i,
v
A COLUMBIAN
SOUVENIR. . .
T
QUEBEC.
1910
Columbian H>oubetur.
DAVID MURRAY
In Commemoration
of
The Twenty-Eighth National Convention
of
The Knights of Columbus
Held at
. . .QUEBEC. . .
August 2nd 3rd and 4th
1910.
by
David Murray.
With illustrations
Quebec.
1910
The Commercial Printing Co
Quebec. Que
APR 15 1969
To
His Lordship
The Right Reverend Paul Eugene Roy,
Bishop of Eleutheropolis,
Auxiliary Bishop of Quebec,
This little work
is,
by permission,
Respectfully dedicated.
COPYRIGHT. CANADA, 191O
BY
DAVID MURRAY,
Contents.
page
The Order's origin and progress i
The Order in Canada 6
Local Councils in the Province 9
How Quebec secured the Convention 10
Programme for Quebec's Convention 12
Quebec. — Its ancient and modern aspects 15
POINTS OF INTEREST
Mountain Hill, Champlain's Abitation,
Champlain Street, Scene of Montgomery's
Assault, Wolfe's Cove, Wolfe's ascent from
the Cove, The Palace of the Intendants,
The Chien D'Or, Montmorency Park, Duffe-
rin Terrace, Haldimaud Castle, Chateau St
Louis, Governor's Garden, The Jesuit College
The Old Jail, Callow's Hill, Where Mont-
calm Died, The Des Meloises Mansion, The
Montgomery House 20
Laval's Seminary and University 45
QUEBEC'S HOSPITALS
The General Hospital, The Jeffrey Hale
Hospital, The Hotel Dieu 48
Provincial Parliament Buildings 52
A FEW OF QUEBEC'S CHURCHES
Notre Dame des Victoires, The Basilica,
St Patrick's, St Roch's, The Anglican
Cathedral, St Matthew's, Old Recollet
Church, Jesuit Churches, Franciscan Church 53
The Ursuline Convent 63
WALLS, GATES AND FORTIFICATIONS.
The Gates, The Citadel, The Martello Tow-
ers, The Cove Fields 66
QUEBEC'S MONUMENTS
Wolfe-Montcalm, Wolfe's, Champlain, Short-
Wallick, Jacques Cartier, Des Braves, Laval 71
QUEBEC'S BATTLEFIELDS
Plains of Abraham, St Foye, Montmorency,
Pres de Ville and Sault an Matelot 78
QUEBEC'S ENVIRONS
Chateau Bigot, SpencerWood, Sillery, Beau-
port, Montmorency Falls, Ste Anne de
Beaupre 90
Committee of Management 113
HIS EXCELLENCY MGR. SBARETTI
Apostolic Delegate to Canada.
AUTHOR'S NOTE.
It is not possible for one who is a mere reader,
to write anything new concerning Quebec's his-
tory. For the writers of romance and fiction,
the historic sources seem to be inexhaustible. But
its history, as such, has been written, time and
again, until, it would seem, the last detail had
been exhausted. It is not, therefore, the intention
to claim for this little work, the merit of a history,
which implies original research on the part of the
writer. No effort to present other than a com-
pendium of interesting facts published at greater
length elsewhere, has been attempted. No
such ambitious purpose as a history is intended
to be served.
The occasion of the National Convention of
the Knights of Columbus suggested to the com-
mittee in charge of the arrangements, the appro-
priateness of issuing a souvenir of the event. It
was decided this should take the form of a small
volume bearing on the order's progress, and
containing a description, in brief, of a few of the
most important points of interest in and about
the city.
A familiarity with the points of interest herein
described, begotten of some years' residence in
the city and its environs, has enabled the writer
to collect and assemble his materials in a manner
which, he believes, will best serve the purpose of
the tourist, in appreciating what Quebec has to
offer in history, in sentiment and in tradition.
An apology, at the outset, may be neither con-
ventional nor in good taste. Yet the writer be-
lieves it to be due to his readers and to himself
to state, that in undertaking the preparation of
this volume, he yielded, not to his own inclina-
tions, but to the importunities of a few not over-
discreet friends. Here, however, their blame ends
and the writer's begins. All the shortcomings of
the work he acknowledges are his, and for these
he craves its readers' indulgence.
THE AUTHOR.
The Knights of Columbus.
A sketch of the Order's origin
and progress.
The National Convention of the Knights of
Columbus, which this volume is intended to com-
memorate, is the twenty-eighth in the history of
the order. From small beginnings, the member-
ship has grown steadily, year by year, until to-
day some 250,000 men respond to the order's
roll-call.
For some time prior to the founding of the
order, it was felt that the Catholic Church
could be materially and morally assisted, in the
spread of Catholic truth, and in the defense of
Catholic doctrine, were there existing within it,
an organized body of intelligent laymen, able, on
occasion, to give a reason for the faith that was
in them. It was felt, moreover, that an
aggressive propaganda, on the part of the laity,
in asserting Catholic rights in the matter of edu-
cation, was necessary, if those of the faith were
to accomplish more than merely marking time.
But these primary reasons were not all. They
but proceeded from conditions so grave, and so
menacing to the welfare of the Church, as to
threaten to sap the very foundations of Christian-
ity. Skepticism, materialism, ignorance and its
One
A Columbian Souvenir
resultant, prejudice, held unrestrained sway,
with the Church the object of their malice and
calumny. As in time of epidemic, a bodily
scourge is combatted by a new remedy, revealed
by the very exigency of the disease, so the cank-
er of unbelief and the malignity of the attacks
against the faith disclosed the means to curb the
virulence of the one and to allay the violence of
the other. The poison worked its own antidote.
To combat the enemies of the church by an in-
telligent defense of its teachings and to dissipate
prejudice by an enlightened dissemination of the
truth were duties, which, it was thought, lay
properly within the province of the ideal Catho-
lic society. Practical results could better be
achieved by a body of educated Catholic laymen
of enthusiastic, lively faith, than by the clergy,
whose time and activities must, as ever, be direct-
ed to priestly ministrations, and the saving of
souls. A plan to render succor to families in dis-
tress, to care for the orphan, to comfort the
afflicted and to promote Catholic education, also
entered into consideration of the project. The
scheme, in all its aspects, was discussed infor-
mally. The working out of the arrangements
looking to organization seemed feasible, as did
also the operations of the order, once organized.
SIR C. A. P. PELLETIER, K. C. M. G.
Lieutenant Governor.
A sketch of the Order's
origin and progress.
At length, after much deliberation, what were
as yet but ideas, began to crystallize and to as-
sume concrete form. To nine zealous Catholic
men, only four of whom survive, the credit for
the first steps in the movement is due. From
their minds emanated the lofty conceptions which
characterize the order to-day, and, from their
united effort, came into being, the organization
known as the Knights of Columbus. The early
part of the year 1882 saw its birth, and New-
Haven, Conn, was its natal city. Though essen-
tially an order of Catholic laymen, the initiative
was taken and the impulse given by a priest, the
late Reverend M. J. McGivney, of revered mem-
mory.
The operations of the order were at first confin-
ed within the borders of the State of Connecti-
cut. Before many years, however, its branches
spread to the neighboring state of Rhode Island.
In 1891, a council was instituted in Brooklyn,
N. Y. and the following year marked the inva-
sion of Massachusetts by the institution of the
Bunker Hill Council at Boston. When in 1892,
the charter was amended to permit of associate,
as well as insurance members, an impetus was
given the order, whose ramifications now began
to extend to other states and its operations
Thtee
A Columbian Souvenir.
to embrace the whole union. Its membership
advanced with long and rapid strides. Councils
were established in nearly all the great cities and
towns of the west and middle west, one section
of the country' vying with another to excel both
in enthusiasm and in numbers.. Canada was the
next territory to yield to knightly persuasion.
Here the seeds of knighthood fell on fertile soil.
Council succeeded council, membership expanded
and praiseworthy results followed. Like success
attended the introduction of the order into the
distant Philippines, into Mexico and into Cuba ;
and in those countries to-day, the order flourishes
with the vigor of an organization "to the manner
born". The latest new territory to acknowledge
fealty to the order is Newfoundland. In the old
British colony the Knights have established a
firm footing and, as in the sister colony, the trans-
planted branch gives fair promise to become as
prolific as the parent stock on its native soil.
And though the United States was the soil of
its cultivation and development, to-day it is
foreign to no clime. It thrives with equal vigor
in the southern seas, the frozen north, by the
storm- swept coasts of the Atlantic and on the
balmy slopes of the Pacific. No obstacle to its
propagation is offered by climate, zone or geogra-
Four
A sketch of the Order's
origin and progress.
phical position. International boundaries restrict
not its activities and barriers of race melt away
before its softening influences.
Nurtured by the teachings of the church, to
which, in all things, it acknowledges obedience,
and to which, at all times, it looks for guidance,
the order of the Knights of Columbus has grown
from a humble society, to one of the first import-
ance. Its membership is as comprehensive as
its charities are boundless. The presence in its
ranks of leaders in the business world and the
learned professions, artisans, legislators, states-
men of the first rank, distinguished prelates and
clergy, eloquently attests its character as a socie-
ty of Catholic gentlemen. Men of tastes and
callings, as numerous as they are widely diver-
gent, but of one common faith, "the flower and
strength of the Catholic Church" to quote one of
its prelates "a mighty progeny going hand in
hand with its venerable mother, aiding, support-
ing, seconding her, as devoted children to a
loving parent' ' , the latter day knights rally under
the banner of Columbus on the common ground
of "charity for all".
Truly the dream of its founders has been real-
ized — their work has borne fruit — the temple
that they reared will endure.
Five
The institution and progress of the
order in Canada.
Nearly thirteen years have elapsed since the
order of the Knights of Columbus was establish-
ed in Canada. Canada Council of Montreal has
the honor of being the pioneer council of
the Dominion having been instituted No-
vember 25th 1897. Quebec was next to apply
for, and to secure a charter for a council, which
was instituted September 3rd 1899. On Novem-
ber 30th of the same year, another council — Do-
minion— made necessary by the rapid growth of
the order in Montreal, was instituted in that
city. This was followed in quick succession by
Ottawa, January 23rd 1900 and by Sherbrooke,
September 2nd 1900.
On May 24th 1900, a convention was held in
Montreal for the purpose of forming a state
council. Each of the four councils, already esta-
blished, was represented by delegates, and the
convention was presided over by Supreme Knight
Edward L. Hearn. Officers were chosen to fill
the various positions and District Deputy J. P.
Kavanagh was elected State Deputy of the new-
ly formed state council'
Down to 1904, the State Council of the Prov-
Six
•
HIS LORDSHIP MONSEIGNEUR L. N. BEGIN
Archibishop of Quebec.
The order in Canada
ince of Quebec included all the councils within
the province, one in Prince Edward Island, and
those established, down to that time, within the
Province of Ontario. But as membership expand-
ed, and local councils increased in number, it
became necessary to divide the parent Canadian
jurisdiction, and to create new ones, the better,
for reasons of distance, to serve the convenience of
delegates and to cope with the increasing busi-
ness of councils. Since that date, therefore, the
jurisdiction of the State Council of Quebec does
not extend beyond the boundaries of the province.
This arrangement likewise obtains in the Pro-
vince of Ontario, where, also, a thriving state
jurisdiction is established. In eastern Canada, the
three maritime provinces are united under
one state jurisdiction, while the state juris-
diction of Manitoba and the territorial jurisdic-
tions of Alberta and British Columbia include all
that part of Canada lying west of Ontario.
There are, at present, some sixty councils in
Canada with a total membership of nine thousand
and over. Of this membership, the Province of
Quebec furnishes nearly one half.
Many reasons may be assigned for this latter
excellent showing. It is difficult, in a fraternal
organization, where success so largely depends
Seven
The Order in Canada.
on united effort, to single out individuals for
particular credit. Yet, without wishing to make
invidious distinctions, the prosperous state of
the Order in this province must be credited, in no
sparing measure, to the zeal and energy of Nation-
al Director Joseph Mercier and of State Deputy
Dr N. A. Dussault. For the three years of his
incumbency of the office of State Deputy, Mr.
Mercier was unremitting in his attention to all
matters pertaining to that office. The experience
and knowledge thus gained eminently qualified
him for the higher office he presently holds. Dr
Dussault has emulated his predecessor's example.
He has been prodigal of his time and effort to
extend the order's ramifications and influence.
His executive judgment is frequently sought and
it is given with an unvarying courtesy and
heartiness which dispel any sense of obligation.
Several new councils within his jurisdiction owe
their existence to his initiative.
HIS LORDSHIP MONSEIGNEUR ROY
Auxiliary Bishop of Quebec.
Local councils of the Order in
the Province.
The State Council of the Province of Quebec,
exercises jurisdiction over seventeen flourishing
local councils. All have contributed generously
to the convention fund, and have manifested a
lively spirit of co-operation with the Convention
Executive, in aiding that body to achieve success.
The names of the different councils in the prov-
ince, with the location and the date of institution
of each, follow.
COUNCIL LOCATION DATE OP INSTITUTION
Canada Montreal. November 25th, 1897.
Quebec, Quebec September 3rd, 1899.
Dominion. Montreal. November 30th, 1899.
Sherbrooke Sherbrooke. September, 2nd 1900.
St Hyacinthe St Hyacinthe February, 12th, 1905.
Three Rivers Three Rivers April, 30th, 1905.
Farnham. Farnham. October 29th, 1905.
Granby Granby. February 25th, 1906.
Sorel. Sorel. May 27th, 1906.
St John's St John's. July 8th, 1906.
Valley field. Valley field. January 20th 1907.
St Henri. St-Henri. February 24th, 1907.
Grand Mere Grand Mere. March 3rd, 1907.
Victoria. Victoriaville. June 22ud, 1907.
Nicolet. Nicolet. May 10th, 1908.
L,afontaine. Montreal. October 8th, 1908.
Joliette. Joliette. February 13th, 1910.
Nine
How Quebec secured the Convention.
The securing of this year's National Conven-
tion for Quebec was due, in large measure, to
the personal efforts of State Deputy Dr Dus-
sault. With his fellow delegates, Fergus Mur-
phy and Joseph Mercier, he attended the conven-
tion of 1909, at Mobile, Ala. Those who were
present will recall the Doctor's strenuous endeav-
ors to impress upon the delegates the claims of
Canada, and especially the alluring attractions
of Quebec as a convention city. His private as-
surances to the delegates of the good time in
store, were elaborately set forth in a spirited
address to the convention. Doctor Dussault, a
Frenchman, addressing an English audience in
polished English, and Mr Fergus Murphy, whose
nationality it would be a superfluity of language
to state, pouring out a flood of eloquence in per-
fect French, both amazed and charmed the con-
vention. Had there been a waverer on the ques-
tion, the conviction the speeches carried with
them, would have been sufficient to sway him.
But there was none— at least he did not appear.
The courteously convincing arguments of Que-
bec's State Deputy, in an individual canvass of
each delegate previously, had rendered further
Ten
A Columbian Souvenir.
effort unnecessary. When the question of the
place of next year's convention was put before the
delegates, there was not one dissenting voice. With
one accord and a spontaneous enthusiasm, Que-
bec's invitation, to partake of her hospitality in
1910, was accepted with deafening applause. The
unanimity of the choice and the gratification
manifested on every hand, over the achievement
of the Quebec delegates, well repaid their efforts
to attain it.
Programme for Qyebec's Convention.
MONDAY, AUGUST 1st.
8.00 P. M. Open air concert on Dufferin Terrace
by the band of the Royal Canadian Garrison
Artillery. Brilliant electrical illumination in
honor of visitors.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 2ND.
8. oo A. M. Procession of Knights from Knights
of Columbus building 73 Grande Alle"e to the
Basilica.
9.00 A. M. Pontifical High Mass, the celebrant
being His Lordship Monseigneur Roy, Auxil-
iary Bishop of Quebec. Sermon in English
will be preached by His Lordship, the Right
Reverend M. J. Fallen, Bishop of London,
Ontario, and one in French by the Reverend
Canon Gauthier of Montreal.
ii.oo A. M. Formal opening of convention in the
Auditorium Theatre. Addresses of welcome
by His Worship Mayor Drouin and by Dr. N.
A. Dussault, State Deputy. Response by Su-
preme Knight James A. Flaherty
i.oo P. M. First business session of the conven-
tion in the Council Chamber of the City Hall.
4.00 P. M. Reception tendered to visitors at
Spencer Wood by the Lieutenant- Governor of
Twelve
OS
Programme
Qyebec's Convention
the Province, Sir C. A. P. Pelletier, K. C. M.G.,
and L,ady Pelletier. Automobiles and
carriages will be provided to convey guests to
and from the reception.
8.00 P. M. Open air band concert and illumina-
tions on Dufferin Terrace.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST BRD
8.00 A. M. Requiem mass at the Basilica for the
souls of deceased members of the order.
9.30 A. M. Sight seeing trip around city afford-
ing visitors an opportunity of seeing the mu-
seum and picture gallery of L,aval University,
the Seminary Chapel, the church of Notre-
Dame des Victoires, Hotel-Dieu, Ursuline Con-
vent, Franciscan church, Citadel, etc.
10.00 A. M. Delegates assemble at City Hall for
business session.
i.oo P. M. Delegates resume business at City
Hall.
3.00 P. M. Trip to the shrine of Ste. Anne de
Beaupre on special trains leaving Quebec at
3.00 P. M. and 3.30 P. M. At the shrine a
service consisting of the solemn benediction of
the Blessed Sacrament will be held at 5.00 P.
M. in the far famed Basilica of Ste. Anne.
8.00 P. M. Open air band concert and illumi-
nation of Dufferin Terrace.
Thirteen
A Columbian Souvenir.
8.30 P. M. Banquet to delegates at Chateau
Frontenac.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 4rn
9.00 A. M. Excursion for visitors around the har-
bor on steamers specially provided for the oc-
casion.
i.oo P. M. Delegates assemble at City Hall for
closing business session of the Convention.
3.00 P. M. Open iair^ band concert on Dufferin
Terrace.
4.00 P. M. Visit to Kent House and Montmoren-
cy Falls for delegates and their ladies.
8.00 P. M. Farewell open air band concert on
Dufferin Terrace and electrical displajr.
SPECIAL
On Friday morning at 10.00 A. M. a specially
chartered R. & O. steamer-will leave Quebec for
the Saguenay, calling at Chicoutimi, Tadousac
and Murray Bay and returning will reach Quebec
early Sunday morning.
Qyebec.
Its ancient and modern aspects.
A wealth of history, tradition and romance,
invests Quebec with a distinction, which few
other cities on the American continent can claim.
Were she shorn of these attributes, she would
still be richly endowed with the plenitude of
gifts a bountiful nature has provided. But the
very gifts of nature begot her history, which, in
turn, furnished a veritable mine of romance
from which rich ores have been extracted, to be
refined in the literary crucibles of writers of
fiction and folklore.
An air of medieval suggestion seems to envelop
the old city, and it requires little effort of the
imagination, to transport one's self back two or
three hundred years, to people its streets with
the personages of those days, to participate in the
military pageants of a later epoch, or to witness
the not infrequent conflicts of authority between
Bigot and his associates, on the one hand, and
the Governor and his Council of State, on the
other.
Time's ravages and the vicissitudes of fortune,
through which the city has passed, have wrought
but little change in its appearance or in the
traits of its people. True, it has kept pace with
Fifteen
A Columbian Souvenir..
advancing civilization. Quite as high a degree
of culture in the community is to be found as
that in any other city. Its commerce, its manu-
factures, its seats of learning, its wide-awake
business men attest its progressiveness in those
arts and sciences, which distinguish the modern
city. But in sentiment, religion, patriotic devo-
tion and language, the Quebec of Champlain and
of Frontenac has undergone little, if any, change.
Even its physical features remain much as they
were in earlier times. The high-pitched roofs of
the early Norman period remain in many sections
of the city, proclaiming the origin of those they
sheltered. The walls and battlements, which
patriotic sentiment and national pride still pre-
serve, bear testimony to stirring times when two
mighty nations strove for the mastery of a con •
tinent. And that stern forbidding Cape Diamond,
now crowned with a citadel, manned by Canadian
soldiery, looks on the placid bosom of the St-
Lawrence with the same uninviting countenance
that confronted Phipps and Wolfe. And though,
in the natural course of events, time and the ele-
ments have obliterated many of the land marks —
the scenes of particular incidents in a long and
momentous history — and while these have been
replaced with modern structures, yet the medie-
Sixteen
Hon. SIR LOMER GOUIN
Premier and Attorney General.
Quebec. Its ancient and
modern aspects.
val character of the city is preserved, in the per-
sistent adherence to a style of architecture not of
our day.
The alley-like streets of Lower Town and the
total absence of anything approaching the
modern in their laying out, are vividly sugges-
tive of days when mutual protection demanded
that neighbors should live in close proximity to
one another. Sous-le-Fort, Sous-le-Cap, Notre-
Dame, Little Champlain, Sault-au-Matelot, St.
Peter Streets are venerable examples of primitive
municipal designing — a reminder of strenuous
times, when the exigency of the moment was
more pressing than thoughts of the esthetic de-
mands of posterity. Yet they are heirlooms.
They have a value transcending the intrinsic
worth of broad avenues and stately mansions.
In their unkempt unaspiring aspect they possess a
value which cannot be estimated by means of the
arbitrary yard-stick or expressed in currency.
What the London which Charles Dickens loved
and wrote of, was to him and his generation,
so the more ancient part of Quebec, with its
ramshackle, tumble-down houses and narrow
streets, is to the Quebecois. Yet, like those of
London, they are destined soon to disappear.
Modern business expediency cares little for the
Seventeen
A Columbian Souvenir
romantic. In its relentless march, the shrines of
the historian and romancist, at which have
worshipped literary pilgrims without number,
are doomed to become but memories like ancient
Fleet Street and the White Hart Inn.
What was once the scene of strife between
two proud European nations, to-day is a city of
contentment, where the arts of peace have super-
seded those of war ; where the intermingling of
Norman, Sixon and Celtic blood, has produced
a race of sturdy manhood, partaking of the best
elements of its progenitors. No trace of racial
bitterness or religious intolerance remains. No
rivalry, save that of business and other peaceful
pursuits, in which race or origin has no place.
Assured, by legislative enactment, of his relig-
ion and language, the French Canadian has gi-
ven signal proof of his appreciation, by his attach-
ment to the flag that floats from the citadel. In
time of stress, he has not been slow to evince his
loyalty to the empire, yielding even his life as a
"last full measure of devotion". And this, not with-
standing that in sentiment, he is as strongly attach-
ed to the land of his forefathers as were the lat-
ter. As the attachment of those of the Irish race
in Canada to ''the little green isle of the sea" has
never been deemed incompatible with their loy-
alty to the British Crown, so the innate love
Eighteen
LITTLE CIIAMPLAIN STREET
From the foot of " Break-Neck Steps.
Quebec. Its ancient and
modem aspects.
for the land of ais ancestry and for his language
that glows in every Frenchman's heart, has ne-
ver been thought to affect prejudicially, his alle-
giance to King and empire.
Here on ground hallowed by memories of
three centuries and consecrated by religious zeal,
by deeds of valor, and by martyrdom, the des-
cendants of those intrepid pioneers of old
France dwell in perfect harmony, with the des-
cendants of a once alien race. Here, indeed, the
"entente cordiale " finds its best expression.
POINTS OF INTEREST.
MOUNTAIN HILL
Mountain Hill, that precipitous artery, up which
the visitor, arriving by boat, wends his way to
Upper Town, is a development from the tortuous
paths of early times. Governor Montmagny,
whose regime closed toward the middle of the
xyth century, is credited with having encour-
aged the art of road- making in its then primitive
state. The present Mountain Hill, though no
doubt an improvement on the rude highway of
his day, was, with other streets, laid out by
that governor. It has, at various times since, been
widened and has undergone other modifications.
Up this famous ascent have ridden, at the
outset of their respective regimes, French
and English governors, surrounded by galaxies
of brilliantly uniformed soldiers, marching to
the tune of martial music, and saluted by the
welcoming cheers of a loyal populace. D'Ar-
genson, Frontenac, Gallissoniere, Vaudreuil, Dor-
chester, Dalhousie, Durham, Dufferin, have,
each in turn, negotiated this sinuous incline, be-
fore entering on their gubernatorial careers.
Twenty
NAPOLEON DROUIX
Mayor of Quebec.
Points of Interest.
CHAMPLAIN'S ABITATION
Before mounting to Upper Town, there is much
to engage the attention below the cliff. The
ground now occupied by the Church of Notre
Dame des Victoires, and the little square in front
of it, are the approximate site of Champlain's
' ' Abitation' ' . This consisted of a collection of
buildings in which resided Champlain and his
followers. A wooden wall, surrounding the
"Abitation" was mounted with two or three
small cannon, and a moat, in turn, surrounded
the wall — the whole as a protection against the
treacheries of the Iroquois. A model of the
"Abitation" was erected on the square just west
of the large warehouse of Thibaudeau Freres, in
tlie summer of 1908, as a part of the Tercente-
nary Celebration scheme of that year. It was
afterwards removed.
CHAMPLAIN STREET.
Skirting the base of the cliff, from about the
middle of Mountain Hill to the western extremity
of the city, is Champlain Street. It is so narrow
as to be almost a ' 'no thoroughfare' ' for vehicu-
lar traffic. Its eastern end issues on to Moun-
tain Hill, by means of a fine iron stairway, which
replaces the once famous wooden "Breakneck
Steps". This colloquial name very well describ-
Twenty-one
A Columbian Souvenir
cd the rickety structure which served, for many
years, the purposes of Quebec's citizens, as a means
of ascent and descent, between upper and lower
town. Champlain's last resting place, the exact
location of which, research has never been able
to establish, is said, by some historians, to have
been situated near the foot of these stairs. A
vault, bearing evidence of ancient construc-
tion and containing human bones, was discovered
here in 1856. The fact, considered with other
collateral circumstances, would seem to point to
this spot, as the grave of the explorer.
Just a little to the west of the Marine
and Fisheries building, on Champlaiu Street, is
the scene of the appalling disaster of September
1889, when a. portion of the cliff above gave way.
The houses nestling at the base, in the
path of the slide, were demolished in the
twinkling of an eye, and, with their occupants,
were buried under thousands of tons of rock. Some
fifty lives were lost in this calamity ; yet Cham-
plain Street dwellers will assure you they have no
fear of a repetition of the accident, and indeed, they
show their confidence by their affectionate cling-
ing to the old street, unperturbed by memories
of former disasters or the occasional dislodgment
of a boulder.
Ttuenty-trvo
SOUS-LE-CAP STREET.
Points of Interest.
SCENE OP MONTGOMERY'S ASSAULT.
Some distance farther on, where the cliff makes
a sheer ascent from the road, we come to a,
bronze tablet set into the face of the rock. It
records the act of the ' 'undaunted fifty' ' , in re-
pelling the attack on the city by Brigadier- Gener-
al Richard Montgomery December 31st 1775.
A few feet higher up the precipice, a board, with
the device "Montgomery Fell, Dec. 31st 1775"
indicates nearly the exact spot, where that rash
but brave soldier terminated an adventurous car-
eer. At the moment of his attack, he was act-
ing in conjunction with the ill-starred Benedict
Arnold who, simultaneously, was leading a de-
tachment some 400 strong, from the other
direction to attack the Sault-au-Matelot bar-
ricade. This barrier was situated at the junction
of what is now St James and Sault-au-Matelot
streets. The purpose of the attacking generals
was to join forces at the foot of Mountain Hill,
up which they expected to enter the city with
little opposition. Their plans, however, miscar-
ried, Montgomery meeting his death at Pres-de-
Ville, and Arnold being repulsed with heavy
loss, at Sault-au-Matelot.
Twenty-three
A Columbian Souvenir
WOLFE'S COVE
Proceeding farther along the road skirting the
river, about a mile from the Pres-de-Ville tablet,
is a spot marked with no monument, yet sacred
to all lovers of history — Wolfe's Cove. A
wooden trestle, now somewhat insecure, par-
allelling the cliff and running in an upward di-
rection, indicates approximately the place of
landing and ascent of the British troops, on that
fateful 1 3th of September 1759.
The cove will, no doubt, be suitably marked
before long, in accordance with the commendable
plans of the Literary and Historical Society of
Quebec. This worthy organization includes in
its operations, the placing of bronze tablets in
various parts of the city, to mark the site of
some building of historic renown, or the scene
of some event of historic importance.
WOLFE'S ASCENT FROM THE COVE
That Wolfe's Cove is not the least noteworthy
of the many spots within the environs of the
city, a brief recital of the events immediately
preceding the landing will show.
The Anse-du-Foulon, by which name the cove
was then known, had not been chosen haphazard
by Wolfe. On the contrary, he seems to have
picked upon it, only after due deliberation as to
Twenty-four
DR. N. A. DUSSAULT,
State Deputy — Chairman of the National Convention.
Points of Interest.
its suitability, and his chances of scaling the
heights, once the landing was effected. It
offered the best possibilities of further success,
because of its situation directly below the post of
Vergor, an officer not remarkable for his vigilance.
For days a division of the English squadron,
under Admiral Holmes, had made several feints
of landing between Cap Rouge and Pointe-aux-
Trembles, the latter place some 25 miles above
the city. The effect of this was to keep Bougain-
ville, the French officer patrolling the heights
above, in a state of perplexing uncertainty and
quite unable to divine the purpose of the English
admiral. Up and down the river rode the English
fleet at each turn of the tide. Wolfe's secret was
well guarded. It is said that not more than one
or two of his brother officers knew of the
General's plans until just before the ebb tide,
which carried them noiselessly to the place of
debarkation. It was learned from a French
deserter, that a supply of provisions, from up
the river, was hourly expected by the French
encampment, whose larder was all but empty.
The time, it will be seen, was opportunely
chosen and the information of the deserter proved
a material aid to Wolfe, in accomplishing his
purpose. When challenged by the guard above
Twenty-five
A Columbian Souvenir.
1 ' qui vive ? " an officer of the Fraser Highland-
ers, who had campaigned for many years in
France replied in excellent French "la France".
To the further inquiry ' ' a quel regiment ? " he
answered " de la reine ' ' adding ' ' ne faites pas
de bruit, ce sont les vivres ", the better to
deceive the sentry. And while the guns boomed
from Point I^evi on the city, and a feint of land-
ing, by Admiral Saunders, engaged the atten-
tion of the French forces at Beauport, Wolfe
directed the ascent of his army from the cove,
which, since then, has borne his name.
THE PALACE OF THE INTENDANTS
The quarter of the city known as the Palais,
that is, that part lying in the vicinity of the foot
of Palace Hill, and including the Canadian Pacific
station and yards, takes its name from the "pa-
lais" or palace of the intendants. This building
stood where the brewery of Messrs. Bos well stands
to day, on the corner of St-Nicholas and St-Va-
lier Streets. By a curious reversion of history,
the present building is put to the identical uses
of the structure which originally occupied this
site. Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New-
France, came to Canada in 1665. During his
stay of five years he identified himself with seve-
ral industrial enterprises, among them a brewery,
Twenty-six
JOS. A. MERCIER
National Director.
I'f £ Points of Interest.
which he erected on this spot. The brewing
business, it would appear, did cot thrive suffic-
iently to justify its continuance and the build-
ing, in course of time, fell to ruin. It was re-
built by Frontenac for the purposes of a prison
and later, the Intendant De Meules erected the
celebrated "palais". All the land extending to
the banks of the St Charles was laid out in
gardens and planted with trees and flowers.
Here the successive intendants, from De Meules
to Bigot, resided in a state of semi-regal splendor
rivalling that of the governors with whom they
were often in open disagreement. The unscrupu-
lous Bigot especially, whose coffers were enor-
mously enriched at the expense of the common
people, maintained a state whose magnificence
even eclipsed that of the worthy De la Galisson-
niere.
The official status of the intendaut in the colo-
ny made this condition of affairs possible. He di-
rected the administration of justice, collected the
revenues due the Crown and generally supervised
matters coming within the purview of civil gov-
ernment. His authority and influence were
little inferior to those of the governor, who, how-
ever was the chief executive officer. The inten-
dant was also a member of the Superior Council,
Twenty-seven
A Columbian Souvenir.
an administrative body appointed by the King of
France. The other members were the Governor,
who presided, the bishop, the attorney-general
and twelve councillors.
The palais buildings included a Court of Jus-
tice, which, in the latter days of its existence,
was a travesty. Adjoining it was a large store-
house, in which were stored vast quantities of
grain, extorted by Bigot from the habitants, and
later in time of famine, resold to them, at exor-
bitant prices.
The "palais" became a temporary home for Bri-
tish troops immediately after the conquest. Later
it was occupied by Arnold's forces during the
siege of 1775. To dislodge them Carleton had
the rampart guns turned on the building, quickly
reducing it to ruins. Subsequently it was res-
tored to its former uses as a brewery and has
served for this purpose ever since. Subterranean
arched vaults of masonry are all that remain, to
connect the imagination with the orgies which
history attributes to the dissolute Bigot.
The site of the "palais" recalls many tragic
memories. But the greatest and most lasting
are the venality and licentiousness of the last of
the intendants and his associates, whose flagrant
disregard of decency and common honesty accel-
erated the doom of French dominion in Canada.
Twenty-Eight
Points of Interest.
THE CHIEN D'OR
At the top of Mountain Hill, on the site of the
present City Post- Office, stood the warehouses of
the bourgeois Philibert. They were demolished
in 1871, to provide a site for the new Post-
Office. Philibert, it will be remembered, was
the highly respected merchant of the ' ' Chien
D' Or ", who incurred the wrath of Intendant
Bigot and that of the latter 's associates in the
Friponne. According to Mr. Kirby's novel, he
was slain while in the act of distributing alms, a
victim of the malice of Bigot. A relic of the old
building, a stone panel, on which is the gilded
figure, in relief, of a dog knawing a bone, is still
preserved in that wall of the Post Office building
overlooking the Laval Monument. An inscrip-
tion in French explains, in some measure, at
least, the cryptic figure of the dog.
"Je svis vn chien qvi ronge I'o.
En le rongeant, je prend mon repos,
Vn temps viendra qui n'est pas venv,
Qve je tnorderay qvi m'avra mordv. "
The purpose of the inscription has long been
and remains a matter of conjecture. But one
popularly accepted reason for it is that the tablet
was inserted by Philibert, in the wall of his ware-
house, as a perpetual warning to his persecutors,
at whose hands he had suffered many insults,
Twenty-Nine
A Columbian Souvenir.
that, when the opportunity should offer to
avenge his wrongs, he would not be slow to
avail himself of it, and that he would " pay fat
the ancient grudge he bore them ' ' .
In the joint work of Messrs. Doughty &
Dionne,, " Quebec Under Two Flags " it is
shown that the novelist has employed his imag-
ination, to construct the intricate and well laid
plot which centers round the Chien D'Or. So well
sustained is the interest of the narrative, that one
who has visited the scenes of Bigot's exploits, feels
a sense of disappointment, that the indisputable
facts of history do not coincide, in every detail,
with the characters and events so admirably
treated by Mr. Kirby. Yet the basis of the
story is history, and, in its general construction,
it portrays faithfully the unwholesome condition
of affairs in the colony, in the days of decline of
French power in Canada.
MONTMORBNCY PARK
Montmorency Park, that pretty little breathing
space facing the Laval Monument, furnishes a
link with the middle of the seventeenth century,
and has a special interest for the student of Ca-
nadian political history. Here stood the Parlia-
ment House of Lower Canada. It was of cut
stone, and of an ambitious style of architecture
Thirty
JAMES A. FLAHERTY
Supreme Knight
Points of Interest.
for that day. Within its walls, the forensic battles
of old time political leaders were fought. The
building was destroyed by fire in 1854 and the
walls were purchased by the city, taken- down and
removed to L,ower Town, where they were re-
erected in their original form. On its new site,
the building was put to more utilitarian uses, and
has ever si nee been known as the Champlain Mar-
ket. Another legislative building succeeded on the
site of the first, but this was destined to meet the
fate of its predecessor. It, too, was burned — in
April 1883 — together with a magnificent par-
liamentary library, containing many rare and
some unique volumes. Within the latter building
the delegates from the different parts of Canada
met in convention in 1864, to decide upon and
to draft the articles of confederation, which be-
came effective July 1st 1867.
"Previously this commanding site was occupied
by the episcopal palace of the Catholic bishops
of Quebec. It was demolished in 1834 when
the property was acquired by the government of
Lower Canada, for the site of their new parlia-
ment building. The old palace, at the time of
its demolition, had become a venerable landmark.
Its first use was that of a seigniorial manor house
and it was afterward acquired by Monseigneur St
Valier, second Bishop of Quebec. In 1792, the
TTiitty-onc
A Columbian Souvenir.
first legislature of Lower Canada met in the chap-
el attached to the palace, and for many years
this historic building was devoted to legislative
purposes.
DUFFERIN TERRACE
The far famed Dufferin Terrace takes its
name from one of our most popular governors-
general. It is an elaboration of the unpreten-
tious "Durham Terrace" erected in 1838 by
the author of the famous "report". The present
terrace was opened to the public in June 1879,
by the Marquis of Lome, and given the name
of '-Dufferm".
During his term of office, Lord Dufferin for-
mulated a project for the beautifying of the city,
and for making available for purposes of relaxa-
tion, natural points of vantage, which, with the
expenditure of little money, could be made a
lasting benefit to the citizens. Only some of his
plans, however, took practical form, and of these,
the terrace, the St Louis and Kent Gates stand
to remind posterity of a benevolent governor,
who took a special and kindly interest in the city
and its people. Even before Lord Durham's time
the top of the cliff in the vicinity of the present
Chateau Frontenac, was used as a promenade,
though, of course, within restricted limits, com-
pared with the dimensions of the present day ter-
Thit ty-two
MARTIN H. CARMODY
Deputy Supreme Knight
Points of Interest.
race. Indeed, historians tell us that les Quebecois
and les Quebecoises of different periods exten-
ding back to Frontenac, mixed business, society,
politics and love-making with an appreciation of
nature's grandeur as viewed from this emi-
nence — much as their descendants do to day.
The terrace has a total length of 1400 feet aud
a height of 180 above the level of the river. As a
promenade, on a summer's day, it cannot be
equalled in any other city in America. Pretty
parks and well wooded avenues are the common
possessions of most cities, Quebec among them.
But Quebec alone boasts a terrace worthy of the
name. From its broad walk, the most captivating
landscape can be viewed, the eye never tiring of
the mighty expanse of mountain and valley and
river. The succession of parishes from the St
Charles to the Montmorency and beyond ; the
tidy white- painted or white- washed dwellings of
the habitants and the laborers, extending like
an irregular chalk ridge on a dark surface, to
indicate the highway ; the parish church of
Beauport, proudly rearing its symmetrical spires
on high, as if conscious of the historic ground it
occupies ; the sharply denned divisions of shadow
and sunlight, sweeping over valley and hill top, as
an occasionnal cloud intercepts the sun's rays ;
Thirty-three
A Columbian Souvenir.
all this in a setting of gently rising ground and the
greenest of verdure; a background of precipitous
wooded mountains, to whose graceful profiles
distance lends the effect of rising abruptly from
the upland — thesa are but imperfectly sketched
salient features of a scene, the grandeur
whereof no painter's brush can adequately por-
tray.
But the terrace has other charms to offer. To
enjoy them, one must mingle with the crowd
which nightly makes this ' breathing space its
rendezvous. Here assemble, every summer's
evening, the grave, the gay, the old, the young.
The business man seeking relaxation from the
strain of the counting house, the professional
man, who turns a deaf ear, for the moment, to
his client's entreaties, the artisan resting after a
hard day of strenuous toil, the student and the
professor, refreshing tired brains for the grind
of to-morrow, smartly gowned women in the
company of gallant escorts, laughing boys and
girls of impressionable age, British or foreign
tars, on shore leave from a cruiser in port, black-
robed ecclesiastics usually in pairs, uniformed
soldiers from the citadel, and an occasional Mon-
signor, blending dignity with piety, whose coun-
tenance and deportment seem to rebuke the
superabundant levity.
Thirty -four
HIS LORDSHIP THE RIGHT REVEREND M. J. FALLON
Bishop of London, Ontario.
Points of Interest.
Twice a week, the garrison band further enliv-
ens this animated scene, by discoursing popular
and classical airs. From the windows of a mag-
nificent hotel in the immediate background,
pours forth a flood of light, blending with the
rays of the many arc lamps, illuminating the
parade without. Below is the lordly river, with
phantom craft in outline, plying to and fro, and
perchance a heavily freighted liner pushing its
noiseless way to port. Across is the elongated
town of L,evis, whose dim lights denote its limits
in either direction.
Suddenly from the darkness enveloping the
citadel above, there issues a tongue of flame,
accompanied by a deafening report ; a lull of a
few seconds and then a reverberation resem-
bling thunder from the distant hills on the south
shore. If you be a Quebecker, you have proba-
bly anticipated the shock, with watch in hand,
to check its accuracy. If a stranger, a mute
appeal to your neighbor, who has smilingly
observed your startled tremor, elicits a reassur-
ance that nothing more serious is intended than
an intimation to Quebec's citizens, that it is now
half-past nine.
A Columbian Souvenir.
HALDIMAND CASTLE
The Chateau Frontenac stands on the site of
Haklimand Castle. The latter building was
erected in 1784 during the governorship of Sir
Frederick Haldimand, who laid the corner stone.
It was built as an adjunct to the old Chateau St
Louis, whose accommodation became inadequate
for the growing needs of the governors, after the
conquest.
In the archway of the entrance to the court of
the Chateau Frontenac, may be seen a stone on
which are engraved a Maltese cross and the date
"1647". This stone was unearthed by work-
men while excavating for the foundations of old
Haldimand Castle. It was set in the wall by the
masons and, on the demolition of that ancient
building a few years ago, the stone was preserved
and placed in its present position. The device
and date on the stone seem to connect it with
Montmagny, who was a Knight of Malta and
governed the colony from 1636 to 1648.
CHATEAU ST-LOUIS
Near the eastern end of Dufferin Terrace,
indicated approximately by the site of the Cham-
plain monument, stood the historic Chateau St.
Louis. As Fort St Louis, it was erected in
1624. It underwent many alterations, from
time to time, at the instance of different gover-
Thirty-six
Points of Interest.
nors, whose official residence it was. It was
burned in 1834, and the ruins were razed by or-
der of L,ord Durham, who built, on the site of
the old Chateau, the terrace which bore his
name.
GOVERNOR'S GARDEN
Governor's Garden, the little park facing the
terrace and in the rear of the Chateau Frontenac,
derives its name from the fact that it was the
private grounds of the governors, whose official
residence was adjacent to the gardens-.
THE JESUIT COLLEGE
Quebec's City Hall stands where, in other days
and until comparatively recent times, stood the
old Jesuit College or " Barracks ". The college
was erected as far back as 1647.
Many distinguished members of that noble
order followed their educational courses in this
old building or were identified with it in some
way. Brebeuf, Joliet, Lalemant, Jogues, Mar-
quette left its portals to go out into the wilder-
ness of the west, each destined to achieve endu-
ring fame, through deeds accomplished or mar-
tyrdom suffered. Indeed, the roll of martyrs has
no brighter names adorning it, than those of men
who knew the old college as their home. " For
the greater glory of God ' ' they willingly forsook
Thitty-seven
A Columbian Souvenir.
its meagre comforts, to prosecute their perilous
calling in an unknown land. Military necessity, it
is said, obliged General Murray to take possession
of the college in 1765. Here the English Gene-
ral quartered his troops and, henceforth, the
buildings remained in the possession of the British
military authorities, until the withdrawal of the
troops in 1871. The buildings were demolished
in 1873.
THE OLD JAIL
The present year is the centenary of the erec-
tion of the old building, which stands on the
corner of St Anne and St Stanislas streets. Since
1859, it has been known as Morrin College ; pre-
vious to that date, as the Quebec Jail. Down to
within a few years of its discontinuance as a pri-
son, public executions took place from a scaffold
above the present main entrance to the building.
A college of arts and divinity endowed by Dr
Morrin, a philanthropic citizen, established its
domicil in the old building, for some years after
its purchase from the Government. It is now
the permanent home of the Quebec Literary and
Historical Society, in whose splendid library are
to be found many rare and valuable works,
relating to early Quebec history.
DR. E. W. BUCKLEY
National Physician
Points of Interest.
GALIvOW'S HILL
Quebec has witnessed at least one execution of
a death sentence in the carrying out of which,
barbarity quite as revolting, as that attending
medieval executions in Europe, was a feature.
In 1797, one David Mcl^ane, a New Englander.
was convicted of high treason and sentenced by
Chief Justice Osgoode, to suffer the extreme
penalty of the law, for that crime. For us of
this generation, it is difficult to appreciate condi-
tions, which would warrant the infliction of so
dire a penalty. In our day, we have seen the
worst features of the sentence for high treason
remitted in England. But the country was, as
yet, only passing through a transition stage. The
fires of disaffection still smouldered. Nothing
short of the most rigorous application of the law,
to convicted offenders, was considered adequate to
cope with the then existing evils. Accordingly,
McL,ane's sentence, to be "hanged drawn and
quartered ", was duly executed with a strict
observance of all legal detail.
The place where this execution took place is
on the Glacis, a little to the north of St John's
Gate, and the scene of it has, ever since, borne
the suggestive name of Gallows Hill.
Thirty-nine
A Columbian Souvenir.
WHERE MONTCALM DIED.
On St Louis street, opposite Parloir, stood a
building of historic renown, the site of which is
occupied to-day by the offices of a livery stable.
It was the residence of one surgeon Arnoux. To
this building, the wounded Montcalm was car-
ried from the field of battle and there he lingered in
agony for some hours, until death relieved
him. Arnoux' residence, in size and structure,
bore a resemblance to the antique house still
standing on the corner of St Louis and Garden
streets. Some writers have associated the latter
building with the death of the French General.
But the latest and most diligent research, estab-
lishes, beyond question, the Arnoux house as
the place of Montcalm 's death.
Montcalm's city residence was on the ramparts
overlooking Lower Town. The site is presently
occupied by the residence of Sir Lomer Gouin,
Prime Minister of the Province. It is situated
at 49 Ramparts street, and is known as ' 'Candiac, ' '
a name adopted from the old Chateau in France
in which Montcalm was born.
THE DBS MELOISES MANSION.
It will be recalled that one of the characters in
the "Chien D'Or" is that captivating beauty
Angelique des Meloi§ps^!:H?j»4t was whose charms
Forty
Points of Interest.
fascinated the notorious Bigot, and whose ambi-
tions led her to aspire to supplant the celebrated
Pompadour in the good graces of and influence
over the Intendant. To accomplish her pur-
pose, she even compassed the death of a hated
rival, the fair Caroline de St Castin, through the
instrumentality of the sorceress L,a Corriveau.
So, at least, runs the narrative of Mr. Kirby.
Such was her influence over Bigot, that Ange-
lique had but to command him, to effect her de-
signs. He lavished many valuable gifts on her,
among them a stately mansion on St L,ouis Street.
Here we can picture the fair Angelique, the cen-
tre of a group of lively spirits, discussing local
gossip of a century and a half ago. Here also, we
can carry the imagination, to conceive the scene
enacted on the Christmas eve of long ago ; the
young confiding gallant L,e Gardeur de Repentig-
ny pleading his suit ; the tantalizing object of
his affections, first temporizing, and finally deny-
ing his pleadings ; the inspiring music of the mid-
night mass at the Convent of the Ursulines near
by, wafted on the breeze to Angelique' s parlor; all
these and many more interesting figures, inci-
dents and situations take on a real and material
form, before the mental vision, in a contempla-
tion of the respectable old mansion, still standing,
and numbered 59 on St Louis street. The build-
Forty-One
A Columbian Souvenir.
ing is now and has been for many years the
property of the Federal Government, and is used
as living quarters for officers of the militia.
Though authorities differ as to its being the ac-
tual house presented by Bigot to Mademoiselle des
Meloises, it is at least the house chosen by Mr Kirby
as the Intendant's New Years gift, to the reigning
belle of her day. Its rude exterior suggests its
erection many years back, when substantiality
and comfort were considered before grace of
outline or exterior embellishment. It is un-
questionably of very great age, as records prove,
and it is not difficult to conceive it to be the iden-
tical gift of the Intendant. St Louis street was,
for may years prior to the conquest, as it was
down to more recent times, the fashionable resi-
dential thoroughfare of the city. It is not un-
reasonable, therefore, to suppose that in looking
around for a suitable residence as a gift, Bigot
would select a quarter of the city in keeping with
the society in which the fair recipient shone,
and, at the same time, one according with the
exalted station of the donor.
THE MONTGOMERY HOUSE.
Some yards up St- Louis Street, on the site of
the present No. 72, there existed many years, a
building which Americans regarded with a sort
Forty- Two
Points of Interest
of veneration. Until a few years ago, a brass
tablet in the wall of the present building, declared
the land to be the site of the house in which the
body of General Montgomery was laid out, after
its recovery from the snow drifts, at the base of
Cape Diamond.
From this house it was removed on the 4th of
January 1 7 76 , to its place of burial in the gorge of the
St Louis bastion. The bodies of the General's two
aides, McPherson and Cheeseman, were interred
in one grave near that of their chief. According
to the testimony of James Thompson, Overseer of
Public Works, who had charge of the burial,
the bodies of seventeen of Arnold's soldiers, killed
at Sault-au-Matelot, were likewise buried here,
but in the slope of the rampart. A tablet on a build-
ding a few yards from the St L,ouis Gate, and
on the right hand side of the road leading to the
citadel, marks the spot where the remains of
thirteen bodies were discovered a few years back.
This tablet was erected by American sympathi-
zers. On a request from the State of New York,
the remains of General Montgomery were per-
mitted to be disinterred in 1818, for removal to
New York. The exact spot of their interment,
was identified by the same James Thompson,
who forty-three years before, had attended
to the burial arrangements. He it was, who
Forty-three
A Columbian Souvenir
secured possession of Montgomery's sword which
lay beside the body where the general had fallen.
It remained in the Thompson family until 1878,
when, through the offices of the Marquis of
Lome, at that time Governor- General of Canada,
it was restored to Montgomery's descendants,
the Livingston family of New^York.
Laval's Seminary
and University. .
THE QUEBEC SEMINARY
The Quebec Seminary is the oldest existing
educational institution in Canada. It dates back
to 1668, in which year it was founded by the
illustrious Bishop Laval. Here boys are given a
thorough grounding in the rudimentary and
higher grades of study, which fit them for the
world or the church, as they may elect.
The dress of the Seminary student is quaintly
characteristic of the institution. From the time
of its founder, it is a familiar sight on the streets
of Quebec, during the scholastic season, to see a
procession of fifty to a hundred boys, in charge
of two ecclesiastics, who bring up the rear. Garbed
in a closely buttoned black frock coat, with green
facings, and girded with a green woollen sash,
they are taking their daily stroll through the
city, or if it be Thursda}7, the weekly holiday,
they are on the way to, or returning from, a
day of recreation at Maizerets.
I.AVAI, UNIVERSITY
Laval University was founded in 1852, by
royal charter granted by the late Queen Victoria.
It is an outgrowth of the seminary, and possesses,
under its charter, all the rights and privileges
which older universities enjoy. There are four
faculties, law, medicine, arts and theology, and
Forty-five
A Columbian Souvenir
on its staff, are some of the most erudite profes-
sors, in their respective faculties, in the Dominion.
Though distinctly Catholic in its traditions and
aims, the members of the teaching staffs in the
different faculties, except of course in theology,
are not exclusively of that faith. Likewise
many Protestant students, recognizing the effic-
iency of the institution, are enrolled in the clas-
ses of law, arts and medicine. All parts of Can-
ada are represented in the classes, though the
Province of Quebec furnishes the majority. Some
few also come from the United States. Its grad-
uates occupy leading positions in the field of
medicine and of law, and in the church.
The museum of Laval University is famous
for its vast collection of specimens gathered from
all parts of the world. Geology, mineralogy,
entomology, ornithology and botany are all re-
presented, and the specimens of each are arran-
ged in a manner, conveniently to be seen and
studied.
Laval's physical and chemical laboratories are
furnished with the most modern appliances to
demonstrate the intricacies of those sciences. Its
picture gallery is renowned for the many master-
pieces adorning the walls, the originals of such
masters as Teniers, Van Dyck, Salvator Rosa,
Forty-six
Rev. P. J. McGIVNEY,
Brother of the Founder of the Order
Laval's Seminary
and University. .
and L,ebrun being among the number. The mu-
seum is replete with mementoes of early church
dignitaries, especially of the university's patron.
Vestments, church ornaments, censers, manu-
scripts and a multitude of less important articles,
each of which has its historic significance, are
carefully arranged and catalogued for the delec-
tation of visitors.
Quebec's Hospitals.
THE GENERAI, HOSPITAL
The General Hospital, situated on the banks
of the St Charles River, was founded in 1692 by
Monseigneur de St Valier, second Bishop of Que-
bec. It had previously been theRecollet monastery
of Notre Dame des Anges, built shortly after the
arrival in Canada of the Recollet Fathers, in
1615. The country fell into the hands of the
English in 1629, and the victors banished both
the Recollets and Jesuits to France. On the re-
turn of the Recollets in 1670, when French rule
had become re-established, they rebuilt their
monastery, which, in the interval, had fallen to
ruin. It was purchased from them in 1692 by
Bishop St Valier who wished to found a hos-
pital. A part of the consideration was the trans-
fer to the Recollets, of the land bounded by St
Anne, Tresor, St L,ouis and Garden Streets, and
on which they built their church and convent.
Hospitaliere nuns have, since the beginning,
ministered to the wants of the sick and infirm.
So many changes in its physical appearance and
dimensions have taken place, that the hospital
no longer resembles the humble structure erec-
ted over two hundred years ago. A part of the
original foundations and walls, however, re-
main.
Forty-eight
Quebec's Hospitals.
After the Battle of the Plains, wounded sol-
diers of both the French and English armies were
treated and nursed to health at the General Hos-
pital. There, also, Benedict Arnold was carried
wounded, after his attempt to force the Sault-au-
Matelot barricade.
THE JEFFREY HALE HOSPITAL
The Jeffrey Hale Hospital takes its name from
its founder, to whose munificence the institution
owes its origin. The hospital was founded in
1865, though for many years it occupied quar-
ters at the corner of Glacis and Richelieu streets.
The present handsome building is of recent con-
struction and owes its erection, to a bequest from
the late Senator James G. Ross. The McKenzie
wing, a recent addition, was also the gift of a
beneficent patron. The institution is under
Protestant control and management.
Its equipment, situation and staff of physi-
cians and nurses place it among the best conducted
hospitals in the country. A detached building
for the treatment of contagious diseases, and a ma-
ternity ward in the main buildings are features
of the institution which merit special mention.
Jeffrey Hale, the founder, was for many years one
of the foremost citizens of Quebec. He died in
England in 1864.
Forty-nine
A Columbian Souvenir
THE HOTEL DIEU
The erection of the Hotel Dieu, dates from
1654. The institution was founded however in
1637 by the Duchess d'Aiguillon, a niece of the
celebrated Cardinal Richelieu. Both the found-
ress and her distinguished uncle endowed it,
and it has flourished uninterruptedly down to the
present. Here the sick are given treatment by
the most skilled physicians, and cared for by the
devoted sisters of the order of St- Augustin, who
conduct the institution. Here also may be seen
rare old paintings, valuable, not only as works
of art, but as links in the history of the institu-
tion and of the city. The Hotel Dieu enjoys the
distinction of being the oldest hospital in Cana-
da and one of the five oldest in the British Em-
pire. Since its beginning, many additions have
been made to it, and, though once destroyed by
fire, the original walls of the monastery, the oldest
existing part of the institution, remain to this
day.
Great care is taken of the many precious relics
within its walls. An enumeration of them would
encroach too much on the compass of a small vol-
ume. But mention must be made of a rare old
ciborium, a chalice, a censer and altar cruets. A
sanctuary lamp of silver, inscribed with the arms
of Governor de Courcelles (1665), hangs before
Fifty
Quebec's Hospitals.
the main altar of the chapel. Relics of the mar-
tyred Jesuits, I<alemant and Brebeuf , including
the skull of the latter and the skull and bones of
one of the order's most venerated members, Moth-
er Catherine de Longprey, who died in 1668,
are held in the most reverential respect.
As at the Ursulines, the archives of the Hotel
Dieu are rich in historical manuscripts, relating
to the institution and the city. Title deeds, wills,
inventories, marriage contracts, maps and plans
of the city, are among those possessing real his-
toric value. Here can be seen hospital registers,
containing the names of all persons admitted as
patients with a record of their ailments, cove-
ring a period of more than two centuries. Auto-
graph letters of Montcalm, Bigot, St Vincent de
Paul, Intendant Talon and St Francis de Sales
to mention but a few, are some of the many orig-
inal documents preserved in the community.
Provincial Parliament Buildings.
The Provincial Parliament Buildings occupy
one of the most commanding sites in the city.
The corner stone of the main building was laid
by Lieutenant Governor Robitaille, in 1884,
though the departmental offices were erected
some years earlier. The destruction of the old
Parliament House at the head of Mountain Hill,
in 1883, obliged the Government to provide tem-
porary quarters for the legislature in the building
then under construction. The total cost closely
approximated two million dollars. Each of the
four sides is 300 feet in length, the tower rising to
a height of 172 feet. The Legislative Council
chamber, with its offices and committee rooms, is
situated on the left of the main entrance — that of
the Legislative Assembly on the right. All the
departments of the Government, including the
office of the Lieutenant-Governor, are located in
the buildings, as is also a well appointed parlia-
mentary library. Several niches in the fa?ade
are occupied by bronze statues of historical per-
sonages. Wolfe, Montcalm, Levis, Elgin, Fron-
tenac, De Salaberry are already honored, while a
a number of niches yet remain to be filled. The
wide corridors and ample stairways are greatly
admired for the taste displayed in wood carving.
The arms of early and recent governors, discov-
erers, explorers, missionaries, statesmen, whose
names are inseparably connected with Quebec and
Canada, appear in gold tracing on the delicately
carved panels of the wainscoting.
Fifty-two
A few of . ,'••'• .,
Quebec's Churches.
Quebec's churches are celebrated, some for
their beauty of architecture, others for their an-
tiquity, some for both. Most of them are em-
bellished with highly artistic interior decorations
and paintings, which well repay a visit. Saintly
objects of veneration or the ashes of illustrious
dead deepen the impressiveness of the surround-
ings, adding to the feeling of reverence with
which one is imbued on entering.; An atmosphere
of the past seems to pervade most of Quebec's
temples of worship, for, indeed, its churches are
inseparably associated with its history.
NOTRE DAME* DBS VICTOIRES
One of the oldest churches in Canada, is that
of Notre Dame des Victoires in Lower Town. It
was erected in 1688 and has experienced many
vicissitudes. Fire and siege have in turn, 'par-
tially destroyed it. Yet it survives to this day,
a monument to the zeal and abiding faith of a
people, harassed by privation, war and scourge.
Its history is curiously interwoven with that of
the city, its very name being suggestive of strife.
Indeed, to trace the [name to its deriva-
tion recalls two stirring events in the early days
of the colony. On the defeat, in 1690, of the
English fleet under Phipps, the modest chapel was
given the name of " Notre Dame de la Victoire".
Fifty-thtee
A Columbian Souvenir.
A few years later — in 1711- the name was chang-
ed to " Notre Dames des Victoires" in recognition
of the seemingly miraculous interposition of
Providence, in again saving the colony. In that
year, the English Admiral, Sir Hovenden
Walker, was ascending the river, bent on the
capture of what was then but a settlement. That
he would have succeeded against the poorly de-
fended colonists, is almost certain, but for a
violent storm which wrecked many of his ships,
somes miles down the St Lawrence.
The church was destroyed, as was the greater
part of Lower Town, during the siege of 1759.
The walls, however, remained standing and a
few years later, the edifice was restored. The
observance of the bi-centenaryof its erection took
place in May 1888, His Eminence the late Car-
dinal Taschereau officiating at the ceremonies
in that connection. Previously the interior had
been re-decorated with friezes representing the
wreck of Walker's fleet, mementoes of the repulse
of Phipps, the arms of Jacques Cartier, of Cham-
plain, of Bishop Laval, who laid the cornerstone,
and of Cardinal Taschereau.
THE BASILICA
At the head of Fabrique Street stands the
Basilica. This venerable church was consecrated
in 1666 by Bishop Laval, and if its walls could
Fifty-four
CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DES VICTOIRES
A few of ...
Quebec's Churches.
speak, they might recount the many vicissitudes
of fire and siege through which it has passed,
and the caprices of fortune to which the city has
been subject. Though changed in appearance
and size, the superstructure, which is partly that
of the original, is supported by the same founda-
tions laid in 1647. Many beautiful works of art
adorn the interior, no less valuable for their anti-
quity and their associations than for their artistic
worth. One by Van Dyck, who flourished in
the first half of the seventeenth century, repre-
sents Our Saviour on the Cross, and it is said to
be one of the best efforts extant, of that celebra-
ted painter. The manner in which the paintings
found their way to the Basilica has a curious his-
tory. They were a part of the spoils of the churches
and monasteries of France, which were so
mercilessly pillaged during the "reign of terror."
They were ultimately re-purchased for a mere
trifle, by the church authorities, and sent to Que-
bec.
Within the precincts of the Basilica repose the
bodies of several worthy individuals, including
governors and prelates, whose illustrious careers
rendered notable the eras in which they lived.
On the occasion of a great church festival the
Basilica presents a scene of solemnly impressive
grandeur. The services, marked with great cer-
Fiftv-five
A Columbian Souvenir.
emony, are participated in by priests and eccle-
siastics from the seminary, and by His Grace
the Archbishop, in full canonicals, attended by
clergy.
The present cur6 of the Basilica is the Rev. F.
X. Faguy. Under his direction, the interior
has been re-adorned, and mural tablets have been
erected to the memory of the four governors,
whose ashes were transferred from the old Re-
collet church.
ST PATRICK'S CHURCH
St Patrick's, the parish church of the English
speaking Catholics of Quebec, lays no claim
to beauty of exterior. Its strikingly plain out-
line tells of days when artistic requirements had
to be sacrificed to the necessities of the moment.
Its construction was commenced in 1831, but be-
fore its completion, the city was sorely afflicted
by a visitation of cholera. This had the effect
of delaying building operations. The first mass
was celebrated July 7th 1833, by the Rev. Father
Baillargeon, the preacher on the occasion being
the Rev. Father McMahon, its first pastor. Pre-
viously, the English speaking Catholics who had
now become quite numerous, heard mass at the
parish church —the present Basilica — and latterly
in the little church of Notre Dame des Victoires.
The latter building proved too small for the
/ '(fly-six
A few of ...
Quebec's Churches.
needs of so large a congregation. Hence, a com-
mittee headed by Rev. Father McMahon, was
formed, to collect funds for the purchase of land
and the erection of a church.
St Patrick's continued as a branch of the par-
ish church until 1855, when incorporation, as a
distinct and independent parish, was sought and
obtained from the Legislature.
Rev. Father McMahon died in 1851, and was
buried beneath the church his initiative and de-
voted labors had called into being. He was
succeeded by Rev. Father Nelligan who, in turn,
was followed by Rev. Father McGauran. The
latter continued as pastor down to 1875, since
which year the Redemptorist Fathers have been
in charge. The present rector is Rev. Father
Hanley.
The interior adornment of St Patrick's bespeaks
taste and displays delicate blending of color.
Paintings of a sacred character adorn the arched
ceiling, while in the dome, over the sanctuary,
there is a well executed painting of the crowning
of the Blessed Virgin. A commodious seating
capacity in the body of the church, is considerab-
ly augmented by two spacious galleries.
ST ROCH'S CHURCH
Of late years, many parishes have sprung up in
what were, until recently, the suburbs of the city.
Fifty-seven
A Columbian Souvenir.
St Roch's parish formerly comprised all that sec-
tion of the city lying to the north, west and east,
below the hill. At different periods since its
erection, the church authorities have found it
necessary, owing to the rapid increase in the
population, to divide the territory and to erect
new and independent parishes. As a consequence
a number of flourishing parishes exist in that part
of the city to-day, with well conducted parochial
schools and convents and substantial church
buildings. The parent parish of St Roch's, which,
like St Patrick's, was a part of the parish of
Notre Dame de Quebec (the Basilica), was canon-
ically erected into a separate and independent
parish in 1829. A small chapel, erected in 1811,
stood on the site of the present church. This
chapel was burned and was replaced by another
which, also, was destroyed, in the conflagration
which swept the suburb in 1845. Shortly after-
wards, the present substantial edifice was erected
and has flourished down to our day.
The parish is under the spiritual direction of
Mgr. Gauvreau, who, for many years, has zeal-
ously discharged the responsible duties of cure".
THE ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL
The Anglican Cathedral occupies the plot of
land bounded on three sides by Garden, Anne and
Fifty-fight
THE BASILICA
From a photograph taken several years ago.
A few of . " . .
Quebec's Churches.
Tresor Streets, and adjoining the Court House
property. It was built in 1804, at the expense of
the British Government, through the efforts of
the first Anglican Bishop of Quebec, Dr. Moun-
tain. On its site, stood the chapel and the con-
vent of the Recollet Fathers. These buildings
were destroyed by fire in 1796, and on the dis-
bandment of the order in Canada, folio wing close-
ly on this misfortune, all their land extending to
St L,ouis Street, become escheat to the Crown,
which, in turn, handed the present church prop-
erty over to the Anglicans of Quebec.
Among the cathedral's prized possessions, is a
communion service of silver, given by George
III, on the occasion of the dedication of the
edifice in 1804. A special pew, reserved for the
use of the governor-general and family, is situa-
ted in the left gallery, towards the chancel. A
brass railing surrounds it and the royal arms
are displayed in fiont. Beneath the chancel, re-
pose the remains of the Duke of Richmond, who
died in 1819 during his term as governor-general.
The grave is marked by a brass plate in the floor.
Several marble tablets and brass plates on the
walls, to the memory of former officiating clergy
and lay members, serve as links of history, con-
necting the present with the early days of En-
glish rule.
Fifty-nine
A Columbian Souvenir.
ST MATTHEW'S CHURCH
St Matthew's Church (Anglican) on St. John
Street, and the old cemetery attached to it are
interesting chiefly because of the historic interest
that attaches to the latter. The church is of com-
paratively recent construction having been erect-
ed in its present form in 1870, though it is an
outgrowth of an unpretentious chapel built in
1822. The cemetery, as many of the inscriptions
on the stones reveal, dates back many years prior
to that date. One grave is that of Thomas Scott
a regimental paymaster who died in 1823. He
was a brother of Sir Walter Scott the novelist.
Another is that of Alex. Cameron who died in
1759 and whose remains were likely translated
here some years after his death. The chief int-
erest attaching to this grave is that the stone
was erected by his two friends Malcolm Fraser
and John Nairne. They were officers in the Fra-
ser Highlanders, and on the disbandment of the
regiment in 1760, decided to settle in Canada.
They received a grant of land from Governor
Murray, some miles down the north shore of the
St Lawrence. Here they began their humble set-
tlement, which, in course of time, was destined
to become celebrated as the flourishing summer
resort of Murray Bay — a name its founders gave
the settlement in honor of their patron.
Sixty
D. J. CALLAHAN
National Treasurer
A few of ...
Quebec's Churches.
THE SITE OF THE OLD RECOLLET CHURCH
The site of the old home of the Recollet Fath-
ers is now occupied by the Anglican Cathedral.
It consisted of a two story wooden building at-
tached to the church which faced the Place
d'Armes. A productive orchard and garden
gave the name to the present Garden Street,
which bounded it in the rear. After the conquest
it was used, at times, as a place of detention,
for state prisoners, and, among those who were
detained there, was the future Judge Henry of
Pennsylvania, who, as a private under Arnold,
was taken prisoner at Sault-au-Matelot.
The remains of four French Governors, Fron-
tenac, de Calliere, Philippe Rigaud, Marquis de
Vaudreuil, and de la Jonquiere, all of whom died
in Quebec, were laid to rest in the chapel. After
the fire which destroyed the building in 1796,
their remains were removed to the Basilica.
According to Abbe Casgrain, there is an inte-
resting tradition attached to the translation of
the remains of Frontenac to the Basilica. The
story runs, that, before his death, the Governor
had directed, that on his demise, his heart should
be sent to his widow in France. This was accord-
ingly done. But the Governor's tardy resti-
tution was not appreciated by his unforgiving
countess. She declined "to receive a dead heart"
Sixty-one
A Columbian Souvenir.
she said "which, when beating, did not belong to
her". It was returned and placed in the coffin,
containing the body. Corroboration, in some
measure, was given the story, for, when opened,
a small leaden casket, supposed to contain the
heart, was found in the coffin.
JESUIT CHURCHES
The Jesuit Fathers have charge of the neat
little church on the corner of D' Auteuil and Dau-
phine Streets. It has existed many years as can
be seen by the date stone (1817) on the facade.
This order has also spiritual direction of the
church of Notre-Dame du Chemin, the pretty
edifice just outside the city limits on the St Foye
road.
THE FRANCISCAN CHURCH
The church and the convent of the Franciscan
sisters are situated on the corner of Grand All^e
and Claire-Fontaine Street. The church, whose
interior is very beautiful, daily attracts many vis-
itors and worshipers. The chief purpose of the
convent is the training of nuns for foreign mis-
sions. One of the pious practices, observed by the
sisters, is the perpetual adoration of the Blessed
Sacrament.
The rising ground just to the east of the Fran-
ciscan church is what was formerly known as the
Buttes-a-Neveu or Perrault's Hill, the highest
point in the city. This spot was used, in days
gone by, as a place of public executions.
Sixty-two
WILLIAM J. McGINLEY
National Secretary
The Ursuline Convent.
An institution which attracts many visitors
within its walls, is the Ursuline Convent. The
original building, which occupied the site of the
present venerable pile, was erected in 1641. Its
foundress, Madame de la Peltrie, was a saintly
woman of rank and fortune, who, accompanied
by three nuns of the order of St Ursula, left a
home of comfort and luxury in France, to brave
the rigors and privations of a life in the wilder-
ness. Of the three sisters, Mother Marie de
1' Incarnation is the most celebrated. She it
was, who first directed the instruction of the
minds of the female youth in Canada. To her
untiring efforts and unselfish devotion, aided by
the munificence of Madame de la Peltrie, the no-
ble institution in which their names are revered,
stands as a monument — a pioneer in the cause
of Catholic education and the formation of wom-
anly character.
Though of great age, the date of the construc-
tion of the present buildings, does not go back to
that of the original unpretentious edifice which
housed the foundress and her little band of sis-
ters. Twice has the institution been visited by
fire — in 1650 and in 1686 — but it is said the origi-
nal foundations support a part of the convent to-
day.
Sixty-three
A Columbian Souvenir.
The present chapel, built in 1901, stands on
the site of the old monastery church, whose
erection dated back to 1728. Only the chapel and
the parlor are open to visitors, the community
being a cloistered one. Within the chapel are to
be seen many old paintings all of a sacred char-
acter, the works of artists of note. Many sacred
relics, held in reverent veneration for the associa-
tions they recall, and some, also, of historic im-
portance, to be found within the institution, pro-
claim it a veritable landmark in the history of
the city, and of the church itself. The body of
Montcalm was buried within its precincts, in a
grave which, tradition says, was made by a Brit-
ish shell, during the Battle of the Plains. His
skull, carefully guarded, is one of the relics most
highly prized by the community.
The new chapel retains many of the old church
articles such as candlesticks, altar cloths,
altars, and vestments. A crucifix of silver, once
owned by Madame de la Peltrie, a censer and an
ostensorium, used in the early days of the insti-
tution are articles not lightly regarded by the
good sisters. Important manuscripts bearing on
the founding of the community, deeds of transfer
and title, signed by early governors and letters
patent with the royal seal and signature of the
Sixty-font
JOSEPH C. PELLETIER
National Advocate
The Ursuline Convent.
King of France, are treasured archives of the
convent.
Among the monuments to the memory of illus-
trious persons buried within the monastery, one
of the most noteworthy is a tablet to Montcalm
erected in 1831, by the English Governor Lord
Aylmer.
The votive lamp of Madeleine de Repentigny,
still burns in the Chapel of the Saints, having
been kept burning, it is said, since it was first
lighted by its fair donor. The story of this lamp,
it will be remembered, is ingeniously introduced
into the novel of "The Golden Dog".
Walls, Gates and Fortifications.
The present fortifications of the city— the
walls, the ramparts and the citadel — date back to
1832, in which year they were completed. They
were begun in 1823 and were built by the British
Government, which bore the expense of their
construction, amounting, it is said, to seven mil-
lion pounds sterling.
THE GATES
The chain gate, at the entrance to the moat
surrounding the citadel, and Dalhousie Gate,
the entrance to the citadel itself, were erected in
1827. The Earl of Dalhousie was governor-
general at the time, and the latter gate was
named in his honor.
St Louis Gate was erected in 1694 under the
regime of Frontenac. It underwent several modi-
fications from time to time until it was finally de-
molished in 1873. Traffic had begun to suffer from
the congestion due to the narrow openings, and
as the military expediency no longer existed, the
authorities resolved upon its removal. However,
to perpetuate the memory of this landmark of
troublous times, the present structure was erected.
St John's Gate, also, was built in 1694 and,
like the St Louis, it was altered from time to
time. It was, at length, demolished in 1897.
Palace Gate stood about half way down Pal-
ace Hill, the highway leading from Upper Town
Sixty-six
Walls, Gates . .
and Fortifications.
to the ancient palace of the intendants. It dates
also from the time of Frontenac. It served a
useful purpose, during the short siege following
Murray's defeat by L,evis in 1760, and again it
withstood the assaults of Arnold in 1775. It was
removed in 1874.
Near the top of Mountain Hill, just below
the L,aval monument, stood Prescott Gate. It
took its name from General Robert Prescott un-
der whose direction the gate was erected in 1797.
It was removed in 1871.
Hope Gate stood at the top of the hill near
where St Famille Street leaves the ramparts.
Colonel Henry Hope, Commander of the British
forces was responsible for its erection. Hence its
name. It was erected in 1786 and demolished in
1874.
Kent Gate, unlike the St L,ouis, is not a survi-
val of former ones. It fills what was once an
unsightly gap in the wall, made some years prior
to the construction of the gate, to meet the de-
mands of increasing traffic. It has not, therefore
the historic significance that attaches to the
other gates. Yet it serves as a link with the
past, inasmuch as it is named after H. R. H. the
Duke of Kent, who in his capacity of Comman-
der of the Forces in Canada, resided in Quebec and
Sixty-seven
A Columbian Souvenir
at Montmorency Falls from 1791 to 1794. The
gate was constructed in 1880, the late Queen
Victoria defraying the expense of this memorial
to her father.
THE CITADEL
A permanent force of Canadian militia is
quartered in the citadel. Down to the early sev-
enties, Quebec was a station of the British
Army, as Gibraltar is to-day, and the citadel was
wholly occupied by imperial troops. About this
time the British War Office decided that the pres-
ence of imperial forces in Quebec, was no longer
necessary, and they were accordingly with-
drawn.
No stranger should miss the opportunity of
visiting the citadel, which is open to visitors.
The view from the King's Bastion is the grand-
est the many vantage points of the city afford.
Here an unobstructed prospect unfolds of the
whole city and harbor below, of the Island of
Orleans dividing the mighty St Lawrence like
the prow of a gigantic vessel, of the graceful
windings of the St Lawrence, visible for many
miles in either direction, and of the boundless
panorama of mountain and valley on every hand,
stretching into dim vanishing perspective.
In the Citadel buildings are quarters for the
use of the Governor-General and his family.
Sixty-fight
Walls, Gates . .
and Fortifications.
They are not, of course, in constant use ; but on
occasion when His Excellency visits the city, with
the purpose of making a stay of some days, the
vice -regal suite affords the retirement and free-
dom from publicity, which a hotel cannot offer.
THE MJLRTEU.O TOWERS
Four Martello Towers formed part of the forti-
fication scheme. They were intended to repel
attacks from the western and more accessible part
of the city. They also were completed in 1823.
Situated at irregular intervals, in a northerly
line running from the cliff overlooking the river,
to the brink of the precipice above St-Roch, they
commanded the open country to the west and
north. They are so constructed as to be bomb
proof, the walls being thirteen feet thick on the
exposed side, and diminishing to seven feet, on
the side nearest the city. They were formerly
mounted with cannon and, in the interior, were
magazines and store-rooms. Only three of the
towers remain. One is situated near the Ross
Rifle Factory, another near the Grand Alice, on
the left going west, and the third near Sauvageau
Hill. A fourth stood in the rear of the site of the
Jeffrey Hale Hospital, but it was demolished
many years ago.
Sixty-nine
A Columbian Souvenir
THB COVK FIELDS
The Cove Fields consist of that irregular tract
of land extending to the westward from the Cita-
del to the Martello Towers and bounded by the
rear of the buildings on the south side of Grande
All£e on one hand, and the edge of the St Law-
rence cliff on the other. Of late years, some hos-
tile criticism of the Federal Government, has
appeared in public prints, for permitting a portion
of the fields to be disfigured with an unsightly
factory. The claim has been put forth that, as
the immediate neighborhood of the factory was
the scene of conflict in the Battle of the Plains, it
is a desecration of hallowed ground, to permit
industrial encroachment upon it.
Walking around the glacis, at the eastern ex-
tremity of the fields, one may observe a few hun-
dred feet to the west, and near the brink of the
cliff, an irregular ridge of earthwork. This is
what remains of fortifications erected by the Brit-
ish Government in 1779, and afterward aban-
doned.
THOF. j. MCLAUGHLIN
Nutional Warden
Quebec's Monuments.
THE WOLFE- MONTCALM MONUMENT
The joint monument to Wolfe and Montcalm
in Governor's Garden was begun in 1827. The
corner stone was laid November 1 5th of that year,
by Governor Dalhousie, though the monument
was not completed until the following September.
The cost was defrayed by funds raised by public
subscription.
On the right face of the monument, regarding
it from the terrace, is the name "Montcalm" in
raised letters ; on the left "Wolfe", On the
front face, on a level with the names, a marble
tablet set into the masonry, has engraved upon
it the inscription,
MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNBM
FAMAM HISTORIA
MONUMENTUM POSTERITAS DEBIT
which, translated, reads :
VALOR GAVK THEM A COMMON DEATH
HISTORY A COMMON FAME
AND POSTERITY A COMMON MONUMENT.
This terse epigraph was from the pen of Dr
Charlton Fisher, and was selected from among a
number, submitted in a competition.
WOLFK'S MONUMENT
Wolfe's Monument, on the Plains of Abraham,
was erected in 1849. It was built from funds
Seventy-one
A Columbian Souvenir
raised by the British soldiers in Canada, at the
period, and replaces a smaller monument erected
in 1832 by Lord Aylmer, Governor- General of
Canada.
It is a plain cylindrical column, on a square
pedestal, and rises to a height of thirty-five feet.
On the top are a sword and a helmet of bronze.
A bronze plate on one side of the pedestal records
the circumstances in connection with, and the
date of, its erection. On the opposite side is the
well known inscription :
HERE DIED
WOLFE
VICTORIOUS
SEPTEMBER I3TH
1759
THE CHAMPLAIN MONUMENT
Of all the city's monuments, that to Champlain
on Dufferin Terrace, is one of Quebec's most
handsome memorials to her illustrious pioneers.
The ceremony of unveiling was performed by
the Governor General, the Earl of Aberdeen,
September 2ist 1898, in the presence of a distin-
guished gathering which included the L/ieuten-
ant-Governor, Sir Ixmis A. Jette", Sir Wilfrid
Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada and Hon. F.
G. Marchand Premier of the Province of Quebec.
The bronze statue of Champlain is fourteen
Scventy4wo
Quebec's Monuments.
feet in height and weighs something over three
tons. The design is one submitted by Messrs.
Chevre & L,e Cardonnel of Paris and was selected
by a committee, from a number received from
various sculptors. The bronze work, and the
granite and marble, entering into its construction
were all imported from old France, whence came
the founder of the city which has reared this
monument to his memory.
THE SHORT-WALUCK MONUMENT
The Short- Wallick monument, which stands in
front of the Drill Hall, on Grande Alice, recalls a
heroic act of two officers of the garrison. In May
1889, the total destruction of the suburbs of St
Roch and St Sauveur was threatened by a disas-
trous fire, which broke out in the latter munici-
pality. To check its progress, it was decided to
blow up some houses in the path of the flames.
In endeavoring to accomplish this, Major Short
and Sergeant Wallick, bearing a keg of gunpow-
der, ventured too near the fire, a spark from
which is supposed to have ignited the powder.
They met their death in the ensuing explosion.
The citizens of Quebec showed their grateful
appreciation of the officers' heroism, by erecting
the monument, the funds for which were raised
by public subscription.
Seventy-three
A Columbian Souvenir.
THE JACQUES-CARTIBR MONUMENT
The Jacques Cartier monument stands near
the confluence of the Lairet and the St Charles
rivers. To reach it is but a short drive from the
city along the Charlesbourg road. The monu-
ment is designed to commemorate the achievements
of Cartier and his hardy voyagers who spent the
winter of 1535-6 near this spot. It is further de-
signed to honor the memory of the Jesuit mis-
sionaries Breboeuf, Masse and Lalemant who es-
tablished their first missionary post at this
point. A fact seeming to establish that this was
the place of Cartier 's sojourn, was the finding in
the vicinity, many years ago, the remains of the
hull of one of Jacques Cartier' s ships.
The monument was unveiled in June 1889,
with great ceremony, mass being celebrated on
the grounds by the late Cardinal Taschereau.
THE ST FOYE MONUMENT
The monument "Des Braves" on the St Foye
road, commemorates the battle of St Foye April
28th 1760. The St Jean Baptiste Society of
Quebec undertook the raising of funds to mark
the spot where the last momorable battle, be-
tween the French and English, was fought. Levis
and Murray, whose names appear in relief on the
pedestal, were the respective commanders of the
Seventy-four
Quebec's Monuments.
French and English armies, and in this short,
but sanguinary engagement, the English were
defeated.
The corner stone of the monument was laid
in 1855. The year before, human bones had
been found, in considerable number, in the vici-
nity of the site of the monument. As they were
supposed to be the remains of soldiers, killed in the
St Foye engagement, they were solemnly re-
interred on this spot.
The monument consists of a bronze column,
some sixty feet in height, surmounted by a stat-
ue of Bellona. The statue was a gift of Prince
Napoleon, a descendant of the great Bonaparte.
At each of the four corners of the pedestal, is a
bronze mortar. A bas-relief of a windmill, on
the back, recalls the mill and the house of one
Dumont. They were taken and retaken by the
French Grenadiers and the Fraser Highlanders,
alternately, and here the battle raged with the
greatest stubborness and loss of life.
THE LAVAL MONUMENT
Quebec's newest and most stately monument
adorns the top of Mountain Hill. It is the
country's memorial to the venerable Franfois de
Montmorency-L,aval, first Bishop of Quebec and
of Canada. Though its erection was long deferred,
Seventy-five
A Columbian Souvenir.
it has been truly said an enduring monument
already existed in the Seminary he founded, in
the University, an outgrowth of the latter, and
in the Christian example of his life and work, the
fruits whereof are seen on every hand.
The ceremony of inauguration was the occa-
sion of religious services of more than ordinarily
impressive solemnity. The monument was un-
veiled June 22nd 1908, by His Excellency Earl
Grey, Governor-General of Canada in the pre-
sence of a vast concourse of civil and religious
dignitaries, including His Excellency Monsei-
gneur Sbaretti, Papal Delegate to Canada.
The cost of the monument was about $50,000
made up of federal and provincial grants, sub-
scriptions from Catholic Societies and individual
offerings. The sculpture is the work of Philippe
Hebert, the celebrated Canadian sculptor. Each
panel represents some historic scene which centres
round the bishop or is symbolic of his life work.
One depicts him received in audience by Louis
XIV who, with his minister Colbert at his right,
and attended by several courtiers, listens to the
bishop's recital of the needs of the church and the
colony in new France. Another panel depicts
the bishop surrounded by clergy and Indians,
in the act of baptizing the Iroquois chief Gara-
Scvcnty-six
3 Quebec's Monuments.
kontie. Governor de Courcelles and Mademoi-
selle Bouteroue, as baptismal sponsors, incline
forward, each with the right hand on the shoulder
of the Indian.
A third is symbolic of Laval's labors and of
early conditions in the colony. A procession of
early missionaries, representatives of the social
class, seigneurs and farmers accompanies Monsei-
gneur Laval in the direction of a chapel in the
forest. They pass, on either side, religieuses in
their accustomed occupations, giving succor to
the sick, and instruction to the young.
The majestic statue of Laval himself represents
the mitred bishop, pastoral staff in hand, in a
familiar episcopal attitude. His benignant coun-
tenance looks down on a symbolic group. Reli-
gion, represented by a woman seated at the right,
has the right hand extended in the direction of
a church in the background. With eyes inclined
upwards, she seems to present to Heaven the
work and achievements of the good bishop. A
student on the left, typifying Education, regards
her attentively. An Indian, in the rear of Reli-
gion, listens to her words and seems to be ponder-
ing seriously over their purport. Lastly the
country, symbolized by an angel, raises a palm of
recognition and glory to the illustrious prelate.
Seventy-seven
Quebec's Battlefields.
THE SCENE OF THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS
The Plains of Abraham extend from Wolfe's
monument on the east, to the grounds of the
Merici Convent (formerly Marchmont) on the
west, and from the St- Louis Road on the north,
to the edge of the cliff, overlooking the St Law-
rence, on the south. Down to recent times, this
plateau was associated in the popular mind, with
the site of the famous battle. Through the
efforts of Dr. A. G. Doughty, Dominion Archi-
vist, who devoted much time and industry to
research among European archives, the exact
scene of the engagement has been positively
defined, and a multitude of contingent facts estab-
lished beyond question. Dr Doughty "s research-
es prove the long time popular notion of the
place of conflict to have been erroneous, and that
the actual theatre of hostilities was in, what is
today, a popular residential section of the city.
True, the "Plains" figure largely in the opera-
tions of Wolfe's army in the early hours prece-
ding the battle. Wolfe's path from the cove led
him to the heights at a point just west of the
Merici convent. The convent grounds and the
Plains, therefore, served as an assembling ground
for the English forces.
Scvtniv-tight
CHAMPLAIN MONUMENT.
Quebec's Battlefields.
It is a well known fact, that a contributory
circumstance to the defeat of the French was a
conflict of authority betweenMontcalm, the actual
commander of the forces, and Vaudreuil, the offi-
cial Commander-in-Chief. Some days before the
battle, Montcalm had directed the regiment of
Guienne to patrol the heights above the cove
anticipating just such a contingency as actually
arose. But Vaudreuil gave a countermanding
order, and when the English appeared, nothing
but the indifferent guard of Vergor opposed their
advance. This guard was quickly overcome, and
when sunrise broke on the horizon, the British
were in possession of the heights.
Wolfe's line of battle extended, roughly, from
the observatory on the right, to St John Street,
following, a little to the west, the line of the
present De Salaberry Street. The French army
stretched in a line following that marked out by
the Martello towers, or from where the Ross Rifle
Factory stands, to near the top of Sauvageau
Hill. On this intervening ground — between the
positions of the two armies — the real shock of
battle occurred. The actual battlefield is to-day
occupied by St Bridget's Asylum, the Female
orphan Asylum, the Jeffrey Hale Hospital, the
Quebec Lacrosse Grounds, the Franciscan Church
and Convent and many private residences.
Seventy-nine
A Columbian Souvenir.
Early in the engagement, Montcalm received
his death wound and was assisted along a path
corresponding to the line of the present Grande
Altee, through St Louis Gate, to the house of
Surgeon Arnoux.
Skirting the eastern end of the property of
the Ladies' Protestant Home, is a short avenue,
which forms a right angle with a road which
passes in front of the Quebec Jail. Stopping
short, by a few feet, of this junction of the high-
ways, and changing our direction due east for a
distance of two hundred feet, we come to the
spot where Wolfe received his mortal wound.
He was carried to the rear and expired where
the monument now stands to his memory.
ORIGIN OF THE NAME "PLAINS OF ABRAHAM "
The plateau known as the Plains of Abraham,
takes its name from one Abraham Martin, whose
career was contemporary with that of Champlain.
Martin was of Scotch descent and held the post
of King's Pilot, a position, it would seem, of
some importance in the colony. He acquired a
considerable tract of pasture land in the vicinity
of the present Claire Fontaine street, and on this
property his cattle grazed at will. There being
no fences to prevent trespass on adjacent property,
the cattle enjoyed a wide latitude in their daily
Eighty
Qyebec's Battlefields.
wanderings, and little respected the unmaterial
limits of their owner or his neighbors' holdings.
The land, thus invaded, included the present
"Plains". There being no "pound" by-laws
in those days, it is assumed Martin's cattle were
unmolested when they strayed from their own
pastures. The privilege, long accorded, came, at
length, to be regarded as a sort of prescriptive
right. Martin was thus invested, in the popular
mind, with a proprietorship not only in his own
property, but in the adjoining land overlooking
the river.
"Martin's Plains" might seem to us, in our
day, a more logical appellation. But it must be
remembered that, unlike present usages, the
Christian name was familiarly employed in early
times, with a distinguishing title preceding it.
Abraham Martin appears in the Jesuits' Rela-
tions and the local parish register as " Maitre
Abraham " . It would seem he became generally
known by this soubriquet. Hence the use of the
Christian, rather than the surname, when coupled
with the " Plains ". The scriptural association
of the name ' ' Abraham ' ' , and the majestic sound
of the phrase may also have been contributing
influences in its adoption.
'A Columbian Souvenir.
THE BATTLEFIELD OF ST FOYE
The Battle of St Foye was fought April 28th
1760. Levis who commanded the French had,
by forced marches and in the face of all but
insuperable difficulties, travelled from Montreal
with an army of some 7000 men. Determined to
retrieve the losses of the previous autumn, an
attack on the city was contemplated. General
Murray, who commanded within the walls, made
the tactical error of sallying out to give the
enemy battle in the open. His force consisted
of only 3000 men, many of whom still suffered
from the effects of recent illness and enforced
short rations. Murray's left met the enemy's
right near Marchmont, and, in a general way,
the line of battle paralleled the Belvedere Road,
though a little nearer to the city. The monu-
ment on the St Foye road, while commemorat-
ing the battle itself, also marks the spot where
the conflict waged with the greatest fury. In
this engagement, Levis scored a signal victory
and Murray was obliged to retreat within the
walls. Not deeming it expedient, for the moment,
to consummate his victory, Levis decided upon a
siege, pending the expected arrival of re-inforce-
ments from France. On the 1 5th of May the
appearance of three men-of-war rounding the
Eighty-two
Quebec's Battlefields.
turn in the river, raised the hopes of the besieg-
ing army. But, on regarding them more closely,
it was discovered the ships flew the British ensign.
The result was corresponding elation in the ranks
of the besieged, and the abandonment of the
siege by L,evis.
THE ENGAGEMENT AT MONTMORENCY
When the British army arrived up the river, to
begin the campaign which ended in the capture
of Quebec, the western end of the Island of
Orleans, was chosen as the immediate camping
ground. Still flushed with victory, in the reduc-
tion and capture of L,ouisbourg the previous year,
Wolfe regarded the task of reducing Quebec
with less anxiety than events in the ensuing
campaign warranted. The city and all the north
shore, from the St Charles to the Montmorency,
had been strongly fortified by the French in anti-
cipation of an English attack. The south shore,
which, by nature, lent itself to fortification, had
been neglected. Wolfe was not slow to avail
himself of this omission, and ordered Moncton to
occupy the L,evis heights. His bombardment of
the lower town, from this commanding position,
during the siege, destroyed that part of the city
within the range of his cannon, and, as we have
seen, the same guns, directed on the city, aided
Eighty-thtee
A Columbian Souvenir.
in diverting attention from Wolfe's ascent of the
heights on the i3th of September.
During the few weeks between Wolfe's arrival
and the Battle of the Plains, the operations of
both armies were confined chiefly to that section
of country lying between the St Charles and the
Montmorency. Montcalm's army ranged for six
miles along what is now a delightful country
road, lined on either side with quaint habitant
dwellings. From the cars of the electric railway
now operating between the city and Ste Anne de
Beaupre", an excellent view may be obtained of
the entire scene of the French encampment. But
little suggestion of warlike times greets the eye.
Yet it is a common thing, in the prosecution of
more peaceful pursuits, to dig up sword-hilts,
daggers, bayonets and projectiles, grim memen-
toes of the last acts of a famous struggle.
From the time of Wolfe's arrival in June, until
the 8th of July, feints of landing by the British,
and desultory firing by the French engaged the
attention of the opposing forces. On the latter
date the British effected the landing of a consider-
able force at L'Ange Gardien* beyond the Mont-
morency. From this quarter, their harassing
fire on the French flank, across the Montmorency
proved ineffectual to tempt Montcalm to battle.
Eighty-four
LAVAL MONUMENT.
Quebec's Battlefields.
At length, on the 3ist, the British attacked a
French redoubt on the shore, about a mile city-
wards from the mouth of the Montmorency.
This was carried in an attack involvingthe strand-
ing of two British transports which, at high tide,
had ventured too near the shore. Following up
their success, the attacking force essayed to rush
the heights but were met with a hail of bullets
from Canadian sharpshooters. The engagement
was disastrous to British arms and Montcalm's
military genius was again vindicated.
PRES-DE-VIU,E AND SAUI/T AU MATELOT
The story of Pres-de-Ville and Sault au Matelot
stands out large in the history of Quebec and of
Canada/Here was seen the first successful attempt
to repel the invader, in the accomplishing of
which, a lately born Canadian sentiment inspired
its defenders. Some sixteen years had elapsed,
since the destiny of the country, so long in the
possession of the French, had passed to other
hands. In the interval of peace, the soldier had
put aside his armor, and man}r discharged regu-
lars had settled down to civilian pursuits, resolved
to make Canada their home. Many had acquired
property and were identified in a substantial way
with the welfare of the city and surrounding
country. When, therefore, a call for volunteers
Eighty-five
A Columbian Souvenir.
to assist the inconsiderable number of regular
soldiers in garrison, was sent out by Governor
Carletou, the response was most generous and
enthusiastic.
In the summer of 1775, the Continental Con-
gress, encouraged by successes nearer home,
resolved on an invasion of Canada. Montgomery,
with a considerable force, was despatched by way
of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, with
instructions to capture Montreal and other Cana-
dian towns of importance. About the same time,
an expedition under Benedict Arnold left Cam-
bridge Mass, en route for Quebec. His route
lay by way of the Kennebec River in the State of
Maine, to the height of land, along the shore of
Lake Megantic and the bank of the Chaudiere
River to the south shore of the St Lawrence. It
was a part of the plans of Montgomery and
Arnold, acting in concert, to join forces outside
the walls of Quebec, and, by a supreme effort, to
effect an entrance, and overwhelm the garrison,
which, report said, could not withstand a vigorous
attack.
Montgomery's march had been a triumphal
one, St John's, Sorel, Montreal and Three Rivers,
capitulating in turn. Only Quebec remained be-
tween him and the attainment of his cherished
ambition.
Eig htv-nx
MGB. F. X. FAGUY
Chaplain of Quebec Council.
Quebec's Battlefields.
On the other hand, Arnold's long and arduous
march had proved disastrous. Starvation and
disease had carried off many of his best men, and
it was a physically weakened and almost disheart-
ened little army which reached L,evis on the 8th
of November. They crossed the river on the i4th
and took up a position on the Cove Fields.
Montgomery not having yet arrived, Arnold,
with his little force, retired to Point-aux-Tremb-
les to await that officer's arrival.
Carleton, who was in Montreal arrived in
Quebec on the igih, having by a strategy, run
the blockade at Sorel. A call to arms was issued,
defences were prepared, and, when Montgomery
appeared before the walls on December ist, an
army of some 1800 men stood within the walls
under arms.
The early morning of December 3ist was chosen
by Montgomery for his attack. A raging snow-
storm, which had already lasted some time, was
thought to be propitious. His force for the Pres-
de-Ville attack consisted of about 700 men, while
those defending the barricade were exactly fifty.
When the head of the attacking party appeared,
a halt was made until a man was sent ahead to
reconnoitre. Assuring himself that all was well,
he returned and the whole force advanced again.
*
Eighty-seven
A Columbian Souvenir
But the advance was of short duration. From the
darkness and quiet of an innocent looking block-
house, there belched forth a general charge of
musketry and cannon, spreading death and dis-
may in the ranks of the invaders. Those who
could, retreated in utter confusion. When day-
light broke, thirteen frozen bodies bore ghastly
testimony to the carnage wrought, and among
them was that of the luckless soldier of fortune,
Richard Montgomery.
At Sault-au-Matelot Arnold fared little better.
His force, advancing from St Roch, was met by
a stubborn resistance at the barrier and the en-
gagement was more desperate and bloody than
that at Pres-de-Ville. Before the barrier was
reached, Arnold was severely wounded, by a
shot from the ramparts behind the Hotel Dieu,
and was thus early put hors de combat. Gene-
ral Carle ton despatched a force down Palace Hill,
through Palace Gate, attacking the enemy in the
rear. The Americans soon found themselves
hopelessly hemmed in, by the stoutly defended
barrier in front, a formidable force, under Cap-
tain Laws, in the rear, and the cliff and the riv-
er— the latter commanded by the rampart guns
— on either hand. Something over 400 men
were taken prisoners and interned within the
walls.
Eighty-eight
FATHER A. A. MAGUIRE
Ex-Chaplain of Quebec Council.
Quebec's Battlefields.
Thus ended the inglorious at tempt of Montgom-
ery and Arnold to banish British sovereignty
from America. Henceforth Quebec was destined
to enjoy an era of undisturbed peace.
Quebec's Environs.
CHATEAU BIGOT
A delightful drive of an hour or so along the
Charlesbourg road and through the village of
Charlesbourg, brings us to a spot which novelists
have surrounded with a halo of romance — Beau-
manoir, or as it is more familiarly known, Cha-
teau Bigot. During the summer season, it attracts
many tourists, no visitor to Quebec considering
his itinerary complete, unless he has seen this
shriue of historic interest.
Only one wall of the old castle now stands,
defiant of time and the elements. The building
is said to have been erected by Talon, the first
Intendant of New France, about the middle of
the seventeenth century. But its romantic inter-
est centres around the last Intendant, Francois
Bigot and his dissolute entourage. No trace of
the once well kept lawns and gardens now
remains. Where once were neat walks and flower
beds, is to-day quite overgrown with grass and
wild shrubbery.
In the time of Bigot, the adjacent forest and
mountains were well stocked with big game of
every description. The castle served both as a
hunting lodge and a quiet retreat from the cares
of the intendancy. No records, however, come
Ninety
Quebec's Environs.
down to us of its having been put to the latter
uses by Bigot. ' The evil that men do lives after
them — the good is oft interred with their bones' ' .
We know it chiefly as a rendezvous for a band of
wanton profligates, whose positions enabled them
to live sumptuously on the life blood of a strug-
gling people. Revels and debaucheries begun in
the city were very often continued for days and
nights in the chateau, where indulgence knew no
restraint and liberty became license. Mr Kirby
has immortalized the old chateau in the "Chien
d'Or" in the scene he depicts when Colonel Phi-
libert surprises the revelers. But the incident of
the death of the Algonquin maid, Caroline de St
Castin, and her burial in the secret vault of the
chateau invests the place with a tragic interest
which fires the imagination. Until a few years
ago, the clear outlines of a grave, marked by a
stone, with the all but obliterated letter "C"
engraved on it, could be seen in a subterranean
vault of the old castle. Was this the tomb of the
unhappy Caroline ? There are writers of author-
ity — not novelists — who adduce facts tending to
establish that it was. In any case, a splendid
fiction, greatly enhanced in interest by this prob-
able basis of fact, has been woven about the un-
fortunate fate of the Algonquin maiden. The
grave has long since been buried beneath heaps
Ninety-one
A Columbian Souvenir
of masonry which, through disintegration, falls
from year to year. Only the outlines of the foun-
dation preserve for posterity the building's area
and probable size. One who visited it in the
early thirtys, described it as a building of two
stories, with a tower. The roof was then fast
crumbling to decay, and birds built their nests in
the interior where once midnight revels re-echoed
in the rafters. Deep, damp cellars and vaults
still bore suggestive evidences of the uses to
which they were put by the chateau's late impe-
rious master, and the grave of Caroline, plainly
to be seen in the secret chamber, deepened the
gloom pervading the whole.
The chateau's situation is ideal for the purpose
for which, we are told, it was originally intended
— a hunting lodge. To reach it after leaving the
open country, one must drive along an avenue of
about a mile through a thickly wooded upland.
It stands in a large clearing in the heart of the
forest, and at the base of a majestic mountain.
Its situation has all the essentials of retirement
and seclusion, and adapts itself happily to the
romantic imagination.
Mr Justice Routhier, in a charming sketch of
the old chateau, has fittingly referred to the asso-
ciations the ruins recall. He says : - ' 'What adds
Ninety-two
Quebec's Environs.
" a further charm to these melancholy ruins are
" the events they recall. For they belong to that
' ' period of our history, comprising the last ten
"years of French dominion. It was a gloomy
' ' epoch, a dark storm, relieved by flashes of
" glory ; an orgy of blood and vice, mixed with
" grandeur and shame ".
SPENCER WOOD
A delightful drive of about two miles along
the St Louis Road brings us to Spencer Wood.
This charming rural seat, reached from the main
road, through sylvan avenues of lordly oaks and
pines, has been, for many years, the official resi-
dence of the Lieutenant- Governor of the Province
of Quebec. It was known originally as Powell
Place, it having been the property of General
Powell, in the early days of British occupation.
It takes its present name from a personage, no
less notable than a British Premier, the Right
Honorable Spencer Perceval. The estate, which
at that time, included the adjoining property to
the west, Spencer Grange, was owned and occu-
pied from 1815 to 1833 by Henry Michael Perce-
val, Collector of Customs at Quebec. The latter
gentleman was a family connection of the assas-
sinated British premier of that name and the
estate was named by the owner in honor of his
distingxiished relative.
Ninety-three
A Columbian Souvenir.
Since 1852 it has been the property of the
Government. In pre- Con federation days, and
for some years after, it was occupied by our
governors- general, from Lord Elgin to the Earl
of Dufferin ; and in more remote times the iras-
cible Sir James Craig, remembered for his inborn
distrust of popular government resided here
during the summers of his occupancy of the
governorship.
The present building was erected in 1862 to
replace the former one destroyed by fire in 1860,
during its occupancy by Sir Edmund Head. It
has been the scene of many brilliant functions of
an official character. Its secluded situation, well
removed from the bustle of city life, amply adapts
it to the purposes of a dignified retreat.
SpencerWood occupies a commanding position
on an elevation some two hundred feet above the
St Lawrence. Its peaceful groves and terraced
lawns incline gracefully in the direction of the
river, terminating abruptly at the edge of a sheer
cliff. The view from the lawn is one of enchant-
ing grandeur. The heights of Levis, the Island
of Orleans, the lordly river, spread their vast
proportions before the beholder in a fascinating
panorama of imposing natural beauty. Spencer-
Wood's tastefully laid out lawns and well stocked
Ninety-four
MONTMORENCY FALLS.
Quebec's Environs.
conservatories have long been the admiration of
the esthete and the botanist.
The present distinguished occupant of Govern-
ment House is Sir C. A. P. Pelletier K. C. M. G.
Prior to his appointment as lieutenant-govern-
or, His Honor had filled many positions of honor
and dignity, in the gift of the Government. A
lawyer by profession, he practiced for many
years at the Quebec bar. He was called to the
Senate of Canada in 1877, and presided over the
deliberations of that body during one term.
Subsequently he was appointed Chief Justice of
the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec,
from which exalted post he resigned to accept
the highest executive position in the province.
SII<LERY.
Approaching the city from the west, by way
of the river, the tourist is attracted some miles
up, by the frowning heights of Cape Diamond in
the distance. But as he nears port, his attention,
if his penchant be landscape, becomes fixed on
the wealth of verdure and receding meadow on
the immediate left, interspersed here and jjthere
with stately rural homes. But the one object
which particularly attracts him is the jutting
elevation crowned with the church of St Co-
lumba of Sillery.
Ninety-five
A Columbian Souvenir.
The parish of Sillery is quite as notable his-
torically as Quebec itself. It derives its name
from one Noel Brulart de Sillery a French gen-
tleman of fortune and refinement, who after ser-
vice of many 3*ears as ambassador at various
European courts, abandoned that exalted worldly
station to enter Holy Orders. He associated
himself with Father Le Jeune the famous Jesuit,
and gave lavishly of his princely fortune, to fur-
ther the propagation of the faith among the
savage tribes of Canada. This was in 1634. Three
years later he established a settlement at what
is known to-day as Sillery Cove. Here the three
Hospitaliere nuns sent out in 1639, under the
patronage of the Duchess D'Aiguillon, to found
the Hotel Dieu, sought temporary haven, pen-
ding the erection of the permanent home, which
flourishes to-day within the city. They built a
rude hospital for the care of the Indian tribes
among whom small-pox had broken out, and
thus the first spot in Canada, where organized
succor was given the afflicted aborigines, lies
within the parish of Sillery. Here the Jesuit
Fathers resided and converted to the faith many
savages, not however unattended with great hard-
ship and sometimes torture. Maisonneuve,
with his colonists on the way to Ville Marie
Ninety-six
Quebec's Environs.
(Montreal) and Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance
made Sillery their halting place before commen-
cing the last stage of their irksome journey from
France.
A monument to the first missionary in Canada,
Father Ennemond Masse, a member of the So-
ciety of Jesus, stands on the site of the church
of Saint Michel. This church was erected by
the founder of the parish, Brulart de Sillery
and contained the remains of Father Masse bu-
ried in 1646. The outlines of the foundations
are indicated by stone posts and chains.
As constituted to-day, the parish of St Co-
lumba of Sillery is under the spiritual direction
of Reverend Father A. E. Maguire. Not far
from the parish church is the Convent of Jesus
and Mary, an educational institution whose re-
putation for thorough instruction to the young
extends beyond the confines of the province.
BEAUFORT
One of the oldest parishes in Canada, is that of
Beauport. L,ike many villages in the immediate
district of Quebec city, its length seems to be
its principal dimension, at least at first glance.
But it must^ not be forgotten that its extent in-
ward from the river is almost, if not quite, as
great as its frontage on the river. It extends
Ninety-seven
A Columbian Souvenir
eastward for about three miles from the Provin-
cial Asylum for the Insane. Many distinguish-
ed families under both the French and English
regimes resided in the parish or made it a favo-
rite resort in their social intercourse.
The seigniory of Beauport is unquestionably
the oldest in Canada. It dates from 1634 in
which year it was conceded by the "Company of
the Hundred Associates' ' to a French surgeon
by the name of Robert Giffard. It extended for
a league in length along the river front and a
league and a half inward from the river. Gif-
fard had prosecuted his profession in Canada
prior to the surrender of the country to the
Kirks in 1629. On receiving the grant he im-
mediately set himself to the task of collecting
suitable hardy settlers to colonize his concession .
His knowledge of the country and its needs ser-
ved him well in the selection, and only men of
recognized pluck and industry were chosen. Many
descendants of those pioneer colonists reside in
the parish to-day and are justifiably proud of
their lineage.
The ancient manor house of Seignior Giffard
stood a few yards east of the Beauport Brewery
on the Beauport road. It was a building quite
typical in style, of the architecture of the period
Ninety-eight
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Quebec's Environs.
of its erection. Oblong in shape, with high pitch-
ed gable roof and massive chimneys, it bore si-
lent witness, for two and a half centuries, to the
beginning and slow development of the colony, of
the struggle of the colonists against adversity
and their ultimate triumph. It had witnessed, at
close range the preliminaries of the death struggle
of two mighty nations and had seen the victor
and vanquished vie with each other in devotion to
their common flag. And it had housed several
generations of a distinguished family, from which
was descended a soldier, whose bravery and
skill at arms repelled the invader, at a critical
period in the country's history.
Tradition points to the old manor house as the
headquarters of Montcalm during the weeks of
of compaign preceding the Battle of the Plains.
To this house, a messenger carried post-haste the
fateful news at dawn on the 13th of September
1759, that the British were in possession of the
heights, beyond the city. From its threshold
Montcalm eagerly departed, to give battle to his
doughty opponent — to make his last stand, in
defense of the honor of the golden lilies of France.
A rudely carved leaden disk, bearing, among
other more or less conjectural information, the
date "1634" and the name of the first seignior,
Ninety-nine
A Columbian Souvenir
was found in the ruins. It established positively
the date of the erection of the manor house and
the name of its first master, though the re-
mainder of the inscription is not so susceptible
of interpretation. The plate is now in the posses-
sion of Mr. James Geggie of Beauport.
To the east of the site of the old manor house,
and adjoining the property on which that build-
ing stood, is the one time estate of the de Salaber-
ry, family. "Darnoc", as it is known to-day, the
tasteful residence of Mr James Geggie has been
considerably altered since the time of its first
owner. Here came almost daily to the hospi-
table table of Louis Ignace de Salaberry, the
royal visitor, Edward, Duke of Kent, son of
George III, and father of the late Queen Vic-
toria. Here, also, was born the hero of Chateau-
guay, Charles Michel de Salaberry.
Not far from the de Salaberry homestead was
the residence of another celebrity of early days,
the Hon. H. W. Ryland. This gentlemen occu-
pied a large place in the Canadian public eye,
during his official career. Coming to Canada in
1795, he filled many positions of trust in the offi-
cial life of the country, notably as adviser and
confidant of Governor Sir James Craig. Through
time's mutations, but little trace remains of his
One hundred
Qyebec's Environs.
one time elegant country seat. The property
(Mount Lilac) is owned to-day by an order of
French priests who have erected thereon an
oratory and a community house. Mr Ry land's
family name is perpetuated in several direct des-
cendants residing in the parish.
MONTMORENCY FALI<S.
The Falls of Montmorency are at once awe-
compelling and picturesque. The roar of the
volume of water in its turbulent descent, and
the beauty and majesty of the fleecy torrent, as
it dashes over the jagged rocks to the abyss
below, thrill the beholder, impressing him with
a sense of man's comparative 'feebleness when
considered with the forces of nature. The lover
of nature's grandeur sees much here to appeal
to his appreciation of the sublime, while the uti-
litarian concerns himself with a contemplation of
the countless millions of units of wasted energy
passing before his eyes.
Not all of the energy is wasted, however. The
looms of the large cotton mills at the mouth of
the river are driven by power from the cata-
ract, while the city of Quebec is lighted and its
cars are propelled and heated, by power derived
from the same source.
One hundred and one
A Columbian Souvenir
Though the volume of water passing over
Montmorency is not so great as that of Niagara,
the height of the former greatly exceeds that of
the latter, and travellers admit that Montmo-
rency, considered with its surroundings, is the
more picturesque. The falls are but twenty min-
utes ride by electric car from Quebec, or, if one
desire a drive in Quebec's unique vehicle, a cal-
eche, or in an automobile, they can be reached
over a splendid macadamized road. The drive
affords a better opportunity of viewing the many
interesting places en route, the Beauport
road commanding an excellent view of the entire
scene of the French encampment, in the cam-
paign preceding the Battle of the Plains.
Kent House, in the park overlooking the falls
is famous as the former home of H. R. H. the
Duke of Kent, father of the late Queen Victoria.
During the short term of his occupancy of the
post of Commander of the Forces in Canada,
1791-4, His Royal Highness made the present
Kent House his residence. It was then known as
Haldimand House and many were the sumptuous
dinners and gay dancing parties given by this
scion of royalty. Here Quebec society paid their
court and participated in the exclusive funct-
ions, to which only the Duke's intimates and
select acquaintances were bidden.
One hundred and two
Quebec's Environs.
To adapt it to the uses of a hotel, its modern
owners have effected many alterations in
the old building. Its situation near the top of
the cataract, and within hearing of the roar of
waters, makes it an ideal resort for touring par-
ties. The hotel, with the grounds and amuse-
ment places surrounding it, is conducted by the
Quebec Railway Light and Power Company,
which corporation also operates the electric rail-
way from the city, and the elevator at the foot
of the falls.
The well kept grounds and flower gardens of
Mr. H. M. Price, near the site of the old suspen-
sion bridge, contain ten old cannon, each of
which has an interesting history. Beginning
with the one farthest from the cottage and in the
front row, they are :
1 — A cannon from the French man-of-war ' 'Le
Prudent' ' sunk by the British at Louisbourg
1758.
2 — English cannon from Island of Anticosti.
3 — Carronade from hull of vessel at Sillery.
4— One of Admiral Walker's cannon lost in the
wreck of the English fleet on the lower St
Lawrence in 1711.
5 — French cannon lost in Louisbourg harbor
1758.
One hundred and three
A Columbian Souvenir.
6 — French cannon recovered at Crane Island
flats from the hull of <(L' Elephant", wreck-
ed in 1729.
7 — French cannon lost in the St Charles, sup-
posedly in 1759, and recently recovered.
The three in the rear are :
1 — (farthest from cottage) Old French cannon
found buried near the shore of the St Char-
les at the "Palais."
2 and 3 — cannon from Walker's fleet wrecked in
1711.
All of the above pieces of ordnance have been
recovered in recent years, from the watery bed
in which they had lain for upwards of a century
and a quarter.
The house in which Wolfe is said to have
established his headquarters, during the ope-
rations of the English army at Montmorency
is still to be seen . It is situated a short dis-
tance east of the Montmorency, and not far from
the pillars of the old suspension bridge. It is
yet proudly pointed out by local residents as "la
maison Wolfe".
STE ANNE DE BEAUPBE
The shrine of St Anne de Beaupre has a
world-wide fame. Not even the shrine of Lour-
des itself with the veneration it inspires and the
miracles wrought, surpasses St Anne's in the
One hundred and four
Qyebec's Environs.
reverence and respectful homage paid the Cana-
dian patroness. Nor are her votaries drawn
hither from any one section. Pious Americans
are quite as ardent in their devotion to the good
St Anne as are the people among whom she first
manifested her special powers. They come in
large numbers every year to pay homage to the
prodigal dispenser of favors, both spiritual and
physical, and many are the tributes of praise and
paeans of thanksgiving from devout pilgrims,
in grateful recognition of benefits received.
Its history as a miraculous shrine dates back
to the middle of the seventeenth century. Tradi-
tion traces the first supernatural manifestations to
the incident of a shipwreck, on the St Lawrence,
of some sailors from Brittany. Accustomed,
in their native waters, to appeal to St Anne,
their special protectress in time of danger, they
now invoked her aid. They promised that should
she abate the violence of the storm, they would
undertake to erect a modest chapel in her honor
on the first hospitable shore they would
touch. Their prayers were heard. Their lives
which had been in imminent peril, were
spared. True to their promise the sailors erected
a modest wooden building and dedicated it to
St Anne, through whose good graces they had
One hundred and five
A Columbian Souvenir.
been saved almost from the very jaws of death.
This humble house of worship continued for ma-
ny years to be the resort of pious worshipers at-
tracted hither from the country side, for miles
along the St Lawrence. Especially was it visi-
ted by seafarers, to obtain the special protection
of their patroness, when they were about to set
out on a voyage. Even at that early day,
many miraculous cures were recorded and the
pilgrimage, as we know it to-day, had its origin
about that time. Means of travel, such as we
enjoy, were of course then unknown. To reach
the shrine, days of tedious travel and hardship
were necessary. Yet this did not deter pious
Canadians, from far and near, from coming in
large numbers to render homage to St Anne.
Bishop Laval himself was a frequent pilgrim and
has left to posterity his testimony of faith in St
Anne's powers and his tribute of gratitude for
spiritual aid, through her intercessiou, in the
direction of the affairs of his diocese. As a
mark of his gratitude, he approached the church
authorities in France, to secure a relic of St
Anne for her Canadian chapel. He secured a
fragment of a finger bone. This relic, together
with others subsequently obtained, is exposed
for the veneration of the faithful. In 1892 the
late Cardinal Taschereau was instrumental in
One hundred and six
Quebec's Environs.
securing what is known as "the great relic,"
from Leo XIII. It consists of a wrist bone and
is enclosed in a jewelled reliquary of gold.
The first church at St Anne was commenced
in 1658. This building however was never com-
pleted. The ground chosen for its site is to-day
occupied by the large open square in front of
the Basilica. It was found that the ice and tides
of early spring had made encroachments on the
foundations, rendering the building unsafe for
public worship. Consequently a new site was
chosen above the highway and where the fountain
plays near the entrance to the memorial chapel.
This second building served the spiritual needs
of the pioneer settlers for fifteen years or from
1661 to 1676. In the latter year, another chapel
more substantial than the former ones, was erect-
ed. This third building withstood the rigors of
the elements for exactly two hundred years.
The many generations who worshiped at its
altar were ardent disciples of the Bretagne sail-
lors, in the reverence paid their patroness. The
church registers contain records of many mira-
culous cures and oth^r evidences of St Anne's
favor during the two centuries of its existence
and, indeed, the modern fame of the shrine has its
beginning in the latter years of the old church.
One hundred and seven
A Columbian Souvenir.
A signal mark of favor is held to be the saving of
the building from destruction in 1759 when the
British army ravaged the north shore of the St
Lawrence. Through all the devastation wrought
by fire and pillage in this section, St Anne's Chapel
alone remained standing. On the demolition of the
old church, a memorial chapel was built on its
site and from the materials of the ancient struc-
ture. The ornaments, altars and all interior wood
work were retained.
The present magnificent church was opened
for worship in 1876. It had not, however, the
majestic proportions or the appearance it posses-
ses to-day. In 1882 wings were added and four
years later, the annually increasing number of
pilgrims necessitated its lengthening. On this
latter occasion an addition of some forty feet was
made to the front when the present beautiful fa-
cade, towers and statue of St Anne were erected.
Its rank of "Basilica" was conferred in 1887 by
Leo XIII, and its consecration some time after-
ward by the late Cardinal Taschereau, was a no-
table ceremony.
There is much within the interior of St. Anne's
to excite the admiration of art lovers and to im-
press one with the reality of the unseen power
which has made the shrine at once the confusion
One hundred and eight
Quebec's Environs.
of the skeptic, and the comfort of the devout
Catholic. Nobody conies to St Anne's to scoff
but there are those who have been known to come
through motives of curious interest and have
remained to pray — yes and what is more,
have become ultimately fervent Catholics. The
very atmosphere of the shrine seems charged
with devotion to St Anne and the countenances
of the pilgrims denote deep enduring faith in her
saintly intercession. Racks of crutches, artificial
limbs, plaster casts, spectacles, every form of
human device designed to aidtthe lame, the halt,
the infirm, the afflicted, arrest the attention on
entering. They tell a mute story of suffering and
affliction. But they are more eloquent of the
efficacy of super- human powers and graces, to
effect that which was not possible through the
agency of modern science.
The tasteful and costly furnishing of the
church cannot be described in detail in a work
of small compass. Suffice it to say that the main
altar, the altar rail, and'the pulpit, each of white
marble, reveal the highest art of the sculptor.
Rich and elegant, they exhibit a perfect' taste in
design, and harmonize well with their surroun-
dings. Scrupulous care is given to the mainte-
nance of the church by the Redemptorist Fathers,
One hnndred and nine
A Columbian Souvenir.
who since 1878, have been in charge of the
shrine and the adjoining monastery.
The treasury of the church contains many his-
torical relics of the highest interest. These in-
clude a statue of St Anne, the first in Canada,
dating from 1662, a vestment made by Anne of
Austria, mother of Louis XIV, in 1666, and seve-
ral other sacred articles of like antiquity.
In the Memorial Chapel are old paintings more
remarkable for their antiquity and associations
than for their artistic value. Yet they are inte-
resting as votive offerings to St Anne from dis-
tinguished pilgrims in the remote past, when, as
now, substantial tokens of gratitude marked the
appreciation of some recipient of a favor.
The pilgrims aunually visiting the shrine gen-
erally show a steady increase in number. From
the handful of devout Catholics, footsore and
weary, wending their slow painful journey
through an almost impenetrable forest and over
all but impassable country roads, the pilgrimage
has grown a thousand fold. Modern travelling
facilities have contributed largely to this. Every
Sunday from the 1st of May to the middle of
September it is a common thing to see a half
dozen trains laden with pilgrims from disiaut
points, arrive at the shrine. Toward midsum-
Ont hundred and ten
QUEBEC COUNCIL 446
Quebec's Environs.
mer, the number increases and special trains ar-
rive daily. But they come in greatest numbers on
or about the 26th of July, the feast of St Anne.
The following figures, kindly furnished by one
of the Fathers at the shrine, show the multitude
of pilgrims from 1902 to 1906, both years inclu-
sive :
YEAR.
1902-
1903-
1904-
1905-
1906-
PILGEIMS.
155,000
168,000
156,260
168,500
175,000
Committee of Management
Chairman of Executive
DR. N. A. DUSSAULT
Chairman Transportation & Chairman Entertainment
Lodging- Committees Committee
MR. FRED. O'CONNELL MR. GEO. VAN FELSON
Chairman Reception Chairman Information
Committee Committee
DR. A. A. LANTIER MR. FERGUS MURPHY
Chairman Finance Chairman Church Committee
Committee
MR. P. T. LEGARE MR. OSCAR MORIN
Chairman Literary
Committee
MR. DAVID MURRAY
Treasurer
MR. J. A. LARUE
Secretary.
MR. P. M. COTTER
FC 2946.3 -M87 1910 SMC
Murray. David
A Columbian souvenir
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