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GIRLS' AND BOYS'

INSPIRING

UNITED STATES HISTORY

•••••••

AND

A HEART TO HEART TALK

ABOUT

WHITE FOLKS

BY
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Jr.

''service our mission:

{Graduating Class Motto)

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Jr.,

As • hustling agent delivering his popular book, which (by melting
the saddest person laugh, the jolliest person cry and the most thought-
less person think), is selling itself like buckwheat cakes and sausage
steaming-hot some frosty morn or cool refreshing ice cream when the
sun is very warm.

COLORED

GIRLS and BOYS'
INSPIRING

UNITED STATES
HISTORY;

AND A

HEART TO HEART TALK

ABOUT

WHITE FOLKS

William Henry Harrison, Jrj

LOAN STACK

5<,T\ G

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. Jr.

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

TO THOSE COLORED GIRLS AND BOYS

UPON WHOSE NOBLE EFFORTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

WILL REST THE FOUNDATIONS FOR

THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF

THE NEGRO RACE:

AND

TO ALL THOSE WHITE WOMEN AND MEN

WHOSE KIND ENCOURAGEMENT OF AND JUST

DEALINGS WITH ALL HUMANITY ARE BRINGING

ABOUT BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND GREATER

CO-OPERATIONS BETWEEN

WHITE AND COLORED PEOPLE.

COMPOSED — COMPILED — WRITTEN
ARRANGED — DESIGNED

AND

ORIGINAL DRAWINGS
MADE FROM ALONG

THE FAMOUS PICTURESQUE LEHIGH VALLEY

OF PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

BY
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, JR.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Actors 233

Agriculture 96

Architects 186

Army Officers 57

Artists 184

Athletics 203

Bankers 118

Baseball 213

Basketball 218

Bishops 73

Boley, Okla 40

Books 154

Business 114

Business Schools 113

Business People 122

Churches 65

City Officers 45

Civil War 26

Colleges, Colored 161

Colleges, White 160

Colonial War 17

Colored Women's Clubs 86

Composers 200

Congressmen 42

Dentists 175

Diplomats 43

Elocutionists 239

Field Sports 205

Folklore Songs 36

Football 204

Fraternal Orders 128-252-253

Golfing 231

Higher Education 159

Hospitals 174

Industrial Education 106

Insurance 125

Inventions 176

Lawyers 130

Liberty Bonds 61

Magazines 148

Marcus Garvey 95

Medicine 170

Mexican War 21

Ministers 73

Music 188

N.A.A.C.P 245

Newspapers 135

"Negro Servants" 10

Negro Business League 89

Nurses 174

Orators 157

Pan-African Congress 92

Pianists 198

Plantation Morals 30

Poets 180

Prize Fighters 220

Reconstruction Days „ , ... 3B

Real Estate , 121

Revolutionary War 18

Rowing 227

Rural Schools 110

Science 164

Sculptors 187

Singers 192

Slaves 10

Skating '. 230

Spanish American W7ar 47

State Legislators 45

Spingarn Medalists 94

Statisicians 157

Sunday Schools 78

Swimming 228

Tennis 230

Theaters 239

Underground R. R 22

Urban League 248

Violinists 195

War of 1812 19

White Friends 242

World War .• 49

Y. M. C. A S3

Y. W. C. A 79

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

Not to Boast but to Boost

Negroes should find great pride indeed

In Race progress herein they read;
But to such readers let me tell

This book means not our heads to swell;
For five of the greatest rich white men

Could buy the wealth of our Race: and then!

So this book is neither a brag nor boast

But just to inspire our younger host
To elevate their racial name

From poisoned stains of slavery shame,
By climbing to the highest heights

Thro aid of friends who are "real whites".

TWENTY-FIVE years ago, when a lad fifteen years old at-
tending the public schools of Pennsylvania, in which State
I was born and reared, certain ideas and sentiments caused me to
secretly resolve that some day, when I had gotten together the
necessary data, I would write just such a book as is contained
herein. At the time that resolution was formed, I was attend-
ing the Darlington School in Middle town District, Delaware
County over which Prof. A. G. C. Smith was Superintendent.
And I remember with much gratefulness my first and last public
school teachers, Misses Carrie V. Hamilton and Rebecca R.
Crumley and Prof. Smith for their kind and frequent words to
me as encouragement to continue my education after graduat-
ing from the public schools.

My favorite study was the United States History, and even
at the tender age of fifteen years, I was greatly surprised and
Race pridely hurt not to find any history, except about slavery,
in such books concerning the American Negro. I had such
childish confidence in my school books and their authors that
I felt sure if Negroes had fought and died in the several American
wars; had become great poets, orators, artists, sculptors, etc.,
the histories I was studying would have mentioned such. I
thought in doing that they would have been preserving United
States valuable history more so than merely giving just credit
to the Colored people who had made such history. I did not
know that right then the attentions of many public school

children in far away Europe were often called to the histories of
such distinguished Colored Americans as Phyllis Wheatley, the
poetess; Frederick Douglas, the orator; Henry O. Tanner, the
artist; Edmonia Lewis, the sculptoress — all of them having won
recognition and fame in Europe as well as in America.

My youthful ignorance, regarding the achievements of my
race, is easily explained when it is taken into consideration that
I was a farmer boy living far from libraries I had never seen and
Negro histories I had never heard about. And the United States
histories then used in the public schools had nothing in them to
enlighten me on that subject. They misled and kept me, along
with thousands of other Colored school children, in absolute
ignorance relative to the progress and attainments of the Ameri-
can Colored people. So whenever our history classes went up
to recite and my white classmates proudly went through the
lessons about General George Washington, Noah Webster,
Benjamin Franklin, Eli Whitney, Longfellow, etc., while I knew
and could just as easily recite such history, nevertheless, my
feelings of crushed race pride and mortification were beyond ex-
pression because not one thing could I proudly recite from my
lessons about great things my people had accomplished in
America.

It is the same with the United States histories used in our
public schools of today. They do not relate about Crispus
Attucks, a Negro soldier and the first Colonist martyr to give
his life for America in the Revolutionary War; nor about the
Colored sailor, William Tillman, who received six thousand
dollars from the Federal Government for recapturing a stolen
schooner from the Rebels in the Civil War; nor about the
Colored Registrars of the United States Treasury, B. K. Bruce,
J. W. Lyons, W. T. Vernon and J. C. Napier, whose names,
during different administrations covering a period of more than
thirty years, appeared on all the United States paper money
made and issued during that period; nor about Matthew A.
Henson, who was with Commodore Peary when he (Peary)
discovered the North Pole; nor about Booker T. Washington,
one of the greatest orators America has ever produced and also

builder of one of the most famous institutions of learning not
only in America but in the world.

As I said before, I knew nothing about such Negro history
while I was a farmer's boy, but I could never quite rid myself
of a feeling that the Colored people in the United States did have
a worthy history. I studied the white man's U. S. History from
cover to cover and learned all I could from it, but I got no more
racial inspiration from it than a white boy would get from
studying only a Negro history in which nothing was written
about his own racial achievements. So I secretly resolved to
immediately begin to quietly and patiently research for American
Negro data in order to some day publish a book so that future
Colored school children would not be kept in ignorance about
their own race history. I felt it was perfectly right and neces-
sary to study the white man's history at the school desks, but
if Colored children were not permitted to study the history of
their own race at the same desks; it was perfectly right and nec-
cessary that Colored children learn about the achievements of
their great men and women at their home firesides within their
family circles*

So for the benefit mostly of Colored youths, here are the
crude results of my boyhood resolutions and manhood efforts after
twenty-five years filled with trying discouragements, and bitter
disappointments, but also just as full of unswerving determina-
tions, constant hopefulness, upward climbs, ceaseless works and
fervent prayers to God to succeed.

The author wishes to use this place and opportunity to express
his deepest thanks to the more than one hundred prominent
Colored men and women, living in as many large cities in all
parts of the United States, who so friendly sent to him up-to-
date information regarding the progress and success of Colored
people in those cities.

For the unusual generosity and kindness in giving of their
valuable time to personally and helpfully send to him exception-
ally fitting and authentic Negro data, the writer most courteous-

ly acknowledges and gratefully names the following distinguished
Colored and white contributors;

Mr. Cleveland G. Allen, New York City, N. Y., Associate Editor of the New
York Home News, and Lecturer on Negro Music in the Public Schools
of New York City.

Rev. G. W. Allen, D. D. , Editor & Manager of Southern Christian Re-
corder, Nashville, Tenn.

Attorney Violette N. Anderson, foremost woman lawyer in Chicago, 111., and
one of the most prominent Colored women in her profession in America.

Rev. F. P. Baker, prominent minister in Evansville, Ind.

Miss Eva D. Bowles, New York City, N. Y., Executive Secretary in charge of
Colored Work of the Young Women's Christian Association.

Mr. Thomas F. Blue, Head of Colored Library, Louisville, Ky.

Miss Mabel S. Brady, Branch Y. W. C. A. Secretary, Kansas City, Mo.

Rev. Geo. F. Bragg, prominent minister and author of Baltimore, Md.

Mr. Chas. H. Brooks, Phila., Pa., Sec'y of Cherry Bldg. & Loan Ass'n,
and prominent in insurance business.

Captain Walter R. Brown, Assistant Commandant, Hampton Institute, Va.

Rev. Russell S. Brown, prominent minister in Atlanta, Ga.

Mr. Walter A. Butler, San Franscisco, Cal., Financier and President of the
Northern California Branch of the N. A. A. C. P.

Rev. H. W. Childs, D. D., LL. D., prominent minister in Pittsburgh, Pa., and
member of the Executive Board of New England Baptist Convention.

Dr. J. B. Claytor, prominent physcian in Roanoke, Va.

Mr. M. L. Collins, Editor of Shreveport Sun, Shreveport, La.

Prof. J. W. Cromwell, Historian, and instructor of higher education in Wash-
ington, D. C.

Mr. A. G. Dill, New York City, Editor of The Brownies' BQok and Business
Manager of The Crisis Magazine.

Prof. Carl Diton, Phila., Pa., noted composer, organist and pianist.

Mr. James E. Gayle, New Orleans, La., Editor of The Vindicator, and Manag-
er of the Pythian two hundred thousand dollar Temple in that city.

F. Grant Gilmore, Author, Playwright and Producer, Philadelphia, Pa.

Bishop Robert E. Jones, Editor of Southwestern Christian Advocate, New
Orleans, La., first and only Negro elected Presiding Bishop over the Louis-
iana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas Diocese of the Methodist Episcopal
Church.

Mr. Joseph L. Jones, Founder & President of the Central Regalia Co., Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Rev. D. J. Jenkins, D. D., Editor of Charleston Messenger, Founder and
President of The Orphan Aid Society, Charleston, S. C.

Hon. Jas. Weldon Johnson, New York City, N. Y., United States ex-Consul
to several foreign countries, Associate Editor of The New York Age,
Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People.

Mr. Tony Langston, Chicago, 111., Advertising Manager of Chicago Defender
and eight theaters, President of Langston's Slide and Advertising Com-
pany.

Mr. Matt. N. Lewis, Editor of The Star, Newport News, Va.

Principal Isaac H. Miller, A. B., Cookman Institute, Jacksonville, Fla.

Mr. J. E. Mitchell, Editor of The Argus, St. Louis, Mo.

Dr. J. E. Mooreland, New York City, N. Y., International Secretary and Head
of the Colored Department of the Young Men's Christian Association.

Mr. Daniel Murray, Assistant Librarian, Congressional Library, Washington,
D. C.

Dr. Harvey Murray, M. D., prominent physician, Wilmington, Del.
Mrs. Mary F. Parker, Chester, Pa., Undertaker and Embalmer, and Frater-
nal worker.
The late Mr. Chris Perry, who until his death was Editor of The Philadelphia

Tribune and President of National Negro Press Association.
Attorney T. Gillis Nutter, Charleston, W. Va.f Representative in the West

Virginia Legislature.
Mr. Geo. W. Perry, Boley, Oka., Editor of Boley Progress and prosperous

farmer.
Mr. Jos. L. Ray, Bethlehem, Pa., Confidential Man of Mr. Charles M.

Schwab.
Mr. John H. Rives, Dayton, Ohio, Editor of The Dayton Forum.
Hon. F. M. Roberts, Sacramento, Cal., Assemblyman in the California State

Legislature.
Mr. C. K. Robinson, Editor of Independent Clarion, St. Louis, Mo.
Mr. R. H. Rutherford, President & Treasurer of The National Benefit Life

Insurance Co., Washington, D. C.
Miss Myrtilla J. Sherman, In Charge of Negro Record Department, The

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Va.
Mr. John A. Simms, Jacksonville, Fla., Editor of The Florida Sentinel.
Attorney Harry C. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio, Editor of Cleveland Gazette,

ex-Member of the Ohio State Legislature where he introduced as Bills

and had enacted as Laws, The Ohio Anti-Lynching Law and The Ohio

Civil Rights Law.
Mr. C. C. Spaulding, Durham, N. C, Vice-President & Gen'l Manager of The

North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company.
Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va., R. W. G. Secretary & Treasurer of

the I. 0. of St. Luke, and President of the St. Luke Bank.
Miss H. Georgiana Whyte, Chicago, 111., Editor of the Women's Department,

The Favorite Magazine.
Mr. J. Finley Wilson, Washington, D. C, Editor of The Washington Eagle,

and President of The National Negro Press Association.
Dr. Carter G. Woodson, Washington, D. C, Editor of The Journal of Negro

History, and Director of Research for The Association For The Study

of Negro Life and History, Incorporated.
Mr. P. B. Young, Norfolk, Va., Capitalist and Editor of The Journal and

Guide.

But the full credit, due for most of the Negro data references
contained in this book, the author takes great pleasure in justly
acknowledging and gratefully extending, through the Negro
Year Book, to its Editor, Prof. Monroe N. Work, Director, De-
partment of Records and Research. Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute, Tuskegee, Ala., whose personal consent
was obtained by the writer to take extracts from the Negro
Year Book.

William Henry Harrison, Jr.

FIRST AFRICANS VISIT VIRGINIA

Invited Guests Detained

White settlers came invitedless

And made this land their home so real;
So Negroes to, have right to feel

This is their home without appeal ;
For they were brought invited guests

And told that they must always stay;
So this is why they are here today
Most loyal citizens every way.

— Harrison.

OVER three hundred years ago (1619) Africans were first
brought as ' 'Negro Servants" (Ref. Prof. Monroe N.
Work's Negro Year Book; page 153, 1918-1919 edition) to the
early colonies of the United States by the captain of a Dutch
ship who sold twenty Negroes to white plantation owners at
Jamestown, Virginia. As the results of those and many other
native Africans being later captured and forcibly brought to
America, real slavery was finally started and spread so rapidly
that there were about four million slaves in the United States
by January 1, 1863. At that time all the slaves in the Rebel
states were set free by the Emancipation Proclamation of Presi-
dent Abraham Lincoln, who was later murdered for that Godly
act by one of his own race. But today Abraham Lincoln is
remembered in all civilized countries as one of the greatest
among the greatest men the world has ever known; as the
noblest president who has ever governed the United States and
as the truest and most fair-minded white friend the Negro race
has ever had. On December 18, 1865 the adoption of the
13th Amendment to The Constitution of the United States gave
freedom to the remaining slaves who lived in the states that had
not rebelled against the Union. Thus in these two legal ways,
that were made possible by the Northern States winning the
Civil War, were all the slaves in the United States of America
set free.

When the few broad-minded white people in the early colonies
stopped to realize that the first African people who arrived were
not used to America's new foods, unusual hard work, cold change-
able climates and were without a knowledge of the white man's

language, habits and religion; it is no great wonder why that
small portion of justice thinking white people so readily saw un-
usual good qualities and latent talents in a group of supposed
brainless heathens who so quickly, peacefully and profitably
stepped from the narrow paths of African savagery into the
broad avenues of American civilization. But the large numbers
of narrow-minded people, who then (as now) tried so hard to
make themselves and others believe that Negroes were inferior
human beings to themselves, put forth the explanation that the
remarkable and rapid adjustments of the slaves to American
surroundings were due to their childlike dispositions to imitate
actions, to humbly obey orders and their great physical strength
to do all kinds of hard work at all times under all conditions.
Such people were entirely wrong in such ideas, just as all ill-
meaning prejudiced ideas keep their owners wrong, mean and in
the lowest stages of human society. When men and women al-
low their minds to become poisoned with hateful, envious and
jealous prejudice toward other people and refuse to have any-
thing to do with them because they are Colored, they have and
show just about as much greatness in good taste and good com-
mon-sense as if they were to refuse to puff on their favorite brand
of Havana cigars or to nibble on one of Mr. Huyler's famed
chocolate bon-bons just because the cigar and bon-bon are of
rich brown colors. Such narrow-minded actions do not make
people great except in their own home-town little social circles.
And when they leave home and go out into the world to mingle
among well-cultured, highly educated and broad-minded people,
prejudiced men and women soon find that their supposed great-
ness along side of, for instance, an Abraham Lincoln or a Har-
riet Beecher Stowe* is as large as a grain of sand is along side of a
mountain. If President Lincoln had not preserved the Union
and signed the Emancipation Proclamation, or if Mrs. Stowe had
not written Uncle Tom's Cabin,* but instead, both had turned

As the result of her being kind, courteous and considerate of the feelings
of respectable Colored people with whom she came in contact and her writing
against slavery in Uncle Tom's Cabin, the name of Harriet Beecher Stowe
stands today as the most widely known and famous women authoress the world
had ever known. During the first year her book was published over 100
editions appeared, and up to the present time it is said that at least two mil-

lion copies of it have been sold throughout the United States and foreign coun-
tries. Aside from the English language, it has been issued in over a score of
other civilized languages. It is estimated as being the most popularly read
book in the world with the exception of the Bible. It has been just as suc-
cessfully produced on the stage and since its first publication in book form in
1852, it has continued to hold its popularity as no other book has ever done for
such a period of years with the exception of the Bible. It is estimated that
during just the first year Uncle Tom's Cabin was published its authoress re-
ceived at least $50,000 as royalties from its sales.

This is how the unkown and poor but mannerly refined, highly cultured,
sensibly educated and broad-minded white lady, Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe,
made for herself everlasting fame, immortalized her name and at the same time
reaped an independent fortune; just by sowing seeds of consideration and
kindness among, looking upon and treating as God's human beings and full-
fledged American citizens the Colored people in the United States

As the above were the earthly rewards the hearts of weak and sinful man-
kind were softened and melted enough to give to Mrs. Stowe, just think of the
indescribable rewards the always loving heart of the strong and pure Al-
mighty God is today bestowing upon her in Heaven with Him.

up their noses in disdain, tossed their heads in haughty proud-
ness and snobbishly spurned well-behaved, well-dressed and in-
telligent people just because of their colors; the names of Lincoln
and Stowe (in stead of now being enshrined in the Hall Of Fame
and written in the world's history ever to be remembered and
beloved by all nations) would have been buried and forgotten
a few years after their owners had died as is the case with the
names of all race prejudiced people. But this point regarding
the utter foolishness and ignorance of people showing race pre-
judice was much more ably and vividly brought out in one of
Mr. McKay's bull's-eye-shot and soul-stirring pictures that
appear in the Sunday issues of the New York American — one
among several such big white journals from which the writer
derives new inspiration and increased knowledge every Sunday.
This picture and editorial in question, that described the "Nama-
qua" savage tribe of Negroes living in the African jungles, were
printed in the March 6, 1921 issue of the New York American,
and the following is an extract from that article titled "Shooting
At The Storm."

"The savages of Africa had first of all to fight and conquer
the burning sun, hence the black skin that keeps off the deadly
"actinic rays" that would quickly destroy any white race in their
climate, and the thick woolly hair, saturated with grease, pro-
tecting the skull from the heat and the deadly effect of those

same rays.

"As we think of different kinds of human beings, let us judge
them by the conditions under which they live, whether they be
Eskimos near the North Pole or men like these Namaquas at the
Equator.

"Self-satisfied ignorance is horrified at the Eskimo eating
enormous quantities of rank, fat whale blubber. Any race
transferred to the Artie Circle would do that or die. Ignorance
despises the black skin and woolly hair of the African. Any
white race transferred to the African tropics would develop
such skin and hair, or it would die.

"UNDERSTAND what you are discussing, as far as possible,
before discussing it. An eagle cannot understand a turtle, or a
turtle an eagle. And a cow, mildly grazing, cannot understand
either. Every human being that despises another, no matter
what the other may be, simply represents the animal expression
of prejudice based on ignorance."

Now the real truth, as to how those strange and friendless
slaves were able to so readily adapt themselves to this country
and so aptly adopt the methods and customs of the colonists,
is that from mere force of habits they put into their everyday
lives their inherited qualities of open-friendliness, big-hearted-
nefcj, broad-mindedness, trustworthiness, constant-loyalty,
quick-alertness, unbounded-patience, everready-forgivefulness
and undying hopefulness. These qualities (in which all civilized
countries of today stand badly in need of a much broader growth
and a higher culture) had been handed down to the American
slaves by their African forefathers who had for centuries dwelt
in the darkest and wildest torrid jungles without a knowledge of
the white man's civilization. And those black ancestors had
passed to their suffering offsprings such full portions of the above
named manhood and brotherhood principles that the slaves were
able, as they pitifully and tearfully went back and forth to their
body-torturing and spirit-crushing tasks, to shame, by their
unspiteful and unrevengeful actions under such cruel treatments,
just a little measure of their inherited virtues into the so-called
civilized, educated and Christian white people who held them in
bondage. It must be granted that their owners did teach the

slaves (whose foreparents had lived in a very hot country where
little clothing was needed and food was plentiful without working
for it) how to properly dress and how to regularly work. And
although those enslaved people were taught those good habits
only as means for their selfish and greedy owners to enable
themselves to get richer, nevertheless, the Colored people of to-
day are glad and thankful that they are now able to turn to their
own personal and racial advantages the industrial habits learned
by their people in slavery. On the other hand, Colored people
will always be sorry and unthankful to those brute overseers
and raping slave owners who so sinfully and beastfully forced
upon and taught numerous and most harmful immoral vices to
their slaves. And those soul-damning and life-sapping vices are
still clinging to and leaving their marks on the rapidly advancing
Colored people, just as the poison ivy clings to and mars the
health and beauty of the young and tender acorn sprouts as
they struggle upward to become future majestic oaks in the
densely foliaged forests.

However, all of the white people in America at that time did
not approve of or own slaves (just as all of the white people
in the United States today do not approve of nor take part in
discriminating against respectable Colored people) because they
knew it was not right. They had the kind of Christianity that
was real and pure enough to make their minds fully understand
and their hearts to tenderly feel that slavery in its kindest man-
ner is the worse sin against God and the greatest crime against
humanity. And it was this class of God-serving and fellowman-
loving white men and women who secretly and in great danger
of being caught and punished (for the laws of the country for-
bid the educating of slaves) taught the otherwise friendless people
in bondage their first knowledge of God and Jesus Christ. When
it is remembered that those African people were just a few years
out of a land where the practices of their tribes for centuries
had been to worship in a different religion; it is easily seen that
the slaves were an unusual reasoning, sensible and broad-minded
group of uncivilized people to have so quickly found the mistake
in and so suddenly thrown aside their old and false religion and
so readily accepted in its place the new and true Faith.

Answered Prayers

During the two hundred and forty-four years of their bitter
servitude those shackled people had learned to place so much
faith and trust in their newly found religion that they felt sure
God in his own wisdom, time and manner would hear and answer
their usually silent and always heart-rending prayers for de-
liverance from slavery.

So as Southern heats washed briny sweat into their sun-
dazed eyes, or Northern colds checked frozen blood from flowing
through their veins; the hopeful prayers of the slaves, that they
and their children might some day become free, were constant-
ly offered up from the tobacco plantations of Virginia ; from the
cotton belts of Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi ; from the corn
fields of Tennessee and Texas; from the rice swamps of South
Carolina; from the orange groves of Florida; from the stone
quarries of Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania; from
the truck farms of Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey; from
the turpentine forests of North Carolina; from the blue grass
meadows of Kentucky ; from the fishing banks of Massachusetts,
New Hampshire and Rhode Island and from the cane-brakes of
Louisiana.

Likewise, the Colored people of today, as they patiently and
gradually draw themselves up and away from the slum and
slime of slavery, are constantly sending up to Heaven from the
east, the west, the north and the south points of this country
their hopeful and earnest prayers that God in His mysterious
way will convert and bring back to Christianity those prejudiced,
heathenish and uncivilized members of the Caucasian race who
persecute and discriminate against all darker races just on account
of their progress. As living witnesses and proofs that such
prayers are already being duly heard and daily answered by
God, the author will tell on the following pages of this book
(mainly for the inspiration of Colored boys and girls so that they
will not lose confidence in themselves, trust in mankind and faith
in God) just a little of the remarkable progress and success
made by the American Colored people during their fifty-eight
years of freedom.

But the Negro youths who read these following pages should
ever bear in mind that the members of their race who have
climbed and mounted these rounds of success have only been
able to do so through the guidance and care of God ; through the
unswerving determinations and ceaseless struggles on the part
of themselves and through the hearty good-will and brotherhood
helpfulness of the thousands of American white people who are
today true and loyal friends of the American Colored people.

THE COLORED RACE IN THE WARS OF THE U. S.

In the Colonial, French and Indian Wars
(1704-1759)

Even farther back than 1704 Colored freemen and slaves show-
ed their braveness and fighting abilities by taking active
parts in helping the white plantation owners to protect and pre-
serve their homes from the justly aggrieved Indians. Around
the above date and the period between the years 1708 and 1718
a series of Colonial and Indian wars took place. These conflicts
stretched from little but dignified Rhode Island (Queen Anne's
War) through the Tuscarora Indian War down to the Yamasse
Indian War that for a time threatened to wipe away the rice and
indago colony of South Carolina. Included among these military
operations were the French and Indian Wars in which many
Negroes gave good accounts of themselves, foremost among them
being Sam Jenkins and Israel Titus who showed unusual brave-
ness under the commands of General Washington and Braddock.

IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
(1775-1783)

Crispus Attucks

His statue stands in Boston park

To tell the sacred battle mark
Where first his life met death's decree

So freedom to these States could be.

— Harrison

ALTHOUGH such records cannot be found on the pages of the
United States histories used in the American public schools,
a trip to cultured Boston will enable one to read on the monuments
in public squares and in the public libraries the name and facts
about the glorious deeds of that pioneer Negro patriot, Crispus
Attucks who fell as the first American mactyr in the Boston
Massacre of 1770. It is also in the Puritan records of New Eng-
land where one may learn about Peter Salem, the Colored soldier
who avenged the death of the first seven American martyrs at
Lexington and Concord by slaying Major Pitcain, the British
officer who in company with his men charged against
the Colonists at Bunker Hill. Among the hundreds of other
men of color who took parts in those fierce skirmishes were Salem
Poor, reported at the Commander's office for extraordinary
bravery at Bunker Hill, and " Black Prince" cited for unexcelled
gallantry at Newport. It is understood that among those who
received pensions at the close of the war were Cato Howe, A.
Ames and T. Coburn.

Few know that it was a Colored man, Jordan Freeman, who
timely and mortally received on his ready spear point the British
officer, Major Montgomery as he daringly leaped, followed by
his soldiers, over the walls of Griswold, an American fort. Later
on in that same battle of 1781 the Colonists were over powered
and compelled to surrender, whereupon the American leader,
Ledyard, courteously handed his sword to the British officer in
command. That unfair Englishman upon receiving the sword
immediately thrust it up to the hilt through the body of Ledyard.
A Colored soldier, Lambo Latham, who was standing near and
saw the dastardly act, made one mighty pantherlike leap and

loyally avenged the death of his American commander by plung-
ing his bayonet clear through the body of that ungallant Britisher.
For that act of fidelity and partiotism, Lambo Latham received
over thirty bayonet stabs from the enemy before he stopped
fighting and gave his last breath for America and its white peo-
ple who at that moment were denying their Colored slaves the
same sweet freedom for which they were fighting to get from
England.

Not only did "John Bull's" subjects have to face human lions
in the forms of fighting Colored men, but they also had to feel
the pains and fear the death dealing blows of human tigeresses in
the forms of Colored women fighters. And all Americans who
are truely proud of their country and its real history should read
and remember about one Molly Pitcher, who after her husband
had been killed in the battle of Monmouth, bravely took his
place at a cannon and nervely upheld America's cause during
the remainder of that fierce and bloody conflict. Then there was
the undaunted and resourceful Deborah Gannet, who by assum-
ing the name of "Bob" Shurtliff" entered the American army
and went through more than one year of actual battlefield fight-
ing and camp life exposure. And during her entire service she
successfully kept her moral purity by cleverly hiding from the
officials and the soldiers the knowledge of her sex. This in other
words read her war record on a pension certificate granted to her
after her honorable discharge from the army. And there were
doubtless many other unrecognized but noble Negro women who
entered numerous conflicts and gave their last drop of blood and
lives in order that the white colonists might enjoy the freedom
that their Colored brothers and sisters then saw no signs of
ever receiving.

In the War of 1812
(1812)

There are few people who know that one of the main causes
of The War of 1812 was on account of the British forcibly taking
and compelling three Americans (two Negroes and one Caucasian)
to sail under the English flag. It was in that same war that a
Colored soldier, Jefferys, on seeing a body of American troops

retreating under heavy fires from the enemy, clashed to their
front, rallied them together, led their steps back and repelled the
British soldiers who were about to break through a very import-
ant but weak point in General Jackson's defense at Mobile.
That general not only noted that leadership rally but gave full
credit and praise where it was due. He also expressed grateful-
ness to the soldier of color whose ideas first suggested the success-
ful use of bales of cotton for breastworks in fortifications. In the
battles around New Orleans he looked with soldierly pride upon
the splendid fighting of his black troops.

When American school children learn from their United
States histories that clean-cut and famous naval battle report,
"We have met the enemy and they are ours" . . ., such his-
tories do not also inform their readers that the personal pro-
nouns "we" and "ours" so prominent in Commodore Perry's
above message includes the heroic deeds of Colored sailors as
well as white. So when in reciting these stirring words their
iron-charged bloods suddenly gallop through their veins; their
chests expand wide with national pride; their heads jerk erect
with proud fighting spirits and their eyes sparkle bright with
slumbering fires, such patriotic emotions have been unkowingly
and involuntarily aroused in true American youths because of the
loss of Colored blood and lives as well as of white in those lake
battles. And among those weather-beaten bronze "salts"
were Jack Johnson (not our present ex-champion heavyweight
prize fighter of the world) and John Davis who were both es-
pecially mentioned for distinguished service on the schooner,
"George Thompson." That world known message of 1812 also
included many other Negro sailors who pitted their bravery and
brawn against the British "tars" in order to help Commodore
Oliver Hazard Perry to break the backbone of the War of 1812
by opening up a clear passage on the Great Lakes. It was
through that same newly made water path that General William
Henry Harrison (the hero of Tippicanoe, Log Cabin and Hard
Cider) and his seasoned famed Indian fighters were conveyed in
order to enter Canada where they completely defeated the artful
Proctor and slew the cunning Tecumseh in that savagely fought

battle of The Thames. Thus Colored fighters helped to end the
foxy and wolfish Proctor-Tecumseh partnership that had an-
noyed and tormented for so long the American settlers on the
Northern frontiers.

In the Mexican War
(1845-1847)

If it were possible for General Santa Anna to bodily slip back
to earth, personally mingle amid and chat with those of his
soldier friends who are still living; it is more than likely that
among the many things talked over they would seriously mention
the fact of having caught many hasty glances of dark fighting
faces under command of the American Generals Taylor and
Scott who kept the Mexicans on a constant hop-step-and-a-
jump around Vera Cruz, Beauna Vista and other places in that
section.

On account of Negroes at that period being greatly removed
from the United States Army and State Militias, because of
racial questions, it is not likely that many Colored fighters had a
chance to get busy in that one and a half year backyard quarrel
and fight. There was published in a Western paper a few years
ago an account of a Mexican War Colored veteran known as
Captain Jackson who died in Chicago, 111., in 1894. And in
order to have received that military title, officially or unofficially
he surely must have used some brain power as well as much
brawn force in helping to establish America's boundary line on
the Southern frontier.

THROUGH THE "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD"

Every Local Was a Special

No thundering trains on iron laid tracks:

No steel made cars with cushioned backs:

No tickets punched by uniformed crews:
Yet a railroad it was: I'll soon show you.

Fleet-footed horses on soft dirt roads

Stole by in nights with slavery loads
To stations anew further on the way

Where all were hid throughout the day.

Engineers, Conductors and Agents most

Were of Quaker stock — that Godly host,

Who through their silent night-dark roads
Transported blacks from slavery goads.

— Harrison.

MANY years before the Civil War there was organized among
the Northen white and Christian people, mostly Quakers,
a secret society to help runaway slaves to escape from the South
into the free states and Canada. This society, on account of its
hidden, winding and rapid ways of carrying its fleeing and hunted
passengers into places of freedom and safety, was known as the
"Underground Railroad".

"As early as 1786, there are evidences of an underground
road. A letter of George Washington, written in that year,
speaks of a slave escaping from Virginia to Philadelphia, and
being there aided by a society of Quakers formed for the purpose
of assisting in liberating slaves. It was not, however, until after*
the War of 1812, that escaped slaves began to find their way by
the underground roads in considerable numbers to Canada."

"From Maine to Kansas, all the northern States were dotted
with the underground stations and covered with a network of the
underground roads. It is estimated that between 1830 and 1860
over 9,000 slaves were aided to escape by way of Philadelphia.
During this same period in Ohio, 40,000 fugitives are said to have
escaped by way of the underground railroad."

Reference (Work's Negro Year Book; page 167, 1918-1919
edition).

Without doubt, among the greatest workers in that society
and truest white friends to the freedom seeking slaves were ; Cal-

vin Fairbanks who was arrested and kept for over fifteen years in
Southern jails where he was daily whipped until blood flowed
from his back, just because he helped human beings to get their
freedom; Thomas Garrett who was jailed and had to sell all his
personal property and real estate to pay the fines imposed upon
him by the Southerners for doing the works of Jesus Christ by
aiding the weak and comforting the suffering. And when penni-
less Thomas Garrett got out of jail he continued to help runaway
slaves to find their freedom; Samuel May whose Christianity
helped thousands of Colored people to enjoy the freedom due all
human beings instead of suffering yokes and chains belonging
to dumb beasts of burden; and Levi Coffin, who was recognized
as the central electrical force that so powerfully and silently
drove on, and the chief consulting engineer who so watchfully
kept in motion the ever welloiled and frictionless machinery of the
underground railroad systems.

The following names are those of some of the leading free
Colored people who in every way possible were foremost in help-
ing to liberate from slavery their less fortunate race brothers and
sisters in the South:

"Brown, William Wells. — Anti-slavery agitator. Agent of the under-
ground railroad. Born a slave in St. Louis, Mo., 1816."

"Douglass, Frederick. — Noted American anti-slavery agitator and jour-
nalist. Born a slave at Tuckahoe, near Easton, Maryland, February.., 1817.
Died February 2, 1895."

"Whipper, William. — Successful business man, anti-slavery agitator,
editor of The National Reformer."

"Forten, James. — Negro abolitionist. Born in Philadelphia, September
6, 1776; died March 4, 1842. Forten was a sail-maker by trade."

"Harper, Mrs. Frances E. Watkins. — Distinguished anti-slavery lecturer,
writer and poet. Born of free parents, 1825, Baltimore, Maryland; died
February 22, 1911.

"Hayden, Lewis. — Born 1815, died 1889. Runaway slave from Kentucky
to Boston, Abolitionist."

"Ray, Charles B. — Anti-slavery Agitator. Agent Underground Railroad.
Born Falmouth, Mass., December 25, 1807; died New York City, August 15,
1886. Congregational minister and editor of the Colored American from
1839 to 1842.

"Nell, William C. — Anti-slavery agitator and author of Boston. In 1840
was a leader in the agitation for public schools to be thrown open to Negro
children."

"Lane, Lunsford. — Born a slave at Raleigh, N. C. He is placed in Prof.
Bassett's "History of the Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina" among the
four prominent abolitionists of that State."

"Purvis, Robert. — Anti-slavery agitator; chairman of the Philadelphia
Vigilance Committee of the Underground Railroad, and member of the first
Anti-slavery Convention in 1833."

"Redmond, Charles Lenox. — Born at Salem, Massachusetts, 1810, died
1873. First Negro to take lecture platform as an anti-slavery speaker."

"Russwurm, John Brown. — Born in Jamaica, 1799; died in Liberia,
1851. Editor of the first Negro newspaper published in the United States,
the "Freedmen's Journal," published in New York City, 1827."

"Tubman, Harriet. — Fugitive slave and one of the most famous of the
underground railroad operators, died March 10, 1913."

"Truth, Sojourner. — A noted anti-slavery speaker, born about 1775, in
Africa. Brought when a child, to America, she was sold as a slave in the
State of New York."

"Still, William. — Secretary of the Philadelphia Vigilance Committee of
the Underground Railroad. Born October 7, 1821, in Burlington County,
New Jersey."

"Walker, David. — First Negro to attack slavery through the press.
Born free at Wilmington, North Carolina, 1785."

"Gibbs, Miffin Wistar. — Lawyer and anti-slavery agitator; born in Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania, April, 1823. He died in Little Rock, Ark., July 11,
1915."

"Knights of Liberty. — In 1846 Moses Dickson and eleven other free
Negroes organized at St. Louis, The Knights of Liberty for the purpose of
overthrowing slavery. Ten years was to be spent working slowly and
secretly making their preparations and extending the society."

Reference: (Work's Negro Year Book; pages 168-69-70-71, 1918-1919
edition)

To the Colored boys and girls who desire to learn more about
such mysterious underground railroad trains, that with their
nervy and plucky passengers holding on with all their might, were
constantly diving into and running under rivers as well as climb-
ing upon and rolling down mountain sides without ever being
wrecked or seldom losing a passenger, the writer begs to offer
the following suggestion:

Any evening when such boys and girls suddenly get a burning
thirst to visit the ' 'movies" and drink in the red-blooded and
heroic screen capers of a Wm. S. Hart, a Pearl White or a Doug-
lass Fairbanks; let those boys and girls go to the nearest library
instead, secure a copy of William Still's "Underground Railroad
Records", and return home with it. In its stories they will find
just as hair-raising adventures and exciting escapes as are to be

found in any of Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective cases ; between
its leaves they will find the same kind of serious wit and humor
that smile up from a Walt Mason newspaper article; from
cover to cover they will find the same kind of heart-rending and
flesh-suffering word pictures that Longfellow and other authors
have so vividly painted in telling of the expulsions and wanderings
of the doomed Arcadians; but, last and most important of all
they will find every one of its pages to contain as true and valuable
American history as ever appeared in the writings of a Bancroft,
a Fiske, a Higginson, a Prescott or a Ridpath.

IN THE CIVIL WAR
(1861-1865)

Abraham Lincoln

On American pages of history space,

The world gives Lincoln the highest place,

For the triple service his life did give
So all men in freedom here could live.

When he signed his immortal name that day,

It meant that together the States must stay;
It lead the slaves to their freedom goals;
It washed one sin from the Rebels' souls.

— Harrison.

IF Colored men and women in the previous wars could be-
come such wonderful fighters and loyal Americans with no
knowledge and little hope of ever receiving freedom from their
unnumbered slave sufferings and sacrifices; then, how much
braver and more patriotic would they be when fighting with a
new hope and full knowledge that their future freedom depended
upon the success of the side on which they were fighting? It is
needless to say that out of the more than one hundred forty
thousand Colored people who took active parts in the Civil War,
there were countless numbers of gallant and self-sacrificing deeds
performed by them that were only seen and noted by God. And
those acts of valor and heroism that were witnessed and recorded
here on earth by mankind are so numerous that space herein will
not allow but the mention of a very few.

Captain Andre Cailloux was one of the bravest soldiers to
fall in the Union charge on Fort Hudson. It is said that his
Company charged that fort six times looking point-blank into the
red-flaming, fire-spitting, bullet-biting and smoke-breathing
mouths of the enemy's cannons, with a heavy loss among his
men in each charge. Feeling sure he was going to his certain
death, yet never flynching, a Colored soldier, Anselmas Plancia-
nocis, who was a color sergeant, uttered the following words to
his commander before departing to his post of duty within gun
range and full view to the enemy ; "Colonel, I will bring back these
colors in honor, or report to God the reason why." He never
brought back the colors. At another time during the noted

battle at Fort Wagner, it was William Carney who upon seeing
the colors about to trail on the ground as they slipped from the
relaxing grasp of a dying comrade, quickly leaped to his side
grabbed the flag staff and planted it on the breastworks. When
he in turn was severely wounded and carried to the rear, he had
just strength and breath enough to whisper, "Boys, the Old flag
never touched the ground." Both artists and poets have often
come forth to paint and sing of the fierce fighting and brave stand
made by that famous 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment and
its fearless and beloved white commander, Col. Robert Gould
Shaw. He fell in the thickest of the battle surrounded by hun-
dreds of his wounded and dying Colored troops whom he had
watched over as a loving father and always led as a fighting of-
ficer. Although Col. Shaw and his men were greatly outnumb-
ered by the enemy who repulsed their attack at Fort Wagner, the
Colored soldiers, who had marched continually a day and a night
without stopping and then pitched right into fighting without
rest or food, proved to both the North and South that they were
among the bravest of brave soldiers.

Civil War veterans now living, and when meeting each other
usually become so excited when tongue fighting their battles
over again that they forget for the time being all about their
rheumatics and, throw away their canes as they hop about
trying to imitate their former military actions in battles. Those
who were there take delight in telling how Gen. Fitzhugh Lee
and his prancing Old Dominion well trained white soldiers met
their "Waterloo" in Fort Powhatan at the hands of the belittled
and untrained slave troops. It was at Fort Harrison in Virginia
that the Southerners on seeing Negro troops charging on the
fort, taunted them with, "Come on darkies, we want your
muskets." Eye witnesses say that the so-called "darkies"
being so used to obeying orders really did take the guns to the
fort, but several hours afterwards when the smoke had cleared
away it was seen that those Rebels who had remained to accept
the muskets had received the bayonet ends through their bodies
instead of the trigger ends into their hands. Gen. B. F. Butler's
records show that his ten regiments of ex-slave soldiers brought
victory and fame all along their fighting lines.

Aside from the chief motive to help free themselves, without
doubt one of the main things that spurred the Negro men to
fight so valiantly was their constant memory of Fort Pillow.
At that fort were stationed 292 Northern white soldiers and 262
Colored troops, all under the command of Major L. F. Booth.
On the twelfth of April 1864 that place was surrounded by a
much larger Confederate force under Generals Chalmers and
Forest and ordered to surrender. Upon the fort refusing to do so,
the Rebels closed in with their usual battle cry, "No Quarter".
And then as they broke in the fort and overpowered the handful
of Union men, there began a scene of unmentioned butchering
and slaughtering of Northern white soldiers and Colored ex-slave
men, women and children that far surpassed in horribleness the
massacre of Custer and his faithful little band by the Sioux
chief, Sitting Bull and his merciless Indian warriors. So after
that whenever Colored men entered battles their answer to the
Rebel's "No Quarter" was a challenge "Remember Fort Pillow,"
and times too numerous to mention did Negro soldiers fully
aVenge that awful massacre of their comrades on that April
day in Fort Pillow.

By reading the battlefield records of Gen. Thomas at Miliken's
Bend; Gen. Morgan at Nashville; Gen. Blount at Henry Springs;
Gen. Smith at Petersburg; Generals S. C. Armstrong, B. F.
Butler and O. O. Howard at other vital places, as well as the
fighting records made in Virginia at Wilson Wharf, Deep Bottom,
Fair Oaks.., Hatchers Run and Farmville; full proofs can be
found regarding the Colored soldiers' supreme brave fights made
for a twofold purpose — the saving of the Union and the freedom
of themselves.

In summing up this part of this very important topic, the
writer can think of no better way of strengthening the truth of
foregoing assertions relative to Negro battlefield valour and
loyalty in the Civil War than by quoting the following: "When
the battle test came these regiments justified the hopes enter-
tained by their sanguine friends." This just and high tribute
was paid to Colored Civil War fighters by Comrade John Mc-
Elroy, a white editor of Washington, D. C, in the editorial cor-

respondence of his National Tribune published April 7, 1921.
He had written about General Rufus Saxton of Massachusetts
taking military command of St. Helena Island, S. C. and forming
the thousands of idle Negro men into regiments during the early
stages of the Civil War.

On the Sea

In the month of June, 1861, the Union schooner, "S. J.
Waring" was captured by the Confederate privateer, "Jeff Davis'.
All the crew of the schooner, with the exception of a Colored man,
William Tillman and two white men, were taken from the ship
and replaced by Rebel sailors. At an opportune moment Tillman
killed the Rebel captain and mate, drove all the other Rebels
at the point of a gun below deck and took full charge of the ship.
After ploughing through a terrific storm, during which time the
Rebel sailors were brought up and forced to help man the wave-
tossed ship, the Colored sailor safely guided the recaptured "S.
J. Waring" into the harbor of New York. For that nervy and
patriotic act he received from the Federal Government prize
money amounting to six thousand dollars.

It was through the cool-headedness, gamesness and shrewd
planning of Robert Small, a man of color, that the Confederate
gunboat, "The Planter" was stolen out of Charleston Harbor,
running the guantlet of the Rebel's watchful forts and barking
cannons and safely delivered into the hands of a Northern
squadron. Inpayment for this naval strategy Robert Small was
made captain of the gunboat he captured and during his service
continued to show marked fearlessness as a fighting sailor and
unusual executive ability as a commanding officer.

When the Civil War was finally ended by General Ulysses S.
Grant of the Union Army compelling General Robert E. Lee of
the Rebel Army to surrender at Appomattox Court House, Va.,
on April 9, 1865, the Colored soldiers and sailors laid aside their
warfare weapons with proud and thankful feelings that they had
been given such great chances to help fight for and secure their
own freedom.

ON THE PLANTATIONS

Broad-Mindedness

From African jungles to American shores, ,
Negroes were brought to do all the chores;

Though bought and sold without due blame,
They now forgive this country's shame.

— Harrison.

THE slaves who went into the battles of the Civil War came
up to all the standards of loyalty and bravery that had
been set for them as fighting soldiers. But it was left to the
millions of Colored men who staid on the plantations during the
war to come up to and go far beyond the standards of moral
self-control and human just treatment set by their owners.
The Colored men who were in the war were really enjoying a
temporary freedom while they were fighting for a permanent
freedom. But it was quite different with the shackled men who
staid on the plantations during the war. They were then
slaves not only one way but in three ways. First, they were
still slaves to their owners as they were yet under their control ;
secondly, they were slaves to themselves inasmuch as they were
their own bosses and overseers to plant, cultivate and reap the
crops in the absence of the white men ; thirdly and most important
of all, they were slaves to the trust and honor under which they
had been left with the care and protection of the white women and
children on the plantations. And no records in history have
been found to show where those thousands of white wives,
daughters, mothers and sisters made complaints to their returned
husbands, sons, fathers and brothers about having forced upon
them insulting and raping attentions from those millions of slave
men under whose whole care those white women had been freely
left and safely kept during the Civil War.

If those Colored men had wanted to copy the spiteful, re-
vengeful and immoral actions of most of their white owners,
they could easily have mistreated or destroyed all of those help-
less white women and children in revenge for the two hundred
and forty-four years of unspeakable crimes committed against
their Colored womanhood by the Southern white slave owners
and overseers. Or the slaves could have run away, joined the

Union Army in a mass and left alone those destitute white wo-
men and children to starve on the untitled plantations. But
those men of the Negro race, not then three hundred years from
the underbrush of Africa, had under their dark skins too much
inborn manhood and brotherhood qualities to stoop down to
such beastily acts. They naturally grasped that grand and big
opportunity to show to the Southern white people and the rest
of the watchful world (that helplessly looked on in silence but
with pitiful and admiring glances) that they had in their charac-
ters and dispositions and knew when and how to use them, the
sterling principles of open-fairness, loyal friendliness, tender
feelings, human considerations, moral self-control and Christlike
mercy.

It is undeniably true that as early as 1860 there were in
the United States over five hundred eighty-eight thousand
Mulattoes. (Ref. Work's Negro Year Book, page 432, 1918-
1919 edition) Among that large number many thousands were
beautiful and innocent girls who were either retained as their
white owners' immoral mistresses on Southern plantations or
sold hither and thither from the Potomac River to the Gulf
of Mexico to be forced into shameful and degraded lives a thous-
and-fold more friendless, unhappy and unprotected than Long-
fellow's wandering Evangeline.

As the Civil War did not begin until 1861, it is readily seen
that those one half million and more Mulattoes were not the re-
sults of slave men forcing immoral attentions upon the white
women and girls left under their personal cares during the four
years of the Civil War. But those half-Colored, half white
people were the undeniable results of the brutal rapings of
white plantation owners and overseers upon their helpless and
unprotected black slave women for over two hundred years.
So is it strange that fair and pure minded white people through-
out the world, knowing and seeing all around them today the
increased results of those first beastily actions by immoral
members of their own race, listen without interest but with
shame and impatience whenever, through sheer politeness, they
are compelled to remain as audiences before certain classes of

Southern men who for centuries (including today) have been
talking through mouth and press about keeping their Southern
white blood untainted and unstained? Colored boys and girls,
therefore, should not become down-hearted and discouraged
when they read in newspapers or hear from platforms such
Southern white men writing or making such "Jekel-Hyde"
talks; because close-observing, sound-reasoning and fair-judging
white people in the South, in the North and throughout the
world fully understand the whole situation and do not in the
least take such Southern false utterances seriously. In fact they
usually cannot keep from laughing at the funny side of the whole
thing and say among themselves, "How absurd."

No one but God knows the number of decerned Southern
white married women who during slavery days secretly worried
themselves sick, slowly pined away and silently died of broken
hearts in their richly furnished colonial mansions, because of the
ever haunting, taunting and stinging knowledge that their
unfaithful, disloyal and immoral husbands as well as being the
fathers of their white wives' children were also the fathers of their
slave mistresses' Mulatto offsprings. So is it surprising that
clean-living, clean- thinking and justice-loving white people al-
ways exchange knowing winks with their friends and hurriedly
put handkerchiefs up to their mouths in order to hide disgusted
features and weary yawns whenever they find thesmelves in
places where they have to listen to certain classes of Southern
white men who for centuries (including today) have been boasting
from platform and press about their unsurpassed and unexcelled
fidelity and chivalry to their Southern white womanhood? In-
stead of losing their ambitions and hopes when hearing and read-
ing such blaspheming words against their race and progress.
Colored boys and girls should take on new hope and redouble
their efforts in striving to become even more devout Christians,
higher learned students, better skilled industrial workers and
fuller law-abiding citizens. In reference to the inferiority of
their colors, Colored youths should remember that the prettiest
thing in the world (the rainbow) is Colored, and yet, no one is
able to resist the fascinations of its archful beauty or forget the

consolations of its floodless promise, just because Nature with
splashing rain drops and flashing sun rays oft ribbons the sky
with rainbow hues.

No one but God knows the number of black slave women who
moaned their heart strings loose and died of broken spirits
either in their one-roomed log cabins or out in fence-cornered
fields, because of the ever torturing knowledge that the virtues
and womanhoods of themselves and the chaste maidenhoods of
their immatured and innocent daughters had been repeatedly
and forcibly taken or sold by their white owners and overseers.
Yet, not one of those white rapists was lynched, tortured and
burned at the stake by Negroes, not even at the close of the Civil
War when there were thousands of ex-slave holders living in
some Southern districts where the Colored people outnumbered
the white people five to one. And surely, after gallantly fighting
through the thickest and hottest battles of the war, it was not
fear nor cowardice that held those Colored men from avenging
the unprintable immoral wrongs forcibly done for over two
hundred years to their unprotected and helpless Colored women.
But, it was the living up to and the carrying out of a certain high
civic principle of their African tribal laws that they had inherited
and which prevented the ex-slaves from striking such a revengeful
blow upon the Southern whites. For among savage tribes in
Africa the universal punishment for raping was certain death;
different tribes having different methods of dealing out that
penalty. But that punishment was never dealt out by a mob.
Those tribes so respected and obeyed the laws under which they
lived and were governed that as savage as they appeared to be,
they always had enough self-control over their tempers and pas-
sions to leave the captures, trials, convictions and executions of
such offenders to be carried out by their chiefs and their assistants
who had been put in their offices for such purposes. And since
America had made laws and appointed officers who should have
caught, tried, convicted and punished those Southern white men
who raped enough black women to cause the birth of over a half
million Mulattoes, the ex-slave men felt that even if those laws
had not been enforced by people who had been selected to do so,

it was not their rights to take the laws into their own hands by
forming themselves into lynching mobs. They felt that just
as raping of either black or white women is a most damnable
crime; so is lynching either by black or white mobs a most
hellish sin. In making comparisons between the ancient laws
of Nippur and the modern laws of the United States, relative to
slaves, the world-famed journalist, Arthur Brisbane, in the June
22, 1920 issue of the New York American, under the title,
"Today", wrote in part as follows:

"Five thousand years ago some laws were better than those
of our day.

"For instance, in those ancient laws, if a slave woman had a
child, the father being her owner, the mother and the child were
set free. In magnificent America, in Lincoln's day, thousands
of slave children, with slave owners for fathers, were sold in the
public markets." »

Now, not for one moment do intelligent and law-abiding
Colored citizens uphold or make excuses for the brutish crimes
committed by the degenerate members (and there are many)
of their own race. For they fully realize that it means a faster
and higher progress of all their people to have Colored criminals
punished to the fullest extent of the law, after they have been
given the same fair trials, convictions and sentences that are
handed out to the thousands of white criminals who commit the
same kind of crimes. And just as Colored degenerates are
disgusting and shameful to up-right living white people; so are
white degenerates disgusting and shameful to up-right living
Colored people. Thus the broad-minded and law-abiding
Colored and white citizens now mutually know that it is for the
greater advancement of both races and a closer brotherhood
combining of all Americans for them to see to it, as far as possible,
that all criminals be rightly protected when arrested, given
fair trials, safely guarded after sentenced and fully punished in
a confinement where they cannot further morally lower them-
selves nor longer dilute the purity of human society.

And in thus fan carrying out their Christian duties for the
elevation of humanity, good Colored and white people are con-
tented in knowing that for those criminals of both races who are
shrewd enough to escape the detection and punishment of earthly
laws, there is a Heavenly law that never fails to punish them at
the proper time. And even while on their death beds those evil
doers are twisting and turning in mental and bodily sufferings,
they will not on account of their torturing pains be able to
truthfully and peacefully chant such consoling lines that are
found in Tennyson's poem "Crossing The Bar", nor will their
names be written in that "Book of Gold" where it is said Abou
Ben Adhem had his name inscribed above all of those who loved
the Lord, because he (Abou Ben Adhem) loved all his fellowmen.

FOLK-LORE SONGS OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO

Different Emotions

Prayer

From lips of slaves with age bent low,

Wet prayers burst forth in deepest flow
To God above that some new light

Would slaves unborn save from such plight.

Work

Down they went the great long rows

Swinging scythes and chopping hoes
In time with cheerful labor songs

To ease the work and sting of thongs.

Song

"Camp Meetin" times were when their songs

Rang loose full pathos of slave wrongs,
And pent-up hearts with anguish fills

Were drained as springs On sloping hills.

Play

When work was done and nights were theirs,
They oft did have most jolly fairs
Quilting rags or shucking corn

With laughter, dance and fiddles worn.

— Harrison.

<4rTTHE only American music". This is the terse, sincere and
* high comment made quite a number of years ago by
Edward Everett Hale, author of "A Man Without a Country",
in relation to the rightful recognition and value of the American
Negro melodies sung on the Southern plantations during slavery.
Since then, well-read, well-bred and music loving people of
both races have come to fully recognize, acknowledge and
appreciate the truthfulness of the above compliment.

For many years after their freedom great number of ex-slaves
harbored bitter dislikes toward these songs because they so
clearly and painfully reminded them of their past ill-treatment
and sufferings during slave days. Most of their children caught
this feeling direct from their parents or indirectly through their
own vivid imaginations formed from what they had heard about
slavery. But quick and deep understanding people of both
races soon found in these crude tuneful words something far
more interesting and touching than mere memories of slavery
sins and sufferings — they saw and felt in such weird and original

chants the most beautiful and truest life pictures of the true
soul that it is possible for human being to paint with colorful
and verbal expressions of tear moistened sorrows and smile dried
joys. Thus music lovers and masters began at once to value this
music as among the most precious finds to be added to their
treasuries of folk-lore songs.

World recognized Negro music transposers and composers
are today taking these rough, crude and half-savage chants and,
without destroying their originalities of construction or pureness
of quality, lifting them from the lowest depths of ignorant fun-
making burlesquers to the highest level of intelligent and serious-
minded music admirers. And throughout the musical world
today celebrated chorus leaders, conductors, etc., of both races
in giving even operatic recitals indicate by their programs
rendered that they consider no first-class recital complete unless
one or more of its numbers are expressions of Negro folk-lore
music as Burleigh, Dett, Diton, Work and others have so classi-
sically elevated them. These broad-minded and just manifesta-
tions are gradually causing the general public to become more
interested in, give more serious thought to, and show more ap-
preciation of the true dignity and value of these melodies. They
are also rapidly educating the American Colored people as a
mass not to hate and cast aside but to love and preserve this
music as a race pride heritage so costly purchased and handed
down by their fore-parents and as one of the most valuable and
rare features of American history.

Among the foremost composers, singers and lecturers in the
Negro race who are giving tremendous aid and are largely re-
sponsible for the development of the above favorable sentiments
are Cleveland G. Allen, New York, N. Y., Harry Burleigh, New
York, N. Y., R. Nathaniel Dett, Hampton, Va., Carl Ditson
Phila., Pa., E. Azalia Hackley, Detroit, Mich., Kathleen P.
Howard, Birmingham, Ala., J. Wesley Jones, Chicago, 111.,
Jennie C. Lee, Tuskegee, Ala., Nellie M. Mundy, New York,
N. Y., Jas. A. Mundy, Chicago, 111., F. J. and J. W. Work.

THROUGH RECONSTRUCTION DAYS

Frederick Douglass

Oft in the past has his life been told,

And others again should it oft unfold
To learn of the greatness he did reap,

As orator, editor, statesman deep.

The following lines of marginal flight

Show a Negro's rise from depth to height :

Fred Douglas unknown in slavery shame
Elevated his name to the Hall of Fame.

— Harrison.

IN taking a swift but careful glance back to that historical
and red-letter year of 1863, it will be noted that there was
born at that time into these United States a form of whole
liberty that had been fathered and nourished by the world-be-
loved Abraham Lincoln. Before the above date this country had
existed under only a one-sided liberty that had been won from
the English for the white Americans by the illustrious George
Washington. But it was left for Abraham Lincoln to win for the
United States a two-sided liberty by cutting the chains of slavery
from the wrists and ankles of the black Americans and also re-
freeing the white Americans by unchaining from their souls the
slave-holding temptations they had become too weak-minded to
resist and too selfish to give up of their own accord.

As soon as the Colored people had passed out from the suffer-
ings of slavery, they were at once compelled as free, but ignorant,
homeless and penniless, people to begin their upward struggles
and progress through a reign of terror. This reign of terror was
caused by the brutal treatment and murdering of thousands
of innocent Colored people and the destruction of their properties
by an uneducated, uncivilized and unchristianized element of
Southern white people who were known as "Night Riders",
"Ku Klux Klan", etc., of whom the best minded white people even
in the South were ashamed.

But the sturdy and hopeful Colored people came through
that awful ordeal as they had come through slavery, with in-
creasing determination and greater efforts to push forward and
upward to the best and highest things in life. However, it was

only their unfaltering trust in God that gave them enough hope-
ful vision in the future ; it was only their gratitude to and appreci-
ation of their Northern and Southern white aiding friends that
retained them enough patience and faith in mankind ; it was only
their keeness to see the funny side of lifes happenings that enabled
them to laugh and keep cheerful; it was only their ability and
willingness to do any and all kinds of hard work that enabled
them to sleep through the whole nights with peaceful minds ; and
it was only their great big healthy (everlasting-non-fasting)
appetites that gave them enough vitality, stamina, physical
strength and energy-plus to pass through those years of body
sufferings and spirit crushings and safely reach their present
stages of upward progress and onward success.

Thus the Negro race has proven that just as a red-blooded,
self-confident, self-reliant and resourceful individual cannot rest
with a peaceful and happy mind as long as staying in the easy-
going, smoothly- worn and narrow "rut" of a least-resistance,
non-progressive position, but fearlessly steps out with a deter-
mined mind, hopeful heart and unbounded enthusiasm to face
and overcome the ups-and-down of this rough-and-ready world
that finally yields up to that individual his or her well-earned and
genuine success; so will a race of people of similar qualities and
aspirations be restless until it wades and crawls out of a miry
and stagnant pool of ignorance and poverty and enters a channel
of freshly flowing active thoughts where it can freely swim
abreast in fair competition with other races in order to reach
those distant ports of Christian service, citizenship usefulness,
financial independence, self culture and human helpfulness.

While the Negro race in the United States succeeded in swim-
ming into that channel in 1861, it has never been allowed, like
other races therein, to use either a rapid-lunging and noisy
over-head double-arm stroke or a swift-gliding and noisless
under- water crawl-stroke; but, has been compelled to paddle
along using a one-arm bull-frog stroke, having one leg and arm
tied together with strings of race discriminations, the entire
racing course clogged with floating debris of public decayed
sentiments and a plaited cord of race jealousy-envy-spite tied

to the big toe of the free leg that has been roughly and constantly
yanked back throughout the swim. With all that prejudiced and
unsportsmanlike handicap, the American Colored people have
increased their ownership of homes from twelve thousand in
1866 to six hundred thousand in 1919; they owned in 1910 over
two hundred thousand farms that with other real estate holdings
comprised twenty-one million acres of land; in 1866 they ran a
little over two thousand business enterprises and in 1919 they had
increased that number to fifty thousand business concerns doing
a volume of business amounting to about one billion two hundred
million dollars; in 1919 there were annually being spent for their
education fifteen million dollars; starting out in 1866 with seven
hundred churches they kept on building and buying Houses of
God until in 1919 they owned forty- three thousand such build-
ings valued at more than eighty-four million dollars; and while
the American Colored people in 1866 were worth twenty million
dollars, they continued to earn and save money until in 1919 they
had accumulated a wealth of one billion one hundred million
dollars, (above figures extracted from Work's Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-2-345. )

There are located in over 25 States throughout the Union
nearly a hundred towns and villages that are inhabited and gov-
erned wholly by Colored people. The largest of these settle-
ments is described below.

BOLEY, OKLAHOMA

Boley, Oklahoma, was founded on September 22, 1904 by

two Colored men, T. M. Haynes and James Barnett, and since

then has enjoyed the greatest growth of any exclusive Negro

community in the United States. There is a population of

2,500 in the city and 1,200 in the adjoining district. There are

no white people living in the city and all of the farms within a

distance of 8 to 10 miles are owned, with but few exceptions, by

Colored farmers who possess as much as 900 acres individually.

Farming is the chief industry of the community and about 90

per cent of the population own modern homes, many of them

costing $5,000 and more.

All of the city offices, telephone exchange, telegraph office,
depot agency, Post Office (only Third Class one in the world
totally run by Negroes) are conducted by Colored people. All
the business establishments and industries, that are of nearly
every kind including several cotton gins are owned and carried
on by Negro business men and women, one merchant being worth
$100,000.00. The city has its own paved streets, electric light
plant, ice plant, water system, and modern city High School
costing $20,000, two private newspapers and a private Bank.

Some of the important buildings and institutions in the city
are the State School of the C. M. E. Church that has a modern
three-story $20,000 building; the Masonic three-story Temple;
The Widow and Orphan Home of the U. B. F. Grand Lodge;
the $150,000 State Tubercular Sanitarium for Negroes; and seven
churches with creditable buildings. Prospects are so promising
that the community is expecting to have oil wells within the
next two or three years.

This is not a bad record for such a handicapped life swimmer
as the Negro Race is compelled to be in the United States and
certainly proves that, when it comes to keeping a lead-
weighted body above the water surface and at the same time
make progress up a rough stream against a strong down-
flowing prejudiced current, the Negro, if he really is a fifth
cousin to the foolish, noisy, frolicsome and "Call Of The Wild"
goose family, he is also a first cousin to the sensible, indust-
rious, frugal, quiet, dignified and home-loving swan family.

IN CONGRESS

IT is a most remarkable fact that only seven years after the
emancipation of his race, Hiram R. Revels, a Colored man,
entered the United States Congress as a senator from Mississippi.
But it becomes a two-fold remarkable and interesting fact when
one learns that the Congressional seat taken by Revels was the
chair made vacant by Jefferson Davis who left Congress and the
Union side to join the Confederacy where he later became its
president and leader to keep Negroes in slavery. That explains
the question so many people have asked why Revels only served
one year (1870-1871) in the Senate. He was elected to serve
the last year that Jeff Davis had left unfinished in his term when
he went over to the Rebel forces. B. K. Bruce, also from Miss-
issippi, served a full term of six years in the Senate. So far those
two have been the only Colored men to be seated and serve in the
U. S. Senate. In 1872, P. B. S. Pinchback, a Colored man, was
elected to the U. S. Senate, but the right of the Legislature to
legally elect a senator was challenged. The contention was
urged that the Legislature itself was not legally elected. The
contest lasted four years and ended with seven Republican Sena
tors voting with the Democrats to deny him the seat. He was
later given four years salary as a senator. During the period of
Reconstruction right after the Civil War this same Colored man
was elected and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Louisiana and
once while the Governor, W. P. Kellogg was absent from the
State for a brief period, Lt. Gov. P. B. S. Pinchback acted as
Governor of Louisiana.

J. R. Lynch was elected from Mississippi to the U. S. House
of Representatives. Other Colored men who have been members
in the House were as follows: Louisiana sent J. H. Menard and
C. E. Nash; Georgia sent J. T. Long; Alabama sent B. S. Turner,
J. T. Rapier, and J. Harlson; Virginia sent J. M. Langston;
Florida sent J. T. Walls ; South Carolina took the lead in numbers
by sending R. B. Elliott, R. C. DeLarge, R. H. Cain, A. J. Ran-
sier, Robert Small, T. E. Miller, G. W. Murray, and J. H.
Rainey who by being elected five times exceeded any other

Negro in length of service (ten years) in the House. But it was
left for North Carolina to "Tar Heel" in the rear of that Congres-
sional noble march by sending the latest Colored member to
Congress in the person of the late George H. White, who as a
Representative had been proceeded from that same state in the
same branch of the U. S. Legislature by J. Hyman, J. E. O'Harra
and H. P. Cheatham, (extracts from Work's Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, pg. 207.)

In The U. S« Diplomatic Service

While a U. S. Senator or Representative acts in the Legislature
at Washington, D. C. as spokesman for a few thousand people
living in a certain section of the state that elects him ; a Minister
or Consul to foreign countries acts as a spokesman for all the
millions of American citizens living in all the United States of
America. Thus, while the Colored Congressman held a very
honorable and influential federal position ; the Colored man who
had served either as a minister or consul to foreign lands was the
one who really shouldered the highest and most responsible
Government position ever accorded to an American Colored
person.

Some of those of the Race who have served in this last named
branch of the Government are: A. H. Grimke, Minister to San
Domingo, E. D. Bassett, Frederick Douglas, J. S.Durham, S. A.
Furness, and L. W. Livingston, Ministers and Consuls to Haiti;
T, M. Chester, Dr. J. R. Grassland, J. L. Johnson and E. W.
Lyons, Consul and Ministers to Liberia; J as. Weldon Johnson,
Consul to Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, to Corinto, Nicaragua and
to the Azores; J. C. Carter, and M. Wistar Gibbs, Consuls to
Madagascar; Wm. H. Hunt and W. A. Jackson, Consuls to
France; R. T. Greener, Consul to Valdivostok; W. J. Yerb,
Consul to Dakar, West Africa, (some of above extracts from
Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pg. 208).

Others of the Race who have in the past or are at presnt
holding important Federal positions are Chas. W. Anderson, Col-
lector of Internal Revenue, New York City; E. T. Attwell, Direc-

tor of Negro Industries during the World War; Dr. Bozerman,
Postmaster of Charleston, S. C; R. W. Bundy, Secretary to
Legation in Liberia; Phil H. Brown, Commissioner of Concilia-
tion in the U. S. Labor Dept.,; J. E. Bush, Receiver of Public
Money, Kansas; B. K. Bruce, Register of Treasury, Washington,
D. C; J. A. Cobb, Ass't U. S. District Attorney, Washington,

D. C; C. S. Cottrell, Collector of Internal Revenue, Honolulu;
W. S. Cohen, Land Office Commissioner, La.; Wm. Crum, Col-
lector of Customs, Charleston, S. C; J. C. Dancy, Recorder of
Deeds, Washington, D. C. ; J. H. Deveaux, Collector of Customs,
Savannah, Ga. ; Frederick Douglas, Recorder of Deeds and U. S.
Marshall of the District of Columbia; Miss Helen Erwin, Director
of Colored Industrial Housing, during World War; H. O. Flip-
per, Special Ass't to the Alaska R. R. Commissioner; Geo. E.
Haynes, U. S. Director of Negro Economies, during the World
War; Perry W. Howard, Special Ass't U. S. Attorney General;

E. H. Hewlett, Judge, Municipal Court, Washington, D. C. ;
Henry Lincoln Johnson, Recorder of Deeds and Republican
National Committeeman, Washington, D. C.;J. E. Lee, Collector
Internal Revenue, Florida; Wm. H. Lewis, Ass't U. S. Attorney
General, Boston, Mass. ; Jas Lewis, Collector of Port, La. ; Judson
W. Lyons, Register of U. S. Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Wm. Matthews, Ass't U. S. District Attorney, Boston, Mass.
Whitfield McKinley, Collector of Port, Georgetown, D. C.
J. C. Napier, Register of U. S. Treasury, Washington, D. C.
J. B. Peterson, Chief Deputy Collector, Internal Revenue, Porto
Rico; ex-Lieut. Gov. P. B. S. Pinchback, Special Agent Internal
Revenue, New York; Dr. C. V. Roman, Field Secretary in
Venereal Medical Division of U. S. Army, during World War;
H. E. Rucker, Collector Internal Revenue, Ga.; Emmett J.
Scott, Special Commissioner to Liberia, and Special Ass't Secre-
tary to Secretary of War, during World War; Robert Small,
Collector of Port, Beaufort, S. C; R. L. Smith, Deputy U. S.
Marshall, Texas; Robert H. Terrell, Judge, Municipal Court,
Washington, D. C. ; Ralph W. Tyler, Auditor of Navy, and Foreign
War Correspondent, during World War; W. T. Vernon, Register
of U. S. Treasury, Washington, D. C; and S. Laing Williams,
Ass't U. S. District Attorney, Chicago, 111.

In State Legislatures

Upon being elected in 1866 to the Massachusetts House of
Representative, C. L. Mitchell and E. G. Walker, became the
first Colored men to serve in any state legislature in America.
Since that time up to the present day nearly a thousand men of the
Race have served as Representatives in different state legisla-
tures. Some of those having been elected within the past few
years as members of state congressional bodies are as follows :

W. G. Alexander, New Jersey; J. C. Asbury, H. W. Bass and
A. F. Stevens, Pennsylvania; J. A. Brown, H. E. Davis and H. C.
Smith, Ohio; J. C. Coleman, H. J. Copehart, J. M. Ellis, E. H.
Harper, T. G. Nutter, C. Payne and H. H.Railey, West Virginia;
W. R. Douglass, A. H. Roberts and S. B. Turner, and Robt. R.
Jackson, Illinois; J.C.Hawkins, New York; E. A. Johnson, N.
Y.; W. M. Moore, Missouri; F. M. Roberts, California and
J. M. Ryan, District of Columbia.

In City Government

The following names are those of a few of the many Colored
politicians scattered throughout the country who are earnestly
and intelligently helping their city governments to direct old
and make new laws for the welfare of all races in their represented
districts :

Councilman J. A. Adams, Annapolis, Md.; Alderman L. B.
Anderson, Chicago, 111.; Councilman J. Brown, Urbana, Ohio;
Councilman V. Chambliss, Mounds, 111.; Councilman R. A.
Cooper, Philadelphia.; ex-Alderman Oscar De Priest, Chicago,
111.; Councilmen T. W. Fleming, Cleveland, Ohio, S. A. Furniss,
Indianapolis, Ind., W. M. Fitzgerald, Baltimore, Md.; Alder-
man, G. W. Harris, and Assemblyman J. C. Hawkins, New York
City, N. Y.; Alderman J. H. Hopkins, Wilmington, Del.; Alder-
man H. R. Jackson, Chicago, 111.; Councilman Robt. R. Jack-
son, Chicago, 111.; Assemblyman E. A. Johnson, New York City,
N. Y.; Councilman W. T. McQuinn, Baltimore, Md.; C. Scott,

Worcester, Mass. and H. St. Clair, Cambridge, Md. ; Alderman
T. E. Stevens, Cleveland, Tenn.; Councilmen H. Ward,
Nicholasville, Ky. and F. F. Wright, Boston, Mass.; Committ-
eeman E. H. Wright, Chicago, 111. (some of the above names
are extracts from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
page 54.) Milton White and Amos Scott are very prominent
in Phila., Pa. politics as well as unusualy successful business-
men.

IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

WHENEVER Colored people hear mentioned the Spanish-
American War, their first thoughts naturally dig up
proud memories of the 9th and 10th Colored Cavalries, the 24th
and 25th Colored Regiments, The 8th Illinois, Ohio Battalion
and others bravely facing raining shot and shell pouring down
from the hill tops of El Caney and San Juan. * And ever will
it go down in history that they were members of the celebrated
10th Colored Cavalry who while fighting on San Juan Hill sprang
to the timely rescue of the late Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and
his famous Rough Riders and saved them from certain and horri-
ble deaths at the hands of the merciless Spaniards.

But why here go further into details regarding the conduct
of Colored men in that war when the official reports of such
capable warriors and experienced military judges as Major-
Generals W. R. Shafter, J. F. Kent, H. W. Lawton, Joseph
Wheeler, Colonel (now General) Leonard Wood and other high
commanding officers give rightful credit and praise to the Color-
ed soldiers who displayed such remarkable patriotism and hero-
ism in that short and fierce ''There'll be a Hot Time in the Old
Town To-night" war? (This quotation is the title of* a very
popular tune sung during this war by the American soldiers
and civilians.

When Hobson made his dare-devil and world-famed sea trip
through a gauntlet of Spanish frowning guns, there were more
than twenty-five Colored sailors with him who then shared all
of his dangers and later a little of his fame. Another most im-
portant naval action centered around a Colored sailor, John C.
Jordan, Chief Gunner's Mate, who on May 1, 1898 during the
battle of Manilla fired the first shot from the crusier, "Olympia"
flag ship of the late Admiral Dewey. That was the shot that
opened the first decisive battle Of the Spanish-American War
as well as starting the destruction of the modern Spanish Ar-
manda. It is surely in place to mention here that Jordan entered
the Navy as a third-class apprentice and was honorably retired

as a Chief Petty Officer after spending thirty of his best years
in the Navy working and waiting for "Uncle Sammy" to give
him his just recognition and Aunt "Liberty" to give him a fuller
caress of citizenship privileges.

In the Massacre at Carrizal

Another backyard quarrel and fight occured 1916 between the
United States and Mexico. The famous 10th Colored Cavalry
24th and 25th Colored Infantries were sent with Chicago Na-
tional Guards to help watch the American border. On the
morning of June 21, 1916, two divisions of the 10th Cavalry,
Companies C and K wished to pass through Carrizal to reach
Villa Alunado. They were invited to come nearer for a friendly
parley with the Mexicans. As the American soldiers drew
closer to the place many of the Mexicans slyly, slowly and seem-
ingly unconcerned quietly fell back, spread out and in Indian
style rapidly formed a circle around the little band of unsus-
pecting Americans before they had really noticed what had been
done. At an unseen given signal the Colored troops were sud-
denly attacked. They were outnumbered eight to one and in
the engagement lost fifteen killed, had nine wounded and twen-
ty-three captured, who received much inhuman treatment from
the hands of their captors. Among the many brave acts of
heroism during the day's fighting was the one of Peter Bagstaff ,
a trooper of the 10th Cavalry, who in the very face of the
Mexicans hailing shots staid by the side of his mortally
wounded Lieut. H. F. Adair, giving that officer physical aid
until death ended his sufferings.

IN THE WORLD WAR
(1914-1918)

James Reese Europe

All sing the praise of Europe's Band

That took such cheer to "No Man's Land"

His were the tunes that led in line

The Colored bands of famed jazz time.

When life got "blue" to soldier lads,

And thots of home made hearts so sad,
Clownish slurs on "Jim's" freak slides (trombones)

Made big loud smiles in camps abide.

To kings and queens of "Over There",

He always played his jazziest air;
And generals often sent for him

To come and please their music whim.

From depths to heights he upward grew:

Then sudden death shut out of view
That Negro Sousa's hidden chords

A world has lost from Bandrom boards.

— Harrison.

REGARDLESS of their two hundred and ninety-eight years
of unstained and unquestioned loyalty and patriotism in
America, Colored people at the time the United States was about
to enter the World War, were made to feel that they were not
needed nor wanted in the conflict. And on many occasions they
were even told that the World War was not their affair but was
a "white man's war." Here is again shown where an inherited
African instinct — that of usually being able to sense some big
future happening — enabled the American Colored people to
see far enough into the distance to fully realize that white people
who made such remarks were sadly mistaken. Colored people
then knew as all other people later found out that they were as
much concerned and needed in that world conflict as any and
all other races of people who took part in it.

But not until America was fearfully startled and sensibly
awakened by the rapid and persistent progress of the Germans
into France did this country reluctantly consent to give the
Colored soldiers a half-fair chance and part in the war. And
even then their acceptances had more the resemblances of the

probationary trials of total strangers rather than the glad wel-
comings of life-long and never-failing friends. In other words, figu-
ratively speaking, it was in the highly tempered crucibles of the
World War's whitehot furnaces of universal conflict that
Negro Americanism was put through a retesting process, in order
to determine the actual purity of its material and abstract com-
position. As to the outcome of that unnecessary and unjust
retesting process, let the reader (like a minutely trained chemist)
sum up in accurate notations the final results, but only after
carefully weighing and reweighing the following analysis in the
ever-balanced scales of impartiality.

Henry Johnson, Albany, N. Y. and Needham Roberts, of
Trenton, N. J. were the first two Americans soldiers, Colored
or white, who were honored by the French Government with the
much coveted Croix de Guerre. These men were privates in the
369th Infantry, formerly the distinguished Fifteenth New York
National Guard Regiment, that had been brigaded with French
troops. It was during the lonliest and latest hours of a night in
May, 1918 while Johnson and Roberts were on guard duty at an
outpost on the Front near the German lines that they were sud-
denly surrounded and attacked by a raiding party of a score of
German soldiers. Although the two colored boys used their
firearms with quickness and deadly aim to keep the enemy off,
the superior number of Germans, wounding Johnson three times
and Roberts twice, closed in on them in a hand-to-hand death
struggle. They soon had Roberts on the ground helpless, one
German at his head and another at his feet. Johnson noticing
the sad plight of his loyal friend, leaped forward like a wild cat
at bay and with one mighty downward blow of his bolo
knife split wide open the head of the enemy who was strang-
ling Roberts. Then with a crouching pantherlike spring John-
son made a terrific sweep with his trusty knife that completely
opened the stomach of the German at Roberts' feet. Although
on the ground covered with blood and gore, Roberts upon thus
being released immediately began to hurl hand grenades
among the enemy with telling effect. As the foe, with whose
stomach Johnson's bolo knife had made such a deep and lasting

acquaintance, was the leader of the raiding party, the then
thoroughly frightened Germans suddenly lost their nerve,
dropped their weapons, picked up their helpless ones and made
a hasty retreat. Some of the Germans had been killed and many
of the party received such wounds and indelible marks that
throughout their future lives they will always be reminded that
American Colored is a guaranteed fast dye (slow die) that does
not run.

Among the three hundred thousand and more Colored sol-
diers who served in the United States Army during the World
War, twenty thousand were already prepared and in fighting
trim when America declared war against Germany. Those
twenty thousand men were divided into the First Separate Bat-
talion of the District of Columbia; Company G, Tennessee Na-
tional Guards ; First Separate Companies of Maryland and Con-
necticut; Company L, National Guards of Massachusetts;
Ninth Battalion of Ohio; 15th New York National Guard;
Eighth Illinois Regiment; 9th and 10th Cavalries; 24th and 25th
Infantries. After spending the necessary time in undergoing
the proper government training, 639 Colored men took and satis-
factorily passed the required military examination, and on
October 15, 1917 were commissioned at Fort Dodge as officers
in the United States Army. They were divided into 106 Cap-
tains, 329 First Lieutenants and 204 Second Lieutenants.

During and at the close of the great war, leading white
newspapers vied with each other in filling their columns about
the unsurpassed bravery and patriotism of Colonel "Bill " Hay-
ward, the clear-headed and nervy white commander and his
seasoned Colored 15th Regiment of New York. It was the first
Colored combat regiment to go overseas and was brigaded with
the French fighting forces as the 369th Regiment. To his ad-
miring Colored soldiers, "Fighting Bill" Hayward was known as
"The Hell Man" and to the surprised Germans the Colored
fighters of the old 15th Regiment were frightfully known as the
"Bloodthirsty Black Tigers."

A few years before that time William Hayward had been
elected the youngest judge in Nebraska and was known in

that state as her "Handsomest Man". But with all of that
previous civic and social honor and fame, " Fighting Bill" never
forgot to be a real "white man" and gentleman as well as a
strict and just commander at all times to his Colored troops.
When resting in camp he regarded and treated them as human
beings and full American citizens, and when in the thickest of
battles he did not ask them to go where he dared not to
venture, (if there ever was such a place). In battlefield action
he always led his men — he never followed them. This explains
why he and his "Black Tigers" won undying fame and glory by
holding a certain sector of trenches at Bois d'Hause Champagne
for ninety-one days and then charging in great victory over the
top of Belleau Woods and the bodies of falling Germans. It was
during a very dangerous charge that a French commander
seeing Hay ward and his Colored men about to plunge into what
seemed to be a sure death trap, ordered the American fighters
back. Big Bill Hayward was already in motion and shouted
over his shoulder, "My men don't come back! They will go
through hell, but they won't come back." And with that
parting farewell, the "Hell Man" and his impatiently waiting
"Black Tigers" plunged forward and were soon busy serving
to the open-mouthed enemy such a smoking hot dish of scrambled
shots, shells, and bayonets that in swallowing them down those
war-hungry Germans at once and for all times became com-
pletely filled and lost their appetites for everything. On their
return after so quickly and efficiently serving such a well pre-
pared menu, Hayward and his fighters were decorated with the
Croix de Guerre.

At Metz, Argonne Forest and St. Dis in the Sectors of Mar-
bacne, Meuse and Vosges, the newly trained 92nd Colored Divi-
sion, mostly manned by Colored officers, went into the thickest
of the battles with such telling effects that fourteen officers and
forty-three non-officers were awarded the Distinguished Service
Cross. When those battles were over and the survivors learned
that they had lost from among their chums 209 killed in action,
32 dead from wounds, 589 slightly or severely wounded, 700
overcome by the German's scientific gases and 18 unaccounted

for, the 92nd Division became even more convinced that it had
well earned the many honors and distinctions accorded to it.

Those regiments that were brigaded with the French Army
were; the 369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd Infantries. In the
engagements of Marson-en-Champagne, Minancourt and Bois
d'Hause Champagne, the 369th Infantry (N. Y. 15th) took an
active part and it was at Marson-en-ehampagne that the whole
regiment was cited for deeds of valor and awarded the Croix de
Guerre. It was at Soissons Front that the most formidable
oppositions were successfully faced by the 370th Infantry (Illi-
nois 8th) that was commanded by Negro officers from Lieut. Col.
O. B. Duncan, down. The final capture of Hill 304 after a
severe encounter by that regiment proved to the Germans that
those Colored lads had not paddled across the "Big Pond" to
learn the "Goose Step." The loss of 1,065 out of 2,384 men
signifies the serious activities of the 371st Infantry in the Cham-
pagne Sector between September 18th and October 6th, 1918.
Besides the entire regiment receiving citation for extreme brav-
ery, its regimental colors were decorated. It was this regiment
that broke a standing record at that time by shooting down
three German airplanes on the wing. The 372 Infantry took
part in the fighting around Vacquois Sector and Argonne West,
places not very far from the celebrated Verdun. For distin-
guished service all along the fighting lines the whole regiment was
decorated with the Croix de Guerre.

While the 369th (New York 15th) enjoyed the distinctions
of being the first Colored fighting organization to go overseas
into action and the first Allied division (Colored of white) to
reach the banks of the Rhine; it was the 370th (8th Illinois)
Infantry that won the glory of probably fighting the last engage-
ment of the World War. It appears that on the morning of
November 11, 1918 the French commander sent word to the
officer in charge of the 370th Regiment to cease firing at 11 a. m.
as the Armistice would be signed at that hour. But the Colored
troops were pressing forward so rapidly after the enemy that it
was long past 11 a.m. before the messenger could overtake them.
When he did finally ride up to the regiment, it was just putting

on the finishing "frills and frazzles" in capturing a German
army train and its crews of fifty supply wagons.

Through the untiring efforts of Dr. Joel E. Spingarn, one of
the truest and most loyal friends the American Colored people
have today, Dr. W. E. B. Dubois, Editor of the Crisis, Col.
Charles Young, U. S. Army and many other prominent Colored
leaders and friends of the race, the Secretary of War authorized
on May 19, 1917 the establishment of an Officers' Reserve
Training Camp for Colored soldiers at Fort Des Moines, Iowa.
This is the place where the 639 Colored men mentioned elsewhere
in this article were trained before being commissioned into the
United States Army. After being divided into as equal groups
as possible these officers were ordered to report on November
1, 1917 for regular duty in the following named camps: Camp
Dix, New Jersey; Camp Dodge, Iowa; Camp Funston, Kansas;
Camp Grant, Illinois; Camp Meade, Maryland; Camp Sherman,
Ohio; and Camp Upton, New York.

Special National Guards

It was just at that most critical time during the first months
of this same year, (1917) before the United States declared war
against Germany, and when no white man in America positively
knew nor absolutely trusted any other white man as to his real
one hundred percent Americanism, that the Administration
called out the first Separate Colored Battalion of the District of
Columbia. This group of well trained and true loyal American
soldiers was made a Special National Guard to defend, from the
enemies of the Government, the Capitol, White House and other
important Federal buildings located in Washington, D. C. the
Capital of the United States of America. The mere fact that the
Administration did not select a white group of soldiers for such
a purpose at such a critical time when spies of the enemy were
everywhere in every form proves without a doubt that the
American white people not only had to admit among
themselves but were forced to acknowledge to the whole
world that this was one time in the history of the country when

they had not confidence enough in members of their own race to
intrust to them the Nation's most valuable and delicate assets
and responsibilities, namely; its filed-away official records, its
treasuries of monies, its cherished honors and its liberty-loving
Government. And the necessary intrusting of such national
assets and responsibilities to the care of Colored soldiers remind-
ed the outside world (what American white people should never
forget) that the Colored people in the United States form the
backbone of the American nation; especially when the Nation
is required to use that backbone in overthrowing such white
traitors of this country as the despised Benedict Arnold and
such white murderers of Presidents as the scorned J. W. Booth.

That Special Colored Guard of Honor was under a Colored
commander, Major James E. Walker, who at all times intelli-
gently and fearlessly directed and guided his men in so success-
fully carrying out that responsible and trustworthy task. And it
was on account of his constant exposure to all kinds of early
spring weather (They started guard duty March 25, 1917.) while
daily and nightly directing and watching the movements of his
men, that Major Walker contracted the incurable cold which
resulted in his fatal illness and untimely death just in the flower
of his youth and in the performance of one of the most confiden-
tial and mental-straining duties the Nation could impose upon
a citizen; guarding the history, good name, wealth and liberty
of one hundred ten million people.

ON THE SEA

'Of The People, By The People, For The People."

On U. S. Ships, Colored men deserve

More than to cook or meals to serve;
And some are worthy of better fates

Than be only stewards and gunners' mates.

Miss "Annapolis-Stevens" should never forget
Foreign nations are looking in shocking regret

At her vamping white boys, for caresses to get

In this Schoool where one Colored has studied but yet.

— Harrison.

In regard to the Colored men who took part in Naval strifes
on the high seas, it has been estimated that at least ten thousand
of them served in the Navy during the World War. While they
were not allowed to advance in the Navy in proportion to their
advancement in the Army, nevertheless, Colored college gradu-
ates and students, fully knowing such facts, put aside for the
time being their educational ambitions and careers, entered the
Navy and patriotically as well as unselfishly served in the menial
positions of stewards, cooks and mess boys. And judging from
the sleek full cheeks and plump round bodies of the officers and
sailors aboard the vessels, those Colored boys, who were broad-
minded and big-hearted enough to put down college pride and
take up in its place national patriotism, went into galley and mess
rooms and used the same kind of brain power in wrestling with
pots and pans, foods and dishes as they had so brilliantly used
in tussling with slippery mathematical, historical and linguistic
problems when in their college class-rooms.

And who but God has an accurate record of the noble deeds
humbjy performed by many of those entrapped and unrescued
Colored firemen and stokers who to the very last possible moment
kept up the motor powers of their vessels in trying to outspeed
and outdodge the death dealing submarine torpedoes? Those
swift snakelike missives were always aimed and usually struck
at either the life-giving lungs (fire rooms) or the pulsating hearts
(engine rooms) of their objects. And it was in those vital
organs of several great sea-ploughing vessels where many
feverishly working, loyaly dying and unsung Colored heroes
went down to forever sleep in the dark deep chambers of "Father
Neptune."

THE STEVEDORES

While their duties, not being on the battle fields nor
firing lines, called forth no spectacular incidents, citations
for bravery or award of medals, nevertheless, the work of the
stevedores was as important and valuable as the efforts of any

other division in the World War. And their giant strengths
and swiftness of movements in loading and unloading supply
transports on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean played a very very
clever part in helping the world to finally get a Zbyszko "toe-
hold" a Stecher "scissors-hold" and a Lewis "strangle-hold"
upon Germany and gradually forcing her shoulders backward
and flat upon the universal mat of democracy.

(For some of the facts and figures used in writing-up the actual military
and naval actions of the different wars that have been recorded on the fore-
going pages, the writer is reverently grateful to his deceased Father, who as a
runaway slave served through the Civil War, and other veterans of the Civil,
Spanish-American and World Wars. But for the remainder and majority of
such war data herein used, the author is fully indebted to The National
Benefit Life Insurance Company, through the generous courtesies of its Presi-
dent, Mr. R. H. Rutherford, Washington, D. C, whose personal permission
the writer secured to use such data in this book.)

HIGHEST COLORED OFFICERS IN THE
UNITED STATES ARMY

A Brunette General

Through all the wars these States have gone,
A million Colored their parts have borne,

But never a General has one been made:

Yet, Lafayette's France have them so paid,

For character there out-points darkest shade.

Colored taxes are yearly in dollars fed

To help in the drilling of West Point's tread:

On kinder treatments Negroes should have dined,
Who rarely got there and mostly resigned.

If length of service and training thorough,

And physical fitness without a blur
Mark Colored soldiers for station anew,

"Uncle Sam," they would fill them both brave and true;
These nephews who never have treasoned you.

— Harrison.

Those who have been appointed the highest Colored officers
in the United States Regular Army are as follows:

Colonel Charles Young (retired) Tenth Cavalry.

Lieutenant Colonel Allen Allensworth (retired) deceased, Chaplain,

Twenty-fourth Infantry.

Lieutentant Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Ninth Cavalry.

Lieutenant Colonel John E. Green, Militia Attache, Monrivia, Liberia.

Major William T. Anderson (retired) Chaplain, Tenth Cavalry.

Major John R. Lynch (retired) Paymaster.

Major Richard R. Wright, Paymaster, 1898, Spanish-American War.

Major George W. Prioleau, Chaplain, Twenty-fifth Infantry.

Captain W. E. Gladden, Chaplain, (retired) Twenty-fourth Infantry.

Captain T. G. Steward, Chaplain retired, Twenty-fifth Infantry.

Captain Oscar J. W. Scott, Chaplain, Tenth Cavalry.

Major Louis A. Carter, Chaplain, Ninth Cavalry.

First Lieutenant A. W. Thomas, Chaplain Twenty-fourth Infantry."

Those who held the highest Colored commissions above cap-
tains in the United States Army during the World War are as
follows :

"Colonels:

Franklin A. Denison, 370th Infantry; Charles Young retired.

Lieutenant Colonels:

Ollie B. Davis, 9th Cavalry; Otis B. Duncan, 370th Infantry; John E.
Green, Military Attache, Monrovia, Liberia.

Majors:

"Thomas B. Campbell; Milton T. Dean, 317th Ammunition Train; John C.
Fulton, 372nd Infantry; William B. Gould, Jr., National Guard; Charles
L.Hunt, 370th Infantry; William H. Jackson, 369th Infantry; Thomas
H. Moffatt, 371st Infantry; Adam E. Patterson, Judge Advocate, 92nd
Division; Rufus M. Stokes, 370th Infantry; James E. Walker, 372nd
Infantry; Arthur Williams, 370th Infantry."

((The above list of officers' names are quoted from Work's Negro Year
Book, edition 1918-1919, pages 223-228.)

IN THE WORLD WAR

At Home

Relative to the willing sacrifices, unfaltering patriotism
and loyalty of the millions of Colored people who remained
at home in the United States during the World War, several books
could be written but limited space herein will not permit but a
few paragraphs covering their many activities.

After the white American men had enlisted or were drafted
into the Army and Navy, there were left vacant thousands and
thousands of responsible positions. The European foreigners
who had previously immigrated here and were immediately given
(even before they could understand the laws of the land or speak
its language) full American opportunities and privileges, except
the ballot, were now found unreliable. Great hordes of them
showed their gratefulness to America for earlier throwing wide
open her doors to them by refusing to come up to her test of one

hundred percent Americanism. Even after all of the available
mothers, wives, daughters and sisters of the departed white
American soldiers were used in such places, there still remained
many thousands of positions unfilled. All that time millions
of Colored men and women who were loyally and willingly asking
and waiting to fill such places were at first purposely ignored.
Because of the lack of sufficient man power, the cog-wheels of
industry all over the country began to stop. It seemed as though
the American white sentiment of prejudiced feeling against the
Colored people had become so bitter that the country was willing
to commit industrial suicide while stopping to wallow in its mires
of racial hatred.

But a certain good white sentiment (that usually turns up
sooner or later, and in some cases more later (than sooner) after
great sufferings hav e been caused) gently but firmly reminded
America that there were millions of Colored people who were
able and willing to fill those places. They were the people who
had made and spent their money here to enrich and build up
America as well as at all times and under all conditions had
proved themselves most loyal and trustworthy citizens. That
reminder although known to be wholly true was still laughed and
sneered at by many until they were suddenly and painfully
brought to realize that they must either employ Colored people
in those positions or let the country go in starvation and ruin
for want of sufficient and proper productions. Colored men and
women were then at first reluctantly given employment in all
parts of the country in almost all kinds of work. Thus for the
first time since their forefathers and mothers had arrived in
America nearly three hundred years before, Colored people were
nationally allowed to use and enjoy many of the opportunities
and privileges that had been stingingly withheld from them
merely because they were Negroes and freely given to (many
times forced upon) alien enemies just because they were Cau-
casians.

Leaving home in the morning long before dawn and returning
late after twilight, Colored men faithfully dug coal in the mines
of Alabama, Iowa, West Virginia and elsewhere in order that

various kinds of industrial plants might continue to run in full
blast and that transportation carriers might quicken their speeds
to stations and sea ports. "A. J. Webster, a coal miner of Bux-
ton, Iowa, is reported to have broken the record by earning
$214.06 in 14 working days, during the last half of July, 1918.
The wage was based on the amount of coal mined."

In the shipyards along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts,
where the long swift-keeled ocean grey hounds and the heavy
big-bodied sea-pacing mastiffs were rapidly born into life, thous-
ands of Colored men were busily helping to assemble the
durable steel ribs into place and rivet the armorplate hides of
those ferocious watch dogs that prowled back and forth sleepless-
ly guarding the front doors of their master and mistress — "Uncle
Samuel" and "Aunt Liberty". And among those Colored ship
builders, it was Charles Knight and his crew of seven men, who
on July 16, 1918, at the Bethlehem Steel Company's Sparrow
Point, Md., plant, drove 4,875 rivets in a 9 hour day. The
highest previous record of 4,442 rivets for the same time had been
made in Scotland. Knight and his men, therefore, were the
the first Americans (Colored or white) to break and bring that
record to the United States. His regular services for the day
earned him $102 ; he received a bonus of $50.00 for bringing the
record to America, and twenty-five pounds sterling ($125.00)
offered through the London Daily Mail by Mr. McLeod, the
head of a London Shipbuilding Company, to the one who broke
the record. Thus Knight received for his one day's labor
$277.00, besides having the honor of being the first American
to break the European riveting record.

Many people have heard the time-worn expression "make
bricks fly", but it has been left for Alonzo Harshaw, a Colored
artisan, to break a record by making bricks fly in laying them at
the rate of sixty thousand paving bricks per day. It is said that
Harshaw, who works for the Southern Paving & Con. Co., lays
bricks with such rapidity and exactness that he has been photo-
graphed while at work by several moving picture firms.

In the rolling mills, steel and iron foundries, Colored men
were there in thousands sweating away their strength and burn-

ing up their vitality before blistering metals in order that the
best possible steel and iron might be made strong and durable
enough to withstand the bursting shells and the snake gliding
torpedoes from the submarines of the scientific Germans.

Pushing pens and pencils on top of desks, tapping keys of
clicking typewriters, bending over buzzing sewing machines,
plying needles over tailors' benches, before the humming looms,
by the dangerous railroad crossings, in the car-filled train yards,
between the handles of loaded wheelbarrows, through the crops
of farmerette fields, among the death-dealing explosives in muni-
tion and arsenal plants and in many other places, thousands of
brave and willing Colored women were to be found either in
yeo women's suits or overalls and blouses steadfastly working
with cheery dispositions and hopeful smiles.

In December, 1918, two distinguished Colored Americans
were sent to Europe on special missions as follows; Dr. Robert
R. Moton, who was sent by the President of the United States
and the Secretary of War to investigate the conditions of and
talk to the Colored soldiers, and Dr. W. E. B. DuBois who
went to Europe as the representative of the N. A. A. C. P.
and The Crisis to collect historical data pertaining to the Ameri-
can Colored fighters in the World War and to call and form a
Pan-African Congress.

At Home Buying Liberty Bonds

"The Biennial meeting of the National Association of Colored
Women's Clubs was held in Denver, Colorado in July, 1918.
Among the important subjects considered at this meeting were :
Temperance, Suffrage, Lynchings, Religious Work, Negro
Women's Problems, Food Conservation and what the Negro
Women Were Contributing to War Work Service. It was pointed
out that the Association had representation on the Women's
Committe of the Council of National Defense, that in the Third
Liberty Loan, 7,000 Negro Women were at work and raised
$5,000,000. It was also stated that, judging from the number
of buttons sold through the colored women's clubs, that about
$300,000 had been contributed in Red Cross Drives."

"David H. Rains, a wealthy Negro farmer, living near
Shreveport, Louisiana, walked into the Liberty Loan Head-
quarters in that city and purchased $100,000 worth of the Fourth
Liberty Loan Bonds and said that: "If they fell short of the quota
he would make up the deficiency." (Work's Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, pages 48-49). According to an article on
page 273 in the April 1921 issue of The Crisis, "Mr. Rains, who
is reputed to be worth $1,500,000, owns 2,000 acres of land on
which there are 40 producing oil wells; he pays a clerk $100 a
day to check up his royalties."

"A report from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was that the
Negro school children subscribed for $27,000 worth of Third
Liberty Loan Bonds. Through a Negro bank in that city,
over $400,000 worth of Bonds were bought, and it was stated
that the total amount of Third Liberty Loan Bonds purchased
by the Negroes of Philadelphia was more than $1,000,000."

"At the close of the Third Liberty Loan Drive, the United
States Treasury Department awarded first place among all the
banks of the country to a Negro bank, the Mutual Savings,
Portsmouth, Virginia. This bank was given a quota of $5,700
to raise. A total of over $100,000, almost twenty times the
stipulated quota was raised. This bank was assigned $12,500
as its quota of the Fourth Liberty Loan. Its total subscription
for this loan was reported to have been $115,000."

"The Negroes of Jacksonville, Florida, were awarded the
first honor flag given to Negroes for exceeding their quota in the
Third Liberty Loan Drive. They were asked to raise $50,000;
they raised $250,000. In the Fourth Liberty Loan Drive, they
were assigned a quota of $500,000 and raised oVer $100,000 more
than this amount. The following are additional examples of
subscriptions of Negroes to the Fourth Liberty Loan: Mobile,
Alabama, $250,000; Norfolk, Virginia, $250,000; Kansas City,
Missouri, $500,000; Savannah, Georgia, $500,000; Memphis,
Tennessee, $700,000; Chicago, Illinois, $1,000,000; Birmingham,
Alabama, $1,155,000; Maryland, $2,000,000."

"When Secretary McAdoo visited Little Rock, Arkansas, in
the interest of the First Liberty Loan, he was presented with a

certified check for $60,000 as the Mosaic Templars' bit toward
financing the war. This society's subscriptions were added to
for subsequent loans until a total of $135,000 was invested in
Liberty Bonds."

Not only rich Colored people gave freely of their wealth, but
poor Colored people sacrificed to extents that are not imaginable
in giving their last few dollars to help end that world strife, as
soon as possible.

"Mary Smith, a colored cook in Memphis, Tennessee, was
asked by her mistress if she would not undertake to buy a $100
Bond. Mary said: "No. I don't want no little $100 Bond.
I want a $1000 and I am going to pay cash for it." She gave
her lifetime's savings to help the United States carry on the war.'*

"The Chicago Illinois Post, in an editorial headed: "The
Widow's Mite," among other things said: "We should like to
tell the story of an old Negro woman, who, with seamed face and
knotted hands, lives on the South Side and works for $7 a week.
'Out of these meager wages,' says the Favorite Magazine,
'this daughter of a race that has traveled the road of trials and
tribulations, has purchased three Liberty Bonds and $25 worth
of War Savings Stamps. She contributes $5 a month to her
church — before the war it was $10 — belongs to the N. A. A. C.
P. and a Court of Calanthe, subscribed to three Negro periodicals
and contributes a dollar a month to the Home for the Aged.
She does not knit, but she sits sometimes in the sunset, dreaming
of the two stalwart sons that she has given the nation to fight
its battles across the sea'." "

"Warner Brown, of Brenham, Texas, an ex-slave, seventy-
five years old, had accumulated $50 by chopping wood and doing
other jobs. He invested this in a Liberty Bond." "Gilbert
Denman, an eighty-seven year old Negro of Greenville, Alabama
after listening to an appeal of speakers from a war relic train,
tendered his entire worldly wealth, fifteen cents, to the cause of
the United States Government."

Since a large percentage of the loyalty and patriotism of
American citizens was weighed on the Roossevelt standard

testing machine of 100 per cent Americanism with weights of paper,
silver and gold money ; then surely the two hundred twenty-five
million dollars and more in cash that was dumped into the Ameri-
can scales of Liberty Loan Campaigns, Thrift Stamps, Red Cross
Drives and other War Work activities, by the Colored people
in the United States, pushed high above the level the opposite
scales that contained Negro one hundred per cent Americanism.

Thus did the Colored people at home give their over-flowing
measure and extra weight of money toward the putting down of
a threatened world autocracy and the establishment of a hopeful
universal democracy. And justly may those Colored people,
who stayed at home in America during the World War and so
unselfishly gave of their strength and money, truthfully and
consolingly repeat that beautiful, fifty-fifty and ! 'square deal"
law of King David's found in First Samuel, thirtieth chapter,
twenty-fourth verse: "But as his part is that goeth down to the
battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff ; they shall
part alike."

(All quotations, facts and figures contained in this chapter titled "In
The World War At Home", unless otherwise stated herein, are extracts taken
from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pages 14-45-46-47-48-49-50.

IN THE CHURCHES

Fresh Air Religion
The preachers of to-day now seek

Fresh air within God's House to keep;
And not hot rooms with germ-filled airs
In sermons and their church affairs.

— Harrison.

EVEN during the Revolutionary War, George Leile, a Baptist
slave who had been freed by his owner, preached to slaves in
Savannah, Ga. From that time on up the Negro pulpit has been
wielding among the masses of Colored people in America an in-
fluence for good that is the first of all influences that has the
greatest hold upon the Race.

Some of the other early preachers who helped to lay the rock
foundation of this ruling influence were Lemuel Haynes of Connec-
ticut, a wonderful orator and honored veteran of the Revolu-
tionary War; Richard Allen and Absolem Jones of Pennsylvania,
Allen having founded the famous old Bethel Church in Philadel-
phia and was ordained in 1816 the first bishop of the A. M. E.
Church; Amanda Smith of Maryland, who won thousands of
Colored and white converts over to God as a result of her power-
ful sermons and temperance lectures in England, Scotland,
Africa and India as well as in America; John Chavis of North
Carolina, who on account of his superior education won fame
and recognition as a school teacher of rich white Southern
boys and girls and also as a powerful pulpit preacher to enslaved
men and women of his own race ; and John Gloucester of Tennessee
and Pennsylvania, who was the first Colored minister of a Presby-
terian church in the United States. Thus were the ways those
early God-Fearing men and women of days before and right after
the Civil War blazed the plain guiding marks in the forests of
ministry, in order that the clear-sighted and sure-footed gospel
leaders who have since followed them might have no trouble in
choosing the right paths through which to lead their trusting and
loyal congregations.

The following is an article quoted from the August 6, 1921, issue of the
Chicago Defender:

"C. T. Walker, Noted Pastor, Dies in South." — "Augusta, Ga.,

Aug. 5 — The Rev. Charles T. Walker, often referred to as the

greatest preacher of his time, died Friday July 29, at his home here.

"Dr. Walker was vice-president of the National Baptist
convention of the United States and pastor of the Tabernacle
Baptist church here for the past forty years, excepting five years
when he was pastor of the Mount Olivet Baptist church, New
York City.

"He founded the Y. M. C. A. in New York City for our people,
traveled extensively in Europe and the Holy Land, and was the
author of a number of books of travel as well as sermons.

"As an evangelist, he was widely known, and no other minis-
ter ever drew larger crowds when he spoke. His church in this
city was often visited by Northern winter tourists, among them
former President Taft and John D. Rockefeller. It was the lat-
ter who paid an artist to paint pictures of the Christ Child on the
walls of Rev. Walker's church."

"To Pastor A Large White Church"

"Toronto, Can. — To fill the pulpit of one of the largest
Presbyterian churches (white) in Toronto for five weeks with one
of our ministers is the interesting departure from the general
rule of supply for the summer months that Knox church is mak-
ing this year. For last week and all of August, Rev. Joseph J.
Hill of Roawohe Baptist Church, Hot Springs, Ark., will occupy
Knox church pulpit. Dr. Hill has been a professor of science
in a southern university, and is a graduate of the Academy of
Music. He is a quiet, appealing and persuasive preacher with
a message all his own, which he delivers with great eloquence.
During the summer holidays, last year, he preached in the Moose
Jaw Methodist church, with a seating capacity of 1,000 which
was crowded at all services."

The above is extracted from the Cleveland Gazette issued
August 6, 1921.

As soon as Sunday School children of the Race have grown
old and large enough to understand and bear more weighty
religious burdens, they are at once invited to join the present
four million Colored church members, who are only too anxious
to take in new members under the Divine leadership and pro-

tection of the fourty-three thousand churches owned by people
of the Race in the United States. When it is proved by facts
and figures that about one-third of the Colored people in this
country are members in churches and that they have put over
eighty-five million dollars of their hard earned money into these
present church properties they own; it is plainly seen that people
of the Negro race still have perfect faith and trust in and are
continuing to work for and with the God, Who inspired the im-
mortal Abraham Lincoln to free their slave working and hope-
ful praying foreparents.

(Ref.: Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs.
1-234-5-6-7).

Colored ministers of today, on account of their all-around
advancements have been able to bring about a better under-
standing and knowledge of the true teachings of the Bible. For
instance, they are teaching their congregations that the timely,
proper and equal uses of emotional and practical religion are
necessary. Thus the masses of people attending Colored churches
are fast learning from their pulpits that there is just as much
needs for Christianity in practical business and social dealings
with each other on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday and Saturday, as there is for Christianity in their church
emotional ceremonies conducted among themselves before the
altars on Sunday. Also ministers of today have long since
come to differ from most of those "old school" ministers (God
blessed them for doing the best they knew how) who taught
their people to live, think and say, to other races, "Give us Jesus
and you can take the dollar. So the "new school" and more busi-
nesslike ministers of these times are patiently teaching, fast con-
vincing and gradually converting their congregations in the belief
and truth that it is just as much Christianity in the honest earning,
the frugal saving, the fair investment, the wise spending and the
merciful sharing of a dollar with the poor and needy, as there is
need for Christianity in the saving of their souls and the spread-
ing of the gospel.

Along other practical lines these gospel leaders are having
remarkable success, especially in large cities where many Colored

people live. It is wonderful to see how these practical ministers
have taught their congregations that they are showing as much
reverence to God when they pass out of their churches after
services and go quietly and orderly to their homes (instead of
great numbers of them stopping right in front of their church
doors with loud talk and laughter and blocking the whole pave-
ment, against people who wish to go by, for fifteen and twenty
minutes) as they do when sitting quietly and dignified in their
church pews listening to the sermons. Such gospel leaders in
every instance finally win their members over to their sides in
such matters by pleasantly and plainly pointing out that people
of other races seldom attend Colored churches of today and see
the polished and refined ways people of the Race deport them-
selves. But if just two or three dozen members of a church
come out after services and thoughtlessly block the side walks,
go along the streets or ride in the trolley cars roughly laughing
and loudly talking their church and private affairs to each other
from one end of the car to the other; they are seen and heard
by other races who class not only the church but the whole
Negro race with those few loud-mouthed, absent-minded and
sometimes vain Colored people who often use such shameful
public manners to attract attention to themselves and their
clothes; just like the same class of uncouth white people do.

Of course, when white men and women appear in public
places acting and talking in noisy, unrefined and Vulgar ways,
the Colored man or women (no matter how little learning he or
she may have) who sees and hears such actions, never judges
and stamps the intelligent, refined and well-behaved portion of
the Caucasian race as a whole group of people also to be ignored
and discriminated against. But when a person of color sees and
hears such vulgar actions on the part of a white person, that
Colored person merely comments to himself; "There is a human
being who is a sample of the worse element among the white
people and is far from being a fair and pure sample of the best
people in the white race." Then that broad-minded Colored
person will at once throw the incident off his mind. He will
then turn his back on the uncouth white person with disgust and

in facing about will the very next moment give the fullest con-
sideration, the most humane treatment, the most polite manners
and the deepest respect to^ the white lady or gentleman whose
Christian speech and civilized actions warrant and deserve such
courtesies. And this is only one of the countless (big) little instances
in which the American Colored people are daily showing their
practical use of the Golden Rule ; (cornerstone in the foundation
and keystone in the archway of the white man's Christianity).

Thus the brotherhood actions and manners of the masses of
Negroes, (from the hod-carrier to the president of a univer-
sity and from the scrub woman to the president of a national
organization) in being broad-minded and big-hearted enough to
fair-mindedly apply the Golden Rule to the Caucasian race, so
as to mentally separate and treat accordingly the good white
people from the bad, are certainly proving that the Colored
people as a whole are daily putting into practical usages the
Lord's Golden Rule in much more Christlike ways than the white
race is itself Of course, there are exceptions in both races,
but considering both from the standpoint of masses the above
assertion cannot be truthfully denied.

A present day exception on the white side may be cited as
follows:- During the summer of 1920 when Southern white
savages turned Paris, Texas into a human slaughter house by
lynching, torturing and burning alive of human beings, Rev.
R. P. Shuler, (white) a prominent Methodist minister living in
that community fearlessly denounced the mob at the time of its
heathenish actions and at the risk of his own life. Later, when
speaking of a former statement he had made regarding the lynch-
ing, according to an article in the July 24, 1920 issue of the Chi-
cago Defender, he said :

''The above statement, I make in the face of the advice that has
come to me from many friends that such a policy is and will be
at present unsafe for me. I am informed that my life has been
numerously threatened if I make such a statement. I am
told that the mob used my name repeatedly in such a manner
as to very much concern my friends. I can truthfully say that

the attitude of this mob toward me does not in the least concern
me. Better men than myself have died when far less was at
stake. I am only concerned in doing my God-appointed duty
in this situation. Therefore, without apology or plea for quarter,
I unhesitatingly condemn the burning of these men in our city
as an act of lawlessness, which if carried to its legitimate ends,
would destroy our government and damn our civilization. And
in making this statement I ask for neither the protection of my
friends nor the mercy of my enemies."

If all other white ministers were to take such fearless and open
stands against such savage doings, that are heaping as much
shame and stain on the United States as such crimes in Europe
ever heaped on Turkey, they could in a few years make these
United States a truly Christian land. And in taking such stands
such ministers (if they showed the same kind of faith in God as
Rev. Shuler did who is still living and preaching) they would also
be delivered from a threatening mob. But where within the recent
past or the present have there stepped out from the white
ministry two Rev. Shulers? Among all the nationally famed
white evangelists, which one or three of recent times have in
preaching in all parts of the United States proved himself a
second Henry Ward Beecher, an Elijah P. Lovejoy or a C. T.
Torry, who fearlessly and fruitfully preached against all national
as well as local sins, crimes and lawlessness that came under
their notice? •

Among all the white ministers in the United States, only
they themselves can tell how many of them peacefully feel within
their secret hearts and contentedly feel within their reasoning
minds that they are giving full reverences to God, full honor to
their calling and full service toward all weak and suffering hu-
menity through their Sunday preachings against all sins and
crimes? And among them only they can tell how many of them,
through advising words in reasoning talks, are trying each Sun-
day (if only for five minutes) to blow out and drown the sinful
sparks of jealousy, envy, malice and hate that instantly flame up
in the breasts of so many of their church members as soon as
they see a Colored person, even if that person is well-behaved,

well-educated, well-dressed and well-to-do. Such feelings merely
on account of color are not natural and God has not meant for
such to be; for if He had, He would have made the brown earth
white, the green grass white, the blue sky white, the yellow sun
white. These are the greatest things in the world and all of
them are colored. Even the water, that covers three-fourths of
the earth while it is supposed to be colorless) is more colored
than it is white. Those white people who wish that there were
no colored on earth should remember that God in His infinite
wisdom fully realized in making the universe that if He made all
things white the glare would be so great and intense that every
seeing thing would be driven totally blind. So God put soft and
blending colors on earth in order that humanity might retain
its sight to see His works and learn to love them but not to
look upon any of His works with scorn and hatefulness.

While intelligent preachers of the Race upon quietly and care-
fully looking about them see that practically the entire earth
is one mass of colors — the majority of internal and external earth
elements, the foods, the clothes, inside and outside building
materials and furnishings are colored; yet these Negro ministers
teach their congregations that the white color God has placed
here has as much right on earth as the big majority of colors.
And there are such advising and logical talks going on every
Sunday from the Colored pulpits in order to keep down race
prejudice and friction. And Colored ministers are silently and
hopefully praying to God that He will finally soften, melt and
move the hearts of the white ministers so that they will at last
come forward and do their parts by logic reasonings with their
white congregations a few minutes every Sunday regarding the
rights of all colors of peoples to live unmolested and progress un-
hindered here on earth. It has been left for the white press
to come forward and take the lead (which it is nobly and increas-
ingly doing) in this movement of reasoning with the masses
of white people in America regarding racial discriminations and
injustices. But the entire world, including the American white
press itself, is looking on in puzzled and wondering silence as it
continues to hopefully wait for the American white ministry to

dutifully and courageously come forward in a mass and take
its rightful lead in this Christian movement to help bring about
a closer brotherhood co-operation, a truer Christlike under-
standing and a smoother racial adjustment between the white
and Colored people living in the United States. The influence
of the white church is the greatest human power in the world —
it unintentionally encourages mobs and rioting in America by
continuing to keep silent on the question, but it can intentionally
discourage and prevent in a very short time the occurence of a
second Arkansas, Atlanta, Chester, Chicago, Duluth, East
St. Louis, Houston, Philadelphia, Tulsa, Washington and other
race riots, if it will come out as a whole all over the country and
speak to its congregations Sunday after Sunday against such
barbarism and heathenism being constantly carried on here in
the United States.

According to notices that have recently appeared in the white
press, The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America,
spurred on by the barbarisms carried on at the riot of Tulsa,
Okla. of a few months ago, has boldly come forward and de-
nounced such sins and crimes. In order to bring about better
relations between the two Races and help to prevent such fu-
ture occurences, this Council has already appointed a Commis-
sion that has held a meeting in Washington, D. C. It is planned
to hold conferences, composed of white and Colored clergymen,
all over the country, and an effort will be made to have the white
churches to educate their audiences regarding the sins of race
prejudice and the crimes resulting therefrom. So just as God in
His own time answered the prayers of American slaves that they
and their children would some day become free ; He is gradually
and surely answering the prayers of persecuted Negroes of today
that the white ministry will come forward and take its proper
place as a leader in helping to swing into the right channels the
public sentiments of white people regarding their Christlike
treatments of Colored neighbors. Colored people must continue
to work and pray and be hopeful that out of this movement will
eventually come a second Henry Ward Beecher of modern times.

On the following pages are named some of the highest men
in the Colored ministry, who have been for years using every
Christlike means within their powers to help bring about more
mutual understandings and feelings between the two races:

Bishops J. W. Alstork, W. W. Beckett, G. L. Blackwell, P. A.
Bouldin, I. P. Brooks, W. S. Brooks, C. S. Brown, R. B. Bruce,
J. S. Caldwell, A. J. Carey, R. A. Carter, W. D. Chappelle,

E. W. Chaver, N. C. Cleaves, G. C. Clement, G. W. Clinton,
J. M. Connor, L. J. Coppin, M. W. Clair, E. Co ttrell, Archdea-
cons H. B. Delaney and E. T. Denby, Bishops Derrick, J. A.
Ellison, J. S. Flipper, W. A. Fountain, A. Grant, J. S. Green,
T. L. Griffiths, C. R. Harris, W. H. Heard, J. J. Higgs, L. H.
Holsey, John Hurst, J. A. Johnson, W. D. Johnson, Wyatt
Johnson, J. H. Jones, R. E. Jones, L. W. Kyles, Isasac Lane, B.

F. Lee, W. L. Lee, J. W. Lee, C. A. Moore, R. P. Morgan, H. B.
Parks, C. H. Phillpis, J. F. Ramsey. I. N. Ross, B. T. Ruley,
Archideacon J. S. Russell, Bishops C. S. Smith, B. T. Tanner,
P. Taylor, E. Tyre, W. T. Vernon, A. J. Warner, R. S. Williams,
W. N. Winston and P. H. Wright.

From among the thousands of Colored ministers all over the
country, the names below are those sent to the author from the
following large cities, where immense congregations are minist-
ered unto by their spiritual leaders, who are also Sunday after
Sunday calmly pacifying and patiently advising their congrega-
tions in order to keep them on peaceful and frictionless rela-
tions (without sacrificing their citizenship rights) with the white
people with whom they daily come in contact :

Alexandria, Va. : Revs. H. A. Haynes, L. A. King, S. B. Ross.

Atlanta, Ga.: Revs. R. S. Brown, P. J. Bryant, H. W. Evans, E. Hall, J. A.

Lindsay, H. C. Lyman, R. H. Singleton, S. D. Thorn.
Atlantic City, N. J.: Revs. J. W. Brown, J. N. Deaver, J. P. Gregory, W. E.

Griffen, A. L. Martin, L. C. Scott, W. Tyler.
Augusta, Ga. : Revs. Dorsett, C. Floyd, C. T. Walker, R. S. Williams.
Baltimore, Md. : Revs. G. F. Bragg, J. T. Colbert, M. H. Davis, W. H. Deane,

J. R. L. Diggs, J. H. Dovey, J. Gray, J. W. Hill, Harvey Johnson,

Earnest Lyons,. C. E. Stewart, J. H. Dorsey, C. R. Uncles.
Birmingham, Ala.: Revs. C. W. Brooks, L. G. Duncan, J. W. Goodgame, R.

N. Hall, F. W. Riley, T. W. Sherirll.
Boley, Okla. : Revs. J. S. Dawson, T. C. Martin, N. J. Johnson.

Boston, Mass.: Revs. A. R. Cooper, L. Ferguson, D. S. Klugh, W. D. McLain

A. L. Scott, M. M. Shaw, B. W. Swain, C. A. Ward.
Buffalo, N. Y.: Revs. E. R. Bennett, H. Durham, E. J. Echolson, H. A.

Garcia, J. Nash.
Brooklyn, N. Y.: Revs. J. B. Adams, N. P. Boyd, W. C. Brown, W. S. Car-
penter, G. F. Miller, H. H. Procter, W. P. Wallace, A. K. Warren.
Camden, N. J.: Revs. J. S. Braithwaite, H. W. Cummings, G. Morris, W. S.

Saunders, J. R. White.
Charleston, S. C: Revs. E. L. Baskerville, J. E. Beard, C. A. Harrison, D. J.

Jenkins, W. J. Jones, R. Kemp, T. D. Nelson, J. R. Pearson, C. H.

Uggams.
Charleston, W. Va.: Revs. M. W. Johnson, E. H. Whitefield, C. H. Woody.
Charlotte, N. C: Revs. F. L. Brodie, G. D. Donowa, J. E. King, A. Mason,

M. D. Melodona., W. M. Miller, R. P. Wyche.
Chattanooga, Tenn.: Revs. C. G. Bell, W. H. Heath, J. H. Henderson, J. L. B.

Johnson, C. M. Robins, C. C. Stewart, C. C. Tucker.
Chester, Pa., : Revs. J. R. Bennett, E. E. Durant, H. J. Ryder, T. M. Thomas,

H. Tyree.
Chicago, 111.: Revs. W. M. Bennett, S. L. Birt, C. H. Clarke, W. D. Cook, J.

M. Henderson, H. M. Jackson, J. H. Simon, H. E. Steawrt, J. G.

Walker, L. K. Williams.
Cincinnati, Ohio.: Revs. J. P. Blackburn, W. L. Brean, E. H. Oxley, Wilbur

Page.
Cleveland, Ohio: Revs. H. C. Bailey, C. G. Fishback, J. S. Jackson, L. C.

Jefferson, P. O'Connell, R. H. Suthern.
Columbia, S. C: Revs. J. F. Green, M. F. Haygood, M. G. Johnson, J. R.

Jones, H. M. Moore, J. Perry, D. F. Thompson, C. M. Young.
Columbus, Ohio: Revs. J. W. Carter, E. A. Clarke, H. W. Cooper, G. L.

Davis, R. D. Phillips, J. B. Pius, H. W. Smith.
Danville, Va.: Revs. W. E. Carr, J. R. Cooper, G. W. Goods, A. Murray,

J. A. Valentine.
Dayton, Ohio: Revs. J. D. Anderson, D. E. Bass, J. N. S. Belbader, O. W.

Childers, W. H. Riley, T. J. Smith.
Denver, Colo: Revs. W. H. Thomas, S. A. Strippling, I. S. Wilson.
Des Moines, Iowa : Revs. S. Bates, S. L. Birb, D. W. Claybrook, E. S. Hardge,

E. A. Liles, G. W. Robinson.
Detroit, Mich: Revs. T. J. Askew, F. Begnall, R. L. Bradby, A. Gomez,

C. A. Hill, W. R. Rutledge.
Durham, N. C: Revs. W. C. Cleland, J. E. Kiklaird, J. H. Pacheal, J. Smalls,

R. Spiller, J. L. White.
Evansville, Ind: Revs. F. P. Baker, J. S. Haddison, H. B. Mayes, M. Mcln-

tyre, J. Rouse.
Fort Smith, Ark.: Revs. W. E. Guy, E. D. Hill, J. T. Jones, Wm. Jones,

C. H. Whitted.

Fort Worth, Texas: Revs. A. L. Dotson, S. A. Nelson, S. R. Prince, M. H.
Spencer, W. G. Upshur.

Gary, Ind.: Revs. M. Bolden, A. Kittrell, W. H. Saunders, W. T. Whitsett

Greenville, S. C: Revs. A.R. Burk, C. H. Copeland, C. F. Gandy, J. H.Mc-
Adams, C. F. Rice,, S. J. Simkin.

Hampton, Va.: Revs. J. D. Baker, J. W. Brown, E. H. Hamilton, J. W.
Patterson. ■

Harrisburg, Pa.: Revs. C. H. Fareira, G. W. Cregg, A. J. Greene, W. Parch-
ment, C. F. Jenkins.

Hartford, Conn.: Revs. R. R. Ball, O. H. Brown, W. Byrd, C. L. Fisher, C. N.
Gibbons, W. B. Reed, J. A. Wright.

Helena, Ark. : Revs. L. S. Arnold, W. E. Briett, H. W. Holloway, E. C. Morris,

D. S. Shadd.

Hopkinsville, Ky. : Revs. M. Brooks, T. H. Copeland, M. Krby, W. M. Newell,

E. Williams.
Houston, Texas. : Revs. C. K. Brown, J. R. Burdett, E. H. Bolden, F. L. Lights.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Revs. J. S. Bailey, C. S. Dusenberry, B. H. Ferrell, A. H.

Maloney, G. W. Ward, B. J. Westbrook, C. S. Williams.
Jackson, Miss.: Revs. S. C. Greer, R. Isabelle, B. T. McEween, M. L. Vonadore
Jacksonville, Fla.: Revs. W. W. Carter, J. E. Ford, E. J. Gregg, J. K. Salter-

white, S. H. Savage, W. R. Stephens.
Jersey City, N. J.: Revs. W. A. Byrd, A. Carter, A. C. Sanders, W. S. Smith.
Kansas City, Kan.: Revs. W. A. Boran, J. F. Griffin, D. A. Holmes, W. A.

Johnson.
Kansas City, Mo.: Revs. S. A. Bacote, G. H. Daniels, D. A. Homes, J. B.

Isaacs, J. W. Lowe, W. T. Osborne, M. E. Spatches.
Leavenworth, Kan. : Revs. Curtis, Hayes, Scott, and Wright.
Little Rock, Ark.: Revs. J. A. Booker, F. H. Cook, J. M. Mitchell, R. B.

Porter, J. M. Reed, J. P. Robinson.
Los Angeles, Cal.: Revs. W. B. Butler, W. T. Cleghorn, J. D. Gordon, N. P.

Cregg, A. P. Shaw, A. M. Ward, J. H. Wilson.
Louisville, Ky.: Revs. J. H. Frank, E. G. Harris, C. H. Parrish, W. H. Shep-

pard, W. P. Stanely, C. C. Steward, N. H. Williams.
Lynchburg, Va.: Revs. G. E. Curry, L. O. Lewis, B. Whitlock.
Memphis, Tenn.: Revs. J. Bell, R. L. Campbelle, T. O. Fuller, S. E. Griggs,

J. Q. Johnson, W. J. McMichael, H. L. Patterson, R. B. Roberts, F.

G. Snelson, A. M. Townsend, M. I. Warfield.
Milwaukee, Wis.: Revs. J. O. Morley, R. Russell.
Minneapolis, Minn.: Revs. J. A. Breedlove, V. S. Cooper, J. J. Evans, F.

Leatled, T. J. JMerritt, G. W. Mirchell, T. A. Smith, C. H. Thomas.
Mobile, Ala.: Revs. W. E. D. Claybrook, C. F. Johnson, G. W. Johnson,

H. D. Parker, W. D. Speights.
Montgomery, Ala.: Rev. I. Champney, W. M. Madison, A. J. Stokes, P. W.

Walls.
Mound Bayou, Miss. : Revs. A. A. Cosen, F. Morgan, J. R. Powe.
Muskogee, Okla.: Revs. T. M. Greene, S. S. Jones, J. Johnson, A. R. Norris,

J. Roker, A. Wells.
Nashville, Tenn.: Revs. G. W. Allen, H. A. Boyd, R. H. Boyd, W. Haynes,

E. P. Jones, W. Beckham, R. P. Russell, P. Taylor.

Newark, N. J.: Revs. Bonfield, Brown, Derrick, Ellerson, Flipping, Hubbard,

Ricks, and Welcher.
New Orleans, La.: Revs. W. G. Alston, J. L. Burrell, H. H. Dunn, A. Hubbs,

T. F. Robinson, A. Simmons, C. C. Smith, E. A. Wittenberg, E. A.

White.
Newport News, Va.: Revs. J. W. Brown, A. A. Galvin, G. D. Jimmerson,

C. E. Jones, J. T. McDuffie, W. H. Sayles, W. Scarborough, E. E.

Smith, J. H. Smith, S. A. Snuggs, C. A. Ward.
New York City, N. Y.: Revs. H. C. Bishop, W. H. Brooks, J. W. Brown,

F. A. Culler, E. W. Daniels, W. P. Hayes, F. Howard, F. M. Hyder,
J. W. Johnson, W. R. Lawton, A. C. Powell.

Norfolk, Va.: Revs. W. H. Bowling, J. D. Lee, S. S. Morris, L. E. B. Rosser,

B. W. White, F. W. Williams, C. P. Madison.
Oakland, Cal.: Revs. J. M. Brown, C. C. Carter, G. C. Coleman, L. S. Goolsby,

J. B. Holmes, D. R. Wallace, A. O. Newman.
Omaha, Neb.: Revs. W. F. Botts, J. A. Broadnax, T. A. Taggart, R. Taylor,

M. H. Wilkinson, J. A. Williams.
Philadelphia, Pa.: Revs. M. Anderson, F. H. Butler, W. A. Creditt, W. F.

Graham, W. A. Hannum, W. A. Harrod, L. G. Jordan, S. J. Jones,

J. R. Logan, J. M. Moses, W. G. Parks, H. L. Phillips, C. A. Tindley,

M. Winston, R. G. Williams, E. C. Young.

Phoebus, Va.: Rev. A. A. Graham.

Phoenix, Arz.: Revs. C. H. Gilmore, T. J. Sanford.

Pine Bluff, Ark.: Rev. A. W. Clark, A. H. Hill, I. C. Hodges, S. A. Mosely,

H. W. Savage.
Pittsburgh, Pa. : Revs. J. C. Austin, S. H. Bishop, H. W. Childs, G. W. Gaines,

C. Y. Trigg, C. H. Trusty.
Portland, Oregon: Rev. J. W. Anderson, J. R. Fox, J. E. Reynolds, W. W.

Howard, A. C. Yearwood.
Princeton, N. J.: Revs. A. E. Bennett, A George, W. H. Hicks.
Providence, R. I.: Revs. P. M. Brown, R. A. Carroll, W. S. Holland, W. J.

Moss, I. S. Sisco, J. S. Blake.
Raleigh, N. C: Revs. C. C. Asken, A. D. Avery, A. C. Cochran, L. A. Fairley,

A. W. Pegnes, J. W. Walker.

Richmond, Va.: Revs. M. E. Davis, A. Gill, A. A. Rector, W. F. Johnson,

Z. D. Lewis, T. J. Ring, W. H. Stokes, J. L. Taylor.
Roanoke, Va.: Revs. L. L. Downing, J. H, Hatcher, A. L. James, W. E. Lee,

H. Mapson, Jr., B. G. Whitlock.
Sacremento, Cal. : Revs. J. A. Allen, T. A. Collins, T. A. Harvey, A. Prior.
San Antonio, Texas: Revs. G. F. Curry, S. J. Johnson, I. H. Kelley, L. H.

Richardson.
San Francisco, Cal.: Revs. W. J. J. Byers, J. A. Dennis, J. Washington.
Salt Lake City, Utah: Rev. X. C. Runyon.
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. : Rev. T. R. Brown.
Savannah, Ga.: Revs. W. G. Alexander, J. H. Brown, T. J. Goodall, S. T.

Redd, J. A. Richie, D. Wright.
Seattle, Wash.: Revs. J. B. Barbour, W. D. Carter, D. A. Graham.
Shreveport, La.: Revs. L. Allen, Jr., J. M. Carter, G. W. Mills, G. T.

Stinson.
St. Louis, Mo.: Revs. B. F. Abbott, D. R. Clark, S. A. Mosely, S. W. Parr,

B. G. Shaw, G. E. Stevens, C. A. Williams.

St. Paul, Minn.: Rev. J. A. Anderson, G. W. Camp, T. J. Carr, B. H. Hodge,

A. H. Leaked, S. L. Theobold, J. S. Strong.
Tampa, Florida: Revs. W. J. Ballan, W. O. Barley, M. T. Culmer, G. Griffin,

T. Gurley, S. A. Williams.
Terre Haute, Ind.: Revs. O. H. Banks, C. M. C. Hammonds, W. S. Hodge,

C. L. Ppthegrove.

Washington, D. C: Revs. W. H. Brooks, T. J. Brown, W. H. Carey, M. W.

Clair, F. J. Grimke, J. R. Hawkins, W. H. Jernagin, C. L. Mitchell,

W. D. Norman, C. M. Turner.
Wichita, Kan. : Revs. S. B. Butler, E. F. Fishback, E. P. Geiger, J. R. Ransom.
Wilberforce, Ohio: Rev. T. G. Steward.

Wilmington, Del.: Revs. H. Y. Arnett, H. C. Jones, J. U. King, B. F. Moore.
Wilmington, N. C: Revs. J. R. Bormes, W. H. Moore, J. A. Jackson, A.

Williet, A. Wilson.

Aside from the foregoing list of Colored ministers, there
are many thousands of others whose names the writer did not
get in his research but who are known to be faithfully serving
on similar or smaller but none the less important scales in the
above or smaller cities, towns, villages and country districts all
over the United States.

THE GLOBE— BETHLEHEM, PA., SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1920

ed. There has been a partial strike on this
road for several months.

Eastertide and Springtime

From spring does Easter get its blend
In new-born life of plants and men,

And thus the two will ever trend,

While God with love the world does tend

New life and hope in spring are seen,
As fields unfold their rugs of green

Where robins bold in songs serene

Strut forth in cheer that is supreme.

Fresh is the air with fragrant smell ;

Calm are the creeks of winter swell;
And pious men will always tell

Of peace they hear in Easter's knell.

Young crops on farms have just begun
To feel the warmth of golden sun

That sends its beams to dance and run
With little babes in play and fun.

Up from the mire of earth's black room
White lilies rise in purest bloom

To drive away all tainted gloom

And leave on earth their sweet perfume

Thus did our Christ from manger start
And served the role of Jesus' part —

Thence on the cross to give His heart
In pay for sins that must depart.

So to our minds is always borne

That every man can shed his thorn
As did our Christ so bruised and torn
From earth arose on Easter morn.

— William Henry Harrison, Jr.,
820 Wyandotte St

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IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOLS

IN no surroundings of childhood, except the home life, is there
a more suitable or fruitful place in which to spiritually
nourish and grow up Colored youths than in the forty-six thous-
and or more Colored Sunday Schools where over two million
boys and girls are regularly having impressed upon their tender
and open minds the religious teachings of the Bible.

As a step toward further broadening the Sunday School work
among American Colored children and at the same time enabling
them to get better teachings about the Christian religion, The
International Sunday School Association began in 1911 to or-
ganize classes for specially training Sunday School teachers
among the young men and women attending Colored colleges
and large schools. Many white friends to the Race became
interested in this good movement, especially Mr. W. N. Harts-
horn of Boston, Mass., who gave of his own personal I money
$15,000 to pay the expenses of a fair trial of the work. This
Christian effort has aroused so much interest and has grown so
rapidly that at present upward of two hundred Colored universi-
ties, colleges and large schools have accepted and given this
Sunday School Teachers' Course a regular place in their class
room studies.

Some of the foremost religious leaders who are helping to
direct and (carry on this much needed work among American
Colored children are Bishop Geo. W. Clinton and Dr. R. H.
Boyd, both life members of the International Sunday School
Association; Prof. Wm. B. Matthews, member of the Executive
Committee of the above association, Dr. H. G. Lyman, Supt. of
work among Colored people, and Mr. M. L. Finckel, President
of the American Sunday School Union. (Ref.: Work's Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 1-257-8).

THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The Girl Reserve

If she's a three-angled, true "Y" Girl Reserve;

The world she is willing to Christlike serve:
Her sunshine smiles will come thru rains;

Her kind heart will guide her fertile brains:
She will love to work as well as play;

She will have "good times" but not too gay:
She will swim the streams and camp the woods;

She will love all sports that are pure and good:
And thus she learns "the simple life" reader

To make her some day a great woman leader.

— Harrison.

UNDER the sisterly and wise superivsion of Miss Eva D.
Bowles, as the first salaried Y. W. C. A. Colored branch
secretary in New York City and since then Executive of Colored
Work, the Young Women's Christian Association for Colored
girls and women has made wonderful progress, since 1907 when
Mrs. Wm. A. Hunton was appointed by the National Board to
investigate and arouse interest in the work. As Special Student
Worker, Miss Catherine Leaked greatly aided in building up and
strengthening this work in Colored schools until she took up
work in another field of uplift.

Today there are over fifty city Y. W. C. A. Colored Branches
in as many cities in 23 states and the District of Columbia;
while there are at least 100 such branches in Colored schools
located in 18 States and the District of Columbia. Just as the
school branches are the means of helping to build up and fortify
the practical Christian minds of the girls who join them; the
city branches prove sheltering havens and protections for self-
respecting and self-supporting Colored single girls and women
when they leave such schools and respectable homes to embark
upon the rough oceans of life and desire to nightly anchor in
places of moral protection, social uplift, mental development,
sanitary conditions, congenial companionships, pleasures of in-
nocence and Christian influences. For the safe arrival and calm
anchorage of such Colored girls and women, the writer assures
them that the following list of addresses is a true compass needle

that will, when they set-sail for a new city port, safely guide
them into any of the following beacon-lighted Y. W. C. A.
Christian Harbors:

Atlanta, Georgia, Y. W. C. A., 196 Piedmont Avenue.
Augusta, Georgia, Y. W. C.A., 1104 Gwinnett Street.
Baltimore, Maryland, Y. W. C. A., 1200 Druid Hill Avenue.
Bridgeport, Conn. Y. W. C. A., 70 Beach Street.
Brooklyn, N. Y. , Y. W. C. A., 45 Ashland Place.
Camden, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 829 Kaighn Avenue.
Charleston, S. C, Y. W. C. A., 106 Coming Street.
Chattanooga, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 411 East 9th Street.
Chicago, 111., Y. W. C. A., 3541 Indiana Avenue.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 704 Eighth Street.
Columbia, S. C, Y. W. C. A., 1323 Assembly Street.
Columbus, Ohio., Y. W. C. A., 495 East Long Street.
Dayton, Ohio, Y. W. C. AM 800 West Fifth Street.
Des Moines, Iowa, Y. W. C. A., 728 Walnut Street.
Detroit, Mich., Y. W. C. A., 2111 St. Aubin Avenue.
East St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 826 East Broadway.
Fort Worth, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 415 East 6th Avenue.
Germantown, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 6128 Germantown Avenue.
Harrisburg, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 804 Cowden Street.
Houston, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 806 Clay Avenue.
Jersey City, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 31 Ege Avenue.
Kansas City, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1501 East 19th Street.
Little Rock, Ark., Y. W. C. A., 924 Gaines Srteet.
Los Angles, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 1108 West 12th Street.
Louisville, Ky., Y. W. C. A., 1021 W. Madison Street.
Lynchburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 613 Monroe Street.
McKeesport, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 317 Tenth Street.
Montclair, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 159 Glenridge Avenue.
Nashville, Tenn., Y. W. C. A., 436 Fifth Avenue, North.
Newark, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 71 Wilsey Street.
Newcastle, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 140 Elm Street.
Newport News, Va., Y. W. C. A., 2300 Madison Avenue.
New York City, N. Y., Y. W. C. A., 179 West 137th Street.
Oakland, Cal., Y. W. C. A., 828 Linden Street.
Omaha, Neb., Y. W. C. A., 2306 No. 22nd Street.
Orange, N. J., Y. W. C. A., 78 Oakwood Avenue.
Petersburg, Va., Y. W. C. A., 457 Harding Street.
Philadelphia, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 756 South 16th Street.
Pittsburgh, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 2215 Wylie Avenue.
Portland, Oregon, Y. W. C. A., Broadway and Taylor Streets.
Richmond, Va., Y. W. C. A., 515 South 7th Street.
San Antonio, Texas, Y. W. C. A., 328 North Pino Street.
St. Joseph, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 1021 Francis Street.
St. Louis, Mo., Y. W. C. A., 703 North Garrison Street.
St. Paul, Minn., Y. W. C. A., 598 West Central Avenue.
Springfield, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 134 West Clark Street.
Warren, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 132 North Park Avenue.
Washington, D. C, Y. W. C. A., 901 Rhode Island Avenue.
Williampsort, Pa., Y. W. C. A., 429 Walnut Street.
Winston-Salem, N. C, Y. W. C. A., 717 East Depot Street.
Youngstown, Ohio, Y. W. C. A., 248 Belmont Avenue.

Among the foremost Y. W. C. A. Colored leaders who are so
nobly and ably assisting Miss Eva D. Bowles in the smooth
and efficient supervision of the above named branches are Misses
May B. Belcher, Crystal Bird, Mabel Brady, Mary E. Jackson,
Josephine Pinyon, Lucy B. Richmond, Adele F. Ruffin, Clayda
Williams, Mrs. Charlton Wallace, and Mrs. Cordelia A. Winn.
Before her death on December 31, 1919, Mrs. Marie A. Wilder
was one of the most faithful and hardest workers in the above
group.

But the main stream of success connected with this work
has come about through the "working together" "branch rela-
tionship" co-operation on the parts of Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell,
Treasurer; Miss Mable Cratty, Gen'l Sec'y; Mrs. Jas. S. Cush-
man, 1st Vice-Pres.; Mrs. John French, Chairman Execu.
Com.;Mrs. Lewis H. Lapham, Sec'y; Mrs. Wm. W. Rossiter,
2nd Vice-Pres.; and Mrs. Robt. E. Speer, President, who com-
pose the National Board (white) of The Young Womens Chris-
tian Association of the United States of America. And in the
different cities where they are established the white and Colored
branch workers are carrying on the above co-operations. During
the World War, the War Work Council showed its co-operation
by appointing a Colored Work Committee with Miss Eva D.
Bowles as Executive and Mrs. Charlton Wallace as Chairman
and, The War Work Council, "recognizing the loyalty and need
of the colored girls and women in this country, appropriated
$400,000 for the work."

"In speaking of the work of this committee Miss Bowles
said, "The Y. W. C. A. is the only organization that is handling
the work with all girls alike, and the result of its efforts is bound
to be the building up of the confidence of the colored race, not
only in the nation itself but in Christianity. With the colored,
as with all other women and girls throughout the world, the aim
of the Y. W. C. A. is a constructive foundation of Christian
ideals. Girls are girls, whatever their race or complexion. As
naturally as a flower demands sunshine and rain, a girl craves
good times, pretty clothes and happiness."

In closing this vital chapter, the writer can think of no better
way than to quote the following words of Miss Bowles when she
summed up the past and pointed out the future regarding the
leaderships of Colored women among their own people in the
United States.

"The war has given opportunity to the colored woman to
prove her ability for leadership. She had her chance and she
made good. With all the strength of having suffered, she will be
able, through the patience born of suffering, to lead the women
and girls whom only she can lead. The time is past for white
leadership for colored people. As white and colored women, we
must understand each other, we must think and work and plan
together for upon all of us rests the responsibility of the girlhood
of lour nation."

THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

The "Y" Men

The buildings where, "Y" men do live

Have comforts like, dear mothers give.
Fine lodgings they are for single men,

Who with the best do want to blend.
Without rank smoke and vulgar swear

Billiards and pool are also there
The gym., the baths and sleeping rooms

Give to their healths the greatest booms.
Night schools and also Christian talks

Do most to guide young "Y" men walks.

Harrison.

THE 110 Negro college Young Men's Christian Associations
and the fifty or more city branches is as many cities in
twenty-three different states in the Union are really God-sends
to thousands of young Colored men who prefer to spend their
spare minutes in the best places of physical cleanliness, social
purity and mental advancement. These "Y" branches in the
cities are also great blessings for thousands of intelligent,
refined and progressive Colored men who are constantly visiting
strange places on important businesses and want to be sure they
are stopping in modern, sanitary, decent, respectable and con-
genial lodgings.

Mr. Julius Rosenwald of Chicago, 111. made anofferin 1911 to
give the sum of $25,000 to every city in the United States that
would raise $75,000 by public subscription for the construction
of a Y. M. C. A. building for the use of Colored people. This
offer was gladly and eagerly accepted and as a result buildings
have already been erected in Atlanta, Ga., Baltimore, Md., Brook-
lyn, N. Y., Chicago, 111., Columbus, O., Indianapolis, Ind., Kan-
sas City, Mo., New York City, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh,
Pa., St. Louis, Mo., and Washington, D. C. During the past ten
years Mr. Rosewnald has given $350,000 toward the erection
of these buildings, other white people have given nearly a million
dollars, while Colored people have contributed over a quarter
of a million dollars. Thus over two million dollars have already
been expended in the construction of Y. M. C. A. buildings in
cities for Colored men.

Great credit for the early development and rapid growth of
this work is due the late W. A. Hunton, who was made a member
on the staff of the International Secretary Board of the Y. M
C. A. Today this work is continuing to rapidly grow and spread
with the friendly co-operation and hearty support of Messrs. B.
H. Fancher, Treas., A. E. Marling, Chairman and J. R. Mott,
Gen'l Secy of The International Committee of the Y.M.C.A.,
and under the wise supervision of Dr. J. E. Mooreland, who is being
ably assisted by H. K. Craft, W. C. Craver, R. P. Hamlin, C. H.
Tobias, J. B. Watson, Max Yergen and other efficient members
on that large staff. During the World War 350 Y. M. C. A.
Colored Secretaries, under the guidance of Dr. J. E. Moorland,
R. B. DeFrantz, W. J. Faulkner, J. F. Gregory and G. L. Johnson
loyally served Colored soldiers stationed in 55 camps, training
schools and forts in America. Among those who were the
leaders in Y. M.C.A. and social work among the Colored soldiers
over-seas were J. E. Blanton, Mrs. Helen Curtis, Miss Helen
Hagan, Dr. John Hope, Mrs. Addie Hunton, Miss Katherine
Johnson, Dr. B. M. Murrell, Dr. H. H. Proctor, C. H. Williams
and Max Yergen.

In the following named cities Y. M. C. A. Branches are being
directed and carried on by their secretaries for the encourage-
ment and uplift of Colored youths:

Akron, Ohio, G. W. Thompson, Secretary, 259 So. Main Street.
Ashville, N. C, N. Martin, Secretary, Market & Eagle Streets.
Atlanta, Ga., W. J. Trent, Secretary, 146 Butler Street.
Atlantic, City, N. J., C. M. Cain, Secretary, 1711 Artie Avenue.
Augusta, Ga., Silas Floyd, Secretary, 9th and Miller Streets.
Baltimore, Md., S. S. Booker, Secretary, 1619 Druid Hill Avenue.
Beloit, Wis., J. D. Stevenson, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
Benham, Ky., Alex, Gregory, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
Birmingham, Ala., A. M. Walker, Secretary, Acipco Branch.
Bluefield, W. Va., P. A. Goins, Secretary, 432 Scott Street.
Boston, Mass., B. F. Seldon, Secretary, 316 Huntington Street.
Brooklyn, N. Y., R. M. Meroney, Seccretary, 405 Carlton Avenue.
Buxton, Iowa, W. L. Hutcherson, General Secretary.
Camden, N. J., E. C. Richardson, Secretary, Hunton Branch.
Charleston, S. C, G. D. Brock, Secretary, 61 Cannnon Street.
Charlotte, N. C, J. B. F. Prather, Y. M. C. A., State Committeeman
Chicago, 111., George R. Arthur, Secretary, 3763 So. Wabash Avenue.
Cincinnati, Ohio, B. W. Overton, 436 W. Ninth Street.
Columbus, Ohio, N. B. Allen, Secretary 202 E. Spring Street.
Columbus, Ga., Robert D. Kelsey, Secretary 521 Ninth Street.
Crossett, Arkansas, Chas. E. Johnson, Secretary Colored Men's Dep't.

Dallas, Tex. J. D. Rice, Secretary, 3710 State Street.
Dayton, Ohio, John A. Green, Secretary, Fifth Street Branch.
Denver, Col., T. J. Bell, Secretary, 2800 Glenarm Street.
Detroit, Mich., H. S. Dunbar, Secretary, 1930 St. Antonia Street.
Des Moines, Iowa, E. C. Robinson, Secretary, 782 West 9th Street.
East Moline, 111., B. G. Smith, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
East St. Louis, 111., J. E. Nance, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
Englewood, N.. J., W. H. Kindle, Secretary, 135 W. 132nd St., N.Y. City
Evanston, 111., J. D. Ross, Secretary, 1014 Emerson Street.
Fort Worth, Tex., S. H. Fowler, Sr., Secretary, 915^ Calhoun Street.
Gary, Ind., H. K. Craft, Secretary 1716 Washington Street.
Germantown, Pa., Leon C. James, Secretary, 132 West Rittenhouse St.
Greenwood, Miss., Thos. M. Elliott, Secretary, Hunton Branch, Box 283.
Harrisburg, Pa., Fritz Caneler, Secretary, 644 Broad Street.
Houston, Texas, H. P. Carter, Secretary, 711 Prairie Avenue.
Indianapolis, Ind., F. E. DeFrantz, Secretary, 450 N. Senate Avenue.
Indiana Harbor, Ind., A. G. Fallings, Secretary, 2115 137th Street.
Kansas City, Mo., F. A. Harris, Secretary, 1824 Pasco Boulevarde.
Los Angles, Cal., T. A. Greene, Secretary, 1400 E. Ninth Street.
Louisville, Ky., J. W. Ramsey in charge, 920 West Chestnut St.
Marshall, Tex., J. W. Davis, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
Miami, Fla., G. P. McKinney, Jr., Secretary, 1st Street & Avenue H.
Mineola, Long Island, R. T. Weatherby, Secretary, Nassau-Suffolk County
Mobile, Ala., W. J. Williams, Secretary, 510 Congress Street.
Montclair, N. J., C. H. Bullock, Secretary, Blloomfield Avenue Branch.
Nashville, Tenn., W. N. Sanders, Secretary, Cor Cedar St., & 4th Ave. No.
Newport News, Va., A. F. Williams, Secretary, 2201 Marshall Avenue.
New York City, N. Y., Thos. E. Taylor, Secretary, 181 West 135th Street.
Norfolk, Va., C. C. Dogan, Secretary, 440 E. Queen Street.
Oakland, Cal., Allen O. Newman, Secretary, Colored Men's Branch.
Orange, N. J., J. W. Bowers, Secretary, 34 Cebtral Place.
Philadelphia, Pa., H. W. Porter, Secretary, 1724 Christian Street.
Pittsburgh, Pa., S. R. Morsell, Secretary, 1847 Central Avenue.
Princeton, N. J., H. H. Cain, Secretary, 102 Witherspoon Street.
Richmond, Va., Secretary, 214 East Leigh Street.
Ridgewood, N. J., A. E. Flournoy, Secretary, 220 Broad Stretet.
Rouse, Col., W. T. Thornton, Secretary, Colo. Fuel & Iron Company.
Savannah, Ga., T. Walter Moore, Secretary, 817 West Broad Street.
Sewickley, Pa., J. T. Morris, Secretary, 411 Walnut Street.
Springfield, Ohio, W. S. Smith, Secretary, 209 So. Center Street.
St. Louis, Mo., D. D. Jones, Secretary, 2839 Pine Street.
Tulsa, Okla., G. A. Gregg, Secretary, Hunton Branch.
Washington D. C, Wm. Stevenson, Secretary, 1816 12th Street, N. W.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN

National Colored Club Women

"Lifting As We Climb"— Their motto in life

Is their battle cry in uplift strife
In leading their women to higher things

So better to rear their Race off-springs.

— Harrison.

WHILE they went about their self-imposed and greatly
beneficial tasks in somewhat crude ways that were exe-
cuted under circumstances far more trying and peculiar than
these modern times; nevertheless, Harriet Tubman and Sojourner
Truth may be rightly called the first real welfare and uplift
national workers among American Colored women. And the
histories of the untiring efforts, speakings and lectures of those
two pioneers who fearlessly worked for the freedom of their Race
sisters and brothers should be learned by all Colored youths,
especially girls.

While leading Colored women throughout the country as far
back as 1894 had already decided and carefully planned to gather
and form some kind of a national body among themselves, they
were indeed suddenly inspired to whole-heartedly and fearlessly
carry out those plans immediately, when a prejudiced white
editor of a village paper in the United States published an open
letter in which he accused alike all American Colored women as
being without moral characters and uplifting principles. Not
only the educated, refined and moral Colored women resented
and challenged that poisoned-pen letter that had lied on and
slandered a whole race of their sisters, but the largest nationally
known white newspapers of large cities in both America and
Europe came out in broad-minded editorials verbally chastising
and denouncing without mercy that editor of their race who
stained his profession and shamed his race by stooping so low
in unsuccessfully using that narrow-minded and short-sighted
means of gaining subscriptions for his failing paper and fame for
his unheard of name.

As a result of the above plans and decisions nearly a dozen
States sent upward of a hundred leading and representative
Colored women who met in July 1895 in Boston, Mass., where the

first National Convention of Colored Women was formed, with
Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin as president, Mrs. Booker T.
Washington and Mrs. Helen Cook as Vice-Presidents and Miss
Elizabeth C. Carter as secretary. During the meeting that
convention was given the name of "The National Association of
Colored Women". This body became affiliated with The Na-
tional Council of Women in 1900 and was incorporated in 1904.
At different times it has had as its presidents; Mrs. Mary Church
Terrell, A. M., Washington, D. C, Mrs. Booker T. Washington,
Tuskegee Institute, Ala., Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bed-
ford, Mass., Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y. and Miss
Hallie Q. Brown, Wilberforce, Ohio, who is its present presiding
officer. Those who are Miss Brown's closest assistants in help-
ing to carry on this noble work are named as follows : Mrs. Janie
Porter Barrett, Peake, Va., Mrs. Ruth L. Bennett, Chester, Pa.,
Mrs. Alice Cary, Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Charlotte Dett, Niagara
Falls, N. Y., Mrs. Addie W. Dickerson, Phila., Pa. Mrs. C. L.
Hamilton, Indianola, 111., Mrs. C. R. McDowell, Hannibal, Mo.,
Mrs. J. C. Napier, Nashville, Tenn., Miss Georgia A. Nugent,
Louisville, Ky., Mrs. Minnie Scott, Toledo, Ohio., Mrs. E. J. N.
Simms, Spokane, Wash., Mrs. Mamie E. Steward, Louisville,
Ky., Mrs. Marion Wilkerson, Orangeburg, S. C. and Mrs. W. T.
B. Williams, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.

In regard to the relations of this association with the Inter-
national Council of Women, several Colored women have at-
tended different European meetings as representatives from the
United States. Foremost among such women are Miss Hallie
Q. Brown, Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Mrs. Mary B. Talbert and
Dr. Mary F. Waring. The following is an ektract from the
July 1921 issue of The Crisis:

"The Committee on International Relations — the highest
committee of women in personel of representatives in the
League of Nations — has chosen Mrs. Mary B. Talbert as a
member. Mrs. Talbert was the first accredited Negro delegate
to sit in the International Council of women and one of five
American women to speak for the National Council of Women
of the United States of America in the House of Parliment at

Norway."

The quotation below is taken from the February 1921 issue
of The Favorite Magazine. "Dr. Mary F. Waring, recently
returned from a trip through eleven European countries, and one
of twenty American women to represent the United States at
the International Council of Women in Norway. She had the
distinction of being the only woman commissioner of the Lincoln
Jubilee in 1915 and the organizer of the Red Cross units Canteen
and Home Nursing classses during the World War. After the
war the Community Service appointed her as a national organizer
for girls' work."

Some of the national leading and most prominent Colored
women before the public today who as workers in this associa-
tion or along other elevating lines have encouraged, inspired and
helped thousands of American Colored girls to move out of
Nobody's Alley and live on Somebody's Avenue are Miss Mary
M. Bethune, Daytona, Fla., Miss Eva D. Bowles, New York
City, N. Y., Miss Hallie Q. Brown, Wilberforce, O., Miss Nannie
H. Burroughs, Washington, D. C, Madame E. Azalia Hackley,
Detroit, Mich. Mrs. Addie W. Hunton, New York City, N. Y.,
Miss Jane E. Hunter, Cleveland, O., Miss Lucey Laney, Augusta,
Ga., Mrs. S. W. Layton, Phila., Pa., Mrs. R. R. Moton, Tusk-
egee, Ala., Mrs. Alice Dunbar Nelson, Wilmington, Del., Mrs.
Mary B. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y., Mrs. "Florence C. Talbert,
Detroit, ^Mich., Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D.
C, Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va., Dr. Mary F. War-
ing, Chicago., 111., Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee In-
stitute, Ala. and Mrs. Butler R. Wilson, Boston, Mass.

National Uplift Organization founded and run by Negroes
The National Negro Business League

IN 1900 the late Dr. Booker T. Washington, founder of
Tuskegee Institute, organized in Boston, Mass. The Na-
tional Negro Business League, which is now under the forceful
and energetic leadership of Dr. Robert R. Moton. Such na-
tionally known men as Chas. Banks, J. G. Napier and Emmett
J. Scott are among those who are closely allied with the president
of this League in so widely spreading its influences of encourage-
ment, inspiration and business knowledge.

As a description of the workings of this organization, the
writer gives below some extracts from an article written for the
August 13, 1921 issue of The Chicago Defender by E. Davidson
Washington, son of the late Dr. Booker T. Washington.

"While the Business League has a distinctive purpose (that
of promoting the commercial and financial development of our
Race,) it does not attempt to prescribe for every racial endeavor;
yet it is a significant fact that through the instrumentality of
this the national body and its more than 600 local branches
or local leagues scattered throughout the country a very large
part of the progress made by the Race in the direction of home
and farm ownership, banking, insurance, manufacturing and
mercantile enterprises has been achieved since the organization
of the Business League.

"Among the many subjects discussed are such as: "Making
Farming Pay.," "Building a Negro Town," "The Relation of
Education to Business," "Conducting a Grocery Store," "Edit-
ing a Newspaper" and many others which space will not permit
me to mention here. Questions are asked, and in that way
those who did not come up to their expectations the previous
year try, when they return to their various communities, as
far as possible, to put into practice what they have gained
through the league.

"The symposiums conducted in the main convention by the
following organizations are highly interesting and instructive:

The National Negro Bankers' Association, the National Negro
Funeral Directors' Association, the National Negro Press, the
National Negro Bar Association and the National Negro In-
surance Men.

' 'Finally, as a Race we must not be discouraged. There will
come to us, as to all races, seasons of depression and gloom.
Once in a while even those in high places may seem to seek to
insult, humiliate and harass us, but they cannot last. "The
morning cometh." Those who treat us unjustly are losing more
than we are. Above all, we must not lose faith in ourselves
nor in our Race. We must be as proud of being Negroes as a
Japanese is of being a Japanese. It is through such meetings
as the National Negro Business League that the Negro is en-
couraged and made to look upon the brighter side of life and with
more optimism for the future than ever before."

Association For The Study of Negro Life and History

American school white boys and girls get the larger part of
their inspirations to become great men and women mostly
from what they read in the public school United States Histories
about big things members of their race have done. As white
authors in writing such histories saw fit to leave out of them all
references (with the exception of slavery) to the parts the Ameri-
can Colored people have had in helping to make American his-
tory, public school Colored boys and girls get no racial encourage-
ments nor inspirations from such histories.

The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History,
organized in 1915, is doing a grand work in helping to supply
the American Colored youth with the desired encouraging and
inspiring information relating to Negro historical achievements
in the United States. The president of this organ, R. E. Park
is ably assisted in this work by such scholars as Drs. J. E. Moore-
land and C. G. Woodson.

The National Equal Rights League

The National Equal Rights League was started in 1910 and
one of its chief purposes is contending for and securing in peace-
ful but firm ways the same equal rights in the United States for
American Colored citizens as those so generously given to mem-
bers of other races, especially many foreigners in this country
who do not understand the laws, cannot speak the language
and have no intentions of becoming naturalized. The presid-
ent of this organization is N. S. Taylor, who is loyally assist-
ed by such race leaders as Wm. Monroe Trotter, and B. N.
Murrell.

The Lincoln League of America

The Lincoln League of America is an organization that was
started in 1919, and one of its main objects is to instil race
pride on a broader scale among Colored people and at the same
time encourage them along all lines of citizenship privileges and
advancement. Roscoe C. Simmons is president of this body
and is nobly aided in this work by such national figures as Henry
Lincoln Johnson and Walter Cohen.

National Association of Teachers for Colored Schools

The National Association of Teachers for Colored Schools
is under the scholarly and experienced leadership of Prof. J. M.
Gandy. It is due mostly to this organization that the manage-
ments and sentiments of the different Southern Colored colleges
and schools have come to better understand each other and
thereby work in closer conjunction and harmony for the broadest
and most practical development of Negro youths in both indus-
trial and higher education. Other officials who have helped to
bring about such good feelings are S. X. Floyd and W. H. A.
Howard.

Negro Organization Society

Although it has not yet developed into a national organiza-
tion, the Negro Organization Society of Virginia is making rapid
strides in that direction. It was organized several years ago,

at the wise suggestion of the late Dr. H. B. Frissell, by Major
R. R. Moton, who with the valuable assistance of Captain
Allen Washington, Profs. J. M. Gandy, T. C. Erwin, Rev. A. A.
Graham, Lawyer T. C. Walker, Hon. Robert. E. Clay and others
soon made it a leading source of encouragement and helpful-
ness throughout the entire State. While its purpose is to unite
into one large solid body for more mutual understandings all the
church, fraternal and social organizations and societies, big and
little, in the State; it has no desires nor intentions whatever of
selfishly absorbing within itself or taking away the individuality
of any organized body that comes under its advice and help.

One of the chief objects of this society is to gather all such
organizations in the state under its guiding wisdom and shelter-
ing arms into one big congenial family, whose members may then
be constantly taught how best to work in helpful understandings
and harmony among themselves and in brotherhood co-opera-
tions with their white neighbors in order to secure ' 'better
health, better schools, better homes and better farms" for the
Colored people. These efforts have proven so fruitful that this
society has already overflown its Virginian cup of uplift influence
that is now running and dripping over the sides into surrounding
states. And under the continued successful "Whooping-up"
campaigns of its present leader, Major Allen Washington, this
organ is destined some day to become one of the most helpful
national movements in America in aiding to bring about stronger
and broader good-will feelings between the two races and at the
same time more friendly and solidly uniting all Colored organiza-
tions for a more rapid and all-round advancement of the Negro
Race.

THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

On February 19, 1919, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, editor of The
Crisis, called a meeting known as The Pan-African Congress
that held three days' session in the Grand Hotel, Paris, France.
It was attended by fifty-eight delegates representing sixteen
different Negro groups, who passed resolutions of which two of
the most important pargraphs are quoted below as follows:

' Whenever persons of African descent are civilized and able
to meet the tests of surrounding culture, they shall be accorded
the same rights as their fellow citizens : they shall not be denied
on account of race or color a voice in their own Government,
justice before the courts and economic and social equality ac-
cording to ability and desert.

"Whenever it is proven that African natives are not receiving
just treatment at the hands of any State or that any State delib-
erately excludes its civilized citizens or subjects of Negro descent
from its body politic and cultural, it shall be the duty of the
League of Nations to bring the matter to the attention of the
civilized world."

Along with Dr. DuBois, some of the other internationally
known persons who attended that first Congress were Boisneuf,
Deputy from Guadaloupe; Captain Boutte; Canadace, French
Deputy from Guadaloupe; Mme Chapoteau; Mrs. Helen M.
Curtis: Diagne, French Deputy from Senegal; Grossilliere, De-
puty from Martinique; Mrs. Ida Gibbs Hunt; Mrs. Addie W.
Hunton; Dr. John Hope; President King, Peace Delegate from
Liberia; B. F. Seldon and Roscoe C. Simmons.

The Pan- African Congress plans to hold its second meeting
in Europe in 1921 and hold sessions in four different countries
as follows: in London, England on August 28th and 29th; in
Brussels, Belgium on August 31st, September 1st and 2nd;
in Paris, France on September 4th and 5th, and a "Special Com-
mittee to visit the Assembly of the League of Nations, Geneva,
Switzerland, after September 6th."

In brief (according to the July 1921 issue of The Crisis) the
chief working plans mapped out on the practical progress of this
Congress are as follows: to satisfy the urgent need of securing
first-hand information "about Africa's physical, climatic and com-
mercial conditions, as well as the attitude of the natives and the
European governments"; to thresh such newly gained knowledge
and put it into the form of a statement, presenting the main
social problems which face the Negros of the world ; to enable the
leaders of the different Negro groups the world over to be-

come acquainted; to get in touch with and put before those
persons, groups, nations and organizations of various races who
either do sympathize with the peoples of Africa and their des-
cendants or who would sympathize with them if they knew the
fundamental characteristics, needs and deserts of the black man
all over the globe; to have the Pan-African Congress finally
evolved into one permanent body that welds the Negro people
and their friends for the emancipation of the race.

"For his services in originating and conducting in Paris the
Pan-African Congress", Dr. DuBois was presented with the
Spingarn Medal. And this Pan -African Congress, "in the judg-
ment of President Hope of Morehouse College", "made the
Negro representatives from seventeen countries discover that
the problems of colored people the world over are the same."
The origin and purpose of the above mentioned Spingarn Medal
is explained in the following quotation :

"A few years ago Dr. J. E. Spingarn of New York decided
that he would offer each year a gold medal to be awarded to the
man or woman of African descent who had rendered valuable,
though perhaps somewhat inconspicuous, service to his race and
to modern civilization. Dr. Spingarn had very clearly in his
mind the "for merit" type of decoration. This idea has always
been kept before the committee on award". (Ref. July 1920 issue
of the Southern Workman).

A conplete list of those who have been awarded the Spingarn
Medal since 1915, when it was first presented, up to the present
date is as follows:

1915, Dr. Ernest E. Just, Scholar-Scientist.

1916, Colonel Chas. Young, United States Army.

1917, Harry T. Burleigh, Singer-Composer.

1918, Wm. Stanley Braithwaite, Poet-Critic.

1919, Archibald H. Grimke, Author-Orator.

1920, Dr. W. E. B. DuBoise, Sociologist-Author.

1921, Charles E. Gilpin, Celebrated Actor.

MARCUS GARVEY

Whatever may be their private thoughts and judgements as
to the methods, purposes and final results of his efforts ; the one
conclusion at which close observing Colored and white people
alike have unanimously arrived and publically admitted is that
the Negro, Marcus Garvey (who is estimated to have united
more than a million of his Race people into different organiza-
tions) has unquestionably become "The World's Greatest Group
Organizer" of today.

Relative to the Race interests, efforts and leaderships of
Dr. DuBois and Mr. Garvey, the writer quotes below the very
logical and impartial editorial that appeared in Editor J. Finley
Wilson's ' 'Washington Eagle" that was published September
17, 1921, in Washington, D. C.

"WORLD LEAGUE OF THE AFRICAN RACES NECESSARY"

"We are very much in favor of the Pan-African movement which Dr. W.
E. B. DuBois has in charge and is trying to make a success of. The race
needs an international organization which will gather representatives of the
African peoples of the world, where their rights and wrongs may be registered
and looked after, and where, annually, they may gather in an open congress
or a discussion and agreement upon questions affecting them. The question
is a broad one, race-embracing, and should be considered from that viewpoint.

"On the other hand, we are very much in favor of the movement fostered
by Mr. Marcus Garvey, the provisional president of Africa, to create a senti-
ment in Africa in favor of a oneness of sentiment among Africans themselves
and the building up of African States for Africans. Mr. Garvey has been
pointing out, recently, and very wisely, we think, that the time may come
when Afro-Americans who are dissatisfied with their conditions in States
of the United States may desire to go to Africa, and to a State in Africa
governed by Africans. This is reasonable foresight.

"There are millions of Jews working hard for the rehabilitation of Pales-
tine who have no desire to make it their home, as they are satisfied in the
States where they are, but there are millions who are not satined, as in
Turkey and Russia, who would go to Palestine and build its waste places
while repatriating it. It is in the same way that we regard the building of a
strong African State as a sufficient asylum of those of the race who are perse-
cuted anywhere on the globe that they may be.

"Mr. Garvey is as much of a prophet in his way as Dr. DuBois, and we
should be willing to hold up the hands of both of them in any plans they may
advance which seems possible of working out for the good of the race. Both
of them have ideas and methods we do not approve, but that would be the
case with any movement whatsoever, that may be started, on a large or small
scale, by any man or group of men of the race, but it should not prevent us
from encouraging them in any idea or plan which appears reasonable and
possible of resulting in good for the race.

"A World League of African People is necessary. An Independent
African State in Africa is necessary. We already have Liberia and Abyssinia,
but we need more than these, and stronger than both of them."

ON THE FARM

Education The Negro Needs All

Wild men first learned to scratch the ground: — Agricultural Education
In building caves first trades they found: — Industrial Education
Then exchange of hides made business boom, — Commercial Education
And science was born gazing stars and moon — University Education

Harrison.

SINCE the raising of tobacco, cotton, corn, sugar cane and
other farm products had been the main reason for starting
slavery in America, it is plainly seen that farming was the chief
work of the Colored people until they were set free. And it is
quite natural that they took a great dislike to a work that they
had been compelled to do against their wills for over two
hundred years. So at the close of the Civil War when they were
free to choose their own work, the majority of ex-slaves were
willing to do any kind of labor under the sun (or over the sun for
that matter) but work on the farm. Such a state of affairs
continued for a number of years and caused much of the rich
fertile lands in the South to go unf armed, neglected and runned-
down, but after some years away from the only kind of work
they knew the most about, their dislike to farming began to
lessen and they gradually drifted back to work patches of land
on shares with their former owners who had survived the war.
And their return to the bosom of nature rapidly increased as the
ex-slaves saw how it would enable them to make a living and
save money to buy land for themselves.

As a result of that movement back to the farms which contin-
ued to increase, there were, according to the 1910 census, over
two hundred thousand farms or twenty-one million acres of
land owned in the United States by Colored people. Negroes
in the South alone own more than two hundred thousand of
those farms that are valued at more than four hundred million
dollars. Just in the state of Virginia Colored people own over
one million acres of land that are valued at over ten million
dollars. The following named are just a handful of the Colored
farmers throughout the South and West who own and cultivate
farms ranging in size from 500 to 3,000 acres of land ; J. N. Brown,

Tenn.,; J. Collins, S. C; Robt. Chatman, Texas; Wash Dillard,
Texas; Lewis Dolphin, Okla.; J. G. Groves, Kan.; Wiley Hinds'
family, Cal.; J. A. Hickey, G. N. Humphries, Texas; Howard
Jackson, Ala.; Chas. Jackson, La.; Deal Jackson, Ga.; Y. U.
Jones, Texas; John Lyttle, N. C.; J. H. McDuffy, Fla.; Wm.
Mazy, John F. McGowon, L. A. Nash, Lance Parker, Dennis
Pollard, H. Penneth, Jack Taylor, Texas; Jake Simmons,
Okla.; R. L. Smith Newton Smith, La.; A. W. Taylor,
Texas; J. Thompson, Ga.; W. B. Turner, Va., and Frank
Wallace, Texas.

Through the encouragement and helpfulness of such farming
agencies as the Smith-Lever Funds for Agricultural Extension
Education, the Smith-Hughes Funds for Vocational Education,
The Federal Farm Loans and the Farmers' Co-operative Demon-
stration Work, a new interest, rekindled enthusiasm and extra
efforts have been aroused among Colored farmers in all parts of
the country. They have at last been made to plainly see and
fully understand that it is always to their seemingly dull country
barnyard gates that the boiled-shirt, stiff-collared and learned
business and college men of the cities must sooner of later turn
for their ham and eggs, steak and chops, bread and butter and
different vegetables. These same farmers manfully realize that
they or others can only produce such necessities of life by daily
mingling among the neighing horses, the mooing cows, the grunt-
ing pigs, the bleating sheep, the cackling hens and the crowing
roosters. They are the people who with rolled-up sleeves cheer-
fully feel they must be stained with the earth's sweet dirt (for
what is so fragrant, so refreshing and so sweet as the smell of
newly plowed furrows on an early spring morn, when crows
overhead fly with taunting caws and robins scratch the sods for
a wormy cause?) or the city folks for want of life giving foods
would soon die of starvation.

In order to help prevent the above dreaded calamity over-
taking the country by learning how to better intensify crops and
redouble their products, Colored farmers both young and old
are taking either short or full courses in scientific agriculture in
the following named schools that are a few among the many

giving such instructions:

Agricultural & Mechanical College for Negroes, Normal,
Ala.; Agricultural & Industrial State School, Nashville, Tenn.;
Agricultural & Technical College, Greensboro, N. C. ; Agricultural
& Normal University., Langston, Okla.; Alcorn Agricultural &
Mechanical College, Alcorn, Miss.; Branch Normal College,
Pine Bluff, Ark. ; Downingtown Industrial & Agricultural College,
Downingtown, Pa.; Florida Agricultural & Mechanical College
Tallahassee, Fla.; Georgia Normal & Agricultural College,
Albany, Ga.; Hampton Normal & Agricultural Institute,
Hampton, Va. ; Armstrong Agricultural & Industrial Institute,
West Butler, Ala.; Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute,
Tuskegee, Ala. (extracts from Negro Year Book, 1918-1918 edi-
tion, pgs. 2-308-345)

As soon as Colored men have finished agricultural courses in
the above named or other schools, they are fully prepared to
locate in any section of the country and put into practice the
farming theories they have just learned. It is quite natural that
the majority of them want to settle and farm in the South — the
birth place of their parents and usually of themselves, and the
best farming district in the United States, and many of them do
settle there. But quite a few (and the number is rapidly in-
creasing) after deciding to follow farming as a life work have
settled in the North, or even better have followed Horace Greeley's
famous advice "Young man, go West". There they have settled
with assurances of better human treatments and fuller civic
rights due all human beings and American citizens, than they
would have received if they had settled in many parts of the
South. On the Pacific Coast they have found farming condi-
tions more in accord with their special agricultural training than
any place in America with the exception of the South. And
whenever any of those Colored farmers arrived in California,
for instance, without money to buy a few acres of land, they
at once hired themselves out to farmers (without any fear of
Southern peonage systems) and in a little while had saved enough
money to strike out for themselves. During the time they served
as farm laborers they were able to get practical and valuable ex-
perience in three ways ; through experimenting they got acquaint-

ed with the Western crops that were new to them; they got ac-
quainted with the customs and habits of the people, and they
had time to carefully and slowly investigate many sections of
the country before selecting the plot of land and district in
which they planned to later and permanently settle.

The following two quotations are parts of articles written by
Governor Wm. D. Stephens and Secretary of State Frank C.
Jordon of California, and which articles appeared in the April
1, 1920 issue of the California Free Lance that has since been
absorbed into the California Voice. The reading of these quo-
tations may be of interest to those concerned.

Governor Stephens said- "Workers are what we need and
opportunity was never so widely open to the Negro as it is today.
A very large number of Colored workers are well fitted for farm
labor and it would be better for them, and a measure of aid to
our agricultural interests, if they could be diverted from the
cities into the country. The farm laborer situation is difficult
in this state and steps might well be taken to shift to the coun-
try those colored men who are residing in large cities, under
conditions unsuited to them. Our Negro workers could them-
selves help to solve this problem. Any effort initiated on their
part undoubedly would meet with active encouragement. Some
adaptation to new conditions would be necessary, but this could
easily be brought about through co-operation between Negro
workers and the employing farmers of our state. I regard this
matter of shifting workers who are misplaced in cities to the farms
of our state as a matter of importance, and I invite the earnest
attention of the Negro people to it as one primarily in their in-
terest as well as being for the best interest of our state."

Secretary of State, Jordan said in part: "California today has
need of farmers and farm laborers. There is a general alarm
felt by persons acquainted with farming conditions at the
shortage of laborers. The farmer or farm laborer has a com-
fortable living under health-giving conditions and the money he
makes he can save. He is an independent producer and plays
a most important part in the national welfare. The California

lands are marvels of richness. Truck gardening, fruit orchards,
wheat and rice fields, cotton lands — in fact, nearly all farm cul-
ture— can be found in this State. The important question at
present is, Where are we to find laborers to increase and intensify
cultivation? Immigration from European countries has prac-
tically ceased. Mexican labor is difficult and uncertain. We
can only hope for laborers to come from the more thickly settled
parts of the country. The youth of today needs to be educated
not only in the technique of farming, but also in the advantages
of farm life. The prosperity of the nation rests largely on the
agricultural workers. The city dwellers cannot reduce the high
cost of living without the farmer's co-operation in increased
production. The factory worker depends upon the farmer for
food. His high wages mean little to him unless food is plentiful.
Let a young man consider carefully the opportunities offered by
country as well as civic life — the sturdy independence, the health-
ful surroundings, the wholesome food, of the former — before he
decides what his life work will be."

Copied below is another article "Land Conditions" that ap-
peared in the same issue of the. Free Lance and which article
goes more in detail regarding the wonderful opportunities of
farm life in California — the land of not-to-cold nor not-too-hot
climate, the land of singing birds, blooming flowers and golden
fruits.

"Probably the greatest opportunity for the race lies in the
agricultural sections of the state. Land at reasonable prices is
now being offered by the Southern Pacific Land Company in
sixteen counties in various parts of the state. While a great
deal of this land is available for grazing purposes, yet there are
large tracts awaiting the coming of the man with the plow, chief
among which are sections laying in the beautiful Antelope Valley,
situated in Los Angeles county, which section's chief products are
alfalfa, grain, fruit and dairying products. The soil of this
valley is somewhat varied. The upper mesas and slopes in the
main valley are decomposed granite of fine texture, with con-
siderable vegetable humus. In the lower levels there are great
deposits of silt and in every case the soils are light and easy to work

ICO

The water conditions are all that can be desired, there being
quite a deal of artesian wells, where the water is found at depths
varying from 50 to 600 feet. Prices of land in this valley vary
from $2 to $10 per acre for grazing land and from $10 to $71.50
for agricultural lands, with possibilities of irrigation by pumping.

"In Fresno county, the home of the raisin and the Thompson
grapes, there will be found plenty of opportunities for dairying
fruit and general farming. This county has now quite a large
number of Negro ranchers who are engaged profitably in various
agricultural pursuits. The price of land in this vicinity ranges
from $20 to $143 per acre, with fine possibilities of irrigation by
pumping.

"Nearly all sections in the State of California are filled with
opportunities for men with small capital to engage in various
kinds of farming. While some are impressed by the large
ranches, there is ample opportunities to engage in small farming
projects. Land at reasonable prices and for all purposes can
be obtained in the following counties; Siskiyou, Shasta, Tehama,
Butte, Nevada, Yuba, El Dorado, Monterey, Stanislaus, Fresno,
Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Kern and
Tulare,. Recent reports from various sections of the State shows
that there are now over 2100 Negroes engaged in agricultural,
forestry and animal husbandry in this State."

In his annual report of February 1920, Secretary Houston
of the Department of Agriculture pointed out that when both
the acreage and yield per acre are taken into account, the Ameri-
can farmer leads the world in individual production of crops.
He further pointed out that the aggregate value of all crops
raised in the United States for that year amounted to over
fifteen billion dollars. These facts are truly very encouraging
and complimentary to the American farmer and are quite apt
to give him somewhat of a "big-head" until he reads "Social
Aspects of the Decreasing Food Surplus in The United States."
This is a nation-wide agricultural survey written by one of Ameri-
ca's best authorities on that subject, Prof. Bernhard Ostrolenk,
Director of the National Farm school at Farm School, Pa.

101

One of the most startling facts and timely warnings he brings
out in his survey is that three million farms in the United States
are idle on account of the American people not developing their
unimproved lands. In writing about the already improved lands
and abandoned farms, he says in part:

"And now we come to the most serious aspect of the agricul-
tural situation in the United States. For the period of 1900 to
1910 more than two and a half million people left the country
to go to the cities. Double that figure could safely be assumed
to be the true situation from 1910 to 1920. A tragedy is
facing the country. Scarcity of food means dissatisfaction, un-
rest, riots, mob rule, anarchy.

"Instead of proud boasting when new acquisitions are made
in our cities, new apprehensions for the future food supply should
be aroused. Can the Nation afford to be indifferent to the farmer
much longer? We need an exodus from our congested districts
back to the soil and the National Farm School is ready to lead
in that movement. We have proved that it can be done by
taking raw city youths and training them to be successful farmers.
Eighty-seven per cent of our graduates own and operate their
own farms."

In giving out this advice and information of deep thought
and timely warning, Prof. Ostrolenk has meant for it to apply
to and benefit the great masses of Colored people who are jammed
in the cities living in unsanitary courts and alleys, as he has
meant for it to influence the masses of his own people who have
left the country for the cities. And in putting a last spread
on this bread-and-butter subject, the writer can truthfully say
that just as the National Farm School, under the direction of
Prof. Ostrolenk, is taking the lead among other white agricul-
tural schools in helping to solve this great problem by turning
out such efficient white farmers; so are Hampton Institute,
under the guidance of Dr. Jas. E. Gregg, and Tuskegee Institute,
under the leadership of Dr. Robt. R. Moton, gladly and whole-
heartedly joining hands with the National Farm School in help-

102

ing to bring about this "Back-to-the-Farm" movement by taking
the lead among other Negro agricultural schools in turning out
practically and scientifically trained Colored farmers.

Young men who wish to take a scientific course in agriculture
but hesitate to do so because they fear their race and color will
prevent them from getting sales for their products, should re-
member that:

The greatest and only food supplier in the world (the earth)
is Colored, and that no race of people ever attempts to wean
itself from sucking its daily life-giving nourishments from
Nature's nippled breasts just because those breasts are made of
the brown colored dust and dirt from which all crops must come.

103

ON THE FARM

Chestnut Hunting

It was after four, one Friday when

We all rejoiced at school-week end ,

And plans were "made for Saturday roves
Among the trees of chestnut groves.

And half that night we thought of fun

That we would have when day begun ;

So up we got with early sun

To get our chores real quickly done.

The cross-roads by the old mill-dam

Was where we formed our happy band

Of laughing girls and whistling boys,

Who v[ed their chums in making noise.

Blushing maids in tam-o'-shanters,

And teasing lads with roguish banters

All romped away one happy crew

To where we knew the best nuts grew.

What luck to be a boy or girl,

When leaves begin to brown and curl!
What joy it is to feel the thrill

That's in the a^ir from hill to hill!

Tramping over knolls and dales,

We saw a woods fenced in with rails;

And there tree limbs were bending down
Thick with burs all big and round.

Then we raced by rocky juts,

Until we spied the brownish nuts

Peeping down from sticky burs
Smooth inside as softest furs.

Boys shook boughs and nuts rained down
Rolling over frost-bit ground:

Those whose hands the burs did bruise

Upon them stamped with heavy shoes.

Some stood on the ground below.

So their clubs to better throw:
Girls with sacks from flour mill

Picked enough each bag to fill.

When on a fence we climbed to chat,
The top rail broke and down we sat

On sticky burs all round about

That made us dance as well as pout.

104

What jolly times we had out there
Joking some two as a loving pair,

'Till baskets all were well heaped up,
When home we went to get our sup'.

We hid the nuts clear out of sight,

To roast or boil some winter night,

When coals glowed red within the grate
And snow outdoors fell deep and late.

Oh! that I were a youth once more

To gather chestnuts as of yore
From trees that once had blooming health

But long since dead from insects' stealth.

Whenever now through woods I go,
My anguished heart does overflow

To see the blighted chestnut die

While puzzled science no cure does spy.
— Harrison.

105

IN THE TRADE SCHOOLS

Booker T. Washington^

He loved both mankind and the soil,

And taught his folks to learn to toil
In all trades of the manual work

That kept them from an idle shirk.

Tuskegee stands a monument

To Booker T. whose life was spent
On begging trips for cash and fuel

To build and run that world-famed school.
— Harrison.

JUST as the late Dr. Booker T. Washington, founder of the
wonderful school, Tuskegee, was the greatest agricultural
and industrial leader of his race in the United States; so Dr.
Robert R. Moton, former educator at Hampton Institute and
present principal of Tusgkee Institute, is today the foremost
leader of the American Colored people in industrial and agricul-
tural education. And the tireless efforts and uplifting influence
of those two great industrial leaders have either originated or
greatly encouraged and advanced much of the skilled industrial
and intensive agricultural progress made by the Colored people
in America during the past thirty or more years.

But the pioneer and greatest industrial educator of them all
was General Samuel Chapman Armstrong who founded in 1868
the famous Hampton Institute, which is said to be the leading
school of its kind in America, and among the best in the world.
For years not even many intelligent white and Colored people
looked with kindly favor upon General Armstrong's then new
and strange methods of teaching the head, the hand and the
heart to work together for the highest development of an indi-
vidual or a race. People then generally thought that it was
foolish to go to school just to learn the trades or how to work on a
farm, as they had always been taught that schools were places
where one went to learn to study books alone. And that was what
nearly every one wanted to do as it was thought to be a disgrace
and dishonor to work with the hands. But many years had not
passed before it was seen and proved that General Armstrong's
methods were among the most valuable educational teachings

in the world.

106

And today civilized countries throughout the world are using
in their private, public and government schools vocational and
industrial plans and methods copied after those originated by the
far-sighted General Armstrong and so successfully carried on
after his death by Dr. Hollis Burke Frissell. The unusual
beneficial careers of those two life long friends of Colored
peoples stand with the foremost among the careers of many
brave white men and women who have not been ashamed to follow
the footsteps of Christ by unselfishly giving their lives and for-
tunes for the encouragement and uplift of an oppressed people.
Since the death of Dr. Frissell a few years ago, Hampton has
been under the careful and progressive leadership of Dr. Jas. E.
Gregg who has kept up the high grade of industrial education
he found there. He has also raised the academic standards to
higher planes, in order to better fit his graduates to more success-
fully face the advanced educational requirements thay have
to meet when going out into the world to wring success from the
opportunities that will constantly come into their callings.

Below are named a few of the other Colored industrial schools
that are yearly turning out hundreds of skilled and practical auto
repairers, blacksmiths, bricklayers, carpenters, cabinetmakers,
domestic science teachers, dressmakers, engineers, house matrons,
machinists, milliners, painters, printers, plumbers, school teach-
ers, shoemakers, steamfitters, tailors, tinsmiths, upholsters,
wheelwrights and other artisans.

Albion Academy, Franklintown, S. C; Americus Institute,
Americus, Ga.; Berean Ind. School, Phila., Pa.; Calhoun Colored
School, Calhoun, Ala.; Camden Colored High School, Camden,
Ark., ; Coleman College, Gibsland, La. ; Betts Academy, Trenton,
S. C; Cheyney Training School, Cheyney, Pa.; Christiansburg
Ind. Institute, Cambria Va.; Clayton Ind. School, Manor,
Texas; Clinton Nor. & Ind. College, Rockhill, S. C; Colored
Industrial School, Cincinnati, O.; Cookman, Institute, Jackson-
ville, Fla. ; Daytona Training School for Girls, Daytona, Fla.;
Delaware Nor. & Ind. School, Dover, Del.; Dunbar Training
School, Brownsville, Tenn.; Florida Bapt. Academy, St., Augus-

107

tine, Fla.; Fort Valley High & Ind. Inst., Fort Valley, Ga.;
Fort Worth Ind. & Mech. Col., Fort Worth, Tex.; Georgia State
& Ind. College, Savannah, Ga.; Greenville Ind. Inst., Greenville,
Miss.; Haines Nor & Ind. Insti., Augusta, Ga.; Henderson Nor-
mal Inst., Henderson, N. V.; Joseph Brick Ind. School, Bricks,
N. C; Lincoln Normal School, Marion, Ala.; Lincoln Inst, of
Kentucky, Lincoln Ridge, Ky. ; Knox Academy, Selma, Ala.;
Manassas Ind. School, Manassass, Va. ; Mary Potter Memorial
School, Oxford, N. C; Mayesville Ind. Inst., Mayesville, S. C. ;
Mound Bayou Ind. Col., Mound Bayou, Miss.; National Train-
ing School, (women) Washington, D. C; New Jersey Nor.
Training School, Bordentown, N. J.; Oklahoma Nor. & Ind.
Inst., Boley, Okla.; Penn Normal & Ind. School, Frogmore,
S. C. ; Princess Anne Academy, Princess Anne, Md. ; Prairie View
State Nor. & Ind. School, Prairie View, Texas; Schofield N.
& Ind. Inst., Aiken, S. C; Sater State Normal & Ind. School.
Winston-Salem, N. C; Snow Hill Inst., Snow Hill, Ala.; St,
Augustine School, Raleigh, N. C; St. Paul Nor. & Ind. Inst.
Lawrenceville, Va. ; Vicksburg Ind. School, Vicksburg, Miss.;
Voorhees Ind. School, Denmark, S. C; State College for Colored
Youth, Dover, Del.; Walker Bapt. Inst., Augusta, Ga.; Waters
Normal Inst., Winton, N. C. (extracts from Work's Negro
Year book, 1918-1919 edition, pages 309-10-11-12-13-14-15-16
17-18-19-20).

IN THE TRADE SCHOOLS

While a great many of these schools are kept going through
the donations of money by Northern white individuals and or-
ganizations as well as by the aid of several state appropriations,
the majority of them are supported and run by Colored people
themselves. "The African Methodist Episcopal Church is
raising each year about $500,000 for the support of its twenty
colleges and normal schools. The Negro Baptists are giving
support to about 110 colleges and academies." All together
there are about 175 such schools supported by different Colored
church denominations that raise each year for this purpose about
two million dollars. The properties of these schools thus sup-

108

ported are worth about two million five hundred thousand
dollars. (Ref: Works Negro Year Book' 1918-1919 edition
page 286.)

Among the foremost Colored leaders in industrial education
are J. B. Dudley, Winston-Salem, N. C, W. J. Edwards,
Snow Hill, Ala., J. M. Gandy, Petersburg, Va., W. H. Goler,
Salisbury, N. C, W. J. Hale, Nashville, Tenn., J. R. E.
Lee, Kansas City, Mo., E. A. Long, Cambria, Va., R. R. Mo-
ton, Tuskegee, Ala., J. S. Russell, Lawrenceville, Va., Emmett
J. Scott, Washington, D. C, R. R. Wright, Sr., Savannah, Ga.

109

IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS

WHEN it is taken into consideration that in 1910, just 47
™ years after their freedom was received, there were less
than three million illiterate Negroes in America out of their
population of ten million, it will be seen that the Colored people
under most unfavorable circumstances that have always existed
have made very good strides along educational lines. Rural
education among them began as early as 1861 when the first
real day school was started near Fortress Monroe, Va., by the
American Missionary Association. That schools, which was
taught by Miss Mary S. Peake, a Colored teacher, was the for-
runner of Negro rural school education in the Sduth as well as
the pioneer site of the present Hampton Institute. The move-
ment continued to grow and spread so rapidly that in 1870
through the assistance of the Freedman's Bureau, there had been
established in different parts of the South over four thousand
common schools.

While it is true that the majority of the Southern white
people apposed the education of the Negro, there were many of
the best thinking among them who did everything possible to
elevate their Colored population. Together with the hundreds
of Northern white people (mostly of the Quaker and Puritan
stocks) who willingly gave their times, fortunes and in many
cases their lives for this cause, different white church denomi-
nations and other organizations spent large sums of money for
the establishment of schools and the support of teachers for the
work. As the outgrowth of that early start there are today in
just the Southern States alone over two million Colored children
attending public schools that are being taught by nearly thirty-
seven thousand Colored teachers. (Rof : Work Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, page 269.)

The greatest encouragement and help that the Southern
Colored people have received in the development of their rural
school systems have come from the Rosenwald Rural School
Fund, which was founded by Mr. Julius Rosenwald, President
of the Sears-Reobuck Company of Chicago, 111. The following

110

quotation is an extract from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, page 291; "June 12, 1914, Mr. Rosenwald announc-
ed that through the Tuskegee Institute he would provide money
to assist in erecting rural school-houses for Negroes in the South
under the following terms: that the people in the community
where a school house is to be erected shall secure from the public
school funds or raise among themselves an amount equivalent
to or larger than that given by Mr. Rosenwald. It is under-
stood that in no case will the sum given by Mr. Rosenwald ex-
ceed $400 for a one-teacher school and $500 for a two-teacher
school."

In the April 23, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender there
appeared an article on the above subject and the following quota-
tion is an extract from that article: "Nearly 400 rural schools
will have been completed during the year ending July 1 with
aid from the Rosenwald fund. Of the money required to erect
these schools our people in the South gave $500,000 , the white
people $500,000 various states $800,000 and Mr. Rosenwald.
$500,000. All the Rosenwald schools have been put in opera-
tion. Altogether, more than 1,000 schools have been built in
the South with the aid from the Rosenwald fund."

Ill

IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS

The Pen and the Typewriter

Years back pen and pencil were always cross

For every one used them as though a horse:

They were pushed and pulled without respite,
And made to draw heavy lines just right.

Not a figure was cut without their aid

Nor a letter was built without their shade;

And well did they have good cause to fret
And wish for some other the work to get.

One day a man from Remington came

With a funny thing that bore his name;

Then Smith-Underwood did saunter in
To ease the work of the weeping pen.

Now pen and pencil are mad as a bee

And say they would even a mule rather be

Than lie on a desk as dull as a log

Or stay on the floor like a poodle dog.

— Harrison.

AS Colored people have branched out into more numerous
and new business enterprises, they have found that in
order to place their ventures on foundations that are sure and
firm they must learn certain book knowledge as well as getting
actual working experiences in modern businesses. They have
also noticed through observations or experiences that no matter
how well a business may be founded and grounded it will not
continue to succeed unless its detailed operations are carried on
by specially trained and capable workers. Since they, with
but few exceptions, have not been allowed to attend, simply
on account of their Race, white business schools and colleges
to receive such preparations, Colored people have in many of the
large cities in America established their own business schools
and colleges. From among the many such schools the following
named are the few that have come under the writer's notice
during his limited research efforts :

The progressive city of Jacksonville, Fla., has the honor of
housing probably the largest and most modernly equipped
private school of this nature not only in America but in the world
among Colored people. The founder and president of this in-
stitution is Prof. R. W. Walker. Through his patient and un-

112

tiring efforts, unusual business and teaching abilities, he has built
up an enrollment of over one thousand local and correspondent
students in his college that is established in its own fifty thousand
dollar building which is open day and night the year round for
class room work. Aside from its school rooms Walker's Nat-
ional Business College has a dormitory for the boarding and
lodging of its out-of-town students.

The Derrick Business School has within the past five years
made such rapid growth and progress under the sound establish-
ment, expert teaching and sane management of Miss M. J.
Derrick that it is now centrally located in its own building in
one of the most exclusive business sections of Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss Derrick has the distinction of being the only Colored per-
son who owns and manages a business college that teaches the
famous "Boyd's 30-Day System." This school also has its own
dormitories for the accomodation of its students living out of
the city and state.

More than ten years ago The Stenographers' Institute was
founded in Philadelphia, Pa., by Prof. E. T. Duncan. Since
that time he has built up a commercial school of such efficiency
that his reputation has brought to him not only local students
but young men and women Hying in several other cities and
states. The enrollment of his school has become so large that in
the near future he will be compelled to seek new and larger quarters.

The New York Academy presided over by Prof. R. W. Jus-
tice, and Braithwaite Shorthand School managed by Prof. I.N.
Braithwaite are two business schools in New York City operated
by Colored men who are doing much for the elevation of their
race by turning out competent commercial graduates.

In Chicago, 111., Prof. M. J. Treadwell's Commercial Insti-
tute and The Central School of Commerce, of which Prof. W. D.
Alimono an expert bookkeeper and accountant is president, are
two Colored business schools that rank in the first class.

Prof. Chas. A. Brown's Bruno School of Business, Brooklyn,
N. Y., is also an institution of modern methods and is doing
its part in preparing for future careers stenographers, type-
writers, bookkeepers and other students in various commercial
subjects.

113

IN BUSINESS

RACIAL CO-OPERATION

When Race stores are tidy and neatly bent,
And act polite when you spend but a cent ;
Then do buy their wares, if fair and good,
And as Jew Folks, help your own Racehood.

— Harrison.

COLORED boys and girls who wish to learn about what some
of their race people have done in big business should read
the following and thereby get encouragement and inspiration.

One of the very first Colored persons (thanks to and honor
due Negro womanhood) to develop an enterprise from a local
venture into a successful national and international commercial
standard was the far-seeing and progressive late Madam C. J.
Walker, of Indianapolis and New York. Starting with a few
cents in her pocket but with a full knowledge of the value of her
beauty culture and toilet articles, with even fuller knowledge of
their urgent need among her Colored sisters, and with the
fullest determination and confidence to succeed, Mrs. Walker
within the short period of twelve years made for herself a
wealth of one million dollars. This fortune included a modern-
ly equipped home in Indianapolis, Ind., a fifty thousand dollar
residence in New York City, and a two hundred fifty thousand
dollar mansion at Irvington-on-the-Hudson, New York. Aside
from the numerous and unrecorded sums of money she gave to
both Colored and white charities during her twelve years of
wonderful financial career, Mrs. Walker at her death bequeathed
one hundred thousand dollars to be used in many charitable
ways for the encouragement and uplift of her race. The business,
Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co., was left to her daugh-
ter, Mrs. Lelia Walker Wilson, whose business abilities
handed down to her from her gifted mother, together with her
own original ideas and efforts have already increased the enter-
prise. Mrs. Walker's life of marvelous success will ever stand
out as a clear beacon light to Negro youths, especially Colored
girls. And when the circumstances under which she labored
are taken into just consideration her achievements are recog-
nized as worthy of being recorded on the best pages of American
history.

114

Right on the heels of the above business wonder is the com-
mercial success of Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Malone, St. Louis, Mo.,
who are also in the same line of business. On account of the
superior quality of their goods, the urgent demands for same and
the resulting satisfaction they are giving, their business has in-
creased so rapidly that they were compelled to recently erect
a two hundred fifty thousand dollar five-story fireproof building.
In this structure are housed their manufacturing plant and office
force. TheMalonesare giving $5,000 toward the Colored Y. M.
C. A. Work and various other sums of money for different lines
of betterment for their race, (like the late Madame Walker and
several other wealthy Colored people) show they are with a
Good Samaritan spirit taking altruistic advantages of their
unusual success in business by repeatedly aiding their less for-
tunate Race people or humanity in general after they have
found the need of such aid is for a worthy and good cause. So
Mr. & Mrs. Malone are today equally dividing their time between
the expansion of their Poro College business and the encourage-
ment and uplift of their struggling Race.

(Figures extracted from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919
edition, p. 3).

Colored girls who want to go into business for themselves
or be successful in anything but hesitate and hold back because
they belong to the Negro race and are Colored, should remember
that:-The most powerful thing in the world (the sun) is Colored,
and just because Nature has willed that it must get up every
morning and retire every evening with a red rosy face does not
mean that it is blushing with shame or holding back its leader-
ship in light and energy just because it happens to be a golden
color.

According to an article that appeared in the April 16, 1921
issue of the Chicago Defender, the Kashmir Chemical Co., and
the Nile Queen Co. are to be formed into one corporation in its
own three story building and is to have a capital of two hundred
thousand dollars. This is also a beauty culture business and is
under the hustling and capable leaderships of its president David
Manson and his associates J. D. Bell, George Walker and C. A.
Barnett.

115

To be awarded first prize at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and
the Jamestown Exposition in 1907 and to be awarded a contract
by the United States Government to supply its army during the
World War, is what A. C. Howard's shoe polish has accomplished
for him. And today the products of A. C. Howard Shoe Polish
Manufacturing Co., New York have become known on both
sides of the oceans.

Because of their unusual business success the writer quotes
below from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919, pages 360-
361, sketches telling about the accomplishments of three among
America's foremost Colored business men.

"Boyd Dr. R. H. Prominent minister in the Baptist de-
nomination. He established in 1896, the National Baptist
Publishing House at Nashville, Tenn. The printing plant oc-
cupies a half block in the business portion of the city. It pays
its employees over $200,000 a year for labor. According to
inventory made by Bradstreet's Agency, the value of stock,
equipment and property of the concern is about $350,000. Here
all the books and pamphlets needed in the Sunday School and
church work of the Negro Baptists are published. Dr. Boyd
is the president of the National Negro Doll Company, which
manufacturers high class Negro dolls".

"Merrick, John. One of the most successful Negro business
men in the United States. He was born in Clinton, North
Carolina, September 7., 1859; died August 6, 1919; was a brick-
layer by trade, and later, became a barber. In 1898 he founded
the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association, which is
one of the strongest Negro insurance companies in the world.
He was one of the wealthiest Negroes in North Carolina. He
owned a large amount of real estate. His monthly rent income
was over $500."

"Smith, Robert L. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, 1861.
Founder of the Farmer's Improvement Society of Texas. He
graduated from Atlanta University, and for a time was editor
of a paper in Charleston. He then went to Texas and became
a teacher. In 1895 he was elected a member of the Texas Legis-
lature. Wishing to help the people, he organized in 1890, the

116

Farmers' Improvement Society. The members of the Associa-
tion now own over 75,000 acres of land worth considerably over
$1,000,000. In 1906 the Society founded an agricultural col-
lege at Ladonia, Texas, and in 1911, they organized a bank at
Waco, Texas. The Society also orperates an overall factory
at Waco. Under the Auspices of the Society Farmers' Institutes
and fairs are held."

On account of having detailed knowledge of their enterprises
unshaken determination to succeed, unusual energetic efforts,
strict attention to business, courteous manners to customers,
integrity of word, prompt payment of debts, frugal methods of
saving and living within their means, the late Messrs, McKee,
Minton, Smith, Stevens and Trower of Philadelphia, Pa., in ac-
cumulating wealth amounting to millions of dollars, proved
themselves among the most prominent and successful Colored
business men the United States have produced.

117

IN BANKING

Every Dollar Saved Shows a Little More (Sense) Cents

In good strong banks all yonths should seek

One dollar at least to save per week;
So when old age on them does creep

They'll not in poorness have to weep.

— Harrison.

As off-springs of people who three hundred years ago were
savages in Africa, and as decendents of people who were in the
United States as slaves for two hundred forty-four years; the
American Colored people of today, less than sixty years from
slavery, own and operate seventy-two Banks. These Banks
carry a capital of about two million five hundred thousand dol-
lars and do an annual business of about thirty-five million dol-
lars. (Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, page 367).

This marevelous and successful commercial plunge is the most
dazzling banking achievement, as far as history records, ever
made in the world in the same length of time, by a like group
of people placed under the same kind of circumstances. In fact,
this most heavily handicapped business broad -jump has been
made with such sudden rapidity, length of leap and sure-footed
landing that financial judges and onlookers of all races are still
dizzy from trying to measure the distance and solve how it was
covered.

Banking critics throughout the country seem to agree in
estimating E. C. Brown, President of Brown and Stevens Bank,
Phila., Pa., and Brown Savings & Banking Co., Norfolk, Va.,
as the foremost Colored banking financier of today in America.
Aside, from having many heavy real estate holdings in numerous
Southern and Northen cities, he is founder and president of the
Quality Amusement Corporation that owns and operates the
Lafayette Theater in New York, the Dunbar Theater, in Phila.,
Pa. and theaters either under construction or contemplation
in several other large cities.

According to an article that appeared on August 13, 1920
in the Dayton Forum, a Negro paper published by J. H. Rives,
Dayton, Ohio, the first Colored bank in the United States to
report resources of over one million dollars is the Solvent Savings

118

Bank & Trust Co. of Memphis, Tenn. Its cashier, B. M. Roddy
stated that the bank does business with twenty-five thousand
people. These facts together with a fuller and more detailed
notification were sent to the State Commission on June 30th
of that year. Other Colored banks that separately had resources
of over nine hundred thousand dollars and were expected to
reach the million dollar mark by the end of that year were the
Brown Savings & Banking Co., Norfolk, Va., and the Wage
Earners Savings Bank in Savannah, Ga. The St. Lukes Bank,
Richmond, Va., the only institution of its kind founded and pre-
sided over by a Colored woman, Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, has
resources of over five hundred thousand dollars. Other banks
that have gone over the half million dollar mark in resources are,
The Mechanics Bank, Richmond, Va., The Mutual Savings
Bank, Portsmouth, Va., and the Tide Water Bank, Norfolk,
Va. Twenty-five Colored banks throughout the country each
have over two hundred fifty thousand dollars in resources.
Colored people have one national bank, not so long established
in Chicago, 111., The Doughlass National Bank of which P. W.
Chavers is president. The Brown & Stevens Bank, Phila., Pa.,
and the Binga State Bank, Chicago, 111., have both reached the
million dollar mark in resources. The last named bank, of which
Jesse Binga is founder and president, has a capital and surplus
of one hundred twenty thousand dollars.

The names in the following list have been handed to the writer
as being just a few from among many such Colored banks in the
United States that are laid on sound foundations, efficiently
conducted and fully recognized for their business integrity, steady
financial growth and broadening moral influences.

Banks Presidents

C. H. Anderson Co., Bankers, Jacksonville, Fla., C. H. Anderson.

Atlanta State Savings Bank, Atlanta, Ga., J. A. Ross

Auburn Savings Coroporation, Atlanta, Ga., B. J. Davis

Central State Bank, Gary, Ind., W. C. Hueston

Citizens State Banking Co., New Orleans, La., J. H. Lowery

Citizens & Southern Banking Co., Phila., Pa., R. R. Wright, Sr.

Charleston Mutual Savings Bank, (not informed)

Crawford Bank, Boston, Mass., David Crawford

Crown Savings Bank, Newport News, Va., (not informed)

Farmers & Merchants Bank, Boley, Okla., D. J. Turner

119

Farmers Improvement Bank, Waco, Texas., R. L. Smith

Fraternal Bank & Trust Co., Forth Worth, Texas., Thomas Mason
Mechanics Savings Bank, Richmond, Va., John Mitchell, Jr.

Mechanics & Farmers Bank, Durham, N. C, W. G. Pearson

Mound Bayou State Bank, Mound Bayou, Miss., D. A. Carr.

Peoples Federation Bank, Charleston, S. C, W. H. Johnson

One Cent Savings Bank, Nashville, Tenn., R. H. Boyd.
Penny Savings, & Loan and Investment Co., Augusta, Ga., R. S. Williams.

Northcross ;& Curtis Bank, Detroit, Mich., Dr. Northcross.

Savannah Savings & R. E. Corp'n, Savannah, Ga., W. S. Scott.

Industrial Savings Bank, Washington, D. C, J. W. Lewis.

Fraternal Savings Bank, Memphis, Tenn., J. J. Scott.

Tide Water Bank & Trust Co., Norfolk, Va., P. B. Young

Steel City Bank, Pittsburgh, Pa., (not informed)

Tuskegee Instititute Savings Bank, Tuskegee, Ala., Warren Logan.

Modern Savings & Trust Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., J. H. Phillips

"The Allied Bankers' Corporation will serve as a clearing
house for banks, life and fire insurances companies, manufactur-
ing companies and for business generally. The enterprise is
to be owned by and operated wholly in the interest of and for the
economic development of the Race. ' ' This quotation is extracted
from an article that appeared in the December 11, 1920 issue of
the Chicago Defender. In speaking of this movement, the article
further stated that a group of Colored bankers and business men
were combining in forming and having incorporated a one million
dollar concern to be known as the Allied Bankers and Industrial
Corporation.

"Application for charter has already been made by the fol-
lowing bankers and business men : L. E. Williams, president Wage
Earners' Savings Bank, Savannah, Ga.; Harry E. Pace, for-
merly secretary-treasurer Standard Life Insurance Company,
now president of Pace Phonograph company, New York
City; E. C. Brown, president of Brown & Stevens, bankers,
Philadelphia, Pa., and president Quality Amusement Corpora-
tion; John E. Nail, of Nail & Parker, real estate dealers, New
York City; J. S. Jones, secretary-treasurer Tidewater Bank
and Trust Company, Norfolk, Va.; Charles Banks, Mound
Bayou, Miss., and Emmett J. Scott, formerly assistant to
Secretary of War Baker and now secretary-treasurer of
Howard University."

120

IN REAL ESTATE.

Within the past twenty years Colored real estate owners and
brokers throughout the country have made real estate deals
running up into millions of dollars. Some of the heaviest trans-
actions have been made by Nail & Parker, New York City,
Watt Terry, Brocton, Mass.,, and New York, City, the late
P. A. Payton, New York City, A. F. Herndon, Atlanta, Ga., R.
L. Smith, Waco, Texas, Brown & Stevens, Phila., Pa., Jesse
Binga, Chicago, 111., M. L. Harris, Washington, D. C, H. M.
Burkett, Baltimore, Md., W. Lewis, C. Tolson, Baltimore, Md.,
R. H. Watterford, Gary, Ind., J. T. Jackson, Germantown, Pa.,
S. J. Jones, Phila., Pa., H. Rudduth, Cincinnatti, Ohio, Isadore
Martin, Phila., Pa. J. L. Slaughter & Co., Faulkner & Cook
Co., Anderson & Terrell Co., Harvey Watkins Co., Chicago,
111., McKinley, Walker and DeVeille, Washington, D. C. P. H.
Sykes, Phila., Pa.

According to an article that appeared on page 53 in the May
1920 issue of The Crisis, Nail & Parker, New York real estate
brokers, handle over a million dollars yearly in rentals and com-
missions. During the year 1919 Colored people purchased over
four million dollars worth of property in the Harlem section of
New York City. But what is said to have been the largest real
estate transaction ever made in the United States at one time
by Colored people was when six large modern De Luxe Elevator
Apartments, that had been constructed on West 141st and 142nd
Street, New York City at a cost of one million five hundred
thousand dollars, were purchased by an organized group of
Negro business men. (Ref. Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, page 3)

Through his personal research work in the following cities,
the writer has been able to uncover from among the many
thousands of Colored business people throughout America,, the
following unusually successful business Colored men and women
each reputed able to write his or her personal check for twenty-
five thousand dollars; nearly all of them have saved a fortune
of fifty thousand dollars; a large number of them have reached
the one hundred thousand dollar mark; numbers of them have

121

two hundred fifty thousand dollars to their credits; many of them
count their wealth up to five hundred thousand dollars and quite
a few of them own over a million dollars in cash and property.
But in reading this list let the readers say, as the Queen of Sheba
said when she paid a visit to King Solomon and viewed his
wealthly kingdom, "The half has not been told." Because
the author would remind the reader that all over the United
States there are just as successful and wealthy Colored business
men and women whose names do not appear in this list simply
because he was unable to locate such names during his much
handicapped research work.

Atlanta, Ga.

A. F. Herndon, Barber & Real
Estate.

J. O. Ross, Merchant & Banker.
Atlantic City, N. J.

B. G. Fitzgerald, Cafe & Hotel.
J. B. Ford, Real Estate.

Baltimore, Md.

J. C. Burton, Merchant.

E. B. Taylor, Caterer, Banker.

H. O. Wilson, Banker.
Bethlehem, Pa.

J. L. Ray, Restaurant Manager.
Birmingham, Ala.

N. B. Smith, Real Estate.
Boley, Okla.

L. L. Dolphin, Merchant.

T. L. Woods, Merchant.
Boston, Mass.

D. Crawford, Banker,
Buffalo, N. Y.

C. H. Patrick, Druggist.

E. D. MacAden, Hotel Manager.
Brooklyn, N. Y.

L. Williams, Tailor (retired).
Camden, N. J.

C. W. Moore, Contractor.
Charleston, W. Va.

C. H. James, Wholesale Merchant.
Charleston, S. C.

J. W. Frazer, Contractor.

T. T. Edwards, Contractor.
Charlotte, N. C.

T. L. Tate, Barber.

C. B. Bailey, Insurance.
Chattanooga, Tenn.

C. Marshall, Merchant.
Bristol, Tenn.

R. E. Clay, Barber, Real Estate.

Chester, Pa.

Geo. Nugent, Hotel Proprietor.

E. F. Wright, Hotel Proprietor.
Chicago, 111.

E. H. Morris, Capitalist.

Jessae Binga, Banker.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

J. L. Jones, Regalia Manfgr.
Cleveland, Ohio.

J. E. Reed, Real Estate.
Columbia, S. C.

I. S. Levy, Merchant Tailor.

J. C. Sawyer, Cotton Dealer.
Columbus, Ohio.

C. W. Bryant, House Mover.
Danville, Va.

T. R. Wilson, Real Estate.
Darby, Pa.

J. M. Drew, Expressman.
Dayton, Ohio.

J. H. Finley, Carpet Factory.
Denver, Col.

A. A. Waller, Real Estate.

L. H. Lighterner, Real Estate.
Des Moines, Iowa.

Chas. Cousins, Merchant.
Detroit, Mich.

Dr. Northcross, Banker.

H. S. Ferguson, Caterer.
Durham, N. C.

W. G. Pearson, Capitalist.
Fort Smith, Ark.

G. S. Winston, Real Estate.
Fort Worth, Texas.

W. M. McDonald, Financier.
Gary, Ind.

J. Smith, Real Estate.
Greenville, S. C.

J. P. Chappell, Real Estate.

122

Hampton, Va.

W. T. Anderson, Merchant.
Harrisbnrg, Pa.

W. M. Felton, Airplanes & Autos.
Hartford, Conn.

C. Grant, Wood Yard.
Helena, Ark.

Scott Bond, Merchant.

Dr. N. B. Hauser, Druggist.
Houston, Texas.

R. L. Andrews, Real Estate.
Indianapolis, Ind.

Mrs. Lelia Walker Wilson, Manfgr.
Jackson, Miss.

S. D. Redmond, Real Estate.
Jacksonville, Fla.

A. L. Lewis, Insurance.

W. J. Geter, Real Estate.
Jersey City, N. J.

W. C. Lee, Merchant.
Kansas City, Kan.

W. Price, Real Estate.
Kansas City, Mo.

H. L. Kinsler, Real Estate.

W. S. Wood Druggist.
Knoxville, Tenn.

Calvin Johnson, Capitalist, retired.
Leavenworth, Kan.

S. T. Jones, Coal & Feed Dealer.
Little Rock, Ark.

C. E. Bush, Manufacturer.
Los. Angeles, Cal.

R. C. Owens, Real Estate.

A. J. Roberts, Undertaker.
Louisville, Ky.

W. S. Loyett, Banker.

R. I. Smith, Moving & Packing.
Lynchburg, Va.

A. Humbles, Merchant, (retired)
Memphis, Tenn.

R. R. Church, Real Estate.Capitalist

T. H. Hayes, Undertaker.
Milwaukee, Wis.

John Malone, Hotel Manager.
Mobile, Ala.

J. T. Paterson, Real Estate.
Montgomery, Ala.

V. H. Tulane, Real Estate.
Mound Bayou, Miss.

Chas. Banks, Real Estate.
Knoxville, Tenn.

Calvin Johnson, Capitalist (retired)
Morrisville, Pa.

J. W. Lewis, Real Estate.
Mukogee, Okla.

Miss Sarah Rector, Oil Wells.

B. J. Elliott, Real Estate.

Nashville, Tenn.

R. H. Boyd, Publisher.

P. Taylor, Real Estate.
Newark, N. J.

H. J. Brown, Undertaker.

G. Bowles, Mover & Storage.
New Orleans, La.

R. H. V. Dejoie, Insurance.

Wm. Robinson, Merchant.
Newport News, Va.

Miss Lelia Brown, Theatre.

S. A. Howell, Banker.
New York City, N. Y.

J. E. Nail, Real Estate.

J. C. Thomas, Undertaker.
Norfolk, Va.

P. B. Young, Financier.
Oakland, Cal.

Wiley Hines, Real Estate.
Nebraska, Omaha.

J. H. Broomfield, Real Estate.
Phila., Pa.

E. C. Brown, Banker.

W. W. H. Casselle, Undertaker.

Beresford Gale, Financier.

Augnstine and Baptiste, Caterers.

W. A. Davis, Druggist.

J. T. Gibson, Theater Owner.
Phoebus, Va.

J. I. Fountain, Barber.
Phoenix, Ariz.

M. H. Shelton, Real Estate.
Pine Bluff, Ark.

R. Y. Longly, Barber.
Pittsburgh, Pa.

C. W. Posey, Coal Operator.

J. H. Phillips, Banker.
Portland, Oregon.

Rutherford Bros., Merchants.
Portland, Maine.

M. S. Green, Real Estate.
Portsmouth, Va.

L. C. Brown, Banker.
Princeton, N. J.

Mrs. Wm. Moore, Real Estate.

E. S. Johnson, (Rtd.) Merchant.
Raleigh, N. C.

B. O. Kelly, Merchant.

C. W. Matthews, Real Estate.
Richmond, Va.

John Mitchell, Banker-Editor.

A. D. Price, Undertaker.
Roanoke, Va.

A. F. Brooks, Real Estate.
Sacremento, Cal.

T. D. Walker, Barber.

123

San 'Antonio, Texas.

J. A. Grumbles, Real Estate.
San Francisco, Cal.

W. A. Butler, Real Estate.
Savannah, Ga.

L. E. Williams, Banker.

F. F. Jones, Butcher.
Seattle, Wash.

'$*. E. R. James, Real Estate.
Shreveport, La.

C. Jackson, Real Estate.

I. S. Stokes, Planter.

J. S. Williams, Undertaker.
St. Louis, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Malone, Mfgs.

W. C. Gordon, Undertaker.

St. Paul, Minn.

W. T. Frances, Lawyer.

Terre Haute, Ind.

R. C. Simpson, Real Estate.

Washington, D. C.
J. W. Lewis, Banker.
R. H. Rutherford, Insurance.

Wichita, Kan.

Mrs. H. G. Bradford, Cafe Owner.

Wilmington, Del.

Dr. S. G. Elbert, Real Estate.

Wilmington, N. C.

J. H. Shaw, Undertaker.

124

IN INSURANCE

Poverty in Old Age

While now you have both youth and health,

Endow your life for old aged wealth,
Or loved ones, (if death first you claim),

So WANT will not bow them in shame.

— Harrison.

ONE of the chief living conditions surrounding the American
Colored people that always stood as a puzzled question
to the masses of American white people was; how did Negroes
(considering the low cheating wages, until the World War,
they had always received for their work and the unsually double
prices they were made to pay in buying clothes, furniture,
homes, etc.) manage to keep up decent living expenses, save
money and at the same time nourishingly care for their sick and
properly bury their dead? It has never been understood why
so few Colored people have been seen as beggars, and paupers
holding up every other street corner or silently filling the potter
fields; while these same places have always been over-crowded
with dependent white people, who in their prosperous life
times had received the highest paid wages and given the lowest
bargain sales. When it is remembered that there is over ninety
million Caucasians in the United States against twelve milllion
Negroes, even then the percentage of whites in such places is
much larger than that of the blacks. And from the fact that
in nearly every large city in America there are to be found white
men and women who own homes and thousands of dollars and
still beg on street corners proves that begging is easier and comes
more natural to white than to Colored people, because no instance
has ever been heard of a Negro street begging when owning a
home or money in a bank.

Now the facts that answer the puzzled question, as to how
Negroes have always been able to "get along" generally under
all circumstances, are the insurance companies, fraternal orders
and beneficial societies founded and operated by Colored people
in America. There is nothing in the world (including death)
that the average Colored people dread more than to face down-
right poverty, need and beggary, and to prevent such misfor-

125

tunes they become full members in these organizations even from
childhood. For this reason insurance enterprises have proven
to be one of the most congenial occupations, quickest, surest
and best paying business into which Negro business men have
so far ventured. On the other hand the founders and managers
of these companies have taken full advantage of their oppor-
tunities to give to the masses of people in their companies a
timely, practical and material helpfulness that is surpassed by
no other group of Colored business leaders.

Philadelphia, Pa., has the honor of having been the home of
the first Negro insurance company, in the United States, which
was the American Insurance Company founded in 1810.

The following named are a few of the many Colored insurance
companies throughout the country that together have policies
in force valued at about sixty million dollars and annually
write up insurance amounting to about forty million dollars.

Afro-American Industrial Ins. Co., Jacksonville, Fla.; Ameri-
can Mutual Benefit Association, Houston, Tex.; Georgia Mu-
tual Ins. Co., Augusta, Ga.; Keystone Aid Society, Phila., Pa.
Liberty Life Ins. Co., 111. and Ind. ; Liberty Mutual Life &
Health Ins. Co., Savannah, Ga. ; Mammouth Life and Accident
Ins. Co., Louisville, Ky. ; Mutual Relief and Benevolent Ass'n,
Columbia, S. C; National Benefit Life Ins. Co., Washington,
D. C; North Carolina Mutual and Provident Ass'n, Durham,
N. C; Fireside Mutual Ins. Co., Atlanta, Ga. ; Provident Ins.
Co.; Chicago, 111.; Southern Life Ins. Co., Baltimore, Md.;
Standard Life Ins. Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Superior Mutual Ins. Co.,
The Lincoln Life Ins. Co., New Orleans, La.; Underwriters'
Mutual Ins. Co., Chicago, 111.; Union Central Relief Ass'n,
Birmingham, Ala.; Union Mutual Ins. Co., Jacksonville, Fla.;
Unity Ind. and Life Ins. Co., New Orleans, La.; Unity Mutual
Ins. Co., Chicago, 111.; Union Guarantee and Ins. Ins. Co., of
Miss., Jackson, Miss.; Richmond Beneficial Ins. Co., Richmond,
Va. ; Southern Aid Society of Virginia, Richmond, Va. ; Virginia
Beneficial and Ins. Co., Norfolk, Va. (Extracts from Works'
Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 359-60).

126

Some of the foremost leaders who have built up in the past
or are today building up Colored insurance business in America
are as follows: J. C. Asbury, Philhdelphia, Pa., Geo. W.
Blount, Portsmouth, Va. Chas. H. Brooks, Philadelphia, Pa.
Edw. Bowen, E. H. Carry, Wm. Carter, Chicago, 111., D. C.
Chandler, Columbus and C. R. Davis, Cincinnati, O., P. H. V.
Dejoie, C. C. Dejoie, Chicago, 111., T. K. Gibson, Atlanta,
Ga. ; F. L. Gillespie, Geo. W. Green, Chicago, 111., H. E.
Hall, Louisville, Ky., B. L. Jordan, Richmond, Va., Wm. H.
King, W. J. Latham, Chicago, 111., the late John Merrick,
Durham, N. C, J. E. Mitchell, A. J. Pullen, Chicago, 111.,
H. E. Perry, Atlanta, Ga., H. E. Pace, A. D. Price, and
J. T. Carter, Richmond, Va., J. A. Robinson, Atlanta, Ga.,
Wm. Roland, Chicago, 111., R. H. Rutherford, S. W. Rutherford,
Washington, D. C, Wm. Roland, H. B. Streeter, C. S. Smith,
Chicago, 111., C. C. Spaulding and F. Winslow, Durham, N. C.

127

SECRET AND FRATERNAL ORGANS

Helpful Boosts.

In time of need they give full aid

To those whose fees are fully paid :
They also loan with gleeful pride

Tame goats a child could easily ride.
— Harrison.

IN 1784 a Boston Negro, Prince Hall, was granted a warrant
from England to establish the African Lodge, No. 459 of
the Masons; and in 1843 Peter Ogden, a Colored organizer in
New York, secured a charter from England to set up the Philo-
mathean Lodge No. 646 of the Odd Fellows. Since then the
Knights of Pythias, the True Reformers, The Elks, the Grand
United Order of Galilean Fishermen, the National Order of
Mosaic Templars, the Independent Order of St. Luke and the
Grand United Order of Tents (which last named order is one of
the best managed and most progressive societies organized and
run entirely by women) have been established and become
nationally known. The following is quoted from Work's Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, page 457:

"There are over sixty secret and fraternal organizations among Negroes
in the United States of a more or less national scope. It is estimated that
they have a total membership of about 2,000,000. Large sums of money
have come into the treasuries of the various secrret organizations. The
Knights of Pythias have collected over $1,000,000 for endowment. There
is over $50,000 in the Grand Lodge treasury. A considerable part of the
money collected by the orders has been permanently invested. It is estimated
that the Masons have about $1,000,000 worth of property; the Odd Fellows
$2,000,000; and the Pythians $2,500,000. It is probable that altogether the
Negro secret societies in the United States own $20,000,000 worth of property.
The Odd Fellows have in New Orleans, a building that cost $36,000, and in
Atlanta and Philadelphia, buildings that have cost $100,000 each. In In-
dianapolis, New Orleans and Chicago, Knights of Pythias own buildings each
worth from $30,000 to $100,000. The Negro secret societies are paying at-
tention to the improving of the health of their members. The Supreme Lodge
of the Knights of Pythias has erected a sanitarium at Hot Springs, Arkansas;
the Mosaic Templars and other societies have established health bureaus."

Some of the leaders in the most prominent and best known of these
organs are as follows:

MASONS

Imperial Potentate, C. R. Blake, Charlotte, N. C.

Imperial Chief Rabban, R. E. Monroe, Chicago, 111.

Imperial High Priest and Prophet, R. F . Husley, Wheeling, W. Va.

Imperial Treasurer, C. A. Freeman, Washington, D. C.

128

Impe/ial Recorder, Levi Williams, Jersey City, N. J.
National Grand Commander, Bishop J. W. Alstork, Montgomery, Ala.
National Deputy Grand Commander, Dr. A. R. Robinson, Phila., Pa.
National Grand Secretary, R. J. Simmons, Atlanta, Ga.

ODD FELLOWS
Grand Master, E. H. Morris, Chicago, 111.
Grand Master, J. S. Noel, Charleston, W. V.
Deputy Grand Master, I. L. Roberts, Boston, Mass.
Deputy Grand Master, W. T. Francis, St., Paul, Minn.
Grand Secretary, Jas. F. Needham, Phila., Pa.
Grand Secretary, R. J. Nelson, Harrisburg, Pa.
Grand Treasurer, C. Colbourne, Wilmington, Del.

PYTHIANS
Supreme Chancellor, S. W. Green, New Orleans, La.
Supreme Chancellor, W. Ashbie Hawkins, Baltimore, Md.
Supreme Vice Chancellor, E. C. Tidrington, Indianapolis, Ind.
Supreme Vice Chancellor, W. H. Willis, New York City, N. Y.
Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. H. Young, Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. C. Anderson, Crewe, Va.
Supreme Keeper of Records and Seals, Dr. E. E. Underwood, Frankfort, Ky.
Supreme Keeper of Records and Seals, G. E. Gordan, Chelsea, Mass.

MOSAIC TEMPLARS
National Grand Master, S. J. Elliot, Little Rock, Arkansas.
National Grand Secretary, C. E. Bush, Little Rock, Arkansas.
National Grand Treasurer, J. A. Davis, Little Rock, Arkansas.

ORDER OF ELKS
Grand Exalted Ruler, G. W. F. McMechen, Baltimore, Md.
Grand Esteemed Leading Knight, W. C. Trueheart, Atlantic City, N. J.
Grand Secretary, G. E. Bates, Jersey City, N. J.
Grand Treasurer, J. T. Carter, Richmond, Va.

ORDER OF ST. LUKE
Right Worthy Grand Chief, Mrs. Minnie L. Banks, Macon, Ga.
Right Worthy Vice Chief, Dr. H. L. Harris, Richmond, Va.
R. W. G. Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, Richmond, Va.

TRUE REFORMERS
Grand Worthy Master, S. S. Morris, Richmond, Va.
Grand Worthy Secretary, Maurice Rouselle, Richmond, Va.
Grand Worthy Treasurer, Dr. W. H. Smith, Richmond, Va.

GALILEAN FISHERMAN
National Grand Ruler, Joseph P. Evans, Baltimore, Md.
Vice Grand Ruler, G. W. V. Grey, Norfolk, Va.
Grand Treasurer, J. F. Henry, Cambridge, Md.

ORDER OF TENTS
Supreme Matron, Mrs. C. A. Gilpin, Richmond, Va.
Deputy Matron, Mrs. A. J. Valentine, Chester, Pa.
Grand Secretary, Miss Adeline M. Ward, Norfolk, Va.

. (Extracts from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 457-
8-9-60).

129

AMONG THE LAWYERS

A Lawyer in Time Saves Many a Dime.

A timely "Eagle" 'tis better to pay

To "Blackstone's" grads, who know the say

About strange deals you plan to pave,

And also your cash you want to save.

Harrison.

AB. MACON was the first Negro in the United States to be
• admitted before the bar to practice law, which occured
in Massachusetts in 1845. Since he thus blazed such a path
through the law fields of America, Colored men and women have
continued to follow that pathway until today there are about
one thousand Colored lawyers practicing in different parts of the
United States. And they are making splendid records before
judge benches and jury boxes by legally understanding, plainly
interpreting, and loyally defending the laws of this land.

When Miss Charlotte Ray, as the first Colored woman lawyer
in America, graduated from Howard University in 1872, she
was fully justified in lightly and nimbly stepping off the campus
of her Alma Mata with her heart excitedly beating in her eager-
ness to at once secure a case and descend upon some court room
where she could try out her logical, convincing and persuasive
pleadings.

Since Miss Ray's graduation as a lawyer, it is found that
while many, say twenty-five or thirty Colored women in the
United States have up to the present time secured their degree
of LL. B., few of them are today engaged in active law practice.
Among this number the writer has only been able to locate the
following who are today practicing law in this country: Attorneys
Violette N,. Anderson, Chicago, 111., Carolyn Hall Mason and
Marie Nadras, Washington, D. C. and Mrs. Jessica Morris,
wife of Edward H. Morris, the foremost practicing Colored att-
orney in Chicago, is a graduate of the 1920 law class of Northe-
western University and during the month of July 1921 success-
fully passed her State Bar Examination. At this writing she
had not taken up active practice. Attorney Violette N. Ander-
son, 145 No. Clark Street, Chicago, 111., is very anxious and

130

has for quite a while been trying to locate and get into co-
mmunication with every Colored woman lawyer in the United
States, in order to form a National Association.

One of the many up-lifting acts performed for Colored people
by Charles Sumner, that fearless Abolitionist and loyal friend
to the Negro race, was to make it possible in 1865 for John Rock
to be admitted as the first Negro to practice law before the United
States Supreme Court.

The first Negro to hold a city judgeship in the United States
was M. Wistar Gibbs, who in 1873 was elected to that responsible
and dignified position in Little Rock, Ark. This learned lawyer
also at different times filled such national positions as Register
of the U. S. Land Office in Arkansas and United States Counsul
to the Island of Madagascar.

(Ref. Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition pgs. 171-283.
Without doubt the best known and most popular Colored
lawyer in the United States today is Judge Robt. H. Terrell, who-
as Municipal Judge for many years repeatedly appointed in
Washington, D. C, by both Republican and Democratic Presi-
dents, has won and held the good-will and respect of his white
associates because of his all-round judical wisdom and logical
decisions in the court room. By his pleasant and friendly man-
ners as well as loyalty and pride in his Race, Judge Terrell has
also endeared himself in the hearts of the great masses of Colored
people in all parts of the country where he has traveled and
spoken.

Many Negro lawyers in different parts of the country have
won national recognitions and reputations by their legal fights
before city or state legislative bodies for equal citizenship rights
and protection of Colored citizens in the United States. The
following are among those whose names come to the writer's
mind at this moment:

Hon. Harry C. Smith, while a member of the Ohio Legisla-
ture, drew up an Anti-lynching Bill and introduced it into that
body in 1894 and re-introduced it in 1896 when it was enacted
into a law, which has been upheld on several occasions by the

131

Supreme Court of Ohio. This law is one of the best pieces of
legislature of such nature enacted by any state in the Union,
and other States that have formed such laws have modeled them
after the Ohio measure. Attorney Smith was also the sponsor
of the present Ohio Civil Rights Law.

Hon. Robt. R. Jackson is the father of the Illinois Civil Rights
Bill that went through the Illinois General Assembly while he
was a member of it. It has been through his wisdom and un-
tiring efforts that several other city and state bills have been
drawn up and passed as laws for the benefit of the Colored people
in Illinois.

Hon. H. J. Copehart with the assistance of Hon. T. G. Nutter,
both members of the W. Va. Legislature, has succeeded in put-
ting through the House and Senate of that state one of the sever-
est anti-lynching bills so far passed by any state legislative
body. Representative Nutter, among the numerous measures
he has had passed, is producer of the bills that were passed and
enacted into laws to establish an industrial school for Colored
boys and an industrial home for Colored girls in W. Va.

Hon. F. M. Roberts is the first and only Negro serving as a
State Assemblyman in the California Legislature. Since he
was first elected in 1918 and re-elected in 1920, he has been the
means of having put through several bills that have been enacted
into laws for the welfare of Negroes in California.

Hon. J. C. Asbury, a Pennsylvania Representative, is father
of the Equal Civil Rights Bill that was recently killed in the
Pennsylvania State Senate after having passed through the
House. Legislator Asbury made such a well prepared legal
fight for the passage of his bill that even those who fought
against it were compelled to admire the flawlessness of the meas-
sure and the intelligent and manly contest by its sponsor.

Many other notable Negro lawyers too numerous to men-
tion here have taken courageous and successful stands in using
their legal abilities along the above lines as well as defending
riot victims of their race in different parts of the country. The

132

following names are of other prominent Colored attorneys about
whom the writer learned during his research work in the follow-
ing named cities :

Atlanta, Ga.

P. Allen, A. T. Walden.
Atlantic City, N.J.

J. A. Lightfoot, I. N. Nutter.
Augusta, Ga.

J. Lyons, A. Shadd.
Baltimore, Md.

J. T. Davis, R. F. Bond, G. F.

McMeeken, J. H. Payne, G. L.

Pendleton, A. W. Hawkins.
Birmingham, Ala.

E. A. Brown.
Boley, Okla.

M. H. Martin, W. S. Peters.
Boston, Mass.

E. P. Benjamin, L. S. Hicks,
W. H. Lewis, W. B. Matthews,
C. Morgan, B. R. Wilson.

Brooklyn, N. Y.

F. Giles, R. A. Lattimore, S. Pease,

G. E. Wibercan.
Camden, N. J.

John Martin.
Charleston, S. C.

W. A. Dart, E. F. Smith.
Charleston, W. Va.

C. E. Kimbrough, T. G. Nutter.
Charlotte, N. C.

J. T. Saunders.
Chattannooga, Tenn.

J. G. Burger, W. H. Hixon.
Chester, Pa.

W. H. Ridley.
Chicago, 111.

Violette Anderson, Jessica Morris

G. W. Ellis, E. H. Morris, Judge

W. H. Harrison, H. M. Porter, J.

A. Scott, S. A. Watkins, S. L.

Williams, E.H. Wright.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

A. L. Beaty, W. B. Bush.
Cleveland, Ohio.

T. W. Flemming, A. H. Martin,

H. E. Murrell, A. Hamilton, H. C.

Smith.
Columbia, S. C.

N. J. Frederick.
Columbus, Ohio.

C. R. Doll, J. S. Farrison, W. King.
Danville, Va.

J. C. Carter.

Dayton, Ohio.

W. J. Buy den, T. Norris.
Denver, Col.

E. P. Blackmore, G. G. Ross.
Des Moines, Iowa.

S. J. Brown, J. B. Morris.

J. L. Thompson.
Detroit, Mich.

Attorneys Mahoney, Johnson and

Roxborough.
Durham. N. C.

R. M. Andrews, E. W. Cannady.
Evansville, Ind.

J. Holt, E. J. Tildrinton.
Fort Worth, Texas.

W. H. Griggs, H. W. Hatton.
Gary, Ind.

P. F. Bouldt, L. A. Caldwell.
Hampton, Va.

A. W. E. Bassette, Sr. and Jr.

G. W. Fields.
Harrisburg, Pa.

W. J. Carter, J. W. Parks.
Helena, Ark.

W. L. Scott.
Hopkinsville, Ky.

C. W. Merriweather.
Houston, Texas.

L. V. Allen, M. H. Broyles.
Indianapolis, Ind.

R. L. Brokenburr, W. K. Brown.
Jackson, Miss.

P. W. Howard, S. D. Redmond.
Jacksonville, Fla.

S. D. McGill, I. L. Purcell.
Jersey City, N. J.

R. Hartgson, R. S. Rice.
Kansas City, Kan.

I. F. Bradely, D. Green, L. W.

Johnson.
Kansas City, Mo.

C. H. Calloway, W. C. Houston,

A. L. Knox.
Leavenworth, Kan.

T. W. Bell, D. Jones.
Little Rock, Ark.

S. A. Jones, T. J. Price.
Los Angeles, Cal.

E. B. Ceruti, W. O. Tyler, A. G.

Wickliffe, Charles Darden.

133

Louisville, Ky.

W. C. Brown, W. H. Wright.
Memphis, Tenn.

B. T. Booth, W. H. Foote.
Bermidji, Minn.

C. W. Scrutchins.
Duluth, Minn.

Elisha Scott.
Mound Bayou, Miss.

B. A. Green.
Muskogee, Okla.

T. R. Price.
Nashville, Tenn.

J. W. Grant, W. H. Hodgkins,

J. C. Napier.
Newark, N. J.

Attorneys Douglass & Standard.
New Orleans, La.

F. B. Smith, R. C. Metoyer, J.

Thornton.
Newport News, Va.

J. T. Newsome, W. E. Parker, R

H. Pree, J. L. Raney, P. S. Scott*.
New York, N. Y.

T. D. Carr, C. G. French, E. A.

Johnson, W. H. Smith, J. C.

Thomas, J. D. Wetmore, J. F.

Wheaton.
Norfolk, Va.

J. D. Diggs, J. M. Harrison.
Oakland, Cal.

E. A. Carter, J. D. Drake, A. O.
, Neal, Y. L. Richardson, L. Sledge.
Omaha, Neb.

H. J. Pinkett, A. P. Scruggs.
Phila. Pa.

J. C. Asbury, G. L. Dickinson, M.

L. Lewis, J. A. Sparks. W. H.

Thompson.
Pine Bluff, Ark.

J. F. Jones, W. W. Shelton.

Pittsburgh, Pa.

W. M. Randolph, W. H. Stanton,

F. R. Stewart, R. L. Vann.
Portland, Oregon.

Eugene Minor.
Portsmouth, Va.

W. M. Reid,.
Providence, R. I.

J. B. Edwards, J. LeCount.
Raleigh, N. C.

W. P. Ancrum, D. P. Love.
Richmond, Va.

J. T. Carter, J. T. Hewin.
Roanoke, Va.

A. J. Oliver, J. L. Reid.
San Antonio, Texas.

R. A. Campbell, L. W. Grenely,

J. G. Wimberly.
San Francisco, Cal.

O. Audson, J. D. Drake.
Savannah, Ga.

J. H. Kinckle, J. G. Lemon.
Seattle, Wash.

C. R. Anderson.
Shreveport, La.

C. M. Roberson.
St. Louis, Mo.

C. E. Clark, H. G. Phillips,G. L.

Vaughan.
St. Paul, Minn.

J. L. Ervin, W. T. Frances, H.

Turner.
Tampa, Fla.

Z. D. Greene.
Terre Haute, Ind.

J. W. Henry.
Washington, D. C, H. E. Davis,

J. A. Cobb, R. A. Hughes, Judge

R. H. Terrell. W. C. Martin,

Carolyn H. Mason, Marie Nadras.
Wichita, Kan.

F. L. Martin.

131

IN NEWSPAPER WORK

Newspapers and Magazines.

From corners of, the world's four climes
Fresh news they bring of latest times.
Of all the readings, left at our doors
News journals bring most varied lores.

— Harrison.

STARTING out in 1827, when the first Colored newspaper
in the United States, The Freedmen's Journal was pub-
lished in New York City by John B. Russwurm, the number of
Negro journals have so increased until today there are between
two and three hundred secular weekly and two daily newspapers
published in the United States by Colored people. (Ref. ; Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 170-461).

The honor of being acclaimed dean of today in Negro news-
paper editorial work falls upon the venerable shoulders of the
"Grand Old Scribe," T. Thomas Fortune, once editor of the
famous New York Age and still a widely read contributor to
some of the leading newspapers and magazines in the country.
This pioneer journalist (who was at one time "right hand man"
to the great white journalist, Chas. A. Dana, who bought and
revived the moribund New York Sun into one of the greatest
papers in America) was doing newspaper work as far back as
1879 on the New York Globe, a leading white paper. Around
that time Fortune was also the trusted friend artd valuable cur-
rent informer and adviser of such capable and fearless leaders
as H. P. Brooks, J. W. Cromwell, C. N. Otey and Frederick
Douglass, who was termed by Mr. Fortune as "The lion of them
all."

The younger Colored newspaper men of today are all well
acquainted with the history of Fred Douglass' fighting abolition
paper, "The North Star" that he first published at Rochester,
N. Y., in 1847 and later renamed it "Fred Douglass ' Paper",
which in 1860 he absorbed into "Douglass Monthly" a magazine
he first began to publish in 1858.

There are yet living today many older men and women who
can vividly recall from personal observation how that great
orator, reformer, statesman and journalist could in a column on

135

his editorial page wield a pungent pen against the enemy of his
race so forcefully by turning out polished and gentlemanly in-
vective articles that neither feared nor spared but manfully de-
nounced and exposed those who held or upheld slavery. And
in another column on that same editorial page he could just as
ably use an unsurpassed tactful ability in penning mutual
and grateful paragraphs to the loyal friends of his race, who were
at once more strongly allied to his side; or, he could in a third
column just as diplomatically word a concilatory open-letter
to the half-decided whites who, after thoroughly reading and
thoughtfully thinking over his heart-rending and convincing
sentences were usually completely persuaded to friendly join
his cause for the freedom of his people. And the increasing de-
nouncements and criticisms that are read in the Northern white
press against the present barbarous peonage systems carried on
in the South today are but very very faint echoes of the clarion
and stenotorian thunderings that electrically flashed, roared
a,nd rumbled seventy years ago throughout the world from the
columns of "The North Star" or from the actual lips of Fred
Douglass while lecturing in England, Ireland, Scotland and
Wales against the real slavery that the South was then savagely
carrying on with his race.

Another pioneer in this line of work is Phil H. Brown of
Kentucky, who has been following newspaper writing for over
thirty years. Aside from being an editor on daily and weekly
journals, he has been connected with the Chicago Daily News,
The New York Journal and the New York Sun all white papers.
He has also written articles for Frank Leslie's New York pub-
lications and the humorous magazines "Judge". For three
national campaigns Mr. Brown has ably directed the newspaper
publicity among American Colored people for the Republican
National Committee. He has just been appointed under Presi-
dent Harding's administration as Commissioner of Conciliation
in the Department of Labor.

Another seasoned scribe of the "old school" who is yet, after
fifty years of active newspaper work, able to give the "new
school" young reporters many valuable pointers, as to the best

136

kind of punch (sparkling but not wet) to put into their night
write-ups, is the spry and jolly Civil War veteran, Sergeant
Ralph Hawkins.

Charles Stewart, as a scribe of the first order, has put more
than two score years in this field in gathering news for some of
the leading white and Colored papers of the country. His
abilities as a good mixer, keen observer, good reasoner and an
expert shorthand writer enabled him years ago by using his
clever disguises to get the inside secret and puzzling facts to
make numerous big newspaper write-ups on important and vital
events that had not been unearthed, after repeated trials, by,
some of the country's most expert white newspaper reporters.

The late Richard W. Thompson was a man of wide newspaper
experience and knowledge. He was at different times on the
editorial staffs of the Washington Colored American and the In-
dianapolis World. He was the founder of a newspaper bureau
in Washington, D. C. from where he sent out his famous letters
to Colored papers throughout the country. He was without
doubt one of the hardest workers Colored journalism has ever
had. On more than one occasion the writer has seen Mr.
Thompson take down notes all day and sit up that entire night
getting out press releases for the next day.

In the deanship of newspaper work with T. T. Fortune is
A. j. Murphy, editor of his nationally known Afro-American
published in Baltimore, Md. Newspaper men who come in
contact with Mr. Murphy are greatly encouraged and bene-
fited as the results of his unusual journalistic abilities and ex-
perience extending over scores of years.

Ralph W. Tyler, World War newspaper writer and now on the
editorial staff of the Cleveland Advocate, and L. T. Thompson
World War Historian, are among the foremost newspaper men
in the Race today. To them, on account of their bravery to
face all kinds of perils and unselfish expending of tireless efforts
to get true facts first-hand, goes much of the honor or the
gathering and compiling of the data pertaining to the accurate
history of the American Colored soldiers and sailors in the World
War.

137

Cleveland G. Allen, one of the best known of the younger
newspaper men of the race, is making journalism his profession.
Aside from being the only Negro reporter in 1911 at the Eucu-
menical Conference at Toronto, Canada, and acting as traveling
newspaperman with the late Bishop Alexander Walters, he was
for many years one of Dr. Booker T. Washington's Northern
publicity men. It was mainly through his efforts that the name
of a Negro, Frederick Douglass, was first brought before the
Hall of Fame, and through his newspaper work an investigation
was conducted against the discriminations of Colored sailors in
the U. S. Navy. He has written a great deal for daily news-
papers of New York and the entire country on the Negro ques-
tion and at one time conducted a National News Bureau for the
Negro Press. Having studied in Union High School, Greenville,
S. C; in the New York Evening High School three years where
he won oratorical honors; two years of journalism in New York
University; studying at the Angelus Academy of Music where
he won a scholarship; and at present taking up special work at
Columbia University: Mr. Allen, on account of the above pre-
parations and experiences, is well fitted to hold his present posi-
tions as a member on the editorial staff of "Home News" a large
white newspaper in New York, and as an appointed lecturer
on Negro Music for the Board of Education in New York City.
He has a brother, Henry Allen, who is also a prominent news-
paperman at Stamford, Conn.

Among America's foremost Colored women newspaper
writers of today is Frances Berry Coston of Indianapolis, Ind.
Her chief work is in feature articles and stories. Having gradu-
ated from Berea College; from the Chicago University post-
graduate course in literature and languages; from the Putlizer
School of Journalism at Columbia University and from the cele-
brated Harvard Starred Course in English, (given primarily
for authors and journalists) Mrs. Coston is well prepared and
fully capable to hold her present position. She is Literary Cor-
respondent for the Indianapolis News, one of the largest and most
influential white dailies, not only in the West, but throughout the
country. Because of her unusual efficiency and versatile abilities

138

as a writer, she is permitted by the editorial staff to turn out
articles on any subject or along any literary line she may desire.
Mrs. Coston is given all the work she can do on the literary page
of this paper, and in connection with the Book Review Depart-
ment of the News, she is allowed to make her own selections from
the literary editor's desk.

While still in his teens during the early nineties, Jas. A. Jack-
son of Bellefonte, Pa., started his newspaper career with the Daily
News, a white newspaper published in his home town. Since
that time he has developed to such a high standard until today
he stands among the most widely known feature short story
Colored and white writers of today. His stories have frequently
appeared on the magazine pages of the Sunday editions of the
New York Sun and the New York Herald. On account of his
very wide travels throughout the United States and abroad, he
has become acquainted with many of the most prominent news-
papermen on both sides of the ocean. With several of these
writers and authors he has joined in writing articles for some of
America's most popular magazines as well as noted newspapers
published in European countries. In 1912 he wrote a lengthy
article, "The Negro At Large" and in 1918 he wrote ''The
Underlying Cause of Race Riots." These masterpieces of jour-
nalism were greatly quoted by many newspapers and magazines,
aiter the articles had first appeared in the New York Globe.
Mr. Jackson's latest literary step was made when he recently
accepted a membership on the editorial staff of "The' Billboard",
as Dramatic Reviewer. This is an amusement weekly (white)
publication that was founded in New York many years ago
and today has a circulation of over two hundred thousand copies
a week.

The two daily newspapers run by Colored people in the United
States are W. T. Andrews' Baltimore Herald that is published
in Baltimore, Md., and Arthur Craig's The Daily Star which is
published in New York City where it has a daily circulation of
over forty thousand copies.

Among the Colored newspapers in the United States, Robt.
S. Abbott's Chicago Defender (World's Greatest Weekly) is

, 139

recognized as having the largest circulation. This newspaper
recently moved into its own two hundred fifty thousand dollar,
three-story, modern building that contains a print shop, four
linotype machines, and four-deck Goss straight-line press.

"The late Christopher James Perry was born in Baltimore,
Md., September 11, 1854. At an early age he went to Phila-
delphia, where he obtained employment and became a student
of the public night school. In 1884, after some of his writings
had been published, he became a special writer for the Sunday
Mirror, of Philadelphia, to report the activities of the Negroes
of the city. He later started the Philadelphia Tribune, a Negro
weekly, which has been published for 36 years. This newspaper
is published in the Tribune Building and has a $100,000 plant
of which Mr. Perry was the sole owner." Quoted from the Sept.
1921 issue of the Crisis:.

Another one of the best nationally known Colored papers
that is doing business in its own establishment that is completely
equipped with the most modern newspaper machinery is Fred
R. Moore's New York Age. This paper is one of the oldest and
most popular in the field, and is also a weekly issue. There
are other Colored newspapers throughout the country that are
in their own modernly equipped establishments.

Those named in the following listed cities are just a few of the
Colored newspapers that, on account of their up-to-date instruc-
tive-news, all round influence for encouragement and inspira-
tion and constant race loyalty, have won race leading reputations
of the first quality for themselves and their editors not only in
their own cities but throughout and beyond their own states:

Atlanta, Ga.

B. J. Davis' Atlanta Independent, A. Grace's Atlanta Post, Chas. Howell's

Atlanta Constitution.
Atlantic City, N. J.

j. A. Lightfoot's Atlantic City Advocate, Harry Jackson's Atlantic

City News.
Augusta, Ga. ,

Editor Simmons' The Echo.
Baltimore, Md.

A. J. Murphy's The Afro-American, W. T. Andrews' The Daily Herald.
Birmingham, Ala.

O. W. Adams' Birmingham Reporter.

140

Boley, Oklahoma.

G. W. Perry's Boley Progress, A. L. Moore's Boley News.
Boston, Mass. \

Wm. M. Trotter's Boston Guardian, Wm. Murray's Boston Chronicle.
Buffalo, N. Y.

E. O. Brown's Buffalo American.
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wm. McKinney's Brooklyn Informer.

Camden, N. J.

Marcus Mann's Camden Tribune.
Charleston, S. C.

D. J. Jenkins' Charleston Messenger.
Charlotte, N. C.

J. W. Crocketh's Progressive Messenger.
Chattanooga, Tenn.

J. J. Oldfield's Chattanooga Defender.

Chicago, 111.

R. S. Abbott's Chicago Defender.

W. C. Linton's The Whip, J. A. Taylor's The Broad Ax, W. D. Neigh-
bors' The Chicago Idea.

Cincinanti, O.

W. P. Dabney's The Union, Hardin Tolbeat's Cincinnati Journal.

Cleveland, 0.

H. C. Smith's Cleveland Gazette, A. Forte's Cleveland Advocate.

Columbia, S. C.

J. A. Roach's Southern Indicator.
Columbus, O.

J. W. Carter's Ohio State Monitor.
Danville, Va.

H. T. Houston's The Headlight.
Dayton, O.

J. A. Rives' Dayton Forum.
Denver, Col.

J. D. Rivers' Denver Statesman, C. S. Muse's The Denver Star.
Des Moines, Iowa.

E. Mash's The Bystander.

Detroit, Misch.

W. P. Kemp's Detroit Leader. The Compass.
Dallas, Texas.

J. R. Jordan's The Dallas Express.
Fort Worth, Texas.

J. I. Dotson's Fort Worth Hornet.

Gary, Ind.

J. D. Cooke's Nat'l Defender & Sun.
Greenville, S. C.

C. C. Clarkson's Southern Enterprise.
Harrisburgh, Pa.

F. L. Jefferson's The Advocate Verdict.
Helena, Ark.

H. W. Hallaway's Interstate Reporter.
Houston, Tesxas.

C. F. Richardson's Houston Informer.
Indianapolis, Ind.

G. L. Knox's The Freeman, J. D. Howard's The Ledger, A. E. Manning's
The Indianapolis World.

141

Jackson, Miss.

J. W. Hair's The Farmer.
Jacksonville, Fla.

J. A. Simm's The Florida Sentinel.
Kansas City, Kan.

T. Kennedy's Kansas City Advocate.
Kansas Citv, Mo.

C. A. Franklin's Kansas City Call, N. C. Crews' The Sun.
Little Rock, Ark.

L. N. Porter's Arkansas Banner.
Los . Angeles, Cal.

F. M. Roberts' The New Age, C. A. Spear's The Eagle.
Louisville, Ky.

I. W. Cole's Louisville Leader, Wm. Warley's Louisville News.
Lexington, Ky.

E. D. Willis' Lexington Weekly News.
Madison, Wis. . *

J. A. Josey's Wisconsin Weekly Blade.
Memphis, Tenn.

S. W. Broome's The Memphis Times, J. E. Washington's The Western

World Reporter.
Minneapolis, Minn.

R. B. Montgomery's The National Advocate, i
Mobile, Ala.

George U. Cloud's Mobile Forum.
Montgomery, Ala.

J. E. McCall's The Emancipator.
Mound Bayou, Miss.

W. M. Lott's National News Digest.
Muskogee, Okla.

W. H. Twine's Muskeogee Cimeter.
Nashville, Tenn.

H. A. Boyd's Nashville Globe, W. A. Water's Peoples Advocate, Bessie

P. Rhoda's Nashville Eye.
Newark, N. J.

Editor Pollard's New Jersey Observer.
New Orleans, La.

Jas. E. Gayle's The Vindicator.
Newport News, Va.

M.N. Lewis' The Star.
New York City, N. Y.

J. H. Anderson's Amsterdam News, Geo. Harris' New York News, W. H.

Ferris' The Negro World, The Daily Star.
Norfolk, Va.

P. B. Young's Journal & Guide.
Oakland, Cal.

E. Marshall's California Voice.
Oklahoma City, Okla.

R. Dungee's The Black Dispatch.
Omaha, Neb.

J. Albert Williams' The Monitor.
Phila., Pa.

Chris Perry's Philadelphia Tribune, J. W. Parks' Philadelphia American,

Arthur Lynch's Public Journal.

142

Phoenix, Ariz.

A. R. Smith's Phoenix Tribune.
Pine Bluff, Ark.

J. H. Harrison's The Monitor.
Pittsburg, Pa.

Robt. L. Vann's Pittsburg Courier.
Portland, Org.

E. D. Cannady's The Advocate.
Portsmouth, Va.

C. C. Summerville's The Virgil.
Princeton, N. J.

D. La Tourette's Princeton Packet.
Provicdence, R. I.

F. R. Purnell's The Advance.
Raleigh, N. C.

L. M. Cheeks' Raleigh Independent.
Richmond, Va.

John Mitchell's Richmond Planet, Maggie L. Walker's St. Lukes Herald.
Sacramento, Cal.

J. M. Collins' Western Review.
San Antonio, Tex.

G. W. Bouldin's San Antonio Inquirer.
San Francisco, Cal.

J. L. Derrick's Western Outlook, G. E. Watkins' Western Appeal.
Savannah, Ga.

S. C. Johnson's Savannah Tribune.
Seattle, Wash.

S. P. BeDow's The Searchlight.
Shreveport, La.

M. L. Collins' Shreveport, Sun, Samuel and Carter's News-Enterprise.
St. Louis, Mo.

J. E. Mitchell's St. Louis Argus, C. K. Robinson's Independent Clarion.
St. Paul, Minn.

J. Q. Adams' The Appeal.
Tampa, Fla.

M. D. Potter's Tampa Bulletin.
Terre Haute, Ind.

C. E. Rochelle's Emancipator.
Washington, D. C.

J. Finley Wilson's The Washington Eagle, Mrs. Eva A. Chase's The

Washington Bee, D. Eugene Taylor's Washington American, F. M.

Murray's Washington Tribune.
Wichita, Kan.

W. A. Betts' Wichita Protest, H. T. Simms' The New Star.
Wilmington, Del.

Editor Nelson's The Advocate.

Religious Papers

Among the three score and more religious Colored newspapers
in America, R. E. Jones' Southwestern Christian Advocate of
New Orleans, La., R. R. Wright's Christian Recorder of Phila.,
Pa. J. D. Crenshaw's National Baptist Voice of Nashville, Tenn.

143

andN. S. Epps' Baptist Herald of New York City are some of the
most nationally known and widely circulated.

National Negro Press Association

The National Negro Press Association, of which J. Finley
Wilson is president, is an organization among Colored news-
paper editors for the purpose of uniting them in mutual friend-
ships and understanding. At their annual meetings they be-
come better acquainted and exchange their different ideas in
order to become better news informers and stronger champions
through their organs for justice to their race.

The Associated Negro Press

Although not yet three years old, the Associated Negro Press,
of which N. D. Brascher of Chicago, 111., is editor-in-chief, is
already exerting a wonderful influence in the field of Negro
journalism and is doing excellent work in so efficiently gathering
and so promptly releasing to its newspaper members the most
vital current events of the day.

The noble and tireless efforts of the Colored editors, in trying
to help convert the prejudiced white people of the United States
from their unjust hatred, discrimination and cruelties upon the
Negro race just because of its progress, are each day being more
ably backed up by the American white press. As the writer
has said in the chapter dealing with church work, white papers
throughout the country are increasing in numbers in making
their editorials stronger and stronger in justly denouncing mob
ruJe, its results and future reaction upon these United States
This sentiment in the white press is increasing and spreading so
rapidly that even white papers in different part of the South
are fearlessly joining this movement for right.

In the summer of 1918 a Southern paper, the San Antonio
Express of Texas set aside a fund of one hundred thousand dol-
lars to be used in helping to put down lynching in the United
States. This money is to be used to pay rewards for the arrest
and convinction of all persons taking part in lynchings. Other

14 1

Texas white papers, the Houston Post and the Austin American
have on different occasions come out strongly in contending for
fair treatment and justice to the Colored people.

With reference to the jury which heard the evidence in the
peonage trial of John S. Williams, Georgia white planter, accused
of killing eleven Negro farm hands, and on trial for the slaying
of one of them, and which jury brought in a verdict of guilty,
with life sentence, but urged "mercy" on the court; the following
editorial by Thomas W. Loveless appeared in a Georgia white
paper, The Enquirer-Sun, according to an article that came out
in the April 16, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender:

" A Newton county jury has tried John S. Williams, the Jasper
county multimurderer, found him guilty, and recommended him
to the mercy of the court. By what process of reasoning the
jury arrived at this form of verdict is difficult if not well nigh
impossible to imagine. This is, if we try to analyze it by any
'process of reasoning', but if we brush aside all subterfuge and
hypocrisy and tell the plain truth about it, the verdict — as great
a travesty of justice as it is — is not so difficult to understand.

"And this plain truth is we have not yet reached that stage
of grace, or of justice, in Georgia where we 'hang a white man for
killing a nigger', as the expression is and has long been . . . .

"However, the owner and operator of this Georgia 'murder
farm' escapes with his own life — a penitentiary sentence — and
perhaps a pardon later on if he lives long enough and his family
can bring enough influence to bear.

"Thus do we again 'advertise Georgia.' God help her."

Referring to the recent Tulsa, Oklahoma race riot, in which
the mob destroyed forty-four blocks of Negro property, the
following extracts are parts of an editorial that appeared in the
July 7, 1921 issue of a white newspaper, The National Tribune
of Washington, D. C.

"The Burning Disgrace of 'Race Riot* ".

"As we have said before, there is a strong element in Tulsa
coming from the renegade whites who fled out of the reach of

145

justice to start a so-called "race riot" on any pretext. The more
that the situation is studied the less provocation there was for
such an outrage. The absurdity of the white girl's story that
she had been insulted by a negro boy was apparent on its face.
It is said her reputation was not of the best and no one apparent-
ly stopped to think of the impossibility of such an outrage in the
most public place in a city of 100,000 people. The elevator
which she was running was in the most conspicuous part of the
building.

"The riot was made possible by the worthlessness of the
police and judiciary. As usual in a place of such sudden rise to
greatness as Tulsa, the vicious elements have entirely too large
a control of the municipal authorities. The houses of ill-fame,
gambling joints, bootleggers, and other criminals have too much
to say as to the selection of officials. For 14 years Tulsa has
been in the absolute control of this element. The better class
of people were too much absorbed making the easy money
possible there to bother themselves and give up any time to
politics. .

"Quite a number of negroes have made fortunes in Tulsa
and they became the special objects of the mob. One colored
man owned and operated a printing plant with $25,000 of print-
ing machinery in it. It was assailed and burned to the ground
by a mob led by a man who had been working a linotype at a
salary of $48 a week. Of course, this linotype man professed to
be a "perfect Southern gentleman" and superior to a negro,
although he degraded himself by working for him at good
wages. Dr. A. C. Jackson, a colored physician, who was called
by competent authorities the most able negro surgeon in America,
was marked for the wrath of the mob because he owned $100,000
worth of property. He tried to fight against the mob and sur-
rendered under a pledge of protection, but was murdered on his
way to jail."

The above are but a few of the many such ed itorials that have
recently come under the notice of the writer, and if white editors
who run out such editorials could just mingle among the masses
of both races where their papers are read and listen to the com-

146

ments being made, they would be amazed to note the influence
for good that such writings are exerting. And if now in this
critical period of racial unrest, the majority of white editors
through this land together with the white clergy will take such
stands for law and order, the race prejudice in this country will
be checked before its barbarism pulls the United States down,
down, down to the very lowest and most despised race among
all nations and countries-civilized and uncivilized. For this
unjust public sentiment can only be checked and changed by the
right kind of influences starting from the white pulpits and
printing rooms. The frequent clashings of swords cannot force
about such a change, but the constant exchange of reasoning
sermons and editorials can persuade such a change to come about.

If it is the fear of losing their congregations and churches that
prevents so many white ministers from taking such a stand;
then the way to be outspoken (instead of silent) against mob sins
and crimes, and still keep "Mrs. Wolf" from grinning at them
through their parsonage windows, is for all of them to become
outspoken. And as their people must continue to have churches
and be preached to, those ministers would still hold their pulpits
as they would then be the only kind of preachers (outspoken) to
listen to.

If it is the fear of losing their subscribers and seeing their
papers go into the waste baskets that keeps so many white
editors from taking such a rightful stand ; then the way to keep
and increase their subscribers and at the same time keep "Mr
Wolf" from sniffing around the kitchen doors, is for all editors
to begin to use the "Golden (printer's guiding) Rule to measure
out their editorials on the Race questions. As their people must
have newspapers in order to learn what is going on in the world,
rather than get no papers they would buy the only kind (the
fair and just) that would then be printed. And in using the
above methods in bringing about brotherhood and Christlike
feelings between the two races, no one would be the loser, but
all would be the gainers.

As another witness and proof that courageously standing for
right and fearlessly denouncing wrong through their convincing

147

columns does not weaken but eventually strengthens and in-
creases the influence of such white periodicals ; the writer quotes
below in part an editorial that appeared in the September 14,
1921 issue of The Nation, a world-famed white magazine that
has been successfully published in New York for over fifty years
during all which time its publication has continued to grow and
spread as the results of just such Golden Rule editorials as the
following :

"The daughter of Mr. J. B. Webb, "prominent in financial
and social circles," chose to marry a groom, her sister having

previously married a policeman The

newspapers sent around special reporters in battalions. Then
up spoke Mr. Webb: "It's rotten, that's what I call it-rotten!
To tear a person's life to shreds like this, and bring up for the
public eye the affairs of one poor little girl." To which we
say a hearty Amen. But more rotten than this outrageous vio-
lation of individual rights by the press is the careless or malicious
zest with which certain papers, especially in the South, publish
stories from depraved or irresponsible white women accusing
some black man of a more or less grave offense against them.
Every newspaperman knows that just such a story started the
Tulsa riots, as well as those in Washington and in Omaha. Yet
here we find on the front pages of the Memphis Commercial
Appeal two circumstantial stories of attack by Negroes on white
women. Both of them were false, as the newspaper itself ad-
mitted less conspicuously next day. This sort of thing is all too
common and not every city has a paper as bold as the Memphis
Press in denouncing it. It is high time for a renascence of
ethical standards in newsgathering."

In Magazine Writing

Just as Dr. W. E. B. DuBois is recognized as the foremost
magazine writer in the Negro race, not only in America but
throughout the world; it is said he has also made The Crisis
Magazine, of which he is editor-in-chief, the widest read Colored
magazine of its kind not only in the Western but also in the
Eastern Hemisphere. It is estimated that this magazine is
read each month by nearly four hundred thousand people.

148

Among lettered Colored women, Miss Jessie R. Fauset, a
graduate of Cornell where she was made a member of the Phi
Betta Kappa Fraternity, later becoming a teacher of French and
Latin in the M Street High School, Washington, D. C, and at
present Literary Editor of the The Crisis Magazine, is today
recognized by the best critics as a leading and most versatile
magazine writer.

Such wise, timely and meatful articles as "Race Conscious-
ness," "Heart Talk", "Representation of the American Woman,"
"World Brotherhood", "Oil Upon Troubled Waters" are among
the many writings that have stamped Miss H. Georgiana Whyte,
editor of the Women's Department of The Favorite Magazine,
as one of the most forceful and helpful magazine writers among
Colored women.

Aside from long ago proving himself as one of the ablest
Colored newspaper editors in the country, Attorney Robt. L.
Vann of Pittsburgh, Pa., has shown by the high quality of his
Competitor Magazine that as a writer in this field he is second
to none.

The cheerfulness and life that Editor Fenton Johnson puts
into his Favorite Magazine explains why it is having such a
rapid growth and has become a sure-enough favorite with the
Colored readers, not only in its home city of Chicago but through -
out the country.

The inspiring snap that Editor Willis N. Huggins throws into
his Up Reach Magazine accounts for it being so popular, especial-
ly with the younger and progressive element among the Colored
readers who are always benefited by such well chosen and written
articles.

The exceptional ability to so vividly portray human nature
from the viewpoints of both races when building up stories
is one of the secrets that is the cause of Editor Aubery Bowser's
Rainbow Magazine being sought after by all readers who want
to learn and understand the inside life situations as they really
exist when the two races come in close contact.

149

Except those people who personally go through the tedious
processes of a similar work, no one is able to fully realize
and appreciate the value of the up-to-date culled, methodically
complied, instructively built-up and tastily arranged matter that
Miss Madeline G. Allison presents each month in The Crisis:
under the heading "The Horizon." In monthly compiling the
tremendous new store of varied and far-reaching data her de-
partment contains, Miss Allison is doing a grand and unique
piece of literary writing the workmanship and quality of which
any magazine of any race would be proud to carry.

As the results of the deep thinking and outspoken opinions
that get down to the very core and essence of the subjects
handled by them, Editors Owens and Chandler, through the
medium of their magazine The Messenger are fast mounting
top rungs in their profession and at the same time attracting
the wide attentions of well-versed and seasoned newspaper and
magazine people in both races.

Although it has not been founded very long, the Method
Magazine, edited by F. H. Hallion, of Richmond, Va., is attract-
ing wide attention on account of its instructive and helpful
articles pertaining to business relations in their many fields of
activities.

The Brownies' Book, edited by W. E. B. DuBois, & A. G.
Dill of New York City, N. Y., is something entirely new in the
field of Negro journalism. It is, "A monthfy magazine for
children which attempts to bring to them: The best in pictures
and stories of Negro life. The life and deeds of famous men and
women of the Negro race. The current events of the world
told in beautiful language which children can understand."

In going out of the way to thoughtfully assert that the
Brownies' Book should be in every Negro home where there
are children ; the writer expresses such a sentiment, not because
of being more partial to this certain magazine and its editors
than to other magazines and their editors, but, because he is
ever proud to admit that he is really cranky partial to any
Negro history no matter under what covers it may appear.

150

Especially is this true when such history is written (as in the
Brownies' Book) in plain, easy, truthful and interesting Engl-
ish that makes first and lasting impressions upon young and
tender Negro minds before they are indelibly imprinted and
permantly poisoned by the devilish trash contained in blood-
thirsty, underworld, dime novels so youthfully secured and
greedily read by unwatched and idle-minded children of all races.

Although it is not a monthfy magazine but a quarterly
journal, The Journal of Negro History, edited by Carter G.
Woodson of Washington, D. C. is a nationally known publica-
tion of instruction, encouragement and inspiration for the
American Colored people, of matured years who wish to learn
their Race history.

Monroe N. Work's marvelously compiled Negro Year Book
is conceded to be the greatest compact work of literary science
ever produced by an American Negro. What the World Al-
manac is to the Caucasian Race, The Negro Year Book is to the
Negro Race. The following quotation is what a leading white
newspaper, The New York Sun, commented on this master-
piece of literature: "Interesting and important is the array of
factis relating to the Negro contained in the Negro Year Book.
The book is a perfect encyclopedia of achievements by Negroes
in all ranks of life, of the history of the race in the United States
of Legislative enactments relating to them, of activity in all
branches, particularly education. The book is indispensable to
all who have to deal with any phase of the Negro question."

The following is a list of the most important monthly, quar-
terly or yearly magazines or journals published in the United
States by Colored people :

American Caterer & Gazette Guide,

Editor J. A. Ross, Buffalo, N. Y.
American Musicians' Magazine,

Editor W. A. Potter, Phi la., Pa.
Amusement World,

Editor Jack Trotter, Chicago, 111.
Brotherhood Magazine,

Editor C. H. Taylor, Chicago, 111.
Brownies' Book,

Editors W. E. B. DuBois & A. G. Dill, New York, N. Y.

151

Business Men's Bulletin,

Editor Edw. Perkins, Chicago, 111.
Journal of Nat'l Medical Ass'n,

Editor Dr. J. A. Kinney, Tuskegee, Ala.
Journal of Negro History,

Editor C. G. Woodson, Washington, D. C.
Music and Poetry,

Editor Nora Douglass Holt, Chicago, 111.
National Association Notes,

Editor Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee, Ala.
The Colored Teacher,

Editor F. A. McGinnis, Wilberforce, Ohio.
The Competitor,

Editor Robt. L. Vann, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Crisis,

Editor Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, New York City, N. Y.
The Crusader,

Editor, C V. Briggs, New York City, N. Y.
The Favorite,

Editor Fenton Johnson, Chicago, 111.
The Half Century,

Editor Katherine W. Irmin, Chicago, 111.
The Master Musician,

Editor G. W. Parris, Phila., Pa.
The Method,

Editor F. H. Hallion, Richmond, Va.
The Messenger,

Editors Owens and Chandler, New York City, N. Y.
The Pullman Porter's Review,

Editor Z. Withers, Chicago, 111.
The Rainbow,

Editor Aubrey Bowser, New York City, N. Y.
The Negro Year Book,

Editor Monroe N. Work, Tuskegee Inst., Ala.
The Negro Musician,

Editor Henry L. Grant, Washington, D. C.
The Search Light.

Editor A. B. Vincent, Raleigh, N. C.
The Up- Reach Magazine,

M. N. Huggins, Chicago, 111.

Some names in above list are extracts from Negro Year
Book, 1918-1919 edition, (Page 465).

As a successful magazine essay prize writer, Isaac Fisher, of
Nashville, Tenn., is recognized today as the foremost in the
Negro race. The following quotation is part of an article that
appeared in the July 9, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender:

"The third prize of $75, offered by the Metropolitan Maga-
zine of New York in its contest for writers on the subject, "Can
We Keep Peace with Japan," was won by Isaac Fisher, editor
of the Fisk University News, according to an announcement made

152

in the August issue of the magazine just released

1 'Among the prizes he has won in the past through his writings
are first prize of $500 offered by Everybody's Magazine; first
prize of $100 offered by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch; first prize
of $50 offered for the best digest of the merits of the money —
weight scales; second prize of $400 offered by Hart, Schaffner &
Marx' executive committee of Chicago; second prize of $100
offered by the Manufacturers' Record of Baltimore.

"Those who know Mr. Fisher's records are aware that these
are but a few of the prizes he has won in competition with the
best minds of the country. It will be remembered that he won
the first prize of $500 in Everybody's Magazine contest in com-
petition with 900 writers, including some of the best legal and
professional men of the country."

In summing up, the leading Colored short-story writers of
today who are known throughout the country as standing con-
tributors to newspapers and magazines are Frances Coston
Berry, Indianapolis, Ind., Aubrey Bowser, New York, Chas. W.
Chestnut, Cleveland, O., W. E. B. DuBois, New York, Jessie
R. Fauset, New York, Isaac Fisher, Nashville, Tenn., T. Thomas
Fortune, New York, W. N. Huggins, Chicago, 111., Jas. A.
Jackson, New York, A. L. Jackson, Chicago, 111., Jas. Weldon
Johnson, N. Y., Fenton Johnson, Chicago, 111., Alice Dunbar
Nelson, Wilmington, Del., Beatrice (Neave) Perry, Phila., Pa.

153

IN BOOK WRITING

Inspiring Books

When winds outside are howling loud,

And snows fall fast from winter cloud,
Or burning sun peeps through the leaves;

As gently they dart from summer breeze;
Let me sit near winter's purring fire,

Or by summer's gurgling brook retire.
With books to read of great deeds done

By those who from low depths did run.

— Harrison.

ON account of the present day rapid streams of their smooth-
ly flowing inks into the deep-lettered channels of their ver-
satile works, the following named persons, according to the es-
timation of one of America's best literary critics, are ten of the
foremost American Colored authors of today :

Wm. S. Braithwaite, Boston, Mass., Banjamin G. Brawley,
Atlanta, Ga., W. E. B. Dubois, Jessie R. Fauset, Jas. Weldon
Johnson, New York City, Georgia D. Johnson, Kelly Miller,
Washington, D. C, Lucian B. Watkins, Annapolis, Md., Carter
G. Woodson, Washington, D. C. and Monroe N. Work, Tuskegee,
Alabama.

The following more detailed list contains the names of some
of the foremost Colored authors and their most important v/orks
produced in America:

Delilah L. Beasley's

Negro Trail Blazers of California.
Ford S. Black's

Blue Book of Chicago.
Aubrev Bowser's

'The Man Who Would be White.
R. H. Boyd's

Sunday School Commentary.
St. Elmo Brady's

Household Chemistry for Girls.
Wm. S. Braithwaite's

Anthology of Magazine Verse — Golden Treasury of Magazine

Verse — Lyrics of Life and Love — Story of the Great War.
C. F. Bragg's

Men of Maryland — Afro — American Church Workers.
Benj. G. Brawley's.

History of The Negro — The Negro in Literature and Art.
Chas. W. Chestnut's

The Conjur Woman — The House Behind The Cedars — The

154

Marrow of Tradition — Frederick Douglass.
Jos. S. Cotter, Sr's.

Caleb The Degenerate — Links of Friendship — Sequel to The

Pied Piper — White Song and A Black Song.
Jos. S. Cotter, Jr's.

Band of Gideon — Out of The Shadows.
L. J. Coppin's

Unwritten History.
A. B. Cosey's

American and English Law on Titles of Record.
J. W. Cromwell's

The Negro in American History.
D. W. Culp's

Twentieth Century of Negro Literature.
Frederick Douglass

My Bondage and Freedom — Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.
W. E. B. DuBois

The Suppression of The Slave Trade — Souls of Black Folks — The

Quest of The Silver Fleece — John Brown — Darkwater.
Paul Lawrence Dunbar's

Folks From Dixie — Love and Landry— Lyrics of Lowly Life —

Uncalled Heart of Happy Hollow — Lyrics of The Hearthstone —

Strength of Gideon and Other Stories — Complete Poems —

Lyrics of Love and Laughter — Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow —

Poems of Cabin and Field — Life and Works of Paul Lawrence

Dunbar.
H. O. Flipper's

Colored Cadets At West Point.
A. H.Grimke's

Negro and The Elective Franchise.
S. E. Griggs'

Life's Demand or According to Law — The Hindered Hand-
Unfettered.
Frances E. Harper's

Iola Leroy — Miscellaneous Poems — Sketches of Southern Life.
Algernon B. Jackson's

The Man Next Door.
Jas. Weldon Johnson's

The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man — Fifty Years and

Other Poems.
Edw. A. Johnson's

Light Ahead For the Negro — School History of The Negro Race

In America — The Negro in The Spnaish-American War.
Georgia D. Johnson's

An Autumn Love Cycle — Heart of A Woman and Other Poems —

Shadow Song.
M. A. Majors'

Noted Negro Women.
Jas. E. McGirth's

The Triumph of Ephriam — Some Simple Songs.
Kelly Miller's

Out of The House of Bondage — Race Adjustment — World War

For Human Rights.
J. E. Moorland's

Training of The Negro Minister.

155

Mrs. N. F. Mosselle's

Afro-American Women.
R. R. Moton's

Finding A Way Out.
Daniel Murray's

Encyclopedia Of The Negro.
Alice Dunbar Nelson's

Masterpieces of Eloquence — Goodness of St. Rocque And Other

Stories.
D. A. Payne's

History Of The A. M. E. Church
I. G. Penn's

The Afro-American Press.
C. H. Phillips'

History of The C. M. E. Church.
William Pickens'

The Heir of Slaves.
J. A. Rogers'

From Superman to Man — An Open Letter To Congress.
Emmett J. Scott's

Booker T. Washington, Builder of a Civilization — Scott's Official

History of The American Negro In The World War.
W. H. Shackelford's

Along the Highway — Poems.
Mrs. S. M. Steward's

Women In Medicine.
Allison W. Sweeney's

History Of The World War.
B. T. Tanner's

History & Government Of The A. M. E. Z. Church Men.
Booker T. Washington's

Up From Slavery — Frederick Douglass — My Larger Education —

Character Building — The Man Farthest Down — Working With

The Hands — Furture Of The American Negro — Negro In Business

— Sowing and Reaping — Tuskegee and Its People. — Story of

My Life And Work.
Geo. W. Williams'

History Of The Negro Race In America — History Of The Negro

Troops In The Rebellion.
Carter G. Woodson's

A Century of Negro Migration — Education Of The Negro Prior

To 1861.
John W. Work's

Folk Songs Of The American Negro.
Monroe N. Work's

Negro Year Book.
R. R. Wright, Sr's.

Negro Education in Georgia.
R. R. Wright, Jr's.

Centennial Encyclopedia Of The African M. E. Church.

(Some names in above list are from Negro Year Book,
1918-1919 edition, Pgs. 481-2-3.

156

Noted Colored Statisticians

Dr. W. E. B. DuBofe, Harvard graduate, Editor of The
Crisis and The Brownies' Book, New York City, and recognized
as the leading Negro Sociologist in the world, is in possession of
more authentic data covering the social life of the American
Colored people than any other member of the race.

Dr. Geo. E. Haynes, Columbia graduate, U. S. Director
of Negro Economics during the World War, and Dr. R. R. Wright
Jr., graduate of the University of Pa., and editor of the Christian
Recorder, Phila., Pa., are the two leading American Colored
authorities on economic data relative to the all-round labor,
industrial and living conditions of the Colored people in America.

Prof. W. T. B. Williams, Harvard graduate, Vice- Principal
of Tuskegee Institute and Field Agent for the Jeanes and Slater
Funds, is estimated to have on his "finger tips" more convincing
and reliable facts and figures pertaining to the purposes, needs
kinds and grades of work done and results obtained in Negro
universitites, colleges, industrial normal schools and rural
county schools than any educator in America.

Prof. Monroe N. Work, a University of Chicago graduate,
editor of the Negro Year Book and Director of Department
Records and Research, Tuskegee Institute, Ala., is the foremost
Negro not only in America, but throughout the world, who has
in his possession the greatest amount of authentic statistics cov-
ering the all-round past and present activities of the Colored
people in the United States of America.

Colored Orators *md Lecturers

Some of the foremost Colored orators and lecturers who are
most frequently on the platform before the American public
today are J. W. E. Bowen, Atlanta, Ga., W. E. B. DuBois,
New York City, N. Y., Geo. E. Haynes, Washington, D. C, Eva

D. Bowles, New York City., Hallie Q. Brown, Wilberforce, Ohio,

E. K. Jones, Jas. Weldon Johnson, New York City, N. Y., Mor-
decai Johnson, Charleston, W. Va., Kelly Miller, Washington,

157

D. C, Chas. S. Morris, Jr., Norfolk, Va., J. E. Moorland, New
York, N. Y., R. R. Moton, Tuskegee, Ala., Wm. Pickens, New
York City, N. Y., C. V. Roman, Nashville, Tenn., Roscoe
C. Simmons, Louisville, Ky., Mary C. Terrell, Washington, D.
C, Wm. M. Trotter, Boston, Mass.

Now, if after reading through the foregoing pages of inspira-
tion, regarding the successes of Negro writers, some Colored
girls and boys should still lack courage, because of their color
and race, to throw their talents into such literary avenues, they
should remember that:-

The most important thing about a newspaper, magazine or
book is not its white pages, (because such pages can be and often
are colored) but the most important thing in such a publication
is its print of jet black letters and words. But if those genuine
Ethiopian letters refused, just because of their color, to mingle
with and make lasting impressions upon the fair Caucasian
pages of newspapers, magazines and books; why my discour-
aged young friends, there would be no fields nor meadows of
journalism in which white people could even enter to frolic in
the games of "pen and pencil pushing."

258

IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Glad Helloes

Did joys spring up within your heart,

When autumn days bade you depart

Back to your campus truly veer

To meet classmates to you so dear?

Harrison.

Sad Good-Byes.
Did you ever have glad feelings sad,
When June told you the books to
shirk
And classmates whom with fun you
had
You parted from to face life's work?
Harrison.

FOR the Colored youths of exceptional mental abilities and
talents who desire to fit themselves along higher educational
lines, there are 86 Negro universities and colleges and numerous
white universities and colleges in the North and West where
they can learn art, chemistry, dentistry, law, medicine, music,
pharmacy, theology and other higher subjects. Up to the present
time over 7000 Colored students have graduated from American
colleges and of this number upward of ten or eleven hundred
have graduated from white colleges. According to the July
1921 issue of The Crisis, 85 Colored Bachelors of Arts, & Sciences,
11 Masters of Arts and 3 Doctors in Philosophy graduated from
white colleges in 1921, while 376 Bachelors of Arts, 80 Doctors
of Medicine, 73 Dentists, 27 Pharmacists, 25 Lawyers and 45
Ministers graduated from Colored colleges in 1921. The three
Colored scholars who graduated from the white colleges with
the honors of Doctor of Philosophy are Misses Eva B. Dykes,
Radcliffe College; Sadie T. Mossell, University of Pennsylvania,
and Georgiana Simpson, University of Chicago. Miss Eunice
R. Hunton, '*an excellent student throughout her course" has the
distinction of receiving the two honor degrees A. B. and A. M.
upon her graduation in 1921 from Smith College, Mass.

The first Colored perons to graduate from a Northern white
college was John Brown Russworm, who graduated from Bow-
doin in 1826. Aside from holding for years the world recognition
and honor of being both the greatest scholastic and athletic
university in America, Harvard University is also known through-
out the Eastern and Western Hemispheres as practicing the truest
and highest standards of broad-minded, one-hundred percent
Americanism toward its Colored students of any similar white

159

institution in America. As a result of such brotherhood feelings
existing there between the two races, more Negroes on an average
enter and graduate from the different departments of Harvard
than from any other great Northern white college. Its front
doors (as well as back doors) are always standing ajar with latch
strings hanging on the outside for the unembarrassed entrance
of any worthy applicant whether he be rich or poor, white or
black. And when a Colored student at Harvard joins his white
school chums in singing their college song — "Fair Harvard", he
sings it with the same fullness and pathos in heart, the same
peacefulness and contentment in mind and the same truthfulness
and sincerity in words that he hopes when he enters the world
to be able to sing in every country, over which floats the "Red
White and Blue" — "My Country 'tis of thee, sweet land of
liberty" — letting his voice come to its fullest accent and climax-
ing crescendo on the word — LIBERTY.

Other leading white universities or colleges having encouraged
and welcomed Colored students to study in and graduate from
their class room, as well as to play and star on their varsity teams
are as follows :

Amherst, Mass., Bates, Maine; Brown, R. I., California, Cal.,
Carnegie, Pa., Chicago, 111., Cincinnati, O. ; Clark, Mass,. Colby,
Me., Columbia, N. Y., Cornell, N. Y., Dartmouth, N. H.,
Dubuque, la., Illinois, 111., Indiana, Ind., Kansas, Kan., La-
fayette, Pa., (and the racial broad-mindedness, human brother-
hood and one-hundred percent Americanism sentiment relative
to the Negro at Lehigh University, Pa., as a student, is becoming so
pronounced there as to indicate that Lehigh may eventually
join these other white schools with her sister Lafayette in hav-
ing Colored American citizens to study and recite in her class
rooms) Massachusetts, Mass., Michigan, Mich,. New York, N. Y.
Northwestern, 111., Ohio State, O., Pennsylvania, Pa., Pittsburgh,
Pa., Radcliffe, Mass., Rutgers, N. J., Smith, Mass., Syracuse,
N. Y., Temple, Pa., Tufts, Mass,. Washington & Jefferson;
Wellesley, Williams, Mass., Wisconsin, Wis., Yale, Conn.

Some of the Negro universities and colleges that are preparing
young men and women of the Race to enter the different fields

160

of professionalism for the betterment and uplift o f themselves
and their people are named below as folows :

Allen Univ., Columbia, S. C; Arkansas Bapt. Col., Little
Rock, Ark.; Altanta Bapt. Col., Atlanta Univ., Atlanta, Ga.;
Barber Memorial Seminary, (women) Anniston, Ala.; Benedict
Col., Columbians. C; Biddle Univ., Charlotte, N. C; Claflin,
Col., Orangeburg, S. C; Clarke Univ., Atlanta, Ga.; Edward
Waters Col. , Jacksonville, Fla.; Fisk Univ., Nashville, Tenn.;
Hartshorn Col., (women) Richmond, Va.; Howard Univ., Wash-
ington, D. C; Jackson Col., Jackson, Miss.; Knoxville Col.;
Knoxville, Tenn.; Lane Col.; Jackson, Tenn.; Lincoln Univ.,
Lincoln, Pa.; Livingston Col., Salisbury, N. C; Mary Allen
Seminary, (women) Crockett, Texas, Mary Holmes Seminary,
(women) West point, Miss.; Meherry Univ., Nashville, Tenn.;
Miles Memorial Col., Birmingham, Ala.; Morehouse Col., At-
lanta, Ga.; Morgan Col., Baltimore, Md.; Morris Brown Univ.,
Atlanta, Ga.; National Training School, Durham, N. C; Na-
tional Training School, (women) Washington, D. C; Paine
Univ., Augusta, Ga. ; Paul Quinn Col., Waco, Tex.; Payne Univ.,
Selma, Ala.; Philander Smith Col., Little Rock, Ark.; Roger
Williams Univ., Nashville, Tenn.; Rust Univ., Holley Springs,
Miss.; Selma Univ., Selma, Ala.; Scotia Seminary, (women)
Concord, N. C; Shaw Univ., Raleigh, N. C; Geo. R. Smith
Col., Sedalia, Mo.,; Spellman Seminary, (women) Atlanta, Ga.;
Shorter Col., Little Rock, Ark. ; State Normal Col., Normal, Ala. ;
Straight Col., New Orleans, La.; Southern Univ., Baton Rouge,
La.; Talladega Col., Talledega, Ala.; Touguloo Univ., Touguloo,
Miss.; Virginia Union Univ., Richmond, Va.; Western Univ.,
Quindaro, Kan.; Wilberforce Univ., Wilberforce, O.; W7est Va.
Collegiate Inst., Institute , W7est Va.; Wiley Col., Marshall, Tex.
(extracts from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs.
303-4-5).

Some of the foremost Colored leaders in higher education as
well as among the most noted scholars of today are: H. S, Black-
iston, Institute, W. Va., St. Elmo Brady, Washington, D. C,
John W. Davis, Institute, W, Va., John A. Gregg, Wilberforce,
O., G. E. Haynes, Washington D. C, John Hope, Atlanta, Ga,,

161

Elmer S. Imes, New York City, E. E. Just, Washington, D. C.
Clement Richardson, Jefferson City, Mo., L. J. Rowan, Alcorn,
Miss., W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O., J. B. Simpson, Rich-
mond, Va., C. H. Turner, St. Louis, Mo., N. B. Young, Talla-
hassee, Fla., R. C. Woods, Lynchburg, Va., C. G. Woodson,
Washington, D. C.,R. R. Wright, Jr., Phila., Pa.

Whenever a Colored person makes a phenomenal advance-
ment in any special and worthy field of progress, some jealous
enemy of the race silently creeps out at once, loads his donkey
cart full of smoked glasses, leather glasses, sun glasses, eye
glasses, spy glasses, magnifiying glasses, old ladies' spectacles,
microscopes, telescopes, X-Rays, etc., etc., etc., and scoots around
examining even the very breath the unsuspecting Colored person
leaves upon the air. If the surmised results of that examination
and the color of the victim's skin in any way suggests that he
has one drop of Caucasian blood in him; then the credit for all
the success he has attained is given to the white race — just as
a little patch of white hair on the forehead of an otherwise jet
black horse is the cause of that black horse winning a race.

Allowing such enemies of Negroes to retain their foolish
beliefs rather than waste valuable time trying to convince them
their wrong, the writer, for the benefit of well-meaning but easily
influenced white people who might be led astray by the above
foolish beliefs, picks out just one from among scores of full-
blooded Negroes of highest attainments in different fields. This
selected and highly gifted Negro scholar is Dr. W. S. Scar-
borough, A. M., LL. D., Ph. D. about whom there has never
been the slightest question regarding his not being a genuine
Negro. He was for many years president of Wilberforce Univer-
sity and is a member of at least seven national and international
educational societies the majority to which no other Negro
belongs. At this writing Dr. Scarborough has just sailed for
Europe where he will represent America in several international
meetings of educational societies. He is the author of a Greek
Grammar and several other original works in Greek.

Talented high school Colored youths who wish to go to col-
lege, but hesitate to go as high as possible in education for fear

162

of their learned colored complexions displeasing other races,
should remember that:

The highest thing in the world (the sky) is Colored, and who
is not at all times over-joyed in spirits and much benefited in
hopefulness when seeing blue patches of the elevated sky after
it has been hidden for several days behind clouds that may even
be of snowy whiteness?

163

IN THE SCIENCES

Mat Henson

When he looked around to call the roll,

As he first discovered the Northern Pole;

Commodore Peary had by his side

Mat Henson, a Negro, true and tried.

— Harrison.

WHILE the American Negro in the field of science has not
yet produced an Agassi z, the Race has already developed
two men far advanced along this path in the persons of Dr.
Ernest R. Just, Head Professor of Physiology at Howard Uni-
versity and Dr. Chas. H. Turner, Professor of Biology at
Howard University.

As the only magna cum laude man in his class of 1907, Dr.
Just graduated from Dartmouth College, and in 1916 received
his degree, Ph. D. from the University of Chicago in zoology and
physiology. Among the many scientific subjects upon which
he has written he has chiefly dwelt upon artificial parthenogenesis
and fertilization. For ten years he has spent his summer vaca-
tions as a student in research work at the Marine Biological
Laboratory at Wood's Hole, Mass. On account of his minute
scientific researches and conclusions he has been made a member
in the Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa Societies, The American
Society of Zoologists, the American Museum, and the American
Association for the Advancement of Science.

In order to further inspire Negro youths who plan to make this
particullar professional line their work, the writer will cite an
incident that fully proves Dr. Just's recognition and valuation
in the world of science. During the summer of 1920, the highest
scientific organ in the United States, The National Academy of
Sciences, provided a grant to Dr. Just, through Howard Univer-
sity, to cover research work in the field of physiology. As this
is the first grant of its kind not only to a Negro but to a member
of any race, it further proves that hard study and sweaty work,
bull dog grit and grip to never loose your hold, mule stubborness
to brace your hind feet in holding your grounds and at the same
time flopping your ears to all discouraging sounds, taking tor-

164

toise steps slow but always forward, while keeping an eagle
eye on some chosen lofty peak, will finally result in any Colored
person, although prejudiced handicapped, reaching the highest
point in any noble calling.

Aside from the University of Chicago honoring him with the
degree of Ph. D. in 1907, the world's greatest scientists in America
and Europe have weighed and found the full value of Dr. Chas.
H. Turner as a Biologist of the first order in the special fields of
neurology and comparative psychology.

Here and abroad scientific students and teachers alike con-
stantly turn for information and references to his writings on the
habits and manner of the Burrowing and Honey Bees, the Com-
mon Roach, the Mason Wasp, the Ant and several other species of
larger sized and more advanced insect vertebrates. Some other
of his research articles that have appeared in some of the best
magazines of science are Morphology of the Nervous System of
the Genus Cypris; Ecological Notes on the Cladocrea and Cop-
spoda of Augusta; the Mushroom Bodies of the Crawfish, Mor-
phology of the Avian Brian and other subjects along these
lines. (Extracts from Southern Workman, July 1920 issue,
pgs. 324-26).

Negro boys who read these pages will notice that just as it is
the colored bees that are willing to drudge day after day in
gathering and laying aside bits by bits of the sweetest thing
on earth (honey) for future use ; so has Dr. Turner (like all present
and future youths must do if they wish to gain success in any
calling) been willing to patiently and tirelessly plod ahead gath-
ering and adding little by little of the greatest thing on earth
(knowledge) to his store of wisdom. Today his research stack
has piled up into such a vast heap that he is now able to scatter
it into scientific pastures in such aways as to be of the most
fertilizing values therein for the enriching of future young minds
and for the growing of reputation and fame for himself.

The most original and beneficial researches and discoveries
in the American Negro field of chemistry have been made by
Prof. G. E. Carver, Director of Agricultural Research in Chem-
istry at Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala. Chief among his

165

twenty and more discovered chemical products that are today
being used as practical farm and household necessitites are as
follows: dressing for canvass shoes, made from Macon County
clays; dyes made from dandelion, black oak, wood ashes, sweet
gum, willow, swamp-maple, sweet potatoes, pomegrante, peanuts,
sage, orange, muscatine grape, onions, velvet beans and toma-
to vines; cotton-stalk fibre for rope, cordage, mats and car-
pets; furniture stains made from native clays and vegetables;
feathers for millinery purposes, secured from native wild and
barn-yard fowls; laundry blues, 20 varieties; okra fibre for paper,
rope, cordage, strawboard, matting and carpet; poplar bark for
artificial ribbon; Tonic stock feed; made of snap corn, velvet
beans, cotton-seed meal, and china berries, containing protein,
14.5 per cent.; fats, 4.5; crude fibre 12. and carbohydrates 52.;
Ultramarine Dyes, made from Macon County clays and used for
cotton, wool, silk, and leather; White and Color Washes, made
from clays; Wistaria for basketry work. One of his chemical
products that attracted the widest attention was Prof. Carver's
Sweet Potatoes Flour that was sucessfully used during the World
War by the Tuskegee Institute (which has a population around
two thousand students and instructors) as a substitute for wheat
flour. (Ref. Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, p. 42).

Quite a number of Colored men and women have graduated
in chemistry and physics with high honors from some of the
leading universities in America, and are today holding responsible
and high salaried positions either as professors in colleges or as
consulting chemists in private commercial corporations. Among
such professors in colleges are St. Elmo Brady and E. Chandler
who have attracted unusual attention to their chemical experie-
ments and for their accurate conclusions have received their
Ph. D. degrees from the University of Illinois. Dr. Brady is
author of a book on chemistry.

For the past twenty-five years a Colored man by the name of
O. W. Collins has been employed by the R. W. Hunt Bureau of
Inspection, said to be the largest engineering corporation in
America. Mr. Collins is an analytical and consulting chemist
for that corporation.

166

Harry Keelan, a Harvard graduate, during the World War
resigned a &300 a month position as consulting chemist in a New-
York white firm, in order to join some other Colored men in
organizing a company for the manufacture of dyes. In this
industry he was ably assisted by E. L. Davidson, another Har-
vard graduate, and the quality of their dyes was of such high
grade and standard that their firm was unable to fill the rush
orders for their products.

Miss Deborah Henderson graduated from the Central High
School, Detroit, Mich., attending the Oberlin College where her
scholastic achievements won her the much coveted "key",
Then entering the University of Chicago she attended there
until her graduation as a ranking bacteriologist and chemical
technician, as well as serving during her' senior year as president
of the Alpha Kappa Sorority. Miss Henderson is only one among
numerous Colored women who have successfully invaded the
highest chemical fields. After reaching that stage of advance-
ment, they have experimentally as well as theoretically peeped
and peered into many scientific secret lanes and avenues until
they learned much of the hidden and inexhaustive mysteries
therein. And with the proper encouragements, facilities and
surroundings, it is not impossible for some American Colored
women scientist some day becoming a second Madame Curie
by finally discovering and giving to the world another hidden
force of the elements, like Radium, that will greatly benefit
humanity and add much to the store of man's scientific know-
ledge.

The following quotation is part of an article that appeared
in the April 9, 1921 issue of the Chicago Defender:

"In the various fields of learning the race has wrought and has
its representatives; but not until now have we had a graduate
doctor of metaphysics. The pioneer in this instance is Dr. Adene
C. E. Minott, founder and head of the Clio School of Mental
Sciences, Inc., 3543 State street, this city.

"While yet a girl in her teens, Miss Minott showed excep-
tional ability. She graduated first in her class from Grammar
School No. 80, New York City, and won the prize for general

167

excellence from her teacher, Miss Mary E. Eaton. Miss Minott
then entered the Girl's Technical High School of that city and,
after receiving necessary academic counts, entered the Mac
Donnall College of Phrenology and Psychology, Washington,
D. C. Because she was a Race woman, she was not permitted
to study with the regular classes, but forced to take the course
by private instruction. Despite this disadvantage, Miss Minott
completed the studies in one-half the regular time, graduated
with honors and received the degree of Bachelor of Philospohy.

"Returning to New York City, she next forced admittance
into the world-famed American Institute of Anthropology, per-
fecting herself as a teacher in five branches of anthropology,
as follows: Phrenology, physiognomy, practial psychology,
physiology and anotmy of the brain. When she graduated from
this institution, as a mark of distinction for an excellent record,
she was presented with a membership medal and received the
degree of Fellow of the American Institute of Anthropogy, this
making her the only Race woman in the United States to gradu-
ate from this institution or holding such a degree.

"Two years ago Prof. Minott began an intensive course in
metaphysics and business psychology at the College of met a
physics, St. Louis, Mo. She completed the courses and took the
midwinter examinations recently, passing with honors and re-
ceiving the title and degree of Doctor of Metaphysics, being the
first again of the Race to receive that degree in this country.

"The first years of Dr. Minott's practice were confined to an
exclusive clientele among the whites of New York City. Five
years ago, however, she was prevailed upon to establish a branch
of the Clio School of Mental Sciences in Chicago, and to central-
ize her efforts somewhat upon the developing and improving of
her own people. This she did, and her efforts have met with
enviable success and gratifying appreciation".

Miss Minott's unusually successful career proves that a Color-
ed girl has the same brain power to reach the mental heights a
white girl is able to attain, even when that Colored girl is given
only half the encouragement, half the privileges and half access

168

to the proper environments. It is true that all Colored girls
cannot soar as high in education as Miss Minott, but all Colored
girls can improve themselves from day to day if they will only
decide to study. A cook can elevate herself to a hairdresser; a
chambermaid can elevate hereself to a dressmaker; a waitress can
elevate herself to a stenographer and typewriter; a factory girl
can elevate herself to a bookkeeper and a child's nurse can elevate
herself to a school teacher. But such girls cannot reach such
successes if they go to ball rooms and cabarets to elevate their
skirts instead of going to night schools to elevate their minds. It
all depends upon each girl herself whether she will do drudgery
work all her life or whether she will do it a few years as a stepping
stone while she is preparing herself for something higher.

Colored cooks, waitresses, etc., who think it is no use to de-
velop their minds, or study for more education just because they
are Colored and will not get a chance to use such education,
should remember that :-

They would never have grape fruits, oranges or bananas to
prepare and serve if those fruits refused to grow and develop
because of their yellow skins; they would never have coffee to
serve if it had refused to grow because it is brown; they would
never have steak to broil and serve if yellow alderney or black
holstein cattle had refused to develop from calves to cows be-
cause of their colors. Thus, if fruits, vegetables and dumb ani-
mals keep right on growing and developing into their fullest
bloom of power and usefulness regardless of their colors; why
should not Colored girls, who have brains to think, hands to
work and God to guide them in right, do the same?

169

IN MEDICINE.

The Medicine Man

(The fellow who makes you one minute cry
To give you more years of health and spry.)

At least once a year he ought to test

Heart, lungs and kidneys for your best.
LOVE, air and water you'll longer enjoy,
If doctors thus you'll timely employ.

Harrison.

IN order to help look after the general health, advise and
encourage good physical conditions and thereby save and
prolong the lives of the several million Colored people residing
in the United States, and to assist in easing the pains and suf-
ferings of all humanity; there are between four and five thousand
Colored physicians today practicing medicine in America.
While the majority of these professional men are located in parts
of this country where they do business exclusively among their
own people, there are hundreds of Colored doctors residing in
many other states where the number of their white patients is
as large as among their own race.

In 1767 there was born in Philadelphia, Pa., a slave by the
name of Jas. Derham, who in his early life was taught medicine
by his white owner, a practicing physician. After Derham had
saved enough money to set himself up in business and had se-
cured his freedom, he moved to New Orleans, La., where in a few
years he built up both a large practice and an independent for-
tune. It is said that Dr. Derham was the first Negro in the
United States to be recognized as a practicing physician.

Dr. Daniel H. Williams of Chicago, 111., not only is spoken
of as being in the front rank of the foremost physicians and
surgeons of the Negro race but he is also classed with the first
medical men of any race or nation. He is the founder of the
celebrated Provident Hospital and Training School of Chicago
and was Surgeon-in-Chief of the famous Freedman's Hospital,
Washington, D. C, under President Cleveland's administration.
His medical ability became so widely known that he has been
called to nearly every important part of the United States for
consultation. His skill in being the first surgeon to make a

170

successful operation on the human heart has won him world-
wide reputation. As a result of his deep medical studies and
most delicate surgical operations he has been honored with the
first Negro membership in the American College of Surgeons.

Dr. Algernon B. Jackson, Phila., Pa., has the distinction
of receiving a Fellowship in the American College of Physicians,
as a result of his great all-around medical skill and especially
his first discovery of a cure for articular rheumatism. He is
Head of the Mercy Hospital, which is one of the most practically
and beautifully located Colored institutions of its kind not only
in Philadelphia but in the United States. The results of Dr.
Jackson's medical experiments and discoveries have been pub-
lished in leading medical journals and have won a name for him
here and abroad.

Aside from teaching as a professor in one of the leading white
medical schools in Boston, Mass., Dr. S. C. Fuller, a Neuropathol-
ogist of nationwide fame, is also serving as a member on the medi-
cal staff of the Massachusetts Hospital (white) for the insane.
In this capacity he has from time to time made some very
valuable discoveries and suggestions that have been accepted
and put into practical and beneficial uses for the treatment and
care of the insane.

The honor of being the first Colored physician to be accepted
as an interne in the Bellevue Hospital, a New York City white
institution of world-wide renown, rests upon the capable shoulders
of Dr. U. G. Vincent. A few years ago he graduated with such
high honors from the University of Pa., that he was not com-
pelled (as is usually the case) to take the interne entrance ex-
amination when admitted to the Bellevue Hospital.

Dr. Louis T. Wright, of Atlanta, Ga., now of New York,
graduated from Harvard University among the brainiest men of
his class. As a young physician both in age and practice, he
is making wonderful strides along medical paths and has already
discovered a new method of vacination that has been tested
and used by the United States Government.

171

On account of some extra special and greatly beneficial
medical efforts having been spent in their unusually successful
careers; the following names have been handed to the writer
as belonging to a few of the Colored physicians who are recog-
nized as standing among the very highest in their profession.
E. A. Balloch, Washington, D. C, H. R. Butler, Atlanta, Ga.,
J. E. Cannady, Charleston, W. Va., A. M. Curtis, Washington,

D. C, U. G. Dailey, Chicago, 111., J. J. France, Portsmouth,
Va., S. A. Furniss, Indianapolis, Ind., J. H. Hale, Nashville,
Tenn., Geo. C. Hall., Chicago, 111., J. A. Kenney, Tuskegee,
Ala., N. F. Mossell, Phila., Pa., H. M. Murray, Wilmington,
Del., W. L. Perry, St. Louis, Mo., C. V. Roman, Nashville, Tenn.,

E. P. Roberts, New York City, N. Y., H. A. Royster, Raleigh
N. C, York Russell, New York City, N. Y., W. A. Warfield,
Washington, D. C, and A. Wilberforce Williams, Chicago, 111,

As the result of often handicapped and hurried researches
in the hundred or 'more following named cities, the writer was
only able to secure the few names listed below from among the
thousands of doctors unlocated but who are just as skilled in the
healing powers and just as learned in the medical science where-
ever they may be practicing :

Atlanta, Ga.

Dr. R. A. Carter, Drs. J. W.

Burney, H. R. Bulter, C. H. John-
son, H. E. Nash, J. A. Slater.
Atlantic City, N. J.

Drs. R. E. Harris, C. McGuire.
Augusta, Ga.

Drs. T. W. Josey, G. N. Stoney.
Baltimore, Md.

Drs. H. F. Brown, J. C. Brown,

D. E. Campbell, H. White, W.

H. Wright.
Birmingham, Ala.

Drs. J. W. Anderson, H. C. Bryant,

U. G. Mason, J. B. Clayton, E.

R. Dudley.
Boley, Okla.

Drs. J. D. Nelson, W. A. Paxton,

J. W. Young.
Boston, Mass.

Drs. C. Garland, C. Harrison, I.

L. Roberts, B. Robinson.
Buffalo, N. Y.

Drs. M. A. Allen, H. Lewis.
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Drs. R. Birnie, F. M. Jacobs,

R. Johnson, O. M. Waller.
Camden, N. J.

Drs. C. T. Branch, I. Wilson.
Charleston, S. C, D

Drs. M. M. Edwards, W. H. John-
son, J. M. Thompson, W. H. Miller
Charleston, W. Va.

Drs. J. E. Cannady, H. F. Gamble,

R. L. Jones.
Charlotte, N. C.

E. F. Tyson, J. T. Williams.
Chattanooga, Tenn.

Drs. T. A. Key, W. A. Thompson.
Chester, Pa.

Dr. J. H. Miller, K. L. Kurd, E. E.

Raven.
Chicago, 111.

Drs. U. G. Dailey, S. C. Dickson,

W. S. Grant, G. C. Hall, E. B.

Ramsey, A. Wilberforce Williams,

Daniel H. Williams.

172

Cincinnati, O.

Drs. E. B. Gray, F. W. Johnson.
Cleveland, O.

Drs. E. A. Bailey, C. H. Garvin,

E. J. Gregg, O. A. Taylor, J. T.
Sykes. h

Columbia, S. C.

N. A. Jenkins, F. B. Johnson.

Columbus, O.

W. W. Cooper, W. A. Method,
W. R. Morrison, W. Woodlin.

Danville, Va.

F. W. James, A. L. Winslow.
Dayton, O.

L. H. Cox, B. A. Rose.
Denver, Col.

S. A. Huff, J. H. Westbrook.
Des Moines, Iowa.

Drs. A. J. Booker, A. Jefferson.
Detroit, Mich.

Drs. Northcross and Turner.
Durham, N. C.

Drs. C. Donnell, A. M. Moore.
Evansville, Ind.

G. W. Buckner, H. Thompson.
Fort Smith, Ark.

Drs. S. W. Harrison, N. H. Lock-
hart.

Fort Worth, Texas.

Drs. A. B. Borders, J. W. Tildon.

Gary, Ind.

Drs. Baskett and Blackwell, C. E.

Hawkins.

Greenville, S. C.
Dr. A. E. Boyd.

Hampton, Va.

Drs. W. E. Atkins, C. S. Bassette
Bur! Bassette, J.J. Jones.

Harrisburg, Pa.

C. L. Carter, C. H. Crampton,
M. H. Lay ton, A. L. Marshall,
J. T. Warrick.

Hartford, Conn.
Dr. H. W. Furniss.

Helena, Ark.

Drs. A. D. Beacly, S. H. Hor-
goods.

Hopkinsville, Ky.
Dr. B. O. Moore.

Houston, Texas.

B. J. Covington, H. E. Lee.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Drs. H. W. Armistead, S. A. Fur-
niss, J. H. Ward, H. L. Hummonds.

Jackson, Miss.

Dr. R. S. Johnson.
Jacksonville, Fla.

Drs. C. F. Duncan, M. F.McCleary

J. S. Hills, A. H. Kennibrew.
Jersey Cit)', N. J.

Drs. G. E. Cannon, P. F. Ghee,
Kansas City, Kan.

Drs. J. N. Sohns, S. H.Thompson.
Kansas City, Mo.

Drs. E. C. Bunch, T. C. Brown,

C. M. Kane, J. E. Perry, J. F.

Shannon, W. J. Tompkins, T. C.

Unthank.

Knoxville, Tenn.

Drs. D. W. Crawford, S.M. Clark,

H. M. Green.
Leavenworth. Kan.

Drs. C. M. Moates, Silas Jackson.
Little Rock, Ark.

Drs. J. T. Clowers, G. W. S. Ish,

J. G. Thornton.
Los Angeles, Cal.

Drs. C. Ballard, Anna Leggett,

J. S. Outlaw, L. Stovall.
Lexington, Ky.

Dr. J. E. Hunter.
Louisville, Ky.

Drs. J. M. Hammons, A. C. Mc

Intyre, E. D. Wedbee, W. H.

Pickett.
Memphis, Tenn.

Drs. A. N. Townsend, C. A.

Terrell, J. T. Wilson
Milwaukee, Wis.

Drs. F. Boget, H. B. Stokes.
Mobile, Ala.

Drs. T. N. Harris, H. R. Williams.
Montgomery, Ala.

Drs. R. T. Adair, F. D. Boswell,

H. P. Dawson, F. C. Cuffey, J. A.

Deramiur, Wm. Washington.
Mound Bayou, Miss.

Dr. D. H. Broomfield.
Muskogee, Okla.

Drs. H. L. Meckelroy, R. H.

Watterford.
Nashville, Tenn.

Drs. L. A. Fisher, J. H. Hale, A. L.

Herron, J. T. Phillips, C. V. Ro-
man, J. N. Holman, F. A. Stewart.

173

Newark, N. J.

Drs. S. S. Bruington, Green and

Wolfe.
New Orleans, La .

Drs. A. W. Braizer, L. T. Bur-
bridge, R. Fredricks.
Newport News, Va.

Drs. W. P. Dickerson, C. A.

Easton, W. T. Foreman, J. H.

Robinson, C. W. Scott, P. S.

Scott.
New York City, N. Y.

Drs. E. P. Roberts, York Russell,

U. G. Vincent, L. T. Wright,

W. M. Wilson, A. S. Reed.
Norfolk, Va.

Drs. P. L. Barber, J. D. Jackson.
Omaha, Neb.

Drs. L. E. Britt, J. H. Hutten.
Philadelphia, Pa.

Drs. F. C. Antoine, Eugene Hin-

son, Chas. Lewis, A. B. Jackson,

N. F. Mossell, P. J. Taylor, J.

D. Turner, Minton, Lennon, Mc-

Dougall, Sinclair.
Phoenix, Arizona.

Dr. W. C. Hackett.
Pine Bluff, Ark.

Drs. H. L. Jordan, J. W. Parker.
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Drs. F. F. Bishop, J. T. A.llen,

}. B. Shepard, G. G. Terfley, A. C.

Kyles.
Portland, Oregon.

Dr. J. A. Merriman.
Portland, Me.

Dr. Herndon White.
Portsmouth, N. H.

Dr. C. A. Randolph.
Portsmouth, Va.

Dr. J. J. France, W. T. Jones.
Providence, R. I.

Drs. W. H. Higgins, J. Robinson.,

J. Birch.

Hospitals

Raleigh, N. C.

Drs. C. A. Dunston, L. E. Mc

Conley, J. O. Plumber, H. A.

Royster, P. F. Roberts, J. T.

Northam.
Richmond, Va.

Drs. H. A. Allen, W. H. Hughes,

M. B. Jones, J. H. Blackwell.
Roanoke, Va.

Drs. J. B. Claytor, J. H. Roberts.
San Antonio, Texas.

Drs. W. M. Drake, C. A. Whitten.
San Francisco, Cal.

Drs. R. N. Arthurton, W. W.

Purnell.
Savannah, Ga.

Drs. O. C. Claybome, F. S,

Belcher, W. C. Blackman, W. A.

Harris, G. W. Smith.
Seattle, Wash.

Drs. D. T. Cardwell, C. F. Max-
well.
Shreveport, La.

Drs. E. B. Liddel, D. A. Smith.
St. Louis, Mo.

Drs. W. P. Curtis, J. T. Caston,

R. C. Haskell, W. L. Perry, S. P.

Stafford, D. Weaver, J. A. Gross-
land, C. L. Thomas.
St. Paul, Minn.

Drs. W. D. Bloom, V. Turner.
Tampa, Fla.

Dr. J. A. White.
Terre Haute, Ind.

Drs. A. L. Cabell, D. A. Bethea.
Washington, D. C.

Drs. S. L. Carson, E. A. Balloch,

A. M. Curtis, W. A. Warfield, E.D.

Williston, R.A. Burton.
Wichita, Kamn.

Drs. J. E. Farmer, F. O. Miller.
Wilmington, Del.

Drs. C. Banston, S. G. Elbert, H.

Murray.
Wilmington, N. C.

Drs. F. F. Burnett, S. M. Key.

and Nurses

Although American Negroes own and conduct over one hun-
dred modernly equipped hospitals, even that number of buildings
does not afford space enough to properly house the three thous-
and Colored graduate nurses now practicing in the United
States, should all those angels of mercy at the same time apply
for aqcomodations in the above institutions.

174

The writer regrets that as hard and patiently as he re-
searched he was unable to secure a list of names of the Colored
woman doctors who are to-day practicing medicine in the Unit-
ed States. It, therefore, affords him great pleasure, at the
very last moment on the eve of this publication coming from
the press, to be able to rush in his book from the September
24, 1921, issue of the Chicago Defender, the following article
regarding the distinguished abilities and works of one of the
numerous Negro women physicians to-day following their pro-
fession in America:

"WOMAN DOCTOR RECEIVES FRENCH MEDAL OF HONOR."

"Newport, R. I., Sept., 23. — Dr. Harriet A. Rice, prominent in Newport
circles, received from the French government this week the Reconnaissance
Francaise, a bronze medal, warded her in July 1919, for her work overseas
during the war. The medal reached her through the French Embassy at
Washington.

"Dr. Rice is a graduate of Wellesley College and of the Women's Medica 1
College of New York. She served in the French military hospital during the
greater part of the war from 1915 to the signing of the armistice, and it is for
these services that she is decorated. The medal was presented her by Prince
de Beam, charge d'affaires of the French embassy.

"According to the citation which accompanied the medal, the woman is
honored by the French government because of "her devotion and ability in
caring for the French wounded during the war."

IN DENTISTRY

The Toothache Man.
(The fellow who loves your tooth to jerk
And then with a smile, asks: "Did it hurt?")

Yearly to him folks ought to go

To learn of holes they do not know;
So toughest steaks to finely grind

With nature's teeth and not false kind.

— Harrison.

A mong the five hundred or more Colored dentists in America,
**■ who are today practicing in offices furnished with their
own surgical instruments as well as gas, electrical and other
modern appliances, Drs. Chas. E. Bentley, Chicago, 111., and
Chas. H. Roberts, New York City, according to competent judges
are considered two of the most prominent and best all-round
authorities in their profession. And in nearly every other large
city there are similar expert and successful dentists, a list of
whom the writer was unable to get. (extracts from Work's Ne-
gro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 422-23-24).

175

IN INVENTIONS

New Ideas — New Things.

Creative folks are oft jeered fools

For thinking things along new rules;

But when such folks invent things real

How foolish those who laughed must feel.

— Harrison.

One of the chief reasons why the United States has made
such rapid and wonderful progress along all lines of industrial
civilization and today stands first among all countries in wealth
is due mostly to the original ideas and inventive powers of the
American Yankee. And to proove that the original ideas of
Negroes have had a very important part in helping to make the
United States such a leading and resourceful nation, the following
citations are but a few of the two thousand and more inventions
that Colored people in America have had patented and put on the
market for practical use.

"The first Negro to receive a patent on an invention was
Henry Blair, of Maryland, who, in 1834 and 1836, was granted
patents on a corn harvester. He is supposed to have been a
free Negro."

"Benjamin Banneker, — Noted Negro Astronomer. Born
free, November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland. Re-
ceived some education in a pay school. Early showed an incli-
nation for mechanics. About 1754, with imperfect tools, con-
structed a clock which told the time and struck the hour. This
was the first clock constructed in America."

"William B. Purvis, of Philadelphia, has inventions covering
a variety of subjects, but directed mainly along a single line of
experiment and improvement. He began in 1912, the invention
of machines for making paper bags, and his improvements in
this line of machinery are covered by a dozen patents. Some half
dozen other patents granted Mr. Purvis, include three patents
on electric railways, one on a fountain pen, another on a magne-
tic car-balancing device, and still another for a cutter for roll
holders."

176

"Joseph Hunter Dickinson, of New Jersey, specializes in the
line of musical instruments, particularly playing the piano. He
began more than fifteen years ago to invent devices for auto-
matically playing the piano. He is at present in the employ of a
large piano factory. His various inventions in piano-player
mechanism are adopted in the construction of some of the finest
piano-players on the market. He has more than a dozen patents
to his credit already, and is still devoting his energies to that line
of inventions."

"Frank J. Ferrell, of New York, has obtained about a dozen
patents for his inventions, the larger number of them being for
improvement in valves for steam engines."

"Benjamin F. Jackson, of Massachusetts, is the inventor of a
dozen different improvements in heating and lighting devices,
including a controller for a trolley wheel."

"Charles V. Richey, of Washington, D. C, has obtained
about a dozen patents on his inventions, the last of which was a
most ingenius device for registering the calls on a telephone
and detecting the unauthorized use of that instrument."

"The late Granville T. Woods, of New York, and his brother,
Lyates took out some fifty or more patents. Wood's inventions
principally relate to electrical subjects, such as telegraph and tele-
phone instruments, electrical railways and general systems of
electrical control. Several are on devices for transmitting tele-
graphic messages between moving trains. According to Patent
Office Records, several of Woods' patents have for valuable
considerations been assigned to the foremost electrical corpora-
tions, such as the General Electric Company, of New York, and
the American Bell Telephone Company, of New York. Mr.
Woods' inventive faculty also worked along other lines. He de-
vised an incubator, a complicated amusement device, a steam
boiler furnace and a mechanical brake."

"John Ernest Matzeliger, born Dutch Guina, 1852, died,
Lynn, Massachusetts, 1889. He is the inventor of the first
machine that performed automatically all the operations in-
volved in attaching soles to shoes. This wonderful achieve-
ment marked the beginning of a distinct revolution in the art

177

of making shoes by machinery. Matzeliger realized this, and
attempted to capitalize it by organizing a stock company to
market his invention; but his plans were frustrated through
failing health and lack of business experience and shortly there-
after he died. The patent and much of the stock of the com-
pany organized by Matzeliger was bought up. The purchase
laid the foundation for the organization of the United Shoe
Machinery Company the largest and richest corporation of the
kind in the world."

"During 1917-1918, Negroes made a large number of inven-
tions. Many of these related to the war. Charles Stevenson of
Amarillo, Texas, invented a glass war bomb. It was reported
that L. A. Hayden, a native of Charlotte, North Carolina, in-
vented an airship stableizer which was adopted by the British
Government and that he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant
in the British aviation corps. Julius Hart of Columbus, Geor-
gia, invented three war bombs which were reported to be of
great military value and that for one the War Department
gave him $15,000. Wm. D. Polite, of Charlotte, North Caro-
lina, has patented an anti-aircraft gun."

"Jacob W. F. Berry of Decatur, Alabama, invented an elec-
trically driven submarine. H. A. Cooper of Sabetha, Kansas,
invented a submarine detector. Henry Grady of Westbourne,
Tennessee, has had patented a Torpedo- Catcher and a Mine
Destroyer."

"The 'national safety helmet' or hood, invented by Garrett
A. Morgan of Cleveland, is reported to have been used by the
United States and the Allies to combat poisonous gases and as a
safety device on Submarines. The 'Safety Hood and Smoke
Protector' was originally invented for firemen.

"In addition to seven American patents on this device, Mr.
Morgan holds patents for Canada, England, Germany and other
countries. This invention received a gold medal prize from the
American Museum of safety and the first grand prize at the second
Inter-National Convention of Safety and Sanitation which was
held at New York City. In 1914, the Inter-National Fire chief's

178

Association in session in New Orleans, voted Mr. Morgan a
gold honorary membership badge. 'The safety hood' is manu-
factured by the Safety Device Company of which Mr. Morgan
is the general manager. As a protection for firemen, it is in
use in a large number of cities.''

"H. C. Webb of Bradentown, Florida, is the inventor of the
Webb Palmetto Grubbing Machine, which removes the stumps
from 5 to 10 acres of land per day."

C. J. Perry, of Cincinanti, O., has invented a hydro-carbon
device that saves 10 to 20 percent of coal fuel and also consumes
85 per cent of the smoke. This invention is now in use on the
Milwaukee Railroad and in the Metropole Hotel in Chicago,
111. C. H. Jackson has invented a diving outfit with which the
world record for deep-sea diving has been broken. Miss Alice
H. Parker, of Washington, D. C, has received a patent on a
heating furnace. Wm. Solder, Boston, Mass., has been given
a patent on a cooking stove and water heater combined.

'The largest number of patents received on inventions, by
a Negro, was by Elijah McCoy, of Detroit, Michigan. McCoy
obtained his first patent in July, 1872, and his last one in 1917.
During this period of forty years he invented one thing after
another and has some fifty-eight patents to his credit. His in-
ventions cover a wide range of subjects, but relate particularly
to the lubricating of machinery. He was a pioneer in the art
of steadily supplying oil to machinery in intermittent drops from
a cup so as to avoid the necessity for stopping the machine to oil
it. McCoy's lubricating cup was famous thirty years ago as a
necessary equipment for all-up-to-date machinery." (quota-
tions from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs.
5-6-7-8-341-2-3-4)

179

IN POETRY

The Poets

As the artists see, so the poets feel

Inspiring powers that make them steal

Away to write some pictured scene

So to help the world to get serene.

— Harrison.

THE first Colored poetess in America to win national and
international fame was Phyllis Wheatley, who was brought
from Africa in 1761 and sold as a slave in Boston, Mass. Finding
Phyllis to be an unusually quick and apt child to learn, her
owner spared no pains to give her the best of education. Her
poetry writing began at an early age. She became so intelligent
and self-cultured that the most wealthy and refined white people
of the day entertained her. All the time she was writing verses
of the highest quality. Finally going to Europe her success was
even greater there to such an extent that she appeared before
the Royal Courts of England and received high honors. Her
literary works were reviewed by some of the best scholars in
England where much of her poetry was published in London
under the title "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral"

The late Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Negro Poet-Laureate, is
considered the greatest poet the Negro race has produced.
Starting as an elevator boy he struggled through one disap-
pointment after another to get an education. All that time he
was writing poetry and finally after his works came under the
notice of such great white writers as William Dean Howells and
James Whitcomb Riley, the genius of Dunbar and the value of
his writings became world known. He traveled all about giving
recitals of his poetry that took the country by storm. His prose
works won just as much admiration and comment. His writings
were based on the American Negro in and out of slavery and the
pen pictures he has drawn are masterpieces of literature. Chief
among his compositions are; "Lyrics of Lowly Life", "Lyrics of
The Hearthstone," "Heart of Happy Hollow", "Folks From
Dixie," "Oak and Ivy", "Majors and Minors", "Uncalled",
"Love and Landry" and "The Sports Of The Gods."

180

William Stanley Braithwaite, as editor of "The New Poetry
Review" of Cambridge, author of "The Anthology of Magazine
Verse", editor of "The Contemporary American Poets Series"
and annual reviewer of the poerty that appears in the leading
magazines of America, is recognized as the leading Colored poet
and among the foremost world poets of today. A few of his
works are; "The House of Falling Leaves", "The Book of Vic-
torian Verse", "Life of Lyrics and Love", "The Book of Georgian
Verse", "The Book of Elizabethian Verse", and "The Book of
Restoration Verse." He was awarded the Spingarn Medal in
1918.

James Weldon Johnson is a poet and writer of first note, and
his poem "The Young Warrior," that was set to music by Harry
T. Burleigh, almost became the national hymn of Italy during
the World War. His poem "Fifty Years" that appeared in
many of the leading white magazines and newspapers during
the first part of 1913, brought forth high comment from all parts
of the country. His poems have appeared in the Century, the
Independent, the Crisis and other publications. He has pub-
lished some of his poetry in a book titled "Fifty Years and Other
Poems."

"Mr. Johnson is a young colored poet of America. Some of
his verse is in the cultivated English, some in the broken language
of the American Negro. The latter rings true. They express
with singular intensity the joys and sorrows of a subject race."
The above comment was made by The London Literary World
regarding the poetic abilities of Fen ton Johnson, Chicago, III.
Aside from receiving high mentions from The New York World,
and Poetry, a magazine of Verse, some of his works were also
included in Braithwaite's" Anthology of Magazine Verse for 1918"
and "The Chicago Anthology". One of his recent volumes of
poetry that attracted praiseworthy attention on both sides of
the ocean is "A Little Dreaming."

While the facts, that short stories of the highest order are
constantly flowing from her pen point (or typewriter) and that
she is Literary Editor of The Crisis, have gained for her the dis-
tinction of being a foremost prose writer among Colored women

181

in America today; Jessie Redmon Fauset, on account of the
numerous outputs and unusual high quality of her poems, is
also recognized as one of the best verse writers among Colored
people on both sides of the ocean.

The father and son poets, Jos. S. Cotter, Sr. and Jr., have pro-
duced verse matter that stands among the best in the country
among Colored writers. Information regarding the works of
these composers will be found else-where in this book. But a
praiseworthy mention regarding Jos. S. Cotter, Jr., who died
in his early twenties and for several years before that had been
confined on a bed of affliction, should be made herein. While
other poets have had their health, strength and vigor to do their
work, young Cotter was suffering almost constant pain in bed
while turning out his poetry that came from the depths of his
patient soul, and ring as true as a pure-cast bell.

"Georgia Douglas Johnson was born in Atlanta, Ga., was
educated in the public schools and at the Atlanta University
after which she took a course of music at the Oberlin Conserva-
tory. Her first book, ' 'The Heart of a Woman and Other Poems' '
with an introduction by William Stanley Braithwaite, was
published by the Cornhill Co, of Boston, Mass., three years ago;
her second book, "An Autumn Love Cycle," will be out shortly.
Her third book, "Shadow Song" is entirely different to the other
two, being entirely racial, treated in the over-tone style of sug-
gestion. This book will appear some months after the "Love
Cycle." The above quotation is in part an editorial note that
appeared in the May 1921 issue of Music and Poetry. The high
standard and amazing numbers of Mrs. Johnson's verses that
appear in leading magazines are attracting wide attention and
have already placed her in a class among the leading Colored
writers before the public today.

Claude McKay, a poet of international reputation, enjoys
the honor of being one of the first Colored writers to be made
an associate editor on the staff of a white national magazine —
The Liberator, which is published in New York City. Mr.
McKay has for several years been writing poetry for many of
the leading magazines in Europe as well as for Colored and white

182

periodicals in America. His book, "Spring in New Hampshire
and Other Poems" has brought forth high literary comment
from verse critics in both countries.

"Miscellaneous Poems" and "Sketches of Southern Life'
are two titles covering some of the verses produced by the poetess'
Frances E. Harper, who also wrote first quality prose. Jas. E-
McGirth wrote "Some Simple Songs" and other verse matter
that has stood the test of the best critics.

The late J. D. Corrothers gained much distinction as a prose
and verse writer and for several years his poems appeared in
some of the leading white magazines. George R. Margeston's
book of poems "Songs of Life" has brought forth much favorable
comment, and stamped him as a poet who is fast forging to the
front.

All verse critics who regularly read the close-to-nature,
true- to-life, heart-to-heart and cheerful little poems that weekly
head the editorial pages of the Chicago Defender, join in acclaim-
ing Alfred Anderson the Edgar A. Guest "Sunshine Poet" of the
Negro Race. A few of the many other Colored verse writers
whose poems frequently appear in leading magazines are Carrie
C. Clifford, Sergt. Allen R. Griggs, Jr., Thos. M. Henry, Sarah
C. Fernandas, Leslie P. Hill, Roscoe Jamison, Chas. Bertram
Johnson, Winifred Virginia Jordan, Will Sexton and Lucian B.
Watkins, the last named writer being considered among the fore-
most writers the race has produced during the past few years.

1&3

AMONG THE ARTISTS

The Artist.

In everything, real artists see

Some good therein God made pretty :

Such finds they gladly then set free
So all can share the new beauty.

— Harrison.

According to page 331 of the 1918-1919 edition of Work's
Negro Year Book, "Bannister, E. M., of Providence, Rhode
Island, was one of the first Negroes in America to achieve dis-
tinction as a painter. He was the founder of the Providence
Art Club, which is to-day the leading art organization in Provi-
dence. "Its membership, mostly, if not wholly white, includes
many of the leading citizens of the city and state." One of Mr.
Bannister's pictures "Under the Oaks" was awarded a medal
at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. The picture became the
property of the Duffe Estate of New York City."

Henry O. Tanner, born in Pittsburgh, Pa., and now living
in Paris, France, is the greatest artist in the Negro race and
among the best of all races. His early life along artistic lines
Was one of hard struggles, constant ambitions, unshaken deter-
minations and final success, until today his works are known and
treasured all over the world. His most successful paintings are
those describing different incidents that are taught in the Bible.
Among his many pictures that have won fame and fortunes for
him are; "The Banjo Lesson", "Christ Walking on the Sea",
"The Holy Family", "Hills Near Jerusalem", "Christ at the
Home of Lazarus", "Mary and Elizabeth" and "The Hiding of
Moses." Mr. Tanner is the son of Bishop B. T. Tanner.

"Mr. William Scott is considered by critics to be one of the
foremost artists in America. He excells alike in the difficulties
of portrait painting and in the cleverness and subtlety of his car-
toon work. In a time when artists are becoming more and more
a necessity of modern life, his ability bids fair to lift him even
more to the top of his profession. Mr. Scott led his class at
the Chicago Art Institute." This quotation is extracted from
the November-December 1920 issue of Fen ton Johnson's Favor-
ite Magazine.

184

The following extract about Mr. Scott is from Work's Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, page 331: "He took the Magnus
Brand Prize for two successive years. He studied in Paris at
the Julian Academy and under Henry O. Tanner. Three of his
paintings were accepted by the Salon des Beaux Arts at Toquet.
The Argentine Republic purchased one of his pictures, La
Pauvre Voisine. He has completed Mural paintings for public
buildings in Evanston, Illinois; Chicago and Indianapolis. He is
interesting himself in Negro subjects and is doing in painting
what Dunbar has done in verse."

The late Wm. A. Harper of Chicago, 111., although a young
man at his death had already won recognition for his paintings
and himself. He had spent two year of study in Paris and has
been successful in exhibiting his paintings at the Chicago Art
Institute. Chief among his works are "The Last Gleam",
"The Hillside", and "The Gray Day."

A few of the many present day Colored artists who have also
become recognized and prominent in this art are; Lulu Adam's,
Los Angles, Cal.; Ernest Atkinson, Baltimore, Md.; C.L.Boyd-
kin, Boston, Mass.; C. L. Dawson, Chicago, 111.; Arthur Diggs,
J. B. Davidson, Washington, D. C; W. M. Farrow, Frances
Grant, Marcellus Hawkins, Chicago, 111.; J. Hardwick, L.
Harris, Louise Latimer, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Effie Lee, Wilberforce,
Ohio; L. M. Rogers, Harvey Roseland, Washington, D. C;
A. A. Smith, New York; Frank Waltz, N. Y., Hilda Wilk-
erson, Arthur W7inslow, Chicago, 111., and Sidney Woodward,
New York, (some of above names are extracts from Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pg. 331.)

Miss Laura Wheeler's painting "Heirlooms" won first place
in New York City among 500 art exhibits at the Water Color
Club. Aside from being an instructor in the art department
of the Cheyney School, Cheyney, Pa., and illustrator for such
national magazines as The Crisis, she is recognized as one of
the foremost Colored women artists in America.

At the John Wanamaker Art Exhibition held in Philadel-
phia, Pa., not many months ago, K. G. Ganaway, a Colored

185

butter in Chicago, 111., entered his photographic picture ''The
Spirit of Transportation", which won first prize out of 900
pictures exhibited by many of the country's most experienced
and expert white photographers residing in different parts of the
United States. While other people in going to railroad stations
saw nothing interesting there but hurrying crowds of people,
truck loads of baggage and black sooty trains and sheds;
Mr, Ganaway's artistic eye and timely focused camera soared
above those common place things as he saw and portrayed
the wonderful beauty of the dust laden tapering and yellow
beams of lights and shadows caused by the sun's golden rays
streaming through the dingy skylights of the Terminal's high
and arched ceilings.

Architects

In nearly every American city of importance where the Negro
population is large there are Colored architects of recognized
standing and ability. The following are just a few of those
names that have come under the hurried notice of the writer:
W. T. Bailey, Memphis, Tenn.; A. I. Cassell, Baltimore, Md.;
W..C. Cook, Gary, Ind.; W. H. Hammond, Pittsburgh, Pa.;
I. T. Hatton, Washington, D. C; Benjamin and William Hazel,
Boston, Mass.; Harry S. James, Seattle, Washington, now in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; H. N. Johnson, Norfolk, Va.; the late J.
T. N. Minot, New York City; J.C. Norman, Charleston, W.Va.;
J. W. Robinson and Henry Robinson, Hampton, Va. ; Chas. T.
Russell, A. M. Segoins, Baltimore, Md., V. W. Tandy, New
York City, W. T. White, Kansas City, Mo. and P. R. Williams,
Los Angeles, Cal.

186

AMONG THE SCULPTORS

Magic Chisels.

We read in fairy tales of old

Of crude things wanded into gold;
But we have fairies of to-day

Who breath life into stone and clay.
— Harrison.

PREJUDICE against her race and sex did not deter the
colored girl, Edmonia Lewis, from struggling upward to
honor and fame as a sculptor." This is what was written about
that great genius on page 64 in "Pushing To The Front" one
of the books of Orison Swett Marden, who aside from being
editor of the New Success Magazine is also known in all lands
as the greatest and widest read inspirational white writer in the
world today. Among the chief works of Miss Lewis are; "The
Death of Cleopatra" that was exhibited in 1876 at the Centennial
Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pa., "The Freed Woman", "The
Marriage of Hiawatha" and the bust of Robert Gould Shaw.

Residing in So. Framington, Mass., is Meta Vaux Warrick
(Mrs. S. C. Euller) who is considered a leading Colored sculptress
in America today. What is known as her masterpiece, "The
Wretched", a sculptured group, was exhibited in Paris in 1903.
Some of her other productions are; "The Silent Appeal", "The
Dancing Girl", "The Wrestlers", and "The Immigrant in Ameri-
ca."

Standing in the front ranks of this art is May Howard Jack-
son of Washington, D. C. In both the Vorhoff Art Gallery and
the Corcoran Art Gallery the results of her talents have been
successfully exhibited. Her recent bust of Paul Lawrence Dun-
bar, that was unveiled in one of the Washington High Schools,
has aroused much interest and favorable comment not only
in the national capital but throughout the country. (Ref. :
Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 331-2)

187

IN VOCAL MUSIC

Heavens Repast.

No human sound is there on earth

To equal that of songful mirth
That sweetly flows from gifted voice

To feed the soul with Heaven's choice.
— Harrison.

EACH new day echoes the triumph of some individual who
has gloriously bridged chasms of earthly deterents —
racial, financial, meptal, physical and moral — during which time
that individual has been torn and left naked, bleeding and des-
pondent; but to the brave these vicissitudes never weaken, but
strengthen, and they fight with the tenacity of a savage, finally
reaping conquest after conquest. Roland Hayes, tenor of Boston
illustrates the result of being firm, holding on, fighting, and today
he has achieved what every artist desires as a reward of their
genius, their years of struggle to excell, the recognition of the
world, of kings and queens. And May 2 the cables flashed
word that a Negro tenor had been received at the palace to
sing for the royal family, and was presented a diamond pin by
King George, the significant manner in which royalty pays
homage to great musicians of the world. They were delighted
with the voice and manner of the singer, and the king observed
how different the songs were from what the English were taught
to believe were characteristic Negro melodies. We have always
been caricatured, always portrayed as the jester for the world's
amusement, and Mr. Hayes did not overlook the opportunity
to rescue our folk songs from the debasement they have suffered
from the result of pernicious money mongers, and present them
as the sorrow songs of a persecuted people filled with weariness
and renunciation.

"His sojourn in London has been marked with success after
success, beginning with his premiere recital, significant with
concurrent praise from the critics. An appearance at the dinner
given by the American Society to British women at the Hotel
Cecil, on which occasion he sang "The Star-Spangled Banner."
His appearances at two concerts given by the Samuel Coleridge-
Taylor Choral Society (Mrs. I. F. Coleridge-Taylor, patron;

188

Sir. Charles V. Stanford, president, and Douglas M. Durston,
conductor) in aid of the mayor's unemployment fund and numer-
ous concerts, the last of which, April 16, was a huge success
financially and artistically. The critics said many lovely things
of Mr. Hayes anent his voice, his style, his intelligence and
manner; but to us who know and love him, who feel his very heart
throb as he pleads through his art for his people, recognize and
understand that his voice wails in eagerness for deliverance,
freedom, the right to breathe and live untrammeled and unop-
pressed.

"A word is here appropriate in praise of Lawrence Brown, who
has been his sympathetic accompanist and collaborator in the
settings of a number of spirituals for concert use. Mr. Brown
is also an excellent pianist, and the critics recognize his dual
talent by always giving him a share in their notes.' '

The above quotation is extracted from an editorial that ap-
peared on page 13 in the May 1921 issue of Nora Douglas Holt's
monthly magazine, Music and Poetry, that is published in Chi-
cago, 111.

Mr. Hayes received his musical education in the New Eng-
land conservator}' of Music, Boston, Mass., and today is ac-
claimed not only the foremost tenor in the Negro race but one
of the greatest tenors in the world.

Colored and white song critics on both sides of the ocean
have for many years recognized Harry T.Burleigh as the leading
baritone soloist in the Negro race. For the past twenty or
more years he has been a soloist in the choir of the St. George's
Protestant Church, which is one of the leading and wealthiest
white churches in New York City, having on its membership
roll such world-known names as Seth Low and J. Pierpont Mor-
gan. Mr. Burleigh is also a composer of international fame,
and his "Deep River" is frequently sung in different parts
of the world by famous white singers. More mention of Mr.
Burleigh's celebrated compositions will be made elsewhere in
this book.

"Guide to Voice Culture" is a book written by Madame E.
Azalia Hackley. This book is soundly based on the ripe and rich

189

experiences gained by Mrs. Hackley after an untiring and ex-
tensive preparation under the best voice culture masters in
America and Europe. For many years she was the most promi-
nent Colored singer in America. For several years past she has
been devoting her time and energies in traveling throughout
the country organizing and presenting chorus recitals dealing
mostly or wholly with American Negro folklore songs. In thus
constantly coming in personal contact with the masses of Col-
ored people in all parts of the United States, Mrs. Hackley is
doing more today than any musician in personally meeting and
influencing so many Colored people to learn to love, sing, and
preserve Negro plantation melodies.

Anita Patti Brown of Chicago, 111., is today one of the most
eminent sopranos belonging to the Negro race. She has made
numerous and unusually successful trips throughout America
and the West Indies, and those who have heard her remarkable
singing instantly fall in love with her full round voice of natural
richness and sweetness. Among her most catchy pieces is the
one titled "Villanelle" which has been reproduced on Columbia
Phonograph records with great success.

Florence Cole Talbert, aside from winning the diamond medal
at the Chicago Musical College has also won national reputation
as one of the leading sopranos among the American Colored
people. Although high up on the ladder of songhood, she is
continuing to climb to the top by taking special courses in Chicago
under such famed teachers as Oscar Saenger and Madame
Valerie. This great singer's home is in Detriot, Michigan.

Cleota Collins, Columbus, Ohio, is a soprano of note, and,, as
the editor of Music and Poetry has so well said, "is a young wo-
man with a frail body but such an enormous mentality and a
voice that makes you close your eyes and listen to her interpre-
tation of songs that set your senses tiltilating. But she has
worked patiently to acquire this power and now condescends
to tell young students how she did it." She is associate editor
of Music and Poetry.

Although he is at present living in New Zealand, where he
has endeared himself in the hearts of all music lovers there H.
Hodges can be rightly claimed an American product on account

190

of his native home being Boston, Mass. His commanding and
well trained talented voice is one of the wonders of Auckland
where he conducts one of the most exclusive music studios.

After spending several years of personal sacrifices and hard
study in America, France and England, Rachel Walker of
Cleveland, Ohio was finally rewarded by receiving personal
recognition and praise from kings and queens during her first
succcessful appearance in Europe. And today she is classed
among the best of American Colored song birds.

Worcester, Mass., and New England in general is justified
in being so proud of Estelle P. Clough who has won for herself
first place among great Colored singers. She has successfully
appeared in most of the important cities in the United States.

WTm. H. Richardson of Boston, Mass., is one of the best
Colored baritones in America. He has made numerous joint
recitals with Maud Cuney Hare through the United States and
has met with great success on all occasions.

In singing compositions of Negro, French, German, Italian
and Russian musicians, Wilson Lamb of Orange, N. J., demon-
strates in his recitals that he has a baritone voice of marked
agreeableness and unusual control. Each year when he gives
his big recitals his voice shows the favorable results of his con-
tinued hard study and practice, and white papers are unstinting
in giving him praise.

For twenty years Sisseretta Jones has successfully managed
a musical company of her own organization known as "The
Black Patti Troubadors". In all the European cities they visited
they had over-crowded houses night after night. It must be
said to the glowing credit and praise of Madame Jones that she
is probably the only woman in America, Colored or white, who
has been successful in organizing and keeping together for so
many years such a high-classed group of musical entertainers.

During the early eighties Madame Selika better known as
"Black Patti", went to Europe and completely captivated the
friendship of music lovers in the "Old Country" by her marve-
lous birdlike thrills and matchless renditions of her famous "Echo
Song." The great range and sweetness of her voice was a de-
lightful mystery to all who heard her.

191

It was as far back as 1851, at the time the world-famed jenny
Lind (white) was enjoying her greatest fame, that Elizabeth T.
Greenfield a Colored woman came into prominence as a noted
singer. She was often called the "Black Jenny Lind" and won
fame in America and Europe where she was given the pet name
of "The Black Swan."

In the minds of many people still living there are yet fond
recollections of that human song bird, Flora Batson, (Mrs.
Bergen) who was born in Providence, R. I. The music people
in America, Europe, Africa, Australia and New Zealand con-
sidered it a rare treat to hear her touching and pathetic voice
that had such bell-like tones and clarity of enuncitation. For
ninety-one continuous nights at a revival in New York City her
voice held vast crowds spellbound as they tearfully listened to
her soul-touching voice sing "Six Feet of Earth Make Us All One
Size." And hundreds of curious and prejudiced white people
who first went to those meetings to jeer and make fun had their
set minds suddenly converted by listening to the truth and full
meaning of that song and had their frozen hearts completely
melted by the soulful shocks of that great singer's voice. (Ref.
Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 326-7-8).

Anna and Emma Hyers, soprano and contralto; Wallace
Kine, tenor; John Lucca and Frederick Louidin, Bassos, of the
Old School, were among the foremost singers of their times and
proved vocal marvels to all who heard them sing in America and
Europe. For years the well trained and talented quartettes of
Fisk University, Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes have been
winning fame throughout America and even in Europe as un-
surpassed singers of Negro plantation songs.

Below are the names of just a few human Colored song-birds
of today whom the writer was able to discover among 'the many
flocks that, although now perched very high, are constantly
flitting up and up toward the top branches of solo-song trees.

Marion Anderson, Phila., Pa., Martha B. Anderson, sopranos;
E. H. Boatner, baritone, Boston, Mass.; Minnie Brown, soprano,
N. Y.; Edmonia H. Brown, soprano, Kansas City, Mo.; Arthur

192

Brown, baritone, Mayme C. Byron, soprano, T. Bryant, tenor,
Grace Campbell, soprano, Chicago, 111.; C. Carroll Clark, bari-
tone, New York City; Dessa Clements, soprano, H. Delmore,
tenor, Boston, Mass.; L. B. Duppe, baritone, Springfield, Mass.;
Isabelle Givens, soprano, Cincinnati, O.jLeroy Goodman, tenor,
Columbus, O. ; Mrs. H. L. Grant, soprano, Washington, D. C;

C. J. Harbour, tenor, Okmulgee, Okla. ; Blanche D. Harris, so-
prano, New York City; S. Hilliard, tenor, Chicago, 111.; Revella
Hughes, sorpano, New York City; Mrs. H. Hunter, soprano,
Durham, N. C. ; Alfred H. Johnson, baritone, C. L. Johnson, tenor
New York City; Marie P. Johnson, soprano, Ella F. Jones, so-
prano, Lulu R. Jones, soprano, Mary Jones, soprano, Chicago
111.; Josephine A. Junius, contralto; Paige I. Lancaster, baritone,
John T. Lattimore, tenor, Hampton, Va.,; Jennie C. Lee, so-;
prano, Tiiskegee, Ala.; Annie H. Lee, soprano, Baltimore, Md.,
Lawrence Lomax, tenor; C. A. Marshall, baritone, Junious Max-
well, tenor, Lydia McClain, soprano, Phila., Pa.; B. D. McCorkel,
tenor, Carolyn Montgomery, contralto; J. A. Myers, tenor,
Nashville, Tenn.; W. P. Norcum, baritone, Portsmouth, Va.;
Alice M. Pettijohn, soprano, Amherst, Mass.; Mrs. C. Rechley,
soprano, Baltimore, Md.; Wm. Simmons, basso, Chicago, 111.;
Maud J. Roberts, soprano, Chicago, 111.; W. Ryder, basso, Cin-
cinnati, O.; N. Clark Smith, tenor, Kansas City, Mo.; Innis
Simpson, tenor, Leon Simpson, soprano, Princeton, N. J. Luela

D. Smith, soprano, Daisey Tapley, contralto, Grace W. Thomp-
son, soprano, Lillian E. Tibbs, soprano, Washington D. C;
S. A. Thomas, basso, Newport News, Va. ; Mabel O. Story,
sopano, St. Louis, Mo.; Emlyne J. Tindley, contralto, Phila.,
Pa; Clarence Tisdale, tenor, Chicago, 111.; Mrs. F. K. Watkins,
soprano, Durham, N. C; Junius Williams, basso, New York
City; Mrs. L.Wilson, soprano, Baltimore, Md. ; Sidney Woodward
tenor, New York City; Mary Stafford, soprano, New York.

Having as its object, "To foster Negro talent; labor for eco-
nomic and educational betterment", The National Association
of Negro Musicians, under the wise leadership of Henry L. Grant,
is wielding a musical influence for good that is being felt and ap-
preciated not only by American Colored and white musicians

193

but by music lovers of both races even abroad. Other nationally
known musicians, who, as officers in this organization, are ably
assisting their president in furthering the inspirational and ele-
vating work of this organ are; Melville Charleton, R. Nathaniel
Dett, Carl Diton, Kemper Herreld, Nora Douglass Holt, Deacon
Johnson, H. P. B. Johnson, R. Agustus Lawson, W. H. Loving,
Harriet G. Marshall, James A. Mundy, Alice Carter Simmons,
T. Theo. Taylor, Clarence C. White and Fred J. Work.

If there be Colored youths who, after reading these inspira-
tional pages, still lack ambition and courage to develop musical
talents they possess, because of their race and color, such youths
should remember that:-

The most popular and sweetest singing bird in the world (the
canary) is Colored. But if hundreds of years ago that bird had
ruined his God-gifted voice with discouraged croakings about its
yellow feathers, the canary bird of today would be not able to
sing so sweetly as to cause its listeners to completely forget it is
a bird with a colored complexion. Its singing is so sweet and
beautiful that people learn to see beauty and loveliness in its
yellow coat that Nature has given it.

194

IN INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

Music's Power.

From cradle down unto the grave

Does mankind ever sweet sounds crave;

And like the beasts that roar and rave
His passions bow as music's slave.

— Harrison.

THE Negro race has produced two violinists who have at-
tracted national attention as artists, Clarence Cameron
White and Joseph H. Douglass. They occupy first rank among
American musicians and the race is justly proud of them." The
above quotation that originally appeared in the American ar-
tists Review, is an extract from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-
1919 edition, p. 329.

Mr. White, whose home is in Boston, has spent many years
of hard studying in both American and Europe, and aside from
being a viloinist of the first rank, he is also a noted composer.
One of his greatest compositions "The Cradle Song" is written
for either the violin or piano and has brought praises from all
critics who have heard it. "A New System of One Octave
Scale Studies for the Violin", of which Mr. White is the author,
is a book that is being used extensively in music schools.

Joseph Henry Douglass, grandson of the great Frederick
Douglass, is a native of Washington, D. C. The foundation of
his superb playing of today was laid in the New England Conser-
vatory of Music, the New York Conservatory of Music and some
of the best music schools in London. During the score or more
years he has made annual recitals throughout the country, he,
the same as Mr. White, has played before presidents of the
United States. Mr. Douglass fills the responsible position of
Instructor in Instrumental Music at Howard University, Wash-
ington, D. C.

A few of some other violinists of the first order are; Wm.
Butler, Walter Craig, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Harrison Farrell, Harri-
son Emanuel, Chicago, 111., Kemper Herreld, Atlanta, Ga.,
Edwin F. Hill, Philadelphia., Pa., Louisa V. Jones, New York,

195

Leonard Jeter, New York Hall, Johnson, H. Kerr, Baltimore,
Md., David L. Martin, New York, Eugene Mars Martin, New
York, A. W. Ross, New York, Prof. Tenyck, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Harrison Watts, Baltimore, Md.

Maud Cuney Hare of Boston, Mass., has for years been recog-
nized as one of the leading pianists in America. She is nationally
and internationally known and her playing has met the stamped
approval of the most ciritcal of critics. She is a member of the
Music and Lecture Guild of New England (a white organization)
and is also music critic for the Crisis Magazine.

As an accomplished musician, Hazel Harrison is one of the
best among the best Colored or white pianists in America. Al-
though a musical prodigy from early childhood, her youthful
life has been one constant grind of theory, study and practical
application under such world-known pianists and teachers as
Busoni, Egan, Petri and Victor Heinne. And still she improves.

Helen Hagan is another pianist who is recognized as being
among the foremost musicians in the United States, as. the result
of her strenuous studies under such noted French masters as
Saint-Saens, Vincent D'Indy, Claude Debussy and her playing
under the severe criticisms of Gabriel Faure, Paul Dukas,
Chaussons and Severac. As one of the associate editors on the
staff of Music and Poetry, she is doing great inspirational work
in its piano department.

Carl Diton's transcription of "Swing Low Sweet Chariot" for
the organ has been published by G. Schirmer Co., one of the
largest white music publishers in America. This composition
has a melody of remarkable sweetness and is one of the few
pieces that brings into full play all parts of the organ. Mr.
Diton has studied in Europe as well as in America and today is
recognized as one of the leading pianists, organists and composers
in this country.

Melville Charlton of Brooklyn, N. Y., is estimated by knowing
critics as being one of the most talented and efficient pipe
organist among Colored people in America. He is an unquestion-
ed authority on this instrument that has taken up many of his

196

years in theory study and practical application. The following
named are a few mentioned from among the hundreds of other
exceptionally trained organists in different parts of the country;
Rudolph Grant, New York, William King, Phila., Pa., George
Ruffin and Fred White, Boston, Mass. Mrs. Corinne Wilson,
Chicago, 111.

"It Takes Love to Cure the Heart's Disease", "Loveless Love"
and "Caroline Shout" were among the first player-piano rolls
that were recorded by Jas. P. Johnson, a Colored pianist, who
has signed a contract to make recordings for the Q. R. S. Music
Company, which is the largest player-piano roll manufacturers
in the world.

One of the greatest musical wonders, Colored or white,
America has ever produced was Thomas G. Bethune, who was
born a blind slave at Columbus, Ga., He became known through-
out the world as "Blind Tom". He played difficult pieces on the
piano when only four years old and began giving concerts when
eight years old. Although he had never received any instructions
he could correctly imitate the most difficult piece after hearing
it played but once. He was taken to Europe where he won fame
and honors playing before the crowned heads in all of the im-
portant countries. His audiences would sit spellbound and en-
tranced as he imitated on the piano nearly every imaginable
sound. Especially were they moved and seemed to feel they
were going through the actual experience when he played "The
Shipwreck." At such times his magic fingers drew from the
ivory keys the far and low rumblings of fast coming storms ; the
clanking of rattling chains among hastening crews; the weird
moans of increasing winds ; the blood-curdling shrieks of swooping
sea-gulls; the distant booms of beach-breaking waves; the
flapping slaps of wind-whipped sails; the creaking timbers of
tossed-about ships; the soft murmurs of praying voices; the
sudden crashes of lightning bolts ; loud rolling peals of overhead
thunder and the splashing sounds of down-pouring rains.

Another piano prodigy of the race is J. W. Boone of Colum-
bia, Mo., who became blind in his infancy. He is known as
"Blind Boone" and although he has been touring the country

197

for forty years, he is still giving piano recitals that hold his
audiences in wonder and awe. He has such a wonderful mem-
ory for musical details and such a delicate ear for detecting
musical sounds that he frequently listens to the playing of a
recognized pianist who has the sight of both eyes, and when that
person has finished, "Blind Boone" will go to the piano and amuse
the audience by showing the mistakes made by the other player
and then presenting the piece correctly. By many critics he is
considered today as the equal if not the superior of the famous
"Blind Tom". (Ref. Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edi-
tion, pgs. 327-28-29).

Named below are a few of the many Colored pianists in
America today, many of them having studied under some of the
best masters in Europe as well as in America, and all of them
being finished musicians, and several of them of national renown.

Nettie C. Asberry, Tocoma, Wash., S. N. Arter, Neola
Bailey, Hampton, Va., Bertha Beaumann, Boston, Mass.,
"Eubie" Blake, Lawrence Brown, Boston, Mass., J. H. Buchan-
an, Durham, N. C, Mrs. L. E. Cain, Princeton, N. J., Mae
Clements, Mrs. R. N. Dett, Hampton, Va.,Cleo M. Dickerson,
Chicago, 111., N. Doxey, Eva Dykes, Washington, D. C, J. H.
Hebron, Phila., Pa., Mary Gibson, Washington, D. C, Clyde
Glass, Wilhelmina Harrison, and Mildren B. Jones of Chicago,
111., E. Aldama Jackson, N. Y., William King, Phila., Pa., Mrs.
E. Lambert, Princeton, N. J., Wm. S. Lawrence, Boston, Mass.,
Andradas Lindsay, A. Matthews, Cincinnati, Ohio, Susie Mc-
Donald, Newark, N. J., Martha Mitchell, Nellie M. Mundy,
N. Y., Josephine Muse, Washington, D. C, Portia W. Pittman,
Maud Powell, A. W. Quarles, Cincinnati, Ohio., Helen H. Price,
Brooklyn, N. Y., C. Luckeyth Roberts, N. Y., Arthur W. Ross,
Ruth Rowan, Durham, N. C, Amy Steffens, Wilwaukee, Wis.,
Samuel Stewart, Columbus, Ohio, T. T. Taylor, Chicago, 111.,
Roy Tibbs, Washington, D. C, Hazel D. Thomas, E. Torney,
Baltimore, Md.

The Pace Phonograph Corporation, New York City, is the
first of its kind in the world to be composed only of Colored
people. It is presided over by Harry H. Pace, a Colored man

198

who founded it, and it is turning out records reproducing only
Negro music sung or played only by Colored musicians. All
of its officials and employees are Colored, and its chief purpose
is to preserve in vocal form such as are left of the slave-songs of
America. Its records are known as the "Black Swan Records,"
that are already in much demand and finding large sales.

Today the original and unique, singing of Perry Bradford's
"blues" by Mamie Smith, is attracting admiration and endless
praise on both sides of the ocean. Her successful singing for the
reproduction of her voice on the records of the Okeh Phono-
graph Co., has made her the first Colored female singer to so
suddenly achieve world fame along that line. It is said that
the royalties from her records amount to such a sum that it
would gladden and look big in the eyes of even prima donna
singers in the operatic world. The records containing her voice
are in such demand by the public that the manufacturers turn-
ing out the disc have to put on night shifts in conjunction with day
shifts in order to fill the orders piled up on their desks. In the
fall of 1920 Miss Smith's stage singing had become so popular
that she had to table engagements from Paris and London in
order to fill a thirty week touring engagement in the United
States.

Band Musicians throughout the world heard of and learned
to admire the late James Reese Europe, who was one of the
greatest "jazz" musicians the world has ever heard. Of the four
best bands overseas during the' World War and representing the
four greatest nations, James Europe's American Colored bandmen
were in demand more than any of the others, especially in
England and France.

At the St. Louis World Exposition of 1904 and at the Panama
Exposition held at San Francisco, Cal., in 1915, Major W. H.
Loving, as conductor of the famous Philippine Band, was among
those who were awarded the highest band honors for being
among the greatest bandmasters of the world. Other Colored
musicians who have achieved success and recognition as band
leaders are quite numerous in America, and a few of them are
mentioned herewith; Lieut. Tim Bryan, F. L. Drye, W. H.

199

Howard, W. L. Jackson, C. Wesley Johnson, N. Clarke Smith,
A. J. Thomas, W. H. Vodery, and P. G. Lowery who has de-
veloped such a great band that yearly throughout the seasons
it is to be found with the Ringling Bro. Show as one of its most
important bands. W. H. Graham, as well as a great band
leader is a talented composer of band music. His home is in
Denver, Colorado.

According to the determinations of one of America's nation-
ally recognized authorities and critics on Negro music composi-
tion, the following ten named Colored composers are among the
foremost in the United States :

Harry T. Burleigh, whose "Deep River", "Jean" and "The
Soldier" are three of his vocie compositions that are among
his numerous spirituals and artsongs published by Ricordi &
Co., New York City. For his work as a singer and composer,
Mr. Burleigh was awarded the 1917 Spingarn Medal.

Melville Charlton, whose piano production: Poeme Crotique is
published by Schirmer & Co., New York City.

Will Marion Cook, whose "The Bandanna Land", "The Casino
Girl", and "The Rain Song" are among his popular choruses
in Negro style that are published by Schirmer & Co., New
York City. As director of The New York Syncopated Or-
chestra and the celebrated Clef Club Orchestra, Mr. Cook
has won himself a place among the first-place orchestra
leaders in America and Europe.

R. Nathaniel Dett, whose chorals: "Chariot Jubilee", "Listen
To The Lambs" and I'm So Glad Trouble Don't Last Alway"
are among his voice spirituals published by John Church
Co., New York City; his piano composition "Magnolia which
is one among others published by Summy & Co., Chicago. A
white publication, Musical America of December 17, 1919,
said, "If R. Nathaniel Dett had written no other work, his
"Chariot Jubilee" would suffice to make his name." Mr.
Dett is also a noted pianist.

Carl Diton, whose pipe Organ production; "Swing Low Sweet,
Chariot" is published by Schirmer & Co., New York City,

200

and whose voice composition; "Swing Low Sweet Chariot"
is published by Presser & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Helen Hagan, who has composed for the piano; Concerto with
orchestral accompaniment (manuscript).

J. Harvey Hebron, who has produced for the voice splendid semi-
classic ballads (American Magazine Co., 1514 South St.,
Phila., Pa.,) and for the violin and piano: Sonata in E
(manuscript).

J. Rosamond Johnson, whose classic ballads and light operas
have been written for the white company, Klaw & Erlanger
and such noted white actresses as Lillian Russell. In the
production of many of his pieces, J. Rosamond was ably assist-
ed by his brother James Weldon Johnson who also was the
translator for the English libretto of "Goyescas" the Spanish
grand opera produced by the Metropolitan Opera Company
in 1915. James W. also has several French music transla-
tions to his credit. The works of J. Rosamond Johnson are
published by Ditson & Co., Boston, Mass.

Gerald Tyler, who has composed for the voice, Art-songs that
are published by Schirmer & Co., New York City.

Clarence Cameron White, whose violn Spirituals are published
by Carl Fisher & Co., New York.

The "blue song" compositions of W. C. Handy are known and
sung all over the world. He is president of the Handy Music
Co., of New York City, which is the leading firm of its kind among
Colored people in the world. Perry Bradford is composer of
the "Crazy Blues" that have made himself, Mamie Smith and
the Okeh phonograph records nationally and internationally
famous.

N. Clark Smith is second to none among American Colored
musicians as a composer of instrumental, especially, band
music. For several years he was band leader of the Tuskegee
Institute expert band and also served for a long period as band-
master of the famous Old Illinois 8th Regiment. Today he is
Director of Music at the Lincoln High School, Kansas City,
Mo.

201

The following list contains the names of some of the leading
musicians who are foremost composers of different lines of music :
Mrs. B. Consuelo Cook, J. E. Dowell, E. Edmonds, W. H. Far-
rell, Harry Freeman, Jessie L. Gaynor, A. P. Grant, H. P. Gil-
bert, L. Godfrey, Nora Douglass Holt, Edwin F. Hill, E. A.
Jackson, Scott Jolpin, E. T. Jenkins, Joe. Jordan, Turner Lay-
ton, Therwold Otterstrom, Dave Payton, J. S. Pollen, Alex
Rogers, H. E. Stewart, Dekiven Thompson, Clarence Will
iams, Spencer Williams. Geo. Hoff.

202

IN ATHLETICS

Some Man.

When a white star fames in football fray,
Three rivals at most against him play;
And he gets the cheers of every fan

For they feel for him no racial ban;
But when Colored star in white games set
Eleven "cave men" play him "to get";
And when thro it all they can't him "can"

He sure must be what is called "SOME MAN".

— Harrison.

THE main thing every boy and girl should have or begin to
acquire in early life, and then continue to keep during
his manhood or her womanhood, is a clean, healthy, supple and
well-developed muscular body that is guided and governed by a
pure thinking and self -controlling mind. And such a body is
mainly built up and preserved by taking plenty of out-door
playful exercises in early childhood; by taking frequent parts
in athletics games played in a fair and honest way against friend-
ly rivals while in young manhood and womanhood; and by re-
gularly and systematically going through a good drill of setting-
up exercises, gymnastics or callisthenics throughout both middle
and old age. These same childhood games and youthful ath-
letic sports have their good effects upon the young and tender
minds by early teaching them courage in times of facing big
odds and developing self-control during the angry moments of an
exciting game when temptations so often come up to strike an
unfair blow or say some mean and rude thing. And these
same out-door activities have their purifying results upon those
minds in that they are nearer to Nature and thereby prompt
more Godly thoughts, words and deeds among such minds than
do certain in-door pastimes that are not so wholesome. No
country in the world surpasses America in the general suppleness
in movement, gracefulness of carriage and all-round muscular
development and physical prowess of the bodies belonging to
its people. And the following named records show that American
Coloredlyouths have played large and valuable parts in helping
to build up the physical reputation of the United States that is
today ^recognized as the leading country in international athletic

sports.

203

In Football

W. H. Lewis (one of the ablest Colored lawyers in America
today) before graduating from Harvard proved to be the great-
est football center, Colored or white, in his college and of his
time. Every fall when Harvard now faces her, Brown Univer-
sity heaves a loud sigh of regret that Fritz Pollard, a Colored
All-American Half-back, is not on her football team to again and
mostly alone carry the brown and white pennant to a crushing
victory over the almost unbeatable crimson and white colors.
Williams has since made such a football record at Brown that he
was given a place on an i\ll-American team by the New York
World. It was Johnny Shelbourne, All-American Fullback, who
was one of the four stars on Dartmouth football team that so
smoothly steam-rollered the team of the University of Pa., with
a score of 44 to 7 on Franklin Field, at Philadelphia, Pa.,
November 13, 1920. Shelbourne is also such a sprinter that he
is able to "fade-away" over a 40 yard stretch in 4 4-5 seconds.
Calloway not only made the Varsity team of Columbia but has
proved one of its most valuable men. All football teams that
have recently played against Northwestern University have felt
the brawn and held the weight of "Buddy" Turner. Washington
& Jefferson in their latest football games have fully relied upon
the punting toe of their Colored player, West. Athletic writers
and critics on the staffs of both the Chicago Tribune and Colliers
Weekly have given Duke Slater, the Iowa tackle, a place on an
All-Western football team. Leon Taylor was made All-Ohio
Conferee fullback at Oberlin, Ohio. Smith's tricks of going
completely wild when turned loose on the gridiron of Michigan
Agr. College caused them to put him on an All-American team
for safe keeping. When knocking men right and left on the
field of Minnesota University, Marshall acted so much like a
Minnesota Indian on the war path that they had to do something
to sort of tame him down, so they put him on an All-American
team. Beside winning his letters in baseball, basketball and
track athletics, A. Hamblin of Knox College was made captain
of his 1918 football team. M. Richmond, on account of his ex-
cellent defensive and offensive playings was made captain of the

204

Des Moines College 1917 football team. Sol Butler, when play-
ing on the Dubuque College football team, came in such close
contact with and made such lasting impressions on his opponents
that they will until their dying days remember having met a
Sol Butler at some time and at some place. W. E. Morrison
and W. Brown were two of the outstanding stars who played on
the Tuft College varsity eleven at the times it beat Harvard
and gave Princeton one of the toughest battles and one of the
worse heart-stop-beating scares it has ever had on a football
field. In New England, the names and pigskin deeds of those
two charging warriors, especially that of Morrison are still fondly
remembered and always referred to with admiration and pride.
Paul Robeson of Rutgers College was made an All-American
End. Walter Camp (white) of Yale University in selecting his
All-American Football Team of 1918 said, "There never was a
more serviceable end, both in attack and defense than Robeson
— the 200 pound giant of Rutgers. Defensively this team is
remarkably strong with Robeson and Alexander backing up the
line as secondary defense; Taking turns at this they would be
employed in a line of work to which they are thoroughly accus-
tomed and in which they have had no peers in many years."
(quotation from Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition,
page 44). Other Colored youths who have won distinction as
football players in white universities and colleges are; Taylor
at the University of Pa., Bullock at Dartmouth, Gray and Pink-
ett at Amherst, Ayler at Brown, Chadwell at Williams, Craig-
head at Massachusetts Agri. College, Jones at Harvard, Ransom
at Belout, Young and Wheeler at Illinois, Johnson and Ross at
Nebraska, Tibbs at Syracuse, Green at Western Reserve and
Roberts at Colorado Reserve, Niles at Colby.

On The Track and Field

Howard P. Drew, the present holder of the Official A. A. U.
world record of 9 3-5 seconds for 100 yds, was selected in 1918
as a member of the All-American Athletic Team and in 1919 as
a member of the All-American Track Team. In writing of
Drew in the Philadelphia North American of July 17, 1920, Law-

205

son Roberston (white) Coach of Athletics at the University of
Pa.f said: "Just before Drew broke down eight years ago in Stock-
holm he showed enough speed in his trial heat to warrant the
belief that he could beat any man in the final by 3 yards. In the
semifinal heat he "pulled" his tendon when he had covered about
80 yards and limped in the remainder of the distance. Even
at that he won his semi-final heat by about eight yards from
Thomas of Princeton, the 1912 intercollegiate champion." The
following quotation on Drew is extracted from Work's Negro
Year Book, 1918-1919, page 44: "At the 1918 Western Confer-
ence College Outdoor Track and Field Championship Events,
Howard Drew, the world's famous sprinter staged a comeback
by winning against a very fast field the 100 and 220 yard dashes.
A comment on Drews' performance said: "By winning the 100
and 220 yard dashes from the fastest fields that the middle
western colleges could boast, Drew demonstrated that his vic-
tories were not due to accident or lack of formidable opponents.
If any further proof were needed, the time would amply attest
the high standard of Drew's sprinting as he ran the 100 in 10
seconds. When it is taken into consideration that Drew is 28
years of age and has been competing for thirteen years, during
which time he has won numerous victories and equalled the
world's record time in both of these events, it can be seen that
his latest triumphs are little short of athletic marvels."

Beside being one of its best football players, Sol Butler was
also one of the best all-round athletes Dubuque College ever
turned out, and was holder of the American A. A. U. broad jump
record of twenty-four feet and eight inches. In July 1919
Butler (now of Drake College) won the broad jump in the Inter-
Allied Games at Pershing Stadium, France. He was one of the
athletes selected to represent the United States in those games.
Butler also won the broad jump event at the Relay Carnival
of the University of Pa., by leaping 23 feet 5 3-4 inches. Even
in his youngster frolics while attending the Hutchinson, Kan.
High School, Butler showed his unusual speed by getting loose
at Evanston, 111., on March 28, 1914, and pushing 60 yards of
air out of the way in 6 2-5 seconds. When he finally slowed

206

down at the end of that affair and kept still long enough to listen
he learned those boyhood runaway wild steps had established
the best United States Inter-Scholastic Track Record for that
event.

Edward Orval Gourdin

The field sensation among the white colleges during the
past two years has been E. O. Gourdin, the Harvard all-round
star athlete. This Colored athlete is at this writing unquestion-
ably the backbone and mainstay of the Harvard track team,
and throughout their competitions with other colleges, Gourdin
has been in the majority of cases the highest individual point
scorer for his college. And yet, his victories have been under the
most trying conditions and circumstances. Being a star in many
events and the chief one upon whom Harvard depended, in
numerous meets he has repeatedly been called upon to skip from
one event to another and back again without stopping to catch
his breath or get a rest: even fates, especially during the spring
of 1921 seeming to be against him, for it usually rained the day
before or the day he had to perform. As his best work is done
on dry ground, and he fully knows it, his wet, muddy and slippery
events were of course entered with a certain amount of mental
depression, but his courage never faltered nor his willingness
halted. During the spring of 1921 when Harvard and Yale met
in their annual track meet, the track was soaked from a former
rain; yet, Gourdin won the 100 yard dash from Yale in 10 2-5
seconds. Although the runway was uncertain from dampness,
the take-off risky for the same reason and the pit wet from
holding rain, he won the broad jump from Yale by hurling him-
self through the air 24 feet and 4 inches. In the shot-put under
favorable conditions he clears 41 feet and in the 220 yard dash
he hugs 22 seconds so tight that it can't get away from him.

Extra ! Extra ! Extra ! Special Delivery Red Rush Telegram !

At last, fates and the atmospheric elements smiled down
upon the Colored athletic world wonder and marvel, "Ned"
Gourdin, by giving him "A Perfect Day" (no drizzling rains,
no wet slippery grounds, no damp heavy airs) on July 23, 1921.

207

On this date, that hilariously kissed the sun "good night" and
joyously embraced the moon "good morning", was held a dual
track meet between the Harvard-Yale teams and the Oxford-
Cambridge teams of England, at the Harvard Stadium. Re-
garding the results of that meet, the writer quotes the following
extracts as part of an article that, according to the Chicago
Defender of July 30, 1921, appeared in the July 25, 1921 issue of
the Boston Daily Post:

"By Wilton Vaugh"

"Edward Orval Gourdin now goes down in the Harvard
annals as the greatest track athlete ever to represent the Crimson.

"His record-breaking jump of 25 feet 3 inches in the running
broad jump last Saturday at the stadium international college
meet was just a climax to his amazing achievements on the
cinders.

"Amazing Record* '

"But that particular feat alone would have been enough
to rank "Ned" with the elite of Cambridge, because the world
has been waiting twenty years for a man capable of matching
Peter O'Connor's leap of 24 feet 11^ inches. The Harvard
idol accomplished it, and with such a margin that it now seems
hopeless of developing a greater jumper for a number of years,
anyway.

"His all-round prowess on the track would have been suffi-
cient to rate him with the best. Had he chosen to specialize
in any one of the eight events it is not beyond the scope of human
thought to see him shatter different marks. His best winning
records in the matches he has already tried are :

100-yard dash — 9 4-5 seconds.
220-yard dash— 22 1-5 seconds.
440-yard run — 52 1-5 seconds.
Running broad jump — 25 feet 3 inches.
Running high jump — 5 feet 9 inches.
Running hop.step and jump — 45 feet 3 inches.
Javelin throw — 140 feet.
Discus throw — 1 10 feet.

In the above meet on July 23, 1921 Gourdin also won the 100-yard dash
from his closest rival, Rudd, the famed sprinter and captain of the Brit-
ish team.

208

During his athletic career, the late J. B. Taylor of the Uni-
versity of Pa., was a track wonder in both America and Europe.
When in action he had the easiest and prettiest carriage of body
and the smoothest clocklike movement of limbs of any sprinter
seen on the cinder path for years. When making his 440 yard
and other records he used a remarkable sprinting stride of nine
feet — about two feet longer than the average sprinter takes.

While at Harvard, T. Cable won fame as a hammer thrower ;
L. V. Alexis was a star trackman, and E. L. Davidson won the
125 pound-class wrestling Collegiate Championship in competing
against the best white wrestlers of his class from the other six
big colleges that had entered the match. A. L. Jackson was one
of the best hurdlers Harvard ever turned out. B. Dismond of
the University of Chicago and Lee Umble of Colorado Univer-
sity made records for their schools, and Umble is today one of
the best wrestlers of his class in the West. J. T. Carter has
won recognition as a crack sprinter on the Brown track team,
Dewey Rogers is a star trackman on the University of Pa.
track team and his ability to push 440 yards back of him in 50 2-5
seconds shows he has a pair of heels that must be closely watched
or they may some day on some cinder path get fast ideas to
elope from their owner. Rogers in one of his 440 yards sprints
defeated the captain of his own track team — Earl Eby.

Roy Morris has won a national reputation as a sprinter of
note. R. E. Johnson of Pittsburgh, is one of the best 5,000 and
10,000 meter runners in the country. Little Charley Mitchell
of the St. Christopher Club, New York, is one of the pluckiest
and ablest marathon runners in the land and has finished eighth
out of a string of sixty. G. L. Brashear, now coach of Straight
University, New Orleans, La., was at one time one of the best
all-round athletes in California. E. Niles has repeatedly shown
that he is one of the best 440 and 880 yard sprinters in New Eng-
land.

"The New York Athletic Club games saw another promising
Negro athlete come into prominence. Billy Parker, represent-
ing the St. Christopher Club, raced to an easy victory in the
1,000 yard run. He won about as he pleased in 2:10. Parker

209

is one of the best-looking runners that the Colored clubs have
developed in years. He is big, rangy, and a good stricter." The
above is what Howard Valentine, a sport writer, had to say in a
white paper, the New York Globe, about Wm. S. (Billy) Parker
who so easily defeated some of the fastest Colored and white
runners in the East. Parker is also one of the foremost basket-
ball players in the East. Young men who are interested in bi-
cycle riding might be encouraged to learn here that little Major
Taylor, a Colored man, during the year 1900 held the champion-
ship as the fastest bicycle rider in America.

Track and Field Records Held by Colored Youths

Best Western Inter-Collegiate Conference Record. 440 Yards, 47 2-5
seconds, Binga Dismond, Chicago, at Evantson, 111., June 3, 1916.

Best United States Inter-Scholastic Track Record. 60 yards, 6 2-5
seconds, Sal Butler, Hutchinson, (Kansas) High School, at Evanston, 111.
March 28, 1914.

In July, 1919 Butler (now of Drake) won the broad jump in the Inter-
Allied Games at Pershing Stadium, France.

Track Amateur World Records

100 Yards, 9- 3-4 seconds by H. P. Drew at Berkley, California, March 28, 1914 '
130 Yards, 12 4-5 seconds, H. P. Drew at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1913.
220 Yards, 21 1-5 seconds, H. P. Drew at Clearmont, California, Feb. 28. 1914.

Colored Youths Who Have Won Unusual Distinctions in
Track and Field Work in White CoHeges.

Sol Butler All-round Athlete Drake University

Theodore Cable Hammer Thrower Harvard University

Binga Dismond 440 Yard Runner Chicago University

Howard P. Drew ...Short Distant Runner ....So. Cal. University

Edwin O. Gourdin All-round Athlete Harvard University

W. R. Granger Half Miler Dartmouth College

Irving Howe Short Distant Runner ...Colby College

A. L. Jackson Hurdler Harvard University

Wm. B. Matthews Baseball player Harvard University

Fritz Pollard Hurdler and Football Brown University

Dewey Rogers Sprinter University of Pa.

John B. Taylor 440 Yard Sprinter University of Pa.

Joseph E. Trigg Oarsman Syracuse University

Fred White Short and Middle Sprinter, Univ. of Pa.

210

Howard and Lincoln at the University of Pennsylvania

At the University of Pa., Relay Games held April 29 and 30,
1921, on Franklin Field, Phila., Pa., the Howard University
track team took a one mile relay race away from Bowdoin Col-
lege, Carnegie School of Technology, Tufts College and several
other white colleges of that stamp. The Lincoln University
track team in a one mile relay race also romped away from the
teams of George Washington University and a number of other
such white institutions.

Beside gaining honors in winning those only two events
in which they were entered, each of these two Colored teams was
presented with a banner and each member of the teams was given
a gold watch. The outcome of those two events not only brought
encouragements to athletes in all Negro schools and pride to
members of the Race throughout the country, but it convinced
the athletic world of two truths. First, the brotherhood and
true sportsmanship feelings between white and Colored schools
in America are slowly but surely increasing and becoming
closer and more friendly. Secondly, Negro universities, col-
leges and schools are today turning out athletes who can hold
their own when competing with athletes developed by white
schools of the same class.

Colored Athletes in Colored Universities and Colleges.

Those Colored youths mentioned in the preceeding chapter
are but a few of the Colored athletes who while attending white
schools successfully matched the stamina, endurance and strength
of their muscles, bones and will powers against those of Cau-
casian youths. The following named Colored athletes are
those who studied and competed among themselves in Colored
Universities, colleges and schools under instructions of their
college trained Colored Athletic coaches, and who would have
carried away many athletic first honors had they attended white
schools and taken parts in sports:

Atlanta University — L. R. Harper, all-round star athlete: L. D. Maxwell,
football and baseball star; W. S. Fuller, basketball star.

Fisk University: — H. A. Johnson, all-round star athlete; W. H. Zeigler, foot-
ball star; L. O. McVey, baseball star.

211

Hampton Institute: — James Gayle, all-round star athlete; J. E. Scott, foot-
ball star; J. W. Harvey, football and baseball star; V. S. Brown, basket-
ball star.

Howard University: — C. Coleman, all-round star athlete; G. Brice, football
star; G. Gilmore, basketball star; F. Sykes, baseball star.

Lincoln University: — W. P. Young, all-round star athlete; H. G. Ridgely,
football star; M. F. Wheatland, basketball star; L. Holloway, baseball
star.

Morehouse College: — J. C. Walker, all-round star athlete; R. Richardson,
football star; Edw. Hope, basketball star; S. Duncon, baseball star.

Shaw University: — M. Walker, all-round star athlete; W. Crump, football
star; L. W. Cook, basketball star; D. W. Graham, baseball star.

Talladega College: — L. H. Cox, all-round star athlete; C. Coles a»d R. E.
Rivers, football stars; Q. Gordon, baseball star.

Tuskegee Institute: — G. H. Kitchen, all-round star athlete; A. L. Williams'
football star; C. C. Hart, basketball star; J. F. Ross,. baseball star.

Va. Union University: — H. B. Hucles, all-round star athlete; S. B. Taylor,
football star; B. C. Gregory, basketball star; S. B. Taylor, baseball star.

Va. Normal and Ind. School: — J. F. Nicholas, all-round star athlete; E. C.
Melton, football star; A. C. Jackson, baseball star.

Wilberforce University: — I. Lane, all-round star athlete: T. Reid, football
star; S. H. Hull, basketball star; L. Townsend, baseball star.

212.

BASEBALL

" Play Ball."

From early spring until late fall,

This Nation's hobby is baseball;
And while such season is in reign

Few men or boys do stay real sane.

— Harrison.

Cris Terriente, Colored champion home-run hitter and out-
fielder, and known as the Cuban "Babe Ruth", was a marvel
even several years ago when he played in the United States
with the famous Colored teams, American Giants of Chicago and
the All-Nationals of Kansas City. This Colored ball player
has been frequently estimated by white baseball critics as being
an equal home-run hitter to the celebrated "Babe Ruth", whose
services were sold by a Boston team to a New York team for
over one hundred thousand dollars. And one of those well-
meaning white critics, when commenting on the wonderful base-
ball playing of Terriente, so far forgot his "square-deal" and one
hundred per cent Americanism as to allow some of his grayless
brain matter and stagnant watery thoughts to soak through his
system and overflow into his pen point that splashed little pud-
dles of poisoned ink. In his article he lamented the fact that
it was impossible to "indelibly white-wash" Terrente so as to
make him white enough to be accepted as a playing member on
one of the Big League White baseball teams.

Now, if that same baseball critic had entered the United
States Army as either a volunteer or a draftee in the World War
and had been dying of thirst on the bloodsoaked and bone-
strewn plains of "No Man's Land", it is wondered if he would
have thought it necessary to "indelibly white-wash" Colored
soldiers before accepting from thier black lips, and greedily
pressing to his own parched white lips, the begged-for water
canteens of the Colored soldiers? For such exchanges of can-
teens between generous Colored and dying white soldiers oc-
cured thousands of times and in not one instance did those
famished white men allow color prejudice to stand between them
and a few mouthsful of left-over Colored water that meant the
saving of their lives. Nevertheless, a majoirty of those soldiers

213

whose lives had been saved by the timely swallows of water
from the canteens of black soldiers, immediately resumed their
persecution of and discriminations against the Negro race even
before they got back home to America.

Thus while history shows that the majority of white people,
when in the jaws of threatened or actual death, become too
"color-blind and "near -sighted to see the hue of the hand or the
shape of the face that comes to its help and vital rescue ; history
also shows that a great many white people, while in the pink
of life, health and prosperity, allow their visions to become so
magnified and their minds to become so overrun and soaked
with vile race prejudice that they constantly see imaginary color-
lines that really do not exist. They also are constantly building
up before law-abiding, clean-living and progressive classes of
Colored people certain racial barriers that are not only proving
a stain but also a shame (in the eyes of the rest of the onlooking
world) upon this land of freedom, civilization and Christianity.
But at this time and place the writer will not go further into this
particular] phase of this color-line subject, as it is being more
fully dealt with in the writing of one of his other books.

Fair-minded white people are justly ashamed of the words
and actions of such members of their race as the above mentioned
reporter, and already bright rays of hope are beginning to shine
in the Big League for Colored baseball players. In this direc-
tion The Continential League with headquarters at Boston,
Mass. and formed by the white baseball magnate, Andrew Law-
son, has really wedged the first opening. At the formation of
this league, Lawson admitted two Colored teams, one from Provi-
dence, R. I. and the other from Boston, the latter team having
both Colored and white players. This is the greatest bit of
encouragement Colored professional baseball players in America
have ever received. The chairman of the Board of Directors
of The Continental League is R. T. Murray, a Colored man.
This league's influence for the spreading of broad-mindedness
and fair-play is already being noticed among the officials of other
white Big Leagues. At the end of the baseball season of 1920,

214

Colored teams were allowed to play against many of the big
white league teams on their barn-storming tours.

During that season Bolden's Hilldale team played against
Connie Mack's team of All-Stars at the National League Park,
Phila., Pa., in which game Bolden's team lost by a score of 2 to 1.

Bolden's team also played against the famous "Babe"' Ruth
and his All-Stars at the National League Park, Phila., Pa., in
which game Bolden's team won by a score of 5 to 0. In this game,
Flourney the Hilldale pitcher not only kept "Babe" Ruth from
getting one of his famous home-runs but struck him out twice.
"Babe" Ruth was also struck out at Shibe Park, Phila., Pa., dur-
ing the same season by "Cannon Ball' Redding, star pitcher on
the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants team.

Tesreau's Bears played against Carl May's All Stars at Dyck-
man Oval at which place the Yankees defeated the Colored
team on both ends of a double-header by scores of 10 to 0 and
5 to 3.

The Lincoln Colored Giants played and defeated the New
York Giants (white) in New York by a score of 4 to 1. Williams
the Colored pitcher struck out thirteen men on the white team.

As far back as the early eighties, M. F. Walker proved him-
self such a good pitcher that he played on a white league ball
team in Toledo, Ohio, and a Frank Grant also played on big
white league teams in Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania.
William B. Matthews, during his college days at Harvard caused
quite a sensation throughout the country by his unexcelled ball
playing and mainly through his star playing his college nine won
sweeping victories all down the line of their engagements.

In taking hurried glances over past performances of present
day Colored baseball players, the following named are but a
few picked from among those who think, dream, talk and act
so much over the diamond that baseball has become their
middle names:

T. Brown of American Giants, Cockerell and Flourney of
Hilldale, Holland of Detroit Stars, Leblanc of Cuban Stars

215

Redding of Bacharach Giants, Rogan of St. Louis Giants and
J. Williams of Lincoln Giants put forth the same kind of energy
and earnestness in making moundmen fan the wind and think
holes are in their bats as did Mathewson, Shawkey and Alex-
ander, the great white pitchers, against their players.

Duncan of Chicago Giants, Ray of Kansas City Monarchs,
Rodguez of Cincinnati Stars, Rojoof Bacharach Giants, Santop
of Hilldale Quakers and Webster of Detroit Stars use the same*
kind of stickability in freezing onto hot balls as the white past
masters in backstop, Schalk and O'Neill.

Bost of Oakland Braves, Grant of American Giants, Jeffries
of Chicago Giants, Pettus of Bacharach Giants and Richards of
Godfrey's California All-Stars go through the same kind of suc-
cessful limber-jointed jumping-jack antics on first base as Mc-
Innis and Kelly in the big white leagues.

Crowell of Tesreau Bears, Holloway of Indianapolis A. B.
C's. Holtz of St. Louis Giants and Thomas of Columbus Buck-
eyes have the same love for and show just as much jealously
over the second bag as the crack second basemen, Collins and
Hornsby don't try to hide.

Day of Indianapolis A. B. C's, Dinan of Tesraeu Bears, Fial
of Lincoln Giants, Francis of Hilldale Quakers, Brown of Nor-
folk Giants and F. Hill of Detroit Stars are just as busy nailing
and crucifying the last hopes of runners at third base as Groh
and Gardner, who are about the best among white third base-
men.

Dobbins of Hilldale Quakers, Hewitt of St. Louis Giants,
Lloyd of Columbus Buckeyes and Lundy of Bacharach Giants
while panning the same kind of red-hot frying sizzlers at short-
stop as the celebrated Wagner and Bancroft, also usually salt
and pepper those frying sizzlers with most amusing capers and
comedian stage acts.

Briggs of Hilldale Quakers, Gans of Lincoln Giants, P. Hill
of Detroit Stars, Jenkins of Chicago Giants, Kemp of Norfolk
Giants, Thomas of Baltimore Black Sox, and Weeks of Pitts-

216

burgh Stars have ttiat same knack of vamping the sun straight
in the face without blinking an eye while pulling down a twenty-
two story sky-scrapping fly, like the rangy outfielders Speaker
and Burns.

Meadows of Godfrey's California All-Stars, Santop of Hill-
dale Quakers and Torrenti of American Giants are just as much
interested in astronomy and scientific research as "Babe" Ruth
and Sisler when they start a message to the planet Mars by
way of a home-run baseball.

While big Jeff Tesreau has tried so hard and done so well, he
has not yet become so big a thief as Ty Cobb in stealing bases
and pawning runs at home-plate.

All of the other players, on these Colored teams, whose names
have not been mentioned are also A-l baseball jugglers and would
make good showing to their credits in any of the white Big
Leagues that would give them a fair and square chance to play
on their teams.

And Colored boys who are talented and aspire to become
great ball players should not lose ambition and hang back be-
cause of their race or color: They should take on new courage by
reading here; that the most youthful and hopeful things (the
grass and leaves) in the world, are Colored, and no one who looks
"green" with hate and envy is able to stop Dame Nature each
spring from stepping boldly out and, without apologies to men
of any race, drapping the woods and fields with her colored
shades of green.

BASKETBALL

George Gilmore.

With Howard and Loendi it was the same;

G. Gilmore to them did dribble much fame.
Sure in quick shooting and true in his pass

He often proved himself in a peerless class.

All basketball folks his death do regret,

But none of those people will soon forget

His gliding ways up and down the floor,

And the side-line cry, "Here comes Gilmore!"

— Harrison.

Among Colored schools, Hampton, Howard and Lincoln form
the big basket-ball right-angle triangle whose three angles each
year are usually so constantly and rapidly twisted and turned
to equal elevations of degrees, that it is not until the end of the
season, when the three-sided affair finally settles on a steady
foundation, that the spectators are really able to see and tell the
base of this triangle from its hypothenuse and altitude.

Johnny Johnson, the Colored right-forward on the Columbia
University varsity basketball team, in playing against the teams
of Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, Pennsylvania and other big col-
leges, in nearly every ca.se scored the majority of points for his
college team. His playing against these colleges was so brainy,
spectacular and effective that it caused the leading white sport
pages to give him glowing compliments relative to his being one
of the best basketball players in the country.

In several large cities Colored athletes have organized and
wonderfully developed some of the swiftest and most efficient
basketball teams in America. Among the leading teams are:
Dr. Johnson's Forty Club of Chicago, Cum Posey's Loendi Club
of Pittsburgh, Chas. Bradford's St. Christopher Club of New
York, Manager Accoe's A. C. Lightning Five of Brooklyn,
C. Cain's Vandals, of Atlantic City, ''Babe" Thomas' Alpha
Big Five of New York, Douglas' Spartan Braves of New York,
Moss' Center Five of Toledo, Ohio, All-Scholastics of Harris-
burg, the Alcoes of Washington, D. C, the Athenians of Balti-
more and the Pioneers of Cleveland, Ohio.

218

Among those players on these teams whose names, through
observation and information, the writer was able to get are:
Betts, Blueitt, Sol Butler, Brown, Bundy, Capers, Cooper, Duff,
Fial, Fields, Forbes, Gumbs, Howard, Hubbard, Jenkins, Moss
Posey, Ricks, Sessons, Slocum, Young and Winters. The other
players on these teams were always doing such tricky feinting
dizzy ducking, dazzling dodging, sudden blocking, slippery
sliding, magic dribbling, lightning shooting and bull's eye
caging that the writer was not able to corner them in, so as to
trip them up and hold them down long enough to get their
names.

219

PRIZE FIGHTING.

"Jack" Johnson.

Talk as you may of his private life;

"Jack" led the world in fistic strife,
And Johnson today has as keen a sense

As any new man in self-defense.

— Harrison.

.The decisions the United States Government made during
the World War, regarding the urgent necessity of including box-
ing in its all-round training in preparing the soldiers and sailors
for war, at last brought the art of self-defense into its own and
accorded it the proper recognition and value it should have of-
ficially received years ago. In private life prize fighting had
its fbllowers in both America and Europe as far back as a hun-
dred years ago. About that time a Virginia Negro slave by
the name of Tommy Molineaux whipped all American boxers
who met him after which he went to Europe where he was
beaten by the Englishman, Cribb, who was at that time the
champion of Great Britain.

Along in the 70's, George Godfrey was in his prime and be-
came known on both sides of the ocean on account of whipping
the famous white fighter, Lannon, in one of the greatest prize
fights ever ''pulled off" in New England. Godfrey fought
seventy-six rounds with the great fighter, Jake Kilrain and
he also staid twenty rounds with the "Australian Black Wildcat,"
Peter Jackson. As John L. Sullivan, known as the greatest
white slugger of all times, was then in his prime and zenith,
Godfrey repeadedly tried to meet him in the ring but Sullivan
always managed to evade a fight with him.

Peter Jackson, although an Australian by birth, spent his
best righting years in America. He fought with, came out even
or on top of all the best men of his days. It was he who fought
a 6i round draw with James J. Corbett, who is known as the most
scientific heavyweight champion boxer the world has ever seen.
Jackson was considered by many as the quickest heavyweight
foot worker in the game. It is said that he was so uncanny
quick on his feet that many times when an opponent made a

220

lunge at him, Jackson would dodge the blow, circle to the rear
of the fighter and pin him one back of the ear before the opponent
could regain his balance, face around and throw up his guard to
block off the blow. During all the time he was meeting the best
heavyweights, Jackson held out a standing challenge to John L.
Sullivan, who never would meet him in the ring. But John L.
was always truthful enough to admit that he did not consider
himself champion o the world because he had never whipped
Peter Jackson, (for proof of this statement write to the Editor
of Everybody's Column, Philadelphia Inquirer, Phila., Pa.)
According to an article that appeared in the Philadelphia Even-
ing Bulletin of January 26, 1921, and which was written by
Hughey Fullerton a white sport critic, John L. Sullivan also
side stepped another Colored heavyweight prize fighter, who
was known in Louisiana as "Black Zeke". This "Zeke" who
weighed 220 pounds and was six feet two inches tall, could lift
a bale of cotton weighing five hundred pounds. In reference
to this fighter a paragraph in the above mentioned article read
as follows: "After the Sullivan-Kilrain fight Mr. Carrol tried to
arrange a bout between "Zeke" and John L. The latter re-
fused and the planter followed Sullivan over the country, but
to no avail." So while Sullivan was truthfully champion over
the world of white fighters, there were at least three Colored
fighters, George Godfrey, Peter Jackson and "Black Zeke"
over whom John L. never was champion, because he had never
whipped any one of them although all three had repeatedly fol-
lowed and challenged him after they had met and held their own
with the other best men of their times.

Of all prize fighters, Colored or white, the world has ever
known, George Djxon was declared the most wonderful of them
all. Being a little over four feet tall, weighing less then 130
pounds, with small tapering legs that seemed to sweat tears of
pain under the weight of his gigantic chest and unusually broad
shoulders from which dangled muscular arms of such thickness
and length that they looked unnatural, Dixon presented a most
uncanny and formidable foe when stripped in the ring waiting
for action. He always proved just as formidable as he looked;

221

tor when he warmed up and got into real action, it seemed to his
opponent that Mr. & Mrs. Satan and their entire brood of little
Satan imps from Hades had been turned loose in the ring. During
a period of ten years (1890-1900) Dixon at different times held
both the Bantamweight and Featherweight championships of
the world. And one of the main reasons why his name will
ever go down in ring history as the "Wonder of Wonders' is that
he did something no other world champion has ever done — he
"came back" three times and regained his lost championship.
It is said that he made a record of over a thousand clean knock-
outs during his fighting career. His three "Come backs" were
staged as follows: Benny Jordan took the title from him and he
regained it from Eddie San try ; Frankie Erne gave Dixon a good
spanking one year and the next year he thrashed that same Frank-
ie Erne ; Sol Smith gave him a good lacing, and the same year,
Dixon in a return battle took back his title and in doing so (to
use a frequent and amusing expression of one "Tommy" Howard,
a jolly fellow and Virginia old-time friend of the writer's) "nearly
shook the living life out of him."

Because Dixon always went into the squared-circle to give
his best in manhood fighting and not his worse in childhood
playing and faking, he was respected and beloved by fight fans
of all classes and colors, which was proved by the most cele-
brated sport followers of the day, including ex-Heavy-weight
Champion James J. Corbett, acting as pallbearers at his funeral.

Joe Walcott and Dixie Kid were two other great little fighters
and they both became Welterweight world Champions, Wal-
cott from 1901 to 1904 and Dixie Kid from 1904 to 1908. It
is said of these two fighters, that, like Dixon, they became
famous in their readiness to meet top-notch fighters who were
nearly twice their height and weight. When they could get
such big men in the ring with them, they usually jumped clear
off the floor to land a mighty crushing paw upon some rival's
tempting jaw that then and there felt nothing more.

But the"01d Master" of them all, who even today is conceded
to have been one of if not the cleanest hitting, quickest moving,
gamest staying and most scientific boxers, Colored or white,

222

big or little, who ever one-stepped, two-stepped, waltzed and
Virginia-reeled into and around a roped-circle, was the ring's
national favorite, Joe Gans of Baltimore, Md. This great little
fighter, who was as much a pet of the white sporting faction as
of the Colored element, took the Lightweight championship away
from Frank Erne in 1892 and kept it for six years. During
that time he defeated all the best men in his field and jumped
over the fence into the Welterweight pastures where he gored
and tossed into the air several human beings and caused many to
climb up on the fence in order to keep out of his way, until they
saw that his constant mad rushes had weakened his stamina and
tore down his system. It was during the zenith tof his fighting
career that whenever Gans started from home to engage in a
fight his mother would laughingly say, "Bring home the bacon,
Joe." The boy fully understood and appreciated his mother's
encouraging joke and never returned home, when in his prime,
without bringing along the winner's roll of money. Joe Gans
was as game as any game rooster that ever threw defiant crows
from a barnyard gate and when he was in great need of money,
to get a fight he would make such vitality sapping and strength
weakening weights that people wondered how he was able to
stand up much less jump around and fight. And to the very last,
poor, broken-bodied, but not broken spirited, Joe Gans put up
one of the gamest losing battles ever fought against that great-
est champion — of all times among all peoples — Death.

"Panama Joe Gans" a Colored fighter of today has added
laurels to the name he has adopted by becoming Middleweight
Champion. Like his late namesake he is willing at all times to
give the best of them in and out of his class chances to win his
title. Just because he is a champion he does not draw the
"color line" against any white fighter but fights as often as four
and five times a month with his championship at stake every
time.

Other Colored fighters who were among the best in their
times and who no doubt would have won championships in and
out of their clasess, had the "color lines" not been drawn around
them, are; Bob Armstrong, Jack Blackburn, Bobbie Dobbs,

223

Sam Hopkins, Young Peter Jackson, Joe Jeanette, Sam Laagford,
Sam McVey and Fred Morris.

Some of the present day Colored fighters who are most fre-
quently heard about are Jeff Clark, Leo Johnson, ^Jamaica Kid,
Kid Norfolk, Benny Ponteau, Bill Tate, Jack Thompson, Jack
White and Harry Wills, challenger and dreaded foe of Dempsey.

From 1908 to 1914 the world heavyweight champion fighter
was Jack Johnson, the only Colored man who ever wore that
crown of ring glory and belt of fighting fame. Unlike any of
the white heavyweight champions, Johnson won the title twice :
first from Tommy Burns in 1908 and secondly on that memorial
Fourth of July 1910, from Jim Jefferies, who along with the
American public disputed Jack's right to the title. After his
complete whipping of Jefferies, the Colored fighter, proved to
the entire world that he was not only the rightful holder of the
title but that he was also one of the best champions the ring had
ever seen. Because of his having the pantherlike movements
and quickness of a Peter Jackson, the straight-arm punch of a
John L. Sullivan, the scientific hit-and-get-away style of a James
J. Corbett, the ring generalship and craftiness of a "Bob" Fitz-
simmons and the gameness and stamnia of a "Jim" Jefferies,
plus his own level-headedness and cheerful fighting disposition,
the best fight critics in America and Europe considered "Jack"
Johnson when in his prime, as being the best all-round and equally
balanced heavyweight fighter who ey^er crawled through the
ropes to battle in a prize ring.

Regarding the Johnson-Willard fight in Havana, Cuba, at
which time the heavyweight title passed from Johnson to Willard
the writer quotes here an extract that is taken from the article,
"Jack Johnson Tells The Truth"* that was written by Juli Jones,
Jr. in the August 6, 1921 issue of The Chicago Defender.

"The sporting editor of the New York Sun printed an article
which stated that Jack Johnson said the Willard fight was on the
level; that he did not lay down to Willard in Havana; Cuba.
This statement coming from Johnson, printed in one of America's
first-class dailies, is the first good step that Johnson has taken

224

to win the favor of the real sporting public. The present public
will not stand for a crook or a bad loser. It killed Fred Fulton,
a very likable man.

"Johnson in part made it quite plain when he stated if he was
going to lay down to Willard he would have done so in the seventh
or ninth round, and not wait until the twenty-sixth to flop. He
also stated he had always fought square and that was the reason
he got to the top. Johnson gives a good reason for his failure
to whip Willard, a very good reason. First, he had underestn
mated Willard, hadn't proper training, ran around on the ocean
looking for a battle ground. These had their effects on the fight/'

Throughout his marvelous fighting career, Johnson was
climbing to sucecss under most unfavorable conditions. Whitt
fighters in winning championships have only to fight against
and beat down the opponent in the ring before them. But before
he even got a chance to fight for the titled belt, "Jack" had al-
ways to mentally fight race prejudice on the outside of the ring
at the same time he was physically beating down his white op-
ponent in the ring. It would be hard to find proper words to
describe the great fistic career Johnson would have made for
himself if he had received the same kind of unprejudiced en-
couragements and boostings all white champions receive. And
if up to this date nearly one hundred million of white Americans
consider it wonderful to have produced out of that number seven
white heavyweight champion fighters — Sullivan, Corbett, Fitz-
simmons, Jefferies, Burns, Willard, and Dempsey; or in other
words a champion for ever fourteen million of their population '•:
then it must be most wonderful that less than thirteen million
of Colored Americans, under most unfair and persecuting condi:
tionsj have produced one heavyweight champion fighter of the
the world — John Arthur ("Jack") Johnson.

For the benefit of those people who, on account of their
jealousy and envy of Johnson's fighting ability, try to defame and
lower his character to the lowest, the writer would suggest the
reading of the logic article — "Jack Johnson, Self-Made Man"
that was written in the May 15, 1920 issue of the Chicago De-
fender by the able sport scribe, Juli Jones, Jr. Thejollowing is
an extract from that article:

♦ 225

"Both races got Jack wrong. His aim in life was not to be a
■doctor, preacher, lawyer or Race Leader. He set out to be the
best man with his lists, which he did beyond all question of
doubt. We cannot find one case where Jack ruined any young
girl's future or broke up any man's happy home; neither was he
mixed up in any barroom fights. Never was he found in the gutter
drunk or making a disgracful fellow of himself, throwing away
his money. On the other hand, since Jack has been self-exiled
from his country, press reports from England, France, Spain
and Mexico tell us that he has conducted himself in the most
gentlemanly way and is welcome back in their countries at any
time. How many- men who have been born under any flag could
have stood what Jack has stood for the past six or eight years and
still be in the limelight, handing the world a golden smile, saying,
"Good will to all men."

Now, not for one moment is the writer, in dealing with this
subject, attempting to shield or cover-up any short -comings that
may have occured in the private life of Jack Johnson. But, if
after reading the above quotation there still be those people who
continue to sneer at and belittle the upward struggles and crown-
ing success of this professional fighter, the writer would kindly
suggest that each one of such people ask himself or herself the
following question :

Have I (with all my good birth, pleasant and elevating home
'life, early encouragements, full privileges, unnumbered oppor-
tunities, unchecked enthusiasms, unshaken determinations, wide
preparations, various abilities, friendly boostings and perfect
living) ever stood for one whole day upon the top round of world
recognized success in my chosen life work; as "Jack" Johnson
stood for six years on the top round of world recognized success in
his self-selected life calling?

226

ROWING

To Whom it May Concern:

To get rid of that "Bay Window,"

Just hurry up and learn to row;
And if your back is getting weak

Pull on the oars once every week.

— Harrison.

Thus far have Colored athletes pushed onward. But the
following are a few mentioned fields of athletics in which Colored
youths have not become very active or efficient mainly because
of the lack of certain facilities and sufficient appliances and ac-
commodations for proper and seasonable trainings.

Rowing crews have not been developed in any of the Colored
universities, colleges and schools to any outside recognized
extent. This fact is quite explainable and excusable when it is
taken into consideration that few of these institutions are located
near natural and adequate bodies of water for such purposes.
Borden town School, Bordentown, N. J. and Hampton Institute,
Hampton, Va., are perhaps the two most favorable exceptions
in this case. Both of these schools have peaceful streams of
gurgling waters that flow so near as to softly caress the oft kissed
lips of their water-edged lawns.

Calmly setting upon the banks of the Hampton River, an
arm of the Merrimac-Monitor famed-Hampton Roades, Hamp-
ton Institute has running before its very doors a half mile of
nearly straight and unusually smooth body of water that is wide
enough to float at least three crews abreast. Peacefully nestling
on a high projecting hill, Bordentown School can look miles either
way upon the historical Delaware as it gently flows below making
a wide, graceful bend from upward Trenton to downward Cam-
den.

There are already hopeful signs appearing which show that
both of these institutions in the near future will take full ad-
vantages of their natural and wonderful water facilities by de-
veloping rowing crews that some day will be second to none in
the country. By the time this stage of their rowing development

227

has been reached, it is hoped that the racial, and sportsmanship
feelings between white and Colored colleges will have become so
brotherly and peacefully allied, that, the rowing crews of An-
napolis will be friendly competing against Hampton oarsmen,
and the shellmen of Princeton will be friendly churning the
Delaware waters against the crews of the Borden town School.
And when such times do come about, the writer feels sure that
the oarsmen of Hampton and Bordentown will guarantee to
keep enough water between themselves (either at the bow or
stern) and the shells of Annapolis and Princeton to wash away
and keep down any waves of "color line" that might suddenly
arise to dampen the sportsmanship and one-hundred percent
Amerieanism atmosphere of the occasions.

SWIMMING

Diving-Treading-Floating.

I worship this my hobby's call,

And all youths ought to learn it all
In water that is deep and wet

Where confidence they can beget
So as to rescue one's own life

And other folks in drowning strife

— Harrison.

General swimming as a recreation and pastime by the Colored
people in the United States has in the past been sadly neglected
for some excusable and some unexcusable reasons. The chief
excusable reasons have been that with few exceptions they have
not had access to the places where they could indulge in this
sport and that they did not have the money with which to pro-
mote and construct such places for themselves. The main,
unexcusable reason has been that they, with but few exceptions,
were too timid and scared of drowning to enter water deep enough
and stay there long enough to learn how to swim.

For instance, the writer several years ago made personal in-
vestigations among many Colored fishermen, oystermen and
crabmen who live along the shores of and spend the biggest part
of their lives on the Chesapeake Bay in little boats that every

228

year are numerously overturned by sudden squalls and storms.
And to his great and painful surprise he learned from those men
themselves that the majority of them could not swim a stroke,
while among those who had learned to swim, but few|had con-
fidence enough in themselves to believe they could even swim a
half or one mile. And yet those men daily risked their lives and
ventured out upon that deep and uncertain body of water with-
out attempting to revive and develop that valuable and necessary
instinct that is born in every human being and every dumb
animal. As the result of such thoughtless neglect of their own
persona] welfare, many of those cheerful, honest, frugal, hard-
working, plain-living and law-abiding people are drowned each
year because of their not knowing how to swim.

But today; through the cities' public recreation ponds being
opened to Colored youths, the increased erections of Y. M. C.
A's and Y. W. C. A.'s of the Colored branches withjmodernly
inclosed pools, Colored universities, colleges and large schools
gradually constructing gymnasiums containing up-to-date na-
tatoriums, and business men of the Race buying^andfimproving
seashore hotel resorts with beach bathing privileges such as
Dale's at Cape May, N. J., Bay Shore near Old Point Comfort,
Va., Fitzgerald and Ovington Hotels and Walls' beach at At-
lantic City, N. J., and Idlewild, 111., a new interest in learning the
art of swimming is being increasingly aroused among Colored
people throughout America. When fine swimming centers such
as the Chicago Wabash Avenue Y. M. C. A. puts before its
Race boys the placards and advertisements — "One Thousand
Boys Wanted To Learn How To Swim", it shows that Colored
swimming instructors are using every persuasive means to get
their youths interested and skilled in this most useful and re-
freshing pastime. These teachers fully realize that when their
art is rightly learned and properly performed it not only brings
into exercise practically every muscle of the body but also enables
its possessor when necessary to save his own as well as the lives of
others. Thus, with these encouragements/Unterests, facilities,
privileges and proper instructions rapidly increasing; it is not
"building castles in the air" to prophesy that within a reasonable

229

length of time the Negro race in America will produce a Colored
Norman Ross and a Colored Ethelda Bliebtry as champion
swimmers.

<S*frr:rrr£-g<S>

SKATING,

Dutch Roll Figure Eight-Grape-vine Twist

Great are my joys on skating night,

When moonshine* flows in streams so light,

While some strong lassie keeps my stride
As o'er smooth ice we fancy glide.

(*I mean the moonshine from the sky
And not from raisins, corn nor rye.)

— Harrison.

When in future winters young men and women of the Race
are justly admitted to the ice-skating rinks; they sensibly decide
to spend less of their time in hot-stuffy parlors, etc., and with ice
skates stay out more in the free, fresh, health renewing air upon
the parks' frozen lakes and streams : they will certainly find among
themselves a talented skater who may later build up to a white
Chas. Jewtraw, short distant; a Mrs. F. F. MacMillian, fancy;
or a J. F. Donohue, long distant, ice skating champions.

TENNIS

It's All in The Game

This is a pastime full of fun

And makes the players jump and run;

But when the ladies "serve" "love all",
Some fellows' hearts begin to crawl.

— Harrison.

As they are constantly laying out and regularly using new
private and club tennis courts all over the country, the Race
will in due time mould one of its Tally R. Holmes into a Wm.
T. Tilden or Jay Gould championship quality ; just as it will some
day take one of its Miss Slowes or Miss Channels and bloom her
into a Mrs. Molla Bjurstedt Mallory top-rung record holder.

230

GOLFING

"Tee-Off" and "Fore"
While it is called rich people's game

Poor folks should learn it just the same;
And tramp the meadows and the hill

To let fresh air their lungs to fill:
But if too poor to hire a caddy

Then use instead your sweetheart's Daddy.
— Harrison.

When the Colored people become enough interested in golf
to take advantage of the privileges that are today granted to
them on several public links, and which privileges will increase
as time goes on; they will then begin to forward one of their Jim
Barnes or Robert Balls into a champion Jock Hutchinson, just
as they will some day discover and begin to develop a Colored
woman into a championess Aleca Stirling.

An Athletic Dawn of To-morrow

Today fresh air is free: but how long will it be?

(We better snuff it while it's pure

Before the airplanes leave no more.))
Young folks should saty more in pure airs

And outdoor sports seek for health cares;
And lessen more house party 'fairs

Held in hot rooms stuffed with stale airs.

— Harrison.

The writer recently received from Mr. Chas. H. Williams,
Head of the Physical Culture Department of Hampton Insti-
tute, a graduate of that institution as well as Harvard University
and one of the most successful Colored athletic directors in the
country, official letters and architectural drawings relative to a
campaign having already been launched by Hampton Institute
to raise funds for the construction of a thirty thousand dollar
modernly equipped athletic field. When this pioneer move-
ment for Negro field sports is completed and opened for general
inspection and national track meets; it will then, as the Mecca
in America for Colored field sports, most certainly arouse un-
bounded interests, inspirations and determinations in the minds
of visitors from other Colored schools that do not possess such
advantages. And as those visitors turn homeward bound their

231

enthusiasms are going to be elevated to such high and lasting
hopes and longings that they will dreamingly hear, until ma-
terially heeded, conscience voices from the clouds above that
will softly and encouragingly whisper; "Go thou likewise and
do the same." Thus a real athletic dawn will eventually light
up and spread over many Negro schools in such ways as to enable
them in due time to turn out athletes who will surprise the world
by making unheard-of and unbelievable new track records.
For instance, as Edward O. Gourdin, the Colored and greatest
track athlete Harvard University has ever had, did July 23, 1921
at the Harvard Stadium when, in competing against Great
Britain's best athletes, he made a new running broad jump world
record by leaping 25 feet 3 inches. In making that wonderful
jump he beat Peter O'Connor's then world record of 24 feet
11^ inches that track athletes all over the world for the past
20 years had repeatedly tried but always failed to beat until
Gourdin, a Negro, came along and did the trick by over a clear
margin of 3 inches.

After reading the foreging pages of Negro success in athle-
tics, Colored youths have every right to become inspired to re-
double their efforts in trying to win even more first places along
these lines. But if a Colored athlete should at any time just
before entering a severe, critical and history making contest
suddenly become discouraged and heavy-hearted, because of his
race and color; he should remember that:-

The swiftest and most valuable piece of horse-flesh in the
world (Man-O-War) is not white, but is a light-red bay, and from
the firm tread of his feet, prancing swing of his legs, proud car-
riage of his body, beautiful arch of his neck, graceful poise of his
head, and fearless look in his eyes, shows he is neither ashamed of
his horsehood nor his well-colored natural coat. So this three-
year-old colt did not fret and worry about his brunette complex-
ion nor the odds in years against him as he nearly divorced his
body from his shadow in winning the Canadian race that gave
him the title, "King of the turf", seventy-five thousand dollars
in money, and a five thousand dollar gold cup that otherwise
would have gone to the four-year-old British colt, Sir Barton.

232

ON THE STAGE

Charles L. Gilpin

The sun first drowned the night from day,

As it came from depths to light the way;

And Charles S. Gilpin did first bob up

To damp race feelings in banquet's cup.

To-day on Thespian mount he stands

One black with nine white in these lands;
And his Broadway light has lit the ways »

For more of his Race in serious plays.

— Harrison.
Bert Williams

Second to none as a natural -born actor ,

Bert Williams to-day is a leading factor,

When on the stage in humorous moods

Feeding Broadway with amusement foods.

— Harrison.

REINOLD Wolf, (white) one of the leading stage critics of
today, wrote of Bert Williams as being "The greatest
comedian on the American Stage." Years back this noted actor
was a partner in the famous "Abyssinia" Williams & Walker
Company. For several years he has been a star actor in The
Zeigfield Follies, a leading white high-class Vaudeville Company.
The instant that Williams appears before the footlights, whether
he moves, stands still or doesn't do either, he captures his audi-
ence, and when with a word-speaking look, a suggestive motion
and a Hfe-pictured song he is always able to bring down a most
dignified house in uproarous laughter; it is no wonder that he
has been titled the Harry Lauder of the Negro race. For years
the Columbia Phonogaph Co., has been reproducing Mr.
Williams' songs on their records that are in great demand, es-
pecially his ever-popular songhit "Parson Eatmore".

Aida Overton Walker, at the time of her death, was men-
tioned by some of the New York papers as having been the Lil-
lian Russell of the Negro race. Appearing first as a chorus
dancer in "Isham's Octoroons" she through untiring and cease-
less work improved her acting until she reached her highest
dancing feature in the interpretation of "Salome", which acting
was said to have been of a Mary Garden standard. In their
primes and times, Aida and her talented husband, George Walker
were the dancing Castles of that period, and no couple, Colored

233

or white, before or since, have been able to excel them in their
world-famed "Cake Walks" that they executed by invitation
before most of the kings and queens in Europe. Her singing of
"Why Adam Sinned", "Its Hard to Love Somebody When Some-
body Don't Love You", and "H You Ain't Got No Money,
Well, You Needn't Come Around", had not been equaled by any
singer in that line until our present and famous Mamie Smith
first ddintly tripped forth and with those hypnotizing smiles of
hers caused the audience to quiver and tremble from the crown
of its head to the sole of its feet while listening to her life-action
singings of "That Thing Called Love", "You Can't Keep a
Good Man Down" and "It's Right Here For You."

George Walker, the one-time partner of Bert Williams and
the late husband of Aida Walker, was the real "Bon Bon Buddy"
singer and starred with Williams in "Sons of Ham", "Bandanna
Land", "In Dahomey" etc. "Bob" Cole, as leader of the re-
nown Cole and Johnson Company, won a great deal of his stage
glory in the presentation of "The Red Moon". As well as an
actor he was a composer of note and among his best productions
that attracted wide attention and afforded much amusement
for the theatre goers were "A Shoo Fly Regiment", "Katydid'
and "I Must Have Been A Dreaming."

Before going any further mention ought to be made of the
world-famed Ira Aldridge, who was born in Bel Air, Maryland
in 1810 and therefore can be rightly classed as an American
product, although he spent most of his years and died in Europe,
Even today he is considered as one of the greatest actors the
Negro race has ever had. Going to Europe when young and
studying at Glasgow University, Scotland, he excelled in com-
position work and won many prizes. Winning one success after
another, he finally reached his zenith in the playing of Othello,
the Moore. From that time until his death he was without a
peer in portraying that character, and few have equaled him
since. His acting was infused with so much intelligence, per-
sonality, naturalness and composure that he was always assured
of over-crowded theatres and was constantly entertained and
awarded gold medals of honor by the crowned rulers of England,

234

Prussia, Austria, Russia and many other important countries
in Europe. As Mr. Aldridge made his home in London, his
widow and two talented daughters, Luranah A. Aldridge, a
contralto singer of European fame, and Amanda Aldridge, a
celebrated composer known by her professional works as "Mon-
tague Ring", continue to reside in that city.

(Ref.: Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, pgs. 335).

The name of Samuel Milady (better known as Sam Lucas)
will ever go down in Thespian circles as one of the greatest
performers in the old school of Negro actors. He not only wrote
the sensational play of his day, "My Grandfather's Clock", but
played its leading role. But his world popularity and fame were
mostly won through his impressive playing of "Uncle Tom" in
the original white "Uncle Tom's Cabin Company."

S. Tutt Whitney and J. Homer Tutt, with their "Smarter
Set" Co., are to stageland today what Williams and Walker
were with their Company years ago. The team work of Whitney
and Tutt is without doubt the most wonderful combination of
versatile comedy acting put forth over the footlights within the
past ten years. They produce and act their own compositions
to full houses whenever and wherever they perform, and one of
their latest hits is "Bamboula."

A Colored comedian who is in a class by himself is the many-
sided Billy King. His ability to make people laugh without
tickling them in their ribs or even on their knees is nationally
known. Beside being a genius in acting, he is versatile composer
of over a hundred stage productions in which he has played the
leading parts in scores of them. His show is such a financial
success that it is said he annually pays over two hundred thousand
dollars as salaries to the half hundred or more people in his em-
ployment. Billy King is without doubt the greatest individual
producer-performer of high-class musical comedy in the Negro
race today. He is also one of those (scarce-as-hen-teeth) human
beings on earth who seems to have been born under certain
stars whose horoscopic influences magnatize dollars from every
place and steadily drop them into his pockets whether he is

235

working or playing. For Mr. King is j ust as financially successful
in his insurance company and other business seriousness as he
is in his theatrical fun making.

Two of the leading moving picture actors among the American
Colored people are; Noble Johnson who has appeared in such
national reels as "Intolerance"and "The Death Warrant", and
Donald Lashley who has acted and posed for pictures with
Alice Joyce, played forty-five weeks with Billie Burke in "Caesar's
Wife", and took part in "The Passion Flower" with Norma
Talmadge. During the four years he has been acting for the
screens he has played in company with many other white moving
picture stars.

According to an article that appeared in the May 27, 1921
issue of the Negro Star of Wichiti, Kansas, Colored people in
America own and operate seven film companies producing pic-
tures with Negro casts. One of these companies is The Lincoln
Motion Picture Company, which is incorporated in California
and has been producing moving picture films for the past five
years. Negro actors and actresses are wholly featured in its
reels that are shown in Colored theatres and other institutions
throughout the United States. Among its star reel features are ;
"Realization of a Negro's Ambition", "The Trooper of Troop
K." "Law of Nature" and "By Right of Birth." The Micheaux
Film Corporation, Chicago, 111., is another nationally known
moving picture producer. The founder and president of this
company is Oscar Micheaux, who is recognized as America's
foremost Negro producer. His chief productions are "The
Brute", "The Homesteader", The Gunsaulus Mystery", "The
Symbol of The Unconquered" and "Within Our Gates".

Some of the leading Colored moving picture stars of today
are; Dick Abrams, Jack Austin, L. De Bulger, Jim Bums, Law-
rence Chenault, Louise Dunbar, Iris Hall, Evelyn Preer, E. G.
Tatum, Walker Thompson, Lee Whipper and Mattie Wilkes.
W. H. Herman.

Right here before the facts again slips from the writer's mind,
must be mentioned two actors, the late Tom Brown and Ernest

236

Hogan. On account of their seemingly unlimited theatrical
abilities, their earnestness in performing and their cheerful and
lovable dispositions, those two were among the best and most
popular actors during their times.

S. H. Dudley aside from having shone in the center of the
actor's spotlight when taking active parts on the stage, has
become one of America's leading Colored theatrical promoters,
builders and managers in the country. He is owner or part
owner of theatres in Washington, D. C, Petersburg, Ya. and
other cities. In theatrical circles the name of Dudley is as fa-
miliar and popular among Colored people as the name of fCeith
is among white people.

"The King Pin of 'em all" (A humorous and fitting descrip-
tion made by the "Old Roll Top Desk Man, With the Million
Dollar Smile") is Charles S. Gilpin the world-famed dramatic
actor, who was given the highest thespian honors of the season
on Broadway.

"Never in the history of the stage has an actor been accorded
the class of press notices handed Gilpin during his present en-
gagement. What he did in a dramatic way in "Abraham Lin-
coln" attracted the plaudits of the critics of the metropolitan
press; but his wonderful work in "The Emperor Jones" has more
than eclipsed anything seen on Broadway in many years.
Indeed, some writers claim that never before has a character
been portrayed in as graphic a manner as is the title role in Gil-
pin's present vehicle." The above is an extract taken from an
article that appeared in the March 26, 1921 issue of the Chicago
Defender and which article was written by Tony Langston,
Dramatic Editor and Advertising Manager of that paper.

To the thoughtless observer the sudden leap to fame by this
Colored actor looked like a streak of good luck: but not so.
Years ago when Glipin was working as a coal miner, butler, por-
ter and many other menial jobs he was, perhaps unkown to even
himself, making preparations to face some big event that his
elevating aspirations pushed him on to meet. He was an actor
then, but he had not found himself and his talents were unde-
veloped. When he organized the first Lafayette dramatic

237

players in New York many years ago he was beginning to find
and unfold himself. This unfolding continued for sometime
until he was given a cast in John Drinkwater's "Abraham Lin-
coln." Then (what Gilpin knew for years but did not get a
chance to show) the nation learned that in this man were the
qualities and abilities of a great actor. So when the big oppor-
tunity came for Gilpin to play the principal actor in Eugene
O'Neill's play, "The Emperor Jones", this Colored man's previous
years of hard struggles in and out of his avenues of cherished
hopes had well equipped him for the place. Chance many have
put him there, but luck did not keep him there. Only long pre-
parations and the proper qualifications that are allied with those
preparations can balance and keep a man on such a high and
dizzy steeple point as that, and also enable him to hold a Spin-
garn Medal.

Some of the other Colored actors and actresses in America
who have mounted high enough upon the Thespian ladder to
catch glimpses of its topmost rung and are rapidly climbing
thereto, are; Dick Abrams, George Allen, Mrs. Chas. Anderson,
Chas. Anderson, Emmett Anthony, Austin & Delaney, "Chick"
Beaman, Andrew Bishop, "Eubie" Blake, Laura Bowman,
Clarence Brooks, Shelton Brooks, Teressa Brooks, Ida Brown
L. De Bulger, Jim Burris, H. B. Carter, Estelle Cash, Lawrence
Chenault, Inez Clough, Lulu Coates, Julian Costello, Amon
Davis, Hazel Davis, A. B. DeComathierre, Cleo Desmond,
Evelyn Ellis, Ada Forman, Charlotte Freeman, Lottie Ghee,
Ella Goodloe, Alice Gorgas, Richard Gregg, Lawrence Griner,
Iris5 Hall, Harper & Blank, Grace Howell, Maud Jones, Joe
Jordan, Sidney Kirkpatrick, Margeurite Lee, Tom Lemonier,
Florence McClain, Irvin C. Miller, Abbie Mitchell, Lionel
Monogus, Frank Montgomery, Francis Mores, Moss & Frye,
Clarence Muse, Chas. Olden, Laura Prampin, Harry Prampin,
Ethel Pope, Evelyn Preer, Gladys Price, Arthur Ray, "Bob"
Russell, Gertrude Saunders, Seamore & Jeanette, Arthur Sim-
mons, Nobble Sissle, "Bob" Slater, Mildrew Smallwood, Eddie
Stafford, Susie Sutton, E. G. Tatum, Walker Thompson, "Babe"
Townsend, Andrew Tribble, Lee Whipper, Maybelle Whitman,
Fannie Wise, Eddie Brown, Marie Lucus.

238

Elocutionists

Some of the foremost dramatic readers and elocutionists of
today are ; Hallie Q. Brown, who is also president of The National
Association of Colored Women, Wilberforce, Ohio, Fannie H.
Clint, New York, Madame Coppage, Norfolk, Va., Henrietta
V. Davis, Washington, D. C, Richard B. Harrison, Chicago,
111., Madamme Johnson, Berkley, Cal., Maud Jones, New York,
Frances E. Motin, St. Louis, Mo., Elmer L. Payne, Bethlehem,
Pa., Theodore Shackelford, New York, Ruby Pelleford, Sabina,
Ohio, Anna Teney, Chicago, 111,, Charles W. Wood, Tuskegee,
Ala., and Alonzo Jackson, Phila, Pa., who is Founder and Prin-
cipal of the Garrick Dramatic School in that city.

Red Blooded Airy Plays
Theaters of the Negro Race

Today try hard in every case
To ventilate their ceilings space

And thus save lungs within the Race.

Harrison.

"According to J. A. Jackson, of the Billboard, Negroes sup-
port 328 Vaudeville and 611 motion pictures theatres in 21
States. The smallest theatre seats 200 and the largest 1,800.
Since September, 1920, 25 new acts, 14 companies and 12
theatres have entered the field." The above quotation is an ex-
tract from the July, 1921 issue of The Crisis. John T. Gib-
son, Phila., Pa. owner of the New Standard and Dunbar Thea-
ters in that city, and Rufus G. Byars, Washington, D. C. ow-
ner and promoter of a chain of theaters, are recognized as two
of the most successful theatrical owners and promoters in the
Negro Race today.

The writer presents the following names as being only a few
belonging to the many many foremost Colored theatrical owners,
managers, promoters, editors writers and critics, who are using
their utmost talents and energies to inspire and present intelli-
gent entertainment and clean, wholesome amusement for the
Colored theatre goers:

C. P. Bailey, Clarence Bennett, E. C. Brown, Romeo L.
Dougherty, E. B. Dudley, S. H. Dudley, C. H. Douglass,
Hubert H. Harrison, H. J. Huey, Jas. A. Jackson, Geor-

239

gia B. Jones, Tony Langston, F. M. Murray, A. B. Nordecai,
E. L. Pankey, Sam E. Reevin, W. S. Scales, Jesse Shipp, Milton
Starr, E. S. Stone, W. J. Styles, C. H. Turpin, Lester B. Walton,
and G. Grant Williams, Deacon Johnson.

Perhaps the greatest collective sign of the rapid and wonder-
ful progress made along executive lines by Colored theatrical
promoters and performers in America is seen in the formation
of at least three big organizations pertaining to their own manage-
ment and welfare.

The National Managers' Protective Asociation is an organiza-
tion to encourage the progress and promote the welfare of all
connected with the Negro stage. Three of its chief duties are;
first, to see that Negro players be encouraged in every way to
entersperse their acts with clean, worth while offerings iti songs
and new material ; secondly, to agree to such arrangements that
the booking exchange, will give acts contracts that will be played
as given, eliminating lay-offs, with shortest possible jumps, and
salary in keeping, and thirdly, to arbitrate all complaints of
managers, actors or agents, and see that a just settlement is
given the parties, each case to be decided upon its merits. The
officers of this organ are as follows: President C. H. Turpin, of the
Booker T. Washington Theatre, St. Louis, Mo., Vice-President,
E. B. Dudley, of the Dudley Theatre, Detroit, Mich., and Secre-
tary-Treasurer, T. S. Finley of the Lyceum Theatre, Cincinnati,
Ohio.

The Theatre Owners' Booking Association by its own name
implies what its chief duties are, and it is only necessary to say
that the rapidly increasing numbers of theatre managers who are
joining this association in order to be assured of regular and best
plays being booked for their houses, vividly shows the necessity
and value of such an organ. Its President is Milton Starr,
Nashville, Tenn., Vice-President, C. H. Turpin, St. Louis, Mo.,
Secretary, W. S. Scales, Winston-Salem, N. C, and Treasurer-
Manager, S. E. Reevin, Chattanooga, Tenn.

A most recent organization along these lines is known as The
Actors' Legion with headquarters at Cincinnati, Ohio. Its
membership is to be composed of actors and actresses.., and one

240

of its chief duties is to see that matters of importance to per-
formers will be speedily and properly adjusted. The writer was
not able to get a list of the names belonging to the officers of
this body.

Tony Langston, born in Detroit, Michigan, (fortunately
several years after Noah's Flood and a few years before Volstead's
Drought) and today living in Chicago never very far from nor
out of sight of "Dear Old State Street", is without question the
most popular Colored theatrical writer not only in America but
throughout the world. He writes the widest variety of subjects
of any present-day penman in that line and is read by more
than one million people each and every week. Nine years ago
he entered the establishment of the Chicago Defender by way
of its back door and on a salary less than the devil (printer's)
himself receives. To-day, he (Tony, not the devil) walks in
and out the front doors of this firm as the highest paid writer
in the history of Colored journalism.

When he first took hold of the dramatic sheet of this paper
and held it up before the sun (son — excuse the pun) , he could see
just about as much matter on it as is seen in the hole (whole)
of a doughnut. Since then he has been constantly thumping
and pounding on Colored theatrical Boards with such hard and
well-aimed blows (not with hammers and nails, but with ability,
hard work, tact, cheerfulness, sympathy, friendliness and a
"Million Dollar Smile") that to-day the dramatic construction
of the Chicago Defender averages over thirty thousand dollars
yearly in advertising.

Aside from being Advertising Manager of the above men-
tioned journal, which is popularly known as the "World's
Greatest Weekly", this all-round journalist, who is fondly
called the "Old Roll Top Desk Man," holds similar positions
in connection with the Avenue, Grand, States, Phoenix,
Lincoln, Atlas, Monogram, Owl and Pickford^ Theatres. He is
also President of the Langston Slide and Advertising Company.

241

"REAL WHITE" FRIENDS

Hopefulness and Gratefulness.

Through all his trials upon this land,

Some white folks take the Negro's stand;
And this has kept his hopes alive

For higher things to ever strive
So as to show his worth and thanks

To those who share their brains and banks.

— Harrison.

FROM the year 1619 when Negroes were first brought from
Africa to the American Colonies, Colored people had from
the very first a few of the truest kind of friends among a certain
class of broad-minded, clean hearted and Christian white people.
This group of people never was in favor of slavery but they could
not stop it because their numbers were so much smaller than
those who wanted and did have slaves. But white friends of
those shackled human beings rapidly increased in numbers
until 1861 when they felt that at last they were not only evenly
matched but also had the sentiment of the rest of the world with
them against the Southern white enemies of the Negro in free-
dom. Even during the darkest days of slavery there were white
men and women in both the North and South, who after having
slaves given to them by their parents, became so heavy of heart
and worried in mind because of their parts in such soul damming
sins and crimes that they would not longer keep their Colored
people as slaves but set them free. Then again on account
of some valuable deeds or services they had performed, many
slaves were made free outright or were allowed to work their
freedom out on easy terms. Some owners, while they were not
quite Christianized or civilized enough to free their slaves, were
in several ways quite kind to them and sometimes secretely
(for the laws of the land forbid owners educating their slaves)
taught them to read and write in somewhat the same amusing
and pitying manner that tender-hearted boys and girls of today
are kind to their pet birds and rabbits and teach them several
smart tricks but yet will not open the cage doors and turn them
loose.

Thus in the above ways there were during the whole period
of slavery in the colonies a certain number of Negroes who had

242

secured their freedom as well as good educations in many in-
stances. This explains how it is possible for the writer to truth-
fully mention within these pages historical facts relative to cer-
tain Colored people becoming noted teachers, preachers, doc-
tors, newspaper editors, etc., long before the Civil War and the
freedom of all Negroes in America.

Through the agencies of such organizations and societies as
named below thousands of Northern white people either by
means of their money or through actual service among the Color-
ed people in the South showed their unquestioned friendships for
the Negro race. Some of the most important of those friendly
organs were as follows:

"Freedman's Bureau, American Missionary Association, The
American Freedmen's Union Commission, The Baltimore As-
sociation for the Moral Educational Improvement of the col-
ored people, The Western Freedmen's Aid Commission, National
Freedmen's Relief Association of the District of Columbia, The
Soldiers' Memorial Society of Boston, Old School General As-
sembly Presbyterian Church, American Baptist Home Mission
Society, The New England Yearly Meeting of Friends, and The
Pennsylvania Friends' Freedmen's Relief Association of Phila-
delphia.

The two Presidents of the United States who have proved
themselves, through both words and deeds, truly to have been
the greatest white friends the Negro race has ever had in the
White House were Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.

The following are a few names handed to the writer by capable
estimators as being among the many thousands of America's
"real white" people, who, either before or during the Civil War,
Reconstruction Period or during the present times, have shown
by their encouraging and fearless words and their generous and
helpful deeds that they had or have within them the deepest
brotherhood interest for the truest humane welfare and progress
of the Negro Race :

Wm. Anthony Aery Editor

Samuel Chapman Armstrong Educator

Miss Alice M. Bacon Philanthropist.

Dr. Gamaliel Bailey Editor, Abolionist

243

Henry Ward Beecher Preacher

Arthur Brisbane Journalist

Arnold Buffum, Abolionist

Horace Bumstead Educator

Benjamin F. Butler General

Natalie Curtis Burlin, Composer-Author

John Brown Agitator-Abolionist

Dr. Wallace Buttrick Educator

George W. Cable Novelist

Dorothy Canfield Novelist

Andrew Carnegie Philanthropist

Gen. H. W. Carpenter Philanthropist

Dr. J. M. Clark Educator

Joshua Coffin Abolitionist

Mrs. Mary Crozier Philanthropist

Frank W. Darling Philanthropist

Miss Jane E. Davis Editor

Dr. Jas. H. Dillard Educator

Dr. J. Stanley Durkee Educator

L. C. Dyer, Congressman

John T. Emlen Philanthropist

Samuel Ettleson, Senator

Mrs. Mary Evans Philanthropist

Calvin Fairbanks Underground R. R. Agent

Homer L. Ferguson Philanthropist

Dr. C. H. Fisk Educator

Jos. B. Foraker Lawyer-Senator

A. S. Frissell Banker

Dr. Hollis Burke Frissell Educator

F. Nathan Fritch Manufacturer-Merchant

Wm. Lloyd Garrison Agitator- Abolitionist

Eugene G. Grace, Manufacturer-Merchant

Dr. Jas. E. Gregg Educator

Mrs. J. H. Hammond, Publicity Worker

Warren G. Harding President

Atticus G. Haygood Educator

William Hayward, Colonel

Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Philanthropist

O. 0. Howard General

Julia Ward Howe Philanthropist

Dr. G. W. Hubbard Educator

Collis P. Huntington Philanthropist

Mrs. C. P. Huntington, ....Philanthropist

Miss Elizabeth Hyde Educator

Mrs. D. Willis James, Philanthropist

Miss Anna T. Jeanes Philanthropist

W. N. Harthorn Philanthropist

Mrs. John S. Kennedy Philanthropist

Robt. T. Kerlin Educator- Author

F. H. Keys Philanthropist

F. E. Lewis Lawyer and Ex-Mayor.

H. E. and R. A. Lewis, Manufacturers-Merchants

Colonel Little, U. S. Army

Elijah P. Lovejoy Preacher- Abolitionist

Martin E. Madden Congressman

Joseph C. Manning Congressman

Frederick L. Marquand, Philanthropist

Samuel J. May Underground R. R. Agent

244

Dr. F. A. McKenzie Educator

Mendell McCormick Senator

Dr. C. M. Melden Educator

Dr. C. F. Meserve Educator

Lucretia Mott Philanthropist

John R. Mott, Y. M. C. A. Worker

Robert C. Ogden Philanthropist

Mary White Ovington Authoress-Lecturer

Robt. W. Paterson Philanthropist

Geo. Foster Peabody Philanthropist

Wendell Phillips Agitator-Abolitionist

Dr. Geo. P. Phenix Educator

Dr. John B. Rendali Educator

R. J. Reynolds Philanthropist

John D. Rockefeller Philanthropist

Theodore Roosevelt President

Julius Rosen wald Philanthropist

Mrs. Russell Sage Philanthroipist

J. G. Schmidlap Phanlanthropist

Charles M. Schwab Manufacturer-Merchant

Herbert J. Seligman Author

John Sherman Senator

John F. Slater Philanthropist

R. C. Solt Banker

Joel E. Spingarn Philanthropist

Miss Caroline Phelps-Stokes Philanthropist

Moorefield Storey Lawyer

Mrs. Valeria Stone Philanthropist

Harriett Beecher Stowe Novelist-Abolitionist

Wm. Jay Schieffelin Philanthropist

Prof. T. L. Stewart, Educator

Charles Sumner Senator- Abolitionist

Dr. F. A. Sumner Educator

Robert S. Taylor. Lawyer

Dr. W. P. Thirkield Bishop

Oswald Garrison Villard Editor

Dr. E. T. Ware Educator

John Wanamaker..... Philanthropist

Mrs. Sarah E. Whitin Philanthropist

John Greenleaf Whittier Poet

Linderman, Warren & Robt. Wilbur, Bankers

Henry Wilson Abolitionist, Vice-President

(Some names in above list are extracts from Work's Negro

Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, p. 34.)

The National Association for the Advance-
ment of Colored People.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People has its headquarters in New York City. This organiza-
tion was fittingly originated in 1909 at a banquet celebrating the
one-hundredth anniversary of the birth of the immortal Abraham
Lincoln. The one who made the first move for its organization

245

was a white woman, Miss Mary White Ovington, who is recog-
nized today as the Harriet Beecher Stowe of her race. She is a
graduate of Radcliffe College and is the author of several books.
It has been greatly through her untiring and helpful efforts that
this organ now has in America, Canada, Canal Zone and Phil-
ippine Islands nearly four hundred branches that have a
membership of over one hundred thousand. At this writing the
association is conducting a campaign for the securing of two
hundred fifty thousand members. The true steering rudder of
this tremendous ark of safety is in the steady hands of Moor-
field Storey, who as its pilot is being ably assisted in accurately
compassing all rightful courses by his keen-eyed lookout crew
that is composeed of Robt. W. Bagnall, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois,
Archibald H. Grimke, Rev. John H. Holmes, Mrs. Addie W.
Hunton, Bishop John Hurst, Jas. Weldon Johnson, Miss Mary
White Ovington, William Pickens, Arthur B. Spingarn, J. E.
Spingarn, Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, Oswald Garrison Villard and
Walter White.

The work of this association is best explained in the following
matter which is a copy of one of its programs:

Done in 1920

1. Anti-Lynching.-Had introduced in both the House and the

Senate anti-lynching measures, as a result of which it is
expected that Congress will enact laws making lynching
a federal offense.

2. The Vote-Took the matter of disfranchisement of colored
voters in the South before the House Committee on the
Census; introduced evidence to prove the denial of the right
to vote by terrorization and other means; demanded the
fair and impartial enforcement of election laws in the south-
ern states, or the reduction of representation wherever the
right to vote is denied.

3. Haiti.-American misrule in the black republic of Haiti was

brought into the light of pitiless publicity, forcing investiga-
tion by the Navy Department and resulting in the intro-
duction in the Senate and House of bills providing for Con-
gressional investigation.

246

4. Legal Defense -Defended Arkansas riot victims and had
their cases appealed; 6 of the 12 men condemned to death
granted new trials on constitutional grounds; Robert L.
Hill, charged with being the chief "conspirator" in these
riots, freed. Extradition of Tom Ray from Michigan to
Georgia fought. Numerous civil rights cases contested by
the branches.

5. Ku Klux Klan,.-A campaign was begun against the revived
Ku Klux Klan, which eventually put the Klan on the de-
fensive.

6. Publicity. -The most formidable weapon for fighting wrong
and injustice is publicity. Placed The Crisis each month
before more than 350,000 readers. Sent 131 press releases
to more than 500 white and colored papers all over the coun-
try. Sent out 220,550 leaflets and pamphlets.

Program for 1921

1. Anti-Lynching legislation by Congress.

2. Abolition of Segregation in the Departments at Washington.

3. Enfranchisement of the Negro in the South or reduction of
southern representation, if necessary.

4. Restoration of Haitian Independence and Reparation, as
far as possible for wrongs committed there by the American
administration, through Congressional investigation of both
military and civil acts of the American occupation.

5. Presentation to the New President of a mammoth petition
of say, 100,000 bona fide signers, collected by the various
branches, requesting the pardon of the soldiers of the 24th
Infantry imprisoned at Leavenworth on the charge of
rioting at Houston, Texas.

6. The Abolition of Jim Crow Cars in interstate traffic.

7. Treatment of Colored Men in the Army and Navy; (a)fln
the Army, admission to artillery units, from which they ^are
now excluded, promotion in the medical and other corps, and
the elimination of other forms of discrimination ; (b) In the Na-

247

vy obtaining ratings as non-commissioned officers once more,
instead of their present enlistment only as mess-boys, that
is, as servants."

8. Appointment of a National Inter-Racial Commission to
make an earnest study of race conditions and race relations
in the United States.

9. Appointment of Colored Assistant Secretaries in the Depart-

ments of Labor and Agriculture which would give the Negro
official representation in the two phases of national life where
he needs most and suffers most.

10. Continuance of the Fight in the Arkansas Cases.

1 1 . The Successful Holding of the Second Pan-African Congress
that the colored peoples of the world may gain a mutual
understanding of their common problems.

12. The Defeat by Every Legitimate Means of the Nefarious

Ku Klux Klan, both South and North.

National Urban League

Another organization that is second to none in its usefulness
and helpfulness to the America Colored people is the National
Urban League for Social Service Among Negroes. This body
was formed in 1911 and is also under the guidance of one of the
staunchest white friends the Race has in the person of L. Hollings-
worth Wood. His keen foresight discovers and leaves no stone
unturned in bringing about for Colored people throughout the
country fair chances to work in new lines of industry and be ac-
corded just privileges to live in sanitary and comfortable quar-
ters. This league has branches in more than thirty cities where
thousands of Colored people yearly receive social and industrial
helpfulness of the most encouraging nature. Few people know
the full value of the tremendous work this league is doing and
of^the rapid growth it is making.

Those who are, as the chief officers in this league, wisely and
unstintingly giving their time and efforts to aid Mr. Wood in
this great work are W. H. Baldwin, A. S. Frissell, A. L. Jackson,
E. K. Jones, Dr. R. R. Moton, Kelly Miller, John T. Emlen,
J. C. Thomas and Lillian A. Turner.

248

Praiseworthy and thankful mention should be made on these
pages regarding the backboned manhoods and Christian stands
for protection and justice to Colored people three Southern
governors have fearlessly taken within the past two years.

In July 1920, Governor Thos. W. Bickett of North Carolina
sent the State Militia, under Capt. M. P. Fowler, to Graham,
N. C. with orders to halt and prevent a white mob from breaking
into jail and lynching three Negro prisoners. After the troops
had arrived and were placed on guard the mob advanced on the
jail to secure the prisoners but were halted and scattered by the
militia's machine gun that killed one and wounded three of the
would-be lynchers.

During March 1921, Governor Edwin P. Morrow of Kentucky
removed from office the white jailer, J. H. Edgar for allowing a
white mob to enter the jail and lynch Richard James a Colored
prisoner. This Governor also offered a reward of one thousand
five hundred dollars for the capture and conviction of each mem-
ber of the mob.

Right on the heels of the exposure and arrest of the Georgia
white planter, J. S. Williams, who was convicted in April 1921
for the murder of Lindsey Peterson, a Colored laborer on Williams
peonage plantation where the murdered bodies of at least ten
other Colored laborers were found; Governor Hugh M.Dorsey,
of Georgia had published and freely circulated a pamphlet en-
titled, "The Negro in Georgia." In this publication the Gover-
nor bravely and in detail tells of 135 incidents of cruelties com-
mitted upon Georgia Negroes. In only two of these cases were
the victims accused of crimes against white women. The re-
maining 133 exposures tell of the whippings, shootings, lynchings,
and the enslavement of Colored laborers under the forced labor
systems, as well as the driving away of wealthy Colored people
from their homes by bodily abuses or threatened tortures.

When it is taken into consideration that those officials fu ly
knew that their stands against and exposures of such savage be-
haviors of their own people would without doubt mean their
political deaths, as well as making for themselves state wide

249

enemies who would not hesitate to do them physical harm;
the acts of those Governors were really those of heroes. In per-
forming their full official and Christian duties, they have already
influenced many other Southern officials to come forward like
real men and help to wash away from the South (especially
Georgia) its world-wide stain and shame.

During the past twenty years, Hon. Joseph C. Manning of
Alabama, because of his continued courageous stands and his
mighty platform and pen fights for justice to the Colored people,
especially in the South, has constantly proved himself one of the
most fearless and truest white friends the Negro race has in
America today. In the April 23, 1921 issue of the Chicago De-
fender there was republished the article "Let Him Have Due
Credit" that appeared in the April 16, 1921 issue of The Washing-
ton Bee. The article in part says :

"The peonage conditions in Georgia and the trail that has
been going on down there recalls that it was Hon. Joseph C.
Manning of Alabama who first brought peonage conditions in
Alabama and the South to national attention and into national
discussion.

"A letter written by Mr. Manning to the New York Evening
Post in 1903 not only assailed this condition but named the peon-
age perpetrators. The Literary Digest made a review of the
newspaper comment the article aroused. The papers in Ala-
bama, some of them, vilified Mr. Manning unmercifullly. He was
denounced as a "defamer of his state", branded as a liar, the
peonage conditions were denied; but, in not a great while, the
citizens he named were prosecuted and convicted through the
operations of the Department of Justice when Mr. Moody was
Attorney General.

"In the matter of peonage, as well as in the showing up of
"black belt" frauds in the South, it was none other than Hon.
Joseph C. Manning who took the initiative and has stood the
burden to follow for having stood for right.

250

"Precisely as he fought "black belt" frauds, helping to unseat
Southern members of Congress in 1897, he has kept on fighting
disfranchisement and arraigned lynching and all sorts of mobs
and mob government.

"President Harding, when in the United States Senate, was
called on frequently by Mr. Manning, who discussed these
wrongs with the man who was to become President. The Bee
then followed the work being done, in 1917, right here in Wash-
ington by Mr. Manning. No man, more than the President of
the United States, knows about this self-sacrificing labor of
Mr. Manning for right and for justice."

251

CORRECTED FRATERNAL INFORMATION

| In order to prevent possible misleadings or misunderstandings
on the part of any reader, the writer quotes below, from pages
457-8 of Work's Negro Year Book, 1918-1919 edition, the rela-
tive positions of officers in different divisions of the Orders of
Masons, Odd Fellows and Pythians, which detailed information
he found it impossible to put on pages 128-9 on account of lack
of|space.

"MASONS"

Imperial Council Ancient Egyptian

Arabic Order of Nobles of The Mystic Shrine.

Officers:

Imperial Potentate, C. R. Blake, Charlotte, N. C.

Imperial Chief Rabban, R. E. Moore, Chicago, 111.

Imperial High Priest and Prophet, R. F. Husley, Wheeling W. Va.

Imperial Treasurer, C. A. Freeman, Washington.

Imperial Recorder, Levi Williams, Jersey City.

Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Masons

Officers of Northern Jurisdiction :

Sovereign Grand Commander, J. F. Richards, Detroit, Mich.
Lieutenant Sovereign Grand Commander, R. E. Moore, Chicago, 111.
Grand Secretary, W. H. Miller, Philadelphia, Pa.

Officers of Southern Jurisdiction:

Sovereign Grand Commander, T. W. M. Grant, Sr., New Orleans, La.
Lieutenant Sovereign Grand Commander, James T. Logan, Natchez, Miss.
Grand Chancellor, Leon W. Taylor, New Orleans.

Royal Arch Masons

Officers:

President W. T. Butler, New York.
Treasurer, T. M. Holland, Chicago.
Secretary, James O. Bampfield, Washington.

Ancient York Masons

Officers of National Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted York Rite Masons:

National Grand Commander, Bishop J. W. Alstork, Montgomery, Ala.
National Deputy Grand Commander, Dr. A. R. Robinson, Philadelphia,

Penna.
National Grand Secretary, R. J. Simmons, Atlanta, Ga.

252

"ODD FELLOWS"

Grand Officers: (Morris Faction)

Grand Master, E. H. Morris, 219 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Deputy Grand Master, I. L. Roberts, Boston.

Grand Secretary, James F. Needham, N. W. Cor. 12th and Spruce St.,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Grand Treasurer, W. David Brown, New York City.

Grand Officers: (Davis Faction)

Grand Master, J. S. Noel, Charleston, W. Va.
Deputy Grand Master, W. T. Francis, St. Paul, Minn.
Grand Secretary, R. J. Nelson, Harrisburg, Pa.
Grand Treasurer, C. Colbourne, Wilmington, Del.

"KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS OF NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH
AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AND AUSTRALIA."

Officers of Supreme Lodge:

Supreme Chancellor, S. W. Green, 226 South Robertson St., New Or-
leans, La.

Supreme Vice Chancellor, E. C. Tidrington, Indianapolis, Ind.

Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. H. Young, 405 Martin St., Pine Bluff,
Arkansas.

Supreme Keeper of Records and Seal, Dr. E. E. Underwood, Frankfort, Ky

"KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS (EASTERN AND WESTERN
HEMISPHERE.)"

"Meets biennially. The Officers are:

Supreme Chancellor, W. Ashbie Hawkins, Baltimore.

Supreme Vice-Chancellor, W. H. Willis, New York City.

Supreme Master of Exchequer, J. C. Anderson, Crewe, Va.

Supreme Keeper of Records and Seal, G. E. Gordon, Chelsea, Mass."

253

I MUST PROCLAIM YOUR ABSENT NAME IS
NOT MY BLAME

If on this book's few pages space

Some worthy one of either Race
Finds not his name in any place,

Think not it is the author's slight
That kept your name from inky write;

For he has toiled both day and night
In vain research both far and near

To get more facts than here appear.
Thus blame not him for real neglect

'Cause your own name he did not get :
And if a wrong fact herein be

It was not writ intentionally.
So friend, resume your cheerful moods

And smile away those fretful broods
For of all names in type here set

The writer makes no one his pet,
But equally lauds all those who seek

To inspire youths and help the weak.

The Author.

254

Race PARENTS should this book now buy
And teach their CHILD big things to try.

To PEOPLE who know not the Race
This book will TELL about its pace.

This BOOK unbashfully contends

Its ever VAMPING for new FRIENDS.

After YOU have read this book

Do SHOW it to the BOSS and COOK.

If to this Race you be a friend

This BOOK you'll surely RECOMMEND.

All folks who plan to "KNOCK" this book
Such " BOOST " will make the people look.

No use to HIDE it on some shelf
'Cause it sticks out and SHOWS itself.

Before you get that SUICIDE BLUE
Just BUY this BOOK and read it thro.

Some NIGHT when you pay HER a call
About this book tell SWEETHEART all.

Give on next CHRISTMAS OR BIRTHDAY
This BOOK to cheer your BEAU real gay.

The PRICE herein asked for this BOOK
Is DIRT CHEAP, if you would once look
And weigh GREAT VALUES it contains
As gleaned from study, WORK and brains.

PRICE OF BOOK, $1.50. BY MAIL, $1.60

MONEY TO BE SENT WHEN ORDERING BOOK.

Do not send postage stamps. Checks accepted when certified.

SEND MONEY BY POST OFFICE MONEY ORDER

Address

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Jr.

820 Wyandotte Street, -:- Bethlehem, Pa.

:gee instt-

AUABAMA

TUSKEGEE INSTiTUTK.

IfMl

*| MUK

RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library

or to the

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station

University of California

Richmond, CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

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