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AMERICAN SPARROW HAWKS

COLOR KEY TO

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS

FRANK M. CHAPMAN

M
ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Author of ** Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,"
'•Bird-Life," Etc.

fFith Upward of 8oo Drawings

CHESTER A. REED, B. S.

NEW YORK

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1 90^

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.,

1903

f >
\

92040

JAN 15 1906

P E.

PREFACE.

Co learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the
study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the
structure, food, and habits of the birds of the world, or de-
sire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden,
but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identi-
fication.

From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to
identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its
form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the
aid of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is
a simple matter to ascertain the bird's name.

Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one
dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the
living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural out-
vcome of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which,
k)stered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed
an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude.

We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-
lovers whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them
would refuse to use it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to
them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar
wants. The present volume has been prepared with this end in view.
Identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however,
which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent

interest in nature.

Frank M. Chapman.

American Museum of Natural History ^
New York City, 1903.

iii

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in
identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings
whick most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect
reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species
they figure, but aim to present a bird's characteristic colors as they
appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the
birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured.
Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given
at the beginning of each description. The figures are based on the
male bird.

CONTENTS.

Page
INTRODUCTION 1

How to Learn a Bird's Name 1

How Birds Are Named 4

SYNOPSIS OF Orders and families of north American Birds 9

Color Key to North American birds 41

Systematic Table of North American birds 257

INDEX 291

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

c?. The sign of Mars, signifying male.

?. The sign of Venus, signifying female.

Ad Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.

Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plu-w

mage of the adult.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail.

This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear

somewhat shorter.
W. Wing, the distance from the *bend' of the wing to the end of the

longest feather
T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end

of the longest one.
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes,

or of the so-called *leg.'
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to

its tip.
Norm All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation ->{
about ten per cent, from the figures given may be expected. The num-
ber before the name of each species is that of the American Ornitholo-
gists* Union's *Check-List of North American Birds.*

INTRODUCTION.

HOW TO LEARN A BIRD'S NAME.

"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the
seeker after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, **By shooting them and
studying their structure and markings in detail/* may do for the few
who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is em-
phatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while they
desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain
it at the sacrifice of bird-life.

In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to
group, figiu-e, and describe our birds that any species may be named
which has been definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic
Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehend, but, further than
this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have
been grouped according to color and markings.

A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which
they are based; telling for example, the external differences between a
Duck and a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the
beginner have much difficuly in deciding to what Order a bird belongs.
Probably eight times out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the
Order Passerks, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select the
color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the
colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one's
selection by reading the description of the bird's characteristics and
the outline of its range.

How TO Learn a Bird's Namb.

In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the
subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most sub-
species resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life
by color alone, and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its
color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is
seen.

During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region
where two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the
bird in nature with some certainty, for it is a law that only one sub-
species of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations,
and in the winter, when several subspecies of one species may be found
associated, it is frequently impossible to name them with accuracy.

For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in call-
ing the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin
{Merula migratoria achrtistera)) but later, when the Northern Robins
{Merula migratoria) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not im-
possible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.

If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the
bird in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observa-
tion he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experi-
ences.

It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be
satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at
your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its appearance
in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and
at oncb enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In
this way, and this way alone, can you expect to compete with those
who use the gun.

It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect speci-
mens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student
may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the
standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself
with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of Our birds
and their leading structural characters.

How TO Learn a Bird's Name.

To the stiident who desires to prepare himself for his work afield
such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds.
But where the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more
technical side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should
not be neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not
only be of practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with
it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we
know what we know.

As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to
classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their
proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the*
systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which pre-
cede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically.

In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descrip-
tions of birds* notes have been included. It is not supposed that these
descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person
who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead
to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard.

An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be
devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the
data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however,
that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.

As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students
to learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be do-
ing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence,
we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird.
This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close
intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds' haunts and food, their
seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during
courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their
yoimg, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives
may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life,
add to our love of birds.

HOW BIRDS ARE NAMED.

Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or

popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is

usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits.

The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who

'classify them.

Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical
names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by
Linnaeus and their formation and application are governed by certain
definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnaean system, as it is now
employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in ad-
dition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall
have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied
to any other animal.

Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:

GLASS AVES, Birds.

ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.

Sub-order Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.

Family Turdidcs, Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc.

Sub-family TurdincB, Thrushes.

Genus, Merula, Thrushes.

Species, migratoria, American Robin.

The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone
possesses, is Merula migratoria. There are numerous other members
of the genus Merula^ but not one of them is called migratoria^ and this
combination of names, therefore, is applied to only one bird.

It should also be observed that, under what is known as the *Law of

How Birds abb Nahbo*

Priority/ the first specific name properly cfiven to aa animal is the one
by which it shall always be known, provided of cotirse» the same name
in combination with the generic term employed, has never been used
for any other animal.

The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird
**Robin*' and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely dis-
tributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their
range. The Flicker {Colapies auraius), for instance, has over one hun-
dred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often
applied to wholly different birds. Our 'R^6bm{Merula migraioria) is not
even a member of the same family as the European Robin (Eriihacus
rubccola.i If, therefore, we should write of birds or attempt toclassity
them only by their common names we should be dealing with such un-
fixed quantities that the result would be ^inaccurate and misleading.
But by using one name in a language known to educated people of all
coimtries, a writer may indicate, without danger of being misunderstood,
the particular animal to which he refers. Among people speaking the
same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has
been established, they can of course be used instead of the scientific
names.

Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the Amer-
ican Ornithologists* Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific
name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomen-
clature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of
birds employed in this *Color Key' are those of the American Ornithol-
ogists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.*

It will be observed that in this *Check-List,' and consequently in the
following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic,
specific, and sub-specific. The Western Robin, for example, appears
as Merula migraioria propinqua. What is the significance of this third
name?

In the days of Linnaeus, and for many years after, it was supposed
that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied

How Birds are Named.

from a recognized type. But in comparatively recent years, as speci-
mens have been gathered from throughout the county inhabited by a
species, comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of
its range differ from those taken in another part of its range. At in-
tervening localities, however, intermediate specimens will b6 found
connecting the extremes.

Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the
result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rain-
fall a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where tlie
rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert
region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may notreach eight inches,
and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the
annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going from one
region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate are ac-
companied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, and
the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are
therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.

Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or sub-
specific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In nam-
ing them a third name, or trinomial^ is employed, and the possession of
such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial rep-
resentative of a species, with one or more representatives of which it
intergrades.

Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the
outer pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is
blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and west-
ward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is
dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are connected by
intermediate specimens sharing the characters of both eastern
and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latten as a species,
but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a subspecific name
or trinomial, Merula migratoria propinqua^ {propingua^ meaning nearly
related).

How Birds Akh Named.

A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern
part of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from
the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in
color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name
Merula migratoria achrusieruy {achrusiera, meaning less highly colored).

It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why
not call eastern, western and southern Robins by one name, Merula
migratoria^ without regard to their climatic variations?

In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of
subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one
another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be in-
advisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different
creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W.
Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-
whites of southern Mexico, through a long series of intermediates in-
habiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, white-
throated, black-and-white breasted. Bob-white of our northern states.
It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name,
nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-white since
at no' place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern
Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal
the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly differ-
ent birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of
species.

For much the same reason we should name those birds which show
less pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here
we have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between
cause and effect, we learn something of the influences which create
species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so to alter a species,
both in size and color, that, as we have seen in the case of the Song
Sparrows, marked climatic changes are accompanied by correspond-
ingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. In nam-
ing these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle to the fact* of their
evolution by environment.

How Birds Are Named.

The study of the distribution of birds and the mapping of their
natural life-areas are also intimately connected with this recognition
by name of their geographical variations, but into this phase of the
subject we will not enter.

Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to
the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no
fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degrees of
difference are deserving a name. It follows, therefore,that in some cases
ornithologists do not agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.

In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a
committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists* Union,
and their decision establishes a nomeclature, which is accepted as the
standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted
in this volume.

Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been
found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic
list of North America birds, but are not described or figured in the body
of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous im-
pression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the
presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the
capture of specimens.

In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have
had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural
History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtednesss to
William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway,
Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C.
Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens
tor description and illustration.

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF NORTH

AMERICAN BIRDS.

The figures are all life-size, except as stated.

WATER BIRDS.

Order I. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. PYGOPODES.

(3 families, 32 species, 3 subspecies.)

Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high,
and without fiutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short,
never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not
noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white
below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Lopns, when pursued,
dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.

PIED-BILLED GREBE.

Family i. GREBES. POI^ICIPID^.

Toes four, with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.

FOOT OF RAZOR-BILLED AUK.
9

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

LOON.
Family 2.. .LDCKHS. .GAVIFD/E.

Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; t^il-present.
Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS. ALCIDi€.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail, present-

Order IL Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. LONGIPENNES.

(.3 families, 42 species, 1 subspecies.)

Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong,
thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the
Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer
feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls,
long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray
above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young
Gulls are dark.

PARASITIC JAEGER.

Family 4. SKUAS AND JAEGERS. STERCORARIIDi€.

Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its. base with a
scaly shield.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

HERRING GULL.

COMMON TERN.

Family 5. GULLS AND TERNS. Larid^.

Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail
usually square TGulls, subfamily Laritue), Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked
C Terns, subfamily SUrnituc),

BLACK SKIMMER.
11

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 6. SKIMMERS. RYNCHOPlDiC.

Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than
the mandible; tail slightly forked.

Order III. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. TUBI-

NARES.
(2 families, 30 species, 1 subspecies.)
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the
water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible
hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail
short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually
gray or black and white; no bright markings.

BILL OF SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

Family 7. ALBATROSSES. DIOMEDEIDiC.

Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.

FULMAR.

LEACH PETREL.

Family 8. FULMARS, PETRELS. AND SHEARWATERS. PROCELLARIID-^.
Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order IV. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man-o'war Birds,.
AND Tropic-Birds. STEGANOPODES.

(6 families, 19 species, 5 subspecies.)

Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appear-
ance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four
toes joined by webs.

yellow-billed tropic bird.

Family Q. TROPIC BIRDS. PHAETHONTID/E.

Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered*

CANNET.

Family lo. GANNETS. SULID.€.

Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not
'fluted.'

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

ANHJNGA,

Family ii. ANHINGAS; SNAKE-BIRDS. ANHINGID^.
Biii straight and slender; cliin and eye space bare; tail rounded: tts middle f^tiie
fluted.

VIOLET- GREEN CORMORANT.

Family 12. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORAClDi€.

Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.

MAN-O* WAR Bl«a

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

•'g3»

BROWN PELICAN.

Family 13. PELICANS. PELECANID^.

Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.

Family 14. MAN-O' WAR BIRDS. FREGAT1D>C.

Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.

Order V. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. AN§ERES.
(1 family, 49 species, 6 subspecies.)
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks,
broad and with rows of 'strainers* or 'gutters* on either side; wings
short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum;
tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most ' species, unlike
the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
IS

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

MALLARD.

Family 15. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. ANATID/E.

Bill long^, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergan-
sers. Subfamily Mergitue,)

Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind
toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily ^//a/;//^.;

Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay
Ducks. Subfamily FuUguUtur.)

Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides
less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Atisetitu^,)

Large, usually white birds with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygnince,)

Order VI. Flamingoes. ODONTOGLOSS^.

(1 family, 1 species.)

Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in
height; side of the bill with gutters, Its end bent downward; wings
rather short; legs long; feet webbed.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN FLAMINGO.

Family i6. FLAMINGOES. PHOENICOPTERIDy€.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.

Order VII. Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills.

HERODIONES.

(4 families, 19 species, 3 subspecies.)

Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on
muddy fiats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed;
in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoon-
bill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same
level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a
fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly
with the neck straight, the head being extended.

Synopms of Orders and Families.

^i^'l jrorxy above.

ROSEATE SPOONBILL.

TamHy 17. SPOONBILLS. PLATALEID.^.

Billflattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes
partly webbed.

Family 18. IBISES. IBIDID>E.

Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.

WOOD IBIS.

Family 19. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES. CiCONIIDit.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

GREEN HERON.

Family 20. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. ARDEIDiC.
Bill usually straight and sharply pointtd; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with
transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.

Order VIII.

Cranes, Rails, Coots,
DICOL^.

Gallinules, Etc. PALU-

(3 families, 16 species, 3 subspecies)

Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and
differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leav-
ing the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs
usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes
in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers
in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone
of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, fron:.
which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion
of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water
when alarmed.

SANDHILL CRANE.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Family 21. CRANES. GRUIDi€.

Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.

LIMPKIN.

Family 22. COURLANS. ARAMID/E.

Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.

SORA

CLAPPER RAIL.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN COOT.

Family 23. RAILS, COOTS, AND GALLINULES. PALLIDA.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed Clobedj in only one species; wings short and
rounded; tail short.

Order IX. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc.

LIMICOL^.

(7 families, 55 species, 4 subspecies.)

Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats,
and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none
are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long
and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish
above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species
utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.

NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

Family 24. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODID/C.

Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.

Synopsis of Orders and FamiiIies.

BLACK-NECKED STILT.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

FamUy 25. AVOCETS AND STILTS. RECURVIROSTRIDiC.

Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved;
m Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight

HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Family 26. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. SCQLOPACIDiC.

Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and softi
used as a probe.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.
Family 27. PLOVERS. CHARADRIID^.

Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales;
bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.

TURNSTONE.

Family 28. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. APHRIZIDiC,
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER.

Family 29. OYSTER-CATCHERS. HiCMATOPODID^.

Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, com-
pressed, and said to be used for opening shells.

MEXICAN JACANA

Family 30. J AC AN AS. t JACANID>E.

Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on
aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some
species, on its sides.

LAND BIRDS.

Order X. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. GALLING.
(3 families, 24 species, 25 subspecies.)

Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings
short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color
usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.

Synopsis OF Orders AND Families.

BOB-WHITE.

RUFFED GROUSE
Family 31. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. TETRAONID/E.
Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and
Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.

Synopsis of Orders and Famiubs.

TURKEY.
Family 32. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, AND CHICKENS. PHASIANIDiC.
Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable* Cfor example, Turkey, Pea-
cock^ ; head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.

CHACHALACA.

Family 33. CURASSDWS AND GUANS. pRACID^E. . '
Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four,. all on same level.

Order XL - Pigeons and Doves. COLUMB-^.

(1 family, 13 species, 3 subspecies.)

Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender,

grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and

square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually

grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.

MOURNING DOVE.

Fnmily34- PIGEONS AND DOVES. .COLUMBlD>E.
Characters those of the Order.

' Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XII. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. RAPTORES.
(4 families, 56 species, 33 subspecies.)
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and lone:,
curved nails ; wings large; tail rather Jong, usually square.

TURKEY VULTURE.

Family 35. AMERICAN VULTURES. CATHARTID^E.

Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing
the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.

RED-TAILED HAWK.

Synopsis of Orders and Famines.

FOOT or KED-TAiLED HAWK.

Family 36. FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC,
FaLCONJD/E.

Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of tliebiU; book of
hili nnd claws well developed; plumage firm :ind close;
tarsus usually largely bare.

|:l\fdt Siie

BARNOWU
29

Synopsis of Orbbrs and Pamiues.

Family 37. BARN OWLS. STRIGIDi€.

Eyes black, set in a spmewhat triangular facial, disc; bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nau
serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.

SCREECH OWL.

Family 38. HORNED OWLS, ETC, BUBONIDi€.

Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; -bill more or less concealed by
feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.

Order XIII. Paroquets and Parrots. PSITTACI.

(1 family, 2 species.)

Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scooped-
shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, general-
ly square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and
two behind.

Family 39. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.
Characters the same as those of Order.

CAROLINA PAROQUET.

PSITTACIDiC.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XIV. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. COCCYGES.
(3 families, 8 species, 2 subspecies.)
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close rela-
tion to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and
two toes in front and two behind. Trogons h^ve short, rather broad,
stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moder-
ately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. King-
fishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium;
three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for
half their length.

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

Family 40. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. CUCULIDi€.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and
rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.

COPPERY-TAILED TROGON.

Family 41. TROGONS. TROGONID>E.

Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate;
tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.

BELTED KINGFISHER.
31,

Synopsis OF Orders AND Families.

Family 42. KINGFISHERS. ALCEDINID^E.

Le^s short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; tiiird and fourtii toes join-
ed; bill, stout and long.

Order XV. Woodpeckers. PICI.
(1 family, 24 species, 22 subspecies.)
Climbing: birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed^,
stiffened tail feathes, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two*
behind, except in Picoides, which has two in front and one behind.
Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the
crown.

RX>T OF THREE-TOED
WOUDPECKER-

PILEATED WOODPECKER.

Family 43. WOODPECKERS. PlCIDi€.
Characters the same as those of the Order.

Synopsis of Orders and Families.

Order XVI. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and Hummingbirds.
MACROCHIRES.
(3 families, 27 species, 6 subspecies.)
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hum-
mingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet,
in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed
brown, bufiE and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds,
usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied
hues.

WHIP-POOR-WltL.

Family 44. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. CAPRIM0LGID;E.

Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectin-
ate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.

CHIMNEY SWIFT.

Family 45. SWIFTS. MiCROSPODlDiC.

Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable,
In Cbcetura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short;
plumage usually dark.

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Family 46. HUMMINGBIRDS. TROCHILID/E.

Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable.,
often assuming the most striking shapes.

SvNepsis OF Orders AND' Families.

Order XVIL Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swal-
lows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. PAS-
. . SERES.
(18 families, about- 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with* four toes not connected, the
hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that
of the middle toe. ' This Order contains more species than the re-
maining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per
cent, of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of
definition, but almost pny small perching bird may, with more or less
certainty, be referred to the Passeres.

PHOEBE.

Family 48. FLYCATCHERS. Tyrannid/E. ^ , ^ .u

Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bi-istles; wings rather pointed, the sec-
ond to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of
crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when
percliing, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.

HORNED LARK.

Family 49. LARKS. ALAUDID/E. . . t. ... ^ tt

Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsUs rounded behmd as well

as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer pnmary

short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.

Syjnopsis of Ordbes and Families.

BLUE JAY.

Family 50. CROWS AND JAYS. CORVID^.

Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nos-
trils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest;
"fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long.

PURPLE CRACKLE.

BALTIMORE ORIOLE.

Family 52. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. ICTER!D>E.
Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead;
nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equallength.

SONG SPARROW.

Synopsis of Orders anb Families.

EVENING GROSBEAK.

CARDINAL

Family 53- FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FRINGILLID^.

Billshort, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an incb
shoner; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.

SUMMER TANAGER.

Family 54. TANAGERS. TANAGRlDi€.

Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical
forms, toothed or dentate.

TREE SWALLOW.

Family 55. SWALLOWS. HlRUNDINiDi€.

Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notchedl
and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.

Synopsis' of Orders and Families.

CEDAR WAXWING.

Famay56. WAXWINGS. AMPELIDi€.

Dill sliort, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.

NORTHERN SHRIKE

Family 57. SHRIKES. LANIID/E. Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawklike;
feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.

RED-EYED VIREO.

Family 58. VIREOS. VlREONIDi€.

Bill small butdistinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes
apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.

SyNOPSI F OilDERS AND FAMiUE^.

NASHVILLE WARBLER.

YELLOW WARBLER.

AMERICAN REDSTART.

CHAT.

Family 60. WARBLERS. MNIOTILTIDi€.

Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply ,pointed, and without a notch or hook at
the tip; fn the genera IVilsoma and SetopbagOy flat and flycatcher-h*ke; in Ideria s\out\
back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal
length.

AMERICAN PIPIT.

Family 61. WAGTAILS. MOTACILLID^.

Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covejred with bristles, as in
true Larks; back of t^rsuS thin^ not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging
motion of the tail. .

AMERICAN DIPPER.

Family 62. DIPPERS. CiNCLID/E.

Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus
scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.

Synopsis of Orders and milies.

BROWN- THRASHER.

HOUSE WREN.

Family 63. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. TRGGLGDYTIDiC.^

Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary-
longest, the outer half as long; bill in thrashers often decurved. its base with bristlesv
in Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth.

BROWN CREEPER.

Family 64. CREEPERS. CerTHIID/E.

Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.

CHICKADEE

RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

Family 65. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. PARID.€.

Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (sub-
family Parincv) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is
rather long and rounded. Nuthatches Csubfamily Sittitur) have a long, slender bilU
short, square tail, and large feet.

Synopsis of Orders and Famiwes.

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

Family 66. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. SYLVIIDi€.

Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.

WOOD THRUSH.

Family 67. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. TURDIDiC.

Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order
Passires)\ tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or
less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.

COLOR KEY TO

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Order I. DIVING BIRDS.

PYGOPODES.

Family 1. GREBES. PoDiciPiDiE. 6 species.

Family 2. LOONS. Gaviid^. S species.

Family 3. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. Alcid^. 21 spe-
cies, 3 subspecies.

Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or slous^hs where their nests
are made on raftfe or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs
number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually
covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it
leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely
found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their
breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their
progress on land," as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings
as fore feet to assist them. In diving. Grebes sometimes spring part-
ly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may
quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disap-
pearance.

Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the
winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore,
but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark
brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons
are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under
the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make
them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are bom covered with
feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back
of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest
at will.

The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in
large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the
northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs,
sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt
at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the
birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the for-
mer, they sometimes enter the water at an early age.

The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape.
In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily
scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When
moved it does not roll away as would a hen*s egg but revolves about
its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow
ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.

Grebes and Loons.

2. Holboll Grebe (Colymbus holb(glU). L. 19.
j4ds. Crown and hindneck elossy black; back
blackish; throat, cheeks, ana underparts white;
foreneck and sides rufous. IVinter, Above blackish
brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale
rufous. Yng, Similar but no rufous. Notes, "An
explosive kup'^ and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice
not unlike that of an angry Crow, out of much greater
volume. The calls were also given more slowly and
indeed with singular deliberatioi., car, car^ three or
four times, sometimes len^hened to caar^ and again,
broken and quavering like cara-a-r or ca^a-a^a^,
(Brewster.; I

Ranee.— North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally
In the Interior from about Lat. 50? northward; winters from Maine and
British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and
southern California, chiefly on the coasts.

^^ 3. Horned Grebe (^Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5.

^ j4ds., summer. Crown, hindneck. and throat glossy
black| pjumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings
blackisli; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut;
abdomen white. H^inter. Above grayish black; be-
low white.

Ran^.— Northern Hemisphere: breeds largely in the interior from
eastern Quebec, northern Illinois. St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and
British Columbia northward: winters from Maine and British Columbia
sooth to Gulf States and southern California.

4. Amerioan Eared Grebe (^Colymbus mgricoUis
caltfomtcus). L. 13. j4ds. Above, neck all
around, and t^per breast brownish black: cheek tufts
yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white.
IVinter, Grayish brown above; white below.

Range.— Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locallv
from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Col-
umbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas
southward.

5. Least Grebe {Colymbus domimcus bracbypterus),
L. 10 j4ds, Throatblacki^r/^/ziii 5/0/^, above blackish;
below grayish. IVinter. Similar but no black or slate
on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley In Texas and southern Lower
California south to northern South America.

i^^ 6. Pied-billed Grebe (7'o^f7^^^^i/:4^5). L. 13.5.
yfds., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band
on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish;
bdly white. JVinter, The same, but throat white,
breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes, A
loud, sonorous, ^^cow-cow-cow-couhcouhcow-caw-cow-cox/f'
lih, coft-uhf couMth, covruh,*'

Range.— Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies
to Lat of Hudson Bay; breeds k>cally throughout its range, but chiefly
northward; winters from New Jersey. Illinois, and southern California
southward.

Grebes and Loone.

I. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (j€chmopharus oc
ddmtalis), L. 26. Adt,^ summer. Crown and hind-
neck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and un-
der parts white. Winier, Crown and hindneck like
back. lioUs, A loud, rattling, grating whistle.

Range.— Western North America; In summer eastward to Sboal
Lake, Manitoba; norttiward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from
northern California and North Dakou northward; winters from British
Columbia to Central Mexico.

7. Loon (Gavia imbir), L. 32. Ads.y summer.
Above, Jjicluding whole neck, glossy black; throat and
neck with white streaks; back and wings with white
spots or bars; belly white. IVint&r Above blackish
margined xvitb grayish; no white spots; below white.
Notes. A loud, maniacal hnigh.

Range.— Northern hemisphere; In North America, breeds from
Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to
Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding:
range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts.

8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsu). L. 36.
'Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish.
Notes. Similar to those ofNo. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch. )

Range.— "Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and oortbem Asia;
casual in narthem Europe." (A. O. U.)

9. Black-throated Loon (^Gavia araicus). L. 27;
W. 12. Ads. J summer. Poreneck and back bluish
black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with
white; crown and nape fray; belly white. H^inter.
Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes, A dismal ^^toty
too-e-e.** (Turner.)

Ranee. — ^Northern part of northern hemisphere; In America breeds
from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to Brittsb Col-
umbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island.

10.

Similar to No.

Pacific Loon {Gavia padficus),
p, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or n'een;
hindneck paler: smaller, W. 11. Notes, A harsh ^**oA,
'' koh,kok.'' (Murdoch.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska,
and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico.

I I . Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L. 25. Ads.^
summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy.
IVinter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted
with white. Notes. A harsh ^^gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga,
gr-r.** (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern part of northern hemisphere; In North America
breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson B«y, and
northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern
California.

Auk, Murres, and Puffins.

12. Tufted Puflin(Lundacirrhata). L. 15. j4ds,,
summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color
plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty.
fVinUr. Cheefes sooty, plumes usually absent Yng,
Similar to winfer adult, but breast and belly whitish.
/

Range.— Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara
Islands north to Alaslca. Accidental In Maine.

1 3. Pufllri (Fratercula arcUcd). L. 13; W. 6; B. 1.8.
Ads, Above, and foreneck blackish; cheeks and under
parts white; bill in summer touched with bright red.
}^ot$s, A hoarse croak.

Range.— , North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Green-
land; winters south to Long Island.

1 3a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7;
B. 2. I. Similar to No. 13, but larger.

Range.— Arctic Ocean from Spltxenbergen to northern Greenland.

1 4. Horned Puffin iFraUraaa cormculata). Simi-
lar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish.
Notis. "A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.)

Range. "Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Colum-
bia." (A. O. U.)

1 5. Rhinoceros Aulclet {Cerorhinca monoceratd), L.
15.5. Ads, y summer, A horn on base of bill; ^tix? pairs
of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast gray-
ish; belly white. PVinter, Similar, but no horn. Yng.
Similar to winter ad. but no tufts.

Range. — "North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to ihe Far-
allones; in winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.)

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

^=fe"^^^i

16. Oassin Auklet. {Ptychorhamphus alnUtcus).
L. 9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish;
throat and breast grayish; belly white. Noiss. A
shrill, squealing **CotM bsar-f'f, conu biar-f'T.^^

Range.— "Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
Lower Califomla;breedlnf south to San Geronlmo Island (Lat. 90^ )."
(A. O. U.)

23. Marbled Murrelet {Brachyrampbus marmoratuA).
L. 9.7. Ads.y sumnur. No crest; above dark brown,
finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged
with brown. IVinter, Wholly different; above gray;
head dark; below white; a nearly complete white
nuchal collar. Yng, Similar to winter ad. but blacker
above; sprinkled with blackish below.

Rang^e.— North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian
Islands; winters south to southern California.

24. Kittlltz Murrelet {Bracbyramphus bnvirostris).
L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads, ^ summer.
Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled
with buff and black; belly white. IVintsr. Sides of head,
to abovi eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer
tail-feathers white.

Range.— Northern Japan. Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to
Unalaska. (A. O. U.)

25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyramtbus bypoUucus).
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under
surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries
white.

Range. — Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas;
breeding as far north as Santa Bart)ara Island.

26. Oraveri Murrelet (^Bracbyramphus craven),
L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish
black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, some-
times mixed with white.

Range.— Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north
to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to NatMdad
Island (lat. a8 <>) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.)

34. Dovekie (^Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer.
Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white;
throat and breast blackish brown. IVinter, Similar,
but throat and breast white or mixed grayish.

Range— North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat.
68 ® northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Ac-
cidental In Michigan.

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrbynchus psittaculus),
L. 10. y^ds.f summ/r. A^o crest; a white plume from
behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of un-
der parts white. IVinter. Throat white. Notts, **A
low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.)

RanM. *'Nortb Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril IsUnds north-
ward.'*^ (A.O. U.) Rve records for coast off San Francisco In win-
ter.

IS. Crt&ttd AukM (Simarhjmchus cristaUllus). L.
10. j4ds., surnnur. Bill red; a crest of slender re-
curved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye;
above sooty black; below grayer. Yng. Similar but
bill brown; no crest or tufts. NoUs. ''A chirping
note," (Nelson.)

Range.— North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward.'

(A.O,

1 9^ Whitkersd Auklet {Simorhynchus pygmams), L.
7.^. Ads,<t sumnur. White feathers at base of sides of
bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye;
a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat
dark slate fading into white belly. Yng, Similar but
no crest; little or no white on head. Notes, "A low
chattering note." (Nelson.)

Range— "North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain
to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

20. Least Auklet (Simorhjmcbus fusillus). L. 6.5.
y4ds., summer. No crest; sides of head with white
feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under
parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. IVinter,
Little or no sooty on breast Yng. Similar to winter
ad., but no white plumes.

Range.— "North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering ^
StralL*' (A. O. U.)

21. Anoient Murrelet {Synthliboremphus antiquus).
L. 10. 5. Ads, , summer. No crest: head and throat black:
broad white stripes behind eye; back eray; breast and
belly white. IVmter, Similar but throat white; no
white head stripes. Notes. "A tow plaintive whistle."
(Nelson.)

Range. — North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Janan
northward; south In winter to Monterey, California; accidental In Wis-
consin.

Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

27. Black Guillemot {Ceppbus grylle), L. 13. Ads.^
summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at
base; under surface of wings vfhite, tVitUer, Above
gray or black tipped with white; below white.

Range.— Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; In Ameri-
ca breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; win-
ters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Con-
necticut, and Long: Island.

28. Mandt Guillemot {Cepphus mandtn). Similar
to No. 27. but bases of greater wing-coverts tohite,

Ran?e.— Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay
north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; In winter migrates
but little southward; no satisfactory United States record.

29. Pigeon Guillemot (Slepphus columba). Similar
to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes.
A squealing, vibrant whistle.

Range.— North Paclfip; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to
Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamctiatka and
northern Japan; winters In same region.

30. Murre (^Uriatroile). L. 16; B. 1.7. j4ds.y sum-
mer. Above and neclc sooty brown; under parts and
tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks.
IVinter, Similar, but throat white washed with sooty.
Notes, A hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r^h.

Range.— North Atlantic; breeds In North America from Bird Rock.
Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to
Maine and, rarely. Ontario.

30a. Oalifornla Murre (6^. t. califormcd). Similar
to No. 30 but larger, W. 8. 2; B. i. 9.

Range.— North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farall-
ones; winters south to southern California.

3 la. Brunnioh Murre (^Uria lomvid). Similar to
No. 30, but bill shorter, B. 1.2. In summer,
head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at
sides and grayish at base.

Range. — North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North Amer-
ica from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters
south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and
Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan.

31. Pallat Murre {U, I, arra\ Similar to No.
31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. i. 5. Notes, **A peculiar
growling or hoarse chatterine note." (Nelson.)

Range.— North Pacific: south to Kadink and Kamchatka.

32. Razor-billed Auk {/Ilea torda), L. 16.5.
Ads.y summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner;
tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under
parts, white. IVinter, Similar, but foreneck white.
Yn^, Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes.
A hoarse grunt or groan.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islan Is,
north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to On.
tario and North Carolina.

33. Great Aulc {Plautus impetmis). L. 20; W. 5. 7.

y4ds. Above blackish; a large white spot Before the
eye; secondaries tipped with white; sides of neck and
the throat seal brown; belly, wh.te. Resembling No.
J2 in general appearance bat body much larger; wing,
however, shorter.

Range.— Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on
American side to Florida (in winter?^; now extinct.

Order H. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS.

LONGIPENNES.

Family 1. SKUAS and JAEGERS. SxBRCORARirDiE. 4 species.
Family 2. GULLS and TERNS. LARiDi^. 37 species, 1 subspecies.
Family 3. SKIMMERS. RvNCHOPiDi^. 1 species.

Sknas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas.
Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger
Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop'the fish they have cap-
tured and catching it ere it reaches the water.

Gulls (Subfamily Laritup) are usually considered so characteristic! of
the sea that 'Sea Gull* is the name popularly applied to all members of
the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are
equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger
bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found
on our sea coasts.

Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and
one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as
a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.

Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with
their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plung-
ing into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers
of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by de-
vouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which', in dyiiXg,
come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a
source of disease.

For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of
these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with th^ result
that thousands of theni were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In
this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornitholo-
gists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed pro-
hibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds,"aj^d wardens
have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them. /

Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up , and
riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily SicrnincE)^ after
they have acquiijfed Ae power of flight, are rarely seen on the water.
They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings
and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small

Long-winged Swimmbrs.

fish (the species called silversides bein^: a favorite) of no value to man,
which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and direct-
ness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill down-
ward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them them from the
Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.

Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated
islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally
composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or. the two or three eggs
are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the
shells and pebbles.

Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers
for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are
' now being made to preserve them.

Skimmers nest *'n numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia
southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand.
In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandi-
ble is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly,
they readily pick up food.

In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length
and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the
upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of
the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore,
but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in
the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds
becomes fully developed.

The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down
and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however,
is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other mem-
bers of its, group, it often builds in bushes.

The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings.
Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand
in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laugh-
ing Gulls bom in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of
the three.

All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the
ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until act-
ually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and
trust to their legs for safety.

Skua and Jaegers. *

35. Skua {Megalesiris skua). L. 22. j4ds. Above
dark, dirty brown; below paler. Yng, Similar, but
more distinctly streaked with yellowisn, especially on
head and neck.

Range.— North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland
Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long: Island.
One specimen from California coast.

36. Pomarine. Jaeger iSttrcorarius pamarinus),
L. 20; B. I J. Middle tail feathers rounded. j4ds,
Hgbi phau. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all
around, white tnged with straw; back, lower belly,
upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads.
dark phast. Dark brown, paler below. Yng. Above
blackish brown margined with rusty; below white
margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. "A low,
hoarse, chattering cry.'* (Nelson.;

Range.- Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70®;
winters, mainly at sea. south to South America, southern Africa and
Australia.

37. Paratitic Jaeger iSiercorarius parasiticus'). L.
17; B. I.I ; its scaly shield longer than distance from
end of shield to tip of bill. Ads. Both phases simi-
lar in color to No. 36, but central tail featners pointed,
3.6 long. Ynf. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller,
bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes.
**Loud wa.ling cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks."
(Nelson.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds tn Arctic regions; winters
fliainly at sea. from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south
to South America.

38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus).
L. 21; B. I. its scaly shield shorter than the distance from
its end to the tip of bill. Ads. in both phases resemb-
ling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in.
long. Yng. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be dis-
tinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes.
**A hoarse qua, a shrill pJUH-phH-phH-phso, when
■flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, kri-kre-.
kri'kri, the latter syllables shrill and querulous."
(Nelson.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions^ winters
foalnly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one Califomia
record.

Gulls.

■'^^^^aXiSv.

5;«is?»^^^^

^40.

39. Ivory Gull (Pagopbtla alba), L. 17. j4ds. Pure

white; bill yellow; feet black. Yng. Similar, but wings
and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky.

Ranj^e. — Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes
and British Columbia; rarely to Massacliusetts.

40. Kittlwake (Rissa tridactyla). L. 16. Hind toe
nail a knob. Ads, Head, neck all around, underparts,
and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black.
Yng. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and win§<overts
wiUi black; bill black; inner web of primaries with
white. Not$s, A rapidly uttered kit-a-waJu, kii-a-
xcake.

Range.— North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds In Amer-
ica, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great
Lalces, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia.

40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris).
Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black
tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or nore in length. Not^s,
"A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle
when communicating with each other." (Nelson.)

Range. — "North Pacific and Bering Sea; south In winter, casually
to southern California." (A. O. U.;

41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa ortdrostris). Ads.
Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner
web of primaries darker, bill shorter, 1.2. Yng, Sim-
ilar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings.

Range.— Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

54. Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarmsis), L. 18.
Ads, , sumrMT. Bill greenish yellow, a black band across
tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of
outer one. Ads, IVinter, Similar, but head and neck
streaked with grayish. Yng, Tail grayish with a
broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray
and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black.

Range.— North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfound-
land, southern MtnnesoU. and British Columbia northward: winters
from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower
California.

55. Short-billed Gull (Larus hracbyrhynchus), L. 17;
B. 1.50 Ads.^summer, Head, neck, tail, and underparts
white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their
white spaces followed by blackj remaining primaries
tipped with white. Yng, Grayish brown; basal Mf
of tail p>earl. Notes, "A sharp querulous kwew^kwewj^
(Nelson.)

Range.— North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and Interior of northern
British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern
California.

Gulls.

42. Qi\auoou% QuW (Lotus glaucus). L. 28: W. 17.
i; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. j4ds. Primaries
white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of
lo^ver mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled
with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white;
outer webs brownish.

R«ns«.— Northern hemisphere; breeds In Amerloi, from Labrador
oortiiward: wlaters south to middle CalifomU. Great Lakes and Long:

42.1. Point Barrow Gull {Larus barrovianus).
Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep,
(.8 as compared with .0 in glaucus); primaries more
distinctly tipped with white. Notes. ^^kH-kU-kU, kit-
karkU, U'lii-od, kU'lei-ody U-lii-dd, U-U-ka, ki^
h^ku, the hi^ka hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming.''
(Nelson.)

Ranee.— "Berlns: Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point
Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.)

43. Iceland Gull {Lams leucobUrus). L. 2^; W. 16;
B. 1.75. Similar in coior to Nos. 42 and 42.1, but
smaller.

Ranee. — Atlantic; breeds In Greenland; winters south in America to
Great Lakes, and rarely. Long Island.

44. Glauoout-winged Gull {Larus glaucescens). L.
27. Ads.y summer. Head, tail, and underparts white;
back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with white. Ads. ,
winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish.
Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white,
including wings and tail.

Range.— North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering
Straits; winters south to southern California.

45. Kumllen Gull (Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2;
B. I. 75* Similar to No. 43, but primaries with well de-
fined ashy gray spaces; outer priniary tipped with white,
with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner
web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of
outer web.

RanM.

bcrtand Gul^. south In winter to the coast of the Middle States.
O.U.)

"North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding In Cum-
" (A.

46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsom). ''Wing
culmen 2.3^. Ads. In plumage exactly like L.
Item; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus
middle toe (without daw) 2.40. ' ' (Ridgway. )

Range.— "Coast of Norton Sound* Alaska . " (A. O. U.)

18.25,
hum-
3-05;

Gulls.

1»«»^ 6ti')iv«4«r

47. Great Blaok-baoked Gull (Larus marmus). L«
29. y4ds,, summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing
feathers tipped with white, ^ds, , witOsr. Similar, but
head and neck streaked with dusky. Yng. Back
grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter;
primaries black; below white more or less marked with
dusky. Notes, "A braying A^-ibii-Atf, zdte^keow^heaw^
a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very
loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.)

Range.— North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds In NorO»
America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Graat
Lakes and South Carolina.

48. Slaty-baoked Gull (Larus scbistisagus). L. 26.

j4ds. , summer. General appearance of No. 47; back
lighter; primaries as figured, ^ds. , mtaer. Head and
neck streaked. Yng, Above brown margined with
buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little

^* or no mottling; below brown.

Txr^iiiaV^

Ran^.— "North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island.
Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.)

49. Weatern Gull (Larus occidentalts), L. 24. Ads. »
summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back
slaty ^ray; outer primaries black, a large white spot
near tip of first one. j4ds. , winter . Crown and hind
neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Grayish brown
mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes.
Ooeek, ooeik, ooeik; ca-cc^ca^ and other calls.

Range.— Pad fie coast; breeds and winters from Lower California tc
British Columbia.

57. Heermann GulKLartisib^^rffMrMi). L. 17. Ads.^
summer. Bill red;head and throat white, shading into slate
above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white;
primaries black. Ads. , vnnter. Head and neck streak-
ed with grayish brown. Yng. Uniform grayish
brown.

Range.— Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Maxatlan,
Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Van-
couver Island; winters south to Panama.

-enmir^.

5 1 . Herring Gull (Larus argmtatus). L.£^ Ads. ,
smmnur. White spaces at end of oute/ primaries
sometimes joined. Ads^^mnier. Similp, but head
and neck, streaked with grayish. Yng. /Above ashy
brown, margined and marked with buffy^ wings brown-
ish blaclq tail the same; sometimes margined with
buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or
streaked with dusky. NoUs. Cack-cack-cack; hah, hah,
hah, and other notes.

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds In America from Maine.
Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters
south to Cuba and Lower California.

52. Vega Quil (Larus vegct). Similar to No. 51, but
back said to be darker; feet yellow.

Range.—" Bering: Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to CaH
Ubmia and Japan." (A. O. U.)

53. Oalifornie QuIl (Larus cali/brmcus), L. 20b
Ads. Similar to No. $4 but larger; a red spot near tip
of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger
and nearer end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker,
tail nearly uniform fuscous.

Range.— Western North America; breeds chiefly In Interior, froa
Utah to Let. 66^,y>'; winters from British ColumbU to Mexico.

Gullsi

58. Laughing QuW (Larus atricilla\ L. i6. y4ds.,
summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with red-
dish. j4ds, , wmUr. Similar, but head and throat
white with grayish on nape and behind eyes.v Ymg,
Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and baoc
ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notas.
A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long-
drawn laugh.

Rani^.— Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to
Maine and Nova Scotia; rare In Interior; winters from South Carolina
to northern South America.

59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklim). L. 15. Ads,^
summsr. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with
wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip
with white. Ads., winter. "Head mainly white, with
[its] sides and back grayish dusky." Yng, "Top and
sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky,
tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky:
rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white. '^
(Bailey.)

Ran^. — Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minneso-
ta northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf Sutes to
South America.

60. Bonaparte dull (Larus Philadelphia). L. 14.
Ads. , summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip
black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. Ads., ttitf
ter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back
grayish. Yng. Tail white, tipprd with black; outer
primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space
near tip white; rest of plumage much as in young of No.
58.

Range.— North America; breeds In Interior from Hudson Bay and
Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and
Maine to Lower Califomla and Gulf of Mexico.

61. Rom Gull (T^hodostethia rosea). L. 13.5:
Bill small . 7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads. , summer.
White areas tinged with pink; a olack collar. Ads.,
winter. No collar; a black spot before eye. Yn^r^.
Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail
white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl;
ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white,
washed with pearl.

Range. — "Arctic regions; south In autumn and winter to Kamchat-
ka. Point Barrow. Alaska, and Disco Bay. Greenland." (A. O. U.)

62. Sabine Gull {Xema sabinti). L. id. Tail
slightly forked. Ads., summer. Head and throat
slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black,
tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and
inner half of inner web white. Ads. , winter. Similar,
but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng.
Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy
brown; forehead and underparts white. Notes. *A
single harsh grating note." (Nelson.)

Range — ^ctlc regions: breeds In America from St. Michaels.
Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward: winters south on At-
lantic coast, rarely to New York; casuaUy to Texas, and 00 Pacific
coast to Peru.

Terns.

64- Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). L, 21. T, 6.,
forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads,, breeding.
Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below while; primaries
frosty black. After breeding, crown streaked black and
white; bill more orange. Yng, Similar to last but
wings and tail with blackish. Notes, A loud, harsh
^''kajf'atck'* or *'keyrak.**

Rang:e. — Cosmopolttan; breeds In North America, locally from
T«x«s to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south
of United States; three California winter records.

65. Royal Tern {Sterna maxima), L. 19; T. 7, fork-
ed 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads., summer. Primaries frosty black,
tchite on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip,
where frosty, bill orange red; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads. , winter. The same, but head
white with black streaks. Yng. Similar to winter ad.
but wings and tail with grayish.

Range. — Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to
Oulf States. Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great
Lalces and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California
southward.

66. Elegant Tern {Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7.
Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more
slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below.

Range.— "Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A.
O. U.)

67. Oabot Tern {Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida).
L, 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. Ads., breeding. Bill black,
ihe tip yellow; crown black; above pearl; below white;
primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head
white; nape with black streaks. Ynjg. Similar to
List but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill
less yellow.

Range. — Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north
along uulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina;
wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West
Indies and Central America.

(i ::l-. mc.. i

Terns.

63. Guil-billed,Tem (^Gdochelidon nOoiica). L.
14.5; T. 5.5. Ads.^sutnnur, Bill thick, short, black*
tail short, forked only 7.5; crown black; above pearl;
below white. Ads. , winter. Head white, with black
patch before and behind eye. Yng. Similar, but above
edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with gray-
ish. Notes. A hi^hjthin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee^
sometimes suggestmg a weak-voiced katydid.

Range. — Cosmopolitan; breeds In North America from Mexico to
Florida and north to Virginia- wanders north rarely to New Bruns-
wick; winters from southern Texas southward.

73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleuiica), L. 14. T.
6.7, forked 3. Ads., summer. Above and below pearl
gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; fore'
head white; line from bill to eye black. Ads, , winter,
*'With rather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.)
Notes, "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.)

Range.— Alaska from Kadlak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan.

74, Least Tern (Sterna antillarum), L. 9; T. 3.5,
forked 1.7. Ads., summer, Bill^^//<w, black at tip;
forehead white; a black line from bill to eye; crown
black; above pearl; below white. Ads. , winter. Crown
white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yng, Sim-
ilar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes.
** A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young
pig following its mother."

Range. — ^Western hemisphere; breeds tocally from northern South
America northward to Massachusetts. Dakota, and southern Gill-
fornia; winters south of United States.

76. %r\6\edJ%rn (Sterna aiuethetus), L. 15. Ads,
Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown
black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown;
outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones
grayish brown. Notes, A soft qua.

Range. — Tropical regions; north In Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual
In Florida.

Terns.

tail

69. Forrter Tern {SUrna forsUrt), L, 15; _
forked. 4. Ads., sumimr. Inner web of outer
feather dusky; below ^rtftp^i/^ bill orange, blackish
at end; crown black; back pearL Ads,, winter*
Crown white or grayish; a large Black spot about eyesr,
bill black. Yng, Similar to winter ad. but
above with brownish. Notes, A long drawn, deep,
reedy cock and tweet'tweet-tweet-tweet.

Range.— North America; breeds locally north to California, and
from Texas along: coast to Virginia and in Interior to Manitoba; wan-
ders to Massachusetts; winters from southern Califomla and Texas
south to Brazil.

70. Common Tern {Sterna hirundo), L. 15; T. 5.5,
forked, 3.2 Ads. , summer. Outer web of outer tail
feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky, bill
r^^, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads,,
winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black.
Yng, Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail
shorter. Notes. A vibrant, purring, tearrr, and other
calls.

Range. — Northern hemisphere; In America, chiefly east of Plains;
breeds locally on coast and In Interior from Gulf States to Barren
Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil.

71. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisa^a'). L. 15.5; T.
7.2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad,
with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter,
.6 instead of .7. Notes. Like tearr of No. 70, but
shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a
pig. (Brewster.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north
to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands %i Alaska; winters
south to California and Virginia.

72. Roteiie Tern (Sterna dougaiii,.^. I5.5; T. 7.5,
forked, 5.2. Ads., summer, 'Bill IhcX, reddish only at
the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail
wholly white; crown black; back pearl. Ads. , winter.
Forehead with white; no pink below. Notes, A reedy
cock.

Range.— Temperate and tropical regions: breeds in North America
on east coast only, from Rorida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of
Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela.

Terns and Skimmer.

75. Sooty Tern {Sidrna fiiliginosa). L. 17. M
sumtmr. Above black, forehead and underparts wlii
tail black, except outer feathers which are most
white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings whi:
scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers tippi
with white, hiotes, A squeaky quack, a nasal ki
wackj'tcak, and other calls.

Range.— "Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In Aracj
lea from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas. and casuailv
New England." (A. O. U.)

77. Black Tern {Hydroch^lidoti nigra surinatnsnsis'U

L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts blacky
back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead,
nape, and underparts tfAi/^; head gray. Yng, bimi-
lar to last, but above with brownish margin. Notes,
A sharp peek.

Range. — Temperate and tropical America: breeds In Interior from
California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlan-
tic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United
States to Chili.

79. Noddy {Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads, Crown

silvery white; rest of plumage sootjf broom, Yng, Sim-
ilar, but all sooty brown except white line from bill to
eye. Note^ A low reedy cock increasing to a hoarc i,
guttural k-f-r-r'T'^'f-f-

Range —Tropical and subtropical regions: In America from Brazil
and ChiU north to the Gulf and South AUanuc States." (A. O. \J.)

80. Black Skimmer [Rmchops nigra), L. 18. Ads.
Lozcer mandible longer than uf^per; forehead, under-
parts, part of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plum-
age black. Yng. Plumage widely margined with
buffy. Notes, Vnried, nasal, penny-trumpet- like;
also ca-j'ou, ca-you, like a hound's voice.

Range.— North America, chi»fly eastern: breeds from southern
New Jersey southwarJ; wanders nrely to Nova Scotia; winters from
Gulf Stales to northern South America.

Order IIL TUBE-NOSED SWIMMERS.

TUBINARES.

r "

'f § Family 1. ALBATROSSES. Diomedeid.b. 4 species.

Family 2. FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. Pro
CELLARiiD.^. 26 species, 1 subspecies.

The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of
far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the
young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found oflE
our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Alba-
tross, which has been made famous by Coleridge's **Rime of the Anci-
ent Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of
wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wan-
derer.

In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering
Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, Decem-
ber 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the
bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that
the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt.
Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, ''Euphrates,** when about 800
miles off the coast of New Zealand,. or about 3,400 miles from the point
at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.

The Fulmars, (genus Fu/ ma rus) , are northern birds and nest in im-
mense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.

Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shear-
waters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the
South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer)
off our coasts.

One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It
has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in
February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.

Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are
never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest
waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea re-
turns to assume its share of the task of incubation. These birds are
therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.

Albatrosses.

m^UJS V\tW«.0 V«10«A AttOVV..

81. Blaok-footed Albatross iDiomsdea nigripes). L.
32. /tds. Sooty brown, lighter below; region about
base of bill whitish; upper mandible broad and rounded
at its base. Notes. A whining groan, uttered when
contesting for food. (Turner).

Range.— North Pacific; north to I-at. 5a « ; south at least to Lower
California.

82. Short-tailed Albatross (Z>fbm/f(i^tf albatrus). L.
36. y4ds. White; the head straw; tail and primaries
gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at
base.

Range.— North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to
Lower CallfomUL

82.1. Laysan Albatross (Diomeda immutabais).
L. ^2. j4ds. Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts,
and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye
sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark
sooty brown; interscapular region palei^ base of the
tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.)

Range. — Laysan Island. Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of
Lower California;

83. Yellow-nosed Albatross {Tbalassogeron cultnin-

atus), L. 36. Ads. Above slate brown, grayer on

head^ rump white; below white; neck sometimes
grayish; tail gray.

Range — "Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the
coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.)

84. Sooty Albatross [Pbcebetria Juliginosa). L. 35.
j4ds. Sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved; en-
tire plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring.

Range — "Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of
Oregon." (A. O. U.)

Fulmare and Shearwatere.

86. Fulmw {Fulmarus glacialis). L. 19; W. 13; B.
1.5. j4ds. Li^ht phase. Head, neck, and under parts
white; back, wings, and tail slaty gray. ^Dark phase.
Uniform dark slaty gray. Notes. Silent

Ranee.— North Atlantic; breeds from Lat. 69^ northward; winters
south to Lat of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia.

86b. Paoiflo Fulmar {F. g, glupischa). Similar to
No. 3fS, but nasal tubes light.

Range.— North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters
south to Mexico.

86.1. Rodger Fulmar (Fulmarus rodgersU). Sim-
ilar to light phase of No. 86, but back with white
feathers; no dark phase.

Range.— "Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific.'*
<A. O. U.)

87. Slender-billed Fulmar (Prtocella glacialoides). L.
1S.5. Ads. Head and underparts white; back and tail
pearl; primaries black, white on inner web.

Range.— Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington.

94. Sooty Shearwater (Ptt/^««sy«/i;^f>fosf«). L. 17.
Ads. Sooty gray, lighter below.

Range.^" Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere: a
summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A.
O. U.)

95. Dark-bodied Shearwater (PM^mis ^ffs/u5). L.

17. Ads. Above dusky black or brownish, paler be-
low; under wing coverts white and dusky; bill black.

Range.— South Pacific; north In summer on the American coast to
California.

96. 1 . Wedge-tailed Shearwater {Puffinus cuneatus).
L. 17. T. 5.4, pointed. Ads. Above brown; below white;
sides of neck mottled with gray; middle tail feathers
nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. B. M.)

Range.— "North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north
to the Bonin Group and Lower California." (A. O. U.)

Shearwaters.

88. Copy Shearwater (Puffinus horsalis). L. 21.
j4ds. Above grayish brown; below, including under
wing coverts and uncUr tail coverts, white.

Range.— North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massa-
chusetts to Long Island.

89. Greater Shearwater {Tuffinus gravis). L, 20.
Ms. Above grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer
upper taif coverts white; below white; middU of belly
and under tail coverts ashjf gray.

Range. — "Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope
north to Arctic Circle." (A. O. L.)

9 1 . Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus), L.
19.5. Ads, Above dusky gray or brown; below white;
sides and lower belly with grayish: longer under tail
coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; b.ll yellowish.

Range. — Pacific Ocean north on the American coast In summer and
fall to middle California.

92. Audubon Shearwater {Puffinus lherminieri\ L.
12. j4ds, AlK)ve black or brownish black; below
white; under tail coverts sooty.

Range.— M'ddle Atlantic; breeds Jn West Indies and Bahamas;
wanders nortu to Long l»i.i..d.

93. Black- vented Shearwater {Tuffinus opisi b o^nelas),
L. 15. /ids. Above dusky Wa«:^; below white; sides
of breast grayish; under tail coverts dusky brown;
bill black.

Rangf. — " Pacific Ocean, chiefly souihw.ird; coast of Lower Cali-
fornia north to Santa Ciuz. Oil." (A. O. L.)

93.1. Townsend Shearwater {Puffinus auricu-
taris]. Similar to No. 93, but bill and feet smaller,
B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; black of head ex-
tending below eye. (Townsend.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California).

96. Slender-billed Shearwater {Puffinus tenuirostris),
L. 13., bill slender 1.2 y4ds. ** Above dark sooty slate;
beneath deep sooty grav, paler on throat where some-
times incfining to whitish.'* (Ridgw.)

Range.— North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on
the American coast to middle California.

Petrels.

98. Black-capped Petrel (/Estrelata hasitaia). L.
i6. j4Js, Above sooty brown; back of neck and up-
per tail coverts wbite; base of tail white.

Range.— Tropical Atlantic; Irre^Iar In United Stites (Florida. Vir-
ginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.)

103. Least Petrel (Halocyptnta microsoma), L. 5. 7.
Ads, Sooty blackish brown, lighter below.

Ranges— "Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A. O. U)

105. Forked-tailed Petrel Occanodroma jurcata).
L. 8. 7. /tds. Tail forkeJ; bluish gray, wings
darker; a blackish space about eye.

Range. — North Pacific: breeds In Aleutian Islands; recorded north
to Bering Strait; winters south to Cilifornia.

105.1. Kaeding Petrel [Oceanodroma kaedingi),
W. 6. j4ds. Similar to O. UucorrJwa, but much
smaller with much less deeply forked tail. (Anthony.)

Range.->PacIfic Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.)

108. h^hy ?e\re\ {Oceanodroma homocbroj), L. 8. 5.
Ads, No white on rump; tail forked; sooty black
above, browner below; wing coverts grayish.

Range.— "Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and
Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.)

Petrels.

1 04. stormy Petrel ; Mother Carey's Chicken(7»ro-

cellaria pelagica). L. 5.5. Ads, Sooty black, brown-
er below; upper tail coverts white, iippsd witb black.

Range.— North AtianHc; winters south to western Africa and New
Brunsvkick.

106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Pe\re\ (Ocganodroma
leucorrboa), L. 8., W. 6.2. Ads, Tail forked; above
sooty brownish black; below browner; Usser wing cov-
erts grayish brown; longer upper tail coverts not npped
with black. Notes. An elfin-like crow of eight notes.

Range.— North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to
Greenland and from Faralione to Aleutian Islands; winters south to
Virginia and California.

106.1. Guadalupe Petrel {Oceanodroma macro-
dactyla). L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork I in. deep. Ads.
Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but with much longer and
more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and
very broad duskv tips to the upper tail coverts.
(Ridw. in Cat. B. M.)

Range.— Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island. Lower California.)

107. Blaok Petrel (Oceanodroma melam'a.) L. 9.
;07 Ads. Sooty black, paler below; wing-coverts grayish,
tail forked.

Range.— South Pacific, north to Santa Bart>ara Islands; breeds on
Coronados Islands, southern California.

108.1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis).
W. 5.5. Ads. Similar to No. 108, but wings longer;
tail shorter and less deeply forked; sides of rump
whitish; no white on under surface of wing. (Towns.)

Range. — Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.)

109. Wileon Petrel; Stormy Petrel iOceamUs
oceanicus). L. 7. Ads. Webs of feet with yellow
patch: tail not forked; longer upper tail coverts not
tipped with black. Notes. A weak weet, weet, and a
hoarse c\\2AX.tx\n%patret'tu-cuk-cuk'tu'tu. (Wilson.)

Range. Atlantic Ocean; breeds In Southern seas. CKerguelen Is-
land In February) , and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending
summer off coast of eastern United States.

Order IV. TOTI PALMATE SWIMMERS.

STEGANOPODES.

Family 1, TROPIC BIRDS. Phabthontid^. 2, species.

Family 2. GANNETS. Sulid^. 6 species.

Family 3. DARTERS. Anhingid^. 1 species.

Family 4. CORMORANTS. PHALACROCORACiDiE. 6 species, 5
subspecies.

Family 5. PELICANS. PBLECANiDiE. 3 species.

Family 6. MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS. Frbgatid^. 1 Species.

jk
The members of this Order agree in having: all four toes comiected

by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, con-
sequently, in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are bom
naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a
rule, are hatched covered with* feathers and can swim or run about soon
after birth. The nests of the Steganoi)odes are, of necessity, therefore,
more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely
incubators and not cradles as well.

Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their
wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of
cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate.

Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from
the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great
numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs,
and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds
are exceedingly tame and in localties where they have not been much
molested, one may walk about among the sitting birds without their
taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds on the wing. Their vigor-
ous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails. They feed
on fish which they captmre by diving from the air.

The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed through-
out the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America.
This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida,
where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes.

TOTIPALMATE SwiMMERS.

The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming: with
the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the
water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high
in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a
large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and
lay four bluish white, chalky eggs.

Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but
sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together
on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according . to
the nature of the bird's haunts.

Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under
the water. They dive from the surface of the water like' Ducks, or
from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.

Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building:
their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large,
white, chalky eggs.

Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, gen-
erally from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill
are then bowed outward, theopening'widened, forming, with the pouch,
an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are cap-
tured.

White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up
fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a
school of small fish m shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the
same time actively filling their pouches.

Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of
the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prod-
ding actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants
secure their food in a similar manner.

Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater
expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any
other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they
may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as
their wrngs are strong, and are of use only in perching.

The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch
from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by
pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere
it reaches the water.

Tropic Birds and Gannet.

I 1 2. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Thaethon american-
us), L. 30; T. 19. j4ds. Bill yellow; no bars above;
middle tail feathers lengthened. Yng. Above barred
with black; middle tail feathers not lengthened.

Ranee.— Tropical coasts; breeds In West Indies. Bahamas and Ber-
mudas; casual in Florida; accidental In western New York and Nova
Scotia.

113. Red-billed Tropic Bird (Thaithonoftbereus),
L. 30; T. 20. Ads. Bill red; above barred with
black; long middle tail feathers pure white.

RangCw— Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to
Cape Colnett. Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland
Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands in the Gulf of
California." (A. O. U.)

I I 7. Cannet (Sula tassana), L. 35. Ads, White;
head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish.
Yng. Grayish brown with white spots; breast and
belly white. Not^s, A harsh gor-r-r-rok.

Range.— North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and
B3naventure Islands. Gulf of St Lawrence; winters off the coast,
south to Florida.

Boobies.

115

1 1 4. Blue-fnoed Booby {Stda ^a$iops). L. 28. Ads.
Body and lesser wing coverts white; central tail feath-
ers whitish, others dark brown. Yne. Above plain
dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks; below
white; flanks streaked with grayish.

Ran^.— Tropical seas; north In America to Lower California and
Bahamas; casual In southern Florida.

I 14.1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nsbouxn). L. 33.
Ads, Head, neck, and underparts white, the first two
streaked with grayish; back dusky brownish, tipped
with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. CGossJ

Ran^e:— Pacific coast of America, from Golf of California to Gal-
ai>as:os and Chili. (Cat B. M.)

I 1 5. Booby (St$la sula), L. 30. Ads. Breast and
belly white; bill and feet yellow. Yng, Entirely
brownish, lighter below; bill blackish; feet yellow.
Notes, A harsh, guttural bork, hork. (Audubon).

Range.— "Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north
to Georgia. Also. West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Ac-
cidental on Long Island. No United States breeding record.

1 1 5. 1 . Brewster Booby (Sula hrewstert), L.
30. Ads, Similar to No. 115, but head and neck
paler, bill blue, feet greenish.

Range. — ^"Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean,
north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at
the head of the Gulf of Califbmia. '^ (A. O. U.)

1 1 6. Red-footed Booby (Sulapiscator), L. 2S.
Feet reddish. Ads. White; head and nape straw
color; primaries boary grayish brown; tail white, Yng.
Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light
smoky gray. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B.
M.) ; north In Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida.

Cormorants.

1 1 9. Cormorant {Thalacrocorax carbo). L. 36; T.
7.5, of 14 feathers. /4ds. Ghin and sides of throat
whitish; back glossy brownish, dtstinctly margined
with black: below uniform shining black. Breeding
plumage. Head and throat with white plumes; a white
patch on flanks. Yng, Belly white: above olive
grayish brown, margined with black; throat whitish;
neck brownish.

Range. — North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland;
winters south to CaroUnas.

120. Double-crested Cormorant (Tbalacrocorax
dilopbus). L. 30: W. 12.5; T. 6,2. of 12 feathers. Ads,
Back brownish with distinct black margins; below
shining black. ' Breeding plumage. With tufts on
either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white;
throat pouch orange. Yng, Back browner; head,
neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy,
Minnesota. North Dakota, northward; west to Asslnlboia; winters
from southern Illinois and Virginia southward.

120a. Florida Cormorant (P. ^. y/ortJaifffs). Simi-
lar to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25.

Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North
CaroUna and southern Illinois.

1 20b. White-ore8ted Cormorant (P. d, andnatus),
SimiLir to No. 120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests
white.

Range. — Pacific coasts; breeds In Alaska; winters south to Cal-
ifornia.

1 20c Farallone Cormorant {P, d. alhodliatus).
Similar to i2Gb., but smaller, L. 28.

Range. — Breeds on California coast and In interior, south to Socorro
Island. (Ridgw.)

121. Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexican-
us), L. 25. W. 10. Ads, Narrow border at base of
pouch white. Breeding plumage. Neck with white
plumes. Yng. Head and hindneck brownish; back
grayish, margined with black: throat, foreneck and
breast brownish white; belly black.

Range. — Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf %wi^tbec
States; north in summer rately to Kansas and southern Illinois.

Cormorants.

1 22. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pemciHa"
tus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat tuj^v
xcbite or brownish. Ads, Above blue blackt/asniiy
margined with black; below green black. Bre^^dinz
plumage. With white, hairlike plumes from back and
neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. Yng*
Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast
and sides brown.

Ranj^e. — Pacific coast from Cape St Lucas to Washington; resi-
dent.

123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagict4s).
L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered\ back
feathers not margined. Ads, Above glossy green and
purplish black; below bottle jgreen. Breeding plumage.
With white plumes on neck and rump and white
patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. Yng,
Above greenish dusky brown, less green below.

Ranee. — "Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to
Japin"' (A. O. U.)

123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robustus).
Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8.

Range.— Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound sooth to Washington. "
(A. O. U.)

123b. Baird Cormorant CP. ^. r^5^/^ik/^ff5;. Sim-
ilar to No. 123, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5.
Notes. A croaking, guttural note.

Range.— Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexl-

124. Red-faoed Cormorant (Phalaerocarax urUe).
L. 34. Forehead as well as lores bare. Ads. Above
green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly
green. Breeding plumage. With forehead and nape
crests and white patches on flanks. Notes. "A low,
droning croak.'' (Nelson.)

Range. — "Priblic f. Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kam-
chatl<a. Souili in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. U-)

Anhinga, Pelicans, and Man-o'-War Bird.

118. Anhlnga; Snaicebird; Water Turkey (/fn-
hmga anhinga). Ad, ^, Black; grayish head
and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent Ad.
9. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and
breast brownish. Yng. Similar to V but black
parts duller. Notes, A rasping, clattering croak,
uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest

Ran 8:6. — Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to south -
em Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward.

125. American White Peiioan (^PtUcanus erytbror-
hyncbus), L. 6o. Ads, White; primaries black; bill
in breeding season with a knob. Yng, With crown
brownish.

Ransre: — North America; breeds In Interior from eastern California,
Utah. Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat 6x^ ; win-
ters from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central Amer-
ica.

I 26. Brown Peiioan (PeUcanus occuUntalis). L. 50;
W. 19.5. Ads, Pouch greenish; head white, rarely
yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck.
Yng, Bro\vnish gray, white below. Notes, Adults as
a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy.

Range: — ^Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical Amer-
ica; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has
strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States south-
ward.

1 27. California Brown Pelican (Ptlecanus californ'

L. 54; w:

icus). Similar to No. 126, but larger
pouch in breeding season, red.

21;

Range. — Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia;
creeds north only to Los Coronados Islands.

128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata
aquila), L. 40. Ad, (^, Black, glossy above;
pouch "scarlet or orange.'* Ad, V. Browner;
breast and belly white. Yng, Similar to ?, but
head and neck white. Notes, usually silent; rarely a
croaking note.

Range: — ^Troplcal and subtropical coasts; In America north to
Florida, fexas, and southern California; casually to Kansas. Ohio
and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower Cal-
fomla southward.

Order V. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.

ANSERES.

Family 1. DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. Anatid.^. 49
species, 6 subspecies.

The Anatidse of North America are placed in five well-marked sub-
families, the Mergansers {MergincB)^ River Ducks {Anatina), Sea Ducks
i^Fuligulines) ^ Geese i^Anserina: ) ^ and Swans (Cygnincs),

The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and
their rounded bills, set with toothlike projections along the sides, are
of evident use to them in holding their prey.

The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard,
Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks
in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a
rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as
it were, while reaching the bottom for food.

The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a
rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to
the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter
they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and fre-
quent the larger bodies of water.

With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill
are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks,
seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the
mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill
as it closes.

Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip
the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of
Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies.
On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the
bottoms.

Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply im-
mersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with
the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly in-
creased.

In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attach-
ed to them give to the Anatidae great power of flight. Not only do
they make extended journeys, when migrating, wdthout a rest, but they
attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the
smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one
hundred miles an hour.

In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting,
lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are there-
fore unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the
brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and

Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power
of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, v/hich
is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans
there is no sexual difference in color.

Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the
Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water south-
ward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck,
Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck
nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The
young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been
seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering
down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they
are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement
apparently lacks confirmation.

The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a
rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in
the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are
laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pele olive and are al-
ways uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone.
The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to un-
dergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females
surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when
leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the
double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them
warm.

With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not
the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest
weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives,
who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to
raise her brood without further molestation.

The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustra-
tion of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down
is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively
barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man
can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks con-
tinue to return in numbers year after year to the same region, per-
haps the exact spot in which they nested the year before.

Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as
well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species
would become extinct within a comparatively short period.

The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thorough-
ly understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every
way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant^s cabin and pre-
empt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly givQ up his bed
to so valuable a visitor.

Duoks.

129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus).
L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between
eye and tip of bill, ^d, ^, No band of streaks on
breast; no crest. j4d, 9 • and Yng, Cbin white; crown
and throat reddish brown j rest of underparts and spec-
ulum white; above and tail ashy.

Range.— North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely
mountainsof Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado
and California northward: winters from Maine and British Columbia
south to South Carolina and southern California.

1 30. Red-breasted Merganser (^Mergatiser serratoi).
L. 22: B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to
tip of bill. Ad, c?. Breast with a broad cinnamon
band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened.
Ad. $ and Yng. Crown grayish brown, washed with
rusty. Chin and throat palerj rest of underparts and
speculum white: back and tail ashy. Notes. When
alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere: breeds, in America, from New Bruns-
wickand northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska: winters
from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California.

131. Hooded Merganser (Lophodvtes cucuUatus).
L. 17.5. Ad. (^, A large, circular black and white
crest. Ad. ? Yng. A small cinnamon crest, head,
neck and breast grayish brown: back, blackish; belly
white. Notes. "A hoarse croak, like a small edition
of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot. )

Range.— North America from Cuba and Lower California north to
Labridorand Alaska; breeds locally throu^out its range, chiefly in
Interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois,
and Massachusetts southward.

32. Mallard (Anas boschas). L. 23. Speculum

patch in wing; purple bordered by black and white;

nder surface of wing pure white. Ad, ^f . Head

/green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. Ad, ?.

/ Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled

with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The familiar

quack of the barnyard Duck.

"^ Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds. In America, from Labrador,
Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters
from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America
^nd West Indies.

143. Pintail {Dafila acuta) . . L. rj^, 28; 9, 22.
' ^' ' Ion

Ad.

Central tail feathers black, 7.5 Fong, pointed. Ad.
^. Tail 3.5,; feathers sharply pointed; brownish black,
with buff bars; under wing-coverts dusky and buffi
back blackish with internal buff loops. Notes, A loud
qt^acky less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low
niellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds. In America, from New Bruns-
wick, Iowa. Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from
British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and
West Indies.

Duoks.

133. Black Duok (^nas obscura). L. 22. * Ads.
Speculum bluish purple tipped with black; no white in
wing; lining of wing white and dtuky; crown without
paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs
'•olivaceous brown" bill "greenish black, dusky olive,
or olive-green." Notis. A qujck resembling that of
the Mallard.

Range. — Eastern North America; chiefly east nf Mississippi; breeds
locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies.

133a. Red-legged Black Duck (/^. o. rubripes).
Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown edged with Duff
or gray; throat spotted; lees red: bill yellow.

Range. — Summer range not definitely known, but breeding speci-
mens have been taicen in northern Labrador. James Bay. and west
shore of Hudson Bay; In winter south to Virginia and Arlcansas.

134. Florida Duck i/tnasfulvigula), L. 20. Ads.
Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked;
speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty
buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. A quack sim-
ilar to that of No. 133,

Range. — Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident.

i34a. R^ottled Duck (//./. maculosa). Similar to
No. 134, butunderparts mo//i<?i with black the mark-
ings being rounder.

Range.— eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Chrlsti
noitb to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coas t.

135. Qadwall {Cbaulelasmus strepera). L. 19.5.
Under wing coverts and axillars pure wbiie. Ad.
c?. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast ringed with
white. Ad. ? . Head and throat as in cf, back fuscous
and buffy; breast and sides ochraceous thickly spotted
with blackish ; speculum ashy gray and white. Notes.
A quack like that of the Mallard but shriller and more
often repeated.

Range.— Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds In the Interior
from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assinibola; winters
from Maryland to Rorida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States.

136. Widgeon {Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. ^.
Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with
wavy black and white lines. Ad. ? . Head and throat
rusty y finely streaked and barred with black; breast and
sides rusty; speculum blackish. Notes. Of male, a
shrill, whistling wbee-j^au] of female, a low, purring
growl. (Saunders.)

Range. — Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only In the
Aleutian Islands; casual In migrations and In winter In California and
on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland.

137. Baldpate (Mareca americana). L. 19. No
rusty on head. Ad. c?. Under tail-coverts black;
streak from eye to nape glossy green. Ad. ?. Head
and throat whitish finely marked with black; breast and
sides rusty washed with grayish. Notes, **A low,
soft whistle." (Elliot.)

Range. — North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and
British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and
Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic
coast to Labrador.

Ducks.

139. Green-winged Teal [Ndtion caroUtunsis). L.
14.5. Wing-cc verts gray, tipped with buff or white.
/Id, c?. A white crescent in front of wing; speculum
•wing-patch) green bordered by black tipped with
white. Ad, 9. Wings as in cr; throat and sides of
neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides
washed with rusty, marked with black. Notes. A
"peculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly.
(Seton.).

Range.— North America; breeds from New Brunswick. Minnesota,
and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from
Virginia. Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and
West Indies.

1 40. Blue-winged Teal {Querqusdula discors) . Wing-
coverts blue. Ad. cf . Chwk patch white. Ad. ? .
Resembles $ of No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; spec-
ulum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white.
L. 16.

Range.— North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New
Brunswick. Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to
Alaska, mainly in Interior: winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi
Valley to northern South America, Oilifornla. and Lower California.

141. OXnntLmonJedX {Qusrquedula<^anopiira). Ad,
c?. Head and neck, breast sna sides reddish brown.
tj^d. ?. Resembles ? of No. 140, but the underparts,
including tbraat, are usually suffused with rusty, the
throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky.
NoUs, A rather thin, nasal quack. L. 16.

Range.— Western North America from British Columbia south to
South America, east to Rockies and southern Texas; rarely to Fkw-
Ida.

142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). L. 20. Bill
much broader at tip than at bjise. Ad. c? . Belly chest-
nut; breast around to back white. Ad. 9- Wing-
coverts blue; back conspicuously margined with buff.
Notes. * 'Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly In Interior; breeds
locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Colum-
bia north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Colum-
bia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America.

144. Wood Duck M/x 5^t>«5a). L. 18.5. Ad. S".
Head crested; green,blue, and purple with white stripes.
Ad. 9. A white streak through and behind eye; crown
glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with
greenish. Notes. A frightened, plaintive, oo-eek.

Rang^e.— North Amerkra; breeds locally from Rorida to Labrador
and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern
Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south tc southern California and
Cuba.

Ducks.

1 46. Redhead {Ayifya americana). L. 19. y4d, cf.
Head and upper neck enlirefy bright reddish brown.
Ad. 9. Throat white; back grayish brown without
fine bars; speculum gray. Notes. **A hoarse guttural
rolling sound.'* (Elliot.)

Range.— North America; breeds chiefly In Interior from Maine.
Minnesota, and Callfomlji north to Labrador and British Columbia:
winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower Cali-
fornia and West Indies.

147- Canvas-back (/(y^a r<j//««^r/a). L. 21. Ad.
^. Head and tpAo/^ neck itt// reddish brown. Md. ?.
Head and neck rusty grayish brown; back grayish
brown f finely barred with black and white. Notes. **A
harsh guttural croak.'* (Elliot.)

Rani^e.— Nortii America: breeds only In interior from Minnesota
and Oreeon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds: winters from
British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California. Mexico
and West Indies.

1 48. American Scaup Duck [Aythya marila). L^
ff, 18.5; ?, 17-5- ^d' d- Head glossed with green-
ish; sides without distinct black bars. Ad. ^. Feath-
ers about base of bill white; breast and back rusty
grayish brown; speculum white. Notes. "Similar to
Bie guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Red-
head and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.)

Rang^e. — Northern parts of nortiiem hemisphere: in America, breeds hi
the interior rarely from Mlnne^ta. and regulariy from North Daicota
nonhward; winters from Long: island to nonhem South America.

149. Letser Scaup Duck {Aythya affim's). L. c? 17;
9,16.5. Ad. (^. Head glossed with purplish; sides
with distinct black bars. Ad. ? . Similar to $ of No.
148, but smaller.

Range.— North America; breeds only In interior from Iowa rarely.
North Dakota commonlv. and British Columbia, north to Barren
Grounds: winters from British Columbia and Vlrg^inia south to Guat-
emala and West Indies.

16.5. 1

1 50. Ring-necked Duck {Aytbya collaris). L.
Ad. c?. A chestnut neck-ring: chin white; back black;
speculum ^roy. Ad. 9- Feathers about sides of base
of bill and^throat white, back and breast rusty grayish 1
brown: speculum gray. Resembles ? of No. 146, but I
is smaller and rustier. \

Range.— North America: bre#dinjf only In the interior from Minne-
sota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south
to Guatemala and West Indies: rare on Atlantic coast north of Mary-
Und.

Duoks.

151. American Golden-eye (Clangula americana).
L. 20. Ad. (^. Head ffreenishy white patch at base of
b\\\ circular. Ad. 9- Head and throat brown; breast
and back gray, a white throat-ring; belly and specu-
lum white. Notes. Rarely a low croak; a high whistle-
ling sound produced by wings in flight.

Ranee. — North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota,
and Alberta, north to Arctic Refrlons; winters from southern Alaska,
the Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba.

152. Barrow Golden-eye (Clangula islandica), L.
2o. Ad. cf. Head purplish blue; white patch at base
of bill txcice as high as wide. Ad. 9 . Resembles 9 of
No. 151. Notes. A high whistling made by wings in
flight, probably also a low croaking as in No. 151.

Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St.Lawrence.
and mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south
to Virginia, Illinois, and California.

153. Buffle-head (Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7.
Ad. cf . Head bluef, purple, and green; a white band
from eye to eye across nape. Ad. 9 . A whitish patch
on either side of head; throat and upper parl!s grayish
brown; belly and speculum white. Notes, A single
guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's
roll. (Elliot.)

Ranee. — North America; breeds from Maine. Iowa, and British
Columbia northward; winters from southern limit of breedinf^ range
to West Indies and Mexico.

167. Ruddy Duck (Erismatura iamaicensis), L . 15.
Tail-feathers narrow and stiff; Sill short (1.5) and
broad. Ad. c?. Cheeks white» cap black, back red-
dish brown. Ad. 9. A whitish streak through dusky
cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars;
belly silvery whitish. Yng, c?. Similar, but cheeks
all white or whitish.

Range. — ^Western hemisphere from northern South Americi to
Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout Its range, but chiefly north-
ward: winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California
southward.

168. Masked Duck (Nomonyx dominicus). L. 14.
Tail-feathers long, (4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed.
Ad. cf . Front of head black; behind it reddish brown
all around; white in wing. Ad. 9. A brownish
streak through eye: buffy streaks above and below it;
back blackish regularly barred with buff; below washed
with rusty-
Range — Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental In
Wisconsin. Lake Champlain. and Massachusetts.

Ducks.

154. Old-squaw (Harelda hyemalts). L. cT* 21; ?,
i6;T. rf, 8; ?,2.5. No colored speculum. Ad. cT-
CcntraT tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter,
crown, nape, throat, and neck all around white. In
summer, black, with rusty markings on back. Ad, 9-
winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts white;
breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown,
chedcs and nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a
whitish patch back of eye. Notes. In spring, a rich,
musical orUedU-a, frequently repeated m deep, reed-
like tones. (Nelson.) Also ^^(Mmc-o-onc-ougb-egh-
ougb-€gb, ' * ( Mackay . )

Ranee. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and
Alentian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Vir^nia,
Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Tex-

155. Hw\et\\k\T\ DyxcVi (Histrionicus histrionicus), L.
17. Ad. (^. Back and breast slaty blue; head darker.
Ad. ?. Front half of cheeks and spot over ears
whitish; above blackish brown; below dusky and
whitish. Notes. "A confusion of low gabbling and
chattering notes." (Nelson.)

Range. — "Northern North America, breedings from Newfoundland.
the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude
38® ). northward; south In winter to the Middle States and California;
eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.)

156. Lsbrador Duck (Camptolaimus labradorius),
L. 20. Ad. c?. Primaries blackish; rest of wing
white. Ad. ?. Ashy gray: speculum white. Yng.
<^. Like ?, but throat and ends of greater wing-
coverts white.

- Range.— Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador north-
ward; wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct;
last records. Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875.

157. Steller Eider (Eniconetta stellm). L. 18.
j4d. cf. Throat and neck black nearly divided by a
white ring; top and sides of head white, forehead and
nape greenish; breast chestnut. Ad. ?. Above and
below black and rusty; speculum purple bordered with
white; tail feathers pointed.

Range.— "Arctic and cubarctlc coasts of the northern hemisphere,
Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadlak; Kenal Peninsula."
(A. O. U.)

Ducks.

158. Speciao\ed Elder i^rctotuttafisch^rs), L.i
y4d, c?. Front of head plush-like; cushiony p
around eyes; above largely white; breast slaty bU
belly black.

Ranee.— "Alaskan coast cf Berine Sea and north to Point Bamy
(A. O. U.) ^

159. Greenland Eider {Somateria mollissima barea/m
L. 23. Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostril
bare spaces on either side of feathers on culmen pot/iA
at base (posteriorly.) /4d, cf. Crown black with 1
white weclge. j4d. ?. Brownish black above mai
gined with rusty and buff; below dusky finely mal
gined with buff. Yng. cf . Similar to 9 but moi
Duffy. Notes, **A sort of cooing sound" in thj
breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, moaninfl
'ba ho, 7/a Aa; female's like that of Mallard. (Urunnich-i

Rans^e.— Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador tt
Greenland; winters south to Massachusetts. ~

160. kmenoan Elder (Somaieriadressen). L. 23.
Similar in color to No. 159, but bare spaces on either
side of feathers of culmen rounded at the base (poster-
iorly).

Range. — Northeastern North America: breeds from Isle au Haut.
Maine, to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and Great Lakes.

161. Pacific Eider (Soniatma v-nigra). Similar
to No. 159, but Ad. cf with a black V on throat; sides of
bill more broadly feathered, distance from end of
feathers to base of bare space on culmen less than
distance from same place to end of bill. Notes. "A
low guttural note.'* (Nelson.)

Range.— North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean
east to Great Slave Lake.

162. King Eider {Somateria spcctabilis). L. 23.
Feathers at side of bill not reaching nostril. Ad. cf .
White patch on either side of rump; crown ashy blue.
Ad. 9 and Yng, Resembling same.plumages of No. 159
and No. 160.

Ran^. — Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St
Michaels. Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters
south to New Jersey (rarely G«.). and Great Lakes; one GilifornU
record.

Ducks.

163. AmerioM Scoter (OtJ^mia americana) . L. 19.
[thers at base of bill not extending forward on sides
op. y4d. rf . Wholly black; bill black, yellow at
j4d. $. Brpwnish above, lighter below; no
hite on wing or on sides of head. Notes. A long
sical whistle. (Elliot.)

I Range. — Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alas-
t shores of Bering Sea northward; winters south to Virginia, Great
»s, Colorado, and California.

165. White-winged Scoter {Oidemia deglandt).
22. A white patch on wing; feathers extending
Iforward along sides and top of bill nearly to nostrils.
'Wd, c^. Black, a white spot about eye; bill orange,
wlackatbase. Ad. ?. Dusky brown above; lighter
ftelow. Yng. cT- Similar but sides and front of head
whitish.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North
Dakota rwrthward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and
Lower California.

' 166. SurfSooter {Oidemia perspicillata) . L. 20.
• Feathers extending forward on top of bill. Ad, ^.
Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and
white, a round black patch on its sides. Ad, $.
Above black, throat and breast paler; belly whitish;
a whitish patch at base of bill. Yng, Similar but
with white patches on ears.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland
northw.ird; winters south to Virginia. Florida, Illinois, and Lower Cal-
ifornia.

177. Biaolc-beiiied Tree Ducic (T>endrocygna au-
tumnalis), L. 22. Ads, Belly and tail coverts black\
foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts
whitish. Notes, A shrill whistle. (Elliot)

Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas.

178. Fulvous Tree DucIc {'Dendrocygna fulva),
L. 22. Ads, Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail
coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in
wing. Notes. A squealing whistle.

Range. — Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana.
Nevada and central California. "Casual In North Carolina and
Missouri." (A. O. U.)

Geese and Swans.

1 69. Lesser Snow Goose {Chen hyperbor$d). L.
25-28, Ads, White, head sometimes rusty; primaries
black. Yng. Head, neck, and above grayish.

Range.— "Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding In Alas-
ka: south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; cas-
ually to New England." (A. O. U. )

1 69a. Greater Snow Goose (C.

larto No. 169, but larger, L. 30-38.

h, nivalis). Sim-

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions; winters
from Qiespeake. New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic
coast north of Maryland.

170. Ross Snow Goose (Cbm rossii). L. 21; B.
1.6. Similar in color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill
particularly smaller.

Range. — Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to soutbem
Callfbmia and east to Montana in winter.

180. Whistling Swan (Olor colunibianus), L. $5.
Nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye. Ads, White,
bill and feet black; a small yellow spot before the eye.
Yng, Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage
washed with grayish. Notes, ^whoogby ^tokoogb^ very
loud and shrill. (Nuttall.)

Range.— North America: breeds within Arctic Circle; winters
from British Columbia (? ) Lower Mississippi Valley.Chesapeake Bay.
south to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia.

181. Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator), L. 65.
Nostril about in middle of bill. Ads, White, bill and
feet black; >?a yellow on lores. Yng, Head and neck
brownish; rest ot plumage washed with grayish. Notes,
Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn.
(Elliot.)

Range.— "Chiefly the interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas north-
ward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A.
O. l/.)

Geese.

169.1. Blue Gw>te (Cbett carruUsc^ns), L. 28. j4ds.
Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback
like breast; rump gray. Yng, Similar but head and
neck grayish brown.

Ran8:e.— North America; breeds In Hudson Bay region; winters on
west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to
have occurred in New Jersey.

1 7 1 a. American White-fronted Gooae i/4ns^ albi-
frans gambeli), L. 28. Ads, Forehead and rump
white; below spotted with black. Yng. Similar but
no white on head no black below.

Range.— North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf
Coast. California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast.

1 76. Emperor Goose {Tbilacte catiagica), L. 26.
Ads. Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white
sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. Yng.
Body less distinctly scaled-, head and hind-neck spotted
with grayish. Notes. When flying, a deep, hoarse,
strident cla-ha, da-ha^da-ha; when alarmed and about
to fly, a ringing a-iagh, -aiagh. (Nelson.)

Range. — ^"Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula;
chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Com-
mander Islands. Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, Cal-
tfbmla." (A. O. U.)

Geese and Brant.

17 2. Canada Goose {Branta canadensis), L. 38.
Ads, A white patch on cheeks and throat; rest of
head and neck black; no whitish ring at base of black
neck. Yng, Similar but with blackish on white of
throat. Notes, A sonorous bonk.

Range.— North America; breeds from Labrador. Minnesota and
British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters
from Long Island. Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and
southern California.

172a. Hutohins Goose (B, c . butcbinsii). Simi-
lar to No. 172, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16.

Range.— Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters
from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and
Mexico.

172b. White-cheeked Goose {B, c, ocddentalis).
Size of No. 172, but throat blackish, lower neck with
white collar.

Range. — "Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)

1 72c. Cackling Goose CB. c minima). Similar to
No. 172b, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16.

Range, — Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from
British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin.

173. Bnn\ (Brantabermclaglaucogastra). L. 26.
Ads. Sides of neck with white markings; belly whiiisk.
Notes. A guttural car-r-rupy or r-r-r-rouk, (Elliot.)

Range.— Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters In
America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massa-
chusetts southward; rare in interior.

I 74. Black Brant CBratita nigricans), L. 26. Ads,
Sides and frofit of neck with white markings; belly
nearly as dark as back. Notes. A low guttural gr-r-r-
r-r; on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.)

Range.— Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and
eastw.ird; winiers from British Columbia to Lower California; occas-
ional on Atlantic Coast.

Order VI. FLAMINGOES.

ODONTOGLOSS^.

Family 1. FLAMINGOES. PncENicoPTERiDiE. 1 species.

Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are
webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or
strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however,
wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on
the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the fav-
orite food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is
pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's
body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost
presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an
appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like
that of a Goose.

Order VII. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC.

HERODIONES.

Family 1. SPOONBILLS. Plataleid^. 1 species.

Family 2. IBISES. Ibidid^e. 3 species.

Family 3. STORKS and WOOD IBISES. Ciconiid^. 1 species.

Family 4. BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. Ardeid.e. 14 species,
3 subspecies.

The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and
along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage
that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in
the most remote parts of southern Florida.

Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small
trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.

Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes,
etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are
generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are some-

Herons, Storks, Ibises, Etc.

times placed in low bushes, at others in grrassy marshes. The eggs
number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis,
greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.

The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some
twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one
of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood
Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and
builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from
the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is
extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occa-
sionally soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.

The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds,
fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the
BotaurincB and ArdeincSy respectively. The Bitterns are usually soli-
tary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors har-
monize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The
American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale
brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest
of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish
white eggs.

Herons feed along the shore' and are consequently more often
seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our
species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying
a limited area in s ome wooded or bushy swamp to which, when imdis-
turbed, they return :year after year.

Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in
bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or
beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and
usually -four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting
time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest
ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these
birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not
permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated
branch and root.

The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with
the 9ize^ of the bird.

Flamingo, Spoonbill and Ibis.

182. Flamingo (Phctm'copierus ruber), L. 45; from
toe to bill, 60. /4ds, Rosy red, lighter on back; prim
arics and secondaries black. Yng, Smaller, grayish
brown: lighter below. NoUs, A bonk resembling that
that or a Canada Goose.

Rjuige.— Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resi-
dent (brMdln;?) In southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual
west to Texas, nortli to South Carolina.

183. Roseate Spoonbill (^/Ijaia ajajd), L. 32.
^ds. Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end
of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under
tail-coverts carmine. Yng. Head feathered, buff and
carmine replaced by pink.

Ran Ke.— Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States.

185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra), L. 24. ^ds.
Scarlet: tips of primaries black. Yng, Grayish brown,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; under-
parts dull white.

Range. "Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West
Indies and northern South America. No record of its recent occur-
rence in the United States. " (A. O. U.)

Ibises.

164.

184. White Ibis {Guara alba), L. 25. ^ds.
While, tips of outer primaries black, face orange red.
Yng, Grayish brown, rump, breast and belly white.
NoUs, When near nest, crook, ctoo, cfoo\ when dis-
turbed, a loud, hoarse, hunk, bunk, hunk. (Audubon).

Range.— Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from
Gulf southward; accidental In South Dakota. Connetlcut and Lon^
Island;

186. Giossy Ibis (PUgadis auiumnalis), L. 24.
^ds. Front of head black with greenish reflections.
Yn^. Head and neck fuscous brown margined with
white, rest of underparts fuscous brown; back with
greenish reflections.

Ran^. — Tropical and subtropical reeions In America; rare or local
In southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and
Illinois

187. White-faoed Glossy Ibis (PUfodis guarauna).
L. 24. j4ds. Front of head wbite. Yng, Resembles
young of 1^0. 186.

Range. Tropical and subtropical America; north to California,
(rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida;
winters south of United States.

1 88. Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator). L. 40. /ids.
Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and
tail blackish. Yn^. Resembles ad. but head and
neck feathered, grayish brown. Notf. When alarm*
ed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.)

Range.— Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States,
(Lower California?), and latter may stray as far north as NewYcrk,
Wisconsin, and California.

Bitterns.

190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus).

L. 28. Ads. A glossy black streak on either side of

the neck. Yng, Similar to ad. but colors much deep-

, er, more rusty. Notes, Call, quawk\ song, pump-er-

Itmk.

Rang^e.— North Ameriainorth to Labrador and British Columbia,
breeding: chiefly north of latitude 3s ^ ; winters from about latitude 35^
southward.

191. Least Bittern (//rflf<?«a /xi7i5). L. 13. Ad.
cf. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under
tail<overts white and buff. Ad, 9 . Similar, but crown
and back brown, below streaked with brownish.
Sotes. Call, an explosive quab\ song, a soft coo repeat-
ed four or five times.

Range.— North America: breeds from Gulf States to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less
common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to
northern California." (A. O U.)

1 9 1. 1. Cory Bittern {Ardetta neoxend), L. 13.
Ad c?. Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly
mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black.
Ad, ? . Similar, but crown and back duller.

RanB;e.— Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario,
(breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about ao specimens
known.

rsntoo.

192. Qrtai }NMit Heron {j4rdeaacdcUHUlis). j4ds.
White, no "aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about
the size of a Great Blue Heron . What is supposed to
be a gray-biue phase of this bird has been called Ardsa ,
wuerdmanni, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has
the head and neck whitish.

Range. Southern Florida. Cuba and Jamaica

1 96. American Egret {Herodias egretta), L. 41.
Ads. White, about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes grow
from the back between the wings; legs and feet black.
Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no
plumes.

Range.— Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia,
southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick.
Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf
States southward.

197. Snowy Heron {Egritta candidissima). L. 24.
Ads. White, about 50 recurved "aigrette" plumes
grow from back between the wings; legs black,
feet yellow. Ads when not breeding and Yng. The
same, but no plumes.

Range.— Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to
^ng Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare In east-
em North America; vrinters from Gulf States and southern OUlforaU

southward.

Herons.

194. Great Blue Heron {Ardea berodias), L. 45;
W. 18.5; B. 5.j; Tar. 7. Ads. Center of crown white,
head crested; lees blackish. Yng, Similar, but no
crest, crown wholly black, plumage more streaked.

Range .Northern South America north to Arctic regions: breeds
locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about
latitude 4a ° Muthward.

f94a. Northwest Coast Heron (A. b. fanmm).
Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts bluish
slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3.

Range.— Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka.

1 94b. Ward Heron (A. A. v>ardi). Similar to No.
194 but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger,
L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8.

Range.— Rorida; coast of Texas.

202. Black-orowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nyc-
ticorax navius,) L. 24. Ads, Crown and back green-
ish black . lo\ver backj wings and tail ashy; head with two
or three rounded white plumes, except just after breed-
ing season. Yng, Grayish brown streaked ' with
white; below while streaked with blackish ;*'outer webs
of primaries, pale rufous. Notes. An explosive qilaick.

Range.— Western hemisphere; breeds In North America north to
New Bninsirlclc. Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from Cal-
tfomia and Gulf States southward.

203. Yeliow-orowned Night Heron {Nyctanassa
violaceus). L. 23. Ads, Blue-gray; crown and ear-
coverts whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked
with black;head with two or three rounded,white plumes,
except just after nesting season. Yng. Crown blacky
streaked with whitish; primaries bluish slate, no rufous\
back brownish streaked with white; below whitish
streaked with blackish.

Range.~Tro|>ical and subtropical America; breeds north to South
Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massa-
chusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward.

Herons.

198. RediUlBh Egret {Dichromanassaru/fsc^Hs), L.
29. Two color phases independent of age. y4ds.
Dark phast^ Head and neck rufous; back slate; about
30 "aigrette" plumes. IVhiU phase. White, includine
plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with
gray. Yng. Rufous and gray, or white, without
plumes.

Rang«.— West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gull
States. Illinois .rarely), and Lower Califonila.

1 99. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficol-
lis). L. 26. Ads, **Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty
gray: rump and belly white; legs blackish. Yng,
Head and neck brownish; throat and line down fore-
neck white; above slaty washed with brownish ; rump
and belly white.

Range.— West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States,
casually to Long Island and Indiana.

200. Little Blue Heron (Florida cofruUa), L, 22.
j4ds. Head and neck marroon; rest of plumage slaty
blue. Yng, White, tips of primaries bluish, Itgr
grtenisb yellovD,

Range.— Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds nca
to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia;
winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward.

201. Little Green Heron {Butoridss virescms). L.
17. Smallest of our Herons. Ads, Crown, glossy
green-black: throat and line down foreneCk buffy; rest
of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green wash-
ed with bluish gray. Yng, Neck and b»low streaked
with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller.
NoUs, A rattling oooc-oc-oc-oc, a. startling scow, and,
more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.)

kange.— Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf
States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States
southward to northern South America.

201 a. Frazar Green Heron (B. "n, fra^art). Sim-
ilar to No. 201, but rather larger and darker, neck
more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck
more restricted. (Brewster.)

Range.— Lower Califorlna.

201b. Anthony Green Heron (B, v, antbonyi).
Similar to No. 201, but slightly largei, and paler, light
markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and
whiter. (Mearns.)

Range.— Arid portions of southwestern United States, south Into
Mexico.

Order VIH. CRANES, RAILS, ETC.

PALUDICOL^.

Family 1. CRANES. GRUiDiE. 3 species.

Family 2. COURLANS. Aramid^e. 1 species.

Family 3. RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. Rai^wd^. 12
species, 3 subspecies. '

Cranes bear a general resemblence to Herons in that they are long-
legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck
fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the
curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are
often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grass-
hoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground
laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike
the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are bom ycovered with
down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonor-
ous voices; the Herons raucous croaks.

The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida
swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell,
but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or
bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and
speckled with cinnamon brown.

The Rails (Subfamily Rallinai) are inhabitants of grassy marshes
where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation
by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes
coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be
tmable to catch a glimpse of their maker.

Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs
spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are bom
covered with a shining black down.

The Gallinules (Subfamily GallinulincB) are more aquatic than the
Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.

The Coots (Subfamily Fulicina) are still more aquatic than the Gall-
inules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as
much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. ' Both Galli-
nules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a
nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.

Cranes- and Limpkin.

204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50.
y4ds. White; skin-of top of head dull red; primaries
black. Yn^. Head feathered, plumage more or less
washed with rusty.

Range.— Interior of North America: breeds from northern Missis-
sippi Valley north to Arctic regions* winters from Gulf States south-
ward.

205. Little Brown Crane (Grus canadensis) , L. 35.
W. 18; B. 4. Ads. Skin of top of head dull red;
plumage brownish gray. Yng. Head feathered,
plumage with more or less rusty.

Range.— "Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska,
migrating south through western United States east of Rocky-
Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.)

206. Sandhill Crane (Grtis mexicana). Similar to
No. 205, but larger. L. 44: W. 20; B. 5. Notes, A
loud, sonorous, grating, krrrow^ repeated five or more
times.

Range. — North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba. Florida
north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and
Oregon; winters from northern California and Gulf States southward.

207. UmpV\f\ {Aramus Piganteus) , L. 28. Ads.
Glossy olive-brown, striped with white; wings and
tail more bronzy. Notes, A loud wab-re^ow, repeated
and the last note prolonged into a wail.

Range. — Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas
and Florida.

Rails.

208. King Rail {Rallus eUgans). L. 15. Ads,
Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-cov-
erts reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly
and sides blackish, sharply and broadly barred with
white. Notes. A loud bup, hup, bup, repeated and end-
ing in a roll.

Ran8:e.— Eastern United States: breeds from Rorida north to Con-
necticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virgin-
ia and Lower Mississippi Valley southto Gulf States.

209. Beiding Rail {Rallus beldingi). Similar to
No. 208, but paler; flank-bars narrower.

Range.— Lower California.

210. California Clapper Rail (Rallus obsoUtus).
L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with
blackish brown; oreast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown
narrowly banded with white. Margins to back
feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans.

Range.— Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington.

212. Virginia Rail {T{allus virginianus), L. 9.5;
B. 1.5, Ads, Above blackish and grayish brown;
wine-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks
black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color,but
much smaller. Notes, Calls, kep or kik\ song, a
grunting sound and cut, catta-catta'ciitta, (Brewster.)

Range.- North America: breeds from Pennsylvania, Lone Island,
northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador. Manitoba,
and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding lim-
its south 10 Cuba and Guatemala.

215. Yellow Rail. {Porzana noveboracensis) . L. 7;
B. .5, Ads, Above black and buffy barred with
white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white.
Notes, An abrupt cackling, ^kr^k, ^krek, *krek, *krek,
mrk'k'k. (Nuttall.)

Range.— Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec,
and Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably
breeds chtefly north; winters In southern States.

Rails.

211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen {Rallus crepitans).
L, 1A.5; W. 5;B. 2. J. j4ds. Above paU olive bor-
dered by ^ray; wing-co verts pals grayish brown;
breast ^o// cinnamon; flanks barred gray and white.
NoUs. Gkak, fkak, gkak, at first loud and rapid,
ending lower ana slower.

Rang«.— Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North
Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarelv) south-
ward, north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to L

21 la. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R, c. saturatm).
Similar to No. 211, but above rich brown edged with
olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3.

Range. ^Coast of Louisiana.

21 ib. Soott Clapi^r Rail (7{. c. scoHi), Simi-
lar to No. 211, but much darker; sooty brown or black
above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast
and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks
brown and white. Darkest bird of group.

Range.— Gulf coast of Florida.

21 io. Wayne Clapper Rail (R.cwaytm). Sim-
ilar to No. 211, but darker, back rich olive-brown
edged with gray; breast more ashy.

Range.— Atlantic coast. North Carolina to eastern Florida.

2 1 i .2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (7{allus longtros-
iris cartbofus), L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. y4cis. Above
olive-brown edged with olive-ashy; breast cinnamon;
flanks brown and white.

Range — West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and north-
eastern Mexico?).

214. Carolina Rail {Parjana Carolina). L. 8.5; B. 8.
y4ds. Region about base of bill black. Yng. Simi-
lar, but no black about base of bill; breast more cinna-
mon. Notis, Calls, kuk or peep\ song, ker-^cM', and a
high, rolling xchinny.

Range. North America; breeds from Long Island. Illinois. Kansas.
and southern Caiifornia. north to Newfoundland. Hudson Bay region,
and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois,
and northern California south to South America.

216. Littie Blacic Rail (Porfana iamaicensis) . L. 5;
B.6. Ads, Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish
brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. NoUs,
Probably, kik-kik-kik, qtiseah, or kik-kt-ki-kt, k$, qtudah,
or variants. (Brewster.)

Range.— "Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, north-
ern Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A.
O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Con-
necticut. Illinois. Kansas).

Gallinules and Coot.

218. Purple Qallinule {lonorms martimca)* L. 13.
j4ds. Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with
greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue;
under tail<overts white. Ynz* Above browner;
below with; white; no red on bill.

Ranfi«.-.TroplcAl and subtropical America-; breeds only In eastern
North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina* strays
10 Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to
Sooth America.

219. Florida Qallinule (GalUnula galeata), L.
13.5. j4d. Crown-plate red, bill rea tipped with
greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown;
nanks slate stuaksd with wbiu. Yng, Crown-plate
smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below
grayish. Noiss, An explosive chuck and many loud
and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen,
the squawking of a struggling hen, etc.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to
Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from
Gulf States and California southward.

221. Amerioan Ooot {Fulica amsricana). L. 15.
Toes with scallops. Ads, Bill whitish; crown-plate
and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black;
rest of plumage slate. Yng, Whiter below, browner
above, crown-plate smaller. Notes, An explosive
cuck and noisy cackling notes.

Range. -North America; breeds In the Interior (chieflv northward)
north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia:
winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central
America and West Indies.

Order IX. SHORE BIRDS.

LIMICOLiE.

Family 1. PHALAROPES. PHALAROPODiDiE. 3 species.

Family 2. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Recurvirostrielb. ■ 2
species.

Family 3. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Scolopacid^, 33
species, 2 subspecies.

Family 4. PLOVERS. CHARADRiiDiE. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

. Family S. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Aphrizid^. 4
species.

Family 6. OYSTER-CATCHERS. H^BMAtOPODiD^. 3 species.

Family 7; J ACANAS. Jacanid^e. 1 species.

The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red
Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs
on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more
off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of ma-
rine life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and conse-
quently, is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family;
nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and grace-
fully.

Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and
more brightly colored than the male and this difference in. size andJ
plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female tak-
ing the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of '
necessity lays the eggSj but they are hatched by the male alone, who it
is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance o£ hia mate.

The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes- The Stilts secure their
food by quick thrusts of the bill, but. the Avocets use their singular, up-
turned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or
three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the
curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking
rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the -
bird thus explores the. mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt,
is picked up in the usual way.

Many of the members of the family Scolopacidse are probing Snipe.
The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples.

100

Shore Birds.

Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip
without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud
the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as
well as a probe.

Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers hiave
pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become
highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.

The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of
the least observant and the singular aerial evolutions of the Snipe and
Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the
spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in
May, to fill its oesophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and
breast and forming a sack as large as th6 body. Then in the air or on
the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, con-
stituting its love song.

The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and sev-
eral of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or
tidal flats.

The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the
seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and
I>ebbles in their search for food.

The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars
left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open
musselSf oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This
belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.

The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives
throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length
of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over
aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over
small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the
birds appear to be walking on the water.

The Limicolae, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes,
Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas,
it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are
proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thick-
ly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down
and leave the nest just after hatching.

101

Shore Birds.

T^UUl^^

222. Red Phaiarope {Crjymophilus Julicarius). L.
&io; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider than deep. y4d. .?.
Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black
and buff. y4d, c?. Similar, but smaller; crown and
back streaked with brown, black, and buff. Yng.
Resemble d^» hut upper tail-coverts plumbeous, un-
derparts white. H^mter. Crown and underparts white,
hindneck black, back gray. Notes, A musical dmk,

RanW-'Northernpartsofnorthera hemisphere, brMdln^ In the
ArcScregions and migrating south In winter; In the Unlt«a States
south to the Middle Stales. Ohio Valley, and Cape Sl Lucas; chiefly
maritime" (A. O. U.) , t a n

223. Northern Phaiarope (Thalaropus lobatus).
L 7 7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed,
/^rf. 2. Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with
ochraceous on back. ^d. c?. Smaller, less rufous
on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. Yng.
Underparts and forehead white; crown sooty; bade
blackish streaked with straw-color. IVitder. Upper-
parts gray mixed with white; underparts white.
Notes. A low chippering, clicking note.

Ranire.— Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern
BrUlshAmerica north to Greenland and Alaska; winters apparently
Suth of United States where it Is known as a migrant chiefly off the

^"^llA. Wilson Phaiarope {Steganotus tricolor).
L. 0.5; B.I. 3. Bill long. Ad. ?. Sides of nedk
black and chestnut; crown and back gray. /<*• cf-
Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller;
crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with ni-
ous Yng. Below white; crown and back black
margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray.
IVitOsr. Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below
white. Notes. A soft, trumpeting>w,£jw.

Ranire North America, chleflv In the Interior; breeds from north-
eJ?Iinfols (r2J!Jy).Mlnnesota and Central Cfllfonjla north to latitude
«o : winters south of United States to southern South America. ^

283. Turnstone {Arenaria interpres). bimilar to
283.1 but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in ad. with
black Drevailine. Yng. Blacker than young of 283. i .

RangS-EaVter„^hemlsph%^ America, only In Greenland and

^283. 1. Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria morinella).
L o.q; W. 5.7. Ads. Reddish brown prevailing m
upper surface. Yng. Above and breast grayish
brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump
and lone upper tail-coverts white as in ad.; snorter
upper tail-coverts black. Notes. When flying, a loud
twittering note. (Nuttall.) ^ , ^ _, ^ ,

Range -Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds In Arctic regions; winters in
Amcrioi south of United States to Patagonia. . x , <>

288. Mexican Jaoana {Jacana sptnosa). L. 8.
Toes over i.$. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings
mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over eye, and
below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes >Yith
rump chestnut, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly

'""^n^^nt^fXm'e^^a and Mexico north to Lower RloGrande
Valley. Cuba and Haiti.
J 02

Shore Birdt^

225. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana),
L. i6.$; B. 3.7. Ads, Head and neck rufous; belly
white; wings black and white. Yng, and j4ds,mvnntsr.
Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish.
NoUs, A rather musical, loud plii-iek hurriedly repeat-
ed.

Rang*.— North America west of Mississippi: breeds from northern
States, central California and rarely Texas, north in the interior to
latitude S4^: winters from southern California and western Gulf
Sutes to Central America and West Indies: casual on Atlantic coast.

264. Long-billed Curlew (Nummius longirostris) .
L. 24; B. 6., longest amone our Snipe. y4ds. Above
black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below
buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky.
Yng, Similar, but buff deeper.

Range.— North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to
North Carolina; In Interiornorth to Manitoba and British Columbia:
later strays casualiv to Newfoundland and Ontario: winters from
Gulf States and southern Caltfom4a southward.

265. Hudftonian Curlew (Numenius budsomcus),
; L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads, Less buff than No. 264; above
^ dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred

with same: below white, breast streaked; sides barred

with blackish.

Ranjfe.— North America: breeds in Arctic regions: winters south of
south of United States to South America.

266. Eskimo Curlew (Nwmmus horealis) L. 13. s;
B. 2. Ads, Tail barred with grayish brown and
black; above blackish and buffy; Wow buffy, the breast
thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish.

Range.' Eastern North America: breeds in Arctic regions; winters
fouth of United States to South America: migrates chiefly through
Interior,

103

Shore Birds.

226. Blaok-neoked Stilt {Himantqpus nuxicanus)
L. 15; Tar 4.10. Ad, J*. Forehead, lower back,
and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back
and wings black. Ad, $. Similar, but upper back
and scapulars grayish brown. Yng, Similar to 9»
but brown and black feathers lightly margined with
buffy. Notes, A sharp, rapidly uttered ip-ip^ whe
flying; a hoarse kf-rf-r-ing note when on the ground.

Range.— Temperate and tropical America: breeds north to Gulf
States, (locally and rarely In Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and
California; winters from southern California and West Indies to
northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Golf
Slates.

286. American Oyster-oatoher (Hofmatopus pallia'
tus), L. 19. Ads, Base of tail and longer upper
tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and all back black-
ish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight.
Yng. Similar but feathers above with buffy margins.
Notes, A sharp eep, eep.

Rftnge.— Temrerate and tropical America: breeds on sea roasts
only, north to Vir]^nla and western Mexico; winters south of United
States to South America: casual north to Nova Scotia.

286.1. Frazar Oyster-oatoher {Hamatopus fra-
fart) , Similar to No. 286, but darker above, black
breast passing into white belly through a mottled
black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown
markings.

Range. -"Lower California (both coasts), norih to Los Coronados
Islands." (A. O. U.)

287. Black Oyster-catcher {Hcematopus bachmam).
L. 17. Ads, Black. Yn^. Somewhat browner.
Notes, A musical, piping whistle.

Range.— "Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to
La Paz, Low«r California/*

104

Shore -Birds.

* 228. American Woodoook {Pbilohsla minor), L. ii.
j4ds. Below ochraceous-rufous; no bars; forehead
slaty, crown black with rusty bars; back mixed
black, rusty and slaty. Notes, A nasal jft/^rw/ or paip\
a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle.

Range.— Eastern North America: breeds locally from Florida to
Labrador an J Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern
M^w Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States.

230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata), L. 11.2.
yfds. • Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty
buff indistinctly streaked; sides barred; above streaked
black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer
feathers barred black and white. Notes. When ^tak-
ing flight several sudden, hoarse scaipes; a tremulous,
penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air
rushing through the birds wings; a ktik-kHk-kak.
(Brewster.)

Range.— North America; breeds from northern New England (rare-
ly .ConnecticuO . northern Illinois and northern California north to
Labrador. Hudson Bay, and Alaska: winters from Cdlifomia, toutbem
IlUnois. and South Carolina to northern South America.

26 1 . Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda).
L. 1 1.5. Outer primary barred black ana white.
Ads, Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray:
breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and
belly whitish. Yng. Similar, but more buffy, ' Notes, ^
Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged, f\
mournful, mellow whistle, ^^cbr-r-rr-r-ee-e-e-e'e'e-oooo-o- * "(^

CO,''

Range.— North America chiefly Interior; breeds locally from Kansas
and Virginia 10 Alaslca and Nova Scotia; winters south of United
States to South America.

262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper {Tryngites subruficol'
lis). L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries
beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads,
Above black widely margined with grayish brown;
l>elow ochraceous- buff; a few black spots. Yng.
Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined
with whitish; below much as in adult.

Range. "North America especially in the interior; breeds in the
Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic
coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.)

281. Mountain Plover (Podasocys moniana). L. 9..
No black on breast, /ids. Lores and crown-band-
black ; above grayish brown washed with pale rusty.
Yng, Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper, l^in-^
Ur. Same as last but rusty paler.

Range.-^Westem United States; breeds from Kansas to North
Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California
and MeJdcoi accktental In Florida.

105

Shore Birds.

231. Dowitoher {Macrorbampbus grisius) L. 10.5;
B. 2.1, pitted at tip. j4ds. Rump, tail, under
wing<overts, and axiilars barud black and white;
above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below
reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Yug.
Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white.
IVinter, Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky»
belly white.

Ran s:e.— Eastern North America; breads chiefly north and north-
west of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida, to northern South Amer-
ica.

232. Long-billed Dowltcher (Macrorhampbus scolc
paceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but
larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred
below. Notes, A lisping, energetic musical, put'p€H\
pHe'ter-wie-tooy w^e-too repeated. (Nelson.)

Ran(i:e.— "Western North America, breeding In Alaslca to the Arctic
coast, micrating: south in winter through western United States (in-
cluding Mississippi Valley) to Mexico , and less commonly along At-
lantic coast." (A. O. U.)

233. Stilt Sandpiper {Micropalama bimantapus).
L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. Ads, Entire underp^rts and
upper tail -coverts white barred with black; tail not
barred. Yn^, Resembles ad. but below white, breast
lightly streaked; rump white no bars. IVinter. Simi-
lar to yng. but back gray.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Qrcle; win-
ters from Florida to South America.

234. Knot (Trin^a canutus^, L. 10.5; B. 1.3.
Upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops; tail
feathers without bars narrowly margined with white.
Ads, Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above,
reddish brown below. Yng. Above gray, margined
with cream-white and black; below white; breast
lightly streaked. IVinter, Similar, but above gray.

Ran^.— Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters
from Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts,
rare on Pacific coast of United States.

244. Curlew Sandpiper (Erolia ferruginea), L. S;
B. 1.5, slightly curved. Ads, Below chestnut-rufous,
above rusty and black. Yng. Above brownish gray
margined with whitish; back blacker; below white.
IVinter. Above plain brownish gray; below white.

Range.— "Old Wortd In general;
America and Alaska." (A. O. U.)

106

occasional In Eastern North

Shore Birds.

235. Purple Sandpiper {Arquatella maritima).
L. 9. Ads. Above black, margined with rusty and
cream-buff; below white, breast and sides heavily
marked with black. IVinter, Head, neck, and breast,
slaty; back blacker, margined with siat>'; central sec-
ondaries largely white.

Range.— "Northern portions of the northern hemisphere: In North
Amerloi chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding In the hl|rh north,
migrating In winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to
Florida) . the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.)

236. Aleutian Sandpiper {Arquatella couest), L. 8.5.
Similar to No. 23^, but ad, and yng. with more
ochraceous; in winter grayish margins to back lighter
and wider. f^oUs, When flying, a low, clear, musi-
cal twt(ytwe<htweo\ when feeding, clu-cluclu. (Nelson. )

Range.— "Aleutinn Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak
RSver, west to Commander Islands. Kamchatka." (A. O. U.)

256. Solitary Sandpiper {Helodromas solHarius),
L. 8.4. Under wing-coverts, axillars, and ail but
middle tail-feathers barred black and white. Ads,
Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and
neck streaked, back spotted with whitish; below white;
throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky. Yng,
Fewer spots and streaks above; breast markings fused.
iVinier. Practically no white markings above.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States
(rarely and sporadically) northward; little known of breeding habfts;
winters south of United Sutes to South America.

256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H, s. cinnamam
eus\ Similar to No. 256, but spots above buffy, es-
pecially in fallj inner margin of outer primary speckled
black and white.

Range.- Western North America; breeds In British G>lumbla (ex-
act breeding range unxnown) ; winters south of United States.

263. Spotted Sandpiper {AcUtis macularia), L.
7.5. Ads, Below white thickly spotted with bl?ck;
above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre,
lightly marked with black. Yng, Similar above but
faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white,
breast grayer; no black marks, IVinUr, Same but no
margins above. htoUs, Veet-weett repeated.

Range.— North America, north to Hudson Bjy; breeds throughout
Its North American range; winters from southtrn (California and West
Indies to South America.

284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala),
L. 9. No rustv; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts
ancf base of tail white; shorter upper tail -coverts black.
Ads. Above and breast brownish black; belly white.
Yng. Browner margined with whitish. IVinter.
Same as Yng, but no margins. Notes, A sharp, weet,
wMty too-fceet, (Nelson.)

Ranee.— '^Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alas-
ka to Santa Margarita Island. Lower California; breeding from Alas-
ka to British Columbia. ' ' ( A.O. U .)

107

Shore Birds.

237. Pribilof Sandpiper (^ArquOtella pUlocrumis).
L. 10. Ads, Similar to No. 230 above but crowh
much lighter; Jr^oj^ with 2l' black patch, Yng. Re-
semble adult above biit breast gi^ayish inclistinctly
streaked and with" a pale buff oand; belly white.
IVwtsr. Similar lo yng. but slaty gray above.

Range.— "Breeding In 'the Pilbllof Islands, Alaska, and mierat-
Ing to coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A.O.U.)

243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (TeUdna alpina pa-
ciAca), L. 8; B. i.^; slightly curved. Ads, Belly
black; back chiefly rusty. ' Yng,' Breast buffy, light-
ly streaked with cfusky; belly white 5/k)«^^ with black;
back black, rusty, ancf buff. Winter, Above brown-
ish gray; below white; breast grayish, Indistinctly
streaked.

RanjBre.— North America: breeds in Arctic regions and winters from
Gulf States and California to South America.

246. Semipaimaied Sandpiper {Erauutes pusilUui).
L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at base. Ads.
Above brownish gray and black; littls or no
rusty; below white, breast indistinctly streaked. Yng.
Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white,
breast grayish no streaks. IVinter, Above brownish
gray with black shaft streaks; below white. Notss,
vteet-weet.

Range.— Eastern North America: breeds in Arctic regions: winters
from Gulf States to South America.

247. Western Sandpiper {Ermwtis ocddmtalis).
Similar to preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more
rusty above, breast streaks more distinct, and more
numerous. Notes, Call, a soft xveet-weet; song, uttered on
the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of rather musical
trills." (Nelson.)

Range, — North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds
In Arctic regions; winters from Ciulf States to South America.

248. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria), L. 8. Three
toes, tarsus scaled. Ads, Above rusty, black and
grayish; below white, breast spotted with black and
washed with rusty, Yng, Nape grayish, back black,
feathers with two white or yellowish white terminal
spots; below silky white. IVinter. Above brownish
gray with dusky shaft streaks; below silky white.

Range. — "Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-
Arctic regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia."

108

Shore Birds.

23ft. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper {Adodromas acufmn-
atfii). L. 8.7« Tail feathers ppi'nied, . Ads, A white
line over eye; breast buff streaked with blackish.
yy^. Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below
white, breast buffy, no streaks. IVinter. Back gray-
ish brown streaked with blackish^ below as in yng.,
but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks. Notes,
A soft metallic plup-pleep. (Nelson.)

Range. — "Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, ml^ating south to 940

Java and Australia." (A.O.U.) ^^

239. Pectoral Sandpiper {^Actodromas maculata),
L. 9. Ads, Middle tail-feathers longest, pointed,
blackish margined with. rusty; above black and rusty;
below white, Dreast thickly streaked; upper tail-coverts
black, Yng, and in winter muc\\\.\\QS2Snt, Notes, Call.
a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical
too-u, repeated eiq:ht times, made after filling oesopha-
gus with air until it is puffed out to size of the body.
(Nelson.)

Ran(^. — North America; breeds In. Arctk: resftons; winters soutti of
United States to Soutli America; rare on Pacific coast.

240. Whife-rumped Sandpiper {Adodromas fusd"
tollis), L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts white. Ads,
Breast white, distinctly spotted or streaked. Yng, More
rufous above; breast less distinctly streiked. IVinter,
Brownish gray above; similar lo yng. below.

Ran^. — Eastern North America: breeds in* the interior north of
Hudson Bay: winters south of United States to southern South Amer-
ica; rare on Pacific coast.

241. Baird Sandpiper iActodromas hairdit),
L. 7.5. No rusty in plumage. Ads, Longest upper
tail<overts hlackishi breast buffy, faintly streaked.
Yn^, Similar, but back conspicuously margined >vith
whitish. IVinter, Above **buffy grayish brown,"' no
white margins.

Ran^. — ^Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic reg^ions and
winters soath of United States to southern South America.

242. Least Sandpiper {Actodromas minutilla), L. 6.
Smallest of our Sandpipers. Ads, Above black, buff
and rufous; below white breast lightly streaked. Yng,
Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. IVinter,
Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, be-
low white. Notes. Peep-peep.

Range.— North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens
northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South
Aoierica.

109

Shore Birds.

249. Marbled Godwit {Limosa/edoa\ L. i8; B. 4;
slightly recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black;
under wing-coverts cinnamon with more or less fine
black markings. Ads, Above black and ochraceous;
below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with
black. Yng. Similar, but with no or with but fev
bars below.

Range.— North America; breeds In the fnterfor from western Mln-
nesoti. rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United
States to Central America and West Indies.

250. V%c\^oQti^^\\{Limosalapp<mcahausr%). L.16.
B. J. 7, slightly recurved, tail barred black and white;
unoer wing-coverts black and white. Ads. "Head,
neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon color. " (Ridgw.)
IVintsr. Above black, grayish and rusty, former pre-
vailing; below white; throat streaked, elsewhere with
irregular, black bars. Notes. "A loud ringing kiHorx^
repeated."

Range.— "Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zea-
land and Australia to ICamchatlca and Alaslca. On the American coast
recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower Callforaia." (A.
O.U.)

251. Hudsonian Qodwit (Limosa hafmasiica).
L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly recurved. Under wing-coverts
dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at
end, white at base. Ads. Above black, rusty, and
grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and
faintly tipped with white. Yug. Similar, but below
buffy whitish, breast grayer. WnUir. Similar below '
but above brownish gray.

Range.— Eastern North America chiefly Interior, breeds in Arctic
Regions; winters south of United States to South America.

270. Black-bellied Plover {Squatarola squatarola).
L. II. Hind-toe present, small. Ads. Above black
and white, no yellowish; below black. Yng. Above
erayish brown spotted with white and some yellowish;
below white. IVinter. Similar to preceding out near-
ly uniform brownish above.

Range.— Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, wintars In
America from Florida to Brazil.

272. American Golden Plover (Charadrms domm-
cus). L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind-toe; axillars dusky.
Ads. Above conspicuously spotted with yellow; be-
low black, sides of breast white. Yng, Duller above,
below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish
wash. IVinter. Similar but no yellow below. Notes,
Call, a plaintive too-lee-e; song, a marvelously har-
monious succession of notes. (Nelson.)

RanK:e. — Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters
from Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast.

272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d.fulvus). Simi-
lar to No. 272 but wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer.

Range. — "Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribllof Islands
and coast of Alaska, south In winter through China and India to
Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.)

110

Shore Birds.

254. Greater Yellow-legt {fotanus nulanoleucus),
L. 14; B. 2.2. No rusty; upper tail-coverts mostly
white; tail barred with black and white or gray. Ads,
Above black margined with whitish; below white and
black. Yng. Above grayish margined with whitish;
below white, breast lightly streaked. IVinter. Simi-
lar but white margins less conspicuous. Notes, A
whistled wheu^ vheu'whm'wh^'whm'wheU'V}heUf when-

Ringe.—North America; breeds from MinnesoU, rarely northern
Illinois, end Antlcosti northward; winters from Gulf* State and Cali-
fornia to southern South America.

Yellow-legt {Totanus flavipes), L. 10.7;
Similar in color to preceding but smaller in

255.

B. 1.4.
size.

Ran^—Ndrth America; breeds rarely In upper Mississippi Valley
Init chiefly north of latitude 53^ : winters from Gulf States to southefn
South America; rare on Pacific coast

258. Willet {Symphfmia smipalnuUa). L. 15;
W. 8; B. 2.1. Primaries black with a broad white
band; upper tail-coverts mostly white. Ads, Above
brownish gray, black, and a little buff; below white
heavily marked with black and slightly washed with
buff. Yng, Above brownish gray margined with
buffy; below white, breast lightly streaked with dusky.
IVinUf. Similar, but above plain brownish gray.
/^otes, Songf pillywill-mlUt, repeated.

Rangre. Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to southern
New Jersey, later strays casually to Maine; winters from Gulf States
to South America.

258e. Western Willet (5. 5. inornata). Similar to
No. 258 but slightly larger. W. 8.5; B. 2.4. In sum-
mer above paler, less heavily marked with black both
above and below. Yng, and IVinter, Indistinguish-
able in color from No. 258.

Rinee —Western United States; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters from >outhem California and Gulf States southward. A rare
migrant on Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.

259. Wandering Tatler {Heteractitis incanus), L.
II. Tail-coverts plain slaty gray. Ads, Above plain
slaty gray; below white barred with slaty gray. Yng.
Above slaty gray more or less margined with whitish;
breast and sides slaty gray; throat and belly white.
IVinter, Similar, but no white margins above.

Ranfce.— Pacific coast; breeds from British Columbia northward;
winters south to Hawaiian Islands and Galapagos.

282. Surf Bird (Aphri^a virgata), L. 10; B. i.
Upj)er tail-coverts and base of tail-feathers white.
Ads. Above black, slaty, and rusty. Yng. Above
slaty margined with whitish; breast barred slaty and
whitish; belly white spotted with slaty. IVinter. The
same, but no whitish margins.

Range.— "Pacific coast of Anaric*. from Alaska to ChlU." (A. O.

u.) •

111

Shore Birds.

273. Killdeer (^Oxyechus vociferus), L. 10.5. Rump
and upper tail-coverts rusty. Ads, Above grayish
brown and rusty; below white with two black rings.
Notes. A noisy kildei, kihUt.

Range.— North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and
British Columbia; (r^re on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally
throughout Its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley
and California south to South America.

274. Semipalmated Plover {/Egialitis semipalmatd),
L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes.
Ads, One black rin^ around neck; a white ring in
front of it. Yng, Similar, but black parts brownish;
back margined with whitish. Winter, Same as last
but no whitish margins.

Range. — Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf
States to Brazil.

275. Ring Plover i/Egialitis hiaticula), L. 7.5.
No webs between toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill
yellow at base, black or brown bands wider.

Ran^. — '.'Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic Amer-
ica, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.)

277. Piping Plover (^^fa///rs meloda), L. 7; B.
short, .5. Very pale above. Ads. Above ashy,
crown and sides of breast black; no rusty. Yng, Sim-
ilar, but black replaced by ashy gray. Notes, A short
plaintive, /»>«'«^ whistle, repeated.

Range. Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfound-
land; winters from Florida southward.

277a. Belted Piping Plover (/^. m. circumcindd).
Similar to No. 277 but black on sides of breast meeting
to form a breast band.

Range. — Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Ne-
braska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands;
winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantk coast.

278. Snowy Plover {/Egialitis mvosa). L. 6.5.
No complete ring. Ads, Black on crown; ear-coverts
and sides of breast black. Yng. The same, but no
black; above margined with whitish. Winter, Same
as last but no whitish margins.

Range. — Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds
from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters
from Texas and southern California southward.

280. Wilson Plover (OMhodromus wUsonius).
L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hind-neck. Ad. cf. One
black breast-and crown-band; some rusty about head.
Ad, ^, Similar but black areas brownish gray. Yng.
Same as last, but above margined with whitish.
Winter, No whitish margins.

Ranee. — ^Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia.
Gulf States, and Lower California; winters southward to Braxll;
casual north to Nova Scotia.

112

Order X. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, BOB-WHITES, Etc

GALLINAE. .

^Familyl. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. ^btraontdm. 21
species, 22 subspecies. ...

Family 2. TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. PHASiANiDiE.. 1 species.
3 subspecies. ,:/•''

Family 3. CURASSOWS and GUANS. CRACiDiE. 1 species.

The members of the family Tetraonidse are usually placed in three
subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinae, containing the true Quails
and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.)
Odontophorinae, including the Bob-whites and so-called *Quails' and
'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern
hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninae, the Grouse, with representatives in
the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members- of the first
two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and
often even the toes, more or less feathered.

The application of different names to the members of this family, in
various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species
is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a
'Quair at the north and a 'Partridge* at the south. As a matter of fact
it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member
of a family restricted to America.

Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a * Partridge' at the north and a
'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the
other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to
be noted that where the Bob-white is called ^Quail' the Grouse is
called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is
known as 'Pheasant'.

All the Tetraonidse are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage
of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close har-
mony with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the
presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff,
rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit
of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent
flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the
hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective, pleasures
will prevent their extinction as their haunts become, settled. .

113

Grousb, Partridges, Bob-whitbs, btc.

With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable
extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in
summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral
tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting
season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.

The Tetraonidae all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to
twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic
fowl, are bom covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly
after birth.

The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidae in
this county, but the family is well-represented in the domesticated
Chickens, Peacocks,and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old
World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild
Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the
Conquest and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs
from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of
the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated
Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which it has descended,
and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.

Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another
species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yu-
catan Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. • It is
not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plum-
age being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.

Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into
various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and
in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become
naturalized. The true English Pheasant (Phasiantis colchiciis) is be-
lieved to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably
by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquat-
us) it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also
been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the ear-
lier established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a
trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.

The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one
species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are
arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges,
etc. and the Pigeons.

114

Bob-white8 and Partridges.

289. Bob-white; H)uaii;' 'Partridge' {Colifius vir-
gimamis). L. lo. /4d. (^, Throat, forehead and line
over eye white, j4d, ?. Thr^t, forehead and line
over eye buff. Notes Song, a ringing, whistled
BoihwkiU or huck-wheat-ripe; calls, a conversational
quit-quit and a whistled whire-ar$-)fou and Vm herey
repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are
separated.

Rangfe. — Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota,
southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New
Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida: west to
South Dakota. Nebraska. Kansas. Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.
"Introduced at various points in Colorado. New Mexico. Utah. Idaho,
CaUfomU and Washington." (A. O. U.)

289a. Florida Bob-white (C. r. floridanus). Sim-
ilar to No. 280, but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker;
black bars below more numerous.

Ranire- — Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula,
grading Into No. 389 In northern and western parts of the state.

289b. Texan Bob-white (C. v, texanus). Similar
to No. 280, but brown and buff areas paler; black bars
below wider.

Ran^. — Texas, except western part, rarely to ¥restem Kansas,
south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaullpas. Mexico.

29 1 . Masked Bob-white {Colinus ridgwayf). L. 9.
Ad, rf. Throat black; breast and belly reddish brown.
Ad.^, Resembles 9 of No. 289b. Notes, Song, 5o^
'ahite-^ call, when the birds are scattered, hoo-we,
(H. Brown.)

Rahj^. — Northern Sonora. Mexico, north to Pima County, Arixona.

296. Mearns Partridge (Cvrtonvx monte^umoF
mearnsi). L. 9. Ad. c?- Sides with numtrous,
large, crowded white spots. Ad, ? . Pinkish brown,
above streaked with buffy and marked with chestnut
and black, below with a few broken black bars. Notes,
A low, murmuring whine; a clear dsiup-chiury when
abrmed, chuk-chuk-chuk, (Bendire.)

Rani^e.— Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico
andssouthern Arizona.

115

■nUio^

Partridges.

292. Mountain Partridge (Or$ortyxpiaui), Ukt^i,
Ads, Hindhfadaiid nfipe same color as back; inner
margins of tertials buff. Notss, Song, an explosive
whistle ending in a throaty tone; calf, a rapwlly re-
peated cuh-cuh'cuh'cuh, and a sharp pit-pU,

Ran {^.—Pacific CQASt from Santa Bacbara.CalllbrnJa. north to south-
em Washington.

292a. Plumed Partridge (O. />. plumiferus). Hind-
head, nape, and foreback same color as breast; inner
margms of tertials whih.

Range.— Sierra Nevada j(bolh slopes).. east to Panamint Mountains.
and to Mount MaeruJer, Nevada; south in the coast ranees fTx>in San
Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos).' (A. O. U.)

292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Sim-
ilar to No. 292a, but uppcrparts much grayer, the
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bein^ gray very-
slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. CRidgway. )

Rang^e. — San Pedro Mountains. Lower California.

293. Scaled Partridge {CalUpepla squamata)\ L.
10. Ads, Belly without chestnut patch; breast and
foreback grayish blue edged with black; back brown-
ish gray. Notes, A nasal pe-cos" pe-cos' (Bailey.)

Range.— "Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to
central and western Texas. Santa Fe. New Mexico and southern Ari-
zona." (A. O. U.)

293a. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge (C. s.

castanogastris). Similar to Ho. 203, but c? with chest-
nut patch on belly; 9 with belly much rustier than la
? of No. 293.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas;

south into northeastern Mexico.

294. California Partridge {Lophortyx cali/ormca).
L. 10. Ad. c?. Above oHve-broxtm-, belly patch chest-
nut. Ad, 9. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streak-
ed with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly.
Notes, Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, em-
phatic sit-right'dow/r , sit-right-downr ; calls, a sharp
pit-pit pit, and a note like that of a young Robin.

Range.— "Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced
In Oregon. Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.)

294a. Valley Partridge (L. c, vallicola). Similar
to No. 294, but much grayer above; sometimes plain
bluish gray without brown tinge.

Range.— "From western and southern Oregon, exctpt near the
coast, south through western Nevada and the Interior of California tt>
Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.)

295. Gambel Partridge (^Lophortyx gambelit).
L. 10. Ad, c?. Throat, forehead and belly patch
black] hindhead chestnut. Ad, ?. Similar, but throat
grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind^
head brownish; crest smaller. Notes, Song, yuk-kae- jo-

Range.— "Western Texas, New Mexico. Arizona, southern Utah,
southern Nevada, southern California In the Colorado V^ley.aQii
south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.)

116

Grou8e.

297. Dusky Grouse CDendra^abus obscurus). L.
cf, 20; ?, 18. j4d. cf. Gray tail-band over one inch
wide on middle feather; below gray.sh slate; above
blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. y4d.
$. With more white below; foreback regularly barred
with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with
buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with
black. Notes, A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or boom-
ing.

Range. — "Rocky Mountatns. from central Montana and southeastern
Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona: east to the Black Hills. South Da-
kota and west to East HumbolJt Mountains. Nevada." (A. O. U.)

297a. Sooty Qrouse (D. o. fuUginosus), Similar
to No. 297, but slightly darker, gray band on central
tail feather less than one inch wide.

Rangie. — "Northwest Coast Mountains.from California to Sitka:east
to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." CA.O.U.)

297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o, richardsonii) ,
Similar to No. 297a, but no tail band, or, if showing
indistinctly from above, not visible from below.

Range. — ^" Rocky Mountains especially on the eastern slopes, from
centralMontana, northern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, Into
British America to LUrd River." (A. O. U.)

298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites carta-
densts), L. 15- /4d. c?. TaiJ-feath6rs 'tipped with
brown; foreback margined with bluish gray, Ad, ?.
Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty
especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with
rusty and black; belly as in male. Notes, A drumming
sound produced by the beating of the wings. TBen-
dire.)

Range.— Labrador and Hudson Bay region.

298b. Alaska Spruce Grouse (C. c, osgoodi). Ad.
c?. Similar to Ad. J* of No. 298c, but margins to
feathers of foreback brownish ashy. Ad. ? . Similar
to Ad, 9 of No. 298c, but paler, barred with buff in-
stead of rusty.

Range.— Alaska.

2 9 80. Canada Grouse (C. c canace). Ad. cT-
Similar to Ad, c? of No. 298. Ad, ?. Similar to Ad,
? of No. 298, but above more rusty, rusty bars deep-
er and more conspicuous, showing throughout upper
surface and on flanks.

Rtnce.— Northern New England, northern New York, New Bruns-
wick, Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota.

299. Franklin Qrouse {Canachites frankUnii), Re-
sembles No. 298, but tail without brown tips, some-
times tipped with white.

I^ange. — "Northern Rocky Mountains.from northwestern Montana to
^e coast ranges of Oregon and Washington\ and northward in British
Attertca,reachlng the Pacific coast of souUiem Alaska(UiUtude 60 <> ) ."
(A. O. U.)

117

Grouse and narmigan.

5oo,

300. RutTed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheaeanf (Bam-

asa umbellus), L. 17. Ad. J*. Prevailing color
above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. Ad. ?. Sim-
ilar but neck-tufts smaller. Notes. The male pro-
duces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings;
the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood,
a singular low whining sound.

Ran^.— Eastern United States from jMlnnesota, touthern Ontario.
southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia
and along the Alleghanles to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas.

300a. Canadian Ruffbd Grouse (B. u, iogata).
Similar to No. 300, but slightly grayer above; tail
generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and
better defined.

Range.— Spruce forests of New Brunswick* Nova Scotia, Maine/
northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher
mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern
slope of coast ranges of Oregon. Washington and British ColambU;
north to James Bay.

SOOb. Gray RufTed GroUte (B, u. umbelMdgs).
Similar to No. 300a, but grayer; prevailing color of
upper-parts, including crown, gray; tail always gray.

Range.— Roclor Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65^ In
Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba.

300c. Oregon RufTed Grouse (B. u. sabim) Sim-
ilar to No. 300, but much darker, prevailhig color of
upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown.

Range.— Pacific coast ranges from Capo Mendocino, California,
north to British Columbia.

304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus),
L. 13. Tail white. Ad. cf, Summer. Breast t)arred,
black and white. Ad. ?, Summer. Above black
barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with
black. Ads. f Fall. Above and breast rich buff fine-
ly vermiculated with black. Ads., IVinter. Entirely
white. Notes. When about to fly and at the begin-
ing of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened
hen. (Grinnell.^

Range.— "Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New
Mexico; north Into British America (as far as Fort Halkett. LiarJ
River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia." (Bendire.)

304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. /. pem'/f

sularis). Similar to No. 304, but in summer buff
markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer.

Range. — Kenal Peninsula, Alaska.

118

Ptarmigan.

301. Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), L.15.
Bill large, more than ,4 deep at base; tail blacky nar-
rowly tipped with white. y4d. c? Summer, Throat and
upper breast rusty brown. Ad, ^ Fall, Rustier and
more finely marked above. Ad, 9 Summer, Above
black barred with buff and tipped with white; below
buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. Ad.
?, Fall. Much like fall male. Ads., IVinter, White,
tail black tipped with white; no black before eye.
Notes. Song, ka-M-M-kU while ascending five or ten
yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descend-
ing. (Nelson.)

Range. — ^Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 5^ °
In winter migrating south to Lat. 50^ ; recorded once from Pe-
nobscot Co. . Maine, and once from Manchester. Mass.

301a. Allen Ptarmigan {L. I. allent). Similar to
No. 301, but 9 more finely marked; shafts of primaries,
at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of
the feather.

Range.— Newfoundland.

302. Rook Ptarmigan {Lagopus rupestris), L. 14.
Bill less than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to
be known from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. cf
Summer, Above irregularly barred and mottled with
gray and rusty buff; oeiow barred black and white and
rusty buff. Ad. r? Fall, Above minutely speckled
black, gray and buff, the prevailing color being gray-
ish brown. Ad. c? IVinter, White, lores and tail
black. Ad, 9 Summer. Above black barred with
rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred
with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. 9 Fall.
Like fall c?. Ad, 9 IVinter, .Like winter c? J5ut no
black before eye.

Range.— North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher
mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except
northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands.

302a. Relnhardt Ptarmigan (/.. r, reinhardti).
Ad, c? Summer. Similar to No. J02, but **less regu-
larly and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. 9
Summer, Resembles 9 of No. 302. Ads. Fall. Much
grayer than No. 302 in fall. Adi., IVinter, Like No.
302 in winter. Notes. When courting the male utters
a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.)

Range.— Northern Labrador north to Greenland.

302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (Z.. t. nelsoni). Ad. (?,
Summer, Ground color of upperparts deep umber-
brown, very finely and densely vermiculated; chest
barred with bright tawny brown and black. Ad, 9 ,
Summer, Similar to 9 of No. 302. (Ridgw.)

Range.— UnaJaska. Aleutian Islands.

119

Ptarmigan.

302o. Turner Ptarmigan (Z,. r. atklunsis). Light-
er in general hue than 302CI and without black blotch-
es on upperparts. (Elliot.) Ad. (^y Summer, "Ground
color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed
with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale
brownish ochre and black." Ad. ^^ Summer, Ground
color of upperparts rusty, mixed with p.ile grayish
buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest
and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black.
(Ridgw.)

Ran^.— Atka. Aleutian Islands.

30 2d. Townaend Ptarmigan (L, r. townsends). Ad,
r?, Summer. Above, breast and flanks raw umber
finely vermiculated with black on back; with black
blotches on head,neck and upperpart of back and wings.
Ad, ?, Summer, Above ochraceous. blotched and
barred with black; lighter below. (ElHot.)

Range. — Kyska and Adak. Aleutian Islands.

302.1 Everman Ptarmigan (La^o/>«s^/fmaiff). L.

13.9. Ad, c?. Summer. Above and breast black
slightly marked with rusty. Ad, 9 » Summer, Entire
body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with
black and above tipped with white or ochraceous: be-
low black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.)

Range. — Attn. Aleutian Islands.

303. Welch Ptarmigan (Lagopus welchi). L. about
14. Bill and tail as in No. 302; plumage grayer than
in No. 302. Ad. (^, Summer. Above mack /f«//y and
irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white.
Ad, ?, Summer. Above black finely and irregularly
barred with buffy, grayish and white.

Range. — Newfoundland.

120

Prairie Hene and Grouae.

305. Prairie Hen (Tyntf>a$mchus amificanus), L.
18. Underparts with distinct brown and white bars of
about equal width. Ad (f. A neck-tuft of ten or
more rounded feathers. Ad, ?. Neck-tufts much
smaller; whole tail barred. Noies, Song, a loud
*'booming."

Ranfire.-^" Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and
Texas; east to Kentucky. Indiana. Oliio. Michigan and Ont^o;
west through eastern portions of North Diicota, South Dakota, Ne-
braslai. Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general
tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward;
mfgration north and south in Minnesota. Iowa and Missouri." (A.
O.U.)

305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. atirtaferi).
Similar to No. 305, but smaller and darker: neck-tufts
proportionately wide; tarsus not fully featnered.

Range. — Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas.

306. Hwih Hen (Tympanuchus cuptdo) , Similar to
No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped
with buff; neck-tuft of less than ten feathers; obtusely
pointed; axillars barred with dusky.

Range. — Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

307. Leaser Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus palUdicinc
ins). Similar to No. 305, but smaller, more buffy
above; brown bars below narrower than whitish
spaces between them. Notes. Doubtless the same as
those of No. 305.

Range.— Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Terri-
tory. w«stem (and southern?) Texas. (Bendire.)

308. Sliarp-iailed Grouae (Pedioecetes phasianellus) .
L. 17. Breast feathers with internal V shaped loops;
no neck-jtufts. Ads. Prevailing color above block;
narrowly barred with rusty and margined with paler.

Ranre — Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains,
about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson
Bay. northern Manitoba, nonh at least to Fort Simpson. Mackenzie
Kiver. northwest territory. (Bendire.)

308a. Oolumbian Sharp-tailed Grouse {P. p. :o-
lumbianus). Similar to No- 3081 but prevailing color
above buffy.

Range. — "Northwest United States; south to northeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming,
wiest to Oregon and Wash! igton; north, chiefly west of Rotky
Mountains, through British Cloltimbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon) '
(Bendire.)

308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p, camp-
4stris). Similar to No. 3081, but more rusty. Notes.
Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and
stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, cack^ cack,
cock', a soft clear whistle and a erunt of alarm. (Seton. )
Call of mother to young and of young in reply a gut-
tural, raucous croak. (Crinnell.)

Range —"Plains and prairies of Unltad States, north to Manitoba;
aast to w'.jcoftsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado;
south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.)

121

Grouse, Turkeys and Chaohalaoa.

309. Sage Grouse (Cenirocercus urophasianus). Ad.
cf , L. 29; Ad. ? , L. 22. Similar to c?> but smaller,
throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. NoUs.
When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when
alarmed, a sort of cackle, kak^ kak. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Sage refrions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and
.chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry
interior of British Columbia; east to North Dakota. South Dakota,
Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico. Utah and Ne-
vada; west in California. Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Ne-
vada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.)

Pheasant (Phaslanus torquatus P. colchlcus). An Introduced
species, see remarks on page 1x4.

310. Wild Turkey (MeUagrts gaUopcno savssiris).
(^ Ad, L. about a8; upper tail-coverts and tail tipped with
rusty chestnut; white bars in primaries entire,crossing the
webs of the feathers. Notss. Similar to those of the
domesticated Turkey.

Range. — Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central
Fk>rlda; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas.

3 1 Oa. Merriam Turkey (Af. f. nurriami). Similar
to No. 310, but tail and upper taii-coverts tipped with
whitish.

Range. — "Mountains of southern Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona
and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora. Mexico."
(Bailey.)

3 1 Ob. Florida Wild Turkey (Af. ^. osc^la). Sim-
ilar to No. 310, but smaller; primaries with narrow
broken bars not reaching across feather.

Range.— Southern Rorida.

3 1 Oo. Rio Grande Turkey (Af. g, intemudia). Tips
of upper tail-coverts and of tail rusty buff intermediate
in color between those of Nos. 310 and 310a.

Ranp^.—" Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.*'
(A.O. U.)

311. Ch2LCh9\2LCZ (Ortalisvetula maccallt). L. 21.
Ads. Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-
feathers bordered with whitish; belly brownish. NoUs,
A loud, trumpeting cha^ha-laca^ repeated a number of
times.

Range.— Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north
to Lower Rio Grande Valley.

122

Order XI. PIGEONS AND DOVES.

COLUMB^.

Family 1. PIGEONS and DOVES. CoLUMBiDiK. 13 species, 3
subspecies.

Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but
their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago,
where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred
known species are found. One hundred or more species have been
described from the New World but only twelve ot these inhabit North
America.

The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' *Fantails,* etc. are
descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit
through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'

Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white
eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours
each day. The young are bom naked and are fed by regurgitation,
on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its
young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own
crop.

Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colo-
nies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after
the nesting season.

The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was
found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of
American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of
Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at
least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw
schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild
Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.

As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons
in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or
four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in
parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds,
trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.

Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon
is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.

123

Pigeons and Doves.

312. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columha fasdata), L.
15. Ad* cf . Tail-band ashy above, whiter below;
a white nape-band; tail square. Ad, 9- Similar, or
in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown
and breast dingy. ^ Notes, An owl-lilce hooting, some-
times a calm whoo-hoo-hoo, whoo-hoo-hooy at others a
spirited ho<^-ah^hoo, and again whoo-ugh, (Bailey.)

Range.— "Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific: north to Washington and British Coiumbia; south to Mexico
and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution Irregular, chiefly In
wooded mountain regions." (A. O. \}.)

3 f 2a. Yiosca Pigeon (C. /. viosca). Similar to No.
312, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above; pink of
crown and breast with a grayish hhom.

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

.313. Red-billed Pigeon (Columbaflavirostris). L.
15. Ads. No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate;
head and neck purplish pink; bo iridescent markings.
Notes, A fine, loud, coo-vhoo-er-whoo.

Range.— Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas. New Mex'
Ico and Arizona.

3 f 4. White-crowned Pigeon {Cdumbaleucocephala),
L. 13.5 Ad, c?. Crown white; body slate; lower
hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. Ad. $. Much
paler; crown ashy.

Range. — Cxreater Antilles and Islands about Anegada
coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys.

124

Pigeons and Doves.

315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon {EctopisUs
migratorius), L. i6. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at
base of inner web. Ad, cT* Chin, whole head, and
lower back bluish slate. j4d. ? . Browner above,
breast brownish a&hy; neck feathers less iridescent.
NoUs, An explosive, squeaky, squawk.

Ran^e. — Formerly eastern North Aitoerica tiorth to Hudson Bay;
DOW •xceedlngly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than
elsewhere.

316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove (Ztnaidurat
macroura). L. 11.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color a
base of inner web. Ad. ^, Chin whitish; sides ol
head buffy; a black ear mark. Ad. ?. Similar bu
paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less^
iridescent. Holes, Coo-o-o-ah^coo-O'O-coo-O'O-coo-O'O.

Range. — North Amerfcji. breedfng: from Wesf Indies and Mexico
north to southern Maine. Quet>ec. Ontirio. Manitoba and British
Columbia; winters from southern NewYoric. southern Illinois, Kansas
and southern California southward.

317. Zenaida Dove {Zenaida ^enaida). L. 10.
Ad. cf. Tail short, wilhoul white markings; all but cen-
tral pah" of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries
tipped with white. Ad. ?. Similar but pinkish of
crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less
iridescent. Noles. Resemble those of No. 316, but
arc louder and deeper.

Ran^.— Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north In
April to Florida Keys.

318. White-fronted Dove (Letloltla fidvivenlris
hrackyptifa) . L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-
coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. cf . Forehead whitish;
all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white.
Ad. 9. Foretiead dingier; breast brownish ashy;
neck feathers less iridescent Noles, A short, soft

Rang«.~CentnU America and Mexico, north In February to valley
of Lower Rio Grande.

125

Pigeons and Doves.

319. White-winged Dove (Melopelia Itucoptera).
L. 12. Wing<overts, externally, widely margined
with white; large black ear marks. Ads, All but cen-
tral pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band
and whitish tip. 'Notes. A loud, crowing cook^s^
cooherti-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-if-coo^ crow-co-er-coo,

Rang:^.— Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona*
south to Lower California and Central America. Cuba and Jamaica*
casual at Key West, Florida.

320^ Ground Dove; Mourning Dove (Columhigal-
Una passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. Smallest of our
Doves. Ad, ^, Forehead and underparts deep vina-
ceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined
with dusky; base of bill coral, tip black. Ad. ?.
Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers
with dusky centers and margins. Notss. A soft»
:rooning coo.

Range.— Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North CaroQna,
wrest to eastern Texas; more common near coast.

320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C t. palUscms).
Similar to No. 320, but forehead and underparts much
paler; back grayer.

Range. — Texas to southern California and south to Central America.

320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana).
Similar to 320a, but smaller and paler; bill wholly
black. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range.~BennudA.

321. inca Dove (Scardafslla mca), L. 8. Ads.
Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage
above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled
appearance.

Ranfre.— Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and
southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America.

322. Key West Quail- Dove (Geotrygon cbrysia).
L. 12. Ads, A white line below eye; oelly white;
back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, grum
and blue reflections; tail rusty with no white.

Range.— Cuba, Hayti .Bahamas and. rarely, Florida Keys.

322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove {Geotrygon montana).
L. II. Ad, (^, No white line below eye; breast dull
pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish
reflections, tail rusty without white. Ad, ?. Above
olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty
buff.

Ran ire.— Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West
Florida

323. Blue-headed Quail Dove {Starncmas cyanocep-
hala), . L. 12. Ads, Crown and sides of throat dull
blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars
and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in
No. 316. Notes, A hollow sounding buruby the fiist
syllable long, the second short (Gundladi.)

Range.— Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys.

126

Order XII. VULTURES, HAWKS, AND OWLS.

RAPTORES.

Family 1. AMERICAN VULTURES. Cathartid^. 3 species.

Family 2. FALCON^, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. Falconid^. 33
species, 13 subspecies.

Family 3. BARN OWLS. SxRiGiDiE. 1 species.

Family 4. HORNED OWLS. Bubonid^b. 19 species, 20 sub-
species.

In the Raptores we have a g^roup of birds of great value to man but
whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from
protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.

The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as
scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment.
Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a
dead one. As a result throughout cotmtries inhabited by these birds
they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed
in the streets with an assurance bom of years of immunity from harm.

But how diflEerently their kin of the family Falconidae act in their
relations to m^l 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These
birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act.
Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price
has actually been set upon their heads.

A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks',
and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such
are to be killed on sight.

Natur^ists have long been aware that only one of our common
Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by
feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not,
however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the
economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound
scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks
and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of
the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these
birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of
two htmdred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-

127

Vultures, Hawks, and Owls.

shouldered Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were
found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-twO£

That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear irom a stud^ ;
of its food,^9nly fifty-four out of three himdred and twenty stomachs
examined c<:>ntaining remains of birds, while insects were found in two
himdred and fifteen.^

As a matter, pf .fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry^
and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it
is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the
injustice of condecini^ig all Hawks for the sins of one or two.

Feeding after suliset, when the small mammals are most active^
Owls are ev^n more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horded Owl,
it is tr,U6j has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally
so rare.R^ar thickly populated regions that on the whole it does com-
parat^vejly-liltle h^rm.

Fortimately^ it is those Owls which are most common in settled
regions which.^are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl
feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and
fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of
poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred.
Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred
and xy^ie' stomachs ' contained mice remains, and the same injurious
little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven
stomachs of the Ling^ared Owl.

The bones and hafr of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled
into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth.
These pellets may often be foimd in large numbers beneath the roosts
in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Bam Owl Dr.
Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than
225 were meadow mice.

l5(awks build large bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up
in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish,
blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest
built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the
eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.

The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an
old Hawk dc Qrow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number
three to five and are always pure white.

128

Vultures and Osprey.

a24. C%\\forn\a yuaun {Gymnogyps caltformanus).
L* 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) /ids.
Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered;
feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and
stiffened; greater wlng<overts tipped with white;
under wtng-coverts vbiU.

Ranc*.— "Coist ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay,
south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded
I Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin).

325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes
aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads, Head and neck red un-
feathered; brownish black; no white in plumage; bill
whitish. Notes, A low hissing sound when disturbtrd.

Range.— Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New
Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan ref^n
and British Columbia, south to Pataeonia; winters from southern
New Jersey, southerrt Illinois and southern Califurnia southwarJ.

326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow (Cathan'sta
urubu), L. 24. T. 8. y4ds. Head and neck unfeath-
ered, black, plumage black; under surjace of wings silvery.
Notes. A low grunting sound when disturbed.

Range.— Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina,
soutliem Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, souta to
northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Da-
kota.

364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk {Pandion balia-
etus caroUnensis) . L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no
bars on primaries. j4d. ^. Below white with few or
no spots on bre.ist. Ad. ?. Simihr, but breast with
numerou«5 grayish brown spots and streaks. Notes.
Loud, plaintive, whistles.

Range.— America: breeds from Rorida, Texas and Lower California,
north to Labrador. Ureat Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters
from Soath Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South
America.

129

Kites and Marsh Hawk.

327. Swallow-tailed Kite {Elanoides forficatus) . L.
24. Ads, Back, purplish black, wings and tail blue-

dire.)'

Notfs, A shrill, keen, ^^t or

(Ben-

Range.— Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illi-
nois, northern Minnesota. Manitoba and Dakota: westto centnU Kan-
sas, rarely to Colorado; winters In Central and South America.

328. White-tailed Kite {Elanusleucurus), L. 15.5.
Ads. Shoulders black; back and' middle tail-feathers
ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts
white. Yng. Upperparts with rusty. Notes. A plain-
tive, musical whistle. (Barlow.)

Range.— Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois*
Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California;
south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi.

329. Mississippi Kite QcUma mississippimsis) . L.
14. Ads. Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts
bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without bars.
Yng. Head streaked black and white; back blackish,
tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white
bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and
blackish.

Range.— Middle America: breeds north to Sooth Carolina, southern
Illinois and Kansas; winters In tropics.

330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk (Rostrhamus so-
dabilis). L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base
of tail white. Ads. Slaty black; end of tail with
brownish and whitish bancfs. Yng. Above blackish
brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, black-
ish and buff.

Range. Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern
Mexico; south to Argentine Republic.

331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier {Circus budsonms).
L. d^, 19; 9, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail
white. Ad, c?. Above gray or ashy; underparts with
rusty spots. Ad, 9f and Yng. Above brownish
black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape;
below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast.
Notes. A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or
cackling. (Preston.)

Range.— North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60^ ;
winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern I'
Colorado and British ColumbUi south to Central America.

130

Hawks.

332. Sharp-Shinned Hawk (//a;i^/^T'^/(7x). L. c^,
11.2: 9. 13.5; T. (?, 5.5; 9, 7. Tail square at end.
Ads. Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred
white and rusty brown, Yng. Above blackish brown
lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked
with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and
the two following species. Notes, Cac-cac-cacf
(Ralph.)

Range.— North America: breeds throughout Its range but chiefly
northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island soutb-
'ward.

333. Cooper Hawk {Acdtiter cooperu), L. rj^,
15.5; 9, iq; T. cT, 7-7\ 9, 9. Similar m color to No.
332, but tail rounded; adult with crown blacker. Notes.
A cackling or chattering. (Bendire. )

Range.— North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to
British America: winters from Massachusetts. Lower Mississippi Val-
ley and Oregon southward.

334. American Goshawk {Accipiter atricapillus) ,
L. ^, 22; 9,24; T. cf, 10; 9, II-5' ^ds. Above
bluish slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye
to the nape; below finely marked with gray and white.

Yng. Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below
buny white streaked with blackish.

Range.— North America; breeds chiefly north of United States;
winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and
Kansas; west to Oregon.

334a. Western Goshawk (A, a. striatulus). Simi-
lar to No. 334, but Ad» dark plumbeous above, mark-
ings on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on
lower parts of y>i^. broader and blacker. (Ridgw.)
Notes. A shrill scream and a frequently repeated
Aeeab or kreeab. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to
California: east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to
latitude 38® •" (A. O. U.)

346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L.
17. Ads, Above slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray
and white. Yng, Above blackish brown with rusty
niarkings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper
tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; Uiil brown-
ish with numerous black bars; below whitish with
large elongate spots. Notes, A peculiar piping note
uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.)

Range.— Middle America, from Panama north. In March, to Mexican
border of United Sutes.

131

Hawks.

335. Harris HMVuk . {TarabiOta umcinctus kartm)
L. c?, 195 ?, 22. Longer upper tail<overts, base and
tip of tail white. Ms. Shoulders, thighs and under
wing-coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white.
Yng. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buft aii4
black; legs barred with white. Notss. A long, harsh,
'Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.)

Ran^. — Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas,
rarely Mississippi and southern Califomia.

337. fied'\a\\e6HB}Nk (Butgobofgalis). L. J*, 20;

9,23. Four outer primaries notched. ;4ds. Tail
rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken;
near it^ tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across
the belly; legs usually without bars. Yng. Tail gray-
ish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish
bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below
less buffy than in adult; le^s more often barred. Not^s^
A shrill whistie, suggesting the sound of escaping
steam. ^ • • . .

Ranee.— Eastern North America, west .to the Great Plains, nortb to
•bout latitude 60 ^ ; breeds throughout Its ran^; winters from Mass-
achusetts, Illinois and Sodth Dakota southwaid.

337a. Krider Hawk (B, h. kridrnt^. Similar ta
No. J 37, but neariy or wholly white below. Adi,
Usually without black tail band.

Range.— "Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;
east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).

337b. Western Red-tail {B. h. calurus). Very
variable in color. Ads. Sometimes sooty brown
above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase
resembles No. 337, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper
and legs are usually barred with rusty. Yng. Similar
to Yng. of No. 337. but markings below heavier;
flanks more barred.

Range. — Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific;
north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resi-
dent

337d. Harlan Hawk [B. b. barlam). Ads. Above
sooty brown; tail closely mottled with blackish, rusty
and whitish; below varying from white, more or less
spotted on belly to sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but
tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.

Range. — "Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, nortfau (ca5*
ually) to Kansas. Iowa. Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to ueorgiac
and Florida." (Bendire).

132

HHwk^

339. Ited^liouldef^ Hawk (SttUo timdus). L,
c^, -18.3; ?, 20.3. four outer primaries notched. Ads,
Les^>€r wing-coverts bright reddish brown. Yng, Bc-
lovsr whitish sinaked with brownish; lesser wing-cov-
erts less reddish; primaries with ruity buff. Notes, A
loud screaming kihyer, kee-yet.

Ram^.— Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas,
eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern
Florida; generally resident.

339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk {B, L allem),
Sinalierthan No. 339. (W- cf» ii-) ^^' Much
^ayer above, no rusty on baci<, much paler below.

Ran g^e.— Florida north along coist to South Carolina: west along
ctMst to eastern Texas.

339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. I. ehgans). Similar
to No. 339, but rusty of breast usually unbroken.
Yoting with lower parts deep brownish or dusky pre-
vailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Pacific coast from Lower California north to British
Columbia; east rarely to Cok>rado and western Texas.

342. Swainson Hawk (BuUo stoainsom) . L. cf, 20.
Thru outer primaries notched. /Id, c?. Breast patch
rusty brown. Ad. $. Breast-patch grayish brown.
Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with
rusty; tail obscurely barred. Yng, Below rich rusty
biiff with elongate black spots. Notes. Pi-tick^ pi-tick,
frequently repeated. (Bendire.)

Range.— ';Westem North America from Wisconsin.* Illinois, Ar-
kansas and 'Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and
south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachu-
setts. Breeds nearly tliroughout its North American range." (A. O.
U.)

343. Broad-winged Hawk (fiuteo platypterus). L.
/^, 15.8; ?, 16.7. r/^// outer primaries notched. Ads.
Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; be-
low ^arr/ J with rusty brown. Yn^. No buff in prim-
aries; tail brownish with several black bars; below
whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high,
sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.

Ranse.— Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to
New Brunswkk and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New
Jersey south to northern South America.

133

Hawks and Caraoara.

340. Zone-tailed Hawk (^^^o^^^TM/ftf). L.^,

19; 9,21. j4ds. Tai! with little if any white tip;
inn^r webs of all but 'noddle fe ithers with black and
white bars. Yng, Browner; tail grayish brown; white
on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. NifUs,
Not unlike those of Butso barealis. (Belding.)

Range.— Tropical America north to southern Texas, soathem Ari-
zona and southern California.

344. Short- tailed Hawk (Buteo bracbyurus), L.
17; T. 7. j4ds. Above slaty gray, tail barred with
black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest
of underpants whits. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead
whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black.
Yng, Above blackish brown, below cream buff,
tw*/X<w/ black markings. Notss, Somewhat resemb-
ling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more
prolonged. (Pennock.)

Range.— Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare In Florl-

345. Mexican Black Hawk {Urubitinga anthradna).
L. cf , 19; 9,21. j4ds. Tail with a white tip and
broad white band across all the feathers. Yntr. Above
brownish black, buff and rustv; below buffy striped
with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars.
Noifs. Piping cries like the spring whistle of Nununms
longirostris. (Bendire.)

Range.— "Tropical America in general, north to central Arlxooa.
and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire).

362. Audubon Caracara {Polyborus cheriway).
L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous
black bars. Ads, Breast and hindneck barred: belly
black. Yng, Crown, back, and belly dark brown;
hindneck, breast and belly streaked with buffy. Notss,
Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged
cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)

Range.— Northern South America, north to southern Texas, south-
em Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resi-
dent.

363. Guadalupe Caracara (Tolyborus lutosus).
Resembles No. 362, but has rump andf upper tail<ov-
erts dull brown. sh buff broadly barred with dull brown;
tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown
bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky;
terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, west of Lower Callftmila.

134

Hawks.

341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicauda-
ttts stnmtti), L. c?, 2i; ?, 23. Three outer primaries
cut. y4ds. Grayish slate above. Yng. Above
brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish,
belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; some-
times wholly black below; tail generally suvery gray^
Avhite on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish
bars. Notes. A cry much like the bleating of a goat
(Merrill.;

Range.— From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico."
(Bailey.)

347a. American Rough-legged Hawlc {Archibuteo
lagopus sancH'johannis) . B. .7 deep, smaller than in
No. 348. L. c?*, 21; ?, 23. Legs feathered to 'the
toes. Ads, Basal half of tail white, end half barred
with black; belly with more or less black. Yng, No
black bars on end half of tail; huffier below, more
black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less
varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light

f)lumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered
egs.

Range.— North America; breeds north of United States; winters
south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.

348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg {Archtbuteo ferrugi-
n£us). B. I. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. (f , 22;
9, 24. Legs feathered to toes. Ads, Above rich
rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with
black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty.
Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty;
below white; breast with a few streaks; legs spotted;
tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish.
Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with
rusty; tail as in ad.

Range.— Western North America from the Plains (east North Da-
Icou to Texas) . west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region
south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colo-
rado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.)

355. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). L. c^,
17; ?,2o. A blackish patch on the sides. Ad. J*.
Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown;
back with more or less concealed buffy bars. Ad, ?.
No buffy bars on back. Yng, Above margined with
rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. Notes. Kn^
k/e, kee and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.)

Range.— "United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the
Pacific and from the Dakotas south Into Mexico; casual east to Illi-
nois. Breeds throughout Its United States range." (A. O. U.)

135

■sss.

Eagles and Gyrfaloons.

J4 9.

354 b.

349. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), L. cf , p-
35; 9, 35-40; Ex. c?, 78-84; ?, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs
feathere J to toes. j4ds. Back of head and nape paler
than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. Yng, Base
of tail with broken grayish bars. NoUs, A shrill,
kee-kee-kfe^ and» when alarmed, kiah-kiab repeated a
number of times. (Bendire.)

Range —Northern parts of nonhem hemisphere; in America south
into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mount-
ains and mountains of Pacific coast.

352. Bald Eagle (Haliaretus leticocephalus). L. (J,
33; ?> 35; Ex. cf , 84; 9, 89. Legs not feathered to
toes. Ads, Hea4, neck and tail white. Yng, Head
and body blackish, more or less varied with white;
tail blackish mottled with white. Notes, Of the male,
a loud, clear cac cac-cac; of the female harsh and brok-
en. (Ralph.)

Range. — North America breeding locaHy throughout its range, more
frequently near the Atlantic coast: resident in United States.

352a. Alaska Bald Eagle (//. /. alascanus). Simi-
lar to No. 352, but larger. W. c?, 23.& 9, 24.6; T.
cf, 11.5; ?, i2;Tar. d", 4.1; 9,3.7. (Townsend.)

Range.— Alaska.

353. White Gyrfaloon (Fa/^t5/aifi^fi5). L. cf , 22;

9, 24. Tarsus feathertnJ in front nearly to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts ^r/ white.
Ads, Below white with few or no black markings.
Yng. Dark areas above larger, below with elongate
blackish spots.

Range.— Arctic regions. In America south In winter casually to
Maine.

354. Gray Gyrfalcon {Falco rusiicolus). L. J*, 22;
9 , 24. Tarsus feathered in front neariy to toes; only
outer primary notched. Under tail coverts with dusky
margins. Ads. Crown usually more white than
dusky; above barred with blackish and grayish; below
white, breast streaked: sides and legs barred with
dusky. Yng. Above dark brown brown with broken
buffy bars and margins: tail with white and brown
bars of nearly equal width , below white everywhere
streaked with blackish.

Range.— Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of
the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine.

354a. Gyrfalcon (F, r. gyrfalco). Similar to No.
?54, but head usually with more dusky than white;
back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish, Yn^.
With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in
width to white intersp tees.

Range.— "Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labra-
dor and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alasl<a" (Ridgw.); south in winter
casually . to northern border of United States as far as Long Island.

354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoUius), Similar
to No. 3S4, but much darker; above plain dusky with
few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined wiih
buffy, the former prevailing. Notes. A chattering
ke-a^ he-ay ke-a, blending into a rattling scream.
(Turner.)

Range.— Labrador: south In winter to northern New England; cas-
ually to Long Island.

136

Hawks.

356. Duok Hawk {Falco pere^rinus anatum). L.
<y, i6;'V,i9. Sides of throat black. y4ds. Above
bluish slate; below buffy. Yn^. Above blackish
margined with rusty; tail with broTcen rusty bars and
whitish tip; below d^^ rusty huff streaked with black-
ish ; under surface of wing uniformly barred. Notss.
Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States
to Arctic Tenons; winters from Northern States southward; more
common west of Rocky Mountains.

356a. Pea le Falcon (F./». M^^')- /^^- Crown
uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish;
bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.)

Range. — "Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the
Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range."
CA. O. U.)

357. Pigeon Hawk (Falco columharius) . L. c?,
10.5; 9,13. Two outer primaries notched. Ad. c?.
Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more
than^r black bands. Ad. $ and Yng. Above dark
blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less;
below more heavily barred than in c?.

Range.— North America, east of Roclcy Mountains: breeds chiefly
north of United States from Rocky Mountains and westward: breeds
ffom Colorado and California north to Alaslca; winters from Gulf
States. Colorado and California, south to northern South America.

357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckUvi). Similar to No.
357, but much darker above and more heavily marked
below; bars on ta|I and under side of wing nearly ob-
solete.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to
eastern Oregon and Washington.

358. Richardson Merlin (Falco richardsomi) . Re-
sembles No. 357» but is paler and has the central tail
feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal
one.

Range. — Interior of North America from eastern border of Grea^
Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to^t least.latitude 53 ^ ; south
to Mexico.

359. Aplomado Falcon (Falco fusco-cceruUscftis) ,
L. (^, 16; ?, 17.5. Middle of belly black. Ads.
Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. Yttg.
Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler.

Range. — South and Central America north to southern border of the
United Stotes.

360. Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius). L. 10;
9, II. Ad. (^. Tail with one black bar; below
spotted. Ad. ?. Whole back barred; tail with num-
erous black bars; below streaked. Notes. A rapidly re-
peated kaiykUlykilly, usually uttered while on the
Mring.

Raiige.— Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds
from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New
Jersey southward.

137

Hawks and Owls.

3603. Desert Sparrow Hawk {F. s. pbalana). Simi-
lar to No. 360, but slightly larger and appreciably
paler; 9 with black bars above narrower; streakings of
underparts finer and more rusty, d^, L. 10.6; W. 7-5;
T. 5.3: ?, L. 10.8; W. 7-7'' T. 5.^. (Mearns.)

Rmge.— "Western United States, north to !«stem British CoiumbU.
and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico.**
(A. O. V.)

360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk (F. s. psmnsularis).
Simil .r to No. 360a, but paler; smaller than No. 360.
d^, W. 6.4; T. 4.5-. 9. W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.)

Ran^^e — Lower California (Cape Region only?)

365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl (Strix pratin-
cola). L. 18. No ear-tufts: eyes black. Ads, Above
gray and yellowish buff; below white more or less
washed with buff and spotted with black- Yng, More
buffy below. Notes. A sudden, harsh scream and a
screa ning cr-r-r-r-e'e^ repeated several times eeneraily
when flying. ^

Range.— United States north to Loni; Island, (rarely Massachusetts),
soutii^m Ontario. Minnesota and Orejeon; migrates slightly south
and vklnters south to Mexico.

366. American Long-eared Owl {Asiowilsomanus), ,
L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. Ads, Above
varied with ^rjy; belly ^arr^^. hioUs, Usually silent
except during the breeding season when they utter a
soft toned, slow wi^kunk, wwhunkdrndi 2l low, twittering,
whistling dicky , dicky, dicky, (Bendire.)

Range.— North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and
British Columbia south Into Mexico.

367. SYwrX-^w^^OmX {AstoaccipHrinus), L. 15.$.

Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. Ads. No gray above;
belly strsaked. Notes. A shrill barking call like the
ki-yi of a small dog. ( Lawrence. )

Range. — ^" Nearly cosmopolitan;" In America breeds locally from
Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward: winters
from northern United States southward.

378. Burrowing Owl ( Speotyto cunictdaria hypogcM) .
L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. Ads. Spotted above with
buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. Yng,
Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars.
Notes. A mellow, sonorous coo-c-o-o', a chattering note
uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note,
t^tp-t^ip. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western North America from humid coast region east to
prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraslca. central Kansas,
western Minnesota); north to about line of Onadlan Pacific R. R.;
south to Central America.

378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (5. c. floridand).
Similar to No. 378, but slightly smaller and whiter
throughout; spots above white with little if any buff;
tarsi nearly bare.

Range.— Interior of southern Florida.

138

Owls.

368. Barred Owl {Syrnmnt varittm). L. 20. No
car-tufts; eyes black. j4d5. Head, back and breast
barred*, toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails. Notes, .
A loud, sonorous ttboo'whoo-^hoo-too'whoo, io-whoo-ah;
a long-drawn, whoo-ak; rarely a wild scream; and when
two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots
and ba'has.

Ranee. — Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova
Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern
Umitof nuige.

368a. Florida Barred Owl (5. v. allem). Similar
to No. 368, but smaller, darker; black bars especially
on breast, wider; toes, near Ijf if not quite bare.

Ran(re.— Florida; north alon^ coast to South Carolina; west along
coast to Texas.

368b. Texas Barred Owl (5. v, helveolum). Sim-
ilar to No. 368 in color, but with the toes bare as in
No. 368a.

Range.— SoQthem Texas.

369. Spotted Owl (Syrnium ocddentale). Resem-
bles No. 308, but has the head and neck spotted with,
white; primaries with broad, whitish tips. Notes,
Probably similar to those of No. 368. (Bendire.)

Range.— Western United States from southern Colorado and New
Mexico, west to Calllomla.soiUth^ Lower Caltfomtai ana Guanajuato,
Mexico. . i . \ ' f

369a. Northern Spotted Owl (5. o. caurinum).
Similar to No. 3^. l?ut darker; white markings small-
er: white spots oh head and neck reduced to minimum;
white tips to primaries neariy obsolete. (Merriam.)

Range.— Western Washington and British Columbia. •

370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiapiex nebulosa). L. 27.
No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. y4ds. Above black finely
and irregularly marked with white; breast streaked;
feet feathered to toe-nails. Notes, Said to be a trem-
ulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.)

Range.— North America; breeds north of Lat. $5® ; winters south to
northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey. Ill-
inois, MlnnesoU, Idaho, and northern California.

371. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi ricbard-
soni). L. 10. Ads, Above ^ramA brown with num-
erous white spots, particularly on head; feet feathered
to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. Notes,
A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar
grating cry. (Nelson. ) (See next page. )

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence
and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of
United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no
I^Kliic coast record (?).

139

Owls-

372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl (Nyctala acadiaa^ .
L. 8. /ids. Above cinnamon brown; forehead with
many, hindhead with few streaks; back with white
spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in No-
371 and without dusky bars. Yng. Breast and back
cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly' rustjr
huffyunstreaked, Notes, A frequently repeated whistle;
sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow
and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing-
( Ralph.)

Ran^. — North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania.
Massachusetts (rarelv), northern New York, northern Illfnois;'an*d.'ln
Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Vlrginliu
Kansas and central California.

372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl {N, a, scotctd)^
Similar to No. 372, but darker both above and below,
dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and
feet more ruf escent. ( Osgood. )

Range.— Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

379. Pygmy Owl (Glauddium gnoma), L. 7.
Top of head spotted. Ads. Above grayish brown;
spots whitish. Yng. No spots on head. Notes. A soft
cooing coohuh, coobuh, repeated a number of times.
(Bendire.)

Range.— "Timbered regions of western North America, from south-
ern Rocky Mountains in Colorado. New Mexico, and Arizona," west to
California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south Into
Mexico.

379a. California Pygmy Owl (G. g, califomicum) .
Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above buff or
rusty.

Rang«.— Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to
British Columbia.

379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl {Glauddium boskinsii).
Similar to No. 379a, but smaller and grayer, the fore-
head and facial disc with more white, the upperparts
less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.)

Range. — Southern Lower California.

380. Ferruginous Pvgmy Owl {Glauddium phaU^
tioides). L. 7. Top of head streaked, /Ids. Above
varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to
plain reddish brown without marks; below white
streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. Yng,
No streaks on head. Notes. A softly whistled coo re-
peated many times at intervals of about one second.

Range.— Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of
United States.

381. Elf Owl {Micropallas whitneyi) , L. 6. Small-
est of our Owls, /tds Above grayish brown, head
spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty,
white and grayish. Notes. A tremulous cba-cha^ cha-
cka, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes dis-
tinct. (Bendire.)

Range.— Tableland of Mexico from Pnebla north to Mexican border
of United States: Lower California, and (rarely) California.

140

dww.

d73. Sorteoh 0}n\ {MiTfoscops asio), L. 9.4; W*
6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes
yello^v. j4d. Gray phase. Above buffy gray irreg-
ularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty
and black, ^d. Red phase. Above bright rusty
brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked
-with black and barred with rusty brown. Yng. Above
gray or rusty hatred with black and white; below
white thickly barred with bl&ckish. Notes- A fre-
quently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often
followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like
snapping of the mandibles.

Ranve.— Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brun»-
wide. Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident.

373a. Florida Screech Owl (Af. a, floridanus).
Smaller than No. 37^, W. 6.9; T. 2.8. Two color
phases. Similar to those of No. 373, but averaging
darker and more heavily marked below; especially in 37j
red phase.

Ran^.— Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along:
coast to Louisiana.

373b. Texas Screech Owl (Af. a. mccalli). Simi-
lar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, es-
pecially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes
barer. I have seen only a gray phase.

Range. -"From western and southern Texas across east border of
tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.)

373c. California Screech Owl (A/, a, bendirei),
W . 6.6. A gray color phase only. Resembling No.
373, but somewhat darker above; less buff about the
nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; un-
derparts much as in No. 373b.

Range. — California and southern Oregon.

373d. Kennlcott Screech Owl (A/, a. kennicotUi).
L. 10; W. 7. 25. Ads, Sooty brown prevailing above;
blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as
white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls. j

Range.- Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka.

373e. Rooky Mountain Screech Owl (M, a, max-
velliof). W. 7. Similar to No. 373f above but paler;
pale grayish buff predominating; black markings
throughout much narrower and less numerous than in
No. 373g; palest of our Screech Owls.

Ranee.— "Foothills and adjacent plakis of the east Rocky Moun*
tains from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire).

141

Owls.

373f. Mexican Screech Owl (Af. a, cimracsus),
A gray color phase only. Similar to No. 373b, but
much grayer above; buff markings of No. 373b airaost
wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and
narrower than in No. 373b.

Range.— "New Mexico. Arlxona. Lower Callfonila. «nd m tiHet n
Mexico." (A. O. U.)

373g. Aiken Screech Owl (Af. a. aOum), A grav
color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but still
grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on
head, back, and underparts.

Ranfi:e.— "Plains. El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to
centner New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. 0.)

373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (Af. a, macfarUum) .
A gray color phase only. Ads, Of the size of lunnir
coHti, but with color and markings of b^dtrn. W- 7.2;
T. 3.8. (Brewst.)

Range. — ^"Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana
and prot>^bly intermediate regions, and north to the Interior of
British Columbia." (Bailey.)

373.1. Spotted Screech Owl {Megascops trichopsis).
L. 7.7. Ads, Above mixed black, grayish brown and
buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback
with buffy white spots on either side near the end;
below much as in No. 373f.

Range.'Southem Arizona and southward into northern Mexico.

373.2. Xantus Screech Owl {Megascops xantust).
W. 5.3. Ad. (^, Above drab, back tinged with pink-
ish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown;
breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or
rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with red-
dish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

374. Flammulated Screech Owl (Mtgascops flam-
meola), L. 7. Ads, Ear-tufts .small; eye surrounded
by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape ancl tips of scap-
ulars largely rusty; neck band rusty. (See p. 141.)

Range.— Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (it speci-
mens, 7 from Boulder County. Cook), west rarelv to Callfbmia (a
specimens).

374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (Af./. idahoinsis). Sim-
ilar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, es-
pecially on underparts where ground color is white and
black markings are restricted.

Range. — Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino
Mountains, 3 specimens. Grinnell).

142

Owls.

375. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginiamss). ^,
L. 22; W. 15. j4ds. Ears conspicuous; the feathers
nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc
rich rusty. Notes, A loud, low, deep-toned tpAoo, hoo-
hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same
note; rarely a hair-raising scream.

Range.— Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central
America; resident.

375a. Western Horned Owl* (B. v, pallescens).
Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc
washed with rusty.

Range.— Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east
10 Great Plains: casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba
and British Columbia; south to Mexico.

375b. Arctic Horned Owl {B, v. ardicus). Black
and white prevailing above; bases of feathers li^t
yellowish buff; below black and white with
little or no buffy; facial disc gray.

Range. — Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to
Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51°; In winter strangles south-
ward to adjacent t>order of United States; rarely to Wyoming and
Nebraska.

375c. Dusky Horned Owl (B, v. saturatus)^ Size
of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equal-
ling white ones in width; darkest bird of group.

Range,— "Pacific coast region from Morjterey Bav, California,
north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (/i. O. U.)

375d. Pacific Horned Owl (5. v. padficus). Some-
what smaller than No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No.
375 in color but less rusty.

Range.— California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona.

375e. Dwarf Horned Owl CB.v, elachistus). Sim-
ilar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. c?, 12.8;
9, 13.4. (Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California.

25. Ad. cf.

Ad.%. Sim-

376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nycUa), L.
White more or less barred with blackish,
liar, but more heavily barred.

Range.— Northern parts of northern hemisphere: In America breeds
from Lat s^^ northward; winters south to northern United States;
straggles as far as Texas and California.

377a. American Hawk Owl {Surma ulula caparoch),
L. 15; T. 7.2 long and rounded. Ads, Above
brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars con-
spicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly
barred. Notes, A shrill cry generally uttered wliile
flying. (Fisher.)

Range.~Northem North America; breeds from Newfoundland and
northern Montana northward; winters south to northern United
States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on
Pacific coast

143

• Order XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS.

PSITTACI.

Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. PsiTTACiDiC. 2 species.

Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About
one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit
America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member
of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot
barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abimdant bird
in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in
Florida and possibly Indian Territory,

ORDER XIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, Etc.

COCCYGES.

Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. Cuculid^. 5 species 2 sub-
species.

Family 2. TROGONS. Trogonid^. 1 species.

Family 3. KINGFISHERS. Alcedinid^. 2 species.

The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more
numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only
thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found.
The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of
other birds is well known. The American species, however, build
nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made struc-
tures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may de-
posit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young
being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.

Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds.
They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely
on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.

Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known King-
fishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to
the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archi-
pelago.

144

Parrots and Paroquets.

382. Carolina Paroquet (Canurus carolimnsis) , L.
12.5. j4ds. Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of
head yellow. Yng, Forehead and loral region orange;
rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of
wing. Nciss. A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r-f.

Ruis*. — Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great
Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado. Oklahoma and eastern Texas;
now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory.

382.1. Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pdchy-
rhjmcha), L. 16.5. j4d5. Forehead, loral region,
stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater
under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green.

Range —Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona.

145

Cuckoos.

383. kn\ {Crotophaza am) , Resembling No. 384^
but upper mandible without grooves. Notes. A com-
plaining, whistled oo-eeek, oo-eeek.

Range.— Eastern South America; north to West Indies mnd Ba*
hamas; rarely to southern Florida; accidental In Louisiana and Penn-
sylvania.

384. Groove-billed An! {Crotopbaga suldrostris).
L. 12.5; B. .7 high\ the upper mandible with ridges
and furrows, ^ds. Blue-black, many of the feathers
with iridescent margins.

Range.— Northwestern South America, north through Mexico t»
Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona. Louisi-
ana, and Florida.

385. ^o%6'rMinnw(Geo€occyxcalifomianus). L. 23.
Toes two in front, two behind. Ads, Above z^ossy
olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins; tail
much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white.
Notes. A soft cooing and a low chittermg note produc-
ed by striking the mandibles together. Bendire men-
tions a note like that of a hen calling her brood.

Range.— Central Mexico north (rarely) to southwestern Kansas.
southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley. California, rarely to
southern Oregon.

386. Mangrove Cuokoo (Co^^mmor). L. 13.
j4ds, Underparts uniformly rich buff; above grayish
brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black,
outer feathers broadly tipped with white.

Range.— Northern South America, north through Central America,
Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida an<t
Louisiana; migrating south In fall.

386a. Maynard Cuokoo (C. m. mayuardi). Simi-
lar to No. 380, but underparts paler, the throat and
forebreast more or less ashy white.

Range. — Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.

387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccy^ americanus).
L. 12.2. Ads, Below white; lower mandible largely
yellow; tail black, outer feathers widely tipped^ with
white. Notes, Tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut', tut-tut, d-uck^
cl'Uck, cl-ucky cl-uck, cl-ucky cl-uck, cote, covf, cow, coa,
cow, cow, usually given in part.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New
Brunswick and Minnesota; winters In Central and South America.

387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. ocddetUalis) . Sim-
ilar to No. 387, but somewhat grayer and larger; the
bill slightly longer, 1.05.

Range. — Western North America; north to southern British Col-
umbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico.

388. Black-billed Cuckoo {Coccy^ erythropbthal-
mus), L. II. 8. Ads, White below; bill black\ tail,
seen from below, grayish narrowly tipped with white:
above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387.
Notes, Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the «w
notes connected.

Range. — Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds
north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to
Brazil.

146

Trogon and Kingftthert.

389. Coppery-tailed Trogon {Trogon ambiguus).
L. 12. /4(i, cf . Wing-coverts finely vermiculatol; tail
coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer
feauiers white, mottled with black. /4d, 9 . Ear-cov-
erts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers
rusty Drown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper
belly grayish; ventral region pink. NoUs. Resemble
those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.)

Range.— Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona.

390. Belted Kingfisher [Ceryle alcvon), L. 13.
j4d. cf. Breast-band and sides like back. y4d. ?.
Breast-band and sides rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh
rattle.

Range.— North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California
north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas and southern
CaUfbmia south to northern South America.

391. Texas Kingfislier (CeryU americana septen-
Irionalis), L. 8.7. /Id, J*. Breast rusty brown; back
greenish; a white collar. y4d, 9- Throat and breast
white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly
band of greenish spots. Notes. When flying, a sharp,
rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking.

Range.— Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas.

147

Order XV. WOODPECKERS.

PICI.

Fkmily 1. WOODPECKERS. PiciDiB. 24 species, 22 sub-
species.

The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are
distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Aus-
tralia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in
the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvae of insects,
which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American
species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more north-
em parts of their range at all times of the year.

Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by them-
selves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most
birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are
bom naked and are reared in the nest.

In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more
strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes
placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed
with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up
which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of
assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as
a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or lay-
ing bare the timnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this
purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which
some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have
seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree,
twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, though
perfectly sound wood to reach the larvae at work in the heart of the
tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the *song* of
Woodpeckers being a rolling tatoo produced by rapid tappings on
some resonant limb.

As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value.
Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the
food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly
of noxious insects.

148

Woodpeckers. J

392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephtlus princi-
palis). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad, c?. Crest
scarlet Ad. ?. Similar to the J*, but crest black.
hhUs, A sharp, penny trumpet-like ^a/K>;^^.

Ran s:e.— Florida west to eastern Texns: north to southern Miss-
ouri and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and
Indiana.

400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker {Picaides arc
ticus). L. 9.5. Back shining black tw'/Acw/ white; toes
two in front, one behind Ad,^. Crown yellow. Ad, ?.
Crown black. Notes, A sharp, shrill, cbirk, chirk,
(Hardy.)

Ran^re. — "Northern North America, from the Arctic rejirlons south to
northern United States. (New Eneland. New York. Michii^an, Minne-
sota and Idaho), and In the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O.
U.)

40 1 . American Three-toed Woodpecker {Picoides
atmricanus), L. 8.7. Back zcilk while: toes two in
front, one behind. Ad, c?. Crown yellow; white bars
on back broken, detached not confluent. Notes, A
prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.)

Range.— Northern North America: west to Roclcy Mountains;
breeds from Maine, mountains of ^ew Hampshire, northern New
Yoric, and northern Minnesota nonhward; south i 1 winter, rarely to
Massachusetts, central New York, and norihorn Illinois.

401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker {P, a,

fasciatus). Similar to No. 401, but white bars on back
confluent forming a more or less continuous white
patch.

Range.— "Alaska Territorjr; casuallv? south through western
British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt.
Balcer); east Irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie
River valley. Northwest Territory." (.Bendire.)

40 1 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker {P. a, dorsa-
lis). Similar to No. 401a, but larger. W. 5; bill
narrower. Notes, A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden,
sharp whip, whip, whip, ( Mearns. )

Range.— "Rnclcy Mountain region from British Columbia and
Idaho south into New Mexico." (A. O. U.)

405. Pileated Woodpecker {Ceophlcpus pileatus),
L. 17. W. 8.9. Ad. (J. Crown, crest, and streaks
on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing
white. Ad, 9 . Forehead brownish, no red on sides of
throat Notes, A sonorous cow-cow-caufy repeated slow-
ly many times and a xdchew caW when two birds meet;
both suggesting calls of the Flicker.

Range.— Southern United States north to South Carolina.

405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker {C. p. Me-

ticola). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9;
T. 6.2.

Range.— Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded
regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to

Lat.630

149

Woodpeokers.

393. Hairy Woodpecker (Do'oda//5 villosus), L.
p; W. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white witbotu terminal
black marks, ^d. c?. Wing-coverts spotted, under-
parts white; nape with a red band. Ad, ?. Similar
but nape band white. Notes, A sharp puk and a King-
fisher-like rattle.

Ran^.— Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.

393a. Northern Hairy Woodpeclcer (D, v. Isucowu-
las). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2.

Rang:e.— British America north to Alaska.

393b. Soutliern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audu-

honit). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.

393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v, barrist), Simi-
hr to No. 393, but wing-coverts usually ipt'tboui white
spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to British Colum-
bia.

393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. byloscopus).
Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below.

Range.— California, east to Ariiona.

393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker (D, f>.

monticola). Similar to No. 393c, but pure white below;
larger, size of No. 393a.

Range.— Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico nortfc
to British Columbia.

393f. Queen Oharlotte Woodpecker (D. t;. picoidems)
Similar to No. 30 jc, but middle of back barred and *
spotted with Black; flanks streaked with black.
(OsgoodO

Range.— Oueen Charlotte Islands, British Cohimbla.

394. Soutliern Downy Woodpecker {DryobaUs
pubescms), L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white
with terminal black marks. Ad, J*. Nape-band red;
smallest of group, underparts <iingier than m No. 594c;
white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. Ad. V .
Similar but nape-band white. Notes. A sharp p^^k
and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud.

Range. -South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas.

394a. Gairdner Woodpecker (D. p. gairdnerit).
Similar to No. 3p4b, but underparts sooty gray; the
darkest below of any form in the group.

Range. —Pacific coast from northern California north to British

Columbia.

394b. Batclielder Woodpecker (D. p. bomorus).
Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no
white spots, under tiil-coverts without dusky streaks.

Ringe.— "Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O.
U.)

394c. Nortliern Downy Woodpecker (D. p, median-
us), L. 6.5; W. 3-7- Similar to No. 394, but larger;
whiter below; white markings of greater extent.

Range.— Eastern North America south to South Carolina.

394d. .^laskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. wlsom).
W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and whiter;
largest of the group.

Range.— Alaska.

150

Woodpeokers.

3946. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. furaH). Simi-
lar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch
and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less
spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.)

Rann.— "California, except: desert ranj^s and eastern slope of
Sierrm Nevada, coast region north of Marlon Co.. and region north of
upper endof Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.)

395. Red-oookaded Woodpecker (DryobaUs bore-
alts) . L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered
by black below. j4d. (^, A nearly concealed red tuft
on 'either side of the hindhead. ^d. 9- Similar, but
no red on head. Notes, A loud y hoarse, j^ankjjfank.

Range. - Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to
Vlrs:inia and Arlcansas.

396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdt).
L. 7.5, Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal
tufts brownish. Ad, (^. Ail crown feathers tipoed
with red; back barred: below broumish whiUy spotted
and streaked with black. Ad. $ . Similar but top of head
wholly black.

Range.- Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundanr. New Mexico,
southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and soutb-
i California.

396a. Saint Lucae Woodpecker (<D. 5. lucasatms).
Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with
black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes
on inner web. (Ridgw.)

RAnge.— Lo««r CaUfomla, north, ranly to Colondo Desert, Call-

397. Nuttall Woodpecker (Dryobatss mataUu).
L. 7.5. Below white only sUghilv soiled; outer tail-
feather barred only on end half. Ad, ^, Crown
^lack streaked with white; nape red. Ad, $. Similar
but top of head entirely black, usually with a few
white spots. Yng. Top of head dull red. Notes, A
sharp quee-auee-quee'queep; a diminutive chittah, (Bail-
tey.) Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.)

Range.— Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern
Oregon.

398. Arizona Woodpecker {Dryobates ari^oncc),
L. 8.2. Above brown, below spotted. Ad, ^. A red
nape band. Ad. ?. Similar but no red on nape,
brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yng,
Whole crown red.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico.

399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus Mo-
Jarvaius)m L. 9. Whole head and part of wings
white. Ad, cf. Nape red. Ad, ?. Nape white.
NaUs, A sharp, clear vn'tt-witt; a rather silent bird.
(Bendire.)

Range — .Monntains of western United States from southern Cnll-
Ibmla north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and
Nevada.

151

402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrabicus varius).
L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad, c?. Crown and throat red; a
vbitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed
with yellow; breast patch black Ad. 9- Similar, but
throat white; crown rarely black. Yng. Breast gray-
ish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yel-
lowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear
on thr6at and crown. Notes. A clear ringing cUw re-
peated; a low snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird.
(Brewster.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and
northern Illinois north to about Lat. 6)^ 30'; south In Alles^hanies
to northwest Georeia; winters from southern Illinois and southern
Virginia to Central America.

402a. Red-naped Sapsuoker (5. v. nucbalis). Sim-
ilar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape
band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering
streaks; ifemale the same but chin white.

Range. — Rocky Mountain reeion; breeds from Colorado and north-
eastern California (?), north t) British Columbia; winters from south-
ern California south to northwestern Mexico.

403. Red-breasted Sapsuoker (Sphyrapicus ruber),
L. 9. Ads, Crown, whole throat and breast dull red;
in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes, Jay or
chaet peeye, ptnck, and peurr. ( Bend i re. )

Range.— Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north
to southern Oregon.

403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsuoker (5. r.

notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red
brighter; belly yellower.

Range.— Pacific coast region from Santa Cru2 Mountains. Cali-
fornia, north to southern Alasl<a.

404. Williamson Sapsuoker (Spkyraticus thyrot-
deus). L. 9. Belly brtgbt yellow; rump wnite. Ad, c?.
Above black; a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-cov-
erts white. Ad. 9. Crown and throat brownish;
back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish.
Yng. Similar to ? , but breast barred like sides. Notes,
A shrill ib«t/-ibtt«/ uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The
roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is brok-
en or interrupted.

Range.— Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds
from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern Caltfomia
north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from
southern California and western Texas into Mexico.

408. Lewis Woodpecker {Asyndesmus torquattes).
L. II. Ads, Breast and a collar around the neck
gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish
red; above shining green black. Yng, No gray
collar; crown suffused with red. Notes, A weak,
peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent
Bird.

Range.— Western United States: breeds from New Mexico, Arlxo-
na, and southern California north to southern Alberta and BrMsb
Columbia; winters from southern Oregon aud Colorado south »
western Texas and southern California.

152

Woad|>eoker8.

406. Red-headed Woodseoker (Mslanerpts eryihro-
cepbalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red;
end half of secondaries white. Yng. Whole head and
breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black
margin^ with grayish; end half of secondaries white
with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck,

Ranre,— Eastern United Staies west to Rockv Mountains: breeds
from Rorlda and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and
Irreeular In northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and oc-
casionally from New York, southward.

407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melamrpes
fortmdDorus), L. 9.5. Breast band s/r^aJ^fnYAtpAfi^/;
rump white. Ad. ^. Forehead, white, cr&wn, nape,
and breast-spot red. Ad. $. Center of crown with a
black band of same width as white band on forehead.
Notes. A loud tcburr, tcburr.

Range.— Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona.

407a. Oalifomian Woodpecker (M. /. Jiairdt).
Similar to No. 407, but black oreast-band with white
only on its posterior margin.

Range.~Peclfic coast region from northern California to southern
Oregon.

407b. Narrow-fN>nted Woodpecker (Af. /. angust-
ifrons). Ad. cf . Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W.
5.2; the throat brighter yellow. Ad. ?. With black
crown-band wider than white forehead band.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

409. Red-beliied Woodpecker {Centuruscarolmus),
L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. J*. Top of
head and nape entirely red. Ad. $ . Nape red. crown
grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A noarse,
cbUb-cbiUf.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds froo
FlorldaandTexas to Maryland. Ontario, and South Dakota; winters
from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as
Massacbusetta.

410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus auri-
frons). L, ia5; center of belly yellow. Ad. ^. Fore-
head yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. ?.
Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray.
Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.)

Range. — ^Mexico. north to central Texas.

411. Gila Woodpecker (Oyi/f#rff5 Mre>^fa/i5). L.
la Center of belly yellow. Ad. c?. Top of head
and nape sootj^ gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. ?. Top
of heaci and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dchurr
dcburr; when flying, a shnll huit like call-note
Phainopepla. (Bendire.)

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico,
and Lower Callfomta.

153

)

Wobdpeek'ers.

412. Southern Flicker {Colaptes auraius). Small-
er than No. 412a, W. 5.6.

Range.— Southeasteni United States north to South Carolina.

4 1 2a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luUus). L. nr W.
6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a
scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad.
c?. With black patches on the sides of the throat.
j4d. 9. Without black throat patches. NoUs. Aloud,
emphatic ke^-yir; a low chuckle when taking flight; a
tcfUhiw repeated and used only when two or more birds
are together; and a mellow cHh-cM-dUk-cOb, repeated,
doubtless a song.

Rang^e. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and
Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413
at the western border of Its range.

413. Red-8hafted Flicker (Co/a/>//5 cafir collaris).
L. 13. .No red nape band; crown brownish; throat
bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. j4d, c^.
Patches at side of throat red. j4d. ? . No red throat
patches. Notgs. Resemble those of No. 412.

Range.— Western United States, except northwest coast region;
east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No.
4x3 at the eastern border of its range.

413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c, saturaiior).
Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back
vinous-brown.

Range.— Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to south-
em Alaska; winters south to northwest California.

414. Gilded Flicker (C(7/a^^/5 <;Af>'50f^5). L. 12;
W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon: under surface of wings
and tail yellow. y4d. c^. No red band on nape: throat
bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. j4d, 9. No
red on sides of throat. Notes, Resemble those of No.
412. (Bendire.)

Range. — ^"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. )4® to southern
Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30® ." (A. O'. U.)

414a. Brown Flicker (C. c, brunnesuns). Simi-
lar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker.
(Anthony).

Range. — Lower Oiiifomia north of Lat. 30® .

4 1 5. Guadalupe Flicker {Colaptes rufipiUus). Sim-
ilar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more^ more slender,
wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown;
rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

154

Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUM^AlNGr

BIRDS.

-It..,

MACROCHIRES.

Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. CAPR^MULGiDiE. 6 siJecies, 6 sub-
species.

Family 2. SWIFTS. jyiiQROPODiDi^, 4 species.

Family^. HUMMINGBIRDS'! Trochilid^. 17 species.

The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early moming. They
live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous
mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our
species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare grotiud
or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow
their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goat-
suckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering
loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.

Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-
five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently
birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds caa sur-
pass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that
many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to
a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting
themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and
constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.

Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from
Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred
known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecua-
dor. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine
of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican
border.

Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds* *homes.
Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. . The
young are bom naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least,
spend about three weeks in the nest.

The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to
be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and ex-
cited chipperings.

155

Goat8uoker«.

4 1 6. Chuck-wiirs-widow {Antrostomus carolitunsis) .
L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches
near their base. Ad, ^. End half of outer tail-
feathers white, rusty y and black on outer wehs\ chin chiefly
nis/^; throat-patch buffy. Ad. ?. No white in tail.
Notes, A loudly whistled cbuck-vfUr s-widow, repeated
many times.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to VIrfrinia
and Illinois; west to ICansas and central Texas; winters from southern
Florida southward.

417. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). L.
9.7. Mouth bristles without branches. Ad, ^, Three
outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; white on
inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat
patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad, ?. Three outer
tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat
patch rusty buff. Notes, A rapid, vigorous, whistled
whip-poor-will^ repeated many times.

Ranee. — Eastern North America, west to the PLiins; breeds from
Gulf States north to New Brunswicic and Manitoba; winters from
Gulf States southward.

417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (^A, v, macromy-
stax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5;
mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch
rusty; white on inner web ot outer feather less than 1.3
wide.

Range.— "Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south
over mountains bordering: tablelands of Mexico to GuatemaUu"
(Bailey.)

418. Poor-will {Phala^noptilus nuttallis), L. 7.7.
Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad, c?. Three
outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large
white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color
the wings of certain moths. Ad. ?. Similar, but tail-
tips buf5^. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow-
day » pearl-rob-ity puir-whee-er.

Range.— Western United Sutes; breeds from Kansas. Nebraska,
and Uakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Mon-
tana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.

418a. Frosted Poor-will (T, n, m'tidus). Similar
to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter,
more frosty,

Ranpe. — "Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to
northern Mexico." (Baljfy.) Lower Callfon ia.

■^m^

(*P. n. californicus) ,

41 8b. California Poorwill

Similar to No. 418, but darker.

Range. —Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte Count>-;
winters from southern California southward.

156

Goatsuokers.

4 1 9. Merrill Parauque {Nyctidramus alhicollis nur-
rtUs)' L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without
white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. y4d,
cf. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little
rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather
white except at base. j4d. $. Outer tail-feathers
brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white
at tip. Notes, A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and
sometimes running into a whit-whit-whit, ker-whee-you,

Ran^.— Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of
Rio Grande.

420. Night hawk {CbordsCes virgirUanus). L. 10;
W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no
rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad, c?.
Above black with white and buff markings; throat and
band near end of tail white. Ad, 9- Throat rusty, no
white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent] and in the
breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving
from a height earthward.

Range. — Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida to Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British
Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of United Sutes.

420a. Western NIghthawli (C. v, henryt). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more
numerous; belly washed with rusty.

Range.— Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south y,
of United States; exact distribution unknown.

420b. Florida Nighthawk (C, v, chapmam). Simi-
lar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and
paler; white and buff markings above larger and more
numerous.

Range. Ftorida. west ak>ng Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south In
winter to South America.

420o. Sennett Nighthawk {C,v, senrutti). Simi-
lar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevail-
ing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.

Range.— Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the
United States.

421. Texan Nighthawk {ChordeUes acutipennis tex-
ensis). Wing quills xcith rusty spots; outer primary
shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed
with rusty buff. Ad, J^. Throat-patch and band near
end of tail white. Ad, ?. No white band in tail.
Notes, A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a
humming sound. (Merrill.)

Range.— Central America: breeding north to southern Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat 38 ^ in
California; winters south of United Sutes.

157

Swifts.

. 422. B\wk Svilfi {Qfsehid^sni^^bQrealis). L. 7?
W. 6,5. Tail Without spines, slightly forke4. ^ds.
Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye;
forehead whitish. Notes. Generally silent (Ben-
dire.)

Range.— Breeds from Central America north, fn mountains of
western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado: wtntera
south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states.

423. Chimney Svtin {Choftura pelagica). L. 5.4;
W. 4,9. Tail with protruding spines. Ads, Above
sooty, rump and underparts palei; throat whitish.
Nates. A rolling twitter.

Ranice. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; bre ad s froB
Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to
Central America.

424. Vaux Svtlfi (Cbaiura vaiixu). L. 4-5; W. 4-4-

Ads. Similar to No. 423, but smaller and somewhat
browner. Notes. Resemble those of No. 423, but are
less frequently uttered. (Bendire.)

Range. — Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally,
north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona;
winters south of United States to Central America.

425. White-throated Swift [Aeronautes melanoUu-

cus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads.

Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly

and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic

. twitter.

Ranee.— Western United States; east to western Nebraska and
^^^ Black Hilts; breeds In Rocky Mountains north to MonUna; on Pa-
cific coast north to Lat. 38 ^ ; winters south of United States to Cen-
tral America.

158

Hummingbirds.

426. Rjvoll Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgms), L.
5.1. A small white spot behJRd eye. j4d. J*. Crown
purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail
somewhat more bronzy. j4d. ?. Above bronzy green.
a\\ but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and
narrow griayish tips; below grayish, all but throat
feathers green centrally, Yng, 5*. Throat with more or
less green, belly and above more bronzy than in $ .

Rang«. — Nlcaniuguji. north In mountains to mountains of southeast-
ern Ari«>na.and southwest New Mexico: winters south of United
States.

429. Blaolc-ohinned Hummingbird (Trocbilus alex-
andri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. ^. Chin and upper
throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked,
feathers pointed. j4d. 9- Throat grayish white;
cbin huffy\ tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Yng. c?. Similar to 9 , but throat
with dusky spots.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from San Antonio. Texas.
NewMexIco. Arizona, and California north to Montana and British
Columbia: rare on Pacific coast north of southern Califomla; winters
south of United States.

430.

L. 3.1.

Co8ta Htimmingbird (CaMie costce).
No rusty in plumage. Ad, J*. Crown, throat and
lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green.
Ad. 9. Below grayish white; above grayish green;
outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip
white. Yng, c?. Similar to 9 , but throat usually with
some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico: breeds north throug:hout Lower
California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern
Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border
southward.

437. Luolfer Hummingbird (Calotborax lucifer.)
L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. (^. Throat purplish pink, feathers
at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow,
the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half.
Ad. 9. Below nearly uniform rusty buff, above bronzy
green; tail-feathers white-tipped.

Range.— "From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the
-city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.)

440. Xantus Hummingbird (Bastlmna xantusi)*
L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. c?. Chin,
forehead and cheeks black; throat green; tail rusty
brown. Ad. 9« Below uniform rusty, above green;
outer tail-feathers rusty brown.

Ranee. — Lower California, north to Lat. 99 ^ ; most common In
Cape Region.

159

Hummingbirds.

427. Blue-throated Hummfngbird (CtBligsna
tncia), L. 5.2. A white 5/rf># behind, and a sma
one before eye. Ad. cf . Throat blue; belly craytsl
back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers Droad|
white tipped. Ad. 9 . Similar but throat dusky gra|

Range.- Southern MeKico north. In mountains to moontalns i
southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south
United States.

438. ReifTer Hummingbird {Ama^ilis t^acail).
4.1. Ads, Above, tbrocU and breast shining greecj
belly grayish; tail square, rusty brown, narrowly ma
gined with coppery. Yng. Similar but more rust;
above.

Rang:e.— Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower RM
Grande Valley, Texas.

439. Buff-b«llied Hummingbird (Ama^is c^rvim-
ventris cbalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rustr
gray, tail forked and broadly margined with coppery
green.

Rans:e.— Central America, north, lo spring, to Loww Rio Grande
Valley, Texas.

440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (BasiUmta' Uu-
coUs), L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. ^.
Chin, forehead and cheeks bhuy throat and breast
green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. ?. Crown
rusty, back bronzy green^ below gray spotted with
green; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng, ^.
Similar.

Range.— Nlcaraugua north, in spring, through mountains to south-
em Arizona.

441. Broad-biiied Hummingbird {lacbe laiirostris).
L. 4. Ad. cf . Above green; below darker; throat
purplish blue; tail darker. Ad. ?. Below gray; outer
tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped
with gray. Yng. (?. Similar to Ad. 9 , but tail blue
black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green
feathers.

Range. — Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to
southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus col-
ubris). L. J. 5; W. 1.5. Ad. cf . Throat ruby, chin
blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. ?.
Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones
tipped with white. Ynp. c?. Like $ but throat with
dusky spots. (See next page.)

Range.— Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100^ ; breeds
from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region: winters from southern Florida to Central America.

160

Hummingbirdt.

.-im- 431^ AnnaHumminobird (Cj/i;^/#<ufiur). L. ^6.
jjB^iLi^. CrawnajiA throat glittering purplish pink;
visr feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. 9 •
iafr Above green; below, grayish washed with green; throat
:r2i. usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white
asV tip. Yng, Similar but browner above.

{t r Rancc-r^estern Unhed States, from nonhern Lower OUifomla
north to northern Califomla: east to southern ArUona; south in winter
I to Mexico; recorded fron Guadalupe Island.

^1 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (S^laspborus pfaty-
j^urcus), L. 4. Ad, (^. Outer primary very narrow,
^ end sharp; crown green, throat /i«rfJ^ tail green above,
-'. piirplish below without white tips. Ad, 9 • Outer
^ tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad
' white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy
^j green;tnroatfeathers with dusky centers; sides rusty.

Range.— Rocky Mountains; west, rarely to eastern CaUfomia;
I north to southern Wyoninn: and Idaho: winters south of United States.

433. Rufous Hummingbird {Selaspbcrus rufus).
Z. L. 3.6. Ad,^, Next to middle pair of tail-feathers
" «)/<:*«/ near tip of inner web; back r^^wibifcnwi some-
times washed with green. Ad, 9- Sides rtt5(y, back
green, throat spottra with green and sometimes ruby,
outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a
white tip, the feather mor^ than .12 wide; middle tail-
feathers green at base, end black. Yng, c?. Similar to
9 hut «// tail-feathers rusty at base.

Range.— Western United States; breeds from tfie higher mountains
of southern Caiifomla and Arizona, north to Lat. 6x ^ in Alaslca; dur-
ing migrations east to Montana, Wyoming. Colorado, New Mexico,
and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico.

434. Allan Hummingbird (5^/a5/>i&ortf5a//^f1. L.
3.6. Ad, c?. Crown and hack green^ and tail rusty
tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other
respects like No. 433. Ad, 9 ««^ Yng, c?. Like the
same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in.
wide.

Range.- Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British
Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California
i to Mexico.

I 435. Moroom Hummingbird {Attbis morcomt),
. L. 2.9. Ad. 9« Above bronzy green; middle tail-
feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half;
rest of tail-feathers rusty orown, then green, then black
and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty,
throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Made
unknown.

Range. Huacbuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (Icnown from one
specimen.)

436. Calliope Hummingbird {SUllula calliope).-
L. 3. Ad, (^, Throat purplish pink, white at base
showing tbrougb; abovt green. Ad,. 9« Sides rusty,
throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers
gray at base, then black, then white in nearly equal
amounts, Yng, ^, Similar to 9«

Range.— Mountains of western United States; breeds north to
Montanaj^ Idaho, and British Columbia: west to eastern Oregon and
eastern Califbrnia: winters south of United States; rare on Pacific
coast of United Sutes.

161

Order XVH. PERCHING BIRDS.

PASSERES.

Family!. FLYCATCHERS. TYRANNiDiS. 32 species, 7 sub-
species.

Family 2. LARKS. Alaudid^. 1 species, 13 subspecies.

Family 3. CROWS AND JAYS. Corvid.e. 21 species, 14 sub-
species.

Family 4. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Icterid^. 18
species, 14 subspecies.

Family 5. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Fringillid^. 87
species, 92 subspecies.

Family 6. TANAGERS. Tanagrid^. 4 species, 1 subspecies.

Family 7. SWALLOWS. HiRUNDiNiDiE. 9 species, 2 subspecies.

Pamily 8. WAXWINGS. AMPELiDige. 3 species.

Family 9. SHRIKES. LANUDiE. 2 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 10. VIREOS. Vireonid^e. 13 species, 10 subspecies.

Family 11. WARBLERS. MNioxiLTiDiB. 55 speciesi 18 subspecies.

Family 12. WAGTAILS. MoTACiLLiDiS. 3 species.

Family 13. DIPPERS. Cinclid^. 1 species.

Family 14. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. Troglodytid^. 26
species, 24 subspecies.

Family 15. CREEPERS. CERTHiiDi^. 1 species, 4 subspecies.

Family 16. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Parid^e. 21 species,
20 subspecies.

Family 17. KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. Sylviid^.
7 species, 3 subspecies.

Family 18. THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. Turdid^. 13
species, 14 subspecies.

The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed
in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds,
which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscines^ or Sing-
ing Perching Birds , which includes all our remaining Perching Birds.
While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless
birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but
because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ,
they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of
the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.

162

.Pbrching Birds.

The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannida) number somewhat over
three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where
•fliey are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on
insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity
migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest
with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these
are found only on our southern borders.

Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perch-
ing, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their
crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a
habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.

Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for
examj^le, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees,
has been found to consist of 90 per cent, insects, mostly injurious spe-
cies, while only fourteen out of two himdred and eighty-one stomachs
contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found be-
iiig drones.

The true Larks, (Family y4/aj^/^) are chiefly Old World birds, the
Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we
have only the Homed or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so
much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less
than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in
the United States.

The Homed Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less
common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it
. sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be com-
pared with those of its famous relative.

The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidce) number about two hundred
species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere.
To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds
of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of
being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of
their family.

The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rare-
ly at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are repre-
sented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more
northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are

163

Pbrching Birds.

migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks durinsT
the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some
instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.

While the Crows and Jays are technically *Song Birds' their voices
are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of
expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more
or less ease.

The Starlings, (Family SturnicUe) are Old World birds represented
in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into
Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the sur-
rounding country.

The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, {Family Icterida) number
about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New
World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where>
migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they be-
come among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.

The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty
species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest
builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black
birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of
which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a
single tree.

The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family /Vzw^zV//^/^) number
nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any
other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world,
except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting
North America.

Varying widely in color, the Fringillidae all agree in possessing-
stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seed^
on which they feed so largely.

The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification,,
are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are
rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired
Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals, etc., frequent trees or bushy growths,
where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or
where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.

Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them

164

Pbrching Birds.

indeed beins: noted for their powers. of song. They are less migratory
than insect-eating birds and some species are with ns at all seasons.
Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them,
from the field student's point of view, highly important members of
the great class Aves.

From an economic standpoint the Fringillidae are no less deserving
of our esteem. Some species are of incalcuable value as destroyers
of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been
found in the stomach of one Snowfiake or Snowbunting, and it has
been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the
United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter
season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made.
Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tans of weed seeds, chiefly
of the ragweed.

The Tanagers, (Family Tanagrida) are found only in the New
World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics.
As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the
common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad
being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of
their plumage.

Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach
the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring
and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not
possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their fam-
ily as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.

Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers un-
dergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our
Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts
during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the
following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season
after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired,
the wings and tail, however, remaining black.

Swallows, (Family Hirundinidcs) are of world-wide distribution, and

" as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of

flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Bam

Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer,

and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.

Birds of the air, the aerial habits of Swallows are reflected in their

165

Perching Birds.

long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broa3,
widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding. ^ . '

In spite of their poor equipment of tools, pwfijlows take high ranJc
as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although tlie birds
are .structurally, mugl^ alike, their nests often differ widely ^n character.
Compare fo;* instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Ba^n aod Cliff
Swallows with the tunelled hole of the Bank Swallow, am'd one realizes
how little the character of a bird's home may depend on th^ structnr^
of it's builder.

ThQ food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, * 'consists pf many'
small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many speoies of
diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with lar^e quantities of flyipg:
ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either inju-
rious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not
only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."

The tru.e Waxwings, (Fs^mily Ampelida) number only three species
with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Thw
notes, as a rule are limited 4:o*. a few unmusical calls, which, with our
Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.

Waxwings ^re found in, small .flocks during the greater part of the
year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much.. at
home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits^
chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed oa
insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.

The Shrikes, (Family Laniidai) are represented in America by only
two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family
being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit
of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths,
or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceed-
ing enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observ-
ed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively
weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them iir.di»-^
secting their food.

Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds
and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great de-
stroyer of grasshoppers and he also Cjats lizards and small snakes.

The Vireos, (Family Vireonida:) number fifty species, all American.

166

Pbrching Birds.

^bey search the foliage carefully for leaf-eatuiST insects and their
esg:s, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious
-wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.

^ea^-ing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the
"Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family.
They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not
such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also
rnore musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not
always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmis-
takable.

The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped struct-
ures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which
they are most skilfully woven.

The Warblers, (Family MniotiltidcB) like the Vireos are distinctly
American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North Amer-
ica birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of
Me3iico. Between thirty and forty species 6f these active, beautiful
little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single local-
ity in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly
important element in our bird-life. Most of-them come in May at the
height of the spring migration, when the woods often swarm with them
as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect iood. The larg-
er number of them pass onward to their northern bodies and in Sep-'
tembef they return to us in increased numbers.

The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their
visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers es-
I>ecially attractive to the field student and their charms are' heightened'
by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them
as we may there are still species which have escaped us.

By far the larger number of Warblers may ,be described as flutterers
that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and
Helminthaphila)\ others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is
concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia^) while others still feed in
the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus).
Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our
most beneficial birds.

Most of the Wagtails (Family i1/^/ar////<i^), are inhabitants of the

167

Perching BikDS.

bid World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this
country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, ntost widely distrib-
uted species.

Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging: or tip-
ping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted'that^hese birds
are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.

The Dippers (Family Cinclida:) though numbering only twelve
species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from
the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia
and Africa.

- Everywhere they are haunjters of streams, usually dashing mountain
torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting
into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the
bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming
a waterproof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often
placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of
spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young
are well protected by an effective roof.

The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglodyiid^)
form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglady-
tina) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of
which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds,
(Subfamily Mimince) number some fifty species, all of which are con-
fined to America.

As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens
and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the
tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence tt) deliver
their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely
passed near or on the ground.

Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every
member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability.

The Creepers, (Family Certhiidcs) number twelve species, only
one of which is foimd in America. This, however has a wide range
and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized
under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much
the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico
or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.

The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of
evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick

168

Perching Birds.

out an insect's egg: from the bark. The same type of tail feather is
shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure
accompanying: similar habits in birds not at all closely related.

The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Parida), like the Wrens and
Thrashers, belong: in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches,
(^xxhi^Lvmlj Sittina) number about twenty species, only four of which
inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parina) number some seven-
ty-five species, of which thirteen are American.

Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing: up or down with equal
ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no
special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes,
however, are long:, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving
them a firm grip on the bark of trees.

The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever
^species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the
year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these
hirds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is
-especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes
familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and
suet which we spread for him at that season.

Feeding largely on the eggs or larvae of insects particularly injurious
to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to men.

The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Syl-
viida) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are
divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets,
(Subfamily Reguiince) seven species, three of which are American; the
Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily /*(^//(^///m^^) some fifteen species, allAmer-
can; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily SylvivKs) about one hundred
species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast
of Alaska.

The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for
Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field,
they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit
of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our
species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musi-
cal rong, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets
build large nests of ^moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.
The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well
seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like
the Kinglets, are architects of more th§in u§ual ability, building a nest
beautifully covered with lichens.

169

Perching Birds.

The Thrushes, (Family Turdidai) are variously classified by different
ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists'
Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires^
and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species^
of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily lurdiruB). The
members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them
being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of
view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds.
If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well
as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that
no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be
awarded singing birds.

In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fiffy odd species and
subspecies included in the preceeding families of the Order Passeres
are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to
facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this
kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups pro-
posed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well
as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the
system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling:
our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:

1. With red markings.

2. With blue markings.

3. With orange or yellow markings.

4. With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of

patches or uniformly colored areas.

5. Brownish, generally streaked birds.

6. Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.

7. Gray, black, or black and white birds.

While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I
would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrange-
ment of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading struct-
ural characters, (see page 2.)

Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by re-
ferring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the
book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will
be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.

170

Perching Birds Marlced With Red.

607. LouiMna Tanager (Tiranga ludovidana), L.
7.5. j4d, cf . Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head
more or less red. Ad. $. Above olive-ereen, head
rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings
and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish
white wing-bars. Yng. cf. Like $, but head and
rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clii-
tuch; song, resembles that of No. 608.

Ranc:«.'Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Arbcona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Cen-
tral America.

608. Scarlet Tanager {Piranga erythromelas). L.
7.4. Ad. (^. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad, ^.
Olive-green, yellower below, win^s and tail blackish
brown, no wing-bars. Yng. c?* Like ?,but brighter,
wing-coverts black. Ad. 3^, IVinter, Like Yng. $, but
wings and tail black. Notes, Call, chijy-ckurr; song, a
rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's song, but
less musical. Look-up, toay-up, look-at-me, tree-top; re*
peated with pauses.

Ranc:e.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from
Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8.
Bill large. Ad. (^. Vermilion, back grayish;taildulf red.
Ad. 9 . No mng-bars; above grayish olive; crown and
tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yng. ^, Like ?
and variously intermediate between it and ad. c?.
Notes, Call, clut-tuck\ song, like that of No. 608, but
somewhat more robin-like.

Ran^.— From Guatemala north in sprine to New Mexico and Ari-
zona; winters in Mexico and Central America.

610. Summer Tanager (Ptran^a rubra) L. 7.5;
W.3.8. //J. cf . Rosy red. Ad. ?. Olive-yellow
above, dusky saffron below, Yng. cf . Variously in-
termediate between Ad. c? and ?. Notes, Call,
chicky-tucky-tuck\ song, resembles in form that of No.
608 but is more musical and less forced.

Ran^.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern
Illhiois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America.

610a. Cooper Tanaaer (P. r. coopert). Similar
to No. 610, but larger; W. 4; hill more swollen, colors
paler.

Range.— "Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley,
California* and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico:
•outb In winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado."

171

Perching Birds Marlced With Red.

593. Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). L. 9; W.
.7;T. 4.1. Ad. c?. Forehead with a well-defined
lack band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage)

tipped with olivd-brouftt or olive-gray. Ad, 9- Above
olive-brown; crest, wines and tail dull red edged ^vith
olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray;
breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter.
Notes, Call, a sharp, insignificant tsip\ song, a rich,
sympathetic whistle, vjhe-e-e^ou, whe-e-e, kurry-hurtx-
hurry, quick-quick-quicky and other notes.

Ranee.—Eastern United States: resident from northern Florida and
Mstem Texas north to southern New York and Iowa.

593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c superbus). Largest
of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. c?-
Pal«r, more rosy, than No. 503; margins to back
feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually sep-
arated by base of culmen. Ad. 9. Gray above like
No. 593c, but breast richer, much as No. 593d; gray of
throat more restricted and often confined to the chin.

Range.— Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico.

\ 593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C c. tgneus). Siml-

\larto No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3-6; T. 4; r? with

Wen less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; 9

paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined.

^ans^.— Southern Lower California.

^93o. Gray-tailed Cardinal (C. c. canicaudus). W.
3.1. Ad, cf . Red bright as in No. 59 jd, but black on
forehead narrower, usually separated by base of cul-
mtn. Ad. 9. Grayer than $ of No. 593, the edgings
of .wings and tail usually gray without an olive tinge.

Rangre.— Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and north-
stem Mexico.

593d. Florida Cardinal (C. cfloridanus). Smaller
than No. J93, W. 3-4; c? averaging deeper red; ?
darker and richer in color, particularly on breast

Rangfe. — Southern half of Rorida.

594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia (Tyrrhuloxia sinuata).
L. 9: W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. cf. Gray; in fresh plumage
washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally
dull red; under wing-coverts, center of breast and of
belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red.
Ad. 9 • Usually little or no red about bill or on under-
parts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song,
a clear, straight whistle. ( Bailey. )

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwest-
em New Mexico, and Arizona.

594a. Texas Cardinal (P. s. texana). Similar to
No. 594, but bill larger; upperparts averaging slightly
grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier.

Range. —Northeastern Mexico, north to southern Texas.

594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsula).
Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with
the bill larger; W. 3.4; T- 3-7- (Ridgw.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

172

Perching Birds Marlced With Red.

5 I 5. Pine Grosbealc {Pinieola enudeator leucura),
L. 8.5; W. 4.6. j4d. (f. Rosy red in varying amounts;
beity gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers
blackish brown,* two white wing-bars. y4d, ?. Gray,
head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish.
y^' (^- Like 9, but- with head and rump reddish.
Not^s, Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in
spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain. )

Range.— Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick
and nonhem New England northward: winters south, irregularly, to
southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District
of Columbia and Kansas.

5 1 5a. Roolcy Mountain Pine Grosbealc (P, e, mon-
tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W.
4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with
the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw. )

Range.— "Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and
Idaho to New Mexico. ' ' (Rldgway. }

515b. Califoria Pine Grosbealc (P, $, californica).
Similar to No. 515, but c? with red much brighter;
feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers;
9 with little if any greenish on rump.

Range. — Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer
County and south to Fresno County. California " (Grinnell.)

5l5o. Alaskan Pine Grosbealc (P. e. alascensis).
Similar to No. J15, but decidedly larger with smaller or
shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the

fray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy.
Ridgw.)

Range. "Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeds
Ing In interior of Alaska; south. In winter, to eastern British Colum-
bia, Montana (Bltterroot Valley) . etc." (Ridgway.)

5^5d. Kadiak Pine Grosbealc (P, e, flammula).
Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively
longer and more stronely hooked bill; wings and tail
grayish brown instead of dull blackish.

Range.— "Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka. Alaska.'
(Rldgway.)

521. American Crossbill CIoxiVi curvirostra minor),
L.6.i:W. 3-4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed.
/Id. cf. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or
yellow. j4d. ?. Olive-green, rump and underparts
yellower. Yng. Resemble Ad. ?. NoUs. Calh,
when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and
more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and
musical, but of small volume.

Range.— Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from
northern New England (in Alleghenies from Georgia) north and west
to Alaska: winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada: casually
to South Carolina and Louisiana.

521a Mexican Crossbill {L c stricklandi). Simi-
lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78.

Range. — "Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra
Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands
of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.)

173

Perching Birds Marlced With Red.

522. White-winged Crossbill {Loxia leucoptera).
L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. c?. Rose-
pink; middle of back black; wings with two tohiu bars.
Ad, ?. Olive-green and dusky; rump and under-
parts yellower; xcings with two white bars, Yng, Like
Ad. V. Notds. Resemble those of No. 521.

Range.— Northern North America; breeds from northern New
England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward:
winters south irregularly to Virginia. Illinois, British Columbia, and
Nevada.

595. Roee-breasted Grosbeak (ZamOodia ludovtcia-
na). L. 8. Ad. c?. Black; rump, belly, tips of
nner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing

hite; under wing<overts and breast rose. Ad. 9.

nder wing<overts saffron; above streaked brown and

ick; below whitish streaked with blackish; a whiU
like over e^e; two white wing-bars. Yng, cf . Resem-
bles 9 , but under wing-coverts rose; breast more or

s rose-tinged. Notes, Call, a sharp, steely ^i^

ng, a rich, fluent, joyous carol.

Range.~Eastem United States, west to the Plains; breeds froa
northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and
south In Alieghanles to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and
Manitoba; winters in Central and boutti America.

51
W.

7. Purple Finch {Carpodacus purpureus) . L. 6.2;
3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large.

partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feath-
ers; tail slightly forked. Ad. (f. Dull rose, head and
rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white.
Ad, 9. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with
whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with
dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe
over the eye. Yng, Resemble Ad. 9 • Notes, Call,
creak, creak, and a Querulous whistle; song, a sweet,
rapidly flowing warble. (See page 175. )

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey, the mou.itains of Pennsylvania, and northern
Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of
Mexico.

5 1 7a. California Purple Finch (C. p, californicus).
Similar to No. 517, but cf duller and darker; V decidsd-
ly olive greenish above. (See page 175.)

Range.— Pacific coast region; breeds In the mountains of Califor-
nia; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters fron cen>
tral Oregon to southern Arizona.

174

Perching Birds Marlced With Red.

5 18. Casftin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L.
6.5, j4d. (^, Similar to Ad. c? of No. 517 and No.
517a, but back fnuch blacker, streaks more sharply
defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap\ be-
low much paler. Ad, ?. Similar to Ad 9 of No.
^ 17a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black.
both above and below. NoUs, Resemble those of
No. 517.

Ran^. -Western United States, east to the eastern base of the
Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds In the mountains from New
Mexico north to British Columbia.

519. House Finch {Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis) .
L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad, cf. Ihroat, breast, /or^/kfo^, line
ov^r eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish
brown tinged with red; bellv white, streaked with
brownish. Ad, ?. Above brownish gray obscurely
streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white
streaked with brownish. Ad, cT in IVinter, Red
areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng,
Resemble Ad. $. Notes, Call, nasal, in chorus,
chattering; song, a musical cheery, variecl warble, re-
minding one of ttiat of No. 517, but recognizably diff-
erent.

Ran ?e.— Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the
Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoicin|{r and
Oregon.

519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m, ruberrimus).
Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more ex-
tended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts.

Range.— Southern Lower California.

5 1 9o. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. dementis)
Simii.ir to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging short-
er, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; colora-
tion somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Sanu Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island.
Lower California.

520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus).
Similar to No. q 19, but red deeper; back dark brown
without red suffusion.

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mc
gregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with
relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer
and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more
flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5: B. .5.
">idgw.)

^ nge.— San Benito Island, Lower California.

175

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

4^^

527. Greenland Redpoll {Acanthis hortumamm).
L. 6.1; W. 5.3. A red crown-patch. Ad. ^, Runip,
lower breast, sides and belly vohiU^ generally unstnaked;
breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink.
In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with
buff. Ad. 9. Similar to (^, but no pink on breast or
rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked.

Ran^. — Breeds in Greenland: winters south to Labrador.

527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h, exilipes). Similar to
No. 527 but smaller and darker; rump still white j but
with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3:
B. .3.

Ran^.— Breeds in Arctic re^ons; in America, winters south Irreg-
ularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan.

528. Redpoll (Acanihis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8;
T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad, cf. Above
blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some
whitish; rump fuavily streaked with blackish edged
with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides
heavily streaked. Ad, ?. Similar, but no pink on
rump or breast. Yng. c?. Like female. hJotes. Call
like that of Goldfincn or Siskin and chit\ song like
that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.)

Range.— Breeds In northern parts of northern hemisphere; In Amer-
ica, winters south to northern United States. Irregularly to Virginia.
Alabama. Kansas, Colorado, and northern California.

528a. Holboell Redpoll (A, I, holhalln). Similar
to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3;
B. .38.

Range.— Breeds In northern parts of northern hemisphere; in Amer-
ica, winters south, casuallv to northern United States. [Quebec. On-
tario, and Massachusetts.)

528b. Greater Redpoll {A, I, rostrata). Similar to
No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T.
2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28.

Range.— "Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in
winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern bortler of the
United States. (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois,
etc.) . and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.)

749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet {Regultts calendula),
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad, cf . A
more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back
olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less
tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad, 9 ^>^
Yng, Similar, but no* crown-patch. hJoies, Call, a
wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical,
varied, flute-like whistle.

Range.— North America; breeds from the northern border of the
United States northward and south In the Rocky Mountains to Arizo-
na and on the Sierra Nevadi of California; winters from South Car-
olina and Oregon southward to Central America.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet {R. c, grinnelli) , Similar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buff y below.

Range.—Paclfic coast; breeds in southern Alaska: winters sooth-
ward to California. •

176

Perching Birds Marked With Red.

750. Dusky Kinglet {Re^ulus obscurus). Similar to
No. 749f but above sooty olive, ^d, cf . With crown-
patch pinkish or purplish vermilion-red. (Ridgw.)
(Seepage 176.)

Range.— Ouadalupe Island. Lower California.

— European Goldflnoh (CardueUs cardtulis) , L. 5.^0.
Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stnpe
black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band;
inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below
white tinged with brownish. Notes, Call, twit\ song,
«*sweet and varied." (See page 176.)

Range. — Introduced In this country near Hoboken. N. J., in 1878;
now not uncommon near New York City.

443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora farfica-

/a>. L. 14.5. y4d. c?. Above gray, back washed

with red or yellow; crown-patch red. j4d. ?. Similar,

but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. NoUs,

Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing.

Range.— Central America and Mexico: breeds through Texas north
to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Cen-
tral America: accldenul in Florida and as far north as Connecticut
and Hudson Bay.

471. Vermilion Flycatcher {Pyrocephalus rubineus
fMxscanus). L. 6. y4d. cf . Crown and underparts
red; back grayish brown, /id. ?. Above brownish,
below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or
yellow. Yng. c^. Similar to ? but spotted with red
below and on crown. Notes, A shrill ^i-brie^ ^i-breiy
uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up
in the air. (Bendire.)

Range. — Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely) ; "winter vis-
itant to southern California." (Grinnell.)

688. Painted Redstart (^Setophaga picta). L. $.a.
Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch
in wings and outer tail-feathers white.

Range— Mexican plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona

690. Red-faced Warbler (CardelUna rubrifrons).
L. 5.2. Ads, Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck
red. crown and ear<overts black, nape band and rump
whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes.
A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.)

Range.~From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to south-

?5X

•m Arixona and western New Mexico.

177

PepohinoPffaTMaMi^

With Red.

498. Red-winged Blaclcbird {Ag$latus phctmcMs).
\ L. cf , 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88: depth at base, .5. yid. ^.
\ Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser
wing-coverts scarlet; median wmg<overts buff, tips in
summer whitish. Ad, $. Above brownish black,
widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish
heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange
or yellow; lesser wing<overts tinged with red. Yng,
(?. Similar to Ad. cf , but heavily margined with rusty
above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and
narrowly edged with black. NoUs. Call, chm, chikk,
a reedy cack\ song, a chorus song, a liquid kongquS^r-rei;
alarm note a shrill cbee-e-e-^e. The notes of this species
are subject to much variation with locality, but 1 find
it impossible to express on paper differences perfectiy
apparent when heard.

Ran^.—Eastem North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north
to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Vlr^nia and sootbera
Illinois southward.

498a. Sonoran Red-wing (W. p. sonoriensis). Sim-
ilar to No. 408, but larger, bill more slender; 9 paler,
streaking below browner. W. ?, 4.8; B .95; depth at
base .5.

Range.— Lower Colorado Valley In California and Arizona, sootbeni
Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Locas.

498b. Bahaman Red-wing {A. t. bryanti). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female
streaked below with brownish instead of black.

Ran^. — Bahamas and southern Rorida.

498c. Florida Red-wing {A. p. floridanus). Simi-
lar to No. 498, but smaller, the Dill longer and more
slender; cf 1 W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4.

Ran ^.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; vttt aloof
Gulf coast to Texas.

49 8d. Tliiclc-bilied Red-wing (A, p. fortis)% Simi-
lar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportion-
ately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5.

Range.— Breeds on Mackenzie River. Athabasca, and other Interior
districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from
Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western lillnols. northern KentuclQr, and
southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.)

498e. San Diego Red-wing {A. p, neutralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the ? with
streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5.

Range.— Great Basin regton from southern British Columbia south
to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Low«r
California; In winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.)

498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A, p. caurmum).
Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat
longer and more slender, the 9 with median wing-
coverte deeper buff, the ? much darker, streaks be-
low wider, darkest ? of group. W. 48; B. .9; depth
at base .45*

Range.— Pacific coast from north California to British Colombia;
south In winter to southern California.

178

Perching Birds Marked. With Red.

499. Bioolored Blackbird (Agelaius guberruUor
^aliformcus), Ad. cf . Similar to No. 498, but median
wing<overts darker and broadly tipped -with black,
concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. Ad, ?.
Very different from $ of No. 498; above and below
blackish slightly edeed with rusty. Notts, Similar in
character lo those of No. 498, but with easily recogniz-
able differences. (See page 178.)

Rang:«.— Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California
northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Giscade ransres, to Washing-
ion; migratory at north part of range.

500. Trioclored Blackbird [Agelaius tricolor).
Ad, c?. Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing-
coverts darker, median wing<overts v}hitg\ in winter
black more or less edged with grayish brown; median
wing-coverts dingy. Ad, ?. No rusty; above black-
ish edged with grayish; below black bordered with
whitish. Notes, "Said to be quite different" from
those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.)

Range.— Northern Lower CaUtomUi north to southern Oregon; local
In valleys of Interior.

523. Aleutian Leucosticte {Leucosticte griseonuchaS.
Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-
chucqbte; larger, W. 4-4.

Range.~Islands of Bering Sea (resident); In winter, Shumagin
Islands, lower portion of Allaska Peninsula and Kadlak Island.

524. Gray- crowned Leucosticte (JLeucostici$ tephro-
4x>tis). L. 6.7; W. 4«i. ^d- cf- Reddish brown
more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-
<overts, lesser wing<overts, outer edges of primaries,
and lower belly tipped with pink; forecrown black;
hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat brown.
Ad, ?. oimilar but duller. Yng. Nearly uniform
brownish; margins of primaries showing some
pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qui, qui. (Siiloway.)

Range.— Western United States; breeds In higher parts of Sierra
"Nevada of Calltornla. from Ml. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on
^hite Mountains (Grinnell); north In Rocky Mountains to British
Columbia; In winter east to Manitoba. Colorado, and NebrasKa.

524a. Hepburn Leucosticte (L, t. Uttoralis). Sim-
ilar to No. 524, but cheeks graj^ like hindhead; throat
often grayish.

Range.— Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia;
north to Alaska; winters south to Cotorado and, on Pacific Coast, as
•Ur north as Kadlak Island.

525. Black Leucosticte {Leucosticte atrata). Simi-
lar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish black
in Ad, cf . or dusky slate brownish in Ad, $ and Yng.

Range. — Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming;
-winters south to Colorado and Utah.

526. Brown-capped Leucosticte {Leucosticte aus-
tralis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on
hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradualryr into
brown of nape and back.

Ranee. — Breeds In mountains of Colorado at about xaooo feet altl-
tude^ winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico.

179

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

:auH^

599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospt^a amana), L, 5.$.
Ad, cf. Jwo white wing-bars; breast cinnainon,
throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In
winter more or less tipped wth rusty. Ad, ^, Middle
wing-coverts tipped w'\\h whitish; above grayish brown
with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and
le-ser wing-coverts; below whitish, oreast buff. Yng.
Like 9, but browner, no blue. Nates. Suggest those
of the Indigo Bunting.

Rinfi^e.— Western United States, east to western fCansas; breeds
north to Montana and British Columbia; winters In Mexico.

600. Varied Bunting (Cyanospi^a versicolor). L.
5.5. Ad, c?. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue,
nape red. Ad, $. Above brownish gray: below
whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on
rump, wings and tail. Much like $ of No. 598, but
less brown above and no streaks below. Yng. Re-
semble ?.

RanK:e.~Mexico; breeding: north to southern Texas and southern
Arizona; winters south of United States.

600a. Beautiful Bunting {C. v, pulchra). Similar to
No. 600^ but slightly smaller, rump more purple,
throat With less red.

Range.— Southern Lower Caiifomia.

601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospi(a
ciris), L. 5.4. ^d, (^, Below red, rump duller,
back green, head dark blue. Ad, ?. Bright^ shining
olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yng, cf.
Like ? ; second year variously intermediate between
Ad. c^. and ?. Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo
Bunting but possess less volume.

Range. — Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolhu.
southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; win-
ters in Mexico and Central America.

654. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica
cwrulescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of
primaries. Ad, r?. Throat and sides black; belly
white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers
with white. Ad, ?. Grayish olive-green; below
yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white
wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above
coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. Yng, cf. Like Ad. (^,
but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped
with whitish. Notes, Call, a sharp, characteristic
chip] song, usually, ^ee-^ee-^ee in an ascending
scale.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut,
mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Min-
nesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters tn Central
and South America.

654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnsi). Similar to
No. 654. but c? darker, the back with more or less
black; $ darker and duller.

Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alieghenies; winters
south of United Sutes,

180

Perching Birds Marlced With Blue.

658. Oerulean Warbler (Dnidroica cofrula). L. $.
^d, cf . A gray-blue breast band; above bright grajr-
blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail
ivhite. jid. 9 and Yng. c?. Above blue-gray washed
^th greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line
over eye. Not^, Call, a warbler lisp and ichtp of the
Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula
AYarbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.)

Range.— Mlsslssfppl Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east
to Cayuga G>unty, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; gener-
<ally rare east of Alleghanies: migrates south through Texas and
irtnters In Central and3outh Aaerica.

597. Blue Qrosbeak (Guiraca aerultd), L. 7; W.
3-4. ^d. cf. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and
sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-cov^rts
broadly, greater win^-coverts narrowly tipped with
Chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brown-
ish above and below. /Id. $. Above grayish brown,
deepest on head; below grayish white washed with
buffy: wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or
less blue, particulariy abi>ut head. Yng, c?. Like 9 ,
but browner. NoUs. Call, a strong^ harsh, ptchick\
song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like
that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to
that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to
Maryland and southern I'linols; wintrrs south of Unltei States into
Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and
Quebec.

597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. c. la^ula). Sim-
ilar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6. male bri^hler blue;
back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater
coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser
coverts and averatjins: wider than those of No. 597.
Female averaging paler, less brown.

Rani^. — Western United States: breeds from Mexico north to
Kansns. southern Nt-br.iskn. Colorado, and northern California;
"Winters in Mexico and Central America.

598. Indigo Bunting (Cranos/>i'{^n'an/<2). L. 5.4.

No white wing-bars. Ad. cT. Deep blue, darkest
on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less
mixed with blue. Ad. $. Above brown; below
whitish washed with brown with a sufrgesUoti o/streaks;
lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually
tinged with blue. Yng. Similar to 9 but below more
streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge.
Notes. Call, a sharp /n/; song, a tinkling, unsympa-
thetic, rapid warble, Julv, July, sumnur-sumnur^ s here\
ntorning, noontide, evening, list to me.

Range.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Col-
orado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central
America.

181

Perohing Birds Marked With Blue.

766. Bluebird (5ia/Mjia/f5). L. 7. /^^. cf. Above^
including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast
rusty brown, belly whitish. Ad, 9. Above grayer,
below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes ^ have
upperparts tipped with rusty. NoUs, Call, tur-ws^,
tur-w44\ song, a rich and sweet but short warble.

Ranre. — Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to
Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New Engtand and
southern Illinois southward

766a. Azure Bluebird (5. 5. aptrea). Similar to
No. 766, but breast paler, upjJerparts less deep, more
cerulean.

Range. — Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arfioiuu

767. Western Bluebird [Sialia tnexicana occidentalis) .
L. 7. Ad. cf . Above bright blue,forebackwith more or
less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat
Wtt^, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. ?.
Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated;
throat bluish gray, breast paler than in rf. Notts,
Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and
wilder.

Ranf^e. — Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north
to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during mi-
grations, to New Mexico. (Rldgway.)

767a. Chestnut-baoked Bluebird (5. m. hairdi).
Similar to No. 767, but foreback wholly rust-brown.

Range.— Roclcy Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico.

767b. San Pedro Bluebird (5. m. anabeke).
Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in ex-
tent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on
back, and divided into two patches on breast by back-
ward extension of blue of throat; W. 4-2. (Ridgw.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains. Lower CalifomU.

768. Mountain Bluebird {Sialia arctica). L. 7.5.
Ad, cf . Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and
breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are
more or less tipped with brownish. Ad, ?. Above
brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast gray-
ish buff; belly whitish. Notes, Call, suggests that
of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from
the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to
the Great Slave Lalce region; winters from the Mexico boundary
states south into Mexico.

182

Perching Birds Marked With Blue.

477. Blue 4My (Cyanociitacnstata), L. 11.7. j4ds,
Lt>ove ^ray-blue, breast and sides washed with grayish;
/^hite tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch
>ng. Not^. Varied; commonly a loud harsh jay jay\
ften whistling calls and imitations of the notes of
ther birds, particularly of common Hawks.

Ranee.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breedt fmtu
■eorgw and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson B^^y
tgfloni resident, except at northern part of range.

4.77a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c, florincola). Simi-
ar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a
>urplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly
>arred with black and tipped with white.

Range. — Rorlda and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.

482. Arizona ^My (/ipbelocoma siebmi ari^ofug). L*
13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. /tds Above grayish blue, head,
wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked,
gray breast tingedwith bluish; belly whiter. NoUs.
Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.)

Range.-rNorthem Mexico, north to southern New Mexico &M
Arizona.

482a. Oouoh Jay (/^. 5.
482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T.
whiter.

coucht). Similar to No*
5.3; bluer above, tlimat

Range.— "Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas In theChlMui
Mountains." (Bailey.)

492. Plnon Hy {Cyanoc^pbalus cyanocephalus) . L.
11; T. 4.8. ^ds. Above nearly uniform gr.-fyish blue,
head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streak-
ed with white. Notes. Variable, some as harsh as
those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others
like Jays* common call a shrill, querulous, puh^ p,rh\
when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Ben*
dire.)

Range.— Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower
California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west
to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.

183

Perbhing. Birds Marked With Btae.

479. Florida Jay {Apbdocoma cyatua). L. ii.c
j4ds. Foreback day^olor or pale brownish ^y: heai^
nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast
streaks Wue; a grayish line over eye; throat
belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Noiss.
and unmusical calls.

Range.— Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of
the peninsula. I

480. WoodhouseJay {AphelocomatDoodbous^t^. L
12; W. J. Ads, Back grayish or brownisb blwy usual-
ly not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings
and tail blue; throat gray; belly dingier; breast streaked
with blue; f#m/^ tail- coverts blue; a narrate wbiU line
over eye. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back
bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper.

Range. — Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region) . froa
northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming;
east t3 western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the
Sierras.

480. 1 . Blue-eared Jay {Apbelocoma cyanotis) . Re-
sembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. j; under tail-cov-
erts wbite: back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line
over eye less evident.

Range. — "Mexican tableland north casually to Sotton County.
Texas"' (Bailey.)

480.2. Texan Jay {Aphelocoma texana\ Similar to
No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below
paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with
obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks.
Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail
coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.)

Range.— "Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties
west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.)

481. C9\\iorn\^ }2Ly {Apbelocoma califomica) , Sim-
ilar to No. 480. but back brown; usually sharply de-
fined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly
whiter; breast less streaked with blue. Notes, Varied,
usual call a harsh, metallic squawking.

Range. — Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to
southern Wa'hington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada.

48 I a. Xantus Jay (A. c, hvpoleuca). Similar to No.
481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts de-
cidedly whiter.

Range.— Lower California, north to Lat. 98® .

481b. Belding Jay {A. c. obzcura). Similar to No.
481, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (An-
thony.)

Range. — San Pedro Martir Mountains. Lower California.

481.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Abhelocoma instUaris).
Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; blue area*^
much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty
tinged with blue.

Range. — Sanu Cruz Island. California.

184

Perohing Birds Marked With Blue.

478. Steller Jay {Cyanodita sMlm). L. 13. Ads.
Orest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and
belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less
streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a loud,
harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a
whistler.

Range. — Pacific coast from Monterey. CalifomU, north to near
Cook Iniet, Alaska. Including Vancouver Island.

478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C s. frontalis). Similar
to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly
turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes
extends to the crest

Range. — "Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California
«nd western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A. O. U.)

478b. Long-orested Jay (C. s. diademaia). Simi-
lar to No. 478, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise,
as in No. 478a; crest longer, the forehead with pale,
bluisk white streaks; a white spot over the eye.

Range.— "Southern Rocky iMountalns; north to southern Wyoming;
west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of
northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.)

4780. Blaok-headed Jay (C. 5. annectens). Be-
tween No. 478 and No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and
spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as
in former.

Range. — Northern Rocky Mountain reelon from northern Utah and
southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia.

478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottce). Sim-
ilar to No. 478, but darker,sooty slate above,blue deeper.

Ranee.— Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia.

483. Green Jay {Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens) .
L. II. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat
blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green;
outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and
belly greenish yellow, hiotes. Noisy and harsh often
suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south Into north-
eastern Mexico.

185

483

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

503. Audubon Oriole {Icterus audubomi). L. 9.5.
j4ds. Head, breast, wings and tail blaci<; belly yellow;
back greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below;
olive-green above. Notes, See No. 507.

R.] n)^.— Mexico Borth to the Lower Rio Grande: CMiially as fur as
San Aritonio. Texas; resident.

504. Soott Oriole (Icterus parisonem). L. 8; B. .95;
^J. f. Lesser wing-coverts, base of taiL rump and
belh- yellow, rest of plumage black. j4d. 9- . lellow-
\<h I elow, olive-green above, two white wing-bars.
Vtig d' Like female, but throat black. NqUs. See
Na. '^07.

R CI nsfe —Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Ttxms,
noTihvrn New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern Callfomi«;
wjFUtrs in Mexico.

505. Hooded Oriole {Icterus cucullatus sennetti).
L. 8; B. .75. /Id, (?. Orame; forehead, face, throat,
forei ack, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and
lips to greater ones white, ^d. ?. Yellowish below,
brou nish olive-green above, X}\'0 white wing-bars*
Ytt-. d. Like ?, but throat black. Notes. See No.
507

R 1 ri]{:e.— Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters

in M ^ko.

505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (/. c. tulsatU), Sim-
L*r 1 ) No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of

' ■ ;e.

re.— Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating
southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California,
V V ■' t Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico.

507. Baltimore Oriole (/^<rf2<5 ^if/^ffAi). L. 7.5.
.>r,/ f. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and
mid J ie tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser
win^<overts and ends of outer tail-feathers oranee;
w in 1; -coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. V.
Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black;
tump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow,
rtiroit generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all
ihc^ ^ange and black Orioles known to me are mellow,
ni J :al, querulous whistles generally given in detach-
ed hagments, all much alike in character but dis-
tinguishable when one becomes familiar with them.

T^.L, re.— Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains;
> r ! . from Rorida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and
t iskatchewan; winters in Central and South America.

!30B. Bullook Oriole (Icterus buUockt). L. 7.5.
A.i. f. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and line
OM I eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower;
centir of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feath-
ers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. ^. Above
olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly
whikT; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median cov-
erl.-- tipped, greater coverts externally margined with
\^ hite; chin sometimes blackish. Yng, cf . Like 9»
but center of throat and lores black. Notes, See No.

l^.ing;e.— Western North America, from Mexico north to Asslnibola
and L^ritish Columbia; east to western Texas: west to the Pacific;
wlRtvrsIn Mexico.

186

Perohing Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

637. Prothonotary Warbler iProtonotaria cHr$a).
L. 5.5. Tail-fealhers with large white areas. Ad. (f.
Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back
greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad, ?. Crown green-
ish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in
tail. Notss. Call, a shirp, metallic chink; song, a
**high pitched, penetrating and startling" "*#rf, tswi^t,
istcMt, tsxBssty tswMty tsweet,^^ (Jones.)

Ran^. — Eastern North America: breeds from the Gulf Stuiefi north
to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters In »he tropics,

651. 0\\y%yNwb\tr {Dendroica olivacea), L. 5.2.
j4d. cJ. Head and breast orange brown, a black band
through the eye; back olive-gray; belly jjrayisii; wing-
bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. f.
Above olive-eray, head yellower; eye- band dusky;
breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid quirt
quirt ^ quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.)

Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mounUJns cf
Arizona and New Mexico.

662. Blaokburnlan Warbler {Dendroica blj^kbitr-
niof). L. 5.2. Ad, (f. Throat, line over eye, center
of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; baci^ black
with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white;
tail-spots white. Ad. ?. Yellow areas paler; above
grayish streaked with blackish. Yn^. and Ad. M l^Vm-
Ur. Similar to Ad. 9, but throat paler, back browner;
wing with two distinct baf$- Noteu Song, wa-^ee-^it-
suy tseo'tsee, isee^ tsee-tsu^ tses, tsee, in an asc tending
scale, the last shrill and fine.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern N>w Eng-
land ^nd in Berkshire and Worcester counties. Massat tig setts f,
And northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bu region,
(and south In Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters In trnpEcs.

687. Rednari {Sstophagaruticilla), L. 5.4. Ad.
C?. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail ric
salmon. Ad. ^, Sides of breast, band in wings an
in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray: bi
below whitish. Yng. cf . Intermediate between <idul
Notes. Song, ching^ chingj chee\ ser-wee, swes, svo.^-e. ,

Range.~North America: rare on the Pac-lfic coast; brei-Js fitim
North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska . winters
In the West Indies. Central and South America.

748. Qolden-orowned Kinglet C^egulus s^jtm^a).
L. 4.1. Ad. (^. Crown orange and yellow bordfred
by black; a whitish line over eye: back grayish o \vt?-
freen; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wti^e
bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. V ■ No
orange in crown, its whole center yellow. NoUs.
Call, a fine, high ii'ti\ song, five or six fine, shdll
high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather ex-
plosive warble. **/f/^, t^es^ t^ee^ tzee, ti. ti, ter, ^Hi-ii,'^

Range,— North America; breeds from nortnern United State's north-
ward, and southward along the Rockies Into Mexico and in 'I10 AlTe-
ghenies to North Carolina; winters from about Its southern brm^Jing
limit to the Gulf Sutes and Mexico.

748a. Western Golden-orowned Kinglet {R. jf.

olivacms). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter
olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge.

Range.— Pacific coast region: breeds from the higher Si-.rfj Ne*
vada or Callfbmia north to southern Alaska. iQy

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

666. Golden-oheeked Warbler {Dsndroica ckryso-
porta), L. 5. j4d. ^. Throat, crown and back
Dlack; cheeks and spot m forehead yellow; a narrow
black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches
white, ^d, 9. Above olive green with Wot:* streaksx
cheeks duller than in cf , eye-streak dusky; throat
yellow, breast blackish; belly wbiu. Notes. Song,
tser, weasy-weasy, twia, resembling song of No. 667.
(Nehrling.)

Rang*.— Western central and southern Texas and south throu^
eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.)

667. Black-throated Green Warbler {Dendroica
virms). L. 5. ^d, c?. Throat and breast black;
cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; winjj-bars
and tail patches white. Ad, ? and Yng, (f. Similar,
but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellow-
ish; belly tinged with yellow; back without black streaks.
Yng, ? . Throat and breast yellowish white, little or
no black. Notes, Song, a droning j^/, ^eiy ^i-ii^ ^ii.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and
northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay. and south in
Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters In Central America.

668. Townsend Warbler {Dendroica townsendt),
L. 5.1. Ad,(^. A black eye-patch bordered by yel-
low stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green
spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white.
/4d. 9. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctiy
blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few Wack
streaks. Yng, Similar, but yellower. Notes. Song, di-ds^
de-de, de, like that of No. 677. (Merrill.)

Range. —Western North America; breeds from mountains of south-
ern California north to Alaslca. east to western Colorado; In migr^i-
tlons to western Texas: winters in Mexico.

669. Hermit Warbler {Dendroica occidentalis), L.
5.1. Underparts without streaks. Ad, c?. Crown
and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted
with black; wing-bars and tail patches white. Ad, 9.
Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray,
usually without spots. Yng, ^, Similar, but yellow-
er. Yng, (^, Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks
yellow; Dack olive-green with concealed black spots.
Much like Yng of No. 667. but forehead yellower, no
streaks below. Notes, Song, ^eegle-^eegle-^eegU-^uk,
(Barlow.)

Range.— Western United States; breeds In high mountains
from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast
district of United States to Roci<y Mountains; migrates to Low-
er California. Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.)

684. Hooded Warbler {IVUsonia mitrata), L. 5.7.
Outer tail-feather with white patches. Ad. (J. Fore-
head and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast
and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green.
Ad, 9 . Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually
with black. Notes. Call, a sharp chup; song, a
gracefully whistled >'(w#mtt5/ coim to the woods^ or you
wont see me.

Range.— Eastern United States: breeds north to southern Connectl«
cut. central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in
Central America.

188

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

531. Laynrenoe Ooldfinoh (j4 sir agalinus lawrenat).
L. 4.7. j4d. (^, Crown, throat and front of cheeks
black; body gray\ breast, rump, wings and, to a less de-
gree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large
white spots near the end. ^d, 9. Similar, but no
black, back browner and without yellow. Notes.
Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.

Range— California, west of the Sierra: breeds from northern Lower
California north to Chico. California; winters to Arizona and New
Mexico.

642. Golden-winged Warbler (Helminihophtla chry
soptera), L. 5. Ad. c?. Crown yellow, wing-bars
broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish
white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad, ?.
Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. No/«.
Song, a lazy ^ee-^ee-^ee'^ee all on same note.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey
and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Mich-
l8:an. and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Cen-
tral America.

678. Oonneotlout Warbler (Gtothlypis agilis). L.
5.5. Eye- ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad,
c^. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast
paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green: be-
low yellow, sides greenish. Ad. ? and Yng, Throat
and breast olive brawn\ belly yellow; back brownish
olive-green; crown browner. Notes, Call, a sharp
peek] song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellowthroat
and also that oiOvtnb\x(i^free'chapple,firee'chapple,free'
chappie i whoit, (Seton.)

Range.— Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba;
known to breed only In Manitoba; winters in northern South America.

679. Mourning Warbler {Geothlypis Philadelphia).
L. 5.4. No white in wines or tail. Ad, (f. No white
eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate: throat black-
ish: breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly
yellow; back olive-green. Ad, ?. Head slaty; throat
and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring.
Yng, Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow.
Notes, Song, clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se,
the last couplet accented and much higher pitched.
(Jones.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scoua
and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia;
winters In Central and South America.

680. Maoglllivray Warbler {GeothlvMs tolmet),
L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incoml
plete white eye-ring showing above and below eye,

Range. — Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific: breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern Cal-
ifornia north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Ne-
braska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.

189

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

656. Audubon Warbler {Dendroica audubom), L.
5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and tbroat usually
with yellow. j4d. J*. Throat bright yellow; breast
black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wmg-bars
broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad, 9 •
Similar to male^ but breast grayish; yellow less bright;
less white in wings. c?» IVinter. Like same plumage
of No. 655, but throat yellowish: more white in taiL
9 , IVintsr. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes
without yellow^ when like No. 655. but white on four
or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.

Ran^.— Western United States; breeding In higher mountains
from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia;
winters south into Mexico.

656a. Blaok-fTonted Warbler (D. a, nigrifrons).
Similar to No. 656, but Ad. ^ with forehead, sides of
crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined
with bluish gray. In tointer. Bluish gray, not brown-
ish above. Ad, 9 darker, more heavily streaked with
black above. ( Ridgw. )

Range. — ^Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

657. MagnollM Vil Mrbler {Dendroica maculosa). L.
5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band
across middle of tail. Ad, ^, Crown ashy, back
black; wing-coverts broadly white: below yellow
streaked with black. Ad, $ . Duller; fewer black
stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng, and
Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy,
back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally
streaked. l^oUs, Song, a loud, clear whistle, chee-to,
chfe-to, chee-Us-ee^ utter^ rapidly and with a falling in-
flection. CLangille.)

Range. Eastern North America, west In migrations, to the Rock-
ies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (And
south along the Alleghanles to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and
Hudson Bay region; winters In Central America.

663. Yellow-throated Warbler {'Dmdroica domtm-
ca), L. 5.2. Ads, Throat and /in^ from bill to eye
yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray;
two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white, l^otes.
Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that
of Indigo Bunting out shorter.

Range.— Southeastern United States; breeds from Rorida north to
Virginia and winters from Florida south Into West Indies.

663a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d, alhUora), Simi-
lar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white
or with but traces of yellow.

Range.— Mississippi Vallev; breeds from Texas north to Kanis.
southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters In
Mexico and Central America.

664. Graoe Warbler {^endroica grades), L. 5.
Ad. (?. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray;
above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-
bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ?. Similar, but
duller, back sometimes brownish.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, soQthwesttm
Colorado, and Arizona.

190

Perching BirdslMark^d With Yellow or Orange.

686. Canadian Warbler {IVUsoma canadensis)^
L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. //J. rf . A neck-'
lace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow;
forehead black. Ad. ? and Yng, (7. Black areas
smaller. Yng. ?. Slightly yellowish above; necklace
slightly Indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu,
tswe, iuy tu. longer or shorter and suggesting in style of
utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch.
(Jones.) (Seepage 190.)

Rang*.— Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, cen-
tral New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manlto- y
ba. and south alone the Atleghanles to North Carolina; winters in
Central and South America.

640
L. 4.2.

Baohman Warbler {HelmmtbophCahachmami).
Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch
more or less distinct. j4d. cf . Breast-patch and
crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow;
back olive-green, hindhead grayish. j4d. ?. Above
grayish olive-green, head grayer; below din^y grayish
with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating,re-
sembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when
breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or
Chippy. (Widmann).

Range.— Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to
Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed
onlv In Missouri; winters south of United States.

641. Blue-winged Warbler (Helmtnthopbtla pmus).
L. 4.8. j4d. (?• Crown and underparts yellow; back
olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish
wing-bars ; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad.
9 . Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes.
Song, a wheezy, swee-chee^ the first inhaled, the second
exhaled; also, later, zdH, chi-chi-chi-chi^ chur, chie-chur.

Ranee.— Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecti-
cut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters
south of United States. ,r. , , t-^, ^-v t

670. Kirtland Warbler {Dendrotca ktrtlandi). L.
5.7. /fd. cj. Above bluish gray streaked with black;
below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-
bars grayish; tail-patches white. Ad. ?. Similar,
but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of
Maryland Ydlow-throat and also that of Yellow-throat-

Ranee.— Eastern United States; has been found from April to Oc-
tober In United States as follows: In Florida. South Carolina. Virgin-
la. Missouri, Illinois, Indtona. Ohio, Minnesota. Michigan, and On-
terio. In all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding In summer
of XO03 In Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where
some fifty specimen^ have been taken. .....

671. Pine Warbler {Dendrotca vtgorstt). L. 5.5.
j4d. c?. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above
bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches
white. Ad. ?. Similar, but breast duller, back
browner. Yng. ^. Similar to Ad. cT, but browner.
Yng. 9. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all

yellowish; back ohve-brown. Notes, bong, sug
zesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to
New Brunswlclc, MInnesoU. and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and
southern Illinois to Gulf States.

191

Perching Birds Marlced With Yellow or Orange.

rins: Sea portion of

696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail {Budytcs flavus lew
costriatus), L. 6.5. Ad, J*. Crown bluish slate, a
white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow;
wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white.
Ad, $. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars
browner. NoUs, Call, a sharp, pU-pli-plr, song, a
low, dear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the
wing. (Nelson.) (See page 191.)

Ran^.— China, Eastern Siberia, and Berlni
Alaska.

529. American Goldfinch {Astragalmus iristis).
L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad, c?. Yellow, cap, wings and tail
black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of
tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad, 9 , Above gray-
ish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish;
wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to
tail not distinct. Yng. r? and Ad, c? in winter. Simi-
lar to 9 but wings and tail black; wliite markings
prayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perch-
mg, hear me j bear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when fly-
ing, per-chic-o-ree; per-chic-o-ree\ song, sweet, rapid,
varied and canary-like.

Ran^.— Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from
Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from
northern United States to the Gulf States.

529a. Western Goldfinch {A. t.pallidus). Similar
to No. 529, but larger, W. 3.05. Ad, c?, in summer^
similar in color to No. 529. ? and c?, in winter.
Much paler, the white areas greater in extent.

Range.— Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to
British Columbia.

529b. California Goldflnoh {A, U salicamans).

Similar to No. 529, but wings and tail shorter and
color darker. Ad, ^ in summer. With back always
(?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than
No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 5203
(Ridgw.) ^^'

Range.— California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California,
norih 10 Washington.

530. Arlcansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltria).
L, 4.1. Ad. cT- Cap, wings, and tail black, most of
primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-
green, often marked with black; below yellow Ad. 9.
No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish;
wings and toil brownish black, former with white
much reduced, latter with little or no white. Yng. Re-
semble female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song, sweet,
varied and musical.

Range.— Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific-
breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, nonh to
Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern
part of its breeding range southward.

530b. Mexican Goldfinch [A. p. mexicana). Re-
sembles No. 530, but cheeks and entire upperparts black;
¥ as in No. 530.
Range. — Mexico, north to southern Texas.

192

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

685. Wilson Warbler (IVilsoma pusUU). L. 5.
No white in plumage. Ad, ^, Crown shining bl :ck;
forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-
green. Ad, 9. Similar, but crown-patch often
smaller, sometimes absent. Yng, ?. Crown-patch
absent. Notes. Song, Hsh-'tsh-Ush-tsbea. (Nuttall )
Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.)

Rang«. — Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, north-
eastern Maine, and Ontario north to Ljibrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters In Mexico and Central America; "occasional during mi-
ration In Colorado . . . and other parts of the Rocky Mountain dis-
trict " (Rid^w ) (See piee 193.)

685a. Pileolated Warbler (IV, p, pileolata). Sim-
ilar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, olive brighter.

Range. — Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky
Mountain district from western Texas In higher mountains, north-
ward to Alaska, coast and Interior; westward to eastern Oregon and
Queen Chark>tte Islands; in migrations over all of western North Amer-
ica and east to Minnesota; In winter south to Central America.
(RIdgw.) (See page xoa.)

685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (^. p, chryseo-
la). Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer
yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to
British Columbia; In migration east to eastern Oregon; south to
Chihuahua and Lower California. (Rl Jgw.) (See page xga.)

677. Kentucky Warbler i^Geothlypis formosd). L.
5.6. No white in plumage. Ad. c?. Cheeks and
crown black the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-
green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow.
Ad, 9. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks;
yellow duller. Notes, Song, a loud musical whistle,
turdle, turdli, turdU^ suggesting notes of Carolina
Wren.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to
lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska;
winters in Ontral and northern South America.

681. Maryland Yellow-throat {Geothlypis trichas).
L. 5.2; W. 2.1. Ad. (?. Forehead and cheeks black,
bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and
breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides
brownish. Ad. ?. No black mask; above dull olive-
green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or
less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brown-
ish. Yng. (f. Similar to Ad. 9, but browner; breast
yellow: cheeks and forehead with more or less half-
concealed black. Notes, Calls, pit, chit, or cback;
song, variable, often wicbitj/, tDichity^wichity,

Range.— "Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding In Vir-
ginia. District of Columbia. Maryland and southern Pennsylvania
(Carllsle),probably also In Delaware and southern New Jersey and
in upland portions of Carollnasand Georgia; .... south In winter to
Bahamas . . . . " (Rldgw.)

681a. Western Yellow-throat (G.t. occidmtalis).
Similar to No. 68id, but yellow below richer, border of
mask whiter and broader.

Range. — Arid western United States; east to western portions of
Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?) ; west to
southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and
northern Lower California: southward In winter to western Mexico and
Cape St Lucas. (Rldgw.)

193

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

08 lb.' Florida Yellow-throat (G. /. igtwta). Simi-
lar to No. 68id, but yellow below more extended and
deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts,
especially hindhead, browner.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States
fiom southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf knr-
Kinds to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South CaroHna
southward; also In Cuba. (Rldgw.)

68 1 0. Paolflo Yellow-throat (G. /. arirela). Sim-
ilar to No. 68ia,but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter,
color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow
usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)

Range.— "Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia soothwaLrd;
breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward
to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas."
(Rldgw.)

68 1 d. Northern Yellow-throat (G. /. hrachidactyla).
Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. a^z.
Ad, cf . More yellow below, more olive-green above.
Ad, 9. Usually with yellow below brighter and
more extended. (Ridgw.)

Ran8:e.~Northeastem United States from northern New Jersey to
Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and
south through Misslssslppi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf
Slates and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas. Mexico, and Cen-
tral America. (Rldgw.)

6816. Salt Marah Yellow-throat (G. /. sitmosa).
Similar to No. 68ic, but much smaller and slightly
darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Salt Marshes of San Fnnclsco Bay, California.

682. Balding Yellow-throat (Geoibljfis heldingi),
L. 5.7. Ad. (^, Black mask crossing head diagonally
bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in
No. 68ia. Ad, ?. Similar to $ of No. 681, but
larger.

Range.— Lower California.

682.1. RIo Qrande Yellow-throat {Geotblyp's pol-
iocsphala), L. 5.7. Ads, Lores and forehead black,
crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley In Texas and southward Into
Mexico.

194

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

645. Nashville Warbler {Helminthopbilaruhricapaia).
L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. j4d, (f, A
chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish
gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright
yellow. j4d.^. Similar, but little or no chocolate in
crown; yellow duller. Yng. Head brownish; under-
parts washed with brownish, particularly on throat
and flanks. NoUs, Song, ki-tsee-ks'tsu-ki-isu-cbip-es.
chip-ee-ckip-u-chip, first half like Black and White
Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's.
(Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York.
Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson
Bay region; winters south of United States.

645a. Calaveras Warbler (//. r. gutturalis). Sim-
ilar to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer
yellow.

Range.— Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from
the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon,
northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico;
southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.)

648. Parula Warbler {Campsotblypis annricana),
L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad, c?. Above grayish blue, a
yellowish patch in the back\ breast yellow washed with
chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly,
wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white.
j4d, 9. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no
chestnut Noiss. A short, little, guttural, lisping
trill.

Range.— Breeds In south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas
north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount
Carmel. Illinois (Brewst ); winters from Gulf States southward.

648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a, usnsof).
Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller,
the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging
wider; the chestnut wash stronger.

Range.—Breeds In New England, New York and west along the
northern tier of states, north Into Maritime Provinces and Canada;
¥flnters from Gulf states southward.

649. Sennefft Warbler (Campsothlvpis nigrilora).
L. 4.5. Similar to No. 648. but yellow below reaching
to belly; breast without black and with only a slight
brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. Notes.
Song probably Resembles that of No. 648.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley south Into eastern Mexico.

746. Verdin {j4uriparusflaviceps). L. 4.2; W. 2.2;
T. i.o. Ad. cf- Head and throat yellow; forehead
usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser
wing<overts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray;
belly whitish. Ad, 9, Similar, but less yellow.

Range.~Southem border of the United Sutes and northern Mexico
from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah
and southern "Nevada.

746a. Baird Verdin (/^./. /am^o^^/115). Simi-
lar to No. 7a6, but tail shorter; wing somewhat short-
er; yellow ot head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Ober-
holser.

Range.--Lower California.

, 195

Perching Birds Marlced With Yellow or Orange.

650. Cape May Warbler {Dendroica tigrina), L.
5.1. Ad, ^, Ear-coverts and wash on throat chest-
nut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots;
below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broad-
ly white; outer tail-fenthers with white. Ad, 9 and
Yng, r?. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. Yng.
9. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinjied
with yellow; wing-bars narrow. NoUs. Song, a wiry
^^a-wit, awitf a-vit, a-wit, repeated. (Butler.)

Ran^e.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng"-
land. rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region: winters sootb
of United btates.

652. Yellow Warbler (D^yfJfof^ a?5/tvtf). L. 5.1.
Inner vanes of tiil-feathers yellow. Ad, J*. Crown
^ yellow^ back bright yellowish green: below yellow-
thickly streaked with reddish brown. Ad, ? atui Yng,
rf . Duller above, crown like back; below much paler,
few or no streaks. Yng, ?. Similar to last but still
duller. Notes, Song, a rather loud wee-chuy cfue^ chs^y
cber-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone.

Range.— North America, except Alaska. Pacific coast from Van-
couver north, and southwestern United States, (western TexAS to
Arizona. (RlJgw.); breeds throughout most of Its range, and win-
ters In Central and South America.

652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. or. sanorana).
Similar to No. 652, but cf much yellower, less green
above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below
brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer
sometimes almost wanting. Ad, ?. Similar to Ad.
9 of No. 6$2, but grayer above and whiter below.

Range.— Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and
southern Arizona; winters south of United Sutes.

652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. of, rubiginosd).
Similar to No. 652. but cf darker above, the crown of
about the same color as oack; 9 duller.

Range.— Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and In
Alaska; winters south of United States.

Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica hryanti castan-

L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow.

Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-

below yellow lightly streaked with reddish

Ad, $, Olive-green above; yellow below.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Cen-
tral America and Mexico.

672. Palm VilMrbler {Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2.
No white wing-bars; tail patches white. Ads, Crown
dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow;
breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; belly
much paler, often grayish washed with yellow; back
olive-brown; rump orighter. Ad. in IVinter and Yng,
No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown Indis-
tinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white
washed with yellow and streaked with brownish;
under tail coverts bright yellow. Notes, Call, a recog-
nizable chip; song, a short, simple trill.

R-inge— Eastern North America; breeds In interior of British Amer-
ica west of Hudson Bay; migrates south tnrough Mississippi Valley
and rarely north Allan Uc States; winters In Florida and West 'ndies.

196

653.

eiceps),
Ad,(^.
green;
brown.

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypocbrysea^.
Similar to No. 672, but underparts entirely bright yel-
low; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are
v^hiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.

Range. EAstem United States; breeds from Nova Scotia north -
-ward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and
winters in Florida and west to Louisiana.

673. Fn\r\B}Narb\er{Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7.
Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. j4d. cf.
Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots
in the backj below yellow, sides with black streaks.
j4d. 9. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots
smaller, sometimes absent. Yng, Similar to 9 Ad.,
but browner. NoUs. Song, a nigh, thin ^ee, ^ee, ^ee,
^ee, ^ee-Sj Tee, the next to last highest. (See page igfe.)

Range.— Eastern United States: breecR from Rorida to Massachu-
setts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters froq south*
«rn Florida intoth'S West Indies.

Lawrence Warbler {Helminthophila lawrettcet). Re-
sembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and
a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642.
It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some
15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to re-
semble to those of both No. 642 and No. 641.

Brewster Warbler {Helminthophila leucobronchialis) ,
Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually
tinged with yellow below, this type being connected
with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above_
and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are
believed to account for these birds of which somewhat
over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the
lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs
resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641.

644. Virginia Warbler {Helmintbophila virgimai),
L. 4-5. No white in wings or tail. Ad, cf . Above
gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yelf-
lowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under ta\\
coverts yellow. Ad. ? . Similar, but less (sometimes
no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-covertsj
duller below. Yng, No crown patch; below washed
with buff, little or no yellow on breast. Notes, Very
musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so
small a bird. (Aitken.)

Range.— Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely
Wyoming) south Into Mexico.

655. fAyrW^ ^ wb\w {Dendroicacoronata), L. 5.6.
Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. Ad. cf •
Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white,
breast largely bhck; two white wing-bars; outer tail-
feathers with wiiite. Ad, $ . Browner above, less black
on breast, c? *'« vnnter. Above brown, back indis-
tinctly streaked with black; below whitish^ breast and
sides streaked with black. Yng, 9 . Similar, but less
yellow on crown and sides. Notes, Call, a character^-
istic tchip; song, a trill.

Range.— Eastern North America, west In migrations, to the Roclcles;
breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to
Labri1orand Alasl<a: winters from Massachusetts and Kansas sbuth
loto ^V^st Indies and Central America. \

■ ^- 197 \

Perching Bird^ Marked With Yellow or Orange.

659. Chestnut-sided

Warbler (Dendroica p^nsj^i-
vanica). L. 5. ^d. c?. Sides chestnut, crown yel-
low; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-
patch and sides of throat black. j4d. ?. Crown dull-
er; chestnut and black reduced. Yng, Above bright
yellow-green, back with or without black spots; bc-
low grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of
chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. Notss, Song,
resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northe n New Jc
ajvd Central Illinois norch to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and s _
jin the Alleghenles to South Carolina) : winters in Central America.

604. Dickcissel iSfn^a atMricana), L. 6.2. Ad,
(f. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of
tnroat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts
reddish chestnut; no white in tail. y4d. ?. Less
yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. Not^,
Song, an earnest, but unmusical dick, dick.che^chs-du,
che.

Range.— Middle United Sutes east of the Rocldes. west of Alle-
gfhenies. breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesou; casual In
Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America.

6 1 8. Bohemian Waxwina (^Amp^lis garrulus). L.
8. Crested. y4ds. Brownish gray; under tail-coverts,
fore-crown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; throat
and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts
tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with
red tips; tail tipped with yellow.

Range. — Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds In tar
north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually
to Pennsylvania. Illinois, Kansas, and northern California

619. Cedar Waxwina (Ampelis c^drorum), L. 7.
Crested. y4ds. Grayish brown; belly j^tllowish; un-
der tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills;
secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and
rarely with red tips. Not^, A fine, lisping note; a
string of notes usually uttered when taking flight

Range. — North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of
South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and soutb^n
Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America.

628. Yellow-throated Vlreo (l/ir^o flavi/rons) . L.
5. J.- Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow, belly
white: above bright olive-green, rump gray; two white
wing-bars. Notes, Call, a scolding cock; song like
Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, sat me; Pm bsrt;
where are you? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to
Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.

683 . Yellow-breasted Chat Qcteria virsus). L- 7.5;
T. 3.07. Ads, Throat and breast bright yellow; low-
er belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at
side of throat white. Notes, Call, a gasping, mew-
ing kei-yuck and chut, chut; song, of whistles, caws and
chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico
(but not In Florida?) north to South Dalcota. southern Minnesota, and
Massachusetts (locally) ; winters in Mexico and Central America.

683a. Long-tailed Chat (/. V. lon^icauda). Simi-
lar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.

Range.— Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexloo
north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexici

198

Perching Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthoctphalus
xanihocephalus). L. lo. Ad. cf. Black; head and
breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white,
black tipped. Ad. ?. Brownish, line over eye, throat
and breast. dull yellow, lower breast streaked with
white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuch\
song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles;
usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily
contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling calf.

Rangfe. —Western North Amerloi, east to Kansas, northern Illinois,
and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds
locany from Texas (?) , New Mexico. Arizona, and Southern Californ-
ia north to the Hudscm Bay region, and southern British Columbia;
winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.

50 1 . Meadcwiark (Sturnella magna) . L. 10.7; W.
4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff;
below yellow, a black breast-crescent: bars on midfile
tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not
spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls^ a nasal note
and a rolling twitter: song, a high fife like whistle of
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or
grace notes.

Range.— Eastern Nortii America west to about Long, xoo^ , north to
New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward.

501a. Texas Meadcwiark (5. m. hoopest). Similar
to No. 501b, but yellow not spreading on to sides of
the throat Notes. Resemble in character those of
No. 501.

Range.— Not well determined; known from Corpus Chrlsti, Texas,
west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Son-
ora. Mexico.

50 1 b. Western Meadcwiark (5. m. neglectd). Sim-
ilar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually
distinct, not confluent along shaft; yellow of throat
spreading on to Its sides; general color paler. Notes,
Calls, a liquid cbUck and a wooden, rolling h-fr-r-f-r'T-r^
song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles
and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.

50 1 c Florida Meadcwiark {S. m. argutula). Sim-
ilar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.

Range.— Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.
514. Evening Grosbeak (Hesperipkona vespertina).
L. 8. Ad. c?» Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and
crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. ? .
Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yel-
lowish; throat and belly whitish; tail-coverts and tail-
feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes.
Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that
of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper. )

Range.— Rocky Mountain region of British America, south. In win-
ter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohk> and casually
through New York to New England.

5 1 4a. Western Evening Grosbeak (//. v. montana),
C? not distinguishable from c? of No. 514; ? more buffy,
esperfally below.

R' ' ^.— Mounulns of western United States from New Mexico
nor . British Columbia.

1 199

Perohing Birds Marked With Yellow or Orange.

# ♦

- EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
474*. Horned Lark {Otocoris alpesiris). L. 7.7, W.
f^i 4-3; ? » 4-'' Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad,
"(f ^winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly j^^iiotr,
black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised
little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye
•and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on
head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish in-
distinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-
* coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky,
sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of
outer feathers white, cf » summer. Yellow areas whit-
er; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. $,
xfflnUr. Similar to c?, but throat and line over eye less
yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly
streaked. ? , summer. More distinctly streaked above.
Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twit-
tering warble sung during soaring flight.

Ran^.— Eastern North America* breeds In Labrador and regloo ••st
of Hudson Bay: winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on comst)
and in the Mississippi Vailey to Illinois.

474b. Prairie Horned Lark (O. a, praticola), W.
cT 4; 9,3.8. Line over eye tDhite, Similar to No.
474? but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally
white, the throat often white and never so yellow as
in winter specimens of No. 474.

Ranee.— Breeds In the Mississippi Valley, south to southern lUtaois
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assinibola; east throucli
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and
northern New Engfland; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters soncb
to South Carolina. Kentucky, and Tex is.

474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a, giraudt), W. cT
3.9; 9, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat
smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye
yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow.

Range.— Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.

NORTHERN HORNED LARKS,
474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a, arcticola), W.
c?, 4,4; ?, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yd'
low in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye
white; back brown with grayish edgings.

Rang:e.— "In summer. Alaska (chiefly In the interior) with the Val-
ley of the Upper Yukon River;. in winter south to Oregon. Utah, and
Montana." (Oberholser.)

474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a, hoyii). W. cf.
4.4; ?, 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye
white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a.
An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a

Ran^e. "In summer, British America from the west shore of Hud-
son Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arclk:
Coast, south to Like Athabasc t; in winter, southward to Nevada.
Utah. Kansas, ani M chigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Lone
Island)." (Oberholser.)

♦ Fourteen subspecies of this wide- ran gins:, variable form are now
recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of thera are too
c osely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When
breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area
which each form alone inh.ibits at this season. But during their mi-
grations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated. It is
usually not possible to Identify them in the field. The reader Is re-
ferred to adfnirable monographs of this group by J. Dwlght, Jr. H^
Auk. VI T. i8q). pp. i)8-zso). and H. C Oberholser (Proc. U. S. v^mSl
Mus.. xxzv, 190a, pp. 801-884;.*

200 V

P^rroMng Birds Marked With Y«Uow or^ Orange.

WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
.4740. D6«ert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolcema). W.
<:?,4.i; ?, 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very
slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat
yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resem-
bles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked
above.

Range. — ^"In summer, western United States from centtal Dakota,
western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on
the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south
to Texas, Chihuahua. Sonora, and southeastern California." (Ober-
tx>lser.)

474e. California Horned Lark (O. a, actio). W.

<?> 3.9; 9, 3.6. rf, summer. Back of head and nape,
spreading on to sides of breast^ pinkish cinnamon; back
distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always,
f oreheaa and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. (},
xointer. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas
paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less
tipped with yellowish. V » summer. Crown and back
uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pink-
ish gray. 9 » vnnter. Less distinctly streaked; black
areas tipped with whitish.

Range.— Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra,
to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.

,474f. Ruddy Horned Lark {0.a.rubea), Similar
to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc.,
much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our
Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with
blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined
from nape; yellow areas richer in color.

Range.— Sacramento County, California.

474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strieata).
Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply
colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streak-
ed with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and
^f^as/ washed with yellow.

Range —"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washlnf^ton west
of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)

474h. Soorohed Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W.
dP» 4; ?» 3/8. Nearest to No. 474l> but the male
differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above,
back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks;
color deeper, browner, more ruddy.

Range.— "In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona;
In winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Mexico." (Oberholser.)

474l Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. d*,
4: 9» 3-8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker
above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yel-
low.

Range.— "In summer, northwestern United States, and southern
British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern
Nevada, northward through Oregon ani Washington east of the Cas-
ca'*'* Jtilnuntains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho: In
yt9 A h\o cwitnU CaUfomla." (Oberholser.)

" •' 201

Perohing Birds Mtrked Wtth Yellow or Orange.

474j. Sonoren Homed Lark {O, a, pallida), W
c?f 3-8j 9f3'6. Nape very pale pinkish; b^ck paJh
grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line ovo
eye. and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles N«i
474I, but is still paler.

Rang*.— "Region Immediately adiacent to the bead of the Golf ol
California. Mexko." (Oberlkolser.)

4741. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. ocddsfUalis) ,
W. c?, 4; ? , 3.8. No dibtinct blackish streaks above;
back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat
yellow, forehead and line over eye tinned with yellow-
Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs
from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked
above.

Range.— In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona;
In winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Mexico aod
southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)

474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast
usually without a yellow tinge.

Range.— Santa Barbara Islands. California.

446. Couch Kingbird (Tyrannus nuUmcholicus
couchii). L. 9.5. ^ds. Throat white, breast and belly
yellow, tail dark brawn; crown gray with an orange
patch, back grayish green; Yng, Similar, but no
crown-patch.

Range.— Guatemala, north In spring as far as Lower Rio Grande.
Texas.

447. Arliansas Kingbird (7>faimff5tvr^^a/f5). L.

9. y4ds. Throat light gray spreading over breast to
yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather
wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With
no crown -patch. Notes, Squeaky, rattiing, rolling
notes; a noisy bird.

Range. — Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100^ .
nonh to Asslnibola, southern Alberta southern British CoIuroMa. west
to the Pacific; winters south of United States, to Central America.

448. Cassin Kingbird (Tyrannus vod/erans). L.
9. y4ds. Throat and breast dark gray, belly yellow;
tail blackj outer web of outer feather not wholly white;
above as m No. 447. Yng, With no crown-patch.
Notes, Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.^

Range.— Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north
through Rockies, from western Texas. New Mexico and Ariaona, to
southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; win-
ters south of United States to Central America.

449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus), L.
II. j4ds. Back brown, wings and t<^ii externally
rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye
and across nape white; throat white, below yellow.
Notes, Kiskadee, reptaXed, (Richmond.)

Range.— Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower
Rio Grande, Texas.

202

Perching Birdv Marked WKIrYeHow or Orange.

451. Sulphur-beHied Flyoatoher {MjnodynasUs Iw
MwMiris), L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with
black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch;
inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish;
back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng, With
no crown-patch. NoUs, A screech, like squ^dcing
of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)

Range— Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arlmna.

452. Crested FlyoBioher {Mytarchuscrinitus), L.

g Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-
rown. y4ds. Throat and breast gray, belly bright
sulphur; back grayish olivi-green; greenest above and
yellowest below of our larger Myiarchu Notes, Loud,
chuckling, grating whistles.

Range -Eastern North America; west to the Plains: breeds from
Rorlda and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters
from southern Florida south to northern South America.

453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus mex-
icanus), L. 9.2;W. 4* Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust brown. Ads, Throat and breast
gray, belly sulphur, both paler than in No. 452; back
grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes,
Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill. )

Range— Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texa«.

453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher {M, m. magts-
ter). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2,
and averaging slightly paler.

averaging slightly pal

nge.-—" Western Mexico ; noi

Range.— "Western Mexico ;~ north to southern Arizona and south-
west New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec. Mexico."

454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cineras-
cens). L. 8.;W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle
tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of
inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish
white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish
brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest
below of our Myiarchi, Notes, A rather resonant but
wooden chuck-pr-r-r-r.

Range.— Western United States: breeds from western Texas and
Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters In southern
Mexico and Central America.

454a. Nutting Flycatcher (Af. c, nuttingt). Simi-
lar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of
outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web
rusty, not dusky.

Ran^. —Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters
n Central America.

454b. Lower California Flycatcher (Af. c. pertinax).
Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above
grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Ranee.— Lower California.

455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher {Mjnarcbus lavtrencet
olivascens). L. 7. Ads, Inner webs of tail-feathers
like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty;
breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back
grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur,

p^ .- Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arlxona;
vi^V }uth to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

203

Perohffiig Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddith Brown.

587. Towhee; Ohewink {Tipilo irythrophthalnms).
L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red.
Ad. cf . Above and breast black; skies reddish chest-
nut; belly white. Ad. $. Above and breast brown.
Call^ cbewink or tcwhsi; song, a loud, not over
musical swe$t bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain Pll try.

Range. — Eastern North Ameilai. west to the Plains; breeds froa
Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine. Ontario, and Manitoba: win-
ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.

587a. White-eyed Towhee (7*. $. allem). Similar
to No. 587. but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath-
ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot l^oUs.
Call, tcwheey much sharper thanihat of No. $87.

Range.— Florida, north along coast to^uth Carolina.

588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L.
8.7. Ad. (^, White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3
long; scapulars and back marked with white; bick
black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. 9 .
Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings
than in (^. NoUs. Call, a Catbird-like nuw; song,
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden,
less musical.

Range.- Great Plains; breeding from southern Monuna and west-
em North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to
Colorado. Utah. New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalanyx). Simi-
lar to No. ?88, but blacker above, no brownish edgings
on front of back; white markings on back less num-
erous; white tip to outer tail-feather /^isthan 1.3 long. ^

Range. — Rockv Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds
from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory In the northern part of
range.

588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m. oregottus). Similar
to No. 588a. but darker; practically no brownish edg-
ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark-
ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather
less than i. long; sides much deeper.

Range.— Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Colombia;
winters south to southern California.

588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. cUnuntof).
Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or
grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range. -"San Clemente. Santa Cruz. Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat-
alina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)

288d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar
to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings
of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.

Range.— The southern coast district of southern California, south
Into Lower California. (Ridgw.)

588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magmrostris). Sim-
ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal-
er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Sim-
ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but
wines and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw
much larger; Ad. ^ sooty rather than black (Ridgw.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

204

Perohrng Birds Marked WHti Chestnut or Reddish Brown.

457. Say Phoebe {Sayorms saya). L. 7.5. Ads.
Breast rusty gr^y changing to rusty on belly; above
gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes, A plaintive
phu-eur^ a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Ranfce.— Western North America, east to about Long. xoo° : breeds
from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon,
Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin. Illinois, and
i^4assachusetts.

501. Canon Jo}Nhee (Pipilo /uscus mesoleucus), L.
9.;W. 3. 7. Ads, Crown cinnamon-brown; back
brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish
spelts; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon.
Notes, Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; ^
in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep.

Range. — Northern Mexico north to western Texas. Arlcansas Valley,
Colorado, and Arizona; resident.

591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P,f, albigula), W. 3. 3.
Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, with-
out cinnamon.

Range — Southern Lower California.

591b. Califbrnia Towhee (P, f, crissalis) W. 3. 9.
Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat
and under tail<o verts rusty brown; breast brownish
gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range. — California, west of the Sierra.

5910. Anthony Towhee (P./. senicula), W. 3. 7.
Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen
whiter.

Range.— Northern Lower California north to southern California.

592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo ahertt), L. 9. Ads,
No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish
cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes, Call, a loud,
clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurr-
ed Towhee group. (B. B. and R;)

Range.— Southern California. Arizona, and northwestern New
Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

205

Perehing Birds Marked WHh Chestnut or Reddish Brown.

506. Orchard Oriole {IcUrus spurms) L. 7. 3. Ad.
c?. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing<ov-
erts chestnut. Ad. ?. Above olive-green, below
jsreenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng, MaU.
First fall like 9; first spring like ?, but throat Wack.
Notts, Song much richer and more finished than that
of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is inde-
scribable but easily recognizable.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds ttoa
Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Onurio. Michl|^aii. and
North Dakota: wlntersln Central America and northern South / ~
lea.

592.1. Green-tailed Towhee {Oreaspi^a ehlorura),
L. 7. Ads, Center and sides of breast grayish,
middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-greeo
more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish
chestnut. Notss. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew;
song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed
Sparrow.

Range.— Mountahis of western United States, from more eiMtern
Rockies to Coast Ranre In California; north to central Monuaa.
Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least In winter. Into M^tx-
Ico. (Ridgw.)

643. Lucy Warbler {Hslmmthopbila lueia), L. 4.2.
Ad. (^. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail<ov-
erts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. ?. Chocolate
areas smaller. Yng. No Chocolate in crown; upper
tailcoverts cinnamon.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arisona and
southwestern Uuh.

660. Bay-breasted Warbler {Dendroica cAstamsa).
L. 5.6. Ad. c?. Throat, sides and crown rich chest-
nut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and
gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ?. Less
chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in H^inUr.
Above olive-green streaked with black; below bi^j^
white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut
Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-cbesj repeated five
times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng-
land and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay re-
gion; winters in Central and northern South America.

206

Perching Birds Marked With Cheetnut or Reddish Brown.

596. BIsok-headed Grosbeak (Zanuhdta nutatuy
esphala), L. 8.1. Ad, t^. Black; neck-ring, rump,
back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center
of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing,
wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers
white. In winter tipped with brown above and on
breast below with black spots. Ad, 9* Under wing-
coverts yellow as in cf ; above as in No. 505; below
less streaked, breast buff. Yng, cf . Like $ but
breast deeper buff; few streaks below: sides of crown
blacker. l^oUs, Call and sons like those of the Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

RAnfi:e.— Western United Sutes. east to the Plains; breeds from
Mexico north to Dakou and British Columbia; winters south of
United States Into Mexico.

761. American Robin {Mnula rmgraioria). L. 10;
W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips.
Ad, cf . Breast and belly rkh rust-brown; above dark
slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad, $. Similar
but paler below, little or no black above. H^inUr,
Underparts margined with whitish; black above more
or less concealedby ashy. NoUs. Calls, varied and
characteristic song, a loud, hearty, cbttr-up cburiljf^
charily J cbarily, repeated and varied.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to
Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, In the mounUins. Georgia;
winters from northern States southward.

761a. Western Robin (Af. Iff. ^o^Vfjfia). Similar
to No. 761. but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad, cf .
Without black spots in back.

Range.— Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific: breeds from the southern end of the
Me;(lcan tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon
«nd southern Cotorado southward.

761b. Southern Robin {M,m, acbrustera). Simi-
lar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter
and duller; W. 4.7' T. 3.5. (Batcnelder.)

Range. — Carolinas and Georgia except mountainous districts,
lowlands of Virginia.

762. St. Lucas Robin {Merula conflnis) . Resemb-
ling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere
much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

763. Varied Thrush {Ixoreus navius). L. 10; W.
4.7. Ad, (^, Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a
broad black oreast-band; above slaty, line behind eye
and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white
tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast
band with rusty. Ad, ? . Paler below, breast-band
faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. 7^0/^5.
Son^, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated
on different notes.

Range.— Pacific coast from higher mounUins of northern California
north to Alaska: south in winter along the coast.

763a. Pale Varied Thrush (/. n, meruloidss). Sim-
ilar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; 9 paler and
grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range.~Interlor of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south
i'^ winter, through Interior, to southern California.

/ 207

Perohing Birdg Chiefly Dull. Colored.

456. Phoebe {Sayorms pbctbe), L. 7. Ads.
Above grayish olive, crown blackisb; outer web of ,
outer tail-feather wbittsb; below white tinged with yel-
low, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Green-
er above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-pbcsbe, pewd-
pbcebe; call, pee, pee, rarely a flight song.

Ranfre. — Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds froa
South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Man-
itoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba
Aid Mexico.

459. Olive-sided Flycatcher {Nuttalornis borealis).
L. 7.4. ^ds. Throat and middle of belly white with a
yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above
brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-bip or quilp-qudlp,
less often a loud, emphatic wbip-phc-bip. (Head.)

Ran ^.— North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely),
northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south
throujs:h the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters In Central
and ^uth America.

460. Coues Flycatcher (CotUopus pertinax palHdt'
ventris). L. 7.7. Ads, Below nearly uniform gray,
belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the
feathers lengthened. Notes, A plaintive musical four
or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a
singularly human-like quality.

Range.- Western Mexico, north to central Arixona; winters sootii
of United Sutes.

461. Wood Pewee (Coniopus virens). L. 6.5; W.
3.3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below
dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower ^
manclible yellowish. Yng, Greener above, yellower
below. Notes Pee-a-wee, peer and pu; all plaintive
and musical.

Range.— Eastern North America, west to about Long, xoo® ; L

from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and manltoba; win-
ters in Central America.

462. Western Wood Pewee {Contopus ricbardsomt).
Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no green-
ish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish.
Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic ^(f-a.

Range.— Western United States, east to about Long, zoo^ ;
from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba. Alberta,
and British Columbia; winters In Mexico and Central America.

462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r.penmsulm).
Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3»3; the oiU larger,
length from nostril .42, width at nostril, ,31; upper-
parts grayer. (Brewster)

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

208

PQrohing Birds Chiefiy Dull Colored.

466. Traill Flyoatoher (Empidonax traillii). Simi-
lar to No. 466a, but uppefparts browner with little if
any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower,

Ran^.— Western United States; breeds from western Texas and
southern Califomia north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to
ICansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters In the tropics.

^ 466a. Alder Flycatcher (£. /. alnorum), L. 6.1;
W. 2.8. Ads, Lower mandible horn color; below
white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washea
with yellow; above hrownish olive-green; wing-bars
usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. l^oUs,
Pip of alarm, and an explosive ii-^eS-e-tip with stress
on the rasping ^^^. (Dwight.)

Ran^e.— Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely) north to New Brunswick; winters In the
tropks.

467. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), L.
5.4; W. 2.5. y4ds. Similar in color to No. 466a, but
smaller, tail slightly forked. Yng. Wing-bars more
buffy. NoUs, 3L vigorous chebec, cJubec; rarely a flight
song, ^^chebec, tooral-ooral.*'

Ranee. — Eastern North America, west to western Texas and east-
em Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, In the Alle-
(hanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in
Central America.

468. Hammond Flycatcher {Empidonax bammondi),
L. 5.5. Ads, Bill smallest of our Empidonaces, lower
mandible broum\ throat and breast grayish, breast and
belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with
a slight olive tint Like No. 467, but bill smaller,
lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range. -Western North America; breeds from the mountains of
New Mexico. Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado;
winters In Mexico.

469. Wright Flycatcher {Empidonax wrightit).
Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much
longer, longest and narrowest of our Empidanaces\
lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer
web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.— Western United States, east to eastern sk>pe ol Rockies;
breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cal-
ifomia north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters In Mexico.

469.1. Gray Flycatcher {Empidonax gristus), L.
6. Ads, Above gray with a slight brownish tinge;
below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest
of our Empidonaces,

Range.— Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern
C^l^omla and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

209

46ft. f

Perehing Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher {Empidonax flm-
ventris), L. 5 6. Ads, Below distinctly greenish
yellow, belly brighter; above bright olive-green. Yng.
Brighter, wing-bars buffy. hJoUs, PsMk in one harsh
explosive syllable; a plaintive ^Aii-^^-^ CDwight.)

Range. Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds ffoa
northern New England (south In Alleghanies to PennsvlvaoU*.
northern NvW York, and MInni sota, north to Labrador and Northwest
Territories; winters In Central America.

464. Western Flycatcher {Empidonax difftcOis).
v^imilar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast

washed with brownish instead of greenish; above
yellower. Notes, A soft low note, and a wailing >*#-#».
(C. A. Allen.)

Ranre.— Western North America; east to about Long. xooO ; breeds
from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters In Mexico and
Central America.

464. 1 . St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cmsritius).
Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of
green above; no decided yellow below except on throat
and abdomen . ( Brewster. )

Range. - Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, id
southern California.

464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher {Empidonax insul-
icola). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and
browner; below paler. (Oberholscr.)

Range. — Santa Barbara Islands. California.

465. Green-crested Flycatcher {Empidonax vtres-
cms), L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly whit$, breast
grayish: sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed
with sulphur; baok olive-green, a tint lighter than in
No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy.

Notes, Spee or peet and pee-e-yuk.

Range.— bastem United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the
Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters In Ceotnl
America.

646. Orange-crowned Warbler {Helminthqphila c*-
lata). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. Ad, (^.
Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish;
a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky
yellowish green. Ad. ?. Similar, but grayer, crown-
paich smaller or wanting. Yng. Like 9, but no
crown-patch. Notes, bong full and strong, not very
high pitchtrd and ending abruptly on a rising scale,
chee, chee^ chee, chw\ chw\ (Jones.)

R nfre. Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and
mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and
southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.

646a. Lutescent Warbler r//. <;. lutescens). Simi-
lar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; un-
derp.irts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range. — Pacific coast, breeding in mountains from southern Cal-
ifornia to Kenai Peninsula. Alaska; winters from California south
Into Mexico: east to Colorado In migrations.

646b. Dusky Warbler (//. c, sordida). Similar to
No. 646a. but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger,
wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw. )

Range.—Breeds In Santa Barbara Islands. California; later ocmis
on adjoining mainland. '

210

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

472. Beardless Flycatcher {Ormtbion imberht),
L. 4.5: W. 2.10. Ads. Bill small, narrow, upper
mandiDle decidedly curved; above gray tinged* with
olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

Range.— Ceotral America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande'
Texas.

472a. Ridgvvay Flycatcher (O. i. ridgwayt)* Sim«
liar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any
sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) Notes, Call,
a shrill piir repeated; song, from the tree-tops, yoop,
soop^yoopeideedltdee, (Stephens.) .

Range.— Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to
southern Arizona.

6 1 6. Bank Swallow {Riparta riparia). L. 5.2. Ads.
Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the
breast; above grayish brown. Yng. Similar, but
brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.— Northern hemisphere: In America, breeds from northern
New Jersey. Kansas, and southern California, north to ILabrador, and
Alaslca: winters south to Brazil.

6/6.

617. Rough-winged Swallow {Stelgidopteryx serri-
penms). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brown; below
grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of
outer primary recurved. Yng. Plumage more or less
tipped with rusty.

Range.— United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts.
Alanitoba, and British Columbia; winters In Central America.

211

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

623. Black-whitkered Vireo (^yireo calidris barha-
Mus), L, 6, Ads, A dusky streak on eithir sids ofHu
throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-
green; below white, lower belly, under tail- and under
wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notss, Re-
semble those of No, 624 but song more emphatic and
hesitntinjj.

R^^ri^e — Bree^fi^ In Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters
InCantral AmeTti:.!

624, R6d-eyed Vireo {yireo olivaceus). L. 6.2.
Ads. Crown slate, on either side a narrow black
border; a wfilte line over eye; above olive-green; bdow

• white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars;
ino dusky streaks on throat Notes. Call^ a petulant,
icomplaining v:hans\ song, a broken, ramblmg recitative
*V^Li ^e^ it—you Know it — do you hear m^— do you
believe it?"

Patijj^.—EisifiTTi Unite J States, west to the Rockies and Brftish
Columbia, cdsi of Oscades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador.
Manitoba, and British Columbia; wlnteis In Central and South Aaicr-

632, Hutton Vireo {yireo huttom) . L. 4.a Ads,
Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow
tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring
grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. NoUs,
A piping whistle like the call of a ^oung ^bird, p^l^tr^

pet*-v/n and a hoarse whistle oh-tny, oh-my^ ohtny.
R/in]?c.— CairfomSa, west of Sierra; resident.

632a< Stephen Vireo (y. h. stepbensi). Similar to
No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars
broader*

R.in^— Mexican boundary from western Texas to soatbeastem

Oiilfornla.

632c. Anthony Vireo (K. h. ohscurus). Similar to
No, 6j2, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Rjnije.— 'PacFtic coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia;
^ulh In winter w CallforTiia." (A. O. U.)

647. Tennestee Warbler (Heltmnthophilaperegrma ) .
L. 5. No wing- bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. cf.
Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-
green; below grayish white. Ad, ?. Gray of head
with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and un-
derparts yellower. Yng. Similar to 9, but entirely
bright olive-green above; yellower below. Not^.
Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow, but first two syllables /ttwjft instead of
chH>. (Jones.)

lOinge.— Eastern North America, west In migrations to the Rocky
Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New Ensiand.
northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska;
winters in Central and northern South America.

747. Kennicott Willow Warbler (PfylhpsMsMs
horealis) . L. J. J^ds, Above olive-green; belo *r
white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish
line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white i a
tail. Notes, Call, a monotonous d^\ song, resemble "s
trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.— Asia, east to western AUska.

212

Perohing Birds Chiefly DuH Colored.

M5. Y€>llow-jreen VIreo (Hr/o flavoviridis), L.
6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the
sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Rante.— Noithern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

626. Philadelphia Vireo (yiuo philadelphicus), L.
4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green;
below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars.
Notts, Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but gen-
erally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syll-
abled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in
"With the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range. — Eastern North America: breeds from Maine, New Ham-
shlre and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

627. Warbling Vireo (^ff/d^7t7M5). L. 5.4; W.
2.8. j4ds. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly
grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whit-
ish line over eye but no black line above it; below
white, the sides washed with yellowish: no wine-bars.
Notes, Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed vireo;
song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto un-
dertone.

Ran^e.— Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters In Mexico.

e27a. Western Warbling Vireo (V, g, swainsont).
Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the
bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown,
grayer.

Range. — Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from
Mexico to BritlshColufflbia; winters In Mexico.

631. yNhWe-eye^ M\reo {yireo novehoracensis), L.

5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads, Eye-ring and lores yellow;
iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with
grayish; below white, sides yellowish; two whitish
wine-bars. Notes, Calls, varied, often harsh and
scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or
nbat^s that you say?, and a low medley often including
imitations of the notes of other birds.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas
north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Cen-
tral America.

631a. Key West Vireo ( K. n, maynardt) , Similar
to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yel-
low.

Range.— Southern Florida; resident.

621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo CK. n, bermud-
ianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no
yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range. — Resident in Bermudas.

631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (K. n, micrus).
S^Mller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above;
sf\ts with less yellow.

r •^ange. — Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

213

Perohing Birds Chiefly Diill Coiored.^

629. ilue-hMdadVlreo(K^tf0 5olfltorwf). L. $.5;
W. 2.9; B. .d. j4ds. Lores and eye-ring white ;crowo
and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; bdo«r
white, sides washed with greenish yellow: two whitish
winz-bars. NoUs. Resemblinz in form those of Red-
eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos out more varied, some-
times acontinuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of
the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

Rang*.— Eastern North Amerioa; breads from G>nnectkut (and
south along Aileghanles) north to New Brunswick and Manftoba;
winters from Florida to Cmtral America.

629a. Oattin Vlreo (K s. cassim). Above wholly
plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge;
below white, the sides gray /a£M//i^ tinged with green-
ish yellow; size of No. 629c.

Range.— "Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along F^-
clfic coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Aria»-
na. New Mexico, and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

629b. Plumbeous Vlreo (y. 5. plumbms). Like
No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head;
white on breast and throat less pure.

Range.— Rocky Moun'ain region; breeds from northern Mezice
north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to south-
ern Mexico.

6290. Mountain Solitary Vlreo (F. s. aliicoU).
Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its
color extending over most of the back.

Range.— Breeds in Alleghanles from North Carolina to Geofgia;
winters In Florida.

629d. St. Luoat Solitary Vlreo (K. 5. lucasatms).
Smaller thaii No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter,
sides and flanks much yellower; young without
brownish below, and resembling young or No. ^9.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

633. Bell Vfreo (yirgo b^llu). L. 5. Above olive-
green j crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two in-
conspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides
tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back
greener, no white line hack of eye. Notes, Resemble
those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song
less emphatic. • (Goss.)

Range. Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds fron
Texas to Minnesota; winters In Mexico.

633. 1. Least Vireo (.yireo pusillus), L. 4.8. j4ds.
Above gray, slightly tinged witn greenish toward rump;
belovv white, sides with little if any greenish tinge;
one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-
ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range.— Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower CalMorBla;
breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

634. Gray y\reo ^yireo viciftior), L. ^,f. Above
slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one in-
conspicuous wing- bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill
short. Notes, Song may be compared with the finest
efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm
and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-thraited
Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range.— Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, soath«astert
Califoinia. and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

214

{

Perching B rds Chidfly Dull Co I cred

749. Ruby-orowned Kinglet {Rfi^ulus cal^nJmla^,
L. 4.4. A conspicuous whi tish eyg-rmg. Ad* ^. A
more or less concealed croWn-paiLtli| ""Back olive-green;
undeiparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with
buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. ^ ^nd Yng, (Here
figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range. — North America; breeds from the nonhem 1»rdtr of the
United States northward, and south in the Rcicky Mauntiilns IP Arizo-
na, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Ctto-
Una and Oregon southward to Central Amertc;!.

749a. Sitkan Kinglet (/?. c. grinmUi), SimUar to
No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south-
ward to California.

470a. BulT-breasted Fiycatcher iEmptdonax fuivi-
frons pjfgnutus), L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff;
above grayish brown.

Range. — Western Mexico; north in spKng to southwesiem Kew
Mexico and Arizona.

586. Texas Sparrow (Arr^manops rufivirgata), L.
6.5. Ads, Above olive-green, sides of crown brown-
ish, its center grayish; below wlutish; bend of wing
yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping
Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and
modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler*

Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to
Louisiana.

638. Swainson Warbier {Hdinaiaswaimomi). L. ^.
Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads, Crown
brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish
line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellou-.
Notes, Song, **a series of clear, ringing whistles, the
first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key,
the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an
evenly descending scale. " (Brewster . )

Range. — Southeastern United States^ breeds from Gulf Slates
north to southeastern Virginia, southern tnd3^na and southern Mis-
souri.

639. Worm-eating Warbler {Hilmiiheros vermi-
vorus), L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail
Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back,
wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on
breast Yng, Buff everywhere richer, Noks. Call,
a sharp chip; song, resembles that of Chipping Spar-
row but is somewhat weaker.

Range. — Eastern United Statts: breeds north to southern Connect-
icut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of
United Sutes.

742. Pallid Wren-tit {Cham.ra fasdata), L. 6.7;
T. 3.4. Outer tail-feithers shortest. Ads, Above
brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with
gray. Notes, Song wooden and unmusical, beginning
deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick,
chick' chick'chick-chick'chick-chick,

Rane^U7-''Interlor of California, Incluafug the western slope of the
'" 4*1 from the head of the Sacramento VaJJey south 10

Sler
no

3^' 'erCaUfornia." (A. O. U.)

215

Perohing Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

742a. Ooa«t Wren-tit (C. /./>*»«). SimilartoNo.
742, but much browner above and deeper more pink-
below; sides as dark as back.

Range.— Pacific Coast from Monterey County. California,
southern Oregon.

north t3

707. Curve-billed Thrasher ( Toxostama curvirostri^.
L. 1 1.2. Ads, Above brownish gray; below mottled
with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs
of tail-feathers tipped xHth white; two narrow white
wing-bars. Notes, Call, a sharp, wbit-ztbit; one of the
most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, re-
markably melodious and attractive. (Couch.;

Range. — ^Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south
over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.

707a. Palmer Thrasher {T, c palmeri). Similar to
No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers
without white tips.

Range. — "Southern Arizona, from about fiftv miles northwest of
Phcenlx, south to Guaymas. Sonora." (A. O. U.)

708. Bendire Thrasher (Toxostoma bendiret). L.
10.2. Ads, Above brownish ashy; below soiled
whitish washed with buffy apd lightly spotted with
dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly
tipped with whitish. Notes, Call, tirup^ tirup, tirap,
CBrown.)

Range.— Desert regions of southern Arizona south Into Sonora.
Mexico: west rarely to southeastern California; resident except it
extreme northern limit of its range.

709. St. Lucas Thrasher (Toxostama dfureum).
L. 10. Ads, Above gravish brown; below white with
numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers
tipped with white.

Range.— Southern Lower California.

709a. Mearns Thrasher (7. c. mearnst)* Differs
from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty-
flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely
black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (An-
thony.)

Range. — Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30^

216

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored.

7 1 0. Califofrtiaii Thrathdr ( Toxostoma ridivwum),
L. 12. j4ds. Above grayish brown; belly distinctlv
buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff;
no white in wings or tail. NoUs, Song suggesting
both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

Range.— California west of the Sierra Nevada, north to about Lat.
35® ; south Into Lower California.

7 1 Oa. Pasadena Thrasher ( T. r.basadgmnse). Sim-
ilar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat
whiter.

Range.— Southern California.

711. Leoonte Thrasher (Toxostoma Ucontet). L.
10.5. j4d5. Above brownish ashy, below creamy
white, under tail-coverts buff. NoUs. Call, a sharply
reiterated wbit or quit; son^, remarkable for its loud
rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a nlile.
(Meams.) Call, low and musical, hufe-e, whistled
through the teeth. (Stephens.)

* Range.— "Desert region of southern California. Nevada, and ex-
tfeme southwestern Utah, from Benton. Cal. (Lat. 38 ^ J, southeast-
ward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. v>° ). Local In San Joaquin
Valley." Ci-O.U.)

71 la. Desert Thrasher (7. /. arftticola). Differ-
ing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and
grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

• Range.— Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

712. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissalis). L.
12. ^ds. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upper-
parts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white.
M?/«. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope
and sweetness. ( Mearns. )

Range.— "Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the
Crlor^do Desert. California, and northern Lower California: north to
f^ eston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George. Utah." (A. O. U.)

217

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

538. Ohestnut-ooliared Longapur {Calcarius othm-
tus). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but*
middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with
white, two outer pairs white to the tip, j4d. c?. Throat
and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black,
nape chestnut: lesser wing-coverts black tipped with
white. Ad. V. Above grayish browfl streaked wift
black; below pale buff. 5* «'« vfinhr. Like summer cf
but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped wiQi
grayish brown. Notes. Song, short, shrill, but very
sweet, often uttered on the wmg. CAllen.)

Range. — Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern
Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado
and Nebraska south Into Mexico.

539. MoOown Longspur (Rhyncbopkams mccowtm) .
L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair
of tail-feathers with white, the outer one white to M/
/i>, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut. Ad. (f. Throat and belly white, breast and
crown black: back grayish brown streaked with
black. Ad. $. Below white washed with brownish;
above grayish brown streaked with black, c? »« v^inter.
Like ? but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail
with more white. Notes, Call, a dlfip at each stroke
of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes.
(Goss.) A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of
the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in de-
creasing power." (Silloway.)

Rang:e. — Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Mon-
tana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Cok>rado and Kmh-
sas south into Mexico.

552. Lark Sparrow (Chotidestes grammacus). L,
6.2; Ads, Sides of the crown and ear<o verts chest-
nut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back
broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot
on breast black. Notes. Song, loud and musical sug-
gesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.

Range.— Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois:
casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba;
winters south into Mexico.

552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus).
Similar to No. 552, but streaks on uppejparts- generally
narrower.

Range—Western United States from the Plains to Pacific;
from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south te
Central America. w^

218

Perohing Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

536. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), L.
6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two
outer tail-feathers with white at ths end. Ad. rj*, sum-
mer. Nape chestnut: crown, cheeks, throat and upper-
breast black; back black margined with rusty brown.
Ad. ^f summer. Crown and back black margined
with rusty ; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feath-
ers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish, ^m-
ier, (^. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or
buffy tips; $ , like 9 in summer.

Range.— Breeds In northern Europe and nortfieast North America
south to northern Labrador; In America, winters south. Irregularly, to
South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas. Texas; west to Manitoba.
(Rldrw.)

536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. /. alascensis). Simi-
lar to No. 536. but margins to back feathers much
paler, brownish gray or Duffy; nape in winter more
buffy. Notfs. Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-
stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tink-
ling, of same general character as that of Bobolink,
but shorter, less powerful. ( Nelson. )

Range. — Breeds In Alaska, A eutlan and Pribllof Islands east to Fort
Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, G>k>rado, and western
Kansas. (RIdgw.)

553. Harris Sparrow (Zonotrtchia querula). L.
7.5. Ad. summer. Throat and crown black; nape
chestnut, cheeks brownish: two white wing-bars.
Ads, winter. Throat mottled with white, crown tipped
with grayish. Notes, A Queer, chuckling note; song
of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone
like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song.
(Cooke.)

Range.— Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dako-
tas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bav (exact breeding range
unknown) ; south In winter to Texas (and Mexico?) ; accidental in
British Columbia, Oregon and California.

565. Black-chinned Sparrow {Spiulla atrogularis) .
L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Ad. ^. Throat and
front of face black; rest of head and underparts slaty
gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly
streaked with black. Ad. 9 , Throat with little or
no black; crown washed with brownish. Yng. Simi-
lar to Ad. ? , but never with black on throat; crown
more heavily washed with brownish. Notes, Song
said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)

Range.- Mexico and southwestern United States: breeds from
southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters
south Into Mexico and southern Lower California.

—English Sparrow (Passer domesticus), L. 6.3.
Ad.^. Throat and upper breast black; crown slate\
bana behind eye ana on nape chestnut. Ad. ?.
Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish
brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a
buffy stripe behind eye. Ynt. c?. Similar to Ad.
but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. Notes.
Harsh and discordant.

Range. -Introduced into America from Europe hi 1851 and later
dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United
St**-*.

219

parching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

537. Smith Longtpur (Calcarius pictus) , L. 6.6.
Hind toe-nail as lone as toe; two outer tail-feathers
mostly white. Ad. ^. Throat, breast and belly buff;
nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and
line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined
with white. j4d. ? . , Above brownish black mar-
gined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff,
sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. (^ in
vDtnter, Like 9 but lesser wing-coverts black and
white. Notes. Call constantly chirrup as they fly.
(Goss.)

Range.— Middle western United States: breeds fn northern Britisli
America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east «•

liilnois.

579. Rufous-wlnaed Sparrow (Aimophila cartalis).
L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest Ads, Lesser
wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish
brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked
with black and margined with jgrajnsb brown; below
whitish; txco black streaks from either side of the base
of the lower mandible. NoUs, Call, pb, pb, pb.
(Bendire.)

Range. — Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell ami
south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)

5 80. Rufous-crowned Sparrow {AimophiU ruficsps) .
L. a; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-
feathers shortest. ..^<i$. Above reddish brown marg-
ined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, in-
cluding middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with
black lines. Notes, Song, very sweet, resembling
that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A.
Allen.)

Range.— Northern Lower CaIIforfll4 north to Marin Ownty an4
Sacramento Valley, California; local.'

580a. Scott Sparrow {A, r, scottu). Similar to No.
580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to
the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the
breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly
whitish.

Range.— Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent
portions of Arizona. New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.)
(Rldgw.)

580b. Rook Sparrow {A. r. eremaca), L. 6.
Ads, Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown
margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of
a different color from crown, the grayish margins
wider.

Range.— Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and
Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, nonheastward to Cook County
and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mex-
ico. (Rldgw.)

580c. Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia). Similar
to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown
above averaging brighter and wider.

Range. — Southern Lower California.

220

540. Vesper Sparrow (TocmUs graminmsi, L,
6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail
not longer than toe; Usssr wing-coverts rediiish brown*
Ads. Above grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with
black and chestnut. Notts, Call, chip. Song, loud
and musical Look'look, su-s4iytM-ni^m/-tm~nt^mi-smg^
followed by a confusion of notes.

Rang*. Eastern North America; breeds from Vlrgf^nlit, MHnois an<]
Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters fmoi Vir-
ginia and southern Illinois to theGulf of Mexico.

540a. Western Vesper Sparrow {f\ g, amfimis).
Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill
somewhat more slender.

Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Sltrm:
breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the S as bite he wan jina
British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

540b- Oregon Vesper Sparrow {P. g, ^Jfims).
Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. ?; bill still more
slender; plumage browner, more buffyj browner even
than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused
with buff.

Range. -Pacific coast; breeds In western Orcc^in (arJ north?};
winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, OlJ fornix.

575. Pine-woods Sparrow (P^tt^a irstn\ilh), L.
5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yelion- duX^t tiil-
feathers much shorter than the middle pair* Ads,
Above reddish chestnut, head and ba.ck streaked with
black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast
faintlytinged with buff. Nous. Song, exceedingly sweet
and plaintive.

Range.— Floi Ida and southern Georgia; winters In souEliert] FToriaa,

575a. Bachman Sparrow {T. ce, b^/mumi), Sim-
ilar to No. 575, but abov^ brighter reddish chestnut,
black streaks fewer and usually confined to back;
breast and sides deeper buff.

Range.— Lower Mississippi Valley, west to smtlierr ImltanJ* Attd
southern Iliinois. east to Geor^a. South CaroMni, t^^ortti Camllnj,
and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas, winters som^ in
Atlantic Sutes. to southern Florida.

576. Botteri Sparrow {Peucofa boti^i). L, 6^ T,
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest.
Ads, Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a
Field Sparrow), head and back streak t*d with black
and marpned with gray; below buffy, the center of the
belly whitish. Notes, Song, begins with a faint trill
followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, chj,
cheeweiy wee, wee, wee, toir. (Henshaw*)

Rangt*- Entire plateau of Mexico north to Low«r Rio Gmnda Val-
ley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)

578. Cassin Sparrow (T'^ova cassttif). L. 6; T,
2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest,
their ends with distinct grayish patches. Ads. Above

fray streaked with dull recidish brown and spaUz-d or
arred with black; below grayish white. NoUs. Sung,
lengthened and pleasinz, usually sung on wing,

Range.—Texas and southern Kansas west to southern \ev«dA ^nd
Arizona south, into Mexico.

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked-^

221

>■ n MiCD

perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

559. Tree Sparrow

{Shigella monticola), L. 6.).
A black spot in the center or the breast Ads, Cap
reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars;
back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below
whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish.
Notes. Call, a musical, tinkling, too-lay-it^ song, '"a
loud, clear and powerful chant.'*

Ranife.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds In
Labrador and regrlon west of Hudson Bay; winters south to Soatb
Cilrolina. Tennessee and Indian Territory.

559a. Western Tree Sparrow (5. m. ochracsa).
Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish
bro\Vn, largely brownish buff streaked with black.

Ranc^e.— Western North America east to the Plains; breeds In
Alaskit: winters south to Mexican border.

5C|0. Ohippina Sparrow (5/>fY^//a 5o^/f5). L. 5.3.
Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, forehead blackish; a
black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black,
f/^f Sib ^rotwf ancl grayish brown; wing-bars not con-
spfcuous: below grayish white; bill largely black. Yng.
Crown like back; cheeks brownish. Notes. Call,
chtp\ song, an unmusical chippy^ chippy^ chippy, repeated.

F<anj^.— bastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters In the
Gulf States and Mexico.

560a. Western Chipping Sparrow (5. 5. ari^omf).
Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with
little or no reddish brown.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Mexican border
states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states
to southern Mexico.

563. Field Sparrow (5/>i':f<f//a/w5f7/a). L. 5.6; T.
2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. Ads. Crown red-
dish brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown
stripe from behind it to nape; back reddish brown
streaked with black; below whitish, no streaks, breast
washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call,
chip', song, a musical whistle, chcr-wei^ cher-^e^her^cei^
cbei-o, dee-e-e'e-e', with many variations but usually end-
ing in a trill.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina.
Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.

563a. Western Field Sparrow (5. p. arenacsa).
Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown large-
ly grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast
with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.

Range — Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South
Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico:
casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)

584. Swamp Sparrow {Melospi^a georgiana). L.
5.8. Ads. Forehead black with a gray median line;
crown bright chestnut; below grayish white: sides
brownish, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff.
Yftg, Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line
over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; oSier parts
deeper in color. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a
simple tweet-tweet-tweet, etc., all on one note.

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains: breeds from
New Jersey. Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador
and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massa-
chusetts to Gulf States.

222

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

542. Sandwich Sparrovn {Passrrculussattdwicbensis),
L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing
ovtr the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow.
Ads. Above streaked with black, chestnut and brown-
ish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter),
breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks nar-
rowly margined with chestnut. Notes. Doubtless re-
semble those of No. 542a.

Range.— Northwest coast; breeds In western Alaska; winters south
to northern Callfomla.

542a. Savanna Sparrow (P. s. savantM). Similar
to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye
shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. NoUs. Call
a sharp tsip, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical
little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction,
isijb, tsip, tsip, si-e-e-s^r-r-r. (Dwight.)

Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from
northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri
north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia
and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.

542b. Western Savanna Sparrow (P. 5. alaudinus).
Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color aver-
aging paler, the yellow line not passing aver the eye,
less evident before it and often wholly wanting.

Range.— Western North America from the Plains west to the Si-
erra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from south-
ern California southward.

542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow {P. s. hryanti).
Similar to No. 542b, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much
darker, streaks below heavier; yellow over eye more
pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but
with the bill slender as in No. 542b.

Range.— Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Mont-
erey Bay: winters south to San Pedro .Grinnell); casually to Mexico
City. CRidgw.)

543. Belding Sparrow {Passerculus beldingi^. L. 5;
W. 2.5. Ads. Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat
smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; un-
dcrparts more heavily streaked.

Range.— Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island,
Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.

544. Large-bilied Sparrow (Passerculus rostratus).
L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible curved-, no
yellow before eye or on bend ot wing. Ads, Above
grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but
witkout well-defined streaks; below white, breast and
sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked
feathers centrally blackish.

Range. — Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; win-
ters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.

544a. St. Lucas Sparrow (P. r. guttatus). Simi-
lar to No. 544» but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender;
uppeiparts brownish gray with an olive tint and streak-
ed with darken similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upper-
parts more olive and more widely, but less sharply
streaked.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California in winter breeding
range unknown.

223

542 A

Perohing Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

Mtl

^^^,

544b. Lagoon Sparrow {P. r. balopkUus). Simiia
to No. 544a, but larger. W. 2.7, and darker; streaks of
chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No
54), in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in lesa
narrow and decidedly blackish streal^ on chest, etc

Ran^e.— -Salt marshes, Abreojos Point. Lower California.

5440. San Benito Sparrow (P. r, sanctorum). Sin^
ilar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above g:rayei
(brownish gray) distinctly streaked with blackish, th^
streaks margined with brown; below streaked witli
blackf the streaks narrowly margined with brownish.

R.tnge. Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; In winta
to Cape Resion of Lower C&lifomla.

545. Baird Sparrow (Co/f#nfM3f/fi5^afy^'). L. 5.7.
Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest, j4ds.
Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; hack
black margined with cnestnut and grayish; below
whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In
fall and winter, colors richer. Notes. Song, ^^trick-f
trik-eeeee-cbiky'le-roit^ with a peculiar tinkling utter-
ance."

Rang^e.— Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota. North
Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Asslnlbola; winters
south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (RIdgw.)

546. Grasshopper Sparrow {Coturniculus savaftna-
rumpasserinus), L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of
wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. Ads, Crown black
with a buffy central stripe; nape chestnut and gray;
back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, un-
streaked, belly whiter. Notes, Call, a sharp cb^-,
song, a weak, insect-like ^'/-/Mdi, ^ee-e-e-e-e'e'e,

Ran^.— Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds fron
the Gulf States to Massachusetts. Vermont, and Minnesota: winters
from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.

546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. hi-

maculatus). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and
with less black and more chestnut above.

Range.— Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific;
breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Col-
umbia; winters south into Mexko.

546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s, florid'
amis). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker
above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid
black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.

Range. — Kissimmee Prairies. Florida.

547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowu),
L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the
outer ones much the shortest. Ads, Crown and
nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish; back
bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray;
below white; breast and sides washed with buff and
streaked with black. Notes, Call, te4'wick\ song, sis-
r rrit-srii-srit, (Jouy.)

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and
Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota;
winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.

547a. Western Henslow Sparrow {A, h, acddenia-
lis). Similar to No. 547* but paler, in summer little or
no buff below.

Range.— Central western states; breeding, so far as known Jn Sootb
Dalcota: In winter south to Texas.

224

5l2^ Parohing Birds

aksi' 548. Leconte Sparrow (Ammodramus lecantet),
m.Nt. 5. Noyellusvon wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer
ieines much the shortest Ads. Broad fine over eye.
U d^iroat. breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and
fcray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and,

*yt the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast
^•Tarely with a few streaks. NoUs, Call, a thin, sharp,
? ^^W, and a long-drawn hi{{; song, a tiny, husky,

*V^/5/, reisi. (Seton.)

S^- Range.— Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from

ra4>akota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east. In

winter, through Illinois, Iowa. Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and

; • Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)

j. 533. ?\ntJr\no\%{Spinuspmus). L. 5. Bill sharp-
vjo ly pointed; a tuft of brislly feathers ovtr the nostril;
' V tail slightly forked. Ads, Base of tail, of inner wir.g-
;• feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above
i^ brownish; below whitish streaked with black. Notes,
f.'. Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often
sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which
yt it resembles.

■i' Range. — North America: breeds from northern boundary states to
' Alaska; In the Alleghanles south to North Carolina; and In the Rock-
rj- les anJ Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to
Gulf states and Loiter California.

54 1. Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princfps) . L.

6.2. Ads, Above pah brownish ^ray streaked with

. brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with

Wownish; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale

ulphur yellow. Notes. Resemble those of No. 542a.

Range. — Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along
coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.

549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacu-
lus), L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer
ones shortest Ads, Below white, breast and sides
washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black;
nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear<overts gray;
crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line;
back olive, buff^ black and jgray. Notes. Call, chip;
song, an unmusical, sh^rt, husky," * 'gasping* 'effort,
uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the
reeds.

Range.— Atlantic coast: breeds from South Carolina to New Hamp*
shire; winters from North Cirollna to Florida.

549.1. Nelson Sparrow (Ammodramus nelsont).
L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest.
Ads. Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much
deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upper-
parts more richly colored. Notes, Resemble those of
No. 549-

Range. — Breeds in Interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and
South Dakota: migrates east to New York and winters south to South
Carolina and Texas; accidenul In California.

549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow {A. n. sub-

virgatus). Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides
pater, the former lightly but di^^tinctly streaked with
grayish; upperparts less richly colored.

Range.— Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine,
soutfiem New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to
South Carolina.

225

Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

;.a^^

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

550. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimms\.
L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, Die outer oner
shortest: spot before eye and bend of wing yello«
j4d5. Above olive-green and gray (no black) ; bdo-
white, breast and sides grayish and, in first pluma^t
streaked with buff. Notes, Similar in character i:
those of No. 549.

Ran g|«.— Atlantic coast: breeds In salt marshes from North Cavo^
to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.

550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (j4, m. pminsuUr
Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black
margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whit-
ish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.

Range.— Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Caro-
lina: Gulf Coast of Florida.

550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow (A. nu semutti .

Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers 0!
head and back usually, those of nape always, with
black centres.

Range. — Coast of Texas.

550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow (A. m. fisbertX

Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breai>t an*:
sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked
with black.

Range— Coast of Louisiana, south In winter, at least as far 15
Corpus Chrlsti. Texas: casual on Gulf coast of Florida.

550d. Macgiliivray Seaside Sparrow (A, m. mj.-

gillroraii). Similar to No. 550c, but above gray«r.
less black, breast and flanks but faintly washc:
with buff and streaked wilh dusky grayish. Gra>tr
above thah No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.

Range.— Local on coast of South Carolina.

55 1. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodranms tdgra-
cms), L, 5.9. Above black lightly margined wilh
gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot
before eye and bend of yellow. NoUs. Similar in
character to tiiose of No. 550.

Range. — Marshes at head of Indian River. Florida, from Banana
River to Hauiuver Canal.

583. Lincoln Sparrow {Melospi^alincolms). L. 5.7.
Ads, A broad buff band across the breast; center of
crown with a gray stripe, its siJes striped chestnut and
black; back grayish brown streaked with black and
chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle
of white belly. Notes, Call, a sharp chirp; song,
suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren com-
bined with rippling music of the Purple Finch.
(Dwight. ) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 1 1 1. )

Range.- North America: breeds from northern New York, «iorthem
Illinois and higher parts of Roclcies and Sierra north to AKiska:
winters from southern Illinois and southern California Into Mexico:
rare east of Alleghanies.

583a. Forbush Sparrow (Af. /. striata). Similar
to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line
over eye more brown than gray.

Range.— Pacific coast from British Columbia to CallfomUi: breed-
ing range unknown.

226

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

554. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonoirichia leu-
copbrys), L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads,
White stripe over eye not reaching to bill; lores black;
breast gray, throat but little paler; back ffoy streaked
with brown, rump browner, Yn^. Black crown-
siripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff;
back much browner, no gray. Notes, Call, a sharp
cb^; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five
or six notes, the first two longest.

Range.— North America; 'breeds from northern New England and
On the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico. Arizona, and Cal-
Ifomia north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from
southern United Sutes Into Mexico.

554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. /. gambelt). Sim-
ilar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish,
the white line over the eye reaching the bill.

Range. — Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern
Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Maclcenzie and north-
em Aiasica; winters from southern United States Into Mexico; casual
In migrations east to Mississippi River States.

554b. Nuttaii Sparrow (Z. /. nuttalli). Similar to
No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of
back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing
yellow.

Range.— "Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey. Califom-
ta. to Ml Simpson. British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro

Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Rldgw.)

557. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonoirichia coron-
ata). L. 7-2. Ad. J*. Center of crown yellow, its
sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish;
back brown streaked with black; two white wing-b^;
bend of wing yellow. Ad, ?. Crown like back v its
front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds in Alaslca; winters from Oregon
south to northern Lower California.

558. White-throated Sparrow ^Zonoirichia attncol-
lis). L. 6.7. A yellow mark beforethe eye and on
bend of wing. Ads, Crown black, a narrow white
stripe through its center and bounded by white bthind
the eye; throat white sharply defined from gray breast;
back reddish brown streaked with black. Yn^, Less
yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray;
throat grayer, sometimes like breast. Noies. Call,, a
low iuep, and sharp chink\ song, a musical, clearly
whistled sottMoheat peverly, peverly, peverly; or peabody,
peabody, peabody.

Range.- Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the
Pacific; breeds from Massachusetu (locally) . northern New York,
northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West
Hudson Bay rcgfon; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois
south to the Gulf.

227

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Strealced.

561. Clay-oolored Sparrow {Spi^ella pallida).
L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads, Above grayish
hr<m>n streaked with black; sides of crown largdj
black, a grayish line through its center, sides of head
brownish', below white. Notes, Song, three notes,
and a slight trill. (Coues.)

Range.— Interior of North America, from Hlinols to th« Rockies,
breeds from e;istern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Sas-
katchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.

562. Brewer Sparrow (5/«>^//a *r«pm). L. 5.4.
No reddish brown. Ads, BacK and crown brownish
gray, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black
sides of head grayish; below white. Grayer than No.
561, the sides of the head m?/ largely black. Ncrf/s.
Call, chip\ song, a reedy warble resembling in tone
that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Ran g^e.— Western United States, from the Roclcies to central Cal-
ifornia; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Coluai-
bla; winters from southern California south into Mexico.

574. Bell Sparrow (Amphispira belli), L. 6. i ; W.
2.7. Ads. Siaes of throat with black streaks; center
of breast with black spots; above grayish brovm, usual-
ly without distinct streaks, no white in tail.

Range.— Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of
Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.

574a. Sage Sparrow (A. h, nevadensis). Similar
to No. 574, but larger, W. 4.2; back brownish gray,
usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less
black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe ovrr the
eye. Notes. Call, a chipping^ twitter; song, feeble,
but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)

Range.— Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona,
and southeastern Cailfomia north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; win-
ters south to western Texas and southern California.

574b. Gray Sage Sparrow {A. b, dnerea). Simi-
lar to No. 574» but paler above, throat-stripes narrower,
more Interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and
spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Lower California.

564. Worthen Sparrow (Spi^lla wortbens). Re-
sembles No. 563a, but sides of nead plain • gray, no
brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.9.

Range.— Southern New Mexico (Silver Qty) , southward over east-
ern l>order of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding ffron
Tamaullpas northward. (Ridgw.)

228

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
581. Song Sparrow {Melospi^a cimrea melodia) . L.
6-2. Ads, Above reddish brown and gray with black
streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks
below conspicuously margined with reddish brcwn,
those of center of breast forming a patch. Notes,
Oall, a characteristic cbimp or trink; song, too variable
in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable
in tone throughout the whole group.

Ranee.- Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from
Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters
from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

581b. Mountain Song Sparrow (Af. c, montana).
Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so
bright: bill smaller.

Rang^e.— Rocky Mountain district of United States west to. and In-
cluding Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, south-
em Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas
and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)

58 1 k. Merrill Song Sparrow {M. c merrillt). Sim-
ilar to No. 58ib« but slightly darker and more uniform
above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and
scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker
mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown
than black. (Ridgw.)

Rang^e— Breeds from northern California (Shasu County) in
mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade
orthwi ... .......

Mountains, to

hwestem Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

Dakota Song Sparrow (M. cfuddt). Simi-

C Ridgw.}

lar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over
eye and sides of neck; white below clearer: interscap-
ulars with black center broader, reddish brown por-
tions narrower: dark markings on breast restricted and
more sharply defined. (Bishop.)

Range.— "Turtle Mountains and vicinity. North Dakota." (A. O.

DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
581a. Desert Song Sparrow (Melospi^a dnerea
fallax), W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray;
below white with reddish broum streaks; usual^ no
black in plumage.

Range.— Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Ne-
vada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Son-
ora. (Ridgw.)

58 1 g. Brown Song Sparrow (M, c rivularis). Sim-
ilar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more
slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly
contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw. )

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
58 1 0. Heermann Song Sparrow (Melospi^a dnerea
heermannt), L. 6.5; W. 2.5. Ads, Above chestnut
olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail
xnthout a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not
conspicuously bordered by rufous.

Range. — Central valleys of California Including lower levels of
Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)

229

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581m. San Diego Sparrow (M. c, cooperi). Simi-
lar to Ncr. 581C, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much
lighter and grayer.

Rang^c.— Southern coast district of California north to Monterey
Bay, east to Ft. Tejon. San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coasz
district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (RIdg-w.)

58 Id. Samuels Song Sparrow {M. c sanmeUs).

Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more
slender.

Rang^e — Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of
San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt Couoty.
north, at least In winter, to Humbolt Bay. (RIdgw.)

581 I. Alameda Song Sparrow (Af. c, pusaiuia).
Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty,
underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less
suffused with yellowish,

Ranf?e.— Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay. California. (Rid^v.)

5821. San Clemente Song Sparrow (Af. c, clr-
mentce). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.

Range.— San Clemente. Snn Mleuel. and Santa Rosa Islands.
Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands. Lower Cali-
fornia. (Ridgw.)

58 1 h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (M. c, gram-

ima). Similar to No. 581!, but much smaller, W. 2,4.

Rang:e.— Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in Ddnter.
NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWsV

58 I e. Rusty Song Sparroynt {M.c. morphna), W.
2.7. j4ds. Above without clear gray and not distinct-
ly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; be-
low heavily streaked with same.

Rang^e. Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Colombia:
south In winter to southern California.

58 If. Sooty Song Sparrow (Af. <;. rufina). Simi-
lar to No. 58ie, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above
and below, underparts more heavily streaked,

Range.— Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to south-
em Alaska.

58 In. Yukutat Song Sparrow (Af. c, caursna).
Similar to No. 58if, bill longer and more slender, color
grayer.

Range. — Coast of Mt. St. Ellas district of Alaska, from Yakutat
Bay to Lituya Bay.

58 1 o. Kenal Song Sparrow {M, c h^nai^nsis).
Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker,
more sooty, less rufous.

Range. Coast of Kenai Peninsula. Alaska, from east side of Cook
Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)

581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow {M. c, iusignis) .
Similar to No 5810, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer,
color grayer.

Range.— Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)

582. Aleutian Song Sparrow {Melospiza cirurea).
Similar to No. 581. i, but larger and grayer; largest and
grayest bird of group; L. 8: W. 3.4. 1

Range. -"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula CStepovak Bay. I
opposite Shumagin Islands). Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands,
from Unalaska to Atka. Adak. and Attu. " (Ridgw.)

230

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked..

585. Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca). L. 7.2.
Back streaked, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots
below bright reddish brown. Notes, Call, a weak
tse€p\ song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.

Hange.— Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and'
Alanltoba. northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf
States.

585a. Shum^gin Fox Sparrow (P. 1. unalaschm^
s^). Back not distinctly streaked, much paler than
No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of prest:nt
group.

Range.— Alaska. Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook
Inl«t.

— Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i, insularis). Similar.
to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly: /
same as back; breast spots larger. ""^J

Range. — 'Kadlaklsland. Alaska, In summer; In winter south along^''^^
tlie coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.) >^

— Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i, fuHginosa), A^,
Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish
umber, utistreaked; below heavily spotted with i»am^.

Range —Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washingiork
souih in winicr to San Francisco. CallfornU. (Ridgw.) \

—Townsend Fox Sparrow {P, u townsnidi). Sim-
ilar to fuligsnosa but more rufous.

Range. Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south In winter to
northem California. (Rldgw.>

— Yakutat Fox Sparrow {P. i. annectens). Similar
to toxtnsendi but less rufous; very near fuliginosa, but
not quite so deeply colored.

Range.— Coast of Alaska, from . Cross Sound to Prince William
Souud (to Cook Inlet?); In winter, soiith to California. ^Rldgw.)

585b. Thiok-billed Sparrow (P, i. megarhyncba) ,
L. 7-3i W. 3'3; depth of B. at base, .4. ^ds. Above
and spots below gray\ wings and tail light brown;
bill large, Notes. Song, resembles that of No. 585,
but is recognizably different.

Range.— Breeding In the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt.
Shasta southward; In winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles
County. California, (Ridgw.)

5850. Slate-oolored Sparrow {P, i. schistacea).
Similar to No. s85b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2;
depth of B. at base, .35.

Range.— Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Co-
lumbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White
Mountains In southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern CZa I -
Ifomla and eastern Oregon; north to Interior of British Columbia: In
migrations. New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada,
western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

585d. Stephens Sparrow {P, i. stephetist). Similar
in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicu-
ously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains;
southern California. (Ridgw.)

231

PiM^ohing Birds Cliiefly Brown or' Streaked.

674. Oven-bird (Saurus durocapUlus) . L. 6.1.
j4d5. No Wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish
olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by blade
below white streaked with black. NoUs, Call, a
weak chup\ song, a crescendo Uachsr repeated about
five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.

Rang«.— bastern North America, west (o the Rockies; breeds fftw
Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska: wIb-
ters from Rorlda south to West Indies and Central America, (^sid to
^ breed In Bahamas.)

V 675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracMsts), L,
\ 6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below

pale sulphur jfdlow heavily streaked with blackish:

hroai spotted', no wing-bars or tail-patches. NoUs.

Opil, a sharp chink\ song, a high-pitched, liquid
L whistle, sweet, sioeet, sweet, cbU'chu^^Me chu, (Jones. )

Also a flight song.

^ Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern N«w Eng-
land and nosthenr Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudsmi Bay.
and south along llie Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Fkv-
Ida to northern South America.

$75a. Qrinnell Water-Thrush (5. «. noUMbitis).
Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts
darker, less olive: underparts less yellow.

Range.— Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, ipasieiu
Nebraska, and probably more northern Roc Icy Mountain district or
United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United
States southward; In migration east to Mississippi valley, imraly to
Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.

676. Louisiana Water-Thrush {Semrus motacOU),
L. 6.2. Ads. A white line over eye: above grayish
olive; below buffy white; breast and sides streaked; uc
spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Mi^.
Call, a sharp, metallic chink\ song, a sudden outburst
of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.

Range.— Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf Statas to
G>nnectlcut. lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters In trapicSi

697. American Pipit: Titlark CAntkuspmsavamutis),
L. 6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ads, Outer
tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped witfi
white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked;
underparts rich buff, breast and sides streaked with
blackish. Yn^, and Ads. in IVinier, Less gray above,
paler below. Notes, Call a soft dee-dee usually utter-
ed in flight; a flight song.

Range.— North America breeding In Arctic regions and In the high-
er parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Ml
Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States
south throueh Mexico to Central America.

700. Sprague Pipit {Antbus spra^ud). U 6.2.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers
largely white. Ads, Above streaked with buff and
blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast
streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above,
less buff below. Notes, Song, uttered on the wing
when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and
far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.

Range.— 'interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of
the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the R«d
River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains): south In winter
on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebia; accidental In South Carolina.

232

Perohkig Birds Ciiiefly Qrown or Streaked.

702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus), L.
S.7. Ads, Above brownish gray; below whitish
heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers
/f>/>#J with white. Notes, Call, a low chuck; song,
deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity
and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned King-
let. (Rideway.)

Range. ~ Western United States from western South DakoLi. west-
•m Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the
Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower
California. (A. O. U.)

705. Brown Thrasher ( Toxo5/(7ma rf0«m) . L. 11.5:
W. 4.i;B. .95. Ads, Above, wings and tail rufous
or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with
blackish; two white wing-bars. Notes. Calls, a sharp
kissing note and a clearly whistled wheew, song, loud,
musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States nortl^
to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississ-
ippi Valley southward.

706. Sennett Thrasher {Toxostoma longt'rosire sen-\
netii), L. 11.5; W. 4; B. i.i. Ads. Similar to No. \
705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less \
bright, streaks below blacker. Notes, Resemble those \
of ^Io. 705, but song even finer.

Rang^e.— Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christ! south Into north- j
eastern Mexico. /

713? Texan Cactus Wren (Heleodytes brumietca-
pillus cottesi) , L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. , Ads,!
Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white; I
below, including cbin, heavily marked with black. \
Notes. A loud, harsh cack-cack-cack-cack.

Range.— "Rio urande region of Texas .ind adjoining: Mexican
states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican
tableland." (Meams.)

713a. Bryant Cactus Wren {H. b. brj'anti). Dif-
fers from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in
perfectly barred tail and slight wash ot rufous on belly
and flanks. (Anthony.)

Range. — "Northern Lower California and southern California, west
of the Coast Range. ' ' ( Mearns. )

7 1 3b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren (//. b, affinis). Re-
sembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except
middle pair, barred with white for their whole length;
flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or
tear-shaped spots. ( Ridgw. )

Range. —Southern Lower California.

7l3c? Desert Cactus Wren (//. b, anthonyi). Sim-
ilar to No. 713, but paler above; chin without spots.

Range.— Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south
into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)

755. Wood Thrush {Hylocichla mustelitia). L.
8.2. Ads, Above bright cinnamon, brightest on head\
below white with largc^ rounded black spots. Notes,
Calls, a sharp /)«/-/«■/, a liquid quirt ^ and a soft tut tut-
tut\ song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with fre-
quent pauses and low notes.

Range. — Eastern United States; breeds from Virj^inia and Kansas
to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters In Central America.

233

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Strealced.

715. Rook Wren {SalfmuUs obsoUtus). L. 5.7.
^ds. Rump rusty; tail tipped and outer feathers
barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly
speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whiti^;
breast obscurely streaked with brownish. NoUs,
Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-
like.

Rang^e.— "Western United States, from the western border of the
Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British CoIubi-
bla; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador:
breeds throughout its range, and Is resident from about the southern
border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.)

716. Guadalupe Rook Wren {Salpinctes guadelou-
pensis). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner,
with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and
tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2.
(Ridgw.)

Range.— Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

717. White-throated Wren (Catberpfs tmxscamus
albifrons), L. 6; W. 2.7. Ads, Belly , rump, and all
tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white;
back rusty brown.

Range.— Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward in»
northeastern Mexico.

717a. Canon Wren (C m, cotispersus). Similar to
No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.9; tail-bars narrower.
Notes, Call, a "ringing difik\^^ song, a series of about
seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly de-
scending scale.

Range.— "Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Si«m
Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho. Wyoming. Color-
ado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas
Callentes: breeds nearlv throughout its range; resident in soutBem
parts of Its United States distribution." (A. O. U.)

717b. Dotted Canon Wren (C. m. pundulatus).

Similar to No. 717a, but darker; more nearJy resemb-
ling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.

Range.— Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resi-
dent.

7 1 8. Carolina Wren ( Tbrvotborus ludovictatms).
L . 5 . 5 ; W . 2. J ; B . .6. Ads, Above bright rust-brown ;
below washed with same, throat and line over eye
white. Notes, Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety
of loud, musical whistles, wbee-udel, vbu-udel^ vhes-udei
or tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, etc.

Range — Eastern United Stites; breeds from the Gulf States norlfi
tothelowerHudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), nonbcni
Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.

718a. Florida Wren (T. /. ffffaift/ffsts). Similar to
No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below;
larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.

Range.— Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.

718b. LomitaWren {T , I, lomitensis) , Similar to
No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with
more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually
barred.

Range.- Southeastern Texas.

234

Perching Birds Clfiefly'Brown or Streaked.

719. Bewick Wren {Tbryoniatus hewickii), L. $;
W. 2.2; T. 2.1. Ads, Above rich, dark cinnamon-
brown, tail grayer, below grayish white; all but middle
pair of tail-feathers" WiJkr>fr, outer ones barred, others
tipped with grayish. Notes, Call, "a soft, low, ^/«/;"
song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.

Range.— Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat 40^.
east to Alleghanles and locally to Atlantic States from southern New

Jersey

Allegbj
toGeoi

>rgla.

7 1 9a. Vigors Wren ( T. b, spilurus). Similar to No.
710, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or
reddish.

Range. — Califomia. west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa
Cruz Island. (Bailey.)

719b. Baird Wren ( 7*. ^. leucogaster) , Similar to
No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.

Range.— "Western Texas to southeastern California, and from
southern Nevada. Utah, and Colorado south over ubielands of Mex-
ico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)

7 1 9c. Texas Bewick Wren ( T, h, crvptus) . Simi-
lar to No. 719, but graxer, brown of upperparts not so
rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.

Range.— "Texas, except the extreme western comer, sutesof Nuevo
L«on and Tamaulipas. In Mexico, with probably Kansas. Indian Ter-
ritory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)

7 I9d. Southwest Bewick Wren (T. b, cbarienturus).
Similar to No. 710b but flanks and upper surface dark-
er, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail<overts more
heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)

Range.— Coast region of southern Califomia. north to about Pasa-
dena, south to Lat. «8^ , Lower California, Sanu Catalina Island;
resident. (Oberholser.)

729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (T. b, calophonus).
Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface
usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks some-
what more rufescent; W. 2.1; B..6. (Oberholser.)

Range. — Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver
Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the
mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)

7 1 9. 1 . San Ciemente Wren ( Thryomatus leucophrvs)
Similar to No. 7i9d, but flanks and upperparts rather
grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail<overts less
heavily barred. (Oberholser.)

Ransre.— San Ciemente Island, California.

720. Guadalupe Wren (Tbryoniatus brevicaudus) .
L. 4.5; W. 1.9. Ads. Resembling No. 719a, but
rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull
grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with
dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray
tips, (Rkigw.)

Range. — Guadalupe Island. Lower Califomia.

235

Percbing Blrda Chiefly Brown. or Streaked.

721. House Wren {Troglodytfs aedon), L. 4.7; T.
1.7. j4di. Above cinnamon brown, sometimes ob-
scurely barred; tail the same, all the feathers barred;
below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and
flanks usually more or less barred. Notes, Call, a
scolding krrritig\ song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepress-
ible little melody.

Rang:e.— Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine. Montreal,
and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley southward into Mexico.

721a. Parkman Wren (T, a, parkmanu). Similar
to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in
color betwe^ No. 721 and No. 721b,

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from southern California norui to
British Columbia: winters from southern California southward.

721b. Western House Wren (7*. a, a^tecus). Sim-
ilar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler be-
low; back more frequently oarred.

Range.— Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the
Mississippi Valley; winters south Into Lower California and Mexico.

722. Winter Wren {Olbiorchilus hiemalis), L. 4;
T. 1.2. Ads, Above cinnamon, much brighter than
in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly
heavily barred with blackish. Notes, Call, chimf-
chimp, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tink-
ling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes.
(Bailey.)

Range. — Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Eng^
Lind and northern New Yori< northward, and M)uthward along the Al-
leghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
toRorida.

722a. Western Winter Wren (O. A. padficus)
Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both
above and below, and more heavily barred.

Range.— Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north
to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h, hellers). Slight-
ly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)

Range. — Kadial< Island, Alaska,

723. Alaskan Wren (^Olbiorchilus alascmsis). Re-
sembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6

Range— Breeds on Kadi.ik Island. Alaska; winter range unknown.

723.1. Aleutian Wren (^Olbiorchilus nuligerus). Sim-
ilar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and up-
per tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly
heavier. ( Oberholser. )

Range.— "Westernmost part of the Aleutian group. Alaska." (Ober-
holser.

724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (^Cistotborus stel-
laris), L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Ads, Crown and back
streaked with whitish: breast-band, sides and under
tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish.
Notes, Call, like sound produced by striking two
pebbles together; song, cbap — cbap -cbap-cbap, cbap-cbap-
cbap p'p-rrr. ( Seton . ) ( See next page. )

Range.- E« stern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds
from the (iulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters
from the Gulf Sutes southward.

236

Pdrohing Birds Chfefly Brown or Streaked.

725. Long^illed Marsh Wren (TelmatodyUs palus-
iris). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. Ads, Crown and fore-
back largely black, the latter with white streaks; a
white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white,
sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers black,
broadly barred with pale cinnamon. Notes. Call,
scolding, a characteristic Wren-like cocking', song, a
reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.

Rang^e.— Eastern North America wett to the Rocky MountalDs;
breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba;
winters locaUy from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.

725a. Tule Wren (7. p. paludicola). Similar to
No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-
feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts
usually browner.

Range. - Pacific coast : breeds from southern California to British
Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala.

725b. Worth ington Marsh Wren (7*. />. griseus).
Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts,
sides and flanks pale ^^rayish; dark markings of under
tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused
and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting.
(Brewster.)

Ranee. -Coast of South Carolina'and Georgia.

725o. Interior Tule Wren (T. p. pUsius), Similar
to No. 725a, but paler.

Ranee. — "Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to
British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Kocky Mountains and Tex-
as, south into Mexico." tOberholser.)

725.1. Marian Marsh Wren ( Telmatodytes mariana) .
Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and
flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts
and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.

Range.-<julf coast of Florida.

726. Brown Creeper ( Certhia fimtliaris americatia ) .
L. 5*6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed.
y4ds. Rump rusty, a buffy white band in the wing;
back and crown sireaked with whitish, black and
rusty; below white. Notes. Call, a faint, high, thin
tseep\ song, **an exquisitely pure, tender song of four
notes." (Brewster )

Range.— Esstern North America; breeds from Maine and Minnesota
(casually Missouri) norittward: winters from about the southern
breeding limlU to the Gulf Sutes.

726a. Mexican Creeper (C./. aMifs^^if5). Similar
to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black,
crown War* streaked with white, band in wing white.

Range.— Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona. /

726b. Roclcy Mountain Creeper (C. /. montana), j
Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing
averaging whiter.

Range.— Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona north-
ward to Alaska.

726o. Californian Creeper (C. /. occidentalis) ,
Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color
of upperparts yellowish rusty.

Rangie.— Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cat*
Ifomla. northward to Alaska.

237

P^rohing Birds Chiefly Brown or Strealced

726d. Sierra Creeper (C. /. isloUs). Similar to
No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent;
similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of
feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)

Range.— "Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra
Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

756. Wilton Thrush; Veery {Hylodcbla fuscssc^ns).
L. 7.^. Ads, Above, wings and tail, uniform cinna-
mon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and
throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots
the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled
nhehyou and a softer ioo'tobes; song, a weird, spiral of
bknded alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersev.
the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to New-
foundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

756a. Willow Thrush //./. salicicola). Similar to
No. 756, but more olive above.

Range.— Rockv Mountains north to British Columbia, east to
Dalcota; In migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina: winters
as far south as southern Brazil.

759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttata),
L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail rufous, much brighter than back.
Ads, Eye*ring whitish, not deep Duff; back olive-
brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted
with large, wedge-shaped marks.

Range.— Breeds In northwest coast region from British Colunbb
to Alaska; In winter south to Mexico.

g, auduhom).

759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H.

Similar to No. 759, but larger. W. 4; back" grayer, tail
paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range. — Rocky Mountain regton of United States south to Guat
emala.

759b. Hermit Thrush (//. g, pallasit). Similar to
No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes, Call, a
low cbuck\ song, highly musical and probably exceed-
ing in spiritualquaTity that of any of our birds.

Range.- Eastern North America; breeds from Mlchlnin, Alleghan-
les In Pennsylvania, Catskllls, higher mountains of Massachusetts
(rarelyat sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to
Gulf Sutes.

759o. Dwarf Hermit Thrush {H. g, nana). Simi-
lar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly
browner.

Range. — Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south throufrh
Sierra Nevadas; east, In migrations, to Nevada and Arliona; south to
Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.)

238

Perohing Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked.

757. Gray-cheeked Thrush (//r/<M;iV// /a j/fiTfidr). L.
7.5; W. 4. ^ds. Tail and back the sam^ color, olive
without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores tobitish^
cheeks and breast only sUgbilj^ tinged with buff, breast
with wedge-shaped spots. hJoUs, Doubtless like
those of No. 757a.

Rade«.— Breeds In Labrador and west to Alaska: misrrates throug:h
eastern North America and winters In Central America.

757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. hickmlU). Similar
to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. J^otes, Calls,
pbeu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit
Thrush.andrarely, apipor/>^tf«A like that of Olive-
backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more in-
terrupted. (Brewster.)

Ran^.— Breeds In the high parts of the Catsklllls and north to
White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropks.

758. Russet-baoked Thrush (^Hylodcbla ustulcta).
L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than
back. ^ds. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and
breast distinctly huffy\ breast with wedge-shaped spots;
back and flanks olive-brown; tail slighty browner.
The most deeply colored bird of the ustulaia group.

Ran^.— Pacific coast;
south to Guatemala.

breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters

758a. Olive-baoked Thrush (H, u. swainsonii).
Similar to No. 7s8, but back, tail, and flanks without
brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid
puit; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and
the Veery.

Range.— Eastern North America; breeds In Alleghanies from Penn-
sylvania and the Catskiils. north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters in Central and South America.

758b. California Olive-backed Thrush (H. u,

4Fdica). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent
coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface
usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Ranee.— Calttorala, except north coast; north In Interior to southern
Oregon; south. In winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Ober-
holser.)

7580. Alma Thrush (H. w. alma). Similar to No.
758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of
the ustulata group.

Range.— Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south In Rocky Mountain
region? and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A. O. U.j

239

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.

566. White-winged Junco (/tt/f^ooii^f). L. 6.$;
W. 3.30. ^ds. Resembling No. 567, but larger,
paler, wings generally with two white bars; thm outer
tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly
white.

Range — Breeds in Wyoming nnd. western North Dalcota: winters in
Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin.
(RIdgw.)

567. Siate-oolored Junoo(/fiii^A;'m^i/is). L. 6.2.

W. 3. y4d, c?, summer. Head and back gray, the
crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usuaHy
more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides
gray; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white.
j4d, ^jsummer* Similar, but brown wash stronger.
j4ds., xcinter. Brown tips to feathers longer, sides
sometimes brownish. Notes. Calls, a sharp, kissing
note and a rapid chevc-chewchew] song, a simple, twit-
tering trill.

Range.— Eastern North America, breeds from northern New Eng-
land, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labraitor
and northwest to Alaslca; and southward along the Alleghanie> to
Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States.

567e. Carolina Junco (J, k, carolinensis), Simibr
to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperpart^
and breast uniform slate-gray xtitbout a brownish wasti
the bill horn color.

Range. — ^Alleghanles from Virginia to Georgia. .

568. Pink-sided Junco (Junco mearnsi). L. 6.2.
Ad, (^y summer. Sides broadly brownish pink, center
of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker,
back washed with brownish. Ad, 9 in summer. Sim-
ilar to the cf , but with less pink on sides, the crown
washed with gray. Ads. xtinter. Similar to summer
Ads., but with more brownish.

Range.- Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana:
winters south through Wyoming and Colorado u> northern Mexico.

567 I. fiionXzn^ ^unco {Junco montanus) . Similar
to No. 568, but with less pink on the ^ides, the throat
and breast darker slate.

Range. -Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho
north to northwest Territory and Alberta; In winter south to Mexico.
east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi. Massachusetts, and
Maryland. (Ridgw.y

571. %9\r6 ^unoo {Junco bairdi) . Back and sides
rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish
white, belly white.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar
to m/jr«si but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and
breast darker.

Range. — Guadalupe Island. Lower California.
5711. To wsend Junco (y^if^ t&wsendi). Similar
to No. S67.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish
wash much reduced.

Range.— San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower Olffomk.

240

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White«

GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.

569. Gray-headed Junco {Junco camccps), L. 6.5;
W. 3.2; T. 2.9. j4ds. Head, breast and sides gray;
back reddish brown; «o reddish brown on wings; three
outer tail-feathers with white; upper and lower mandi-
bles pinkish.

Ran^.— Breeds In mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado,
Uuh, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (RIdgw.)

570. Arizona Junco (Junco pbceonotus palliatus),
L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head gray; underparts
grayish whiU\ back, and to a greater or less extent,
wing-coverts and tertials^ redJish brown; three outer
tail-feathers with white; iris ,rellow; upper mandible
blackish, lower yellowish. Notes, Calls, resemble
those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.

Range.— Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.

570a. Heil'backed ^unco {Junco dorsalis) L. 6,7;
W. 3-3; T. 3. y4ds. Head gray; underparts grayish
vbite; back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings;
three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mindible
blackish, \oweT flesb-color\ iris **brown.*'

Range,— Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central
Arizona; winters south to nortliern Mexico and western Texas.

BLACK-HEADFD JUNCOS.
567a. Oregon Junco {Junco oreganus), L. 6.2;
W. 3. Ad, cT* summer. Head, neck, throat and
breast black sharply detined from the mahogany brown
back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white;
sides washed with pinkish brown. Ad, ?, summer.
Head and breast grayer, back paler. Ads, winter.
Back deeper ,the head and neck more or less tipped with
brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply
defined from the back and belly.

Range.— Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to
Alaska; winters south to California.

—Shufeldt Junco (/. o, sbufeldti). Similar to No.
567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.

Range.— -Pacltic coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Colum-
bia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?^: winters south to
northern Mexico.

567b. Coues Junco (J. 0, connectens). Similar to
sbufeldti^ but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer,
sides With less pinkish brown, head and breast still
sharply defined from adjacent areas.

Range.— Breeds In the interior of British Columbia and probably in
arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely knownK winters
southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.

567c. Thurber Junco (/ 0. thurberi). Similar to
No. 567, but back much p.iler, a bright pinkish brown;
head and breast black as in No. 567.

Range.-rBreeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to
southern California; east to western Nevada.

567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. o, pinosus). Similar
to No. 567c, but throat and breast sl.ite-color.

Range.— Santa Cruz district of California : breeds from King
Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, Countv; wanders eastward
In winter Into Santa Clara and San Benito Vallev s. (Grinnell.;

241

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

733. Plain Titmouse (Baiolophus ittornatus), L.
5.5- ^ds. Head crested; above grayish ^roaw; Mow
grayish white, belly white, sides often buffy. Nates.
Similartothoseof the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker
and less varied. (Ridgw.)

Rang:e.— Callfornta, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.

733a- Gray Titmouse {B, u griseus). Similar to
No. 733, but above gray, below whitish gray, no bujf
on sides.

Range — Southeastern United States, from southeastern Caltfbmia
and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.

733b. Ashy Titmouse {B. t\ dmraceus), Simflar
to No. 733a, but underparts grayish white, not whitish
gray.

Range.— Cape Region of Lower California.

743. Bush-Tit {P salt ripar us minimus), L, 4.2; T.
2.1. ^ds. Crown 500/^ brown; back grayish brown;
below brownish white, sides darker.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.

743a. California ^u%Yi'T\X(p, m. calijornicus). Sim-
ilar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown,
quite different from the brownish gray back; under-
parts paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit,
tsit, tsit, when moving about, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-f; tsit,
sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions,
same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a
zreatly intensified tsit'- tsii; tsit; tsit': in presence of
Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, sre-e-e'e-e^.
(Grinnell.)

Range.— California, except the north coast region .
743b. Grlnda Bush-Tit (P. m. grinds). Similar
to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)

Range. — Cape Region of Lower California.

744- Lead-oolored Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus plumbeus) .
L. 4.5. y4ds. Cf(w« and back bluish gray, sides of
head brownish; below dingy white with a buffv lint on
belly.

Range.- Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern
California east to Wyoming. Colorado, and western Texas.

744. 1 . Santa Rita BuBh^TWlPsaltriparus santarit^).

Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler,
male with a more or less distinct blackish line along
sides of head as in female of No. 745. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arixona.
745. Lloyd Bush-Tit (Tsaltriparus llqydt). L. 4.2.
Ad. c?. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray,
back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the
belly and sides buffy. Ad, ?. Sides of head brown-
ish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line;
no black on chin. Yng. Similar to 9, but no black
in head.

Range.— "Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio
Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico.

242

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

731. Tufted Titmouse {Barolopbushicolor), L. 6.
i4ds. Head crested; forehead black\ above eray; below
whitish, sides rusty. NoUs. A clearly whistled pHo,
pitoy and a hoarse de-dt-de.

Range.— Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north
to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa: straying somewhat
further north In summer after breeding.

731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse {B. b. texensis).
Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts
paler.

Range. — Southeastern Texns.

732. Blaok-crested Titmouse {Barolopbus atricrist-
atus), L. 6.1. ^ds. Head with a black crest; fore-
head white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below
whitish, sides rusty. Notes. An abbreviation of the
call of No. 7 3 1 » pite-pite-peie-peie. ( Bailey. )

Range.— "From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to east-
em Mexico." (Bailey.)

751. Blue-gray Gnatoatoher (PoUopUla aerulda).
L. 4.5;T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white
tip of next to outer one at least i.oo long. Ad* c?.
Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below
erayish white. y4d. ?. Similar, but lighter p-ay; no
black on forehead. Notes. Call, a twanging ting;
song, sweet and varied but of small volume.

Ran^pe.— Eastern United States, west to Colorado: breeds from the
Gulf Mates north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders cas-
ually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf
Sutes southward.

751a. Western Gnatoatoher (P. c. o^5<:f<ra). Simi-
lar to No. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to
next to outer tail-feather less than i.oo long.

Range.— Western United States from western Texas west to Cal-
ifornia and Lower California.

752. Plumbeous Gnatoatoher (Polioptila plumbed).
L. 4.4. Outer wing of outer tail-feather wholly white,
inner web black except at tip. j4d. c?. Crown shin-
ing black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white.
Ad. 9 and Yng, cf . similar, but no black on head.
Yng. 9. Back and sides with a brownish wash.
Notes, Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five
notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like
those of a Swallow. (Cooper.)

Range. — Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to south-
eastern California and Lower California.

753. Black-tailed Gnatoatoher (Polioptila calijorn-
tea). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer
vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white;
back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast region of southern California and northern
Lower California.

243

Perching Birds Chieffy Gray, Black, or Black and NAOiite.

734. Bridled TitrrtOUslB (Baolophus voUwebert,.
L. 5.2. Ads, Head crested, black and gray; throat
black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black:
back olive-gray; below whitish. NoUs. Chickadee-
like but fainter. (Henshaw. )

Range. — Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and souttten:
Arizona.

738. Mountain Chickadee (Paru5^am^^/0- L. 5.5.
Ads, A white line over the eye and a black through
it; back gray; belly whitish. Notes, A hoarse, dicdtt-
dee, a two or three-noted pbe-be whistle exactly like
that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-
noted whistle of regular intervals, dy c, a.

Range.— "Mountainous porllonsof the we* tern United States fron
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north
to British Columbia. Idaho, etc.. and south to northern Lower Cal-
ifornia." (A O. U.)

740. Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus budsomcus),
L. 5.2; W. 2.6. Ads, Crown hair-brown, back a
more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish
white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. SoUs.
Tscba-dee-dee-dee-deex the dee-dee notes repeated with
almost incessant volubility. (Brewer. )

Range.— British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay north-
westward to the Lower Yukon.

740a. Kowalc Chiclcadee (P. b, stontyt). Similar
to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7, above grayer, crown
much paler.

Range.— Kowak River region, Alaska.

740b. Columbian Chiclcadee (P, b, cdumbiamts).
Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.

Ringe. Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; ICenai Pen-
insula. Alaska.

— Canad*an Chickadee {P. b. Httoralis), Similar to
No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.

Range.— British America east and south of Hudson Bay; nortbeni
New York, northern New England. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.

739. Alaskan Chickadee (Parus dnctus alascensis).
L. 5.2. Ads. Crown broxtn, back hrigbter, sides of
head and ntck pure wbite] throat blackish; belly whit-
ish, sides buffy.

Range.— "Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.)

741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Parus rufesctns),
L. 4.6. Ads, Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty
brown, throat black. Notes, A lisping tbe-tbe-tbe-le-U,
(Kobbe.)

Range.— Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.

741a. California Chickadee (P. r. if^^/^ctttf). Sim-
ilarto No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on
flanks.

Rnge.—' 'Coast of California from Monterey County northward.'
(A. O. U.)

74 1 b. Barlow Chickadee (P, r, barlotn).
to iNu. 741a, but with no rusty on flanl^.

Range. — Vicinity of Monterey. Ollfomla.

244

Simitar

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

735. Black-capped Chickadee r/'jrM5 atricapiUus).
L. 5.2; T. 2.5. j4ds. Cap and throat black; back
gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-
co verts gravisb wbih; flanks, cream buff. Notes, Chick-
adee- J/e, liquid gureles and chuckling notes and a
sweet, clearly whistled, pbe-be or pbe-be-t.

Range.— Easttm North America; breeds from southern Illinois and
Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to
North Carolina; migrates a short dist:ince below Its southern breed-
in|; limits.

735a. Long-tailed Chickadee {P. a. sept^itrionalis) .
Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler,
white edgings broader.

Range.— Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to
Manitoba and the Plains.

735b. Oregon Chickadee {P. a, occidentalis) , Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.

736. Carolina Chickadee {Parus caroUmnsis), Sim-
ilar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater
>ying-coverts not margined with whitish. Notes.
W histle * 'tswee-deey twsee-dee, ' *

Range.— Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey.
and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.

736.a Plumbeous Chickadee {P, c. a^ilis). Similar
to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below.

Range. — "Eastern and central Texas (Bee. Victoria, Cook, and
Concho Counties, etc. ") (A. O. U.)

737. Mexican Chickadee {Parus sclateri) . Simi-
lar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black
more extended. Notes, A rapid, vigorous double-
noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that
of the Chickadee.

Range. — Mountainous portk>ns of the Mexican tableland north to
southern Arizona.

630. Black-capped Vireo (l^ireo atricapiUus), L.
4.5. /Id, rf . Crown and cheeks shining black; lores
and cye-ring white; back olive-green; below white,
sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-
bars, /id, ?. Similar, but black of head duller.
Yng. "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown;
lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or
palebuffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general char-
iKter of the White-eye or M/« type." (Bailey.)

Range.— Breeds In central and western Texas; north to southern
Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.

^ 245

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

727. White-breasted Nuthatch {Siiia carolinensis),
L. 6. Ad, c?. Crown and foreback hluisb black;
sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with
distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. $ . Similar
but black of head and shoulders washed with ^ay.
Notes, Call, a nasal yank-j^ank and conversational
notes; song, a tenor, ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba, all on the same
note.

Range. — Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains,
breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resi-
dent.

727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (5. c, aadtaU),
Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black;
black of tertials less deep and on next to inner one
usually pointed at end.

Range.— Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds froa
Lower California north to British Columbia: residenu

727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (5. c,

atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller,
wing<overts and tertials not tipped with grayish; ?
with head black as in c?.

Range.— Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.

7270. Rooky Mountain Nuthatch (5. c nslsont).
Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. j.7, with some-
what more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and
lower belly.

Range. — Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sononu
Arixona. New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Meams.)

727d. St. Lucaa Nuthatch (5. c, laguna). Simi-
lar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter,
the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted;
W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)

Range. — Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower Callfomia.
(Brewster.)

728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadsnsis).
L. 4.6. Ad, c?. A stripe through the eye and crown
black; line cw^ eye white; underparts rusty. Ad, f.
Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the
eye blackish, paler below. Notes, A fine, thin, nasal,
penny-trumpet like, draw\edi^'na-yna,

Range.^North America, breeding from the northern portions of the
northern tier of States northward, and southward In the Alleghanies
to Virginia, In the Rocky Mountain* to Colorado, and In the Sierra
Nevada In California; winters Irregularly southward to the Golf
States and Arizona.

729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusiUa,) L.
4.3. Ads, Crown brown; a white patch on nape;
back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes
tinged with buff. Yn^, Crown whitish. Notss, A
conversational, twittering tnee-twe.

Range.— South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Virginia, acddent-
ally to New York and casually to Missouri.

730. Pygmy Nuthatch (SUta f^fmaa). L. 4.3.
Ads, Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape;
a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged
with buff. Yng, Crown gray like back. Not^s, A
metallic, clinking c/t/ZiV:*, cUttick,

Range.— Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains;
breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.

246

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. liuconucba).
Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back
less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, under- ^*+^
parts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy.
(Ridgw.)

Ran^. — Lower California.

444. }^\x\%h\rd (Tyrannus tyr annus), L. 8.$. Tail
tipped with white. Ads, Above slaty, crown blacker
^vith an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-
patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. **A
soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early
morning (O. T. Miller.)

Rang:e.— North America, breeds from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah. Ne~
vad^. northeast California and western British Columbia; winters
south of United States, to Central and South America.

445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis,) L.
9- Ads. No white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch;
under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above
gra^ below white. SoUs, A loud, chattering,
piiirriypiiirru

Range.— West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the
coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles. Mexico, and Cen-
tral America.

701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel {Cinclus nuxi-
canus). L. 8. Ads, Slatv gray, head and neck
browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish.
Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modula-
tion resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher,
but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Rldg-
way.) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack.

Range.— "The mountainous parts of central and western Nor»h
America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east In
the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains.
Apparently resident throughout Its range." (A. O. U.)

704. Oatbird {Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9.
Ads, Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts
reddish chestnut. Notes, Call, a whining, nasal tchay;
song, rich, musical, and varied.

Range.— North Americ« ; west to British Columbia and rarely Pa-
cific coast states: breeds from the Gulf States north to New Bruns-
wick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.

754. JovtMendSoWiBire (Mjfodestes tottmsendii)' L.
8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer
tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a
buff band showing in flight. Notes, Son^, a rich,
flowing, GrosbeaTc-like warbling, sung with great
vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long
periods.

'^ange. — "Western United States, from the Plains westward to the
[yO. "io 1st. nonh to British Columbia and south in winter to the
order of Arizona and noithem Lower Callfomla; breeds
7/>,. )untainsof New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central

'^^ lorlhward."

247

\ I

Parching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

621. Northern Shrike (Z.i7/iffi5 6or/«7/i5). L. loj
Lores grayish. ^ds. Above bluish gray; til
black, outer featers tipped with white; below whijj
usually with wavy bars. Yng. Above washed u-ffl
brown; below more distinctly and more heavily banei
Notes, Song, not unlike that of the Brown i hrashe
but more disconnected, less loud.

Range.— North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska ; vintm
south, trreguUiily. to Virginia. Kansas, Arizona, and California.

622. Loggerhead Shrike (Lamus ludovictanus).
9. ' Lores black. Mds, Underparts white t^lV^cw/ bar^
above bluish gray; rump and upper tall-coverts little H
any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white.
Yng, Underparts, head, and rump more or less nar-
rowly barred. Notes, Call, harsh and discordant;
song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.

Ringe.— Eastern United States; breeds from Rorlda to Virginia.
In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and
nonherti New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire. Maine,
and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mis-
sissippi Valley, and winters in southern States.

622a. White-rurpped Shrike (L, I, excubitorides).
Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper
tail-coverts whiter: bill less deep.

Range. -"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains
to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the
Plains of the Saskatchewan south over ubielands of Mexico."

622b. California Shri|ce (L. /. gambeli). Similar
to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indis-
tinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish.

Range.— Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.

. 622c. Island Shrike (L,l. anthonyi). Similar io
No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.

Range. — Santi Barbara Islands. Caiifornli.

703. Mockingbird {Minit$s polvglottos), L. las.
/Ids, Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer
tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped
with, white; primaries white basally. Notes, Call, a
harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.

Range.— Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to north-
eastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely
Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and
lower Mississippi Valley southward.

703a. Western Mockingbird (M, p, leucopterus) ,
Similar to No. 703, But with a very slight brownish
tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.

Rangje.— Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from
IndianTerrltorv and eastern Texas west to Callfbmla.

765. yNneaXeiir iSaxicola (Bttantbe) , L. 6; W. 3.7.
/4d. cf . Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of
tail white; below white more or less washed with buff.
y4d. $. Browner above and below, no black through
eye. j4ds. in u^nter and Yng, Similar to ?, but ;inna-
mon brown above, cinnamon below.

Ranj^e. — Asia; mi{;ratlnK:in summer to Alaska.

765a. Greenland Wheatear (S, ae, leucorboa). Sim-
ilar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4. A

Rang^e. — Western Europe; breeds in Greenland .ind on adji
mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Loulslan^Q^.

248 '

Pe)*ohing Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

573. Blaok-throated Sparrow {Amphispi^a hilin^
Ota), L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front
•" of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at
the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked;
outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at
least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes,
Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three
descending notes.

K Range.— Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?}, north to
<" Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from centnU Texas south Into
>: northeastern Mexico.

573a. Desert Sparrow {A. h, cUseriicola), Similar
to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer
. tail-feather Uss than half an inch long.

Range.— Western United Sutes and northern Mexico, from western
Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado,
- and western Nevada: winters south Into Mexico.

602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morellefi).
L. 4.6. Ad. c?. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tall,
wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers,
tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band,
whitish. Ad. 9. Above grayish brown, below uni-
form buffy. Yng. c?- Variously intermediate be-
tween Ad. (^ and Ad. cf . At least two years evident-
ly required to reach mature plumage.

Range.— Eastern Mexico, north to sootheastem Texas.

636. Black and White Warbler (MmatUta varid).
L. 5.3. Ad. cf . Above streaked black and white;
throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked
black and white. Ad. $. Less black; whiter below;
throat always white. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry,
S4i'Su-see-s$s.

Range.— Eastern North Amtilca: breeds from Virginia, Louisiana,
and northern Texas, noflh to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf
States south to northern South America; accidental In CallfDmla.

661. Black-poll Warbler {Dmdroica striata). L.
5.6. Ad.(^, Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked,
gray and black; below white streaked with black;
wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ?. No black
cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng, and
Ad. in wintsr.' Above olive-green lightly streaked with
black; bt\ow yillowisb white; breast obscurely streaked.
Notis, Son^, a slender, wiry tree-trei-tre&'tree-tre&'trsi-
ine-trut rapidly uttered. (Langille.)

Range.— Eastern North America, west to the Rockies: breeds from
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and
Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in Wcst Indies and
northern South America.

665. Black-throated Gray Warbler {Dendroica nig"

rtsans). L. 5. Ad. cf . Crown, cheeks and throat

black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line

before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars

and tail-patches white. Ad. ?. Similar, but crown

not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with

brownish, black areas tippecT with white. Notes.

Song, ree-ee-zee-ee, ^<f, ^e, {^, with the quality of the

:siig o\ Dendroica vtrens or D. cutruUscens.

I Range.— Western Unltfd States: breeds in mountains from Arizona

' id northern Lnwer Callforrla, north to Colorado and Vancouver

,4and; winters In Mexico.

249

i'^rohing Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

gray.
Var-

611. Purple Martin (Prague subis), L. 7.8. yfd.
c?. Shining blue-black, all feathers wiih dusky
bases. /Id. ?. Above dull blue-black; breast
ish edged with white; belly whitish. Yng, r^.
iously intermediate between 9 and Ad. (f.

Range.— North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to New-
foundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics.

6 M a. Western Martin (P. 5. hesperia). (^ similar
to cf of No. 61 r; V belly whiter; forehead grayish.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washing-
ton (.md BriU>h Columbia?): winters In tropics.

6 1 I . I. Cuban Martin {Progne cryptolmca). W. 5.50.
/Id. (^. With feathers of ventral region basally mark-
ed with white. y4d. ? and Yng. cf . With breast
and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly /wr/ whsU.

Range.— Cuba, north In spiine to southern Florida.

6 1 2. Cliff Swallow IPetrocbelidon lunifrons), L-
5.5. Mds. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cin-
namon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-
black, the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat
dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish
brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with
same.

Ran^. — "North America, north to the limit of trees, breedlnj^
southto the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas,
southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in win-
ter; not recorded from Florida or W< st Indies.'* (A. O. U.)

612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochilidon mt-
lanogastra). Similar to No. 6r 2, but smaller, W. 4.1,
forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump
darker, more rusty.

Ranee. — Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra) . L.
cr» 7.5; 9 > 6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. cT. Above
glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut: throat and upper
breast chestnut, belly paler. j4d. ? . Forehead, and
underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song,
a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all
our Swallows, while simple, are dignostic but difficult
of description.)

Range.— North America, north to Greenland and Alaslca; breeds
through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.

614. Tree Swallow {Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6.
Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below^ white.
Ytig. Sooty gray above; white below.

R.inge.-North America: breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic
coast and Lat. ^S^ on Pacific coast north to Labrador and AIaj»ka;
winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.

6 1 5. Northern Violet-Green Swallow ( Tachydmta
thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad, c?. Above
bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct
nape- ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts
wiiite; flank-patches white, often showing from above.
Ad. 9. Much duller, the head browner, Yng.
Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a wbjl^
ish mark above and behind eye; below white.

Range.— Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to
Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winter<i in
Mexico and Central America.

250

v'S

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

6 1 5a. St. Lucas Swallow (7. i. hrachypiera) .
Similar to No. 615, but wing shorter, <^, 4.1, 5, 4.
(Brewster.)

Range. — Lower California.

458. Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans), L. 7-2/^
j4ds. Breast and head black, back grayer; outer weD
of outer ta 1-feather white; belly black, under tail-cov-
erts white streaked xcitb dusky. Notes, A liquid /»>, a
rising kee-ree, and a falling kee-wray. (Bailey.)

Ranjfe.— Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Coliraa
northward, north Into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Ari/oi.a.

458a. Western Black Phoebe (5. //. sewiaira).
Similar to No. 458, but under tail<overts white w ith-
out dusky streaks.

Ranj^e — Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, frcJm Colirra to
Oregon. Including mobt of Arizona. (Nelson.)

494. Bobolink; ReedblrcJ {Dolichonyx ory^ivorns).
Ad, d^, summer. Black; nape buffy, lower back,
scapulars and upper tail<overts white. Ad. ^ .
Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black;
t>elow yellowish white, sides streaked with black.
iV inter ylumage^ Ads and Yng. Like ? but yellower.
M7//5. Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of
**mad music ' often given on the wing; calls, a black-
bird-like chuck and a metallic, far carrying, chink,

Ran^.— Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from north-
em New Jersey. Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba,
and Montana: mlR:rates south through Florida and West Indies, and
winters south 01 Amazon.

534. Snowflake (Pa55^maffrra/f5). L. 6.9. Hind
toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. Ad, S\
summsr. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers
and below white; rest of plumage largely black. Ad,
9, summer. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged
with rusty or grayish. JVinter, Above rusty and
black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. Notes,
Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar chirr,
often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple,
but rather sweet. ( Minot. )

Range.— Breeds In northern parts of northern hemisphere; irregu-
larly to Georgia, southern Indiana, Kansas. Colorado, and eastern
Oregon; in winter south to northern states.

534a. Pribilof Sno%vflake (P, n. tatcnsetidf). Sim-
ilar to No. 534, but larger, with relatively longer bill;
c?, W. 4.7; B .5. (Ridgw.)

Range. — ^Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Island. Shuma-
gin Islands. (RIdgw.)

535" McKay Snowflake (Passerina hyperborcus),
L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. Similar to No. 534* but with
more white. Ad, c?, summer. Back and scapulars
entirely white. Ad, 9, summer. Crown and hind-
nfCk white. Yng, Not certainly distinguishable from
y-'/ng. of No. 534. (Ridgw.)

Range.— Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; In
winter west coast of Alaska.

251

Pi^rohing Birds Chiefly Gray, Blaolc, or Blaolc and White.

605. Lark Bunting {Calamosfn^a nulanccor^s), L.
7.2. y4d. c?. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-
feathers tipped, tertials margined with white. y4d. ?.
Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below
white conspicuously streaked with black; all but cen-
tral tail-feathers with white tips; broad winfi:-bars buff.
y^g' c?« Variously intermediate between Ad. c? and ?.
(See page 251).

Rangfe. — Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds
from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minne-
sota and Asslnlbola; winters In Mexico; irregular west In mJgrations
to Idaho and southern California.

484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack (Perisoreus cana-
densis), L. 11.5. Ads, Black of hindhead reaching
to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter,
throat white; forehead buffy white. Notes, ca-ca-ca
and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to repro-
duce on paper. (Bendire.)

Range.— Eastern North America; Nova Scotia. New Brunswick,
northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan:
northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region,
west to the Rockies In Alberta.

484a. Rocky Mountain Jav (P. c, cabiialis). Sim-
ilar to No. 484, but head white, black of hindhead
grayer and not reaching to eye.

Range. - Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Artxona
north to Montana and Idaho.

484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c, fumfrons) . Very near to
No. 4S4, but forehead averaging more yellowish.

Range. - Alaska; Interior and west to Cook Inlet, north -of southern
coast region.

484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapUlus), Similar
to No. 484, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching
forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below
browner.

Range. — ^Labrador.

485. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus). Similar to
No. 484, but back feathers with light shaft streaks, fore-
head less white, underparts nearly uniform white.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to southern British
Columbia.

485a. Gray Jay (P. o. griseus). Similar to No.
485, but lareer and grayer; back, etc.. deep mouse
gray, instead of brown: below grayish white instead of
brownish white. (Ridgw.)

Range.— British Columbia, Washington. Oregon, and northern
California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.)

491. Clarke Nutcracker (Nudfraga columhiaua).
L. 12. Ads, Gray; wings and middle tail-feathers
black, tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white.
Notes, A loud, harsh, car-r-car-r.

Range. - Mountains of western North Amerlco. from northern Low
er California. Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Ala&Ra-.
casually east to Mississippi Valley.

252

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Blaolc, or Black, and White.

475. Amwlomi MttgplB (Pica pica hudsonui). L.
20. y4ds. Bill black; scapulars, belly and most of
Inner margins of prfmarles white; wings glossy blue
black, tail externally greenish; back and oreast vel-
vety black. NoUs. Cack^ cack^ also garrulous gabble
intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.)

Ran{^— Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cas-
cade and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and
northern Arizona north to Alaska strays farther east In winter.

470. Yellow-beNied Magpie {Pica nuttali). Simi-
lar to No. 475, but bill and eye-space yellow; smaller,
L. 18. Notes, A harsh, rasping, cac-cac-cac; and a
low, rich whistle, audible only at a short distance.

Range. California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red BlufF
and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.)

493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). L. 8.5; T. 2.5.
Ad, summer. Metallic green and purple spotted above
with buffy; bill yellow. Ad. winter. Similar, but
above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below
heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. Notes, A
long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and
a chattering, metallic call when in flocks.

Range.- Europe and northern Asia; accidental In Greenland; In-
troduced Into New York City In zSgo; now common, extending east
to New Haven. Connecticut, north to Osslnlng, New York, south to
Staten Island and Bayonne, New Jersey.

495. QoH4h\rd (Molotbrus ater), L. 7.9; W. 4.2.
Ad. cT. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish
black. Ad. ^, Brownish gray, throat lighter. Yttg.
Like $. Notes. A metallic twitter, and by the male,
along-drawn, glassy kluck-tse-e-e; and watery gurg-
ling notes uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range. -United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Ftorlda
and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to
eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from
southern New Jersey, scuthem Illinois, Indian Territory, northern
Texas, and southeastern California, southward.

495a. Dwarf Cowbird (Af. a. obscurus). Similar to
No. 495, but smaller. L. 7.5; W. 4-

Range.— Southwestern tJnl ted States; from Gulf Coast of Texas
west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; win-
ters south of United States.

496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callothrus robustus).
L. 9. Ad. cf . Velvety bronze-black: wings and tail
shining blue-black. Ad. ?. Dull black, wings and
tail with slight greenish reflections.

Range. — Southern and eastern Mexico north. In spring, to Lower
Rio Grande, Texas.

620. Phainopepla (Pbainopebla nitens), L. 7.^.
Crested. Ad. c?. Shining black; inner vanes of
primaries largely white, showing in flight. Ad. ?.
Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills nar-
rowly margined with whitish. Yng. Like 9. Notes.
Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male
has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a
harsh ca-rack or ca-racack; song, a jumble of flute-
like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.)

Range. — Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and south-
em California; winters from Mexican border southward.

253

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

509. Rusty Blackbird {Scoiecopbagus caroltttus).
L. 9.5. j4d, cf. Nearly uniform greenish black,
sometimes with rusty edgines. j4d. 9. Slaty gray,
generally with some rusty edgings. Winter plumage
of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with
rusty above and yellowish rusty below. Notes. More
musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, Uback or
turalee repeated several times. (Bendire.)

Range.— kastern North America west to the Plains; breeds fro«j
New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and
Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virg:fnla.
southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward.

5 1 0. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocepha-
lus). L. 10. j4d. (^. Whole head violet-purple, rest
of plumage bright greenish black. j4d. ^. Grayish
brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black; no
rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown
edgings to the feathers of the interior part of the body.
Notes. Chock and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.)

Range.— Western North America from the Plains to the PacHic;
breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Sas-
katchewan and British Columbia; winters In the southern parts of its
range; casually east to Mississippi River states.

511. Purple Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), L. c?,
12. Ad. (^, Head, purple, steel-green or steel blue;
back purple, brassy green or greenish; the feathers
always with iridescent bars. Notes. Tchak and a short
unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range.— Eastern United Statesj^ breeds In lower Mississippi Valley
and east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters
from Virginia souttiward through lis breeding range.

5 11 a. Florida Grackle ({p. 9. aglams). Similar to
511, but slightly smaller, head always violet purple;
back always bottle-green, with iridescent bars.

Rnn^e.— Florida, north oa the Atlantic coast to Vliginia. virest on the
<julf Coast to Texas.

; 511 b. Bronzed Grackle (Q. q. cenms). Head as in
Ho. 511, back and belly bronze, the feathers v)hoUy
tvitbout iridescent bars.

Range.— Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from

■ southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and. in

, New York, east and northeast to Conn-ctlcut. Massachusetts, and

LibraJor: winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part

' east of the Alleghanle*:.

5 1 3. Boat-tailed Grackle {Megaquiscalus major^, L.
c?, 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. Ad. c?. Head and neck glossy
purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. Ad. $.
Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below
soiled rusty buff. Notes. Tcback, a variety of hoarse,
rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot
pattering over the water.

Range —Florida, north along the coast to Virginia;- west along
coast to Texas.

5 1 3a. Great-tailed Grackle {M. m. macrourus). Simi-
lar to No. 513, but larger, (^, L. 16; T. p. Forebackand
breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only rump and
lower belly greenish blue; ? blacker both above and be-
below than ? of 513. Notes. Tcback^znd a, greater
varriety of squeaky calls, and hoarse whistles, than in
my experience, is uttered by No. 513.

Range. — Eastern Texas and south Into Mexico.

254

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White.

486- American Hiiyen {Corvus corax sinuaius) , L.
24:W. i^ B. 2.7. /Ids. Resembling No. 488, in
color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat
narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base.
Notes. A hoarse, croaking, craack-craack, sometimes a
deep, grunting koeer-koe^-, a clucking, and a metallic
klunk, (Bendire.)

Range.— Western North America, from Guatemala north to British
Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific.

486a. Northern Raven (C. c principalis). Similar
to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3.

Range. — Eastern North America, from mountains of northern
Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky
Mountains.

487. White-necked Raven {Corvus cryptoleucus) . L.
18.5. /Ids. Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow
and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around.
white at the base. Notes. Kwatik-kwank^ less loud ana
penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.)

Range.— Northern iMexlco. north to western Kansas, eastern Color-
ado (rarely) . and southern California; east to western Texas.

488. kft\w\ctLX\ CroYt (Corvus americanus^. L. 19.3;
W. 12. i; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep,
purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not
lengthened. Notes. Caw, caw, with many variations;
song, car-r-r-uck, oo-oo-oo-oo-ah.

Range.— North America, north to Arctfc Circle; winters from north-
em United States southward; local In west.

488a. Florida Crow (C. c pasams). Similar to
No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and
feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.

Range. — Florida.

489. Northwest Crow {Corvus caurinus). Similar
to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7.

Range.— Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadlak Island, Alaska.

490. Fish Crow (Com<5 ossifragus) , L. 16; W.
11; B. 1.5. Wi/5. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back
feathers are uniform blue-black xoithout dull margins;
underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes.
A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the
young of No. 488.

Range.— Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachu-
setts), west along Gulf coast to LouUlanna; resident, except at north-
ern limit of range.

2SS

SYSTEMATIC TABLE

Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according

to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of

North American Birds.'

(7*fie presence ofbraekeU, [ J. indicates that the species is an accidental visitant,)

Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.

Family PODICIPID>e. GREBES.

^'^^' COMMON NAME. SQENTIFIC NAME. Page

1 Western Grebe iCchmophorus occidentalis 44

2 Holboell Grebe Colymbusholboellii 43

3 Horned Grebe " auritus 43

4 American Eared Grebe ** nigricollis californicus. . 43

5 Least Grebe *' dominicus brachypterus 43

6 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 43

Family GAVIID>e. LOONS.

7 Loon Gavia imber 44

8 Yellow-billed Loon '* adamsii 44

9 Black-throated Loon '• arctica 44

10 Pacific Loon " pacifica 44

1 1 Red-throated Loon " lumme 44

Family ALCID>e. AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS.

12 Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata 45

1 3 Puffin Fratercula arctica 45

1 3a Large-billed Puffin ** " naumanni. . . 45

14 Horned Puffin ** corniculata 4S

1 5 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata 45

16 Cassin Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46

17 Paroquet Auklet Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus 47

18 Crested Auklet Simorhynchus cristatellus 47

19 Whiskered Auklet " pygmaeus 47

20 Least Auklet ** pusillus 47

21 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 47

23 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus ... 46

24 Kittlitz Murrelet ** brevirostris 46

25 Xantus Murrelet ** hypoleucus 46

26 Craveri Murrelet " craveri 46

257

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^S>^- COMMON name. scientific NAME. Pace

27 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle 48

28 Mandt Guillemot " mandtii , . . . . 48

29 Pigeon Guillemot " columba 48

30 Murre Uria troile 48

30a California Murre " '* californica 48

31 Brunnich Murre " lomvia 48

31a Pallas Murre " '' arra 48

32 Razor-billed Auk AIca torda 48

33 Great Auk Plautus impennis 48

34 Dovekie Alle alle , 46

Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers.

Family STERC0RARIID>E. Skuas AND JAEGERS.

35 Skua Megalestris skua 51

36 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 51

37 Parasitic Jaeger ** parasiticus 51

38 Long-tailed Jaeger " longicaudus 51

Family LARID^E. GULLS AND TERNS.

39 Ivory Gull Pagophila alba 52

40 Kitti'wake Rissa tridactyla 52

40a Pacific Kittiwake *' " pollicaris 52

41 Red-legged Kittiwake '' brevirostris 52

42 Glaucous Gull Larus glaucus 53

42.1 Point Barrow Gull " barrovianus 5

43 Iceland Gull " leucopterus 5

44 Glaucous-winged Gull " glaucescens 5

45 Kumlien Gull " kumlieni 5

46 Nelson Gull " nelsoni 5

47 Great Black-backed Gull .... " marinus 5

48 Slaty -backed Gull *' schistisagus 5

49 Western Gull " occidentalis 5

[50] Siberian Gull " affinis A.V

51 Herring Gull '* argentatus 5

52 Vega Gull '* vegse 5

53 California Gull '* californicus 5

54 Ring-billed Gull '* delawarensis 52

55 Short-billed Gull '* brachyrhynchus 52

[56] Mew Gull " canus A.V.

57 Heermann Gull " heermanni 54

58 Laughing Gull " atricilla 56

59 Franklin Gull " franklinii 56

60 Bonaparte Gull " Philadelphia 56

258

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

A-O.U.

No.

COMMON NAME.

scientific NAME.

Page

t6o.i]LittleGull

6i Ross Gull

Sabine Gull

Gull-billed Tern

Caspian Tern

Royal Tern

Elegant- Tern

Cabot Tern . . . /

Trudeau Tern

Forster Tern

Common Tern

Arctic Tern

Roseate Tern

Aleutian Tern

Least Tern

Sooty Tern

Bridled Tern

Black Tern

White-winged Black Tern.
Noddy

63
64
65
66

E68]

[76]

L7^'\

Larus minutus A. V.

Rhodostethia rosea 56

Xema sabinii 56

Gelochelidon nilotica 58

Sterna caspia 57

" maxima 57

** ^legans 57

" sandvicensis acuflavida. . 57

*' trudeaui A. V.

" forsteri 59

*' hirundo 59

" paradis^ea 59

" dougalli 59

" aleutica 58

'* antillarum 58

'* fuliginosa 60

" anaethetus 58

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis6o

" leucoptera AV.

Anous stolidus 60

Family RYNCHOPID/E. SKIMMERS.
So Black Skimmer Rynchops nigra 60

Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers.

Family DIOMEDEID>£. ALBATROSSES.

81 Black -footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 62

82 Short-tailed Albatross Diomedea albatrus 62

82.iLaysan ** Diomedea immutabilis 62

£83] Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassogeron culminatus 62

84 Sooty Albatross Phctbetria fuliginosa 62

Family PROCELLARIID>£. FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

£85] Giant Fulmar Ossifraga gigantea A.V.

86 Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis 63

86b Pacific Fulmar '* '* glupischa ... 63

86c Rodgers Fulmar " rodgersii 63

%7 Slender-billed Fulmar Priocella glacialoides 63

S% Cory Shearwater Puffinus borealis 64

89 Greater Shearwater '* major 64

£90] Manx Shearwater " puffinus A.V

91 Pink-footed Shearwater " creatopus 64

259

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^•^o^' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIRC NAME. Pag.

92 Audubon Shearwater PuflSnus Iherminieri 64

[92.i]AUied Shearwater ; " assimilis ..A. V.

93 Black-yented Shearwater *' opisthomelas 64

93.1 Townsehd Shearwater ** auricularis 64

94 Sooty Shearwater " fuliginosus 63

95 Dark-bodied Shearwater * * griseus 63

96 Slender-billed Shearwater ** tenuirostris 64

96. 1 Wedge-tailed Shearwater ** cuneatus 63

96.2 Buller Shearwater '* bulleri A.V.

[97
[98

[99

Black-tailed Shearwater Priofinuscinereus .A.V.

[98] Black -capped Petrel i€strelata hasitata 65

[99] Scaled Petrel " scalaris A.V.

100 Fisher Petrel ** fisheri A.V.

rioi]Bulwer Petrel Bulweriabulweri A.V.

[ i02]Pintado Petrel Daption capensis w ... A.V.

103 Least Petrel Halocyptena microsoma 65

104 Stormy Petrel Procellaria pelagica 66

105 Forked-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 65

105. 1 Kaeding Petrel " kaedingi 65

106 Leach Petrel '. " leucorhoa 66

106 I Guadalupe Petrel " macrodactyla ... 66

[ io6.2]Hawaiian Petrel " cryptoleucura. .A.V.

107 Black Petrel " melania 66

108 Ashy Petrel " homochroa 65

108. 1 Socorro Petrel '* socorroensis 66

105 Wilson Petrel Oceanitesoceanicus 66

[ 1 10] White-bellied Petrel. Fregetta grallaria A. V.

[i I i]White-faced Petrel Pelagodroma marina A.V.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers.

Family PHAETHONTID>e. TROPIC BIRDS.

112 Yellow-billed Tropic Bird Phaethon mericanus 69

113 Red-billed Tropic Bird " . aethereus .69

[ 1 1 3. 1 ] Red-tailed Tropic Bird * * rubr icaudus A.V.

Family SULID>e. Gannets.

[ I i4]Blue-faced Booby Sula cyanops 70

1 14. 1 Blue-footed Booby " nebouxii 70

1 1 5 Booby " sula 70

1 1 5. 1 Brewster Booby *' brewsteri 70

[i i6]Red-fopted Booby *' piscator 70

1 17 Gannet — " bassana 59

260

Systematic Table of North American birds.
Family ANHINGID>e. DARTERS.
^So^' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

1 18 Anhinga Anhinga anhinga 73

Family PHALACROCORACID>e. CORMORANTS.

1 19 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 70

i 20 Double-crested Cormorant. . . *' dilophus — - 71

1 20a Florida Cormorant

1 20b White-crested Cormorant

1 20c Farallone Cormorant

121 Mexican Cormorant

122 Brandt Cormorant . . : •

123 Pelagic Cormorant

1 23a Violet-green Cormorant

123b Baird Cormorant

124 Red-faced Cormorant

floridanus 71
'* cincinatus 71
** albociliatus7i

mexicanus 71

penicillatus 72

pelagicus 72

" robustus 72

*' resplendens72

urile 72

Family PELECANID>e. Peucans.

125 American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 73

126 Brown Pelican '* occidentalis 73

1^7 California Brown Pelican — ** calif ornicus 73

Family FREGATID>e. MaN-O'-War BIRDS.

128 Man-o'War Bird Fregata aquila 73

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers.

Family ANATID>e. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

1 29 American Merganser Meganser americanus 76

1 30 Red-breasted Merganser " serrator 76

131 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 76

[131.1] Smew Mergusalbellus A.V.

1 32 Mallard. ... Anas boschas 76

1 33 Black Duck " obscura jy

1 33a Red-legged Black Duck " " rubripes yy

1 34 Florida Duck " fulvigula. .... yy

1 34a Mottled Duck *' '* maculosa yy

1 35 Gadwall Chaulelasmqs streperus yy

1 36 Widgeon Mareca penelope yy

137 Baldpate " americana yy

[138] European Teal Nettion crecca yy

1 39 Green-winged Teal " carolinensis yS

140 Blue-winged Teal Querquedula discors 78

141 Cinnamon Teal '* ' cyanoptera 78

261

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^Ni"* COMMON NAME.
[i4i.i]Sheldrake

142 Shoveller

143 Pintail

144 Wood Duck.

[i45]Rufus-crested Duck

146 Redhead

147 Canvas-back

148 American Scaup Duck

149 Lesser Scaup Duck

1 50 Ring-necked Duck

1 5 1 American Golden-eye

1 52 Barrow Golden-eye

1 5 3 Buffle-head

1 54 Old-squaw

1 5 5 Harlequin Duck

1 56 Labrador Duck

1 57 Steller Duck

1 58 Spectacled Eider

1 59 Northern Eider

160 American Eider

161 Pacific Eider

162 King Eider

163 American Scoter

[164] Velvet Scoter

165 White-winged Scoter

166 Surf Scoter

167 Ruddy Duck

[i68]Masked Duck

169 Lesser Snow Goose

169a Greater Snow Goose

16). I Blue Goose

170 Ross Snow Goose

[171] White-fronted Goose

171a Amer. White-fronted Goose .
[i7i.i]Bean Goose

172 Canada Goose

172a Hutchins Goose

172b White-cheeked Goose

172c Cackling Goose

173 Brant

174 Black Brant

[175] Barnacle Goose

176 Emperor Goose

177 Black-bellied Tree-duck

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

Page

Casarca casarca A.V.

Spatula clypeata 7S

Dafila acuta 76

Aix sponsa jS

Netta rufina A.V.

Aythya americana 79

" vallisneria 79

" marila 79

" affinis 79

" collaris 79

Clangula clangula americana . . 80

'* islandica 80

Charitonetta albeola 80

Harelda hyemalis 81

Histrionicus histrionicus 81

Camptolaimus labradorius 81

Eniconetta stelleri 81

Arctonetta fischeri S2

Somateria mollissima borealis.. . S2

** dresseri S2

" v-nigra 82

*' spectabilis 82

Oidemia americana 8^

'' fusca A.V

" deglandi. 83

*' perspicillata 83

Erismatura jamaicensis 80

Nomonyx dominicus 80

Chen hyperborea 84

" nivalis 84

" casrulescens 8;

'* rossii 84

Anser albifrons

gambeli 85

" fablalis A.V.

Branta canadensis 86

hutchinsii 86

** " occidentalis .. 86

" " minima 86

" bernicia glaucogastra. . . 86

" nigricans 86

" leucopsis A.V.

Philacte canagica 85

Dendrocygna autumnalis 8j

262

Systematic Table of north American Birds.

^'Si^' COMMON name. Scientific name. pagh

1 78 Fulvous Tree-duck Dendrocygna fulva 83

[ 1 79] Whooping Swan Olor cygnus A. V.

180 Whistling Swan *' columbianus 84

181 Trumpeter Swan " buccinator 84

Order ODONTOGLOSSi€. Lamei.lirostral Grallat-

ORES,

Family PHCXNICOPTERID/E. FLAMINGOES.

182 American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 89

Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.

Family PLATALEID^.

183 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaiaajaja 89

Family IBIDID/E. IBISES.

184 White Ibis Guara alba 90

[i85]Scarlet Ibis '* rubra 89

186 Glossy Ibis Plegadis autumnalis 90

• 187 White-faced Glossy Ibis " guarauna 90

Family CICONIID^E. STORKS AND WOOD IBISES.

188 Wood Ibis Tantalus loculator 90

[i89]Jabiru Mycteria americana A.V.

Family ARDEID/E. HERONS, BITTERNS, ETC.

190 American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus 91

191 Least Bittern Ardetta exilis 91

191. 1 Cory Least Bittern " neoxena 91

192 Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis 92

194 Great Blue Heron ** herodias 93

194a Northwest Coast Heron ** *' fannini 93

194b Ward Heron " *' vvardi 93

[i95]European Blue Heron " cinerea A.V.

196 American Egret Herodias egretta 92

197 Snowy Heron Egretta candidissima 92

198 Reddish Egret Dichromanassa rufescens 94

199 Louisiana Heron Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94

200 Little Blue Heron Florida c^rulea 94

201 Green Heron Butorides virescens 94

20ia Frazar Green Heron *' " frazari 94

20ib Anthony Green Heron " " anthonyi .... 94

263

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

"^Si" COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. paci

202 Black-crowned Night Heron. . Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. . 93

203 Yellow-crowned Night Heron . Nyctanassa violaceus 93

ORDER Paludicol^e. Cranes, Rails, Etc

Family GRUID>e. CRANES.

204 Whooping Crane Grus americana 96

205 Little Brown Crane " canadensis 96

206 Sandhill Crane " mexicana 96

Family ARAMID>E. COURLANS.

207 Limpkin Aramus giganteus 96

Family RALLIDit RAILS, Gallinules, AND COOTS.

208 King Rail Rallus elegans 97

209 Belding Rail Rallus beldingi 97

210 California Clapper Rail ** obsoletus 97

21 1 Clapper Rail " crepitans 98

21 la Louisiana Clapper Rail " *' saturatus 98

21 lb Florida Clapper Rail '* '* scottii 98

2 lie Wayne Clapper Rail *' " waynei 98

[21 1, 2] Caribbean Clapper Rail •' longirostris caribaeus 98

212 Virginia Rail " virginianus 97

[2 1 3] Spotted Crake Porzana porzana A.V.

214 Sora ** Carolina 98

21 5 Yellow Rail " noveboracensis 97

216 Black Rail " jamaicensis 98

216.1 Farallone Rail ** coturniculus A.V.

[2i7]Corn Crake Crex crex A.V.

218 Purple Gallinule lonornis martinica 99

219 Florida Gallinule Gallinula galeata 99

[22o]European Coot Fulica atra . A.V.

221 American Coot *' americana 99

Order LIMICOLi€. Shore Birds,

Family PHALAROPODID>e. Phalaropes.

222 Red Phalarope Crymophilus fulicarius 102

223 Northern Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 102

224 Wilson Phalarope Steganopus tricolor 102

Family RECURVIROSTRID>e. AVOCETS AND STILTS.

225 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana 103

226 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 105

264

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

Family SCOLOPACID>E. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.
COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

A.O.U.
No.

[227]European Woodcock

228 American Woodcock

[229] European Snipe

230 Wils6n Snipe

[230.i]Great Snipe

231 Dowitcher

232 Long-billed Dowitcher

233 Stilt Sandpiper

234 Knot

235 Purple Sandpiper. .•

236 Aleutian Sandpiper

237 Pribilof Sandpiper .'

238 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

239 Pectoral Sandpiper

240 White-rumped Sandpiper

241 Baird Sandpiper

242 Least Sandpiper

[242.1] Long-toed Stint

[243] Dunlin

243a Red-backed Sandpiper

244 Curlew Sandpiper

[245] Spoon-bill Sandpiper

246 Semipalmated Sandpiper

247 Western Sandpiper

248 Sanderling

249 Marbled Godwit.

250 Pacific Godwit.

251 Hudsonian Godwit •

t 252] Black-tailed Godwit
2 5 3] Green Shank

254 Greater Yellow-legs

255 Yellow-legs

256 Solitary Sandpiper

256a Western Solitary Sandpiper . .
[2 57] Green Sandpiper *. . ..

258 Willet

258a Western Willet

259 Wandering Tatler

[26o]Ruff

261 Bartramian Sandpiper. ..:...

262 Buff-breasted Sandpiper

263 Spotted Sandpiper

264 Long-bflled Curlew

Scolopax rusticola A. V.

Philohela minor 105

Gallinago gallinago - A. V.

" delicata 105

'* major A.V.

Macrorhamphus griseus 106

" scolopaceus 106

Micropalama himantopus 106

Tringa canutus 106

Arquatella maritima 107

" couesi 107

" ptilocnemis 108

Actrodramas acuminata 109

** maculata 109

" fuscicollis 109

" bairdii 109"^

*' minutilla.. 109

" damacensis A.V.

Pelidna alpina A.V.

" " pacifica 108

Erolia ferruginea 106

Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus. . . .A.V.

Ereunetes pusillus 108

" occidentalis .108

Calidris arenaria 108

Limosa fedoa no

" lapponica baueri no

" haemastica no

*' limosa A.V.

Totanus nebularius A.V.

* ' melanoleucus in

'* flapvipes ni

Helodromas solitarius. 109

'* '* cinnamomeus. 109

•** ochropus A.V.

Symphemia semipalmata in

*' " inornata

Heteractitis incanus in

Pavoncella pugnax A.V.

Bartramia longicauda 105

Tryngites subruficollis 105

Actitis macularia 109

Numenius longirostris 103

265

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

"^No"' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

265 Hudsonian Curlew Numenius hudsonicus 105

266 Eskimo Curlew " borealis 105

[267] Whimbrel " phaeopus A.V-

[268] Bristle-thighed Curlew *' tahitiensis A.V.

Family CHARADRIlDi€. PLOVERS.

[269]Lapwing Vanellus vanellus A.V.

[269.1] Dotterel Eudromias morinellus A. V.

270 Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola no

[271] Golden Plover Charadrius apricarius A. V.

272 American Golden Plover '* dominicus no

272a Pacific Golden Plover ** '* fulvus no

273 Killdeer Oxyechus vociferus 112

274 Semipal mated Plover >Egialitis semipalmata 112

hiaticula 112

dubia A. V.

meloda. .' 1 12

circumcincta 112

nivosa 112

mongola A. V.

wilsonius 112

275 Ring Plover.

[276] Little Ring Plover. . . .

277 Piping Plover

277a Belted Piping Plover .

278 Snowy Plover

[279] Mongolian Plover

280 Wilson Plover

281 Mountain Plover Podasocys montanus 105

Family APHRIZlD>e. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES.

282 Surf Bird Aphriza virgata in

283 Turnstone Arenaria interpres 102

283. 1 Ruddy Turnstone *' morinella 102

284 Black Turnstone " melanocephala 107

Family H^MATOPODIDi€. Oyster-Catchers.

[285] Oyster-catcher Haematopus ostralegus A.V.

286 American Oyster-catcher ** palliatus 104

286. 1 Frazar Oyster-catcher " frazari 104

287 Black Oyster-catcher ^ . . '* bachmani 104

Family JACAN1D>E. Jacanas.
[288]Mexican Jacana Jacana spinosa 102

Order GALLINy€. Gallinaceous Birds.

266

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

Family TETRAONID>e. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC.

A.O.U

No.

COMMON NAME.

289 Bob-white

289a Florida Bob-white

289b Texan Bob-white

291 Masked Bob-white

292 Mountain Partridge

292a Plumed Partridge

292b San Pedro Partridge

293 Scaled Partidge

293a Chestnut-bellied Scaled Part-
ridge

294 California Partridge

294a Valley Partridge

295 Gambel Partridge

296 Mearns Partridge

297 Dusky Grouse

297a Sooty Grouse

297b Richardson Grouse

298 Canada Grouse

298b Alaskan Grouse

298c Hudsonian Spruce Grouse.. . .

299 Franklin Grouse

3CX) Ruffed Grouse

300a Canadian Ruffed Grouse

300b Gray Ruffed Grouse

300c Oregon Ruffed Grouse

301 Willow Ptarmigan

301a Allen Ptarmigan

302 Rock Ptarmigan

302a Reinhardt Ptarmigan

302b Nelson Ptarmigan

302c Turner Ptarmigan

302d Townsend Ptarmigan

302.1 Evermann Ptarmigan

303 Welch Ptarmigan

304? White-tailed Ptarmigan

304a.^Kenai Ptarmigan

305 Prairie Hen

305a Attwater Prairie Hen

306 Heath Hen

307 Lesser Prairie Hen

308 Sharp'tailed Grouse

SCIENTIHC NAME.

Colinus virginianus

*' ** floridanus.

'* texanus. .

ridgwayi

Oreortyx pictus

** " plumiferus..

" " confinis

Callipepla squamata

'* " castanogastris

Lophortyx californica

vallicola..

*' gambelii

Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi

Dendragapus obscurus

** " fuliginosus

" " richardsonii

Canachites canadensis

*' *' osgoodi.

*' *' canace..

" franklinii

Bonasa umbellus

" " togata

*' " umbelloides . .

" " sabini

Lagopus lagopus

** alleni

" rupestris

*' " reinhardti

" '* nelsoni

" " atkhensis

" *' townsendi

*' evermanni . . .

** welchi

leucurus

" peninsularis

Tympanuchus americanus

** " attwater i..

" cupido

*' pallidicinctus —
Pedicecetes phasianellus

Pagb

fi5
116
[16
[16
[i6

[16
[16
[16
[16

115
117

[17
[17
[17
[17
[17
[17
[18
[18
[18
[18
E19
[19
[19
[19
[19
[20

E20
120
120
H8
[I8
121
[21
[21
121
[21

267

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^'So^- COMMON NAME. SCIENTIRC NAME. Page

308a ColumbianSharp-tailedGrouse Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus

121
308b Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. . " *' campestris . . 121

309 Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus 122

Family PHASIANID>e. PHEASANTS, ETC.

310 Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo silvestris. . . 122

310a Merriam Turkey ** ** merriami...i22

310b Florida Wild Turkey '* ** osceola 122

310C Rio Grande Turkey " " intermedia. .122

Family CRACID>E. CURASSOWS AND GUANS.

31 1 Chachalaca Ortalis vetula maccalli 122

Order COLUMB/C. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBID>E. PIGEONS.

312 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata 124

312a Viosca Pigeon '/ ** vioscae 124

31 3 Red-billed Pigeon " flavirostris 124

314 White-crowned Pigeon " leucocephala 124

[314.1] Scaled Pigeon " squamosa A.V.

315 Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migrator ius 125

316 Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura 125

317 Zenaida Dove ** zenaida 125

318 White-fronted Dove Leptotila fulviventris brachyp-

tera 125

319 White-winged Dove Melopelia leucoptera 1 26

320 Ground Dove Columbigallina passerina terres-

tris 1 26

320a Mexican Ground Dove ** " pallescensi26

320b Bermuda Ground Dove *' '* bermudianai 26

321 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 126

; 322] Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon chrysia 126

'322.1] Ruddy Quail-Dove " montana. 126

'323] Blue-headed Quail-Dove Starnoenas cyanocephala 126

Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey.

Family CATHARTID^. AMERICAN VULTURES.

324 California Vulture Gymnogyps calif ornianus 129

325 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 129

326 Black Vulture Catharista urubu 129

268

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

Family FALCONID>E. FALCONS, Hawks, EaGLES, ETC.

^u6^' COMMON NAME.

327 Swallow-tailed Kite

328 White-tailed Kite

329 Mississippi Kite

330 Everglade Kite

331 Marsh Hawk

332 Sharp-shinned Hawk

333 Cooper Hawk

3 34 American Goshawk

334a Western Goshawk

335 Harris Hawk

[ 3 36] European Buzzard

337 Red-tailed Hawk

337a Krider Hawk

337b Western Red-tail

337d Harlan Hawk

Socorro Red-tail

339 Red-shouldered Hawk

339a Florida Red-shouldered Hawk
339b Red-bellied Hawk

340 Zone-tailed Ha^k

341 Sennett White-tailed Hawk . .

342 Swainson Hawk

343 Broad-winged Hawk

344 Short-tailed Hawk

345 Mexican Black Hawk

346 Mexican Goshawk

[347] Rough-legged Hawk

347a American Rough-legged Hawk

348 Ferruginous Rough-Leg

349 Golden Eagle

[350] Harpy Eagle

[35a] Gray Sea Eagle

352 Bald Eagle

352a Alaskan Bald Eagle

353 White Gyrfalcon.,

354 Gray Gyrfalcon

354a Gyrfalcon

354b Black Gyrfalcon

355 Prairie Falcon

356 Duck Hawk

356a Peale Falcon

SCIENTIFIC NAME. pagb

Elanoides forficatus 130

Elanus leucurus 1 30

Ictinia mississippiensis 1 30

Rostrhamus sociabilis 1 30

Circus hudsonius 130

Accipiter velox 131

" cooperii 131

'* atricapillus 131

" " striatulus 131

Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 132

Buteo buteo A. V.

" borealis 1 32

** " kriderii 132

*' *' calurus 132

*' *' harlani 132

'* ** socorroensis 1 32

** lineatus 133

" *' alleni 133

" " elegans 133

*' abbreviatus 1 34

'* albicaudatus senetti 135

" swainsoni 133

** platypterus 1 33

'* brachyurus 135

Urubitinga anthracina 1 34

Asturina plagiata 131

Archibuteo lagopus A. V.

** ** sancti-johannis 135

" ferrugineus 135

Aquila chrysaetos 1 36

Thrasaetos harpyia A.V.

Haliaeetus albicilla A.V.

" leucocephalus 1 36

*' " alascanus . . 1 36

Falco islandus 136

" rusticolus 136

" " gyrfalco 136

*' '* obsoletus 137

" mexicanus 135

" peregrinus anatum 1 37

" " pealei 137

269

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^Ni^' COMMON name.

357 Pigeon Hawk Falco

357a Black Merlin '*

358 Richardson Merlin '*

[358.i]MerIin "

359 Aplomado Falcon *'

[359.a] Kestrel •*

360 American Sparrow Hawk '*

360a Desert Sparrow Hawk *'

360b St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk ... **
[361] Cuban Sparrow Hawk

scientihc name.

columbarius it

'* suckleyi i'

richardsonii i

regulus A.Sr^

fusco-coerulescens i 3J

tinnuncuius A. Vj

sparverius 1 3JI

** »pha!oena 13I

** peninsularis 13IJ

dominicensis A. V.

362 Audubon Caracara Polyborus cheriway 1 34J

363 Guadalupe Caracara " lutosus 1 34

364 American Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis . . 129

Family STRIGIDi€. BARN OWLS.

365 American Barn Owl Strix pratincola

138

Family BUBONID>E.

366 American Long-eared Owl. . .

367 Short-eared Owl

368 Barred Owl

368a Florida Barred Owl

368b Texan Barred Owl

369 Spotted Owl

369a Northern Spotted Owl

370 Great Gray Owl

[370a]Lapp Owl

371 Richardson Owl

372 Saw-whet Owl

372a Northwest Saw-whet Owl —

373 Screech Owl

273a Florida Screech Owl

373b Texas Screech Owl

373c California Screech Owl

373d Kennic©tt Screech Owl

373e Rocky Mountain Screech Owl

373f Mexican Screech Owl

373g Aiken Screech Owl

373h MacFarlane Screech Owl

373 I Spotted Screech Owl

373.2 Xantus Screech Owl

374 Flammulated Screech Owl.. . .
374a Dwarf Screech Owl

Horned Owls, etc.

Asio wilsonianus 138

" accipitrinus 138

Syrnium varium 139

*' " alleni 139

" " helveolum 139

" occidentale 139

** " caurinum . . . 139

Scotiaptex nebulosa 139

" " lapponica. . A.V.

Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni. .139

" acadica 140

*' " scotaea 140

Megascops asio 141

" " floridanus 141

'' ** mccalli 141

'' " bendirei 141

" '* kennicottii 141

maxwelliae 141

cineraceus 142

aikeni 142

** macfarlanei 142

trichopsis. . . .. .142

xantusi 142

flammeola .142

" idahoensis 142

270

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^Si!^* COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. paob

375 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus 143

375a Western Horned Owl " " pallescens 143

375b Arctic Horned Owl " " arcticus 143

375c Dusky Horned Owl ** " saturatus 143

375d Pacific Horned Owl " " pacificus 143

375e Dwarf Horned Owl ** *' elachistus 143

376 Snowy Owl Nyctea nyctea 143

[377]Hawk Owl Surnia ulula A.V.

377a American Hawk Owl ** ** caparoch 143

378 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia hypogsea . . 1 38

378a Florida Burrowing Owl ** *' floridana. . 1 38

379 PyS^y Owl Glaucidium gnoma 140

379a California Pygmy Owl, '* '* californicum 140

379.iHoskins Pygmy (Jwl " hoskinsii 140

380 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl '* phalsenoides 140

381 Elf Owl Micropallas whitneyi 140

Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc.

Family PSITTACID>e. PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.

382 Carolina Paroquet Conurus carolinensis 145

382. 1 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachy rhy ncha ... 145

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.

Family Cuculidas. CuCKOOS, ANIS, ETC.

[383] Ani I Crotophaga ani 146

384 Groove-billed Ani " sulcirostris 146

385 Road-runner Geococcyx californianus 146

386 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor 146

[386a]Maynard Cuckoo ** ** maynardi 146

387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo *' americanus 146

387a California Cuckoo ** '* occidentalis 146

388 Black-billed Cuckoo *' erythrophthalmus 146

£388.i]Kamchatkan Cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephonus. . . A.V.

Family TROGONID>E. Trogons.

389 Coppery-tailed Trogon Trogon ambiguus 147

Family ALCEDINID>E. KINGFISHERS.

390 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 147

[391.1] Ringed Kingfisher *' torquata A.V.

391 Texas Kingfisher " americana septentrionaIisi47

271

Systematic Table of North American Birds.
Order PICK Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.

Family PlCIDiC. WOODPECKERS.

A.O.U. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

392 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis 149

393 Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates villosus 1 50

393a Northern Hairy Woodpecker.. ** '* leucomelas. . . 1 50

393b Southern Hairy Woodpecker.. ** '* audubonii. ... 1 50

393c Harris Woodpecker ** ** harrisii 150

393d Cabanis Woodpecker •* ** hyloscopus ... 1 50

393e Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker *• ** monticola 1 50

39 3f Queen Charlotte Woodpecker ** *' picoideus 150

394 Southern Downy Woodpecker ** pubescens 1 50

394a Gairdner Woodpecker •* ** gairdnerii ... 1 50

394b Batchelder Woodpecker *• " homorus .... 1 50

394c Downy Woodpecker ** *' medianus — 150

394d Northern Downy Woodpecker **. *' nelsoni 1 50

3946 Willow Woodpecker ** *' turati 151

395 Red-cockaded Woodpecker ... ** borealis 151

396 Texan Woodpecker " scalaris bairdi 151

396a Saint Lucas Woodpecker " " lucasanus. ..151

397 Nuttall Woodpecker *' nuttallii 151

398 Arizona Woodpecker *' arizona 141

399 White-headed Woodpecker . . . Xenopicus albolarvatus 151

4C0 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus 149

401 Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker " americanus 149

401a Alaskan Three-toed Woodpkr. " " fasciatus. . . . 149

401b Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker '* '* dorsalis 149

402 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius 152

402a Red-naped Sapsucker " '* nuchalis 152

403 Red-breasted Sapsucker " ruber 1 52

403a Northern Red-breasted Sap-
sucker '* " notkensis. .. 152

404 Williamson Sapsucker " " thyroideus. . 1 52

405 Pileated Woodpecker Ceophloeus pileatus 149

405a Northern Pileated Woodpecker " " abieticola . . . 149

406 Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes ery throcephalus 153

407 Ant-eating Woodpecker " formicivorus 153

407a Californian Woodpecker ** " bairdi 153

407b Narrow-fronted Woodpecker.. " '* angustifrons-i53

408 Lewis Woodpecker Asyndesmus torquatus 152

409 Red-bellied Woodpecker Centurus carolinus 153

410 Golden-fronted Woodpecker . . " aurif rons 153

272

Systematic Table of North American birds.

^ay- COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

411 Gila Woodpecker •. Centurus uropygialis 153

412 Southern Flicker Colaptes auratus 154

412a Northern Flicker " " luteus 1 54

41 3 Red-shafted Flicker " cafer collaris 1 54

41 3a Northwestern Flicker " " saturatior . 1 54

414 Gilded Flicker " chrysoides 154

414a Brown Flicker " " brunnescens.i 54

41 5 Guadalupe Flicker " rufipileus 1 54

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Family CAPRIMULGIDi€. GOATSUCKERS, ETC.

416 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis 1 56

417 Whip-poor-will '* . vociferus 156

417a Stephens Whip-poor-will " " macromystax.156

418 Poor-will Phalanoptilus nuttallii 1 56

418a Frosted Poor-will '* " nitidus. ... 1 56

418b Dusky Poor-will *' " californicus.156

419 Merrill Parauque Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli ..157

420 Nighthawk Chordeiles virginianus 1 57

420a Western Nighthawk '* " henryi 157

420b Florida Nighthawk '* '* chapmani. . . .1 57

420c Sennett Nighthawk " " sennetti 1 57

421 Texan Nighthawk " acutipennis texensis. . 1 57

Family MICROPODIDi€. SWIFTS.

422 Black Swift Cypseloides niger borealis 1 58

423 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica 158

424 Vaux Swift " vauxii 158

425 White-throated Swift Aeronautes melanoleucus 1 58

Family TROCHILlD>E. HUMMING BIRDS.

426 Rivoli Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 1 59

427 Blue-throated Hummingbird . . Coeligena clemenciae 160

428 Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Trochilus colubris 160

429 Black-chinned Hummingbird. . '* alexandri 1 159

430 Costa Hummingbird Calypte costae 1 59

431 Anna Hummingbird ** anna i6i

[431. i]Floresi Hummingbird Selasphorus floresii A.V

432 Broad-tailed Hummingbird. ... " platycercus 161

433 Rufous Hummingbird " rufus i6i

273

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

A.O.U.

No.

Pacs

COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME.

434 Allen Hummingbird Selasphorus alleni i6i

435 Morcom Hummingbird Atthis morcomi i6i

436 Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 161

437 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 1 59

438 Rieffer Hummingbird Amazilis tzacatl 169

439 Buff-bellied Hummingbird '* cerviniventris chalconota. 160

440 Xantus Hummingbird Basilinna xantusi 1 59

440. 1 White-eared Hummingbird ... '* leucotis 160

441 Broad-billed Hummingbird lache latirostris 160

Order PASSERES. Perching Birds.

Family COTING1D.C. COTINGAS.
[441. 1] Xantus Becard Platypsaris albiventris

.A.V.

Family TYRANNIDi€. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.

444
445
446

447
448

449

[442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher

443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Kingbird

Gray Kingbird

Couch Kingbird

Arkansas Kingbird

Cassin Kingbird

Derby Flycatcher

[450] Giraud Flycatcher

451 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher...

452 Crested Flycatcher

453 Mexican Crested Flycatcher..
453a Arizona Crested Flycatcher..

454 Ash-throated Flycatcher

454a Nutting Flycatcher

454b Lower California Flycatcher.

[455]Lawrence Flycatcher

455a Olivaceous Flycatcher

Phoebe

Say Phoebe

Black Phoebe

Western Black Phoebe »

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Coues Flycatcher

Wood Pewee

Western Wood Pewee

456
457
458
458a

459
460
461
462

Muscivoratyrannus A.V.

*' forficata 177

Tyrannus tyrannus

*' dominicensis

" melancholicus couchii202

*' verticalis 202

" vociferans 202

Pitangus derbianus 202

Myiozetetes similis superciliosusA. V
Myiodynastes luteiventris . . .... 202

Myiarchus crinitus 202

" mexicanus 202

" '* magister. .203

" cinerascens 202

" '* nuttingi ..202

" *' pertinax.. 202

" lawrencei A.V.

" " olivascens.202

Sayornis phoebe 208

" saya 205

" nigricans 251

'* '* semiatra 251

Nuttallornis borealis 208

Contopus pertinax pallidiventris 208

" virens 208

" richardsonii 208

274

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

"^HoY' COMMON name.

462a Large-billed Wood Pewee. .

463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher . .

464 Western Flycatcher

464. 1 St. Lucas Flycatcher

464.2 Santa Barbara Flycatcher. .

465 Green-crested Flycatcher . .

Traill Flycatcher

Alder Flycatcher

Least Flycatcher

Hammond Flycatcher

Wright Flycatcher

Gray Flycatcher

[470] Fulvous Flycatcher

470a Buff -breasted Flycatcher.
471

SCIENTIFIC NAME. Pagb

Contopus richardsoni peninsulas 208

Empidonax flaviventris 211

'* difficilis 212

" cineritius 210

'* insulicola 210

" virescens 210

" traillii 209

*' ** ainorum 20^

" minimus 209

" hammondi 209

" wrightii 209

'* griseus 2c6

" fulvifrons A. V.

'* ** pygmaeus. 115

Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubineus mexican-

us 177

472 Beardless Flycatcher Ornithion imberbe 199

472a Ridgway Flycatcher " " ridgwayi . . . 199

466

466a

467

468

469

469.1

Family ALAUD1D>E. LarKS.

t473]Sl<ylark Alauda arvensis . .

474 Horned Lark Otocoris alpestris,

474a Pallid Horned Lark

474b Prairie Horned Lark

474c Desert Horned Lark

474d Texan Horned Lark

4746 Californian Horned Lark

474f Ruddy Horned Lark

474g Streaked Horned Lark

474h Scorched Horned Lark

474i Dusky Horned Lark

474j Sonoran Horned Lark

474k Hoyt Horned Lark

474I Montezuma Horned Lark

474m Island Horned Lark

A.V.

200

arcticola 200

praticola 200

leucolama. ..201

giraudi 200

actia 201

rubea 201

strigata 201

adusta 201

merrilli 201

pallida 201

hoyti 200

occidentalis..20i
insularis 201

Family CORVIDi€. CROWS, JAYS, MaGpies, ETC.

475 American Irtagpie Pica pica hudsonia

476 Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli

477 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata 181

477a Florida Blue Jay '• " florincola 182

478 Steller Jay " stelleri 185

478a Blue-fronte d Jay " " frontalis 182

275

Systematic Table of north American Birds.

^'So^' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Paoh

478b Long-crested Jay Cyanocitta stelleri diademata. . .185

478c Black-headed Jay '* *' annectens. . . 185

478d Queen Charlotte Jay " " carlottae 185

479 Florida Jay Aphelocoma cyanea 184

480 Woodhouse Jay ** woodhouseii 184

480. 1 Blue-eared Jay *' cyanotis 184

48o.2Texan Jay " texana 184

481 California Jay " californica 184

481a Xantus Jay ** " hypoleuca.184

481b Belding Jay ** *' obscura.184

481.1 Santa Cruz Jay '* insularls 184

482 Arizona Jay. '* sieberii arizonae. . 183

482a Couch Jay ** *' couchii . . 183

483 Green Jay Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens. , 185

484 Canada Jay Perisoreus canadensis 252

484a Rocky Mountain Jay '* " capitalis 252

484b Alaskan Jay *' " fumifrons. . .252

484c Labrador Jay " " nigricapillus. 252

485 Oregon Jay ** obscurus 252

485a Gray Jay " *' griseus 252

486 American Raven Corvus corax 255

486a Northern Raven '* " principalis 255

487 White-necked Raven " cryptoleucus 255

488 American Crow *' americanus 255

488a Florida Crow *' *' pascuus 255

489 Northwest Crow " caurinus 255

490 Fish Crow ** ossifragus 255

491 Clarke Crow Nucifraga Columbiana 252

492 Pinon Jay Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus . . 183

Family STURNID^. STARLINGS.

[493] Starling Sturnus vulgaris 253

Family ICTERID^. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC.

494 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251

495 Cowbird Molothrus ater 253

495a Dwarf Cowbird " " obscurus 253

496 Red-eyed Cowbird Callothrus robustus 253

497 Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199

498 Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 178

498a Sonoran Red-wing ** '* sonoriensis . . 178

498b Bahama Red-wing '* " bryanti 178

276

SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

^OAJ. COMMON NAME. SCIENTIRC NAME. Page

498c Florida Red-wing Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus. . 178

498d Thick-billed Red-wing " " fortis 178

4986 San Diego Red-wing " *' neutralis 178

498f Northwestern Red-wing " *' caurinus 1 78

499 Bicolored Blackbird ** gubernator californicus.. 179

500 Tricolored Blackbird ** tricolor 1 79

501 Meadowlark Sturnella magna 199

501a Mexican Meadowlark " '* hoopesi 199

501b Western Meadowlark " ' * neglecta 199

501C Florida Meadowlark ** " argutula 199

[ 502]Troupial Icterus icterus A. V.

503 Audubon Oriole " audubonii 186

504 Scott Oriole " parisorum 186

505 Hooded Oriole *' cucullatus sennetti. . . 186

505a Arizona Hooded Oriole " '• nelsoni 186

506 Orchard Oriole " spurius 206

507 Baltimore Oriole " galbula 186

508 Bullock Oriole " bullocki 186

509 Rusty Blackbird Scolecophagus carolinus 254

5 10 Brewer Blackbird " cyanocephalus. . . 2 54

5n Purple Crackle Quiscalus quiscula 254

511a Florida Crackle " *' aglaus 254

511b Bronzed Crackle " '* seneus .254

513 Boat-tailed Crackle Megaquiscalus major 254

513a Creat-tailed Crackle " " macrourus.254

Family FRINClLLIDi€. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.

514 Evenmg Crosbeak Hesperiphona vespertina 199

514a Western Evening Crosbeak. . " '* montana 199

515 'Pine Grosbeak.. Pinicola enucleator leucura 171

51 5a Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak. . . " " montana .... 171

515b California Pine Crosbeak .. . . " " californica . . 171

515c Alaskan Pine Grosbeak '* " ^ alascensis. . . 171

5 1 5d Kadiak Pine Grosbeak *' *' flammula. . ..171

[5i6]Cassin Bullfinch Pyrrhula cassini A. V.

517 Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus 171

517a California Purple Finch *' ** californicus. 171

518 Cassin Purple Finch " cassini 175

519 House Finch " mexicanusfrontalis. . 175

519b St. Lucas House Finch " " ruberrimus : 175

519c San Clemente House Finch . . " ** dementis 175

520 Guadalupe House Finch *' amplus 175

520.1 San Benito House Finch *' mcgregori 175

521 American Crossbill Loxia curvirostra minor 173

277

SYSTfeMATic Table of North American Birds.

COMMON name.

A.O.U.

No.

521a Mexican Crossbill

522 White-winged Crossbill

523 Aleutian Leucosticte

524 Gray-crowned Leucosticte. .
524a Hepburn Leucosticte

525 Black Leucosticte

526 Brown-capped Leucosticte...

527 Greenland Redpoll

527a Hoary Redpoll

528 Redpoll

528a Holboll Redpoll

528b Greater Redpoll

529 American Goldfinch

529a Western Goldfinch

529b Willow Goldfinch

530 Arkansas Goldfinch

530b Mexican Goldfinch

531 Lawrence Goldfinch

[532] Black-headed Goldfinch

533 Pine Siskin

534 Snowflake

534a Pribilof Snowflake

535 McKay Snowflake

536 Lapland Longspur

536a Alaskan Longspur

537 Smith Longspur *

538 Chestnut-collared Longspur . .

539 McCown Longspur

540 Vesper Sparrow

540a Western Vesper Sparrow

540b Oregon Vesper Sparrow

541 Ipswich Sparrow

542 Sandwich Sparrow

542a Savanna Sparrow

542b Western Savanna Sparrow.. .
542c Bryant Irtarsh Sparrow

543 Belding Marsh Sparrow

544 Large-billed Sparrow

544a St. Lucas Sparrow

544b Abreojos Sparrow

544c San Benito Sparrow

545 Baird Sparrow

546 Grasshopper Sparrow

SCIENTIFIC NAME.

PAOff

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi 17}

** leucoptera 171

Leucosticte griseonucha 179

'* tephrocotis 179

" ** littoralis 179

'* atrata 179

** australis 179

Acanthis hornemannii 176

** " exilipes. ...176

" linaria 176

" holboellii 176

" *' rostrata 176

Astragalinus tristis 192

*' '* pallidus 192

*' '* salicamans.. 192

" psaltria 192

*' " mexicanus.. 192
" lawrencei 189

Spinus notatus A. V.

*' pinus 225

Passerina nivalis 211

" '* townsendi....2ii
" hyperboreus 21 1

Calcarius lapponicus 219

" " alascensis.219

" pictus 220

" ornatus 218

Rhynchophanes mccownii 218

Pooecetes gramineus 221

" '* confinis.. .221
" " aflSnis 221

Passerculus princeps 225

'* sandwichensis 22}

" " savanna .22}

" " alaudinus223

" *' bryanti. .223

" beldingi 223

" rostratus 22}

'* " guttatus ..22}

** " halophilus.224

" '* sanctorum.224

Coturniculus bairdii 224

" savannarum passerinus.224

278

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^N^' COMMON NAME.

546a Western Grasshopper

Sparrow

546b Florida Grasshopper Sparrow.

547 Henslow Sparrow

547a Western Henslow Sparrow. . .

548 Leconte Sparrow

549 Sharp-tailed Sparrow

549.1 Nelson Sparrow

549a Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow

550 Seaside Sparrow

550a Scott Seaside Sparrow

550b Texas Seaside Sparrow

550c Fisher Seaside Sparrow

55od MacGillivray Seaside Sparrow

551 Dusky Seaside Sparrow

552 Lark Sparrow

552a Western Lark Sparrow

553 Harris Sparrow

554 White-crowned Sparrow

554a Gambel Sparrow

554b Nuttall Sparrow

557 Golden-crowned Sparrow

558 White-throated Sparrow

559 Tree Sparrow

559a Western Tree Sparrow

560 Chipping Sparrow

560a Western Chipping Sparrow. .

561 Clay-colored Sparrow

562 Brewer Sparrow

563 Field Sparrow

563a Western Field Sparrow

564 Northern Sparrow

565 Black-chinned Sparrow

566 White-winged Junco

567 Slate-Colored Junco

567a Oregon Junco

567b Shuleldt Junco

567c Thurber Junco

567d Point Finos Junco

567e Carolina Junco.

567.1 Montana Junco

568 Pink-sided Junco

569 Gray-headed Junco

SCIENTIFIC NAME. Page

Coturniculus savannarum bima-

culatus 224

*' " floridanus.. .224

" henslowii 224

** *' occidentalis.224

'* leconteii 225

Ammodramus caudacutus 225

" nelsoni 225

" " subvirgatus225

*' maritimus 226

'* " peninsulaB.226

" '* sennetti...226

*' " fisheri 226

" " macgillivraii 226

" nigrescens 226

Chondestes grammacus 228

'* '* strigatus..228

Zonotrichia querula 229

** leucophrys 227

" " gambeli..227

'* " nuttalli..227

" coronata ^^27

" albicollis 227

Spizella monticola 222

'* " ochracea 222

" socialis 222

** arizona 222

" pallida 228

'* breweri 228

" pusilla 222

*' *' arenacea 222

'* wortheni 228

*' atrogularis 219

Junco aikeni 240

" hyemalis 240

** " oreganus 241

'* " shufeldti 241

" " thurberi 241

** " pinosus 241

** " carolinensis 240

" montanus 240

*' mearnsi 240

" caniceps 241

279

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^S;y- COMMON NAME. SCIENTIRC NAME. Pagb

570 Arizona Junco Junco phseonotus palliatus 241

570a l^ed-backed Junco ** " dorsalis 241

571 Baird Junco '* bairdi 240

571. 1 Townsend Junco " townsendi 240

572 Guadalupe Junco " insularis 240

573 Black -throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata 249

573a Desert Black-throated Sparrow ** ** deserticola 249

574 Bell Sparrow ** belli 228

574a Sage Sparrow " *' nevadensis 228

574b Gray Sage Sparrow *' " cinerea 228

575 Pine-wo(xl Sparrow Peucaea aestivalis 221

575a Bachman Sparrow " " bachmanii 221

576 Arizona Sparrow ** botteri 221

578 Cassin Sparrow " cassini 221

579 Rufous-winged Sparrow Aimophila carpalis 220

.580 Rufous-crowned Sparrow " ruficeps 220

580a Boucard Sparrow " " scotti 220

580b Rock Sparrow ** " eremoeca. .. . 220

580c Laguna Sparrow *' " sororia 220

581 Song Sparrow Melospiza cinerea melodia 229

581a Desert Song Sparrow '* '* fallax 229

581b Mountain Song Sparrow " " montana 229

581C Heermann Song Sparrow .... " " heermanni . . . 229

58id Samuel Song Sparrow " " samuelis 230

58ie Rusty Song Sparrow '* *' morphna 230

58if Sooty Song Sparrow.' '* '* rufina 230

58ig Brown Song Sparrow '* " rivularis 229

58ih Santa Barbara Song Sparrow. " " graminea 230

581 i San Clemente Song Sparrow. " " clementae 230

581 j Judd Song Sparrow " " juddi 229

581k Merrill Song Sparrow " *' merrilli 229

581 1 Alameda Song Sparrow " " pusillula 230

581m San Diego Song Sparrow " " cooperi 230

58 in Yakutat Song Sparrow ** " caurina 230

5810 Kenai Song Sparrow " " kenaiensis 230

58i.iBischoff Song Sparrow '* '* insignis 230

582 Aleutian Song Sparrow " cinerea 230

583 Lincoln Sparrow " lincolnii 226

583a Forbush Sparrow " " striata 226

584 Swamp Sparrow *' georgiana 222

585 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca 231

*The species of Junco are here given as In the *Che6k-List'. the A. O. U. not having: as yet acted on Run-
way's revision of this group which Is followed, essentially. In the body of the book.

280

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^?o"* COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. Paob

585a Townsend Sparrow Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis . 231

585b Thick-billed Sparrow " " megarhy ncha . . .231

585c Slate-colored SparroA^. '* " schistacea 231

585d Stephens Sparrow '* " stephensi 231

586 Texas Sparrow Arremenops rufivirgata 215

587 Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus 204

587a White-eyed Towhee " " alleni . . . 204

588 Arctic Towhee " maculatus arcticus 204

588a Spurred Towhee " " megalonyx 204

588b Oregon Towhee ". " oregonus 204

588c San.Clemente Towhee " '* dementi 204

588d San Diego Towhee *' " atratus 204

588e Mountain Towhee '* '* magnirostris . . .204

589 Guadalupe Towhee " consobrinus 204

591 Canon Towhee ". fuscus mesoleucus 205

591a Saint Ljucas Towhee " *' albigula 205

591b California Towhee " " crissalis 205

591C Anthony Towhee '* " senicula 205

592 Abert Towhee " aberti 205

592.1 Green-tailed Towhee Oreospiza chlorura 206

593 Cardinal... • Cardinalis cardinalis 172

593a Arizona Cardinal " " superbus. . .172

593b Saint Lucas Cardinal " " igneus 172

593c Gray-tailed Cardinal " " canicaudus .172

593d Florida Cardinal " " floridanus. . 172

594 Arizona Cardinal Pyrrhuloxia sinuata . .^ . *. 172

594a Texas Cardinal " " texana 172

594b Saint Lucas Cardinal " " peninsula. .172

595 Rose-breasted Grosbeak . Zamelodia ludoviciana 174

596 Black-headed Grosbeak '* melanocephala 207,

597 Blue Grosbeak Guiraca oerulea 181

597a Western Blue Grosbeak ** " lazula i8i

598 Indigo Bunting Cyanospiza cyanea 181

599 Lazuli Bunting " amoena 180

600 Varied Bunting '* versicolor 180

600a Beautiful Bunting " " pulchra..i8o

601 Painted Bunting " ciris 180

602 MoreHet Seed-eater Sporophila morelleti 249

E6o3]Grassquit Tiaris bicolor A.V.
603.1] Melodious Grassquit *' canora A.V.

604 Dickcissel Spiza americana. 198

605 Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 251

281

Systematic Table of North American Birds,

^No^* COMMON NAME. SCIENTIRC NAME. Paoi

Family TANAGRID>E. Tanagers.

[606] Blue-headed Euphonia Euphonia elegantisslma A.V.

607 Louisiana Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 171

608 Scarlet Tanager " erythromelas 171

609 Hepatic Tanager " hepatica 171

610 Summer Tanager ** rubra 171

6ioa Cooper Tanager " '* cooperi 171

Family HIRUND1NID>E. SWALLOWS.

61 1 Purple Martin Progne subis 250

61 la Western Martin *' " hesperia 250

61 I.I Cuban Martin '* cryptoleuca 250

612 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon lunifrons 250

[612. 1] Cuban Cliff Swallow '* fulva A.V.

612.2 Mexican Cliff Swallow *' melanogastra 250

61 3 Barn Swallow Hirundo erythrogastra 250

614 Tree Swallow Iridoprocne bicolor 250

61 5 Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina lepida . . 250

615a St. Lucas Swallow « . . « brachytera250

[615. i]Bahaman Swallow Callichelidon cyaneoviridis.... A.V.

616 Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia 211

617 Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211

Family AMPEL1D>E. WaxWINGS.

618 Bohemian Waxwing ..... Ampelis garrulus 198

619 Cedar Waxwing '* cedrorum 198

620 Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens

Family LANIID>e. SHRIKES.

621 Northern Shrike Lanius borealis 248

622 Loggerhead Shrike " ludovicianus 248

622a White-rumped Shrike " ** excubitorides248

622b California Shrike " *' gambeli 248

622c Anthony Shrike " " anthonyi . . . .248

Family VIREONID>E. ViRENS,

623 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo calidris barbatulus 21^

624 Red-eyed Vireo " olivaceus 212

625 Yellow-green Vireo " flavoviridis 233

626 Philadelphia Vireo " philadelphicus 213

627 Warbling Vireo '* gilvus 213

627a Western Warbling Vireo .... '* '* swainsoni 215

282

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^§^' COMMON NAME.

628 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo

629 Blue-headed Vireo ' *'

629a Cassin Vireo "

629b Plumbeous Vireo "

629c Mountain Solitary Vireo "

629d St.'Lucas Solitary Vireo "

630 Black-capped Vireo. "

631 White-eyed Vireo "

631a Key West Vireo "

631b Bermuda Vireo "

631C Small White-eyed Vireo "

632 Hutton Vireo *'

632a Stephens Vireo "

632c Anthony Vireo "

633 Bell Vireo "

633a Least Vireo "

634 Gray Vireo "

SCIENTIFIC NAME. pagb

flavifrons 198

solitarius 213

'* cassinii 213

" plumbeus 213

" alticola 213

'* lucasanus 213

atricapillus 245

noveboracensis 213

maynardi...2i3
bermudianus2i3
micrus.... ..213

huttoni ..212

" Stephens! .. • 212

" obscurus 212

belli ^ 213

pusillus 213

vicinior *. .. ... .213

Family COEREBIDiC. HONEY CREEPERS.

635 Bahama Honey Creeper Coereba bahamensis. .

Family MNIOTILTID>E. WOOD WARBLERS.

636 Black and White Warbler . .

637 Prothonotary Warbler

638 Swainson Warbler

639 Worm-eating Warbler .

640 Bachman Warbler

641 Blue-winged Warbler . .

642 Golden-winged Warbler

643 Lucy Warbler

644 Virginia Warbler

645 Nashville Warbler

645a Calaveras Warbler

646 Orange-crowned Warbler . .
.646a Lutescent Warbler

646b Dusky Warbler

647 Tennessee Warbler

648 Parula Warbler

648a Northern Parula Warbler . .

649 Sennett Warbler

650 Cape May Warbler

651 Olive Warbler

652 Yellow Warbler

A.V.

Mniotilta varia 249

Protonotaria citrea 187

Helinaia swainsonii 215

Helmitheros vermivorus 215

Helminthophila bachmanii 191

" pinus 191

*' chrysoptera . . ..189

*' luciae 206

*' virginiae 197

*' rubricapilla — 19S

" " gutturalis 195

" celata 210

" " lutescens.2io

'* " sordida.. .210

" peregrina 212

Compsothlypis americana 195

" " usneaBi95

" nigrilora 195

Dendroica tigrina. 196

" olivacea 187

** aestiva.... 196

283

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^§i^' COMMON NAME.

652a Sonora Yellow Warbler ,

652b Alaskan Yellow Warbler

653 Mangrove Warbler

654 Black -throated Blue Warbler.
654a Cairns Warbler

655 Myrtle Warbler

656 Audubon Warbler

656a Black-fronted Warbler

657 Magnolia Warbler

658 Cerulean Warbler

659 Chestnut-sided Warbler

660 Bay-breasted Warbler

661 Black-poll Warbler

662 Blackburnian Warbler

663 Yellow-throated Warbler

663a Syca,more Warbler

664 Grace Warbler

665 Black-throated Gray Warbler

666 Golden-cheeked Warbler

667 Black-throated Green Wblr.

668 Townsend Warbler

669 Hermit Warbler

670 Kil-tland Warbler..

671 Pine Warbler

672 Palm Warbler

672a Yellow Palm Warbler

673 Prairie Warbler

674 Oven-bird

675 Water-Thrush

675a Grinnell Water-Thrush

676 Louisiana Water-Thrush

677 Kentucky Warbler

678 Connecticut Warbler

679 Mourning Warbler

680 Macgilli vray Warbler

681 Maryland Yellow-throat

68 1 a Western Yellow-throat

68ib Florida Yellow-throat

68ic Pacific Yellow-throat

68id Northern Yellow-throat

68ie Salt Marsh Yellow-throat. . . .

682 Belding Yellow-throat

scientific name.

PAoe

Dendroica sestiva sonorana 196

" '* rubiginosa — 196

" bryanti castaneiceps. 196

*' caerulescens 180

*' . " cairnsii.. 180

" coronata 197

" auduboni. . , 190

" " nigrifrons .190

'' maculosa 190

'* caerulea p.. 181

'* pensylvanica 198

" castanea 206

" striata 249

" blackburniae 187

" dominica: 190

" " albilora 190

" gracise 190

" nigrescens 249

" chrysoparia 188

*' virens 188

" townsendi 188

" occidentalis 188

'* kirtlandii 191

" vigorSii . .... 191

'* palmarum 196

" " hypochrysea 197

*' discolor 197

Seiurus aurocapillus 232

" noveboracensis 232

" " notabilis 232

" motacilla . . . .* 232

Geothlypis formosa 193 '

'* agilis 189

" Philadelphia 189

" tolmei 189

" trichas ^193

" " occidentalis.. 193

" *' ignota .. 194

'/ " arizela 194

" " brachidactylai94

'* " sinuosa ..... 194

" beldingi 194

284

Systematic Table of North American birds.

^NiP' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIHC NAME. Page

682.1 Rio Grande Yellow-throat. . . . Geothlypis poliocephala 194

683 Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens 198

683a Long-tailed Chat " ** longicauda 198

684 Hooded Warbler Wilsohia mitrata 188

685 Wilson Warbler '* pusilla 193

685a Pileolated Warbler '* " pileolata 193

685b Golden Pileblated Warbler. . . a n chryseola 193

686 Canadian Warbler " canadensis 191

687 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla* 187

688 Painted Redstart " ptcta 177

[689]Red-bellied Redstart '* miniata A.V.

690 Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons 177

"69i]Red Warbler Ergaticus ruber A.V.

'692] Brasher Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus A.V.

:693]Bell Warbler "" belli A.V.

Family MOTACILLID>E, WAGTAILS.

[694]White Wagtail Motacilla alba A.V.

[695]Swinhoe Wagtail " ocularis A.y.

696 Siberian Yellow Wagtail Budytes flavus leucostriatus. . . .192

697 American Pipit Anthus pensilvanicus 232

[698]Meadow Pipit '* pratensis ^...A.V.

[699] Red-throated Pipit *' cervinus A.V.

700 Sprague Pipit " spragueii 232

Family CINCLID>E. DIPPERS.

701 American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus 247

Family TROGLODYTID>E. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC.

702 Sage Thrasher Oroscoptes montanus 233

703 Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 248

703a Western Mockingbird ** '* leucopterus . . . 248

704 Catbird Galeoscoptes carolinensis 247

705 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 233

706 Sennett Thrasher '* longirostre sennetti. 233

707 Curve-billed Thrasher " curvirostre 216

707a Palmer Thrasher. " " palmeri..2i6

708 Bendire Thrasher " bendirei 216

709 St. Lucas Thrasher '* cinereum 216

709a Mearns Thrasher '* " mearnsi. . . 216

710 California Thrasher '* redivivum 217

285

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^Si^' COMMON name. scientific NAME. Paoh

710a Pasadena Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense2i7

711 Leconte Thrasher " lecontel 217

711a Desert Thrasher " *' arenicola — 217

712 Crissal Thrasher " -crissalis 217

71 3 Cactus Wren Heleodytes brunneicapillus 233

71 3a Bryant Cactus Wren 'V " bryanti . 233

713b St. Lucas Cactus Wren *' " affinis. . 233

71 5 Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus 234

716 Guadalupe Rock Wren ** guadcloupensis 234

717 White-throated Wren Catherpes mexicanus 234

717a Canon Wren *' " conspersus..234

717b Dotted Canon Wren " *' punctulatus.234

718 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus 234

718a Florida Wren " " miamensis 234

7'i8b Lomlta Wren *' ** lomitensis. 234

719 Bewick Wren Thryomanes bewickii 235

spilurus 235

leucogaster.235

cryptus 235

charienturus235
calophonus .235

719a Vigors Wren.

719b Baird Wren

719c Texas Bewick Wren

7i9d Sout|;iwest Bewick Wren.,
7i9e Northwest Bewick Wren. . .
719. 1 San Clemente Wren ** leucophrys 235

720 Guadalupe Wren " brevicaudus 235

721 House Wren Troglodytes aedon 236

721a Parkman Wren ** " parkmanii . . .236

721b Western House Wren ** ** aztecus 236

722 Winter Wren Olbiorchilus hiemalis 236

722a Western Winter Wren *' " pacificus ... 236

722b Kadiak Winter Wren '* '* heller i 236

723 Alaskan Wren " alascensis 236

723.1 Aleutian Wren " meligerus 236

724 Short-billed Marsh Wren Cistothorus stellaris 236

725 Long-billed Marsh Wren Telmatodytes palustris 237

725a Tule Wren " " paludicola237

725b Worthington Marsh Wren '* " griseus. . .237

725c Interior Tule Wren " " plesius . . .237

725.iMarian Marsh Wren " marianae 237

Family CERTH1ID>E. CREEPERS.

726 Brown Creeper Certhia familiaris americana. . . 237

726a Mexican Creeper " " albescens 237

726b Rocky Mountain Creeper " " montana 237

286

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

A.O.U
No.

COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. page

726c California Creeper Certhia familiaris zelotes 238

726d Sierra Creeper '* " occidentalis. .237

Family PARID>E. NUTHATCHES AND TITS.

727 White-breasted Nuthatch ....

727a Slender-billed Nuthatch

727b Florida White-breasted Nut

hatch

727c Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. . .
727d St. Lucas Nuthatch

728 Red-breasted Nuthatch

729 Brown-headed Nuthatch

730 Pygmy Nuthatch

730a White-naped Nuthatch

731 Tufted Titmouse

731a Texan Tufted Titmouse

732 Black-crested Titmouse

733 Plain Titmouse

733a Gray Titmouse

733b Ashy Titmouse

734 Bridled Titmouse

735 Chickadee

735a Long-tailed Chickadee

735b Oregon Chickadee

736 Carolina Chickadee

736a Plumbeous Chickadee

737 Mexican Chickadee

738 Mountain Chickadee

739 Alaskan Chickadee

740 Hudsonian Chickadee

740a Kowak Chickadee

740b Columbian Chickadee

74 1 Chestnut-backed Chickadee. .

741a California Chickadee

74lb Barlow Chickadee

742 Coast Wren-Tit

742a Pallid Wren-Tit

743 Bush-Tit

743a California Bush-Tit

743b Grinda Bush-Tit

744 Lead-colored Bush-Tit

744.1 Santa Rita Bush-Tit

745 Lloyd Bush-Tit

Sitta carolinensis. 246

" " aculeata 246

" '* atkinsi 246

" " nelsoni 246

" " lagunae 246

'* canadensis 246

" pusilla 246

" pygmaea 246

" " leuconucha 247

Baeolophus bicolor 243

" " texensis 243

" atricristatus 243

" inornatus 242

" " griseus — 242

" /" cineraceus.242

" wollweberi 244

Parus atricapillus 245

septentrionalis . 245
occidentalis.... 245

" carolinensis 245

" *' agilis .245

" sclateri 245

" gambeli 244

" cinctus alascensis 244

" hudsonicus 244

" '* stoneyi 244

" " columbianus .244

" rufescens 244

" " neglectus 244

'* " barlowi 244

Chamaea fasciata 215

" " phea 215

Psaltriparus minimus 242

" " calif ornicus. 242

" " grindae 243

" plumbeus 242

Psaltriparus santaritae 242

" lloydi. 242

287

Systematic Table of North American Birds.

^^i^' COMMON NAME. SCIENTIFIC NAME. PK

746 Verdin Auriparus flaviceps

746a Baird Verdin " '« lamprcxrephalus

Family SYLVIID>E. WARBLERS, KINGLETS, Gnatcatchers.

747 Kennicott Willow Warbler.. . . Phyllopseustes borealis ....:... 2ri

748 Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa \i]

748a Western Golden-crowned 1

Kinglet " " olivaceus 18)

749 Ruby-crowned Kinglet *' calendula 176

749a Sitkan Kinglet " *' grinnelli 17^

750 Dusky Kinglet " obscurus 177

751 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea 24J

75 la Western Gnatcatcher '* " obscura ...... 241

752 Plumbeous Gnatcatcher " plumbea 243

753 Black -tailed Gnatcatcher " californica 243

Family TURDIDyE. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, STONECHATS, BLUE-
BIRDS, ETC.

754 Townsend Solitaire Myadestes townsendii 247

755 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 233

756 Wilson Thrush " fuscescens. 238

756a Willow Thrush " " salicicola.238

757 Gray-cheeked Thrush " aliciae 239

"'"■*" " " bicknelli 239

" ustulata 239

" " swainsonii ..259

" " oedica 239

" " almae 239

" guttata 238

" " auduboni 238

" " pallasii 238

*' " nana 238

Turdus iliacus A.V.

Merula migratoria 207

" " propinqua 207

" " achrustera . . . 207

762 St. Lucas Robin '* confinis 207

763 Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius 207

763a Pale Varied Thrush " " meruloides 207

[764] Red-spotted Bluethroat Cyanecula suecica A.V.

765 Wheatear Saxicola oenanthe .248

765a Greenland Wheatear. ...... " " leucorhoa .248

766 Bluebird Sialia sialis .182

288

757a Bicknell Thrush

758 Russet-backed Thrush. . .

758a Olive-backed Thrush

758b Monterey Thrush

758c Alma Thrush

759 Alaska Hermit Thrush. . .
759a Audubon Hermit Thrush.

759b Hermit Thrush

759c Dwarf Hermit Thrush. . .

[760] Red-winged Thrush

761 American Robin

761a Western Robin

761b Southern Robin.

^' Systematic Table of North Ameican Birds.

^* *^N^"- COMMON name. scientific NAME. Page

^66a Azure Bluebird Sialia sialis azurea 182

oc^jp^y Western Bluebird " mexicana occidentalis 182

767a Chestnut-backed Bluebird " '* bairdi 182

^^ 767b San Pedro Bluebird ... " " anabelae 182

;.. 768 Mountain Bluebird " arctica 182

289

INDBX

Acanthis hornemannii 176

*• cxilipes 176

linaria , 176

** holboellii % 176

** rostrata 176

Accipiter atricapillus 131

** striatulus 131

cooperii 131

velox 131

Actitis macularia 197

Actodromas acuminata 109

bairdii 109

f uscicollis 109

maculata 109

minutlla 109

iCchmophorus occidentalis 144

>£gialitis hiaticula 112

meloda 112

** circumcincta 112

nivosa 112

semipalmata 112

ACronautes melanoleucus 1 58

>Estrelata fisheri 260

hasitata 65

scalaris 260

Ageiaius ^ubemator calif ornicus 179

phoeniceus 178

** bryanti 178

** caurinus 178

" floridanus 178

** fortis 178

** ' neutralis 178

" sonoriensis 178

tricolor 179

Aimophila carpalis 220

ruficcps 220

** cremoeca 220

" scottii 220

" sororia 220

Aixsponsa 78

Aiaiaajaja 89

Alauda arvensis 275

Alaudidae 34, 163

Albatross, Black-footed 62

Laysan 62

Short-tailed 12, 62

Sooty 62

Yellow-nosed 62

Alcatorda 48

Alcedinidae 32, 154

Alcidse 10

Allealle 46

Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota — 160

tzacatl 160

Ammodramus caudacutus 225

henslowii 224

" oaidentalis 224

leconteii 225

maritimus 226

" fisheri 226

" macgiUivraii 226

** peninsulae 226

** sennetti 226

nelsoni 225

** subvirgatus 225

nlgrescens 226

Ampelidae 37, 166

Ampelis cedrorum 198

garrulus 198

Amphispiza bellF 228

** nevadensis 228

" cinerea 228

bilineata 249

** deserticola 249

Anas boschas 76

fulvigula 77

** maculosa ^^

obscura 77

** rubripes 77

Anatida 16, 74

Anhinga 14, 73

anninga 73

Anhingidae 14, 67

Ani 146

Groove-billed Jd6

Anous stolidus 60

Anser albifrons. 262

** gambeli 85

fabialis 262

Anseres 15, 74

Anthus penstivanicus 232

spragueii. 232

Antrostomus carolinensis 1 56

vociferus 156

" macromystax 156

Aphelocoma californica« 184

291

INDEX.

Aphelocoma califomica hypoleuca 184

** obscura 184

cyanea 184

cyanotis : 183

insularis 184

sieberii arizonae 183

** couchi 183

texana 184

woodhouseii 184

Aphriza virgata 1 11

Aphrizidae 24, 100

Aquila chrysaCtos 103, 136

Aramidae 20, 95

Aramus giganteus 96

Archibuteo ferrugineus 135

lagopus sancti-johannis 135

Arctonetta fischeri 82

Ardea herodias 93

" fannini 93

" wardi 93

occidentalis 92

Ardeidse 19,87

Ardetta exilis 91

neoxena 91

Arenaria interpres 102

melanocephala 107

morinella 102

Arquatella couesi 107

maritima 107

ptilocnemis 108

Arremonops rufivirgatus 215

Asio aaipitrinus 138

wilsonanus 138

Astragalinus lawrencei, 189

psaltria 192

** mexicanus 49

tristis 192

** pallidus 192

" salicamans 192

Asturina plagiata 131

Asyndesmus torquatus 152

Atthis morcomi 161

Auk, Great 48

Razor-billed 9, 48

Auklet, Cassin 46

Crested 47

Least 47

Paroquet 47

Rhinoceros 45

Whiskered * . . . 47

Auriparus flaviceps 195

" iamprocephalus 195

Avocet 22, 103

Aythyaaffinis 79

americana 79

collaris 79

Aythya marila 7S

vallisneria 79

Baeolophlis atricristatus 243

bicobr 243

** texensis 24}

inornatus 242

*' cineraceus 242

" griseus 242

woll weberi 244

Baldpate*. i 77

Bartramia longicauda 105

Basilinna leucotis 160

xantusi 159

Bittern, American 91

Cory 91

Least 91

Blackbird, Bicoiored 179

Brewer. 254

Red-winged 1 78

Rusty 254

Tricolored 179

Yellow-headed 199

Bluebird 182

Azure 182

Chestnut-backed 182

Mountain 182

San Pedro 182

Western 182

Bobolink 251

Bob-white 26, 115

Florida 115

Masked ,....115

Texan 115

Bonasa umbellus 1 18

** sabini 118

** togata 118

" umbelloides 118

Booby 70

Blue-faced 70

Blue-footed 70

Brewster 70

Red-footed 70

Botaurus lentiginosus 91

Brachyramphus brevirostris. 46

craveri 46

hypoleucus 46

marmoratus 46

Brant *.. 86

Black 86

Branta bernicla glaucogastra 86

canadensis 86

" hutchinsii 86

'* minima 86

*' occidentalis 86

leucopsis ..,, 262

292

rNDEX.

Branta nigricans 86

Bubo virginianus 143

^* arcticus 143

" elachistus 143

*' pacificus 143

** pallescens 143

" saturatus 143

Bubonidae 30, 127

Budytes flavus leucostriatus — 192

Buffle-head 80

Bulweria bulweri 260

Bunting, Beautiful 180

Indigo _. 181

Larl< \ 221

Lazuli 180

Painted... 180

Varied 180

Bush-Tit 242

California 242

Grinda 242

Lead<olored 242

Lloyd 242

Santa Rita 242

Buteo abbreviatus 134

albicaudatus sennetti 135

borealis 132

** calurus 132

" harlani 132

** kriderii 132

brachyurus 134

lineatus 133

" alleni.. 133

elegans 133

platypterus 133

swainsoni 133

Butorides virescens 94

" anthonyi ; 94

** frazari 94

Buzzard, Turkey 129

Calamospiza melanocorys 251

Calcarius lapponicus 219

" alascensis .219

ornatus .218

pictus 220

Calidris arenaria 108

Callipepla squamata 116

** castanogastris.. .116

Gallothrus robustus 153

Calothorax lucifer 159

Calypte annas 161

costae 159

Campephilus principalis 149

Camptolaimus labradorius 81

Canachites canadensis 117

** canace 117

** osgoodi — ....117

Canachites franklinii , 117

Canvas-back 79

Capri mulgidae 33, 155

Caracara, Audubon. 134

Guadali

upe.

.134

Cardellina rubrifrons 177

Cardinal 36, 172

Arizona. 172

Florida * 172

Gray-tailed 172

St. Lucas 172

Texas * 172

Cardinalis cardinalis 172

** canicaudus 172

'• floridanus 172

*• igneus 172

*' superbus .172

Carduelis carduelis 177

Carpodacus amplus 175

cassini 175

mcgregori 175

mexicanus dementis 175

** frontalis 175

" ruberrimus 175

purpureus 174

^* californicus 174

Casarca casarca ..:... 262

Catbird 247

Catharista urubu 129

Cathartes aura 129

CathartidsB .28, 127

Catherpes mexicanus albifrons 234

** conspersus — 234
" punctulatus — 234

Centrocercus urophasianus 122

Centurus aurifrons 153

carolinus 153

uropygialis 153

Ceophlceus pileatus 149

** abieticola 140

Cepphus columba 48

grylle... 48

mandtii 48

Cerorhinca monocerata 45

Certhia familiaris albescens 237

" americana 237

" montana 237

** occidentalis 237

" zelotes 238

Certhiidae 39, 168

Ceryle alcyon 147

americana septentrionalis 147

torauata 271

Chachalaca 27, 122

Cha?tura pelagica 158

vauxii 158

293

INDEX.

Chamaea fasciata 215

** plisea 215

Charadriidae 24, icx)

Charadrius dominicus no

" ful^us .no

Charitonetta aibeola 80

Chat. Long-tailed 198

Yellow-breasted 38, 198

Chaulelasmus streperus 77

Chen caerulescens 185

hypoborea 84

** nivalis 84

rossii 84

Chewink 204

Chickadee 39

Alaskan 244

Barlow 244

Black-capped 245^

Califorina 244

Canadian 244

Carolina 245

Chestnut-backed 244

Columbian 244

Hudsonian 244

Kowak . 244

Lone-tailed 245

Mexican .245

Mountain 244

Oregon 245

Plumbeous ... .235

Chondestes graramacus 218

** stri^atus 218

Chordeiles acutpennis texensis 157

•< virginianus 157

*• •* chapmani . ...157

*« *' henryi 157

** *^ scnnetti 157

Chuck-will's widow 156

Ciconiidae 18, 87

Cinclidae 38,168

Cindus mexicanus 247

Circus hudsonius 130

Cistothorus stellaris 236

Clangula dangula americana 80

islandica 80

Coccyges 3i,i44

Coccyzus americanus 146

occidentalis ; . . . .146

minor 146

** maynardi , 146

erythrophthalmus 146

Coeligena demenciae 100

Colaptes auratus. 154

" luteus 154

cafer collaris 154

Colaptes cafer saturatior 154

chrysoides 154

^ ., " brunnescens 154

rufipileus 154

Colinus ridgwayi 115

virginianus 115

^* floridanus 115

" texanus 115

Columba fasciata 124

** viosca^ 125

flavirostris 124

leucocephala 124

Columbae 27,123

Columbidas 27,123

Columbigallina passerina bennudiana.126
'' pallescens. 126

'* terrestris . . 126

Colymbus auritus 43

dominicus brachypterus 43

holboellii 43

nigricollis califomicus 43

Compsothypis americana 195

'* usneflB 195

nigrilora 195

Condor 120

Contopus borealis 208*

pertinax pallidiventris 208

richardsonii 208

" peninsula? 208

virens ao8

Conurus carolinensis 145

Coot, American • 9I>99

Cormorant 71

Baird 71

Brandt 72

Double-crested 71

Farallone 71

Florida 71

Mexican 71

Pelagic 7»

Red-faced 72

V iolet-green 14,72

White<rested 71

Corvidae 35»i03

Corvus americanus , 255

'* pascuus 255

caurinus 255

corax principalis 255

" sinuatus 255

cryptoleucus 255

ossifragus 255

Coturnicuius savannarum passerinus .224
* ' b imaculatus .... 224

" floridanus 224

Cowbird 253

Dwarf ; 255

Red-eyed 27, 255

294

INDEX.

Craddas 27, 113

Crane, Little Brown 96

Sandhill 9,96

Whooping .. 96

Creeper. Brown 39,237

California 237

Mexican 237

Rocky Mountain 237

Sierra 238

CrossbiU, American 173

Mexican 173

^hite-win^ed ija

Crotophaga am.. 146

sulcirostris 146

Crow, American 255

Carrion 129

Fish 255

Florida 125

Northwest 255

Cuckoo, Black-billed 146

California ^ '4^

Mangrove 146

Maynard I46

Yellow-billed 146

Cuculidae 3i*i44

Crymophilus fulicarius 102

Curlew Eskimo 103

Hudsonian 23, 103

Long-billed 103

Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183

Cyanocitta cristata 183

" florincola ...183

stelleri 185

** annectens 185

" cariottae 185

" diademata 185

" frontalis 195

Cyanopiza amoena 180

cins 180

cyanea i8i

versicolor 189

" pulchra 189

Cydorrhynchus psittaculus 47

Cypseloides niger borealis i$8

Cyrtonyx montezumae meamsi 11$

Dafila acuta 76

Daption capensis 260

Darters 67

Dendragapus obscurus 117

'* fuliginosus....ii7
'' richardsonii....ii7

Dendrocygna autummalis 82

fulva 83

Dendroica aestiva 190

'^ rubiginosa 196

Dendroica a^tiva sonorana 196

auduboni 190

** nigrifrons 109

blackbumiae 187

bryanti castaneiceps ... 106

cserulea 181

csernlescens 189

" cairnsii ...180

castanea 206

chrysoparia 188

coronata 197

discolor 197

dominica 190

" albilora 190

graciae 190

kirtlandi 191

maculosa 190

nigrescens 249

occidentalis 188

olivacea 187

palmarum 196

" hypochrysea 107

pensylvanica 188

striata ', 249

tigrina .'. 196

townsendi 188

vigorsii 191

virens 188

Dichromanassa rufescens ' 94

Dickcissel 198

Diomedea albatrus. 62

immutabilis • 62

nigripes 62

Diomedeidae 12, 61

Dipper 38,247

Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251

Dove, Bermuda Ground 126

Blue-headed 126

Ground 126

Inca 126

Key West Quail 126

Mexican Ground 126

Mourning 27, 125

Ruddy Quail 125

White-fronted 125

White-winged 126

Zenalda 125

Dovekie 46

Dowitcher 106

Long-billed 106

Dryobates arizonae 151

borealis 151

nuttallii isi

pubescens 150

*' gairdnerii 150

" nomorus 150

295

Index.

Dryobates pubescens medianus 150

" nelsoni 150

" turati 151

scalaris bairdii 151

" lucasanus 151

villosus 150

** leucomelas 150

*' auduboni 150

" harrisii 150

** hyloscopus 150

** monticola 150

" picoideus 150

Duck, Black 77

Black-bellied Tree 83

Florida 77

Fulvous Tree 83

Harlequin 81

Labrador 80

Lesser Scaup 79

Masked 80

Mottled 77

Red-legged Black 77

Ring-necked 79

Rucfly 80

Rufous-crested 262

Scaup 79

Wood 78

Eagle, Alaska Bald 136

Bald 136

Golden 136

Ectopistes migratorius 125

Egrets American 96

Egretta candidissima 92

Elder, American 82

Greenland 82

King 82

Pacific 82

Spectacled 82

Steller 81

Elanoides forficatus 130

Elanus leucurus 130

Empidonax cineritius 2 lO

difficilis 210

flaviventris 210

fulvifrons pygmseus 215

griseus 209

nammondi 209

insulkola 210

minimus 209

traiilii 209

** ainorum.' 209

virescens 210

wrightii 209

Eniconetta stelleri 8P1

Ereunetes occidentalis 108

Ereunetes pusillus 108

Erismatura jamaicensis 80

Erolia femiginea 109

Eugenes fuigens 109

Falco columbarius 137

suckleyi 137

fusco<oerulescens 137

islandus 136

mexicanus 135

peregrinus anatum 137

" pealei 1 37

richardsonii 137

rusticolus 136

** gyrfalco 136

" obsoletus 136

sparverius 137

" peninsularis 138

** phal»na 138

Falcon, Aplomado 137

Peale 137

Prairie 135

Falconidse 29, 127

Finch, California Purple 174

Cassin 17s

Guadalupe House 175

House 175

Pine 225

Purple 174

San Benito House 175

San Clemente House 175

St Lucas House 175

Flamingo 7,89

Flicker. Brown 154

Gilded. 154

Guadalupe 154

Northern 154

Northwestern 154

Red-shafted. 154

Southern 1 54

Florida cffirulea 94

Flycatcher, Alder 209

Arizona Crested 293

Ash-throated 203

Beardless 211

B uff-breasted 21$

Coues 208

Crested 203

Derby 202

Fork-tailed 274

Giraud.. 274

Gray 209

Green-crested ...210

Hammond 209

Least 209

Lower Callfomia 203

296

Index.

Flycatcher, Mexican Crested 203

Nutting 203

Olivaceous 203

Olive-sided 208

Ridgway 21 1

banta Barbara. 210

Scissor-tailed I77

St. Lucas 210

Sulphur-bellied 203

Traill 209

Vermilion. — i77

Western 209

Wright 209

Yellow-bellied 209

Fratcrcula arctica y^-- 45

** naumanni .y^ — 45

corniculata . 45

Fregata aquila 73

Fregatida 15. 67

Fregetta grallaria 260

Frigate Bird 73

Fringillidse 36, 164

Fulica americana 99

Fulmar 12, 63

Giant 259

Pacific 63

Rodgers 63

Slender-billed 63

Fulmarus glacialis 63

^* gluplscha 63

rodgersi 63

Gadwall 77

Galeoscoptes carolinensis 247

Galiinae 25,113

Gallinago delicata 105

Gallinula galeata 99

Gallinule. Florida. 99

Purple 99

Gannet. i3» ^

Gavia adamsii 44

arctica 44

imber 44

lumme 44

pacifica 44

Gaviidae 10

Gelochelidon nilotica 58

Geococcyx calif ornianus 146

Geothlypis agilis 189

beldingi 194

formosa 193

Philadelphia 189

poliocephala ^194

tolmiei 189

trichas 193

" arizela 194

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla 194

*^ ignota 194

" occidentalis 193

** sinuosa 191

Geotrygon chrysia 126

montana 126

Glaucidium gnoma ... 149

** califomicus 140

hoskinsi 140

phalaenoides 140

Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed 243

Blue-gray 243

Plumbeous 243

Western 243

Godwit, Hudsonian no

Marbled no

Pacific no

Golden-eye, American 180

Barrow 180

Goldfinch, American 191

Arkansas 192

California 192

European 177

Lawrence 189

Mexican 192

Western 192

Goose, Barnacle 262

Bean 262

Blue 85

Canada 86

Cackling 86

Emperor 85

Greater Snow 84

Hutchins 86

Lesser Snow 84

Ross Snow 84

White-cheeked 86

White-fronted. 85,262

Goshawk, American 131

Mexican 131

Western 131

Grackle, Boat-tailed 254

Bronzed 254

Florida 254

Great-tailed 254

Purple... 35,254

Grebe, Eared 43

Holboell 43

Horned 43

Least 43

Pied-billed 9, 13

Western 44

Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine 173

Black-headed 207

Blue 181

Evening 36, 199

297

Index.

Grosbeak, Kadiak Pine 173

Pine — 173

Rocky Mountain Pine 173

Rose-breasted 174

Western Blue 181

Western Evening 199

Grouse, Alaska Spruce 117

Canada 117

Canadian Ruffed 118

Columbian Sharp-tailed 121

Dusky 117

Franklin 117

Gray Ruffed 118

Hudsonian Spruce 117

Oregon Ruffed 118

Prairie Sharp-tailed 121

Richardson . . 117

Ruffed 26,118'

Sage 122

Sharp-tailed 121

Sooty 117

Gruidae 20, 95

Grus americana 96

canadensis 96

mexicana 96

Guara alba 00

rubra 80

Guillemot, Black 48

Mandt 48

Pigeon 48

Guiraca caerulea 181

*• lazula 181

Gull, Bonaparte 56

Black-backed 54

California 55

Franklin 56

Glaucous 53

Glaucous-winged 53

Heermann 54

Herring iii 55

Iceland ..-53

Ivory 52

Kittiwake 52

Kumlien 53

Laughing 56

Little 259

Mew 258

Nelson 53

Point Barrow 53

Ring-billed 52

Ross 56

Sabine $6

Siberian 258

Slaty-backed 54

Short-billed 52

Vega 55

Gull, Western 54

Gymnogyps califomianus 129

Gyrfalcon 136

Black 136

Gray 136

White 136

Hsematopodidae 25, 100

Haematopus bachmani 104

f razari 104

palliatus 104

Haliseetus leucocephalus 136

Halocyptena microsoma 65

Harelda hyemalis 81

Harrier 13a

Hawk, American Rough-legged 135

Broad-winged 133

Cooper 131

Desert Sparrow 138

Duck 137

Ferruginous Rough-legged 135

Fish 129

Florida Red-shouldered 133

Harlan 132

Harris 132

Krider 132

Marsh 130

Mexican Black 134

Pigeon 137

Red-bellied 133

Red-shouldered 133

Red-tailed 29,28,132

Sennett White-tailed 135

Sharp-shinned- 131

Short-tailed . . .* 134

Snail 130

Sparrow 137

St. Lucas Sparrow 138

Swainson 133

Western Red-tail 132

Zone-tailed 134

Heath Hen 121

Heleodytes brunneicapillus 233

'* affinis 23)

** anthonyi . . • 233

** bryanti... .233

** couesi . /. . . 233

Helinaia swainsoni 215

Helminthophila bachmani 191

celata 210

" lutescens 210

" sordida 210

chrysoptera 189

lawrencei 197

leucobronchialis 197

luciae.... ....206

• 298

Index.

Helminthophila peregrina 212

pinus 191

rubricapilla 195

** gutturalis 195

virginlae 197

Helmitheros vermivorus 215

Helodromas solitarius 107

•* cinnamomeus ... 107

Herodias egretta 92

Herodiones 17, 57

Heron, Anthony Green 94

Black-crowned Night 93

Frazar Green 94

Great Blue 9?

Great White 92

Little Blue 94

Liltle Green 19, 84

Louisiana 94

Northwebt Coast 93

Snowy 92

Ward 93

Yellow-crowned Night 93

Hesperiphona vespertina 199

** montana — 199

Heteractitis incanus in

Himantopus mexicanus 104

Hlrundinidae 36, 165

Hirundo erythrogastra 250

Histrionicus histrionicus 81

Hummingbird, Allen 161

Anna 161

Black-chinned 159

Blue-throated 166

Broad-billed 160

Broad-tailed ....'. 161

Buff-bellied 160

Calliope 160

. Costa .... 189

Lucifer 159

Morcom 161

Rieffer 160

Rivoli 159

Ruby-throated 33, 160

Rufous 161

White-eared 160

Xantus 159

Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis ... 60

Hylocichla aliciae 239

** bicknelli 239

guttata 238

** auduboni 238

" nana 238

" pallasii 238

fuscescens 238

** salidcola 238

Hylocichla mustelina 233

ustulata 239

'* almse 239

** oedica — 239

** swainsonii 239

lache latirostris 160

Ibidida 18, 87

Ibis, Glossy 00

Scarlet 80

White 90

White-faced Glossy 18, 90

Wood 18, 90

Icteria virens 198

** longicauda 198

Icteridae 35, 164

Icterus audubonii 186

buUocki 186

cucullatus nelsoni 186

** sennetti 186

galbula 186

parisorum 186

spurius.... 206

Ictinia mississippiensis 130

lonornis martinica, 99

Iridoprocne bicolor. 250

Ixoreus naevius 207

^ " meruloides 207

Jabiru 263

Jacana, Mexican 25,102

spinosa 102

Jacanidae 25, 100

Jaeger, Long-tailed 51

Parastic 10, 51

Pomarine 51

Jay, Alaskan 252

Beldine 184

Black-headed 185

Blue...... 35,183

Blue-eared 184

Blue-fronted 185

California 184

Canada 252

Couch 183

Florida 184

Florida Blue 183

Gray ..252

Green 185

Labrador 252

Long<rested 185

Oregon 252

Pinon 193

Queen Charlotte 185

Rocky Mountain 252

Santa Cruz 184

299

Index.

Jay Steller 185

Texan 104

Woodhousc 184

Xantus 184

Junto aikeni 210

Arizona 241

Baird 240

bairdi 240

caniceps 241

Carolina 240

Coues 241

dorsalis 241

Gray-headed 241

Guadalupe 240

hyemalis .. 240

** carolinensis 240

insularis 240

mearnsi 240

Montana 240

montanus 240

oreganus 241

* connectens 241

" pinosus 241

" shufeldti...." 241

" thurberi 241

Oregon — 241

phseonotus dorsalis 241

Palliatus 241
ink-sided 240

Point Pinos 241

Red-backed 241

Shufeldt 241

Slate-colored 240

Thurber 241

Townsend 240

townscndi 240

White-winged 240

Killdeer 24, 1 12

Kingbird 247

Arkansas 202

Cassin 202

Couch 202

Gray 247

Kingfisher, Belted 31, 146

Kinged 271

Texas 146

Kinglet, Dusky 177

Golden-crowned 40, 187, 2 1 5

Western 187

Ruby-crowned 176

Sitkan 176, 205

Kite, Everglade 130

Mississippi — ; 1 30

Swallow-tailed 130

White-tailed 130

Kittiwake 52

Kittiwake, Pacific 52

Red-legged 52

Knot 106

Lagopus evermani 120

lagopus 119

^* alleni 119

leucurus 118

** peninsularis. . , 118

rupestrls 119

atkhensis 120

** nelsoni 120

** reinhardti 120

" townscndi 120

Laniidae 37, 166

Lanius borealis 248

ludovicianus 248

anthonyi ... 248

*• excubitgrides 248

" gambeli 248

Laridae 1 1» 50

Lark Bunting 252

California Horned 201

Desert Horned 201

Dusky Homed 201

Horned 34, 200

Hoyt Horned 200

Island Horned 202

Montezuma Horned 202

Pallid Horned 200

Prairie Horned 200

Ruddy Horned 201

Scorched Horned 201

Sonoran Horned 202

Streaked Horned 200

Texan Horned 200

Larus affinis 258

ar^entatus 55

atncilla 56

barrovianus 53

brachyrhynchus 52

californicus 55

canus 258

delawarensis 52

franklinii 56

glaucescens 53

glaucus 53

neermanni 54

kumlieni 53

leucopterus 53

marinus S4

minutus 259

nelsoni 53

occidentalis $a

Philadelphia 50

schistasagus 54

300

INDEX.

Larusvegac 55

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera — 125

Leucosticte, Aleutian 179

atrata 179

australis 179

Black 179

Brown-capped 179

Gray-crowned 179

griseonucha 179

Hepburn 178

tepnrocotis 179

** littoralis 179

Limicolse 21, 100

Limosa fedoa 110

haemastica i to

lapponica baueri no

Limpkin 20, 96

Longipennes 10

Longspur, Alaskan 219

Chestnut-collared 218

Lapland 219

McCown 218

Smith 220

Loon 10, 44

Black-throated 44

Pacific 44

Red-throated .... 44

Yellow-billed 44

Lophodytes cucullatus 16

Lophortyx calif ornicus 116

•* vallicola 116

gambelii no

Loxia curvirostra minor 173

" Strickland! 173

leucoptera 174

Lunda cirrhata 45

Macrochires 33, 154

Macrorhamphus griseus 106

scolopaceus n6

Magpie American 253

Yellow-billed 253

Mallard 6, 76

Man-o'-War Bird 73

Mareca americana 77

penelope 77

Marsh Hen 98

Martin Cuban 250

Purple 250

Western 250

Meadowlark, 199

Florida 199

Texas 199

Western 199

Megalestris skua 51

Megaquiscalus major 254

Megaquiscalus major macrourus...'. ..254

Megascops asio 141

** aikeni 143

** bendirei 141

" cineraceus,, 142

** floridanus 141

" kennicottii 141

** macfarlanei 142

** maxwelliae 141

** mccalli 141

*^ flammeoia 142

" idahoensis 142

trlchopsis 142

xantusi 142

Melanerpes erythrocephalus 153

formiciviorus 153

jl angustifrons 153

" bairdi 153

torquatus 152

uropygialis 153

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia 122

merriami 122

" osceola 122

** silvestris 122

Melopclia leucoptera 126

Melospiza cinerea 230

" caurina 230

" cooperi 230

" dementae .• 230

" fallax 229

" graminea 230

" neermanni 229

" insignis 230

•* juddi 229

** kenaiensis 230

** melodia 229

** merrilli 229

** montana 229

** morphna 230

" pusiUula 230

" rivularis 229

*• rufina 230

" samuelis 230

georgiana 222

lincoTnii 226

** striata 226

Merganser, American 76

americanus 76

Hooded 76

Red-breasted i5, 76

serrator 76

Mergus albellus 261

Merlin, Black 137

Richardson 137

Merula confinis 207

migratoria. . . 207

301

Index.

Merula migratoria achrustera 207

** propinqua 207

Micropalama himantopus 106

Micropallas whitneyi 140

Mimus Micropodidae 33> i55

polyglottos 248

** leucopterus 248

Mniotilta varia 249

Mniotiltidae '. 38, 167

Mockingbird 248

Western 248

Molothrus ater • -253

** obscurus 253

MotacillidsB 38, 167

Murre 48

Brunnich 48

California 48

Pallas A 48

Murrelet, Ancient 47

Craveri 46

Kittlitz 46

Marbled 46

Xantus 46

Muscivora forficata 177

tyrannus 247

Myadestes townsendi 247

Mycteria americana 263

Myiarchus cinerascens 203

" nutting! 203

" pertinax 203

crinitus 203

lawrencei oiivascens 203

mexicanus 203

" magister 203

Myiodynastes luteiventris 203

Myiozetetes sirailis superciliosus 274

Neocorys spragueii ^32

Netta rufina 262

Nettion carolinensis 78

crecca 261

Nighthawk 157

Florida 157

Sennett 157

Texan 157

Western 157

Noddy 60

Nomonyx dominicus 80

Nonpareil 180

Nucif raga columbiana 252

Numenius borealis 103

hudsonicus 103

loneirostris 103

Nutcracker, Clarke 252

Nuthatch Brown-headed 246

Florida 246

Nuthatch, Pygmy 246

Red-breasteci 39» 246

Rocky Mountain 246

Slender-billed 246

St. Lucas 246

White-breasted 246

White-naped 247

Nuttallornis borealis 208

Nyctala acadica ..' 140

** scotaa 140

tengmalmi richardsoni 1 39

Nyctanasssa violacea 193

Nyctea nyctea 143

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. . 93

Nyctidromus albicoUis merriili 157

Oceanites oceanicus 66

Oceanodroma cryptoleucura 260

f urcata 65

homochroa 65

kaedingi 65

leucorhoa 66

macrodactyla 66

melania 66

socorroensis 66

Ochthodiomus wilsonius 112

Odontoglossse - 16, 87

Oidemia americana 87

deglandi 83

fusca 262

perspicillata 83

Olbiorchilus alascensis 236

hiemalis 236

'* helleri 236

pacificus 236

meligerus..' 236

Old-squaw 81

Olor buccinator 84

columbianus 84

cygnus ....263

Oreortyx pictus 1 16

** confinis 116

" plumiferus 116

Oreospiza chlorura 206

Oriole, Arizona Hooded 186

Audubon 186

Baltimore 35, 186

Bullock 186

Hooded 186

Orchard 206

Scott 186

Sennett 186

Ornithion imberbe 211

** ridgwayi 211

Oroscoptes montanus 233

Ortalis vetula maccalU 122

302

Index.

Osprey, American 129

Ossifraga gigantea 259

Otocoris alpestris 200

" actia 201

** adusta 201

** arcticola 200

" giraudi 200

** hoyti 200

** insularis 201

" leucolaema 201

" merrilli ..201

** occidentalis 201

** pallida 201

** praticola 200

" rubea 201

" strigata 201

Ouzel, Water 247

Oven bird 232

Owl, Acadian 140

Aiken Screech 142

American Hawk 143

American Long-eared 1 38

Arctic Horned 143

Barn 29, 138

Barred 139

Burrowing 138

California Pygmy 140

California Screech 141

Dusky Horned 143

Dwarf Screech 142

Elf 140

Ferruginous Pygmy 140

Flammulated &reech 142

Florida Barred 1 39

* Burrowing. . 1 38

** Screech 141

Great Gray 139

Great Homed 143

Hoskin 140

Kennicott Screech 141

Long-eared 138

MacFarlane Screech 142

Mexican Screech 142

Monkey-faced 138

Northern Spotted 139

Northwest Saw-whet 140

Pacific Horned 143

Pygmy 140

Richardson 139

Rocky Mountain Screech 141

Saw-whet 140

Screech 30,141

Short-eared 138

Snowy 143

Spotted 139

** Screech 142

Owl, Texas Barred 139

Texas Screech. 141

Western Homed 141

Xantus Screech 142

Oxyechus vocifems .• 112

Oyster-catcher, American 25, 104

Black 104

Frazar 104

Pagophila alba $2

Paludicolae.. I9i 95

Pandion halia^us carolinensis 129

Parabuteo unicmctus harrisi 1 32

Parauque, Merrill 156

ParidsB B9t i^

Paroquet Carolina. 30, 145

Parrot. Thick-billed 145

Partridge 1 18

Califomia 1 16

Chestnut-bellied Scaled 1 16

Gambel 116

Meatns 123

Mountain no

Plumed 116

San Pedro 116

Scaled 116

Valley 116

Parus atricapillus 245

** occidentalis 245

** septentrionalis 24$

carolinensis 245

** agilis 245

cinctus alascensis 244

gambeli 244

hudsonicus 247

** columbianus 244

" littoralis 244

** stoneyi 244

inornatus 242

*• griseus 242

rufescens 244

** barlowi 244

" neglectus 244

sclateri 245

wollwebre 244

Passer domesticus 219

Passeculus beldingi 223

princeps 225

sandwichensis 223

** alaudinus 223

** bryanti 223

*' savanna 223

rostratus 223

" guttatus 223

** halophilus 224

" sanctorum 224

303

INDEX.

Passcrella iliaca.. 241

" annectens 231

** fuliginosa 231

** insularis 231

" me^arhyncha 231

" schistacea 231

" Stephens! 231

" townsendi 231

" unalaschensis. ... 231

Passeres 34,162

Passerina hyperboreus 251

nivalis 251

" townsendi 25 1

Pedioecetes phasianellus. 121

'* campestris 121

" columbianus...i2i

Pelagodrama marina. 260

Pelecanidae I5> 67

Pelecanus californicus 73

erythrorhynchus 73

occidentalis 73

Pelican, American White 73

Brown 15, 73

California Brown 73

Pelidna alpina pacifica 108

Perisoreus canadensis 252

** capitaiis 251

** fumifrons 252

** nigricapillus — 252

obscurus. 252

" griseus 252

Petrel, Ashy 65

Black. 66

Black-capped 65

Bulwer 260

Fisher 260

Fork-tailed 65

Guadalupe 66

Hawaiian 260

Ka^ing 65

Leach 12, 66

Least 65

Pinitado 260

Scaled 260

Socorro 66

Stormy 66

White-bellied 260

White-faced 260

Wilson 66

Petrochelidon lunifrons 250

melano^astra 250

Peucaea aestivalis 221

** bachmanii 221

botterii 221

cassini 221

Pewee, Western Wood 208

Pewee, Large-billed Wood 30S

Wood 20S

Phajthon americanus 60

a?thereus 69

rubricaudus 260

Phsethontidae 13, 67

Phainopepla 253

r.itens 253

Phalacrocoracida? 14, 67

Phalacrocorax dilophus 71

*' albociliatus ... 71

" cincinatus 71

" floridanus 71

mexicanus 70

pelaeicus 72

resplendens 72

" robustus p

penicillatus 72

urile 72

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 156

** californicus 156

S nitidus 156

Phalarope, Northern 21, 102

Red 102

Wilson 102

Phalaropodidae 21, 100

Phalaropus lobatus 102

Phasianidae 27,113

Phasianus colchicus 113, 122

torquatus 113,121

Pheasant English 113, 122

Ring-necked 123, 122

Philacte canagica 85

Philohela minor 105

Phoebe 34, 208

Black 251

Say 205

Western Black 251

Phoebetria fuliginosa 62

PhcEnicopteridae 17, 87

Phoenicopterus ruber 89

Phyllopseustes borealis 212

Pica pica hudsonia 253

nuttalli 253

Pici 32, 148

Picidae 32, 148

Picoides americanus 149

** dorsalis 149

" fasciatus 149

arcticus 149

Pigeon, Band-tailed 124

Passenger 125

Red-billed 1 24

Viosca 124

White-crowned 124

Wild 125

304

Index.

Pinicola enucleator alascensis 173

" californica 173

" flammula 173

** leucura 173

" montana 173

Pintail 76

Pipilo aberti 205

consobrinus 204

erythrophthalmus 204

** alleni 204

fuscus albigula 205

** crissalis 205

** mesoleucus 205

" senicula 205

maculatus arcticus 204

" atratus 204

** clementse 204

** magnirostris 204

" megalonyx 204

" oregonus 204

Pipit 38, 232

Sprague 232

Piranga erythromelas — 171

hepatica 171

ludovicianus 171

rubra 171

** cooperi 171

Pitangus derbianus 202

Plataleidffi 18, 87

Platypsaris alblventris . .• 274

Plegadis autumnalis 90

guarauna 90

Plover, Belted Piping 1 12

Black-bellied 24, no

Golden 110

Mountain 105

Pacific Golden no

Piping 112

Ring 112

Semipalmated 1 12

Snowy 1 12

Wilson 112

Plautus impennis 48

Podasocys montana 105

Podicipida? 9

Podilymbus podiceps 43

Polioptila cserulea 243

" obscura 243

californica 243

plumbea 243

Polyborus cheriway 143

lutosus 1 34

Pooecetes gramineus 220

" affinis 221

" confinis 221

Poor-will 156

Poor-will, California 1 56

Frosted 156

Porzana Carolina 98

coturniculus 124

jamaicensis 98

noveboracensis 97

Prairie Hen 121

Attwater 121

Lesser 121

Priocella glacialoides 63

Priofinus cinereus 260

Procellaria pelagica 66

Procellariidas 12,61

Progne crypoleuca 250

subis 250

** hesperia 250

Protonotaria citrea 187

Psaltriparus lloydi 242

minimus 242

" californicus 242

** grindae 242

plumbeus 242

santa ritae 242

Psittaci 30, 144

Psittacidae 30, 144

Ptarmigan, Allen 119

Everman 120

Kenai White-tailed n8

Nelson 119

Reinhardt 1 19

Rock 119

Townsend 120

Turner 120

Welch 120

White-tailed n8

Willow 1 19

Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46

Puffin 45

Horned 45

Large-billed 45

Tufted 45

Puffinus assimllis 260

auricularis 64

borealis 64

buUeri 260

creatopus — 64

cuneatus 64

fuliginosus 63

gravis 64

^riseus 63
lerminieri 64

opisthomelas 64

puffinus 259

tenuirostris 64

Pygopodes 9

Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus 177

305

Index.

Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona 172

sinuata 172

" peninsulas 172

" texana 192

St. Lucas 172

8uail 116
uerquedula cyanoptera 78

discors 78

Quiscalus quiscula 254

** aglsBus 254

** ajneus 254

Rail, Belding 97

Black 98

California Clapper ' 97

Caribbean Clapper 98

Carolina 98

Clapper 20, 98

King 97

Louisiana Clapper. 98

Scott Clapper 98

Virginia 97

Wayne Clapper 98

Yellow 97

Rallidse 21,95

Rallus beldingi 97

crepitans 98

** saturatus 98

" scotti 98

** waynei 98

elegans * 97

longirostris caribaeus 98

obsoletus 97

virginianus 97

Raptores 28, 127

Raven, American 255

Northern 255

White-necked 255

Recurvirostra americana 103

Recurvirostrida? 23, 100

Reedbird 250

Redhead 79

Redpoll 35, 176

Greater 176

Greenland 176

Hoary 176

HolbcEll 176

Redstart, American 38, 187

Painted 177

Red-wing, Bahaman 178

Florida 178

Northwestern 178

San Diego 175

Sonoran 178

Thick-billed 178

Regulus calendula 176, 215

** grinnelli 176, 215

obscurus 177

satrapa 187

" olivaceus 187

Rhodostethia rosea 56

Rhynchophanes mccownii 218

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145

Riparia riparia 211

Rissa brevirostris 52

tridactyla 52

** pollicaris 52

Road-runner 146

Robin 34, 207

Southern 207

St Lucas 207

** Western 207

Rynchopidaj 12, 52

Rostrhamus sociabilis 1 30

Rough-leg, Ferruginous 135

Rynchops nigra 60

Salpinctes obsoletus 234

guadeloupensis 234

Sanderiing 108

Sandpiper Aleutian 107

Baird 109

Bartramian 105

Buff-breasted 105

Curlew 106

Least 109

Pectoral 109

Prybilof 108

Purple 107

Red-backed 108

Semipalmated 23, 108

Sharp-tailed 109

Solitary — 107

Spotted 107

Stilt 106

Upland.

Western

Western Solitary 107

White-rumped 109

Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted — 152

Red-breasted 1 52

Red-naped 152

Williamson 152

Yellow-bellied 152

Saxicola cenanthe 248

" leucorhoa 248

Sayornis nigricans 251

" semiatra 251

phoebe 208

saya 205

Scardafella inca 126

306

INDEX.

Scolecophagus carolinus 254

cyanocephalus 254

Scolopacidae 23, 100

Scoter, American 83

Surf : 83

Velvet 262

White- winged 83

Scotiaptex nebulosa. 139

Seed-eater, Morellet 248

Seiurus aurocapiilus 232

motacilla '. 232

noveboracensis 232

** notabilis 232

Selasphorus alleni 161

platycercus. 161 •

rufus 161

Setophaga picta 177

ruticilla 187

Shearwater Allied 64

Audubon 260

Black-tailed 260

Black-vented 64

Buller 260

Cory 64

Dark-bodied 63

Greater 64

Manx i 259

Pink-footed 64

Slender-billed 64

Sooty 63

Townsend 64

Wedge-tailed 64

Sheldrake . 2fe

Shoveller 78

Shrike,- California 248

Island *. 248

Loggerhead 248

Northern 37, 248

White-rumped 248

Sialia arctica — 182

mexicana anabels 182

** bairdi 182

sialis 182

** azurea 182

Simorhjfnchus cristatellus 47

pusillus 47

pygma^us 47

Siskin, Pine 225

Sitta canadensis 246

carolinensis 246

'* aculeata 246

" laeunsB 246

" nelsoni 246

pusilla 246

pygma?a 246

leuconucha 246

Skimmer, Black 11, 60

Skua $1

Snakebird 7}

Snipe, Wilson 105

Snowflake 25 1

McKay 251

Pribilof 251

Solitaire, Townsend 247

Somateria dresseri 82

molissima borealis 82

spectabilis 82

v-nigra 82

Sora 20

Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed 225

Bachman 220

Baird 224

Belding Marsh 223

Bell 228

Black<hinned 219

Black-throated 249

Botteri 22 1

Brewer 228

Brown Song 229

Bryant Marsh 223

Cassin 220

Chipping 22i- '-'•

Clay-colored 228

Desert — 249

Desert Song 229

Dusky Seaside 226

English 219

Field 222

Fisher Seaside 622

Florida Grasshopper 224

Forbush 226

Fox 231

Golden<rowned 227

Grasshopper 224

Gray Sage 228

Henslow -...224

Harris 219

Heermann Song 229

Intermediate 227

Ipswich 225

Kadiak Fox .. 231

Lagoon 224

Laguna 220

Laree-billed 223

Lark 218

Leconte 225

Lincoln 226

Mac^illivray Seaside 226

Memll Song 229

Mountain Song 229

Nelson .225

Nuttall 227

307

Index,

Pine Woods 221

Vesper 221

Rock 221

Rufous-crowned 220

Rufous-winged 220

Rusty Song 230

Sage 228

Salt Marsh Song 230

Samuels Song 230

San Benito 224

San Clemente Song 230

San Diego Song 230

Sandwich 223

Savanna 223

Scott 220

Scott Seaside 226

Seaside 226

Sharp-tailed 225

Shumagin Fox 231

Slate-colored 231

Song 229

Sooty Fox 231

Stephens 230

St. Lucas 223

Swamp I .222

Texas 215

Texas Seaside 226

Thick-billed 231

Tree 222

Townsend 232

Vesper 221

Western Chipping 222

Western Field 222

Western Grasshopper 224

Western Henslow 224

Western Lark 218

Western Savana 223

Western Tree 222

Western Vesper 221

White-crowned 227

White-throated 227

Worthen 228

Yakutat Fox 232

Spatula clypeata 78

Speotyto hypoga?a cunicularia floridanai38

Sphyrapicus ruber 152

** notkensis 152

thyroideus 152

varius 152

** nuchalis 152

Spinus pinus 225

Spiza americana 198

Spizella atrogularis 219

breweri 228

monticola 222

Spizella monoticolao chracea 222

palljda 228

pusllla. 222

" arenacea 222

socialis 222

" arizona?.. 222

wortheni 228

Spoonbill, Roseate 189

Sporophila morelleti 249

Squatarola squatarola 1 10

Starling 250

Starnoenas cyanocephala 126

Steganopodes 13, 67

Steganopus tricolor — 102

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 211

Steliula calliope 161

Stercorariidae 10, 50

Stercorarius longicaudus 51

parasiticus 51

pomarinus 51

Sterna anaethetus 5^

antillarura 58

aleutica 58

caspia 57

dougalli 59

elegans 57

forsteri 59

fuliginosa 60

hirundo 59

maxima 57

paridisaea 59

sandvicensis acuflavida 57

trudeaui 259

Stilt, Black-necked .22, 104

Strigidne 127

Strix pratincola 1 38

Sturnella magna 199

*^ argutula 199

" hoopesi 199

** neglecta 199

Sturnidae. 164

Sturnus vulgaris 250

Sula bassana 69

brewsteri 70

cyanops 70

nebouxii 70

piscator 70

Sulidas 13,67

Surf Bird iii

Surnia ulula caparoch 141

Swallow, Bank 215

Barn 250

Cliff 250

Mexican Cliff 250

Northern Violet-green 250

Rough-winged 211

308

INDEX.

S^vallow, St. Lucas 250

Tree 36, 250

White-bellied 250

Swallow-tailed Kite 130

S>van, Trumpeter 84

Whistling 84

Whooping 263

Swift, Black 158

Chimney 33> 158

Vaux 158

White-throated 158

Sylviida? 40, 169

Symphemia semipalmata. in

** inornata in

Synthliboramphus antiquus 47

Syrnium occidentale 139

** caurinum 139

varium 139

*• alleni 139

. " helveolum 139

Tachycineta thalassina lepida 250

** brachyptera. . . . 250

Tanager, Cooper 171

Hepatic 171

Louisiana 171

Scarlet 171

Summer 36, 171

Western 171

Tanagridse 36, 165

Tantalus loculator 90

Tatler, Wandering in

Teal, Blue-winged. 78

Cinnamon 78

European

Green-winged 78

Telmatodytes marianae 237

palustris 237

" griseus 237

" paludicola 237

** plesius 237

Tern, American Black 60

Aleutian $8

Arctic 59

Bridled 58

Cabot 57

Caspian 57

Common ii> 59

Elegant 57

Forster 59

Gull-billed 58

Least 58

Roseate 59

Royal 57

Sooty 60

Trudeau 259

Tetraonidse 26, 113

Thalassogeron culminatus 62

Thrasher, Bendire 216

Brown 39, 233

Californian 217

Crissal 217

Curve-billed 216

Desert 217

Leconte 217

Mearns 216

Palmer 216

Pasadena 217

Sage 233

Sennett 233

St. Lucas 216

Thrush, Alaska Hermit 238

Alma 239

Audubon Hermit 239

Bicknell 238

California Olive-backed 239

Dwarf Hermit 238

Gray<heeked 239

Hermit 238

Olive-backed 238

Pale Varied 207

Russet-backed 238

Varied 207

Willow 238

Wilson 238

Wood 40, 233

Thryomanes bewickii 235

" calophonus — 235
" charienturus .. 235

" cryptus 235

** leucogaster 235

" spilurus 235

brevicaudus 235

leucophrys 235

Thryothorus ludovicianus 234

" lomitensis.. .234
** miamensis ....234

Titlark.. 232

Titmouse, Ashy 242

Black<rested 243

Bridled 244

Gray 242

Plain 242

Texan Tufted 243

Tufted 243

Totanus flavipes in

melanoleucus in

Towhee 204

Abert 205

Anthony 205

Arctic 204

Californian 205

309

Index.

Towhee, Canon 205

Green-tailed 206

Guadalupe 204

Mountain 204

Oregon 304

San Clemente 204

San Diego 204

Spurred 204

St. Lucas 205

White-eyed 204

Toxostoma bendirei 216

cinereum , — 216

** nrearnsi 216

" crissalis 217

curvirostre 216

** palmeri 216

lecontei 217

** arenicola 2t7

longirostre sennetti 233

redivivum 217

" pasadenense 217

rufura 233

Tree Duck, Black-bellied 83

Fulvous 83

Tringa canutus 106

Trochilida? 33> i55

Trochilus alexandri 159

colubris 160

Troglodytes afidon 236

" parkmanii 236

** aztecus 236

Troglodytida? 39, 168

Trogon ambiguus.; 147

Coppery-tailed 31, 147

Trogonidae 31,144

Tropic Bird, Red-bellied 69

Red-tailed — 260

Yellow-billed. 13,69

Tryngites subruf icollis 105

Tubinares 12

Turdidae 40, 170

Turkey Florida 122

Merriam 122

Rio Grande 122

Water 73

Wild 27, 122

Turnstone 24, 102

Black 107

Ruddy , 162

Tympanuchus americanus 121

** attwateri ....iii

pallid icinctus 121

Tyrannidae 34, 163

Tyrannus j^ 202

dominicensis melancholicus couchl 247
tyrannus 247

Tyrannus verticalis 202

vociferans 202

Uria lomvia 48

** arra 48

troile 48

** califomica 48

Urubitinga anthracina 134

Verdin 195

Baird 195

Vireo, Anthony 212

atricapillus . . 245

Bell 214

belli. , 214

Bermuda 213

Black-capped 245

Black-whiskered 212

Blue-headed 214

calidris barbatulus 212

Cassin 214

flavifrons 1^8

flavoviridis 213

gilvus 213

" swainsoni 213

Gray 124

Hutton 212

huttoni 212

*• obscurus 212

** Stephens! 212

Key West 21)

Least 214

Mountain Solitary 214

noveboracensis 212

" bermudianus 21)

" maynardi 213

" micrus 213

olivaceus 212

Philidelphia .213

philadelphicus 213

plumbeous 214

pusillus 214

Red-eyed 37, 212

Small White-eyed ii3

solitarius 214

** alticola 214

** cassinii 214

" lucasanus 214

" plumbeus 214

St. Lucas 214

Stephens 212

vicinior 214

Warbling 213

Western Warbling 213

White-eyed 213

Yellow-green 213

310

INDEX.

Vireo, YeUow-throated 198

VireonidsB 37> 166

Vulture, Black 129

California 129

Turkey 28,129

Wagtail, Siberian Yellow 192

Warbler, Alaskan Yellow 196

Audubon 190

Bachman 191

Bay-breasted 206

Black arid White 249

Biackbumian 187

Black-fronted ; — 190

Black-poll 249

Black-throated Blue 180

Black-throated Gray 248

Black-throated Green 188

Blue-winged '. 191

Brewster 197

Cairns 180

Calaveras i95

Canadian 191

Cape May 196

Cerulean 181

Chestnut-sided 198

Connecticut 189

Dusky 210

Golden-cheeked 188

Golden Pileated 193

Golden-winged i^:

Grace 190

Hermit 188

Hooded 188

Kennicott Willow 212

Kentucky 193

Kirtland 191

Lawrence 197

Lucy 206

Lutescent 210

Macgillivray 189

Magnolia ... 190

Mangrove 196

Mourning 189

Myrtle 197

Nashville 38, 195

Northern Parula 195

Olive 187

Orange-crowned 210

Palm 196

Parula i95

Pileolated i93

Pine 191

Prairie 197

Prothonotary 187

Red-faced i77

Warbler, Sennett 195

Sonora 196

Swainson 215

Sycamore 190

Tennessee 212

Townsend 188

Virginia 197

Wilson... 193

Worm-eating 215

Yellow 38, 196

Yellow Palm 196

Yellow-throated 190

Water-Thrush ^

Grinnell 23^

Louisiana *. 232

Waxwing, Bohemian 198

Cedar 37> 198

Wheatear 248

Greenland . .' 248

Whip-poor-will 33, 156

Stephens 156

Whiskey Jack 252

Widgeon 77

Willet HI

Western 111

Wilsonia canadensis 191

mitrata 188

pusilla 193

** chryseola 193

" pileolata — 193

^Woodcock, American 23, 105

' ' Woodpecker, Alaska Downy 150

Alaskan Three-totd 149

Alpine Three-toed 149

American Three-toed 32, 149

Arctic Three-toed 149

Arizona 151

Batchelder 150

Cabanis 150

California 153

. Downy 150

Gairdner 150

Gila 153

Golden-fronted 153

Hairy 150

Harris 150

Ivory-billed 49

Lewis 152

Narrow-fronted 153

Northern Downy 150

Northern Hairy 1 50

Northern Pileated 32, 149

Nuttall 151

Pileated 149

Queen Charlotte 150

Red-bellied 155

311

Index.

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded 150

Red-headed 153

Rocky Mountain Hairy 150

Saint Lucas 151

Southern Downy 150

Striped-breasted 153

Texan 151

White-headed 151

Willow 151

Wren, Alaskan 235

Aztec 230

Aleutian 235

Baird 235

Bewick 235

Bryaift Cactus 233

Cactus 233

Canon 234

Carolina , 234

Desert Cactus 233

Dotted Canon 234

Florida 234

Guadalupe 235

Guadalupe Rock 234

House 39, 256

Interior Tule 237

Kadiak Winter 236

Lomita 234

Long-billed Marsh 237

Marian Marsh 237

Northwest Bewick 235

Parkman 236

Rock 234

San Clemente 235

Short-billed Marsh 235

Southwest Bewick 235

St. Lucas Cactus 233

Texas Bewick 235

Texan Cactus 233

Wren, Tule 237

Vigors 235

Western House 235

Western Winter 236

White-throated 234

Winter 236

Worthington Marsh 237

Wren-Tit, Coast 216

PaUid 215

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199

Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens 185

Xema sabinii 56

Xenopicus albolarvatus 151

Yellowlegs 1 1 1

Greater 11 1

Yellow-throat, Belding 194

Florida 194

Maryland 193

Northern 194

Pacific 194

Rio Grande 194

Salt Marsh 194

Western 194

Zamelodia ludoviciana 1 74

melanocephala ... 207

Zenaida zenaida 125

Zenaidura macroura 125

Zonotrichia albicollis 227

coronata 227

leucophrys ; .227

" gambeli .'.227

" nuttalli 227

querula i . . . 219

Press of A. M. Eddy, Albion, N. Y.

312

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