Commercial feldspar resources in southeastern Kankakee County, Illinois

IMN 56

c.3

G>tA 6un>uix^

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

John C. Fry*, Chi«f

ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTE 56

ILLINOIS CEOkOGICAL

SUr VEY L-JRA^Y

MAY 6 1974

COMMERCIAL FELDSPAR RESOURCES

IN SOUTHEASTERN
KANKAKEE COUNTY, ILLINOIS

Henry P. Ehrlinger III and John M. Masters

URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801

APRIL 1974

ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

3 3051 00005 8978

ILLINOIS STATE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Y

COMMERCIAL FELDSPAR RESOURCES IN
SOUTHEASTERN KANKAKEE COUNTY, ILLINOIS

Henry P. Ehrlinger III and John M. Masters

ABSTRACT

This publication is the third in a series describing potentially commercial feld-
spar resources that occur in large deposits of unconsolidated surficial sand in five
general areas of Illinois. All of the considerable tonnages of feldspar needed for in-
dustrial use in Illinois is at present imported from distant states. This report de-
scribes how at least a portion of this need could be produced within the state.

The large dune field of late Pleistocene age located in southeastern Kankakee
County, part of the general area described in the first of this series, is one of the
most promising areas for commercial production of feldspar. Several of the larger
dunes were sampled and analyzed chemically and mineralogically in this study, and two
representative samples were selected for extensive benef iciation tests. The tests were
successful in producing high-quality feldspar concentrates and possible useful by-
products. Significant progress was made toward reducing the residual iron oxide con-
tent of feldspar concentrates without reducing their alumina content.

During the study, a thick sand body was discovered underlying the dune ridges
that considerably increases the previous estimates of the feldspar resource.

INTRODUCTION

The first of this series of investigations of potential feldspar
sources in Illinois, described "by Ehrlinger, ten Kate, and Jackman (1969),
was exj^loratory in nature but generated commercial interest in the possibili-
ties of developing the large dune field in southeastern Kankakee County as a
source of feldspar. The benef iciation studies showed that a saleable grade

- 1 -

- 2 -

\(W*Ueka)

SCALE 1 62500

*

0

1

2

3 4

3000 0

1000

6000

9000

12000

15000

18000 21000 FEET

5 0

1

2

i

«

5 KILOMETERS

CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET

DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

Momence, lll.-lnd.
1922

Fig. 1 - Locations from which samples were taken.

of feldspar concentrate could be made and that markets in Illinois could con-
sume all the production of a reasonably large plant. Glass manufacturers,
among others, would benefit by being able to obtain feldspar sands from Illi-
nois rather than from traditional sources, such as South Dakota, North Caro-
lina, and Ontario, Canada.

The present report continues the investigation and presents some new
data on the thickness of sand that underlies the surficial dunes. Mineralogi-
cal and chemical data are given for 13 samples from surficial sites distributed
over much of the dune field. New beneficiation studies have been made to de-
termine the quality of feldspar concentrates and possible by-products that can
be produced.

- 3 -

Acknowl edgmen ts

All chemical analyses were made by the Analytical Chemistry Section,
Illinois State Geological Survey. The X-ray fluorescence tests were made by
J. K. Kuhn and L. R. Henderson; the flame emission tests were made by L. R.
Camp and D. B. Heck. Herbert D. Glass of the Stratigraphy and Areal Geology
Section of the Survey supplied information on how to prepare, X-ray, and iden-
tify the clay minerals.

History of the Dune Field

The dune field is a prominent feature on the Momence, Illinois, 15-
minute quadrangle, part of which is reproduced in figure 1 to show the sampling
locations for this study. The dunes are concentrated in an area of about 50
square miles on the south side of the Kankakee Valley. The valley is bounded on
the north and south by roughly parallel glacial ridges or moraines. The maximum
difference in elevation in the area is only 100 feet. The highest dunes, about
700 feet above sea level, are as high as the segment of the St. Anne Moraine to
the southwest. Most of the dunes are 15 to 25 feet high, although some reach 50
feet. The elevation of the well developed Valparaiso Morainic System, about 8
miles north of the dunes, is only slightly higher than the highest dunes. North
of the dunes, the valley slopes gently downward for about h miles, from 650
feet to the 6l0-foot elevation of the Kankakee River. A more detailed physical
description of the dune field was made by Willman (19^2).

During the latter part of the Pleistocene Wisconsinan Stage, known as
the Woodfordian Substage, the Kankakee Valley was part of the discharge system
for the Kankakee Flood. The geologic events of this substage, summarized here,
were treated more fully by Willman and Frye (1970, p. 3^-36). During the Wood-
fordian Substage, the Lake Michigan Lobe of glacial ice was lying just north of
the valley, building up the Valparaiso Morainic System and releasing an enormous
volume of meltwater into the valley. When to this was added meltwater from the
Saginaw Lobe and from the northwest side of the Erie Lobe, both draining west-
ward from Indiana, the volume of water was too great for the then existing drain-
age through moraines to the south and west to carry away. The valley, therefore,
filled with water during the time of greatest discharge. Lake conditions existed
until the Illinois River, the major outlet for the floodwaters , had time to en-
trench its channel, improving drainage. As the ice lobes melted northward, their
meltwaters abandoned the Kankakee Valley and established more efficient discharge
channels. When the Kankakee Valley was finally drained, large areas of sand de-
posited by both lake and river waters were exposed to wind action in the Kankakee-
Momence area, which resulted in the building of the present southeastern Kankakee
County dune field. Most of the dunes were stabilized by vegetation cover soon
after their formation; however, some large, recent blowouts are visible.

SAMPLING

The samples were collected in roadcuts through some of the larger dunes
in southeastern Kankakee County. Thirteen samples were gathered from nine dif-
ferent sites (fig. l). Channel samples were obtained from different intervals at

- k -

TABLE 1— SAMPLE LOCATIONS

Interval

or length

Sample

of channel

number*

Locatlon

Sec.

T.

R.

sample (ft)

Remarks

K-l

+

1350'

W of NE

corner

10

29N

11W

25

South side of roadcut.

K-3

+

1350'

W of NE

corner

10

29N

11W

0-11

Prom road level upward.

K-1

+

1350'

W of NE

corner

10

29N

11W

11-19-5

Above road level.

K-5

±

1350-

W of NE

corner

10

29N

11W

19-5-25

Above road level. Several feet

K-6 ± 1350' W of SE corner 3 29N 11W

K-7 26k0< S, 500' E of NW 30 30N
corner

K-8 975' W of NE corner 30 30N

K-9 1225 ' W of SE corner 19 30N

K-10 200' W of NE corner 25 3 ON

K-ll

200' V of NE corner

25

3 ON

K-12

1800' S, 300' W of NE
corner

26

3 ON

K-13

1700 ' S of NE corner

23

3 ON

K-llt

2640' S of NW corner

19

3 ON

10W

11W
11W

12W

12W

12W

12W

11W

5.5

10.5

of sandy soil below surface
of the dune not sampled.

North side of road on lee side
of dune, from road level down
toward base of dune.

North side of roadcut.

South side of roadcut.

North side of roadcut, 250 ft
W of K-8.

12-6.5

Above road level, south side

of roadcut.

6.5-0.5

Above road level, south side

of roadcut.

6-22

Interval above base of lee

side of large dune.

3-10.5

Above road level, west side

of roadcut.

3.5

East side of roadcut.

* Numbers refer to locations on figure 1.

the same site whenever possible to determine whether or not any significant
differences could be expected at different depths in the dunes. Locations of
the sampling sites appear in table 1. Sample K-2 was omitted from the series
because it was a duplicate of K-l.

To determine the total thickness of sand in the area of the dune
field, the drilling records for the area (on file at the Illinois State Geo-
logical Survey) were studied, and all available surficial sand samples taken
during well drillings were inspected under a binocular microscope. Sand sam-
ples from 13 wells were studied, as were 108 well records.

A deposit of about 50 feet of clean sand was found in the center of
the dune field, underlying the flat areas between the sand ridges. It thins
toward the edges of the dune field, but has an average thickness of about 35
feet. Visual comparison indicates that this sand is quite similar in appear-
ance to the K series samples taken for this study from the overlying dunes.
Below the level of the thin, brownish black, sandy soil zone on the flat areas
between the dunes, the sand is not leached or oxidized and has a low carbonate
content. The presence of this thick, apparently continuous, sand body under
the dune field increases the sand reserves of the area two to five times over
previous estimates, which were based on the dunes alone.

- 5 -

TREATMENT OF SAMPLES

Chemical and mineralogical analyses were made on the dune sand sam-
ples as untreated sand, as sieved sand fractions, and as heneficiated sand
fractions. Representative analyses are reported here to show the quality of
the sand as a feldspar resource. The chemical analyses were made by standard
laboratory procedures. Mineralogical methods of analyses, which are not as
uniformly established between laboratories , are described in the following
paragraphs.

Light Minerals

A 2- to 3-gram split of each sample was taken and acidized in a hot
solution containing 20 percent hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 5 percent stannous
chloride (SnC^), which dissolves iron hydroxide grain coatings, carbonate
grains, and some heavy minerals. The samples were then further split with a
miniature Jones-type riffle splitter to a size convenient for mounting on a
1- by 3-inch glass microscope slide. After they were mounted, the grains were
etched and stained for identification purposes. The percentage of each miner-
al present was determined from about U00 point counts per slide, an operation
facilitated by the Swift Automatic Point Counter. The observations were made
with a binocular microscope with oblique illumination.

The basic procedure used to mount and stain the samples is outlined
below. The use of a liquid tar mounting medium was suggested by Gross and
Moran (1970). The feldspar staining technique used is more fully described
by Reid (1969), who also gives variations of reagents, techniques, and basic
literature references.

Reagents

Four reagents were used to prepare the samples :

1. Concentrated hydrofluoric acid (Technical,
52 to 55 percent).

2. Sodium cobalt initrite ; 120 grams dissolved
in 200 milliliters of deionized water.

3. Rhodizonic acid dipotassium salt; 0.5 grams
dissolved in 200 milliliters of deionized water.

k. Amyl acetate and liquid tar; about 10 drops
of each mixed in a dropper bottle. Amyl
acetate is added if mixture was not dilute
enough to spread very smoothly and thinly
over a glass slide.

Mounting

The sample number was engraved with a diamond scriber at one end of
the 1- by 3-inch glass slide. One large drop of the tar mixture was applied

- 6 -

to a slide and spread evenly, leaving one-half to three-fourths of an inch of
the slide uncovered at each end. The tar was allowed to dry for half an hour,
after which a representative sand sample was carefully sprinkled over the en-
tire tarred surface to achieve a dense hut even distribution. The tar was al-
lowed to dry another half hour.

Staining

The grains on the tarred surface were etched with hydrofluoric (HF)
fumes for lh minutes, as described by Reid (1969), in batches of six slides.
After they were etched, the slides were air dried, placed in a holder, and
rapidly subjected to the following procedures: (l) submersion for 1 minute
in the sodium cobaltinitrite solution; (2) gentle rinsing in two beakers of
tap water; (3) dipping in the 5 percent barium chloride (BaC^) solution;
(4) gentle rinsing in two beakers of tap water; (5) gentle rinsing in a beaker
of deionized water; (6) submersion in the potassium rhodizonate solution just
long enough for the red stain to develop — never more than 15 seconds; (7) gentle
rinsing in two beakers of tap water; (8) quick but gentle drying with compressed
air.

After the slides were stained, the major constituents were identified
as: (l) quartz — colorless and transparent; (2) potassium feldspar — grains cov-
ered with a yellow stain; (3) sodium-calcium feldspar — grains covered with a
red stain; (5) composite feldspar — grains with separate areas of yellow and red
stains; (6) feldspathic rock fragments — grains with a stain; not pure feldspar;
(7) chert — chalky-textured grains; and (8) heavy minerals (removed from some
samples) — usually black or translucent grains.

TABLE 2— CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE DUNE SAND SAMPLES

Sample

Analyses (%)

number

K20

Na20

CaO

AI2O3

Si02

Fe203

Ti02

K-l

1.4l

O.99

I.58

5.10

83.4

1.29

0.29

K-3

1.50

1.02

1.15

4.92

86.0

1.13

0.15

K-4

1-95

1.17

0.28

5.8l

86.4

1-73

0.29

K-5

1.35

0.93

0.66

5-57

82.2

1.65

0.21

K-6

1.50

1.00

1.14

4.62

85.9

1.08

0.19

K-7

1.34

O.76

0.49

5.19

85.O

1-51

0. 17

K-8

1.52

0.88

O.1+5

4.74

85.9

0.75

0.10

K-9

1.53

0.7I

0.34

4.90

82.5

O.98

0.09

K-10

1.32

0.78

0.55

5.04

84.8

1.08

0.20

K-ll

1.^5

0.81

0.42

5-13

82.1

1.27

0.14

K-12

1.24

O.72

0.49

4.43

87.4

0-77

0.09

K-13

1.34

O.79

0.67

5.09

89.8

1.40

0.24

K-14

1.38

0.93

O.65

4.88

84.6

1.41

0.20

* All chemical analyses were made by the Analytical Chemistry Section,
Illinois State Geological Survey. The X-ray fluorescence tests were
made by J. K. Kuhn and L. R. Henderson; flame emission tests were
done by L. R. Camp and D. B. Heck.

- 7 -

TABLE 3— MINERALOGICAL ANALYSES OF THE DUNE SAND SAMPLES

Analyses

W

Feld-

spathic

Remain-

Quartz

rook

ing

Sample

Weight
loss*

Quartz

and
feldspar

frag-
ments

Chert

heavy
minerals

Feldspar

number

K

Na-Ca

Composite

Total

K-l

3.2

69.4

3.3

1.3

1.7

1-5

9-3

8.4

1-9

19.6

K-3

4.9

64.6

7-9

0.8

1.2

1.5

11.0

6.3

1.8

19.1

K-4

2.5

68.0

3.6

1.8

0.4

1.0

12.1

9-8

0.8

22.7

K-5

2.6

68.. l

5-2

1.6

0.8

3.0

10.4

6.9

1.4

18.7

K-6

2.0

72.2

3-7

2.6

1.0

1.3

9-9

>+.7

2.6

17.2

K-7

M-.l

78.I

1.7

2.5

0.3

2.0

6.8

4.0

0.5

11.3

K-8

1-9

68.6

4.8

2.3

2.1

0.9

11-7

6.6

1.1

19.4

K-9

2.8

69.6

11.4

1.9

0.6

0.4

8.8

3.9

0.6

13-3

K-10

2.6

67.2

8.0

1-5

2.2

1.2

9-6

6.5

1.2

17-3

K-ll

2.5

68.5

8.0

0.6

0.3

2.2

ll.l

5.6

1.2

17.9

K-12

1.4

75-0

5-5

0.5

0.3

0.5

8.9

7-1

0.8

16.8

K-13

2.3

67.9

8.8

0.3

0.6

0.6

9-7

8.6

1.2

19-5

K-14

1-7

71.3

6.7

2.3

0.3

1.1

11.0

4.8

0.8

16.6

* After acidizing and washing, which removes carbonates, some heavy minerals, iron hydroxide, clay,
and organic material.

Heavy Minerals

Heavy mineral separations and identifications were made on each whole
sample of dune sand and on gravity and magnetic fractions from selected benefi-
ciation series. A 60- to 80-gram split was taken from each whole sand sample,
which was weighed and then soaked overnight in 200 milliliters of deionized water,
Each sample was treated for 3 minutes with an ultrasonic probe to disaggregate
small particles. About 100 milliliters of water containing very fine silt and
clay-size particles was decanted for clay mineral analysis. The remaining very
fine silt and clay-size particles were washed out of the sample, which was then
dried and reweighed. At this point, heavy minerals were separated from each sam-
ple with bromoform by standard procedures (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, p. 3^3).

Magnetite was then separated from the heavy mineral fractions with a
strong hand magnet and weighed. The remaining heavy minerals were acidized to
clarify the grains, and the loss in weight was recorded. Representative splits
of each heavy mineral fraction were then taken and mounted on 1- by 3-inch glass
slides in Canada balsam. Then about U00 point counts of each heavy mineral suite
were made using a Swift Automatic Point Counter and a petrographic microscope.

Clay Minerals

Samples K-3 through K-ll, K-13, and K-l** were examined to determine
the presence of clay minerals. The very fine silt and clay-size material was
centrifuged out of the 100 milliliters of water retained from the heavy mineral

- 8 -

TABLE h— GRAIN SIZE FRACTIONS OF THE DUNE SAND SAMPLES

Average

Sample

Size frac

tions, Tyler Screen Series {%)*

particle

number

> 35

35 - 48

48 - 65 65

- 100 100 - 150 150 - 200

200 - 325

< 325

size (pjn)

K-l

0.08

9.16

32.31

34.22

14.35

8.38

1.21

O.29

167

K-3

0.11

14.05

36.86

30.21

11.91

5.87

O.78

0.21

180

K-4

0.03

4.84

26.53

32.71

23.56

IO.58

1.50

0.25

151

K-5

0.01

5.92

26.39

33.58

21.39

10.86

1.51

0.34

153

K-6

0.08

12.71

40.50

31.39

10.84

4.08

0.32

0.08

183

K-7

2.11

39.26

30.60

16.46

6.O5

3.79

1.03

0.70

222

K-8

0.18

5.83

33.30

41.79

12.46

5-53

0.62

0.29

166

K-9

0.16

7-55

31.18

43.15

12.48

4.00

O.58

0.90

168

K-10

0.09

12.59

43.77

29.94

8.05

4.20

0.54

0.82

184

K-ll

0.04

8.28

36.47

35.96

12.11

5.52

O.71

O.91

171

K-12

0.08

23-95

47.31

20.49

5-97

1-93

0.15

0.12

207

K-13

0.01

8.14

43.32

29.93

11.44

5.57

0.86

0.73

175

K-14

0.01

5.19

37-64

36.76

14.33

5.33

0.39

0.35

167

* Tyler Screen Series

Meshes

Opening

Wentworth grain

per inch

in urn

s

ize c]

assest

35
48

417
295

Medium sand

250 am

65
100

208
147

125 \m

Pine

sand

150

200

104

74

63 \ixn

Very

fine sand

325

43

Silt

t Krumbein

5c Pettijohn

, 1938,

p. 80.

separations. These solids were then resuspended in 30 milliliters of -water.
After the sediment had settled, fractions containing suspended clay-size mater-
ial -were drawn off with an eyedropper and spread on glass slides. The clay min-
eral content was so low that several applications were necessary to build up
enough oriented clay-size material on the slides to obtain adequate X-ray pat-
terns. Diffraction patterns of each sample were run on a Norelco X-ray unit
after glycolation and again after the sample had been heated at 300° C for 1
hour.

SAND SAMPLES

Chemical analyses of each sample are shown in table 2. The mineral -
ogical analyses of each sample are shown in table 3. These tables show that
the alumina content varies from U . i+3 to 5.8l percent, while the total feldspar
in the samples varies from 11.3 to 22.7 percent. Of the total feldspar, the
potassium feldspars average 10.0 percent, the sodium- calcium feldspars average
6.h percent, and the composite feldspar grains average 1.2 percent. The alumina

- 9 -

content of the samples is predominantly in the feldspar, hut it is also pres-
ent in the much less abundant feldspathic rock fragments, some heavy minerals,
and the clay minerals. The silica in the samples is predominantly in the quartz,
"but it is also present to a much lesser extent in the rest of the mineral frac-
tions. The average quartz content is 69.9 percent, ranging from 6k. 6 to 78.1
percent. These chemical and mineralogical analyses agree very closely with
those of samples from the same area reported by Willman (19^2) and by Ehrlinger,
ten Kate, and Jackman (1969).

A separate study was made on the heavy mineral fraction of each dune
sample. This fraction averaged 2.k percent of the total weight of each sample.
Individual minerals do vary slightly in percentage between samples, but the
suite of minerals present is nearly identical in all samples.

The clay minerals , determined by X-ray diffraction in 11 samples out
of the total 13, make up less than 0.5 percent of each sample. The most abun-
dant clay minerals are chlorite-vermiculite and illite. They form three clay
mineral assemblages, two samples in which illite is dominant and chlorite-ver-
miculite in minor amounts, four samples with approximately equal amounts of
illite and chlorite-vermiculite, and five samples in which chlorite-vermiculite
is dominant and illite is a minor constituent. Distribution of these assem-
blages in the dune field forms no regular pattern. However, as the deepest
samples from a dune were dominantly illite and an overlying sample fell into
the equal illite and chlorite-vermiculite group, it is possible that there is
some vertical zonation of the clay minerals — the dominantly illite group rep-
resenting deeper, incompletely leached sand, the group equal in illite and
chlorite-vermiculite coming from shallower sand, and the dominantly chlorite-
vermiculite group being from the shallowest, most weathered sand. This pos-
sibility cannot be verified by the samples used in this study because they
represent thick intervals that may be affected by slumping.

TABLE 5— CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE < U8- AND > 200-MESH SAND

% of

Sample

original
weight

Analyses

{%)

number

K20

Na20

CaO

AI2O3

Si02

Fe203

Ti02

K-l

89.26

1.42

O.98

1.45

5.H

83.0

1.17

0.17

K-3

84.15

1.49

1.01

1.30

4.94

85.6

1.14

0.17

K-4

93.41

1.88

1.13

0.23

5-55

86.4

1.17

0.23

K-5

92.22

1.51

0-99

O.67

5.80

81.9

1.63

0.18

K-6

86.81

1.45

0.91

1.20

4.69

86.8

1.12

0.16

K-7

56.90

1.48

0.84

0.57

5.60

84.5

1.86

0.27

K-8

93.08

1.45

0.84

0.50

4.63

85.8

0.70

0.09

K-9

90.81

1.64

0.82

0.36

5.00

82.4

O.96

0.12

K-10

85.96

1.34

O.72

0.47

4.93

84.6

1.03

0. 17

K-ll

90.06

1.49

0.79

0.38

5.12

81.7

1.21

0.12

K-12

75.70

1.32

0.73

0.44

5.09

87.I

0.83

0.07

K-13

90.26

1.26

0.84

O.63

5.26

90.2

1.47

0.21

K-14

94.06

1.41

0.94

0.67

4.70

85.O

1.35

0.17

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- 11 -

The only samples (K-l, K-3 , and K-U) in this study found to be cal-
careous are from a roadcut through a dune (fig. 1, table l) that exposes about
25 feet of sand. In this dune, carbonates have been completely leached from
the sand to a depth of about 10 feet. Sample K-3 contained the most carbonate
(less than h percent), effervescing freely when treated with acid and losing
more weight than the other acidized samples. Samples K-l and K-U effervesced
only slightly. The petrographic microscope revealed both calcite and dolomite
in these three samples.

The grain sizes shown in table k reveal that the sand is well sorted
and varies from medium to fine, a conclusion that agrees very closely with the
physical description of dune sands given by Willman (19^2, p. 15-19). Some
larger grains are well rounded, but the sand as a whole is subrounded, and
roundness decreases rapidly with grain size. The sand with the greatest average
grain size (K-7) has the lowest feldspar content, and the sand with the finest
average grain size (K-^) contains the highest percentage of feldspar (tables 3
and k) . Although this relation did not exist for all of the intermediate size
samples , in nearly every sieve fraction of individual samples the feldspar con-
tent increased with decreasing grain size. Decrease in grain size also was ac-
companied by an increase in heavy mineral grains and a decrease in feldspathic
rock fragments. Tables 2 and k show that the samples with fine average grain
sizes have the highest iron and titanium oxide contents. We therefore decided
to eliminate the coarser than U8-mesh sand because of its low alumina content
and the finer than 200-mesh sand (even though it is high in alumina) because
of its high iron and titanium oxide content. This practice would also provide
a uniform product, which is very important for optimum plant operation. The
chemical analyses of the material from finer than U8- to coarser than 200-mesh
are shown in table 5.

BENEFICIATION

Samples K-l and K-12 were selected for detailed benef iciation tests
after the chemical and mineralogical results of the 13 sand samples had been
compared and the locations from which they were obtained in the dune field had
been examined. Both samples came from areas that have sufficient reserves to
sustain an operation, and hauling expense to the plant would not be prohibitive.
K-l contains more feldspar than K-12, but they are sufficiently representative
of the dune field to allow the results of this study to be used to evaluate
the area.

The beneficiation procedure used on samples K-l and K-12 is illus-
trated on the schematic flowsheet (fig. 2) , which is essentially an outline of
the following discussion. However, it should be noted that the last conditioner
and classifier steps enclosed in dashed lines represent laboratory conditions
and not simulated plant conditions.

Tables 6 and 7 present chemical analyses and recoveries of the bene-
ficiation products of K-l and K-12 that were progressively removed from the raw
sands to produce the final feldspar concentrates. Each step is listed on the
tables, and numbers key them to figure 2. The beneficiation treatment of the
samples included attrition, removal of the coarser than U8— and finer than 200-

- 12 -

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- Ik -

mesh sand, gravity separation, magnetic separation, rough flotation, milling,
and cleaner flotation. An additional magnetic separation was added for the
feldspar concentrate of sample K-l.

The experience gained in the two previous feldspar heneficiation stud-
ies of this series by Ehrlinger, ten Kate, and Jackman (1969) and Ehrlinger and
Jackman (1970), prompted us to subject the raw dune sand (fig. 2, no. l) to two
attrition stages. One pound of sulfuric acid was used per ton of sand in each
stage. Attrition is an established commercial process in which the grains are
driven against each other in a slurry to produce a scrubbing action that, aided
by the sulfuric acid, disaggregates the clays and removes most of the hydrated
iron oxides from the surface of the sand grains , both of which results are nec-
essary prior to subsequent benef iciation. The removed slimes (fig. 2, no. 2)
have a high alumina content, but they are basically clay, have a high iron ox-
ide content, and would not be marketable as part of the feldspar product. The
pound of sulfuric acid used per ton of sand in each stage of attrition is not
a rigid ratio, and operating plants should determine the optimum quantity by
experimentation.

Following the two attrition steps , the coarser than U8-mesh material
(fig. 2, no. 3) was removed. This relatively low-alumina product could be sold
as a clean, washed, sized sand. It is also quite low in iron and titanium oxide
content. The finer than 200-mesh sand (fig. 2, no. h) also was removed at this
time. Heavy minerals could be separated from this fraction and sold with the
gravity concentrate removed at step 5 (fig. 2) as a raw, heavy mineral product.
In step 5> the deslimed sands (finer than kQ- to coarser than 200-mesh) were
subjected to a gravity separation process for the removal of heavy minerals.
Humphreys spirals or shaking tables would be most applicable for this process,
which removes heavy mineral grains that contain calcium, magnesium, iron, or ti-
tanium. In test K-l (table 6) the gravity concentrate was responsible for only
3.02 percent of the sample's original weight, yet it contained 15.^ percent of
the original calcium oxide content, ^5«3 percent of the original iron oxide con-
tent, and 66.5 percent of the original titanium oxide content. About 75 percent
of the gravity concentrate consists of, in order of abundance, hornblende, il-
menite, garnet, magnetite, and rock fragments. The more valuable heavy miner-
als, such as zircon, rutile , and monazite, make up less than 5 percent of the
concentrate. Any marketable, heavy mineral product would come from the gravity
concentrate, possibly combined with heavy minerals from the finer than 200-
mesh sand fraction, because the bulk of the purer heavy mineral grains is con-
centrated in these two by-products. As gravity separation is a low-cost opera-
tion, it should receive favorable consideration in a plant flowsheet.

The tailings from the gravity separation were next subjected to a wet
magnetic process. In the laboratory test the sands were passed through a Carp-
co Wet Magnetic Separator, Model MWL 3^+65 , at field current settings of 0.25,
1.00, 2.50, and 5*00 amperes. In a plant operation, no more than two intensi-
ties, and perhaps only one, would be required. The combined magnetic concen-
trate of sample K-l (table 6) included lU.3 percent of the calcium oxide con-
tent, 21.0 percent of the iron oxide content, and 15.9 percent of the titanium
oxide content, although it accounted for only ^.80 percent of the original weight
Nearly 80 percent of the magnetic concentrate consists of hornblende and rock
fragments and a smaller amount of magnetite.

- 15 -

At this point the beneficiation of the flotation feed was completed.
The chemical analyses of the K-l and K-12 flotation feeds are given in step 7
of tables 6 and 7, respectively. Each step leading up to this point, with the
exception of the removal of the coarser than U8-mesh material, significantly
reduces the calcium, iron, and titanium oxide contents. The arrangement of the
beneficiation steps from the attrited feed to the flotation feed is not critical
to the subsequent flotation steps, but it is critical if specific by-products,
such as the gravity concentrate, are to be sold.

The flotation feed (fig. 2, no. 7) is a nearly pure quartz-feldspar
sand that could be added just as it is to the sand used in glass making, the
quantity used depending on the chemical requirements of individual operations.
The residual iron oxide content of two small splits from K-l and K-12 flotation
feed samples was reduced to less than 0.005 percent by acid leaching without
reducing the alumina content.

The last major process in beneficiation is the separation of the feld-
spar from the quartz by flotation (fig. 2, nos. 8 through ll). The pulp was con-
ditioned with one pound of concentrated (U8 percent) hydrofluoric acid per ton
for 8 minutes, next with 0.5 pounds of Delamate 8l Reagent (Hercules) per ton
for h minutes, and finally floated with methyl isobutyl carbinol, as needed, for
8 minutes. The rougher tailing is a very clean quartz concentrate (fig. 2, no.
8) that should be marketable for various uses, such as a high-quality concrete
sand.

The rougher concentrate (fig. 2, no. 9) is slurried at a high solid
to liquid ratio and ground for 20 minutes with ceramic grinding balls in a
ceramic mill. This step is designed not to break grains but to further scrub
the surfaces of the feldspar grains. The rougher concentrate was again condi-
tioned with hydrofluoric acid and Delamate 8l and then floated without frother
to produce the cleaner tailing (fig. 2, no. 10 ) and cleaner concentrate (fig.
2, no. ll). After it was dried, the cleaner concentrate was passed through a
Carpco Induced Roll Magnetic Separator, Model M 127, from which a very small
percentage of slightly magnetic grains were removed (fig. 2, no. 12).

The feldspar concentrate from test K-l, B-II (table 6, no. 13) at
this point had the following chemical analysis (in percent): potassium oxide,
8.57; sodium oxide, 3.8l; calcium oxide, 1.63; alumina, 17.87; silica, 6l.Ul;
iron oxide, 0.^5; and titanium oxide, 0.01. The ratio of concentration (R/C)
was 7.30; it represents the number of tons of raw sand required to produce one
ton of feldspar concentrate.

With the exception of the iron oxide content, the material left at
no. 13 is quite a high quality feldspar concentrate, and, as pointed out by
Ehrlinger, ten Kate, and Jackman (1969), there is an adequate market for feld-
spar in northeastern Illinois. The problem of reducing iron oxide content
without reducing the alumina content has arisen in all past feldspar studies
of Illinois sand (Willman, 19^2, p. 13; Hunter, 1965, p. 5; Ehrlinger, ten
Kate, and Jackman, 1969, p. 16 ; and Ehrlinger and Jackman, 1970, p. 8). Will-
man (19^2, p. 16) and Hunter (1965, p. 5) had significantly reduced the iron
oxide content of sand samples by using an acid treatment. During this study
the residual iron oxide content of several flotation feeds and quartz and feld-
spar concentrates was lowered considerably by acid leaching while the alumina

- 16 -

TABLE 8— COMPOSITION OF SELECTED FELDSPAE CONCENTRATES

Sample and
test

Chemical

analyses

(*1

K20

Na20

CaO

A12°3

Si02

Fe203

T102

R/C

a

K-12,

C-I

8.99

3.65

1.06

17.5

59-6

0.28

0.02

8.15

b

K-12,

C-II

8.60

4.11

1.29

20.4

61.5

0.33

0.03

8.37

c

K-12,

C-III (> 65 m only)

9.70

3.96

1.24

19.4

64.2

0.21

0.04

29.49

d

K-12,

C-III (65 to 200 m)

9.15

3.90

1.36

19.3

63.0

0.24

0.06

18.01

e

K-12,

C-III (c + d)

9-33

3.92

1.32

19.3

63.5

0.24

0.05

11.18

content remained stable. For example, a sample of the K-l , B-II , final feld-
spar concentrate was treated under laboratory conditions for 15 minutes in a
hot (approximately 90° C) acid solution containing 20 percent by volume of con-
centrated hydrochloric acid and 5 percent by weight of stannous chloride (Krum-
bein and Pettijohn, 1938, p. U8). The sample was then reanalyzed for iron and
was found to contain only 0.0U percent, well below the maximum allowable in
glass of flint grade, while the alumina content remained stable.

Although this precise treatment may not prove economical, it does in-
dicate that most of the iron oxide in the quartz and feldspar concentrates oc-
curs in a residual surface coating. This fact had been suspected because bin-
ocular microscope observations of feldspar concentrates under oblique illumina-
tion had revealed that some patches of orange-red grain coatings remained in
the surface irregularities of some grains. Hunter (1965, p- 8-9) clearly il-
lustrated that some feldspar grains contain inclusions of iron-bearing minerals
and alteration products. However, our study has shown that most of those grains
were rejected during the magnetic separation stages of beneficiation. There-
fore, further experimentation with methods convertible to plant scale is highly
recommended for this phase of beneficiation of feldspar from Illinois.

The feldspar concentrate from test K-12, B-IV (table 7, no. 11) had
a chemical analysis similar to that of sample K-l. Percentages were: potas-
sium oxide, 9^50; sodium oxide, 4.3^; calcium oxide, 1.38; alumina, 18.56;
silica, 60.i+9 ; iron oxide, 0.57; and titanium oxide, 0.03. The ratio of con-
centration was 9.28. The iron oxide content of this feldspar concentrate was
reduced to 0.l8 percent by the hydrochloric-stannous chloride treatment with
no reduction in alumina content. In this test the dry magnetic separation after
final flotation was eliminated, which might account for the fact that K-12 had
a final iron oxide content higher than that of K-l.

In the final phase of testing, another short series was run on sam-
ple K-12 with some variations not shown on the flowsheet (fig. 2). The coarser
than U8-mesh sand was left in the feed and the finer than 150-mesh (rather than
the finer than 200-mesh) sand was eliminated prior to flotation. The over-all
quantity of coarser than 48-mesh sand in the dune field may be large enough to
justify further beneficiation, since 2k percent of the total weight of sample
K-12 (table k) is in the coarser than 48-mesh fraction, which contains 1^ per-
cent feldspar. The resulting feldspar concentrates were as good as those of
the preceding tests. Alumina was generally more plentiful and iron oxide less
so than they were in the tests in which the finer than 200-mesh material was
eliminated. The compositions of several feldspar concentrates derived by this

- 17 -

procedure are shown in table 8. In most of these feldspar concentrates, later
acidation resulted in iron oxide reductions similar to those reported in the
preceding paragraphs .

PRODUCTION EFFECTS

A recent paper by Philip Loughman, "Feldspar Production Potential of
Local Sand Dunes in Southeastern Kankakee County, Illinois," written for a
landscape architecture project at the University of Illinois, is on file at the
Illinois State Geological Survey. Using the product ratios given by Ehrlinger,
ten Kate, and Jackman (1969) , Loughman designated primary and secondary sites
for a feldspar plant that could produce 100,000 tons of feldspar per year. The
plant would have a productive life of 27.5 years, would be within a radius of 2
miles of the raw sand, would not detract from the beauty of the dunes, and would
allow the natural resources to be developed without adding to existing railways
and roads.

Loughman' s estimated life for the plant considered only sand in the
surficial dunes. The additional underlying sand deposit found during our study
could increase the productive life of the plant to from 55 to 137 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The dune field of southeastern Kankakee County, which extends over an
area of approximately 50 square miles, is an enormous potential source of feld-
spar. As a result of this study, the following conclusions about this natural
resource can be drawn:

(1) The surficial sand is reasonably uniform in its
feldspar content, and the feldspar content is re-
lated more to the grain-size distribution than to
the sample location.

(2) The thick sand body underlying the surficial dune
field increases previous estimates of the area's
feldspar reserves two to five times.

(3) The sand's response to benef iciation techniques
seems to be about the same in each area tested.

(U) As the testing program used scaled-down commer-
cial processes, feldspar produced on a large
scale in a commercial plant should be at least
as good as the feldspar concentrates produced
in this testing program.

(5) Additional acidation tests indicated that the

iron oxide content of the feldspar concentrates

- 18 -

produced in this testing program can be greatly-
reduced with no reduction in alumina.

(6) Several "by-products might be saleable. Included
are a clean, washed sand separated by sieving
before flotation and a quartz sand separated by
flotation, both of which would possibly be mar-
ketable as concrete additives. The heavy min-
eral concentrates might be sold as a raw mater-
ial to heavy minerals producers.

REFERENCES

Ehrlinger, H. P. Ill, W. G. ten Kate, and H. W. Jackman, 1969, Kankakee dune sands as a com-
mercial source of feldspar: Illinois Geol. Survey Industrial Minerals Note 38, 17 p.

Ehrlinger, H. P. Ill, and H. W. Jackman, 1970f Lower Mississippi River terrace sands as a
commercial source of feldspar: Illinois Geol. Survey Industrial Minerals Note 43,
18 p.

Gross, D. L., and S. R. Moran, 1970* A technique for the rapid determination of the light
minerals of detrital sands: Jour. Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 759-761.

Hunter, R. E., 1965, Feldspar in Illinois sands — A further study: Illinois Geol. Survey
Circ. 391. 19 P-

Krumbein, W. C., and F. J. Pettijohn, 1938, Manual of sedimentary petrography: Appleton-
Century-Crofts, New York, 549 p.

Reid, W. P., 1969, Mineral staining tests: Colorado School of Mines, Mineral Industries
Bull. , v. 12, no. 3, 20 p.

Willman, H. B. , 1942, Feldspar in Illinois sands — A study of resources: Illinois Geol. Sur-
vey Rept. Inv. 79, 87 p.

Willman, H. B., and J. C. Frye, 1970. Pleistocene stratigraphy of Illinois: Illinois Geol.
Survey Bull. 94, 204 p.

SELECTED LIST OF SURVEY PUBLICATIONS

MINERAL ECONOMICS BRIEFS SERIES

5. Summary of Illinois Mineral Production in 1961. 19-62.

11. Shipments of Illinois Crushed Stone, 1954-1964. 1966.

12. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the East St. Louis Region, Illinois. 1966.

13. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Extreme Southern Illinois Region. 1966.
17. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Springfield Region, Illinois. 1967.

19. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Western Illinois Region. 1967-

20. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northwestern Illinois Region. 1967 .

22. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northeastern Illinois Region. 1968.

26. Evaluation of Fuels— Long-Term Factors and Considerations. 1969 •

27. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1968. 1970-
29. Directory of Illinois Mineral Producers. 1971-

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS NOTES SERIES

13. Summary of Illinois Mineral Industry, 1951-1959. 1961.

17. Pelletizing Illinois Fluorspar. 1963.

19. Binding Materials Used in Making Pellets and Briquets. 1964.

20. Chemical Composition of Some Deep Limestones and Dolomites in Livingston County, Illinois. 1964.

21. Illinois Natural Resources — An Industrial Development Asset. 1964.

23. Limestone Resources of Jefferson and Marion Counties, Illinois. 1965 .

24. Thermal Expansion of Certain Illinois Limestones. 1966.

26. Binders for Fluorspar Pellets. 1966.

27. High-Purity Limestones in Illinois. 1966.

29. Clay and Shale Resources of Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Effingham, Jasper, and Vermilion

Counties. 1967.

30. Lightweight Bricks Made with Clay and Expanded Plastic. 1967 -

31. Clays as Binding Materials. 1967-

32. Silica Sand Briquets and Pellets as a Replacement for Quartzite. 1968.

34. Neutron Activation Analysis at the Illinois State Geological Survey. 1968.

35- Computer-Calculated Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Tables for Illinois (7-5-Minute Intersections),

1968.

38. Kankakee Dune Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1969.

39- Alumina Content of Carbonate Rocks as an Index to Sodium Sulfate Soundness. 1969.

40. Colloidal-Size Silica Produced from Southern Illinois Tripoli. 1970.

41. Two-Dimensional Shape of Sand Made by Crushing Illinois Limestones of Different Textures. 1970.

42. An Investigation of Sands on the Uplands Adjacent to the Sangamon River Floodplain: Possibilities

as a "Blend Sand" Resource. 1970.

43. Lower Mississippi River Terrace Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1970.

44. Analyses of Some Illinois Rocks for Gold. 1970.

45. Clay and Shale Resources of Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Counties, Illinois. 1971.

46. Sideritic Concretions in Illinois Shale, Gravel, and Till. 1972.

47. Selected and Annotated List of Industrial Minerals Publications of the Illinois State Geological

Survey. 1972.

ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTES SERIES
(The Illinois Minerals Notes Series continues the Industrial Minerals Notes
Series and incorporates the Mineral Economics Briefs Series)

48. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1970. 1972.

49. Clay and Shale Resources of Peoria and Tazewell Counties, Illinois. 1973.

50. By-Product Gypsum in Illinois — A New Resource? 1973.

51. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1971. 1973.

52. Fuels and Energy Situation in the Midwest Industrial Market. 1973.

53. Coal Resources of Illinois. 1974.

54. Properties of Carbonate Rocks Affecting Soundness of Aggregate — A Progress Report. 1974.

55. The Energy Crisis and Its Potential Impact on the Illinois Clay Products Industry. 1974.