,900 
1,162,463 


£ 

4,797,952 
3,926,792 
4,731,895 


£ 
3,634,854 
3,015,708 
3,834,550 


700,000 
1,941,666 
2,518,374 



• Census of] 891. 

1505. — D'Almeida, Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions iu the East, is said to have 
entered a port of Ceylon, and, in view of the abundance of cinnamon, to have suggested that 
settlements should be made on the south and west coasts. 

1517. — A factory was built by the Portuguese near Colombo, which they fortified. 

1638. — The Dutch drove out the Portuguese from their settlements at Negomba, Point 
de Galle, Baticola, and Trincomalee. 

1795. — Ceylon was taken from the Dutch by Colonel Stuart and annexed to the 
Presidency of Madras, under the government of the English East India Company ; the Hon. 
F. North (afterwards Earl of Guildford) was appointed Governor. 

1802. — Ceylon was ceded to Great Britain, and became a Grown Colony. 

1815. — War was declared against the native government of the interior of the island, and 
the British Government became supreme. 

1831. — By letters patent under the Great Seal, issued in April, a Council of Govern- 
ment was appointed for (-eylon. 

u 



242 



CYPRUS. 



CYPEUS, with an area of 3,584 square miles, is the third largest island in the Mediter- 
ranean, and lies sixty miles from the coast of Asia Minor, and forty-one miles from Syria. 

The island is administered by a High Commissioner appointed by the Grown. The civil 
population in 1891 numbered 209,291. 

The revenue in 1890-91 amounted to £194,936, the expenditure to £107,689, the imports 
were valued at £371,077, and the exports at £433,583. 

1191. — Richard Coeur de Lion, on his way to the Holy Land, conquered the island, and 
his marriage with Berengaria, of Navarre, was celebrated at Limassol. 

1571. — The Turks captured the island from the Genoese. 

1878. — Cyprus was assigned by Turkey to be occupied and administered by Great Britain. 



243 



DOMINICA. 



DOMINICA is the largest of the Leeward Islands, being 291 square miles in area. The 
island Legislature consists of an Executive Council, nominated by the Governor of the 
Colony of the Lbewabd Islands, and of a Legislative Council of seven nominated and seven 
elected members. 



• 

Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

PubHc 
Reyenue. 


8. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Worka. 


6. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt. 

£ 

6,426 
11,900 
41,190 


1871 

1881 

1890 


27,178 
28,211 
29,000* 


£ 
19,920 
24,088 
21,674 


£ 
16,071 

21,469 
23,607 


£ 

210 
7,751 


£ 
61,971 
64,968 
57,382 


£ 
54,957 
55,163 
41,009 



* Census, 1891. 
1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Dominica. 

1627. — Dominica was included in a grant of Caribbean Islands made to the Earl of 
Carlisle by Charles I. 

1748. — By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, it was stipulated that Dominica should be 
regarded as neutral territory, the Caribs being left in possession. In the next few years 
many French planters settled on the island. 

1756. — The island was seized by the British. 

1763. — Dominica was ceded to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris. 

1805. — Sir G. Prevost successfully resisted the attack of a French squadron upon 
Dominica. 



1871. — Dominica was incorporated in the Colony of the Lbbward Islands. 



r2 



244 



FALKLAND ISLANDS. 



THIS Crown Colony consists principally of East Falkland, 3,000 square miles in extent, 
and of West Falkland, 2,300 square miles. The Colony also includes the island of 
South Georgia, about 1,000 square miles, and nearly 100 smaller islands. The Governor is 
assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Tublic 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


£x])enditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


PubHc Debt, 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


811 


12,673 


11,843 




23,715 


24,692 




1881 


1,553 


8,319 


8,079 




40,443 


87,919 




1890 


1,789* 


9,492 


9,389 




67,182 


115,865 










* C 


^nsus, 1891. 









1592. — John Davis visited the Falkland Islands. 



1594. — The Falkland Islands were explored by Hawkins. 

1820. — A settlement was made on the Falkland Islands by emigrants from Buenos Ayres. 

1833. — The Falkland Islands were taken possession of by Great Britain with a view 
to furthering the whale fishery, and were placed under the charge of the Admiralty. 

1842. — A civil government was set up in the Islands. 



i 



245 



FIJI. 



THE Colony of Fiji comprises some 200 islands, about eighty of which are inhabited. The 
largest is Viti Levu, about 4,250 square miles, the second in size being Yanua Levu, 
with an area of 2,600 square miles. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and presides over a Legislative Council 
composed of twelve members, of whom six are official and six nominated by the Crown. 



Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 

Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt. 


1875 

1881 
1890 


127,095 
125,682 


£ 

16,433 
87,443 
66,817 


£ 

41,522 

89,960* 

60,826 


£ 


£ 

118,647 
321,038 
208,963 


£ 
94,266 
174,146 
364,533 


£ 

254,025 
248,990 



* Including Loans on Public Works. 



1862. — Europeans settled in Fiji for the purpose of cultivating cotton. 



1874. — The Fiji Islands were ceded to Great Britain by the native chiefs, and were made 
into a Colony by a charter from the Crown. 



246 



GAMBIA. 



THE Colony comprises the island of St. Mary at the mouth of the Gambia Biver, on which 
island Bathurst is situated, and a portion of the mainland opposite. The area is 
estimated at about 2,700 square miles, of which only some sixty-nine square miles form the 
regular settlement, with a population of 14,266, including only sixty-four white people. The 
Administrator is assisted by a nominated Legislative Council. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7 


Year. 


Population. 


PubUc 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt { 

i 


£ 


£ 


£ 


* j 


1871 


14,190 


17,490 


16,663 




102,066 


153,101 




1881 


14,150 


24,451 


22,116 


— "~ 


142,589 


140,423 


1 


1890 


60,000* 


30,573 


22,759 




149,599 


164,374 


1 



* Increase duo to extension of area of Colony. 

1618. — A company was formed in London to open up trade along the Gambia Biver. 
1631. — The first English settlement on the Biver Gambia was formed. 



1843. — The district of the Gambia, which had hitherto been governed from Sierra Leone, 
was created an independent Colony. 



1866. — Gambia was incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central government 
established for the West Coast settlements. 



1888. — Gambia was erected into an independent Colony. 



J 



247 



GIBRALTAR. 



THE Rock fortress of Gibraltar is a Crown Colony, and is governed by the Commander-in- 
Chief of the troops stationed there, who number 5,896. 

The area of the Colony is slightly under two square miles. 



Year. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
PubHc Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
PubUc Debt. 


1871 

1881 
1890 


18,695* 
18,381* 
19.659* t 


£ 
38,156 
44,376 
62,461 


£ 
42,015 
45,092 
59,043 


£ 


£ 

No 

complete 

returns. 


£ 

No 
complete 
returns. 


£ 



Exclusive of the military population. 



t 1891. 



1704. — Gibraltar was captured by the British under Sir George Rooke and Sir John 
Leake in July, and was held against a combined attack in October of the French and 
Spaniards, who during the siege lost 10,000 men, while the English lost only 400. 

1705. — Sir John Leake captured several of the enemy's ships and raised the siege. 

1713. — Gibraltar was ceded to England by the Treaty of Utrecht. 

1727. — The Spaniards, having made an unsuccessful attempt in 1720, again attacked Gib- 
raltar with 20,000 men, but were repulsed with heavy loss. 

1779. — The French and Spanish fleets commenced a three years' siege of Gibraltar, 
which was defended by General Elliot. 

1780. — Bodney defeated the Spanish fleet off Gape St. Vincent, and furnished the 
garrison of Gibraltar with supplies. The siege, however, was again resumed. 

1782. — In September General Elliot severely defeated the French and Spaniards besieging 
Gibraltar, and the siege was finally raised. 



248 



GOLD COAST. 



11 HE Crown Colouy of the Gold Coast is formed of a narrow strip of coast about 350 miles 
. in length along the Gulf of Guinea, and covers an area of about 15,000 square miles. 
A Protectorate is exercised over an additional area of about 46,000 square miles. The 
population is estimated at nearly 2,000,000, of whom only 150 are Europeans. The Governor 
is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 





1. 


2. 


3. 4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 

£ 


Public expen- £xpen<liture 
diture exclu- from Ijoans on 
.sive of 4. Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 
£ 


Public Debt 




£ £ 


£ 




1871 


408,070 


28,609 


29,074 


250,672 


295,208 


— 


1881 


Not 
ascertained 


116,424 

1 


134,776 — 


398,124 


373,258 




1890 


1,900,000* 


156,449 


117,899 


562,103 


601,348 


-^ 



* 1891 estimated population. 

1595. — The Dutch settled at Cape Coast, and successfully resisted the attempts of the 
Portuguese (who had been settled at Accra since 1480, and at Elmina since 1484,) to dislodge 
them. 

1637. — The Dutch sent a strong force against the Portuguese settlements on the Gold 
Coast, and captured the fort of St. George d'Elmina. The Portuguese soon retired altogether 

from the Coast. 

1661. — An English fleet under Sir Eobert Holmes was despatched to the coast of Africa. 
The Dutch were expelled from Cape Verde and the Island of Goree. 

1664. — A Dutch fleet under De Buyter regained possession of the settlements on the 
Gold Coast. 



1672. — Factories were set up on the Gold Coast by the Boyal African Company, and 
forts were erected to defend their agents against the Dutch. 



GOLD COAST. 249 

1750. — The African Company of Merchants was founded in London by Act of Parliament, 
and was empowered to trade and settle on the West Coast of Africa between 20** N. and 
20" S., the stations of the Royal African Company (whose charter was withdrawn) being 
handed over to them. 

1820. — The African Company was dissolved, and their forts were placed under the 
government of Sierra Leone. 

1824. — The British became involved in their first war with the Ashantis. 

1861.— The population of the Gold Coast Colony was 151,000. 

1863. — The second Ashanti war broke out. 

1871. — By a Convention signed at the Hague, the Dutch abandoned to Great Britain 
all their possessions on the Gold Coast. 

1872. — The Dutch forts were transferred to Great Britain. At the end of the year the 
king of Ashanti sent an army of 40,000 men to invade the British Protectorate. 

1873. — The Ashanti army crossed the Prah, ravaged the Protectorate, and attacked the 
fortress of Elmina. 

1874. — Sir Garnet Wolseley defeated the Ashanti army, and King Coffee renounced all 
claims upon the British Protectorate. 

A charter was issued in July separating the Gold Coast Settlements and Lagos from the 
government of the West Africa settlements, and erecting them into a separate Colony as the 
Gold Coast Colony. 

1886. — Lagos was detached from the Gold Coast Colony. 



JAMAICA. 



JAMAICA IB the largest of the British West India Islands. It lies 100 miles westof Hftjti 
and ninety miles south of Cuba. ItB area is 4,200 square miles, and the area of the 
Turks and Caicos Islands is 224 square miiea. 

The Governor is assisted by a Privy Oouncil, which has the usual powers and functions 
of an Executive Council, and by a Legislative Council of nine official and nominated meubnB 
and nine elected members. 



Veur. 


Population, 

506,154 
580.804 
640,279 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Piihlic Eipen 
d it lire, eiclu 
Give of 4. 


4. 

from Loans on 
Public WorkB. 


s. 

Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


Public DebU 


1871 
1881 
1890 


£ 
439.116 

563,210 
788,888 


£ 
454.774 
600.066 
666,416 


£ 

99,868 
45,152 


£ 

1.331,185 
1,392,669 
2,188,937 


£ 
1.248,685 
1.178,594 
1.902,814 


£ 

675,826 ; 

960.925 

1,543.120 ' 



1494. — Columbus discovered Jamaica on 3rd May, and named it St. Jago. 

1655. — Admiral Fenn and General Yenables, having failed in an attack on Sai) Doniinj 
captured Jamaica from the Spaniards on 11th May. 

1656. — A reinforcement of 1.000 troops was sent by Cromwell to Jamaica, and soon b 
numbers of settlers from Nevis, Bermuda, Barbados, and New England arrived. A thoaBaod 
girls aud as many young men were " listed " in Ireland, and sent to Jamaica. 



1658. — The Spaniards, with a thousand troops from Spain and many hundred old Spanish 
Colonists, landed in Jamaica, but were completely defeated by the English under Governor 
D'Oyley. 

1662. — Lord Windsor was appointed by Charles II. Governor of Jamaica. He was " u 
constitute a Council and to call Assemblies, and to make laws, and to levy uioueys, sueh li 
to be only in force for two years, unless conlirmed by the King." 



JAMAICA. 



253 



1664. — The first Assembly of Jamaica was summoned by Sir Charles Ljrttleton, the 
Deputy-Governor, in January. In June, Sir Thomas Modyford arrived as Governor, with a 
thousand settlers. 

1671. — Considerable progress was made by the planting industry, under the direction of 
Sir Thomas Modyford. 

1678. — The Earl of Carlisle arrived in Jamaica as Governor. He informed the Assembly 
that he was instructed to change the system of legislation ; and he presented forty Acts, 
attested under the Great Seal of England, for their acceptance. The Assembly rejected the 
draft laws (among which was one granting a perpetual revenue to the Crown), on the ground 
that such a system was " contrary to the government of England, of which country we are." 

1687. — The Duke of Albemarle became Governor of Jamaica, and attempted to govern 
arbitrarily, but died soon after his appointment. 

1692. — A great earthquake on 7th June destroyed Port Eoyal, then the principal town in 
the West Indies. 

1694. — A French fleet landed men in Jamaica, who destroyed many plantations, kid- 
napped 1,300 slaves (whom they sold eventually for £65,000), and were finally repulsed with 
great loss by the colonial militia at Carlisle Bay. 

1760.— An insurrection broke out among the slaves in Jamaica. Many European families 
were slain, and two regiments of troops were engaged with the militia force in suppressing the 
rising. 

1795. — A serious outbreak of the Maroons occurred, in course of which 1,500 British 
troops and 3,000 of the colonial militia were employed, but failed to subdue the insurgents. 
In the end, bloodhounds were obtained from Cuba to hunt down the Maroons, who, however, 
surrendered, and 500 were transported to Nova Scotia, and thence to Sierra Leone. 

1807.— The slave trade was abolished in Jamaica. 

1823. — The Legislative Assembly, having been called upon to ameliorate the condition of 
the slave population, repudiated the right of the Imperial Parliament to interfere in the internal 
affairs of the island. 

1829. — The Imperial Government, through Lord Belmore, Governor of Jamaica, repeated 
its demands that the Legislative Assembly should amend the Slave Code. 

1830. — The Imperial Government having made further proposals for the amelioration of 
the condition of the slaves in Jamaica, one member of the Legislative Assembly moved that 
the proposals should be burned by the common hangman ; and another member suggested that 
the recommendations should be disregarded, as the colonial militia was quite able to resist 
the Forces of England. 



254 JAMAICA. 

1831. — The discontent of the planters became so intense that many threatened to transfer 
their allegiance to the United States. 

At the close of the year a servile insurrection broke out, and resulted in the loss of many 
lives and the destruction of property valued at £666,977. 

1833. — £5,853,000 was granted to slave-owners in Jamaica for freeing their slaves. 

1845. — The first batch of coolies from India arrived in Jamaica. 

1853. — Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Jamaica, where since 1847 a legis- 
lative deadlock had existed, owing to the Council rejecting the Bills which, session after 
session, the Assembly had passed embodying a scheme of retrenchment. Under Sir H. 
Barkly a modified form of responsible government was introduced into the island. 

1861.— The population numbered 441,000. 

1862. — Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Governor. 

1865. — Disturbances among the negro population (who were incited by George William 
Gordon) were suppressed by Governor Eyre, whose conduct became the subject of inquiry by 
a Eoyal Commission. 

The constitution of Jamaica was abolished by an Act of its own Legislature, which received 
the assent of the Crown. 

1866.— By an Order in Council dated 11th June, a Legislative Council was established of 
six official and six unofficial members. 

1882. — A Boyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the finanoial condition of 
Jamaica. 

1884. — By an Order in Council, dated 19th May, the Legislative Goimcil of Jamaica was 
to be composed of the Governor and four official members, aud not more than five nominated 
members, as well as of nine elected members. 

1891. — An Exhibition was held in Jamaica. 



265 



LAGOS. 



THE Crown Colony of Lagos is an island on the Slave Coast, and lies to the east of 
the Gold Coast, and adjoins the Niger Protectorate on the west. The island has 
an area of three and three-quarter square miles, and the area of the Protectorate over 
the adjoining coast is estimated at 1,070 square miles. The population is estimated at 
100,000, of whom only 110 are Europeans. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council 
and a nominated Legislative Council. 



Year. 


1. 

PopulatioD. 


2. 

PubUo 
Revenue. 


8. 

Public Elxpen- 
(liture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
PnbUc Debt 


1871 
18:51 
1890 


62,021 

75,270 

100,000 


£ 
45,116 
42,422 
56,341 


£ 
45,611 
45,462 
63,701 


£ 


£ 
391,663 
333,669 
500,827 


£ 
589,802 
460,007 
595,193 


£ 
14,443 
716 



1861. — Lagos was ceded to great Britain by its native king in return for a yearly pension 
of £1,000. 

1866. — Lagos was incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central government wa^ 
established for the West Coast Settlements. 

1874. — A charter was issued in July separating the Gold Coast Settlements and Lagos 
from the government of the West Africa Settlements, and erecting them into a separate 
Colony as the Gold Coast Colony. 



1886. — Lagos was detached from the Gold Coast Colony, and made into a separate 
Colony. 



256 



LEEWARD ISLANDS. 



IN 1871 the English Leeward Islands, comprising Antigua, Montserrat, St. Eitts, Nevis, 
Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were constituted a single Federal Colony by 34 and 35 
Vict., cap. 107. The Governor was to be assisted by an Executive and a Legislative Council 
representing the various presidencies. 

1882. — A Koyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of the 
Leeward Islands and of other West India Islands. 

By a Federal Act of the Colony the Legislative Council was to consist of ten nominated 
members and of ten elective members. Of the latter four are chosen by the elective members 
of the local Legislative Council of Antigua, two by the elective members of Dominica, and four 
by the non-official members of the Legislative Council of St. Kitts and Nevis. 

The total area of the united islands forming the Leewabd Islands Colony is estimated 
at 700 square miles, and the population at the Census of 1891 was returned at 129,700. 



257 



MALTA. 



THE Colony of Malta is composed of the islands of Malta and Gozo, which lie in the 
Mediterranean, about fifty-eight miles from Sicily, and 180 miles from the nearest point 
of Africa. The area of the two islands is 115 square miles. Malta is the principal naval 
station in the Mediterranean, and has a garrison of 7,000 troops. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Council of Government 
composed of six official and fourteen elected members, of whom those representing the 
majority of the electors have seats as unofficial members of the Executive Council. 





1. 


2. 


8. 


4. 


6. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Popnlation. 


PubUc 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 

* 


Exports. 

• 


Public Debt. 






£ 


£ 


£ 


« 


£ 


1871 


141,918 


170,941 


166,337 








258,178 


1881 


149,782 


185,958 


188,040 






368,682 


1890 


165,662 


261,254 


266,900 , 


23,679,321t 


22,144,067t 


79.168 



* No complete returns. t Statesman's Year Book, 1892. 

1798. — Napoleon, on his way to Egypt, seized Malta, then in the occupation of the Order 
of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. 

1800. — The inhabitants of Malta rose against the French, and placed the island under 
the protection of Great Britain. 

1814. — By the Treaty of Paris Great Britain retained Malta. 

1849. — By letters patent of 11th May, a Council of Government, partly elective, was 
granted to the Colony of Malta. 



1887.— The Council of Government was reconstituted and enlarged by letters patent on 
12th December. 



B 



258 



MAURITIUS. 



THE Island Colony of Mauritius lies in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of Madagascar, 
and 1,300 miles from Natal. It has an area of over 700 square miles, and its 
dependencies — the Seychelles, Eodrigues, and Chagos Islands — have a total area of 172 square 
miles. There are 626 troops stationed in Mauritius. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Council of Government of 
twenty-seven members, of whom nine are nominated by the Governor, eight are official, and 
ten are elective members. 





1. 


2. 


3. 

1 


1 

4. 


5. 


6. 


7. I 


Year. 


Population. 


PubUo 
Revenue. 


1 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 

1 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt ' 

r 




£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1 
£ 


1871 


329,754 


616,973 


, 600,962 




2,044,250 


3,120,529 


1,100,000 ' 


1881 


360,847 


781,391 


760,018 


27,996 


2,506,290 


3,571,627 


864,779 ' 


1890 


377,986 


777,477 


' 770,150 


381 


2,821, 958* 


2,762,082 


781,149 



• For the year 1889. 

1505. — The Portuguese discovered the Island of Mauritius. 

1507. — Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, believing he was the first to discover Maoritius, named 
it Ilha de Cem^. 

1598. — The Dutch captain, Van Warwyk, sighted the Island of Gern6, and, finding it 
uninhabited, re-named it Mauritius, in honour of Prince Maurice of Nassau. 

1644. — The Dutch established three settlements on the island with the object of 
suppressing the pirate ships that resorted to the island for shelter. 



1710. — The Dutch East India Company abandoned Mauritius, removing the Colonists to 
the Cape or to Batavia, and destroying everything that could not be removed, that the tslisd 
might not attract other nations. 



MAXTBITIUS. 259 

1715. — The French took posBession of Mauritius, and named it Isle of France. 

1810. — Abercrombie captured Mauritius from the French, having obtained the assistance 
of two regiments of British troops from the garrison at the Gape of Good Hope. 

1814. — ^Mauritius was retained by Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris. 

1815. — A mail packet service was established between England, the Gape, and Mauritius. 

1860. — The first railway was commenced in Mauritius. 

1885. — Mauritius was granted the right to elect ten representatives to the Legislative 
Council of the island. 



82 



260 



MONTSERRAT. 



MONTSEEBAT is one of the five island presidencies which together constitute the CJolony 
of the Leewabd Islands. Its area is forty-seven square miles. 

The Legislative Council is nominated by the Crown. 



Year. 


1. 

Population . 


2. 

Public 
Bevonue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
PubUc Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt. 


1871 
1881 

1890 


8,693 
10,083 
11,760* 


4,195 
5,318 
6,732 


£ 
4,665 
5,719 
6,728 


£ 

1,034 


£ 
27,017 
26,347 
24,096 


£ 
37,069 
85,205 
22,755 


£ 
1,012 
3,000 
3,800 



* 1891 Census. 

1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered Monserrat. 

1632. — Monserrat was colonized by the English. 

1664. — The French seized Montserrat and levied heavy imposts upon its Enj^ish 
inhabitants. 

1668. — Montserrat was restored to the English, and received a charter granting a 
constitution composed of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly, which eventually 
became merged in a Legislative Assembly. 

1867. — The Legislative Assembly passed an Act, which was confirmed by an Order 
in Council, providing that the Assembly should be superseded by a Legislative Council 
possessing equal powers and rights. 



1871. — Montserrat was incorporated in the Colony of the Leeward Islands. 



261 



NATAL. 



THE Colony of Natal, on the south-east coast of Africa, is distant from the Cape of Good 
Hope about 800 miles. Its area is estimated at 20,460 square miles, and it has a sea- 
board of about 200 miles. It is separated from the Orange Free State and Basutoland on the 
west by the Drakensburg Mountains. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of eight official and two nominated 
members, and a Legislative Council of seven nominated and twenty-four elected members. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


6. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
PubUc Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 




» 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


289,773 


125,628 


118,657 




472,444 


562,109 


263,000 


1881 


402,687 


518,925 


450,809 


23,117 


1,912,856 


768,038 


1,631,700 


1890 


543,913* 


1,422,688 


1,828,468 


206,039 


4,490,975 


1,432,724 


6,060,354 



* Census 1891, composed of 46,788 Europeans, 41,142 East Indians, and 455,983 Kaffirs. 

1497. — Vasco da Gama sailed from the Tagus on July 8th with four vessels. After four 
months' voyage he reached a bay, which he named St. Helena Bay. On the 20th November 
he doubled the Cape. On the 25th December he was sailing past Natal. 

1822. — Francis George Farewell, who had been sent by some merchants of Capetown to 
trade with the natives on the south-eastern coast, visited Delagoa Bay, St. Lucia Bay, 
and Port Natal, and was so favourably impressed by the position of the latter that he 
resolved to effect a settlement there. 



1824. — Farewell, having been joined by Henry Francis Fynn and others, sailed from 
Table Bay to Natal in May. In a short time most of the adventurers embarked for Algoa 
Bay, leaving Farewell and Fynn with three other Englishmen at Natal. In August the 
Englishmen visited Tshaka at his principal military kraal, where no European had ever been 
before. Farewell earned his gratitude by curing him of a wound that had baffled his native 
doctors. As a token of his good- will Tshaka attached his mark to a document granted " to 



F. G. Farewell ftnd Company the entire and full possession in perpetuity of the port or 
harbour of Natal and the surrounding country," No success finally attended the efforts of 
the adventurers ; Farewell was slain by a. Zulu chief, and Fynn took service with the Gape 
Government. 

1834. — Natal was visited by a party of farmers from Cape Colony, who had travelled 
overland. They were impressed with the luxuriance of the pasturage and the fertility 
o( the Boil. 



1835. — Captain Allan F. Gardiner visited Natal with the object of establishing Christian 
S among the Zulus. He found settled there about thirty Europeans, a few Hottentots, 
and between 2,000 and 3,000 blacks. During his visit a site was selected by the Europeans 
for the township of Durban. 



1836. — A body of emigrant Boers from Cupe t'olony made its way into the country 
of Natal, which was at time claimed by Dingan, the Zulu chief. 

1837. — The eiriigrant Boers, under the lead of Fieler Betief, obtained from Dingan 
the promise of a grant of territory, conditionally upon their first recovering and restoring to 
him certain cattle that had recently been stolen from one of his outposts by a party of horse- 
men clothed as Europeans, and armed with gmia. 



1838. — Sir George Napier, the Governor of Cape Colony, issued u, proclamation inviting 
the emigrant Boers to return to the Colony, promising them redress of well-founded 
grievances, stating that they could not be absolved from their allegiance as British subjects, 
and announcing that, whenever he considered it advisable, be would take mihtary possession 
of Port Natal. 

The Boers having recovered tho cattle which had been stolen from the Znlue, Pieter 
Betief and some sixty of the principal emigrants returned to Dingan to obtain a formal grant 
of the territory promised to them. A document was drawn up by the Rev. Mr. Owen, of the 
Church Missionary Society, who was residing at Dingan's kraal, and was approved by Dingan, 
who attached his mark to it on 4th February. Two days later the Boers were treocheroosly 
attacked and murdered by Dingan's order. Fighting continued throughout the year, which 
ended with a decisive victory of the Boers under Pretorius on 16th December, when 3,000 
Zulus ware slain in an unsuccessful attack upon the Boer camp on the Blood River. 



1839. — The Boers under Pretorius were joined in October by some thousands of Zulus 
under Panda, and a joint expedition was organized against Dingan. 

A company of the 72nd Highlanders, who bad been sent from Port Elizabeth by 
Sir G. Napier at the close of 1838, to take possession of the Bay of Natal, in order to prevent 
suppUes and warlike stores being landed for the use of the emigrant Boers, was withdrawn 
on 24tli December, although the Boers had repeatedly declared themselves to be a free and 
independent community. 



NATAL. 268 

1840. — The Zulus under Panda defeated Dingan's army on 30th January, and on 
10th February Panda was crowned King of the Zulus, but in vassalage to the Emigrant 
Yolksraad. 

1841. — ^The Amapondos, a tribe dwelling to the south of Natal, appealed to Sir G. Napier 
to protect them against the Boers of Port Natal. British troops were, therefore, sent to form 
a camp on the Umgazi Eiver. The emigrant Boers, who had settled in Natal, and had 
declared themselves ''a free and independent State, under the name of The Eepublic 
of Port Natal and Adjoining Countries," were informed by Sir G. Napier that Her 
Majesty " could not acknowledge a portion of her own subjects as an Independent 
Republic, but that on their receiving a military force from the Colony [of the Cape of Good 
Hope] their trade would be placed on the footing of the trade of a British possession." The 
Boers replied that they refused to be considered British subjects, and would not consent to 
receive a military force, whereupon Sir G. Napier announced his intention of at once resuming 
military occupation of Port Natal. 

1842. — The British troops on entering Natal were met by agents from the Boers 
protesting against their crossing the boundary of the Republic, which was said to be under 
the protection of Holland. The troops (263 men of all ranks) encamped close to Durban, 
which then consisted of a few scattered buildings. Pretorius, the Commandant-General of 
the Boers, demanded, on 20th May, that the troops should at once evacuate the territory of 
the Republic. On the 23rd May the British were themselves surprised in attempting 
a night attack upon the Boers, and lost fifty men out of 138 engaged. The Boers then 
besieged the camp, which, however, held out until reinforcements arrived from Cape Colony 
on 26th June. The Boers then retired inland, and negotiations were opened. 

In a despatch dated 13th December, Lord Stanley instructed Sir G. Napier to send 
a Commissioner to inquire into and report upon affairs in Natal. He was to inform the Boers 
that a Governor would be appointed by the Queen ; that all revenue from lands and customs 
would be vested in the Queen, and applied exclusively to the maintenance of the civil govern- 
ment of Natal ; and that legislation would be reserved to the Crown. 

1843. — On 12th May Sir G. Napier issued a proclamation appointing Henry Cloete, Her 
Majesty's Commissioner for the district of Port Natal, which was to be recognized and 
adopted as a British Colony. After protracted negotiations a declaration was signed at 
Pietermaritzburg by the members of the Boer Volksraad, in which they accepted the conditions 
in the proclamation issued by Sir G. Napier. Many of the Boers crossed the Drakensburg in 
order to be beyond the limits of the Colony, and at the close of the year not more than 
500 emigrant Boer families remained in Natal. 

Having arranged matters with the Boers, Commissioner Cloete visited Panda, and 
obtained from him the cession of St. Lucia Bay to Great Britain, thus preventing any foreign 
power from acquiring a harbour so near to Natal, and checking the malcontent Boers 
from opening communications with the outside world. 

1844.— In a despatch dated 25th May the Secretary of State approved of the cession of 
St. Lucia Bay, but forbade any settlement being made eastward of the Tugela Biver. 



264 NATAL. 

Lord Stanley announced to Sir P. Maitland, Governor of Cape Colony, that it was not 
deemed at that time ''advisable to constitute the Territory of Natal a separate and 
independent Government," and that . . . . " legislative powers must be for the present 
retained in the hands of the Governor and Council of the Cape." 

By letters patent it was provided that Natal should form part of Cape Colony, but 
no colonial law or magistrate was to have operation or jurisdiction in Natal. 

In November Mr. Martin West was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Natal ; Mr. Henry 
Cloete, Eecorder; Mr. Donald Moodie, Secretary to Government; Mr. Walter Harding, 
Crown Prosecutor ; and Mr. Theophilus Shepstone, Agent for Natives. An Executive Council 
was also appointed. 

1856. — Ou the 5th November Natal was proclaimed a distinct Colony under a royal 
charter providing for the appointment of a Legislative Council, of whom twelve were to be 
elected to represent the divisions of the Colony, and four to be nominated members. 

1861.— The population numbered 152,000. 

1882. — Natal dechned to accept responsible government coupled with self-defence. 

1890. — An election of the Legislative Council of Natal resulted in a majority being 
returned in favour of the Colony accepting responsible self-government. 



265 



NEWFOUNDLAND. 



THE Colony of Newfoundland consists of the island, which lies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
and off the coast of Labrador, which forms the eastern portion of British North America. 
The area of the island is estimated at 42,000 square miles, and of Labrador at 120,000 square 
miles. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council of not more than seven members, a 
Legislative Council of not more than fifteen members, and an elected House of Assembly of 
thirty-six members. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 
£ 


Exports. 


Public Debt 




£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


146,536 


164,308 


152,062 




1,258,172 


1,310,893 


241,145 


1881 


179,509 


217,087 


216,821 


4,975 


1,429,939 


1,628,933 


281,366 


1890 


193,121* 


303,028 


346,546 


68,722 


1,326,844 


1,270,768 


862,214 



* Census of 1884. The population of Labrador in 1890 was 4,211. 

1497. — John and Sebastian Cabot, the first Europeans to land on the mainland of 
America, having planted the English flag on the coast of Labrador, discovered Newfoundland 
(which they named Prima Vista) two days later, on St. John's Day. 

1500. — Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese, sent out by the King of Portugal to seek a 
westward route to India, visited Newfoundland (Conception Bay), the mouth of the Fleuve 
de Canada (the St. Lawrence), and the coast of Labrador. Having landed on the coast, he 
seized some fifty natives, and returned to Portugal, where he sold them as slaves. 

1502. — Two English merchants, Thome and Eliot, made the voyage to Newfoundland. 

1527. — Captain Rut, in command of a ship fitted out by De Prado, a canon of St. Paul's, 
wrote from the " Haven of St. John " to Henry VIII. that "all his company were in good 
health," and that there were in St. John's Harbour, engaged in fishing, "eleven sail of 
Normans, one Breton, and two Portugal barks." 

1536. — Hore, a London merchant, reached Newfoundland with two ships, but his 
crews were reduced to desperation by starvation, and were only saved by the arrival of a 
French ship, in which they returned home. 



1542. — Koberval, a noble of Picardy, sailed from La Rochelle, and reached Newfoundland, 
where Cartier joined him. They beUeved Cartier had discovered gold and diamonds, which, 
however, proved to be irou pyrites and quartz. 

1578. — In this year there were 150 French vessels at Newfoundland, besides 200 Spanish. 
Portuguese, and English ehips. 

15h3. — 8t. John's Harbour and the adjoiuing territory were taken possession of by Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert, under a commission of Queen Elizabeth, on 5th August. He (oond 
nearly forty fishing ships in the harbour— French , English, Portagnese, and Spanish. 

On hia voyage home Sir Humphrey Gilbert was drowned, 

1610.— A Bristol company, of which Sir Francis Bacon and John Guy, Mayor of Bristol, 
were patentees, attempted to (orm a settlement at Cupid's Cove, Conception Bay, Newfotmd- 
land, but without success. 

1615.— Captain Whitburne was commissioned by the English Admiralty to hold & Court 
at St. John's, Newfoundland, and to administer justice among the people resorting thither, 
there being at that date nearly 300 English ships engaged in the fisheries. 



1623, — Lord Baltimore received a grant of laud in Newfoundland, and founded a small 
settlement on the peninsula of Avalon. 

1625. — Lord Baltimore and his family settled at Ferryland, in Newfoundland, and built 

a residence, storehouses, and granaries, intending to permanently r 



1627.— Lord Baltimore's settlement was attacked by the French without success ; but 
some email settlements of Puritans on the island resented his religious practices as a Roman 
Catholic. 

1629.— Lord Ealtimorewrote to Charles I. from Newfoundland, declaring that the severity 
of the climate and the fanaticism of the Puritan settlers in the island baffled him. In October 
be and his followers made an attempt to settle in Virginia. Being Papists, they refused to 
take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy tendered them by the Governor, and were not 
pennitted to remain in the Colony. 

1637. — Sir David Kirke obtained from Charles I. a grant of Newfoundland, and settled 
on the island with his family. 

1654, — A body of EngUsh Colonists 
Parliamentary grant. 

1656. — Early in the year Sir David Kirke died in Newfoundland, having been sole owner 
of the island for twenty years, during which he bad " encouraged emigration and protected 
the fisheries from pirates, obtaining a revenue hy the tax paid for the use of ' the stayea ' 
necessary to dry the fish ; and much of the future prosperity of Newfoundland may be attri- 
buted to bis rule, " 



k-ere sent out to Newfoundland, aided by a 



NEWFOUNDLAND. 267 

1662. — Placentia, on the south coast, was taken possession of by M. Damont for France, 
as an important post for the protection of the fisheries. 

1674. — The Newfoundland fisheries were reported to employ 270 ships and 11,000 seamen. 

1705. — The French from Canada destroyed the English settlements in Newfoundland, 
including the town of St. John's, but were unable to take the fort, after besieging it for a 
month. 

1713. — Newfoundland was yielded to Great Britain. The right to fish, and to dry their 
fish over a specified shore of Newfoundland, was granted to the French by Article XIII. of 
the Treaty of Utrecht. 

1728. — Captain Osborii was sent from England as the first Governor. 

1750.— The first Courfc of Oyer and Terminer was set up in Newfoundland ; all persons 
previously accused of felony having been sent to England for trial. 

1763. — Labrador, Anticosti, and the M£kgdalen Islands were placed under the jurisdiction 
of Newfoundland, which then had a population of 13,112. 

1764. — Newfoundland was declared to be one of His Majesty's plantations, and a col- 
lector of customs was appointed. 

1807. — The first newspaper was published in Newfoundland. 

1818. — A Convention was signed in London on 20th October, regulating the rights of the 
Americans in the British North American fisheries. 

1833. — The first Representative Assembly met. 

1855. — Responsible government was granted to Newfoundland. 

1866. — The Atlantic cable was successfully laid between Valentia and St. John's, New- 
foundland. 

1874. — The census showed a population of 162,000, of whom 26,337 were able-bodied 
fishermen. 

1887. — A railway, eighty-six miles in length, was opened from St. John's to Harbour 
Grace. 

1888. — A branch line of railway to Placentia was completed. 

1891. — Some sixty miles of the railway to Hall's Bay, which is to be completed in 1895, 
was finished. 



NEW SOUTH WALES. 



■fclEW SOUTH WALES comprises the Bouth-eaetern portiou of tlie continent of Australia. 
1 1 It is bounded on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, ou the south- 
west by Victoria, and on the east by the South Pacific. Its area is 306,066 square miles. 

The Parliament of New South Wales consists ol two Houses, the Legislative Council 
composed of sixty-seven members appointed for life bythe Crown, and the Legislative Assem- 
bly composed of 141 members elected by seventy-four constituencies, containing in 1891 
305,406 electors. 



Yew. 


1, 
PopuUtion. 


2. 

Pubiio 


3. 

Pubiic Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
dvei)f4. 


4. 

ExpBtidittire 
Public Works, 


I m porta. 


«• 

Exports. 


7. 
PaUio Debt 


1871 
1881 
1890 


503,981 

751.468 

1,132,234* 


£ 
2,238,900 
6,707.963 
9.498.620 


£ 
2,518,732 
5,783,683 
9.563,562 


£ 

2,397,368 
2,141,219 


8,981,219 
17,567,013 
22,615,004 


7,784,766 
16,307,805 
22,045,937 


10,614,330 
16,924,019 
48,426,333 



■ Cenata of 1891. 

1770. — Captain Cook explored the south-eastern coast of New Holland (Australia), and 
named the country New South Wales. 

1737. — Captain Arthur Phillip, E.N,, sailed from England in May with a fleet of eleven 
vessels, having on board 696 convicts, 192 of whom were women, and eighty-one free emigrants, 
with whom he was to found a settlement at Botany Bay, 

1788.— On 18th January the English fleet anchored in Botany Bay, but Captain Phillip 
decided that the site was not suitable for settlement, and explored the coast northwards. 
He entered Fort Jackson and selected Sydney Cnve lU the site for his settlement, and on 
26th January took formal possession of bhe country in the name of George HI. On the same 
day two French ships arrived under the command of the Comte de la Pdrouse on an exploring 
expedition. 

1792. — Governor Phillip returned to England, and the government of the settlement was 
administered by Major Grose and Captain Paterson until the arrival of Governor Hunter in 
1795. 



NEW SOUTH WALES. 269 

1795. — Captain Hunter arrived at Sydney to take over the government of the Colony of 
New South Wales. He took out a number of free settlers, mostly farming men, who success- 
fully commenced farming on the banks of the Biver Hawkesbury. 

1800. — Captain King was appointed Governor of New South Wales, the population of 
which numbered 6,000. The coal mines of the Hunter River were now being worked by 
detachments of prisoners. 

1805. — John Macarthur having imported some Spanish merino sheep into New South 
Wales, and having obtained an estate of 10,000 acres in the Colony, commenced the growth 
of wool on a large scale. 

1806. — Captain Bligh, R.N., who had formerly commanded the Bounty ^ was appointed 
to succeed Captain King as Governor of New South Wales. 

1807. — Governor Bligh endeavoured to suppress the trade in spirits carried on by 
the officers of the New South Wales Corps (a regiment specially raised in England for 
service in the Colony), and after some months disputing, the Governor was seized and 
deposed by Major Johnston, the Commandant, in January, 1808. 

1810. — Under Governor Macquarie, who had succeeded Bligh, New South Wales made 
rapid progress, public buildings being erected and roads made. 

1813. — Messrs. Wentworth, Blaxland, and Lawson succeeded in crossing the Blue 
Mountains, and discovered the vast plains (Bathurst) lying to the west. Governor Macquarie 
sent a party of surveyors to examine their route, and, on receiving a favourable report, he 
at once set gangs of prisoners to construct the Great Western Boad. 

1815. — The Great Western Boad across the Blue Mountains was opened as far as Bathurst 
on 21st January. 

1817. — The first Australian bank was estabUshed at Sydney. 

1821. — Sir Thomas Brisbane became Governor, and encouraged free immigration. 

1823. — The Imperial Parliament passed an Act providing that the Governor of New 
South Wales should nominate a Legislative Council of seven members by whose advice 
he was to be guided. 

Mr. Oxley, the Surveyor-General of New South Wales, was sent to survey the coast line 
to the north, and discovered and named the Biver Brisbane. 

1824.— Governor Brisbane abolished the censorship of the press. Trial by jury was 
introduced into the Colony. Ten vessels sailed from Sydney laden with grain and wool. 

Hume and Hovell reached Corio Bay, an inlet on the west shore of Port Phillip Bay, 
having travelled overland from Sydney. 

1825. — Sir Balph Darling became Governor. 



tlWW BOUTB WUiBS. 

1826. — Lord Liverpool'g Ministry directed the Goveroor of New Soath Wales to assert 
the claims of Great Britain to tbe whole of Australia, and to occupy certain positions on the 
coast. 

1826. — MoretoD Bay was proclaimed a convict settlement 

Governor D&iling sent an expedition to Western Port, and another to St. George's 
Sotmd, to occupy the country, as it was believed the French were contemplating Ua 
formatioD of settlements id Australia. 

1828.— The population of New South Wales numhered 36.598. 

1831. — Sir Richard Boarkc became Governor, and inaugurated the sj'stem of selling the 
waste lands of the Colony by auction, the minimmn price at first fixed being 5s. per acre. 

1833. — Coal to the amount of 328 tons was produced in New South Wales. 

1887. — At this date the estimated population of New South Wales {which included the 
present Colonies of Victoria and Quconslaud) exceeded 85,000. 

1838. — Sir George Gipps was appointed Governor. The minimum selling price of waste 
lands was raised to 12b. per acre. 

1839. — The Governor of New South Wales was authorized by letters patent to include 
within the limits of the Colony any territory in New Zealand acquired in sovereignty by 
the Queen. 

1640. — Convicts ceased to be transported to New South Wales. 

1842. — An Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament granting to New South Wales a 
Legislative Council of thirty-six members, of whom twenty-tour were to be elected by the 

ColoniatB, including six for Port Phillip. 

1843, — The Legislative Council of New South Wales met for the first time on 
Ist August. 

1846. — Sir Charles Fitzroy was appointed Governor. 

1848. — Sir Charles I'itzroy and an influential body of squatters informed the Colonial 
Secretary of State that it was the wish of the Colonists that transportation should be 
revived ; accordingly. Lord Grey announced in a despatch of 8th September '■ that hs 
proposed at once recommending to Her Majesty to revoke the Orders in Council by which 
New South Wales was made no longer a place tor receiving convicts under sentence 
ot transportation." 

1849, — The arrival ot the Hn.shemy with convicts on board provoked considerable 
agitation in Sydney. 

1850. — The Australian Colonies Act (13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) weis passed, which pro- 
vided for a constitution being granted to New South Wales. 



NEW SOUTH WALES. 271 

The Legislative Council of New South Wales was petitioned by over 35,000 inhabitants 
of the Colony to use its utmost endeavours to prevent the revival of transportation. An Address 
was transmitted to the Queen, and as a result the Order in Council was revoked, and trans- 
portation to the Colony was finally abolished. 

Sydney University was incorporated, 

1851. — Edward Hargreaves discovered gold at Summer Hill Creek on 12th February. 
In May a proclamation was issued, setting forth the regulations under which gold might be 
sought for. 

1852. — The University of Sydney was formally opened. 

1853. — The Legislative Council passed the ** Constitution Act " on 21st December, estab- 
lishing two Legislative Chambers ; the first, the Legislative Council, to consist of not less 
than twenty-one members, to be nominated by the Governor ; and the other, the Legislative 
Assembly, to consist of fifty-four members, who were to be elected on a Uberal franchise. 

1855. — On 19th December Sir William Denison, **Governor-in-Chief " of New South 
Wales, inaugurated the new Constitution. 

The railway from Sydney to Paramatta was opened. 

1858. — Sydney and Melbourne were connected by telegraph. 

1861. — The population numbered 358,000. There were seventy-three miles of railway open. 
Sydney and Brisbane were connected by telegraph. 

1867. — Sydney and Adelaide were connected by telegraph. 

1868. — The Earl of Belmore was appointed Governor. 

1872. — Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor. 

1876. — The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wellington was completed. 

1879. — The Sydney International Exhibition was visited by 1,045,000 people. 
Lord Augustus Loftus was appointed Governor. 

1880. — Sydney and Melbourne were connected by railway. 

1885. — On 12th February New South Wales telegraphed to the Imperial Government, 
offering troops for service in the Soudan. On 3rd March the New South Wales contingent 
of 900 men left Sydney, and on 29th March reached Suakim. 

Lord Carrington was appointed Governor. 

1888.— The centenary of the landing of Captain Phillip at Sydney was celebrated. 

1889. — On 1st May the bridge over the Hawkesbury River was opened, and railway com- 
munication from Adelaide, through Melbourne and Sydney, was completed as far as Brisbane. 

1890. — Lord Jersey was appointed Governor. 



NEW ZEALAND. 



THE Colony of New Zealand, lying 1,200 miles to the south-east of Australia, consists of 
three principal islands, known as North Island (area, 44,467 square mites). Middle 
Island (58,523 square miles), and South, or Stewaifa, Island (665 square miles). In addition 
to these islands, the Colony embraces all islands tying between 162° E. and 178° W. longitude, 
and 33° and 35° 8. latitude, whicli were annexed to it; by 29 Vict., cap. 23, 

The Parliament, or "General Assembly." of New Zealand consists of two Chambers — 
the Legislative Council, composed of forty-one members, nominated by the Crown for life ; 
and the House of Eepresentatives, of seventy-four members (including fonr Maoris), elected 
tor three years. In 1890 the electors numbered 183,171. 



Yew. 


1. 
Popnlatun.* 


2. 

Public 
Bevenue. 


3. 

Public Expau- 

dituro, cxdu- 

aiVG of 4, 


i. .1. 

Expfndihtre 

from Loans onl Imports. 
Public Works.. 


fi. 
Exports. 


Public Debt. 


1871 

1881 
1890 


256,393 
489.933 

626,830t 


£ 

1.672,301 
3,757,494 
4,208,029 


2,657,587 
3,675,797 
4,081,566 


£ , £ 
- 4,078,193 
898,090 7,457,045 
301,642 6,260,525 


£ 
5.282.084 
6,060,866 
9,811,720 


B 
8.900.991 
29,659,111 
37,359,167 



* Exclusive of Msoris. f Population in tSfIL 

1642.— Abel Jansen Tasman discovered New Zealand and Tasmania, and also explored 
the northern coasts of Australia, which the States -General of Holland formally named " New 
HoUand." 

1769.— Captain Cook and Joseph Banks, in H.M.S. Endcavotir, having made observations 
in Tahiti of the transit of Venus, landed ou the east coast (Poverty Bay) of the North Island 
of New Zealand on 8th October, and afterwards sailed round the islands. 



1773. — Captain Cook, on his second voyage round the world (1772-.5). planted garden 
seeds on several plots of ground in New Zealand. 

1777.— Captain Cook, on his third voyage round the world, revisited New Zealand. 

1814. — The first European residents, under the Rev. Mr. Marsdon, settled in New Zealand 
at the Bay of Islands, with horses, oxen, sbeep, and poultry. 



NEW ZEALAND. 273 

1826. — Captain Herd made an attempt to colonize New Zealand from Sydney. 

1833. — Mr. Busby was appointed by Governor Bourke to live as British Resident at the 
Bay of Islands. 

1839. — On the 16th September the first body of emigrants sent by the New Zealand 
Company sailed from Gravesend. 

1840. — The first body of New Zealand Company's emigrants arrived at Port Nicholson 
(Wellington) on 22nd January ; and a week later Captain Hobson, R.N., landed at the Bay 
of Islands, and proclaimed New Zealand a British Colony and a dependency of New South 
Wales. 

On 5th February the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, by which the chiefs ceded large 
tracts of land, and the Queen assumed sovereignty over New Zealand. On 17th June the 
British flag was hoisted at Akaroa, Banks Peninsula, Middle Island, just before the arrival 
of French ships with emigrants to found a Colony. 

On 19th September the British flag was hoisted at Auckland. A settlement at Wanganui 
was formed. 

1841. — On 3rd May New Zealand was proclaimed an independent Colony, New Plymouth, 
in the North Island, and Nelson, on the northern coast of the Middle Island, were founded in 
April and October respectively. 

1843. — Captain Wakefield and other settlers at Nelson were massacred by Maoris. 
Captain R. Fitzroy, R.N., was appointed Governor of New Zealand. 

1844. — Heke, the Maori, cut down the royal flagstaff at Kororareka. 

1845. — Heke destroyed the town of Kororareka, and the first Maori war commenced. 
Captain Fitzroy was recalled in November, when the war was nearly finished, and Captain 
George Grey was appointed Governor. 

1846. — Heke's war in the northern portion of the North Island was ended in January, 
but disturbance broke out in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington, in March. The Imperial 
Parliament passed an Act (New Zealand Government Act) in August, dividing New Zealand 
into two Provinces, and granting the Colonists representative institutions. 

1847. — The Maoris attacked the settlement at Wanganui. 

1848. — Captain Grey was appointed Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand 
and Governor of each of the Provinces. 

An Imperial Act suspended that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had 
granted representative institutions. 

Otago, Middle Island, was founded by a Scotch Company in connection with the Free 
Church of Scotland. 



274 NEW ZEALAND. 

1850. — Canterbury was founded by an association in connection with the Church of 
England. 

1851. — The settlers in New Zealand numbered 26,000. 

1852. — Gold was discovered in the Coromandel Eange. 

The New Zealand Constitution Act (15 and 16 Vict., cap. 72) was passed by the Imperial 
Parliament, dividing the Colony into six provinces, and vesting the government in a Governor, 
a nominee Legislative Council, and an elective House of Representatives. 

1853. — The Constitution Act w^as promulgated in New Zealand, and Sir George Grey 
assumed office as Governor until his departure from the Colony in December. 

1854. — The first session of the New Zealand General Assembly was opened at Auckland. 

1855. — Colonel Gore Brown was appointed Governor. 

1860. — The second Maori war commenced, and lasted during the year. 

The European population numbered 162,000. There were forty miles of railway open. 

Sir G. Grey was appointed Governor. 

1863. — The Waikato war was commenced by the Maoris treacherously assaulting an 
escort of the 57th Eegiment. 

The railway was opened from Christchurch to Ferry mead Junction. 

By the New Zealand Settlement Act the Governor was empowered to confiscate the 
lands of insurgent natives. 

The Imperial Government relinquished control of the administration of native affairs in 
New Zealand. 

1864. — Throughout the year there was continual fighting with the Maoris, and in 
December the native lands in Waikato were confiscated. 

Gold was discovered at Hokitika, on the west coast of the Middle Island. 

1865. — Wellington became the seat of government in New Zealand. 
The electric telegraph was introduced. 
The war with the Maoris continued. 

18u6. — The Maori chiefs made their submission to the Government of New Zealand. 

1867. — Coal-mining was commenced in New Zealand. Four Maori constituencies were 
formed. 

1868. — Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor. 
Fighting with the Maoris continued throughout the year. 

1869. — The Maori war still continued. 



NEW ZEALAND. 275 

1870. — The last detachment of Imperial troops left New Zealand in February. 
The San Francisco Mail Service with New Zealand commenced. 
The University of New Zealand was established. 

1871. — The "Public Works Policy" of road-making, bridge-building, and railway 
construction was commenced. 

1872. — Two Maori chiefs were appointed members of the Legislative Council. 

1873. — Sir James Fergusson was appointed Governor. 

The New Zealand Steam Shipping Company was established. 

1874. — The Marquis of Normandy was appointed Governor. 

Under the immigration policy of the New Zealand Government, as many as 31,774 
immigrants were introduced into the Colony during the year. 

1875. — The General Assembly passed an Act, 39 Vict., No. XXI., to abolish the 
provincial system of government instituted in 1852. 

Over 18,000 emigrants were sent out to New Zealand. 

The Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand was established. 

1876. — The telegraph cable between Sydney and Wellington was completed. 

The provincial system of local government was abolished, the Colony being divided into 
counties and boroughs. 

1877. — An Act was passed for the free and compulsory education of children. 

1879. — Sir Hercules Robinson was appointed Governor. 

The Triennial Parliament Act was passed, and the suffrage was granted to every adult 
male resident. 

1880. — Sir A. H. Gordon was appointed Governor. 

1882. — The export of frozen sheep from New Zealand was valued at £19,339. 
Several Maori chiefs visited London, and were received by the Prince of Wales. 
Sir W. F. D. Jervois was appointed Governor. 

1886. — At the census there were 65,178 persons engaged in agricultural and pastoral 
pursuits. 

1888 — Lord Onslow was appointed Governor in November. 

1889. — The total value of gold exported from New Zealand, to 31st December, was 
£46,455,629. 

1890.— The value of the frozen meat exported from New Zealand had risen to £1,087,617. 

1892. — The Earl of Glasgow was appointed Governor in February. 

T 2 



276 



NIGER PROTECTORATE. 



THE total area of the Niger Territories, and the regions over which the Boyal Niger 
Company is recognized as exercising paramount influence by the Anglo - French 
Agreement of 5th August, 1890, is estimated at 600,000 square miles, and the population is 
variously estimated at between twenty and thirty-five millions. The coast district between 
Lagos and Cameroons, known as the Oil Kivers Protectorate, was placed under an Imperial 
Commissioner and Consul-General in 1891 ; but so much of the coast district as lies between 
the Forcados and Brass Eivers, at the delta of the Niger, belongs to the Boyal Niger 
Company, whose affairs are controlled by the Council in London. 

1884. — In July Great Britain assumed the Protectorate of the Lower Niger, including 
the Benin and Cross Eivers, treaties being concluded with the principal native chiefs. 

1886. — A charter was granted to the Royal Niger Company conferring administrative 
powers over territories, including thirty miles on each bank of the Eivers Niger and Binu6, 
and extending inland so as to include the whole of the kingdom of Sokoto, and its 
vassal states. 

1890. — The Anglo-French Agreement was signed, defining the limit between the British 
and French spheres of influence on the Niger. 



277 



NORFOLK ISLAND. 



NORFOLK ISLAND is the principal of a group of islands lying 900 miles E.N.E. of 
Sydney. Their total area is about twelve square miles. They were discovered by 
Captain Cook in 1774, and a few convicts were sent from Sydney to form a penal settlement 
on the island in 1788. 

In 1856 about 150 people from Pitcaim Island were settled on the island, with their 
cattle, sheep, and pigs. 

The total population in 1887 amounted to 741. 



PITCAIRN ISLAND. 



PITCAIEN ISLAND lying in the Pacific Ocean is about midway between Australia and 
America. Its area is two square miles. It was discovered in 1767, and was first occu- 
pied by the mutineers from H.M.S. Bounty in 1780, who took with them some women from 
Tahiti. Their existence was discovered in 1808. In 1856 the population having increased to 
192 they were removed to Norfolk Island. Some forty of them, however, returned to Pitcaim 
Island, and in 1879 their numbers had increased to ninety. 



27H 



QUEENSLAND. 



QUEENSLAND forms tlie north-t'iistern portion of the AuHtralian coutiiieiil. Im area » 
G0S,497 8<|uai'e miles, ami its seal)oanl extends some 2,250 miles. The iolouy i» 
bounded on the south by New South Wales, and on the west by South Australia. 

The Parliament of Queensland consists of a I^'gislative Council compoaed of fort\ 
members nominatc<l by the Crown for life, and of a Legislative Assembly compriBing Beveoiy- 
two members, to be elected in future for three yeart*. In 1890 the number of rogistend 
electors was 84,o:W. 





1. 


•i 


:«. 1. 

1 


:.. 


tf. 


4. 


Year. 


l\>I*ulati<>ii. 




Publir KxiM'll- K\|M.'IiiUtlirr 

•liturt'. (rxrlti- fniTii I<<>.iiiHon 
MVf of 4. I'ulilic Wurkji. 


Iiii|iort«. 


! 
ExportA. 

I 

1 


l-nblir UebC 




£ 


t t 


£ 


£ 


ISTI 


IJO.KM 


7l)U,(M)r, 


7S7,;V>r> — 


2,739,933t 


2,434.4HC: • 


4,047.'x!iil 


IHHI 


2VA,r)2r, 


2,023.r><;s 


\jrj7XM m) 1,2 13 


4,(M;:^,G2.'>; 


3,540,:)GG: 


13,245, IjO 


IHIK) 


31)3,71 H* 


3,2<X),3as 


3,74;j,217 1,5I1),3m7 


i>.(X>C,700; 


8,554,512: 


li»,106.(M 



* I'opul.itiuii ill l^^lM. t liy A*'a uuly. ^ Iiiclunive of ov«rUu(l timAc 

1K23. — The Hrisbane Hivor was discovered by Survey or- General Oxiey. who was fearehing 

for a suitable locality for the surplus convicts at Sydney. 

1820. -The Moreton Hay Penal Settlement was formed by the QoTamor of New Sooth 
Wales. 

IH'JS. The Oarliij^' Powns were explored by Mr. .Mian Cunningham. 



\><V.K — Surveyors were sent from Sydney to lay out the town of Brisbane and lo 
the coast. 



ls4*J. — Moreton Hay was proclaimed a free settlement, and ColonisU wore At liboffty lo 
come and go as they pleased. 

The town of Hrisbane war» commenced. 



QUEENSLAND. 279 

1849. — The Colonists of Moreton Bay began to agitate for separation from New South 
Wales. 

1859. — The Moreton Bay Settlement was separated from New South Wales and made 
into the Colony of Queensland, with a Legislature consisting of a nominated Legislative 
Council and an elective Legislative Assembly. Sir G. F. Bo wen was appointed the first 
Governor of the Colony, which contained about 28,000 inhabitants. 

1861. — The population was 84,000. There were twenty-one miles of railway open. 
Sydney and Brisbane were connected by telegraph. 

1865. — The sugar industry began to be developed. 

1871. — The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor. 

1875. — Mr. W. W. Cairns, C.M.G., was appointed Governor. 

1877. — Sir A. E. Kennedy was appointed Governor. 

1878. — The inhabitants of the town of Bowen commenced to agitate for the separation 
of North Queensland. 

1883. — The Government of Queensland, fearing that Germany was about to occupy the 
southern coast of New Guinea, formally proclaimed the Queen's sovereignty over so much of 
the island as was not in the occupation of the Dutch. Sir Anthony Musgrave was appointed 
Governor. 

1884. — Lord Derby, Colonial Secretary, declared a Protectorate over the south-eastern 
portion of New Guinea. 

1885. — A renewed agitation sprang up in favour of the division of the Colony. 

1888. — Sir Henry Norman was appointed Governor in December. 

1890. — There were 2,142 miles of railway open for traffic in the Colony, and 601 miles in 
course of construction. 

The total value of gold produced in the Colony up to the close of 1890 was £26,034,663. 

1891. — Queensland passed the Naval Defence Bill already adopted by the other 
Australasian Colonies. 



280 



ST. CHRISTOPHER (ST. KITTS), NEVIS, AND 

ANGUILLA. 



THESE islands were united to form one Presidency by a Federal Act of the Leeward 
Islands Legislature in 1SS2. The area of St. Kitts is sixty-five square miles; of Nevis, 
fifty square miles ; and of Anguilla, thirty-five square miles. Together they constitute one of 
the five Presidencies composing the Colony of the Leeward Islands. 

St. Kitts and Nevis have one nominated Legislative Council, and a Legislative Council of 
ten official and ten nominated members, by the latter of whom four members of the Federal 
Legislative Council of the Leeward Islands are elected. 



Year. 



1871 
1881 
1890 



1. 



Population. 



39,872 
41,001 
47,660* 



2. 

Public 
Revenue. 



£ 
47,134 
37,632 
42,956 



3. 


4. 


5. 


«. 


7. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu 
sivo of 4. 


Expenditure 
front Loans on 
Public Works. 

£ 


Iinport«i. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


44,006 




263,376 


369,626 


9,200 


39,953 




202,477 


261,752 


3,200 


43,092 


5,066 


181,546 


225,283 


20,900 



• Census, 1891. 

1493. — Columbus, on his second voyage, discovered St. Kitts. 

1623. — The settlement of the island of St. Kitts was commenced by Mr. Thomas 
Warner. 

1627. — The French and English settlers signed a treaty of offence and defence, agreeing 
to divide the island between them. 

1689. — The French planters in St. Kitts drove out the English Colonists. 

1690. — General Codrington, with a force from Barbados, drove the French out of St. Kitts. 

1697. — By the Treaty of Eyswick, French settlers were re-admitted to St. Kitts. 

1702. — The English settlers ousted the French from St. Kitts. 

1713. — By the Treaty of ntrecht,the English were confirmed in the possession of St. Kitts. 



1871. — St. Kitts and Nevis were incorporated in the Colony of the Lkswasd Islands. 



281 



ST. HELENA. 



ST. HELENA, an island in the South Atlantic, is estimated to be distant from Ascension 
Island (the nearest land) from 750 to 800 miles, and from Angola on the West Coast of 
Africa about 1,200 miles. Its area is forty-seven square miles. The importance of the 
island as a port of call has been much lessened by the opening of the Suez Canal route to the 
East, but it is still used as a recruiting station for the West African squadron, and as a 
coaling station. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council. 





1. 


2. 


1 

3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 

£ 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Impoi-ts. 


Exports. 


Public Debt 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


' 1871 


6,241 


16,508 


18,439 




85,291 


22,617 


9,250 


1881 


5,059 


12,426 


12,801 




53,169 


2.675 


10,750 


1890 


4,222 


8,729 


9,032 

! 




31,958 


1,905 


1,250 



1502. — Juan de Nova ( ? Castella) discovered St. Helena. 

After the death of D' Almeida, in L510, at Table Bay, the Portuguese for many years avoided the Cape of 
Good Hoi)e. They put into St. Helena (the jwsition of which they contrived to conceal from other 
nations) for fresii water, and then doubled the Cape, making Sofala their next port of call. 

1588. — Thomas Cavendish passed the Cape of Good Hope on 16th May, and landed at 
St. Helena on 9th June. 

1645. — The Dutch occupied St. Helena. 

1651. — St. Helena being abandoned by the Dutch was taken possession of by the 
English. 



1661. — The London East India Company were empowered by their charter to plant and 
fortify St. Helena. 



282 ST. HELENA. 

1673. — The small garrison of the London Eadt India Company in charge of St. Helena, 
being unable to offer effectual resistance to a Dutch expedition from the Cape, spiked their 
cannon and escaped in a vessel lying ready for sea. Off the coast of Brazil they fell in with 
an English squadron under Commodore Eichard Munden, who sailed at once to St. Helena, 
and recaptured the island. 

1G74. — The island was granted by charter of Charles II. to the London East India 
Company, and remained under their administration, serving as a port of call and store depot, 
until the British Government took it over during the term of Napoleon's imprisonment. 
After that it reverted to the East India Company. 

1834. — The island was finally transferred to the Imperial Government under an Act 
passed in 1833. 



288 



ST. LUCIA. 



ST. LUCIA, one of the Windward group of the West India Islands, has an area of 245 
square miles. It is administered by an officer, who is subordinate to the Governor of 
the Windward Islands Colony, and who is assisted by an Executive Council and a nomi- 
nated Legislative Council. 

St. Lucia is the chief coaling station for the fleet in the West Indies, and has been 
strongly fortified. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 

1 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Exi>en<liture 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 


1 




£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


31,610 


18,307 


16,980 


— 


121,38 


171,461 


18,000 


1881 


38,551 


32,291 


32,653 


— 


120,134 


168,478 


33,500 


1890 


41,713* 


50,232 


45,430 


5,048 


206,693 


197,452 


133,700 



* Census 1891. 

1502. — Columbus on his fourth and last voyage discovered St. Lucia 

1639. — Some EngUsh Colonists settled on the island, but were all destroyed by the Caribs 
in the next year. 

1642. — Louis XIII. granted the island to the French West India Company. 

1664. — The English from Barbados captured St. Lucia from the French, 

1667.— By the Treaty of Breda, St. Lucia was restored to the French. 

1762.— General Monckton, assisted by the English fleet under Rodney, captured the 
island from the French. 



1763. — St. Lucia was restored to France by the Treaty of Paris. 



284 ST. LUCIA. 

1778. — After severe fighting, the British captured St. Lucia from the French. 

1783. — St. Lucia was restored to France by the Treaty of Versailles. 

1794. — St Lucia surrendered to the British. 

1796. — Insurrectionary movements having broken out, Sir R. Abercrombie subdued the 
insurgents after a month's fighting. 

1797. — Sir John Moore was appointed Governor, but returned to England the next year. 

1802. — St. Lucia was restored to France. 

1803. — Lord Hood captured St. Lucia. 

1814. — By the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain retained St. Lucia. 

1882. — A Boyal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of St. 
Lucia. 

1885. — By letters patent (17th March) St. Lucia was incorporated in the Colony of the 
Windward Islands. 



285 



ST. VINCENT. 



ST. VINCENT is twenty-one miles south-west of St. Lucia, and 100 miles west of 
Barbados. Its area is 132 square miles. The administrator of the island, who is 
subordinate to the Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands Colony, is assisted by an 
Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 



1 

I 


1. 


2. 


3. 


4. . 


5. 


6. 


7. 


1 

Year. 

1 

i 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 
£ 


Public Debt. 
£ 


1 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


35,688 


30,150 


26,025 


— 


157,337 


255,978 


— 


1881 


40,548 


30,637 


31,044 




129,026 


141,576 


2,500 


, 1890 


41,054* 


27,048 


25,942 


4,781 


97,809 


104,745 


12,270 






♦ O 


snsus of 1891. 









1498. — Columbus is said to have discovered St. Vincent on his third voyage. 

1762. — General Monckton, assisted by the English fleet under Rodney, captured the 
island from the French. 

1763. — St. Vincent was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris. 

St. Vincent, together with Dominica and Tobago, was incorporated in a province with 
Grenada, which was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of 
Great Britain. 

1779. — The French from Martinique, aided by the Caribs, captured St. Vincent. 
1783. — St. Vincent was restored to Great Britain by the Treaty of Versailles. 



During the next sixteen yejirs the English Colonists suffered greatly at the hands of the 
Caribs and the French. 



286 ST. VINCENT. 

1796. — The insurgents in St. Vincent, as in St. Lucia, were conquered by Sir 
p. Abercrombie, after severe fighting. 

1846. — Portuguese labourers were introduced into the island. 

1861. — The first batch of coolie labourers arrived at St. Vincent. 

1882. — A Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of 
St. Vincent. 

1885. — By letters patent (17th March) St. Vincent was incorporated in the Colony of the 
Windward Islands. 



287 



SIERRA LEONE. 



THE Colony of Sierra Leone consists of the settlement upon the peninsula of Sierra Leone 
and of the adjoining territory with an area of between 300 and 400 square miles, and 
of the coast district extending to the south of the settlement as far as the Mannah Eiver. 
The total area is estimated at 15,000 square miles, and the population at 180,000. 

The chief town of the Colony, Freetown, with 30,000 inhabitants, is the headquarters 
of the Imperial troops in West Africa, and a coaling station. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and a nominated Legislative Council. 



1. 

1 
Year. Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 7. 

Exports. ; Public Debt. 

1 


1 
1 

1871 37,089 
1881 60,546 

1890 75,000* 

i 


£ 

80,486 
69,814 
73,708 


£ 
76,131 
71,530 
63,056 


£ 


£ 
305,850 
374,375 
389,908 


£ 
440,469 
365.862 
349,319 


£ 
26,580 
73,000 
58,454 



* Of whom 270 are Europeans. 

1787. — The tract of land on which Freetown now stands was ceded by a native chief to 
an English company, which had been formed expressly to establish a settlement for the 
reception of freed African slaves. 

1791. — The Sierra Leone Company having obtained a charter, sent out numbers of freed 
negroes from Nova Scotia and Jamaica to Freetown. 

1861. — The population of the settlement numbered 41,000. 

1862. — Sherbro' was added to the Colony. 

1863. — An Executive Council for Sierra Leone was appointed, to which four native 
members were nominated. 

1866. — Gambia and Lagos were incorporated with Sierra Leone, and a central govern- 
ment was established for the West Coast Settlements. 

1874. — A fresh government was formed for Sierra Leone and the Gambia, imder the 
title of the West Africa Settlements, the Gold Coast and Lagos being formed into a separate 
Colony. 

1888. — By letters patent of 28th November, the Gambia was separated from Sierra 
Leone, and made a separate Colony. 



288 



SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 



SOUTH AUSTRALIA comprises about one-third of the Australian Continent, its area being 
903,690 square miles. It is bounded by Western Australia on the west, and by Victoria, 
New South Wales, and Queensland on the east. 

The Parliament of South Australia consists of a Legislative Council and a House of 
Assembly. The Council is composed of twenty-four members, of whom eight retire every 
three years, their successors being elected by a specially qualified electorate. The Assembly 
consists of fifty-four members, who are elected for three years. In 1890 there were 69,921 
registered electors. 





1. 


2. 


3. 4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


PoP"J»«o„. ^^^_ 


Public Exj>eii- Expenditure 
diture, exclu- from Loans on 
sive of 4. Public Works. 


Imports. 

£ 


Exports. 


PubUc Debt. 






£ 


£ 1 £ . 


£ 


£ 


1871 


185,626 1,057,192 


1,115,752 , 


2,158,023 


3,682,397 


2,167,700 


1881 


279,865 2,171,988 


2,054,285 1,424,217 


5,224,064 


4,407,767 


11,196,800 


1890 


315,048*, 2,557,772 


2,579,258 892,269 


8,262,673 


8,827,378 


20,401,500 












_ 


_ 



* Population in 1891, of whom 4,895 belonged to the Northern Territory. 

1836.— Ships sent out by the South Australian Colonization Company arrived at Port 
Adelaide, and on 28th December Captain Hindmarsh, E.N., who had been appointed Governor, 
proclaimed the Colony of South Australia. 

1837. — The South Australian Colonists approved of the site of the city of Adelaide, which 
had been selected by Colonel Light. 

1838. — Cattle were taken overland by the Murray route by Messra Hawden and Bonney 
from New South Wales to the Colony of South Australia. 



A military post was established by the British Government at Port Essington, in the 
Northern Territor}^ and named Victoria. 



.SOUTH AUSTBALIA. 289 

1839.— Sheep and cattle were taken overland from New South Wales to South Australia. 

1842. — The Kapunda copper mine was discovered fifty miles from Adelaide. 

1845. — The Burra copper mine was discovered about 100 miles from Adelaide. 
The population of South Australia was 21,700. 

1848. — Sir Henry E. F. Young became Governor of South AustraHa. Soon after his 
appointment the population of the Colony reached 50,000, and a Legislative Council was 
established by an Act of the Imperial Parliament, to consist of eight nominee and sixteen 
elected members. 

1849. — The military post, Victoria, in the Northern Territory, was abandoned. 

1856. — A constitution was granted to South Australia by virtue of 13 and 14 Vict., 
cap. 59, and was proclaimed on 24th October. 

The electric telegraph was introduced into South Australia. 

1857. — The first Parliament under the new constitution met in April. It consisted of 
two Chambers — the Legislative Council, elected on the basis of a property franchise ; and the 
House of Assembly, elected on the basis of universal suffrage. 

The session is memorable for the passing into law of the Real Property Act, introduced 
by Mr. (Sir) Robert R. Torrens. 

The population of the Colony numbered about 100,000. 

1861.— The population was 130,000. There were fifty-six miles of railway open. 

1862. — J. D, Stuart succeeded in crossing South Australia from south to north. As a 
result of his discoveries, the South Australian Government applied to the British Government 
for permission to annex the Northern Territory. 

1864. — The first attempt at settlement of the Northern Territory was made by a party of 
surveyors and others, who were sent by sea from Adelaide. Adam Bay was chosen as the site 
of the capital, but the attempt failed, as did also a second one made later in the same year. 

1866. — Camels were introduced into South Australia by Sir Thomas Elder for exploring 
purposes, and to establish a camel caravan route across the continent. 

1867. — Sydney and Adelaide were connected by telegraph* 

1869. — Sir James Fergusson was appointed Governor. 



290 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 

1870. — The construction of the 1,800 miles of telegraph from Adelaide to Port Darwin 
was commenced. 

1872. — The London and Adelaide telegraph was completed. 

1873. — Sir A. Musgrave was appointed Governor. 

1875. — Adelaide Universifcy was fomided. 

1877. — Adelaide and Perth were connected by telegraph. 
Sir W. F, D. Jervois was appointed Governor, 

1883. — Sir W. C. F. Robinson was appointed Governor. 

1887. — The first through train from Adelaide to Melbourne ran on 19th January. 

1888. — Lord Kintore was appointed Governor. 

1891. — Lord Kintore crossed the continent from Port Darwin to Adelaide. 



291 



STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 



THE Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements comprises Singapore, Malacca, and Penang, 
with the latter of which are included Province Wellesley and the Bindings. Singapore is 
an island with an area of 206 square miles, separated from the southern extremity of the 
Malay Peninsula by a strait less than a mile in width. Malacca is a strip of territory about 
forty-two miles in length and from eight to twenty-four in breadth, situated on the western 
coast of the Peninsula, about 110 miles to the north-west of Singapore. Penang, 240 miles 
from Malacca, is an island of 107 square miles, separated from Province Wellesley on the west 
coast of the Peninsula by a strait from two to ten miles broad. Province Wellesley, which forms 
part of the Settlement of Penang, extends forty-two miles along the coast, and is about eight 
miles in breadth. A small island, Pulau Pangkor, and a strip of the opposite coast of Perak, 
make up the Bindings, and belong to Penang Settlement. Moreover, the native States of 
Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong and Negri Sembilan, Johor, and Pahang, which compose a 
large portion of the Malay Peninsula, are under British protection. The total area of these 
protected States is about 32,600 square miles, with a population of nearly half a million. 
The Keeling, or Cocos, Islands, about 1,200 miles south-west of Singapore, and Christmas 
Island, 700 miles east of Keeling Islands, are also under the government of the Straits 
Settlements. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a Legislative Coimcil of ten official 
and seven unofficial members, five of whom are nominated by the Crown, and two elected by 
the Chambers of Commerce of Singapore and Penang. 



2. 



Year. Population. ^^^^^ 



1871 

1881 



308,097 
423,384 



1890 I 506,777* 



€ 
298,712 
451,271 
711,491 



1 

1 

;3. , 4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Public Exi)en- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 

£ 


Export*. 


Public Debt 
£ 


£ 


£ 


266,499 




10,161,563 


1 9,417,042 


— 


436,806 




15,686,138 


12,928,692 


77,100 


626,326 




24,549,668 


21,320,614 


5,800 



* Census 1891. 



1785. — Penang, or Prince of Wales* Island, was ceded by the Rajah of Eedah to 

England for a yearly payment of 6,000 dollars. 

u 2 



292 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 

1795. — Malacca was captured by Great Britain from the Dutch. Province Wellesley 
was acquired from the Eajah of Kedah. 

1805. — Penang, which had acquired a monopoly of the trade of the Malay Peninsula 
and Sumatra, and had a large trade with the further East, was made a separate Presidency 
under the East India Company, with rank equal to Madras and Bombay. 

1819. — Singapore was taken possession of by Sir Stamford Baffles in accordance with a 
treaty made with the Malayan princes. It was at first subordinate to Bencoolen in Sumatra. 

1823. — Singapore was placed under the government of Bengal. 

1826. — Penang, Malacca, and Singapore were incorporated under one government. 

1874. — Under instructions from the Secretary of State, the Governor of the Straits 
Settlements stationed British residents in the native States of Perak, Selangor, and Sungei 
Ujong. The Bindings were acquired as British territory for the better preservation of order 
in that part of the Peninsula. 

1875 — Mr. Birch, the British Resident at Perak, was murdered in the course of some 
disturbances in the native State. A British force promptly occupied the State, suppressed 
the disorders, and punished those concerned in the murder. 

1887. — The Sultan of Johor placed his foreign relations in the hands of Great Britain, 
and received a British Eesident. 

1888. — The Sultan of Pahang invited the appointment of a British Resident in bis State. 

1890.— The tonnage of 8,110 vessels entering the ports of the Straits Settlements 
amounted to 4,859,720. The number of native craft visiting the ports was 18,337, with a 
tonnage of 359,929 tons. 



298 



TASMANIA. 



THE island of Tasmania is separated from Yictoriai by Bass's Straits, which are about 
120 miles wide. Its area is estimated at 26,215 square miles. 

The Parliament of Tasmania consists of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. 
The Legislative Council of eighteen members is elected for six years, by electors possessing 
certain quahfications. The House of Assembly consists of thirty-six members, elected for 
three years. The number of electors for the Legislative Council in 1891 was 6,750, and for 
the House of Assembly was 30,817. 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


i 

£ 


£ 


1871 


101,785 


271,928 


287,262 





778,087 


740,638 


1,315,200 


1881 


115,705 


505,006 


463,684 




1,431,144 


1,555,576 


2,003,000 


1890 


146,667* 


758,100 


722,746 


1,628,281 


1,897,512 


1,486,992 


6,432,800 



• Population in 1891. 

1642. — Abel Jansen Tasman discovered New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), 
which island he named after the Dutch Governor ruling at Batavia. Tasman also explored 
the northern coasts of Austraha, which the States-General of Holland formally named '' New 
Holland." 

1803. — Van Diemen's Land was taken possession of by Governor Bowen, of New South 
Wales, as a penal settlement. 

1816.— The first emigrant ship arrived at Van Diemen's Land with free settlers. 



1820. — The settlers in Van Diemen's Land exported wheat to the value of £20,000, and 
in the next year began to export wool. 



294 TASMANIA. 

1825. — Van Diemen's Land was separated from New South Wales, and made into a 
distinct Colony, under Colonel Arthur as Governor. 

1836. — Sir John Franklin became Governor of Van Diemen's Land. 

1853. — The transportation of convicts to Van Diiemen's Land ceased. 

1856. — Kesponsible government was introduced. The name of the Colony was chan^'l 
to Tasmania. 

1861.— The population numbered 90,000. 

1881. — Sir G. C. Strahan was appointed Governor. 

1887. — Sir E. G. C. Hamilton was appointed Governor. 

1889. — The University of Tasmania was incorporated. 



295 



TOBAGO. 



TOBAGO, which is united to Trinidad for purposes of administration, is the most southerly 
of the Windward group of the British West India Islands. It Ues about twenty miles 
north east of Trinidad. It has an area of 114 square miles. 

The island is administered by a Commissioner appointed by the Governor of the united 
Colony of Trinidad and Tobago. The Commissioner is assisted by a Financial Board of not 
less than three nominated members. 



Ymr. 


1. 

Population. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Workft. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Ex[)orts. 


7. 
Public Debt 


1871 
1881 
1890 


17,054 
18,051 
20,727 


£ 

14,083 

16,830 

8,656 


£ 

10,389 

14,844 

9,253 


£ 


£ 
66,378 
59,582 
23,403 


£ 
95,698 
83,583 
19,371 


£ 
6,000 



1498. — Columbus on his third voyage is said to have discovered Tobago. 

1580. — ^The English took possession of Tobago. 

1632. — A company of Dutch merchants settled 300 emigrants on Tobago, and called it 
New Walcheren. After two years the Spaniards and Indians from Trinidad destroyed the 
settlement. 



1641. — Charles I. granted Tobago to James, Duke of Courland. 

1642. — The Duke of Courland settled a party of Courlanders in the north of Tobago. 

1654. — A Dutch Colony settled on the southern shore of the island. 

1658. — The Courlanders were overpowered by the Dutch, who retained poBsession of the 
island until 1662. 



296 TOBAOO. 

1662. — Louis XIV. created Cornelius Lampsius Baron of Tobago and proprietor of the 
island, under the Crown of France, the Dutch having resigned their right to it. 

1681. — The Duke of Courland, to whom Louis XIV. had restored Tobago, made over his 
title to the island to a company of London merchants. 

1684. — By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle the island was declaied neutral. 

1763. — Tobago was ceded to the English by the Treaty of Paris. 

Tobago, together with Dominica and St. Vincent, was incorporated in a Province with 
Grenada, which was proclaimed a distinct and separate government under the Great Seal of 
Great Britain. 

1814. — By the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain retained Tobago. 

1882. — A Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the financial condition of 
Tobago. 

1888. — Tobago and Trinidad were united as one Colony by an Act of the Imperial Parlia- 
ment (50 and 51 Vict., cap 44). 



297 



TRINIDAD. 



TRINIDAD lies about sixteen miles eastward of Venezuela. It has an area of 1,754 square 
miles. The Colony includes Tobago for administrative purposes. 

The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council, and a nominated Legislative Council 
of eight official and ten unofficial members. 



1 


1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


6. 


6. 


7. 


Year. 

1 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue, 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Riblic Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Public Debt. 






£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1871 


109,638 


272,094 


242,122 — 


1,218,024 


1,497,337 


148,900 


1881 


153,128 


434,235 


466,195 




2,226,276 


2,099,101 


500,720 


1890 


198,230 


468,559 


475,244 




2,248,893 


2,179,432 


632,320 



1498. — Colimibus discovered Trinidad on his third voyage. 

1595. — Sir W. Ealeigh sailed with five ships and 100 men in his vain search for the 
empire of Guiana. Having burnt the Spanish town of St. Joseph (built about 1584) on the 
island of Trinidad, Ealeigh proceeded to explore the basin of the Orinoco, and finally returned 
unsuccessful to Trinidad. 

1783. — M. de St. Laurent — a French planter of Grenada — induced the Spanish Government 
to issue a proclamation offering advantages to foreigners of all nations to settle in Trinidad. 

1797. — Trinidad was taken from the Spaniards by Sir R. Abercrombie, who appointed 
Lieutenant-Colonel Picton to be the first English Governor of the island. 

1802. — Trinidad was ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 

1861. — The population numbered 84,000. 



1888. — Trinidad and Tobago were united as one Colony by an Act of the Imperial 
Parliament (50 and 51 Vict., cap. 44). 



298 



VICTORIA. 



VIGTOBIA comprises the south-eastern portion of the continent of Australia. It has an 
area of 87,884 square miles, and a coast line of 700 miles. It is separated from New 
South Wales by the Biver Murray, and is bounded on the west by South Australia. 

The ParUament of Victoria consists of a Legislative Council of forty-eight members, and 
a Legislative Assembly of ninety-five members. About one-third of the Council must retire 
every year, their successors being elected on a restricted franchise. 

The Assembly is elected by manhood su&age for three years. In 1890-91 the number 
of electors for the Council was 156,894, for the Assembly 258,576. 





1 
1. ' 


2. 


i 

3. 1 4. 


6. 


6. 


i 7. ' 


Year. 


Population. 


Public 
Revenue. 


Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 

£ 


Expenditure 
from Loans on 
PubUo Works. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


PubUc Debt 




1 


£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1 
£ 1 


1871 


731,528 









12,341,995 


14,657,820 


11,994,800 


1881 


862,346 


5,186,011 


5,108,642 865,273 


16,718,621 


16,262,108 


22,693,102 ; 


' 1890 1,140,411* 

I 


8,519,159 


9,645,737 


4,188,944 


22,964,015 


18,266,222 

1 


41,377,693 , 

i 



* Population in 1891. 

1833. — Edward Henty, a merchant of Launceston in Van Diemen's Land, crossed Bass's 
Straits and examined the coimtry about Portland Bay. 

1834. — In November, Henty made the first permanent settlement on the soil of Victoria 
and commenced to till the ground and to breed stock. 



1835. — In May, John Batman crossed from Van Diemen's Land to Port Phillip Bay, and 
obtained from the natives a grant of 600,000 acres by a treaty which the Lnperial Oovem- 
ment disallowed. 

In August a party organized by John Pascoe Fawkner of Launceeton, Van Diemen's 
Land, sailed up the Yarra, and founded Melbourne. Fawkner himself landed on ISih October. 



VICTORIA. 299 

1836. — From April to October, Major Mitchell explored Port Phillip District, and named 
the western portion Australia Felix. 

In September, Captain Lonsdale arrived from Sydney to act as Besident Magistrate in 
Port Phillip District. 

1837. — Governor Bourke visited Port Phillip District. He approved of the choice made 
by Captain Lonsdale of the site of Fawkner's settlement, and named it Melbourne. 

1839.— Mr. Charles J. La Trobe arrived at Melbourne from Sydney as Superintendent of 
the Port Phillip District. 

1842. — Melbourne was incorporated as a town. 

1847. — By royal letters patent (26th June) Melbourne was created a city. 

1850. — The Australian Colonies Act (13 and 14 Vict., cap. 59) was passed, which 
provided for the erection of Port Phillip District into an independent Colony. 

1851. — On Ist July Port Phillip District was proclaimed a separate Colony under the 
name of Victoria. Its population was 76,000. Its Colonists owned 6,000,000 sheep, 
380,000 cattle, and 21,000 horses. In a few weeks' time it became known that rich deposits 
of gold existed within its borders. 

1852, — Owing to the gold discoveries the population increased by nearly 60,000 in the 
year. 

1853. — The University of Melbourne was founded. 

1854. — Eiots occurred at the Ballarat gold-fields. 
The electric telegraph was introduced. 

1855. — The new constitution, consisting of a Legislative Council of thirty members and a 
Legislative Assembly of sixty members, both Chambers to be elective and the members to 
possess a property qualification, was proclaimed in Victoria on 23rd November. 

The population was estimated at 364,000. 

1856. — The ballot was adopted in the election of members to the Legislature. 

1857. — The property quaUfication of members of the Legislative Assembly was abolished, 
and universal suffrage for electors became law. 

1858. - Sydney and Melbourne were connected by telegraph. 



800 VIOTOBIA. 

1861. — The population numbered 541,000. There were 260 miles of railway open. 

1872. — A branch of the Boyal Mint was set up in Melbourne, and was opened on the 
12th June. 

1873. — Sir G. F. Bowen was appointed Governor. 

1879. — The Marquis of Normanby was appointed Governor. 

1880.— Sydney and Melbourne were connected by railway. 

1881. — An International Exhibition was opened at Melbourne. 

By the Chinese Act a tax of £10 per head was levied on Chinese immigrants. 

1884. — Sir Henry B. Loch was appointed Governor. 

1889. — The Earl of Hopetoun was appointed Governor. 

1890. — The total value of gold produced in Victoria from 1851 to 1890 was estimated 
at £227,357,430. 



301 



VIRGIN ISLANDS. 



THE Virgin Islands are included in the Colony of the Leewabd Islands. They consist of 
a group of thirty-two small islands lying to the west of Porto *Bioo, and their total area 
amounts to about 58 square miles. The local administration consists of an Executive Council 
and a nominated Legislative Council 



Year. 


1. 

Popnlafion. 


2. 

Public 
Revenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
Public Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt 


1871 
1881 
1890 


6,651 
5,287 
4,640 


£ 
2,174 
1,604 
1,762 


£ 

2,117 
1,736 
1,981 


£ 


£ 
4,184 
4,999 
4,144 


£ 
6,601 
5,249 
5,050 


£ 



1493. — Columbus on his second voyage discovered the Virgin Isles. 
1666. — The islands now belonging to Great Britain came into the possession of England. 
1773. — A civil government and courts of justice were set up in the Virgin Islands. 
1871. — The Virgin Islands were incorporated in the Colony of the Leewabd Islands. 



302 



WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 



WESTERN AUSTRALIA comprises more than one- third of the continent of Austraha. 
It includes all of Australia lying west of the 129th degree of east longitude, and has an 
area of 1,060,000 square miles. 

The Legislature of the Colony consists of a Legislative Council of fifteen members, who 
have been nominated by the Governor, and of a Legislative Assembly of thirty members, 
elected for four years. Eventually the Legislative Council will also be elected. 



Year. 


1. 
Popalatdon. 


2. 

Public 
Rflvenue. 


3. 

Public Expen- 
diture, exclu- 
sive of 4. 


4. 

Expenditure 
from Loans on 
PubHc Works. 


5. 
Imports. 


6. 
Exports. 


7. 
Public Debt. 


1871 
1881 
1890 


25,853 
29,708 
49,782* 


£ 

97,606 

254,313 

414,314 


£ 
107,148 
197,386 
401,737 


£ 

95,188 
15,906 


£ 
198,011 
404,831 
874,447 


£ 

• 

199,281 
602,770 
671,813 


• 

611,000 
1,867,444 



• Population in 1891. 

1829. — Captain (Sir James) Stirling, B.N., founded the Colony of Western Australia by 
proclamation on 1st June, and in a few months emigrant ships arrived from England, and 
the Swan Eiver Settlement was formed. 

1850. — The Colony making little progress, a petition was addressed by the settlers to the 
Imperial Government to make it a penal settlement. Accordingly in the next eighteen years 
10,000 convicts were sent out. 

1861.— The population was 15,000. 

1868. — Transportation of convicts to Western Australia ceased. 



1869. — ^The telegraph was introduced into Western Australia. 



WEBTBBN AUSTBALIA. 303 

1870. — Two-thirds of the Legislative Council of Western Australia were henceforth to be 
elected. 

1877. — Adelaide and Perth were connected by telegraph. 

1887. — ^The Legislative Council of Western Australia petitioned the Imperial Government 
to grant the Colony responsible self-government. 

1890. — The Bill granting self-government to Western Australia was passed by the Imperial 
Parliament, and its constitution as a self-governing Colony was proclaimed on 22nd October 
by Governor Sir W. C. F. Robinson. The entire management and control of the waste lands 
of the Colony is vested in the Colonial Legislature. The Crown, however, has reserved the 
power to divide the Colony as may from time to time seem fit. 



304 



WESTERN PACIFIC PROTECTORATE. 



A HIGH Commissioner was appointed for the Western Pacific Islands in 1877, and 
power was vested in him to settle disputes between British subjects living in the 
islands forming the Western Pacific Protectorate. His jurisdiction covers all the islands not 
within the limits of Fiji, Queensland, or New South Wales, or which do not fall within the 
jurisdiction of any other civilized Power. The principal islands are the Solomon Islands, 
the New Hebrides, Tonga, and other small groups in Melanesia. 



WINDW^ARD ISLANDS. 



BY letters patent (17th March, 1885) the islands of Grenada, St. Lucia, and St Vincent 
were constituted the Colony of the Windward Islands. Each of the islands retains 
its local institutions, and is presided over by a Resident Administrator, who is also Colonial 
Secretary. The Governor-in-Chief resides at St. George's, Grenada. The total area of the 
Windward Islands Colony is 524 square miles, and its population about 134,000. 



ZULULAND. 



THE Protectorate of Zululand was formally declared to be British territory in May, 1887. 
It includes St. Lucia Bay, and has an area of about 8,900 square miles, and a population 
of 648 Europeans and about 142,000 Zulus. 

The territory is administered by a Eesident Commissioner under the Governor of Natal, 
who is also Governor of Zululand. 



A^