Coming of the loyalists

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COMING

OF THE

LOYALISTS

BY

C. HAIQHT

Author of ^^ Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago^'

^^Here and There in the Home Land" ^''Before

the Coming of the Loyalists."

Toronto :

HAIGHT & COMPANY.

1899.

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

An edition of 1,000 copies printed.

U. E. Series. No. 2.

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS

BY

C. HAIGHT

Author of " Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago,
''Here and There in the Home Land/'

Toronto :

HAIGHT & COMPANY.

1899.

e^

l7

.H2>

Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year eighteen
hundred and ninety-nine, by W. R. Haight, at the Department of Agriculture.

TORONTO
PRIKTED BY THE CARSWELL CO., LIMITED

28 Adelaide St. E!»8t

READ BEFORE THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS' ASSOCIATION OP ONTARIOl
NOVEMBER 11th, 1897.

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

When the treaty of peace was ratified many of the
less prominent loyalists with their sympathisers imagined
that the victors would be content to bury the hatchet,
cease their persecution, and that in a short time peace
and good-will would reign throughout the country. They
soon discovered that this was a delusion, that their foes were
more relentless than ever, and that there was nothing for
it but to flee their homes, and consider themselves fortu-
nate to escape with their lives. Those who had taken a
more conspicuous part, anticipating what would follow,
had already sought protection within the British lines.
'Now was seen a strange and distressing sight. Men,
women and children of all ages and conditions parting
with friends, and with tear-stained cheeks turning their
backs upon the homes that had sheltered them and which
were bound to them by the tenderest recollections, and
with such effects as they could carry with them, hastened
along the highways that led to the larger towns on the
Coast-*— then in the hands of the British — from Savannah
to New York to take ship to some land, God only knew
where, for they did not. The scenes that were ^witnessed
at the different towns before and during the evacuation
Avere in many cases heart rending. v.The protection
guaranteed by the treaty to the loyalists was violated at
once, there was no safety for them only within the British

269030

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

lines, and they were often horrified by seeing their friends,
who had not been so fortunate, seized and shamefully mal-
treated and in some cases hanged by the dozen. No wonder
they were terrified and glad to make their escape with
their lives. So great was the number of refugees that fled
to "New York to place themselves under the protection of
the British General then in command, that he was sorely
perplexed what to do with them. Thousands had escaped
from the E"ew England States to 'New Brunswick, K"ova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Other thousands had
fled from the South to England and the West India Is-
lands, and thousands more from New York and the ad-
joining States had sought his protection, and were looking
to him to transport them out of the country. The principal
danger that presented itself and which he wished to avoid,
was the overcrowding of some of the places, which would
add to the difficulties of the refugees instead of lessening
them.

In the midst of this embarrassment his thoughts
were directed, it would almost seem providentially, to a
certain man, a refugee then in New York, who bore the
name of Grass. There was a bit of history connected with
this man of which Sir Guy Carleton had heard and which
he thought might prove useful. During the time of the
French War this Capt. Grass had been made prisoner
and was for two years a captive at Fort Frontenac. Sir
Guy remembering this sent for him, and questioned him
about the country and so favorably did Grass speak about
it that Sir Guy at once determined to make use of the
information and through it find relief from the embarrass-
ing position in which he was placed. He then asked
Capt. Grass if he would undertake to conduct a colony
of loyalists to Canada, which he consented to do. Five

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 7

vessels were at once procured and fumislied to convey the
banished refugee loyalists to Upper Canada and despatched
under the conduct of Capt. Grass. They sailed round the
coast of ItsTew Brunswick and N^ova Scotia and up the St.
Lawrence to Sorel at the mouth of the Richelieu river,
where they arrived October I7th, 1783, and disembarked.
Why the vessels did not return to Quebec or go on to
Montreal which they had time to do, is not stated. The
prospect must have been very depressing. Winter
was rapidly approaching and there was not a single place
of shelter in which they could put themselves. It is true
they had some linen tents, but these would afford but poor
protection from the cold. The gravity of their position
drove them to immediate action, and every hand that
could wield an axe or handle a saw was put in requisition
and very soon there arose on thie banks of the river, as if
by the magic of an enchanter's wand, a village composed of
rude and unsightly huts and shanties, which if any one of
them had come upon a few months before they would
have taken as a settlement of some semi-civilized tribe but
a remove above the Indians, and in these hastily impro-
vised kennels, inferior to the cow sheds they had left
behind, they were to pass a long dreary winter. If there
had been only a few of them the prospect would not have
been so discouraging, but here were -^ye ship loads of
human beings dumped on the inhospitable shores of the
lower St. Lawrence, probably three or four thousand souls,
composed of aged men and women, married couples with
their children, mothers with infants in their arms, young
men and delicate maidens, boys and girls, many of them
were cultured and had filled important positions, some of
them had been in afiluent circumstances, and there was
not one who had not been the possessor of a comfortable

^

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

liomeTT The transition whicli a few months had brought
abo"^t^o them must have been heart rending to contem-
plate. But there was nothing for it but to put their trust
in God, and face the situation, which they did with stoical
fortitude. All that could be done was done to protect the
aged and the women and children. Every crevice was
carefully filled with moss and clay to keep out the biting
[N'orth wind, but after doing the very best they could
their case was miserable beyond description. They were
huddled together in these wretched holes like pigs, shiver-
ing day after day through weary months with cold and
suffering with frost bites, wanting the most common con-
veniences and possessing but few cooking utensils, but
that did not so much matter for they had but little to
cook. Their larder was mostly limited to hard tack, and
these poor souls waited on, listening to the ISTorthern blast
as it shrieked around their hovels, whirling the snow
into billowy drifts which sometimes covered them up, but
this was not so bad for it shut out the wind and frost and
made their huts warmer. The difficulty was that of
having to dig a way out, but this they did without
grumbling.

All things come to an end, and we can well
imagine with what pleasure they watched the coming
spring, the gradual wasting of the snow, the disappearing
of the ice, and the swelling buds on the trees. At last the
day of emancipation came and some time in May, probably
about the middle of the month, they set out on their voyage
West in batteaux. This at that time was a very laborious
journey, but they toiled on manfullv day after day making
slow but steady progress, the river presenting but few
obstacles until Montreal was reached. After that they had
to encounter the fierce rapids which occur on the way as

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

far as Prescott, but these tremendous obstacles to naviga-
tion were overcome, and in July they arrived at Cataraqui,
ten months having passed since their departure from
New York, well pleased no doubt that their wearisome
journey had come to an end, and there for the present we
shall leave them and return again to the State of New
York. But before proceeding let me mention a thought
that has occurred to me. What momentous results not
unfrequently flow out of comparatively trivial incidents.
A man is made prisoner, a common occurrence in war
time, and is held a captive for two years in a trading-post
far away from civilization; after his release he Avanders
away and in the course of time finds himself a refugee in
New York with thousands of others. The fact of his
early captivity becomes known to the Governor, who is
in sore perplexity where to send the multitude of loyalists
under his protection, makes inquiry of him about the na-
ture of the country in the vicinity of his captivity and hears
it so well spoken of that he despatches a colony of refugees
to it, and thus it came to pass that through these two
quite common occurrences in the life of one man the first
contingent of loyal prisoners were sent, and became the
founders of the fairest province in the Dominion of Canada.
If a stranger had been visiting the State of New
York early in the spring of the year 1784, his attention
could not fail to be arrested by the strange things that
were occurring there. Small groups were to be seen tramp-
ing along the highways in every part of the State and all
were bending their way towards the JNorth. Another
thing quite as noticeable was the stem resolve that marked
the expression of the men's faces, and the firm tread of
their feet on the roadway as if every footfall as they
passed on was an emphatic protest against the cruelty which

10 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

first robbed them and then expelled them from their
homes. The women and children that accompanied them
— together with a few personal effects — were mounted on
pack-horses. The distressed look and tear-stained cheeks
touched a more tender chord of the observer's heart. As
he passed on he met other groups who bore the same ap-
pearance and were pressing on in the same direction, and
so day after day as he pursued his journey he was con-
tinually meeting people apparently in the same state of
mind and going the same way, to the ISTorth. There were
two questions that would naturally arise in this r observer's
mind. What did it mean? and whither were they bound?
In the first place it meant that these travellers had the
courage of their convictions, they had been and still were
loyal to their King and country and were prepared to ac-
cept the consequences. The clamor the rebel leaders made
about the oppressive acts of the British ministry had
enough truth in it to give them a pretext to raise a hue
and cry for liberty, but the ears of these men were too keen
not to detect the false notes in it. They knew the real
motive was independence and the spoils that would fall
into their hands. That they were right had been proved a
thousand times throughout the progress of the war. They
had no faith, — how could they have? — in a people who
had all along proved recreant to the principles they so
loudly advocated. They were shouting for liberty on
one hand and practising the worst kind of tyranny on the
other. They had secured a treaty of peace by entering
into a solemn obligation to make good the loyalists' losses,
not to molest them or confiscate their property, and yet
their first act was to do the very thing they had pledged
themselves not to do, and not only that, after maltreating
and robbing them, had served them with a summary no-

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 11

tice to quit the country. And in answer to the second
query, they were on their way to Canada where they
would still be under the protection of the British flag and
where they expected to enjoy liberty in its truer and higher
sense. In this they were not deceived, and we are proud
to say that there is no country under the sun that enjoys
it to a greater degree than we do.

As we have intimated, this movement was general
from almost every part of the State and the numlDcr was
augmented by stragglers from Pennsylvania, 'New Jersey,
Massachusetts and Vermont. The first aim of these un-
fortunates was to strike one or the other of the two military
highways that led to Ogdensburgh or Oswego. As they
proceeded on their way others joined in with them. On
they went through the dust, under a broiling sun or wading
through mud in the pelting rain. Still on they trod, day
after day, heart sore and foot sore, weary and faint, only
too glad when night overtook them that they might lie
down by the road side and rest with no other covering
than the starry heavens. In the earlier part of their
journey they might be fortunate enough to fall in with a
barn or shed in which to find shelter, and sometimes a
woman living on their route had compassion on their
unfortunate sisters and their poor children and took them
into their houses. The sufferings and hardships these
poor creatures had to endure as they pursued their terrible
journeys week after week, covering the weary miles with
aching limbs, their way often leading through leagues of
lonely wilderness and living like gipsies, was truly heart
rending. The very thought that these recitals are but
feeble and imperfect pictures of actual occurrences in the
lives of our ancestors, is enough to bring the salty tear to
light in the eye of a stoic.

12 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

Many more of the refugees selected the water route
either by the way of Lake Champlain and down the Kiche- .
lieu river to Sorel and then ascending the St. Lawrence — /
most of those that went that way remained in Lower Can-
ada— or leaving their boats at Plattsburgh and going
across country to Ogdensburgh. The most popular route
was up the Hudson river to Albany, which was on the
verge of civilization at that time. It may be well to men-
tion here, that the difficulties to be encountered either by
land or w^ater were greatly enhanced from the fact that
then nearly the whole of Northern New York was an
unbroken wilderness. A little above Albany the Mohawk
river joins the Hudson. This river, which runs through
the entire length of that beautiful strip of country known
as the Mohawk valley, the late home of Sir Wm. John-
son and the tribe of Indians to whom it owes its name and
w^ho, after the war, was granted a large tract of land on
the Bay of Quinte, to which place they removed about
this time and where a remnant of the tribe still lives. But
to return, at the debouchure of the above river the voy-
ageurs leave the Hudson and follow it as far as Fort Stan-
wix — Rome. At this point there was a portage of twenty
miles or more over which their boats and effects had to be
carried to Wood Creek, which they descended into Lake
Oneida, and thence down the Oswego river to Oswego,
and from that either across the lake by schooner or around
the foot of the lake to Kingston, to which point nearly
all the refugees we have been speaking of converged. My
grandfather Canniif came by this route, an account of
which will be found in my book, " Country Life in Can-
ada," and also in the second volume of " Dr. Ryerson's
History of the American Loyalists," and so after weeks
and months had passed since their exodus began, coming

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 1^

as they did from different States and widely scattered dis- \
tricts, most of tliem having travelled many hundreds
of miles, through the bush, over badly constructed roads,
ascending rivers and navigating lakes, exposed to dangers
innumerable, in dread of Indians and wild beasts, and
when the long toilsome day was done and night closed in ^
upon them, with no other bed to retire to for the rest they
so much needed but the green turf, and perhaps a gnarled
root of a tree for a pillow and the canopy of heaven for a
blanket, and even in such unfavorable conditions if they <
could have passed the night undisturbed, they might have ;
opened their eyes to tjie morning sun, refreshed. But the
shadow of the approaching night brought with it clouds
of mosquitos whose persistent assaults drove away sleep.
At that time too myriads of frogs in adjoining swamps
awoke to their duty and began their croaking with sur-
prising unanimity, sending forth waves of unmelodious
sound which broke on the ear with painful force, and as
if these free concerts, which extended far into the night, .
were not sufficient to test human patience, the prowl- ^
ing wolves on the hills joined in and made the night still ^
more hideous by their cruel howls. Dr. Ryerson says: " A
considerable number came to Canada from l^ew Jersey and
the neighborhood of Philadelphia on foot through the then
wilderness of New York, carrying their little effects and
small children on pack horses and driving their cattle, which
subsisted on the herbage of the woods and valleys, and in
many cases when in difficulty were assisted by the Indians.
The hardships, exposures and privations and sufferings
which the first loyalists endured making their way from
their confiscated homes to Canada were longer and more
severe than anything narrated of the Pilgrim and Puritan
fathers, whose hardships and persecutions were trifling in

14 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS,

comparison to the persecutions, imprisonments, confisca-
tions and of t€n death inflicted on the Loyal adherents of the
Crown."

Of the many thousands of the refugees who had fled
from their homes to the different British possessions in
America in quest of security and a home where they might
again begin in the world, none were more fortunate than
those who had found their way to what is known as the
Bay of Quinte Country. It possessed all the requisites
both as to position and soil that an intelligent settler could
ask for. The bay along whose shore so many of them were
to plant new homes and make another start in life is one of
the most beautiful sheets of water on this Continent. How
it came by its name is unknown, or what white man first
traversed it. It was a scene the like of which few men have
had the good fortune to discover. Its far reaching wooded
banks and charming recesses, its sedgy shore and gravelly
beach, constantly changing as it bends inwards and pre-
senting new and more attractive pictures to the eye, could
not fail, if the beholder had in the smallest degree the
painter's receptive sense of the beautiful, to have filled his
soul with delight. Long before the Frenchman came
it had been one of the leading routes used by the
Indians, either when on the war path or hunting
expeditions. Many and many a time have long lines
of canoes filled with dusky warriors glided silently and
swiftly over its bosom bent on some hostile enter-
prise. Many a time has the warwhoop echoed along
its shores. It was a favorite hunting ground and stopping
place. I have picked upon the old farm in my early days
dozens of flint arrow heads an*d some stone chisels. In
one of the fields there was a bowl shaped depression in and
around which, as the soil was turned up by the plow, bits

• • • •

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 15

of soft earthenware were discovered; there was quite a
quantity of it at one time. During the French regime
their voyagers traversed the Bay on their way to the
trading posts of ^N^iagara and Detroit. The whole land as
far as the Pacific, West, and the Arctic in the North was
a vast hunting ground. The Frenchmen were keen after
the rich furs, and to facilitate the traffic with the Indians
established these trading posts which were in fact small
forts, and wjiich were frequently used for more serious
purposes. Of these the principal ones were Frontenac,
E^iagara and Detroit.

In 1783 Sir Frederick Haldimand, then Governor of
the Province of Quebec, instructed the Surveyor-General,
Major Holland, to proceed to Western Canada and lay
out a range of townships on the Bay of Quinte west of
Kingston, at which place his instructions were to begin.
After laying out proper reservations for the town and fort,
he was to survey the townships each of which was to
be six miles square, the lots to contain each 200 acres and .
to be twenty-five in number each range. This was known
then as township number one, afterwards Kingston. The
survey of the four townships which extended along the
North shore of the bay to where it turns the West point of
the last township, was not completed until July of the
following year, and indeed the fourth township was not
quite done then, and the hut of Surveyor-General Holland
who had made this his headquarters, was still standing
when the batteaux of Major Vanalstine's band were pushed
upon its shore. After this was done the surveyors crossed
over the bay and laid out township No. 5, which lies in
Prince Edward County on the North shore and opposite
numbers 3 and 4, subsequently townships number 6 and
7, in the same county were surveyed, and so on, until

• :•

• •

• • •

u

jW^uXirwvv

16 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

all the land around the bay had been laid out.
These townships were not named for a good many years
afterwards and the people became so accustomed to desig-
nate them by the numerical prefix that they continued to
do so long after they were named. It was the general
custom after I had grown to manhood. These townships
all received royal names, and as you know King George
the Third had a goodly family — fifteen children — ^the loy-
alists found no difiiculty in making a selectign. The first
was named after the King, Kingston and then in their
order Ernestown, Fredericksburgh, Adolphustown, Marys-
burgh, Sophiasburgh and Ameliasburgh. In consequence
of the delay in completing the survey the refugees had to
wait in Kingston, and a large number of them had been
there for some time and all were growing impatient, for
the season was passing and it was therefore a matter of
grave importance to them to get located as soon as possible.
The distribution began in July, the Governor, who
was in Kingston at the time, assisting. The allotment of
the townships were made in the following manner. To
Captain Grass, who had been the main instrument in bring-
ing the people to this section, the Governor said ;
" Captain Grass as you were the first person to mention this
fine country and have been here formerly as a prisoner of
war, you must have the first choice; the tov^nships are
numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, which do you choose?" " I mil
take ;^o. 1," replied Grass. The Governor then gave out
the remaining numbers as follows: Number two to Sir
John Johnson, number three to Colonel Rogers, number
four to Major Yanalstine and number five to Colonel
McDonell, after which the several companies proceeded
with their leaders to the townships that had been assigned
to them, and then drew their land by lots as being the most

• •••«•• • •

• •

w.« * • •

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 17

satisfactory way of doing it. The process was very simple.
The number of a lot was written on a slip of paper, these
strips were put in a hat or small box into which the settler
thrust his hand and drew out one. These numbers were
duly recorded with the drawer's name, to whom afterwards
the government issued patents or deeds, but in the mean-
time they at once took possession of the lots, and it is
worthy of mention that several persons in the fourth town
drew the lots they wanted.

It will not be out of place to mention the follow-
ing incident here. At the time the allotment v/as
made, the Governor said to Capt. Grass, " It is too late
in the season to put in any crop, what will you do for
food?" The Captain replied, " if they were furnished with
turnip seed there was still time to grow some." " Very
well," said the Governor, " you shall have it," and it was
sent. They cleared a spot of ground in the centre of which
Kingston now stands, and raised a fine crop of turnips
which served for food the ensuing winter with the govern-
ment rations. The original settlers along the St. Lawrence
and the Bay of Quinte were largely composed of soldiers
of disbanded regiments; nearly all of the 84th were placed
in the second and third townships. The settlers of the
fourth were mostly men who had not been in the regular
service and among them a number of Quakers, while the
fifth was handed over to the Hessians. The German and
Dutch soldiers made very poor settlers. It is said the ques-
tion was often asked why the government settled the Hes-
sian regiment there. The supposition was that the soldiers
could not work on land, they could find fish in the water
along the lots and so live and support their families.

V Having followed the loyalists to their promised land
and having seen that the portion each was to get had been
received, let us take a look around. Upper Canada at the

18 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

date this people set their feet upon its shores was an un-
broken wilderness from end to end and the undisputed
home of Indians and wild beasts. The section which had
been assigned to the refugees for settlement consisted of a
range of townships running along the ^orth shore of the
St. Lawrence from Cornwall to Kingston and West around
the Bay of .Quinte, a narrow strip of country about two
hundred miles in length. There was not a cleared rood
of land nor a hut to be found within its bounds — save at
Kingston — the limitless forest pressed its serried edge to
the water, presenting a bold front to its assailants and for
many a long day, aye for many a year in fact, did their
sinewy arms smite it with their keen edged axes, before
which it melted away.

At midsummer 1784 — as we have seen, a large num-
ber of people — several thousands, had gathered at Kingston.
Their appearance certainly did not suggest anything in
the way of an excursion party pausing at a health resort
where they could guzzle nasty mineral water and fancy it
did them good. 'No, they had been giving King George a
hand and rather got the worst of it. The old gentleman
having still quite a bit of land left on this side the water,
and feeling sorry for them, told them to come and he would
give it to them. Here they were, and according to prom-
ise, each man had received his 200 acres and went into
possession, which he had no sooner done than he discovered
he had a huge white elephant on his hands. Great trees
covered the farms from end to end. There was not a
place where they could plant anything. The lookout was
discouraging indeed. If they had come there properly
equipped to undertake the heavy task of clearing away
the forest it would have been different, but they had been
literally dumped into it, inexperienced and practically un-
prepared for the work at hand. I cannot conceive of a

COMING OF THE LOYALISTS. 19

more pitiful picture than these unhappy creatures pre-
sented at that time. Just fancy several thousand people
composed of men, women and children scattered through
the woods for a couple of hundred miles; many of whom
had not so much as a hut into which they could crawl for
shelter and rest, exposed to the weather and to the bites
of the mosquito and black fly, without the means of sub-
sistence and living on the coarse rations furnished by the
government. The discomforts of such a life to a people
who had known brighter days were grievous to bear and

they must have felt it keenly. But " when the

drives one needs must go '^ it is said. There was but one
way out of it, and that was to do as they had done with
former difficulties, face them like men, and the quicker
they commenced and the harder they toiled the sooner
they would reach what they were after.

The first thing that presented itself to the settler's
mind was to provide a place in which he could put himself
and family, and in those days even the construction of such
a rude tenement as a settler's shanty is understood to be was
attended with considerable difficulty from the fact that
there were no boards to be had. Logs could be cut, notched
and rolled up on one another for walls very quickly, but the
roof was the trouble, and here human ingenuity, which is
seldom beaten, steps in and fills the want, with the bark
of trees.

In a very short time all along the bay were to be
seen the evidences that the settlement of a new country
had begun in the curling smoke ascending from the cabins,
the ring of the settler's axe in the woods, and the crash of
falling timber.

'It will be quite clear to every one that if the loyalists
had not been supplied with food in these early days they
must have perished. They arrived in the country in a state

20 COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.

of destitution, and even if they liad been in a much better
case than they unfortunately were, the laborious task of
clearing away the forest, was one that could not be pushed
with any rapidity. Three years of hard work at least had
to be put in before sufficient land could be reclaimed on
which they could subsist, and in the meantime if they had
not had a source of supply to fall back on their position
would have been hopeless. The government had foreseen
this and for three years furnished them with rations,
clothing and implements.

The difficulties they had to contend with the first
three or four years were very great, particularly the third
year, which is known as the "hungry year" — 1Y87-8 —
During this terrible year many of them were on the eve
of starvation, and the deprivations and sufferings of all
were most severe. If I had time I could tell you sad
stories about those days which I have heard f rom^ the lips
of the sufferers themselves when I was a boy. After this
terrible time the tide turned and the world seems to have
gone more smoothly with them. There is nothing more
heard about want, but the daily grind went on, and for
many years to come hard work and plenty of it was to be the
normal condition of their lives. But with good food and
many added comforts this could be submitted to without
complaint. My recollection goes back to the beginning
of the '30's. At that time fifty years of the country's life
had passed and carried with them all the old men and
women as well as nearly all the middle aged of the original
settlers. Those who were young at the time had now
grown old and were the grandfathers and grandmothers of
my early days, and a fine robust race they were. They had
borne " the burden and heat of the day '' patiently. God
had richly blessed the labor of their hands and made of
them a contented and happy people.

N

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DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

FEB 0 3 2003

(2,000(11/95)

MST

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