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AYYE3ZX Fishes

COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES

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VOL. 26, NO. 7 JULY 1964

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
Be eee cee DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, ASST. DIRECTOR

CLARENCE F, PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW S

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service. U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 1, 1963.

5/31/68
CONTENTS
COVER: A clean catch of Northwest Pacific pink shrimp (Panda-
lus jordani) on a sorting table aboard the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. (See
Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 for article "Shrimp
Explorations off Vancouver Island, British Columbia by M/V
John N. Cobb, October-November 1962."' A reprint available as
Sep. No. 704.)
Page
1 . .Improved Rapid Method for Determining Total Lipids in Fish Meal, by Preston Smith, Jr.,|Mary E.
Ambrose, and George M. Knobl, Jr.
Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Alaska: Cans --Shipments for Fishery Products:
Trends and Developments, April 1964: 9 .. January-December 1963
Fos Commercial Fishing Industry Still Opera- 10 .. January-March 1964
tional in Spite of Earthquake Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
tt % Soviet Fishing Fleet off Yakutat 10 .. Trade Wind Zone Oceanographic Studies Con-
Mi fore Soviet Crab Fleet off Kodiak tinued
MT dane Soviets Continue to Fish Portlock Bank Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Mien Soviet "Flounder" Activities in Bering Sea 11 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January-
CAS Soviet Vessels Fish for Shrimp in Bering April 1964
Sea Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
iat Japanese King Crab Fleet in Outer Bristol 12... Shrimp Gear Studies Continued
Bay 13... Shrimp and Menhaden Investigations in the
Bes Japanese Shrimp Fishery -Gulf of Mexico Continued
LE ese Japanese Long-Line Fishery Gulf Fishery Investigations:
Boas Japanese "Exploratory" Fishing in Gulf of 14 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies
Alaska 15) % Shrimp Biology Program
8. Seismic Exploration Agreement Completed 16 .. Shrimp Dynamics Program
Hike First Halibut of Season Landed at Ketchikan 17 .. Estuarine Program
Bigeye Herring Roe-on Kelp Harvest 18 .. Industrial Bottomfish Fishery Program
8. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Loan Pro- Industrial Fishery Products:
gram Takes Emergency Actions U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
Dt oes Exploratory Fishing Plans Completed 2 aon Production by Areas, April 1964
California: US) as Production, February 1964°
9 .. Request for Anchovy Industrial Fishery Maine Sardines:
Denied 19 .. Canned Stocks, April 1, 1964

Contents continued page II.

Page

20
20
20
21
21
23
23

24
25
25
25
26

27
27

28
29

29
30

35
36

COMMERCIAL FISHERIE REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Merketing:
Edible Fishery Products, 1963
Michigan:
Sport Fish Survey in Great Lakes Waters
Minnesota: 4
Regulations for Fish-Processing Establish-
ments
National Fisheries Center and Aquarium:
Design Program Being Prepared
Research Facilities to be Extensive
North Atlantic Fisheries:

Soviet Fishing Vessels Return to New Eng-
land Waters

Haddock and Whiting Abundance on Georges
Bank Holding Up Despite Heavier Fishing

Signal Used to Indicate U.S. Vessel is Fish-
ing

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:

Northern Edge of Georges Bank Surveyed

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:

Demersal Fish Off Southern Washington Sur-

veyed
Oceanography:

Observations in Pacific Northwest Coastal
Waters by Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Research Vessel

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Research
Vessel Geronimo Makes New Discoveries

Two New England Universities May Add Ma-
rine Science Programs

Rhode Island University Receives Funds for
Graduate Research Training Grants

New Research Laboratory Dedicated at
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

University of Miami Receives New Research
Grants for Studies in Marine Biology

New Marine Laboratory Building Planned at
University of Miami

Ohio:
Commercial Fishery Landings, 1963
Oregon:
Record Silver Salmon Release From State
Hatcheries

Fish Disease Study Center Openea
Fish and Wildlife Kills Being Investigated
Salmon:
Industry-Government Promotion Campaign
North Pacific Winter Distribution and Tag-
ging
North Pacific High-Seas Tagging Project
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Exploratory Trawling Off North and South
Carolina Continued
Shrimp:
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, April
1964
Sport Fishing:
License Sales Increased in 1963
Tuna
U.S. Canned Tuna Industry Presents Award
to Interior Department for Marketing As-
sistance
United States Fisheries:
Fish Sticks and Portions Production, 1963
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota

Page

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
U.S. Foreign Trade (Contd.):

Ate Processed Edible Fishery Products, March

1964
Washington:
Salmon Planting Program Continues
Dogfish Shark for Hatchery Fish Feed
Wholesale Prices:
Edible Fish and Shellfish, May 1964
FOREIGN:
International:
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Development Semi-
nar
Outboard Motors Increase Fishing Efficien-
cy of Traditional Craft in Six Countries

ee Sweden Helps Pakistan Mechanize Small

Fishing Craft
International Convention for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries:
Soviet Union Ratifies Protocol Amendment
Concerning Harp and Hood Seals
International Pacific Halibut Commission:

ae Special Meeting Held

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention:
Japan Ratifies Protocol Amending Interim
Convention on Conservation of Fur Seals
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission:

9.0 Salmon and Crab Fisheries Negotiations

Concluded Between U.S.S.R. and Japan
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:
Fishery Technologists Meeting
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission:
Third Session Meets in Paris, June 10-19,
1964
Argentina:
Fisheries Trends, 1963
Australia:
Licensing and Import Regulations Affecting
Fisheries
Direct Fish Landings by Foreign Vessels
Restricted
Spiny Lobster Tagging Project
Trout Farm Planned in Tasmania
British West Indies:

.. Outlook for Barbados Shrimp Fishery Prom-

ising
Cambodia:
Commercial Fisheries Production, 1960-1963
Republic of Cameroon:

.. Chinese Tuna Vessels to Train Cameroon

Fishermen
Canada:

. British Columbia Canned Salmon Industry
Asks for Tariff Reduction at 1964 GATT
Negotiations

. Small Stern-Fishing Factoryships Ordered by
Newfoundland Firm from Dutch Shipyard

New Committee Formed for Development of
Fresh-Water Fisheries
Chile:
Fish Meal Industry Trends, First Quarter
1964
Costa Rica:
Green Turtle Regulations

Contents continued page III.

July 1964

Page

51
51
52
53

54
55
55
55
55

58
58

58
59

59
59

59
59
60
60
60
61
61
61
62

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Cuba:
Equipment for New Fish Cannery Built in
Estonia
Denmark:
Fisheries Developments, April 1964
Fisheries Trends, January-March 1964
Industrial Products Supply and Distribution,
1963
Ethiopia:
New Company Will Handle Fishery Products
German Federal Republic:
Fisheries Research Vessel Walther Herwig
Commissioned
Greece:
Freezer-Trawler Landings, January-Feb-
ruary 1964
New Experiment to Use Fish Meal as Fish
Food
Iceland:
Fishery Landings by Principal Species,
1962-1963
Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Jan-
uary-November 1963
Exports of Fishery Products, 1962-63
Utilization of Fishery Landings, 1962-1963
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January-
November 1963
Two New Fishing Vessels Delivered by
British Shipyard
India:
Indo-Norwegian Fisheries Development
Projects Continued
Japan:
Frozen Tuna To Be Exported to Cuba
European Big-Eyed Tuna Market Reported
Soft
Japanese Negotiate Tuna Prices with U.S.
Packers in American Samoa
Japanese Fishery Official's Views on Amer-
ican Samoa Tuna Base
1964 Tuna Mothership Regulations for Two
Fishing Companies Changed by Govern-
ment
Agreement Signed for Joint Tuna Venture
in Cape Verde Islands
Completion of Joint Japanese-British Fiji
Islands Tuna Base Delayed
Japanese Summer Albacore Fishery
Tuna Purse-Seining Experiment in South
Pacific Unsuccessful
Tuna Mothership Departs for Tahitian Wa-
ters
Tuna-Vessel Refueling at Sea to Continue
Exports of Tuna Specialty Packs, FY 1963
Tuna Delegation to U.S. Being Considered
Canned Tuna Market Trends, April-May
1964
Tuna Long-Line Exploratory Cruise Aids
United States Shark Study
Prices Paid for First Japanese Salmon
Landings, May 1964
Salmon Prices Negotiated with Vessel
Owners
Salmon Fishery Quota Allotment and Fleet
Composition
Salmon Negotiation with U.S.S.R. Concluded

Page

62
63

74
75
76
76
76

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Japanese View on Canadian Canned Pink
Salmon Market Trends
Bottomfish Mothership Operations in Bering
Sea
Bering Sea Vessel Departures
Shrimp Fishery in Bering Sea
Japanese Atlantic Trawl Fleet
Japan May Join International Commission for
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Freezership Departs for Las Palmas to
Process Bottomfish
Large Stern Trawlers Completed
Stern Trawler Completed for Bering Sea Op-
erations
Two New Stern Trawlers Sent to West African
Fishing Grounds
Large Stern Trawler Completed for Rumania
Vessel Construction, May 4, 1964
National Program to Promote Frozen Fish
Sales Established
Fish Sausage Production, Fiscal Year 1963
South African Fish Meal To Be Imported by
Japan
US$1 Million for South Korean Imports Al-
lotted by Japan
Japanese-Canadian Talks on Fishing Limits
Planned
Kelp Fishery Agreement with Soviet Union
Mauritania:
Signs 50-Year Fisheries Treaty with Spain
Mexico:
Possible Effects of Shrimp Vessel Tie-Up at
Mazatlan
Morocco:
Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1964
Tangier Fish Market Sales, 1963
Netherlands:
Marine Oil Industry Trends, 1963, and Ant-
arctic Whaling Results, 1963/64 Season
New Trawler Tinie Cornelia
Norway:
Exports of Canned Fish, January 1-February
22, 1964
Norwegian Stern-Fishing Factory Trawler
Lands Frozen Processed Catch in England
Supply and Disposition of Marine Oils, 1963
with Comparisons
Shipyards to Build Shrimp Vessels for Ku-
wait
Peru:
Fish Meal Production and Exports, January-
March 1964
South Africa:
Fisheries Trends, Early 1964
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery, January 1964
Republic of Togo:
Fishery Products Imports from Soviet Union
Increase in 1963
U;,S..S. R.:
Soviet Fishing Industry
Pacific Salmon Hatcheries and Fisheries
North Pacific Whaling Fleet To Be Increased
Electronic Fishing Gear Being Tested
Underwater Craft Designed for Barents Sea
Studies

Contents continued page IV.

Page

76
78

78
79

79
80

for each photograph in this issue.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
U.S.S.R. (Contd.):

.. Fishery Developments Since 1913

United Kingdom:
Worldwide Tariff Reduction Asked by British
Prime Minister
British Fishing Industry
Production of Frozen Processed Fishery
Products, 1963
British Firm Plans to Expand Fleet of Re-
frigerated Stern Trawlers
New Machine Cuts Fish-Drying Process to
30 Hours
Viet-Nam:
Shrimp Exports to Japan Up in 1963
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Commerce:
Area Redevelopment Administration:
Industrial Loan to Maryland Pet Food Firm
Approved
Survey of Fisheries Potential in Carteret
County, North Carolina

Page

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
New Food Additive Regulation Concerning
Kelp
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
Eastern Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Fishing
Regulations Proposed
Office of Emergency Planning:
Alaska and a California County Declared
Major Disaster Areas
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth
Circuit:
Fishermen Considered Independent Contrac-
tors

- Eighty-Highth Congress (Second Session)

RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Miscellaneous Publications

RAPID SPREAD OF BARNACLE INVESTIGATED

Investigation is being carried out on the world's rapid spread of the

barnacle (Eliminius modestus), also known as the Australian barnacle,
which first turned up in European quarters in 1945 at Chichester, and by
1953 had reached the German coast, spreading rapidly to the estuarine
system of the River Elbe and the Schleswig-Holstein coast. It reached the
islands of Helgolandand Sylt by 1955. This presumably passive passenger
is now commoninmany European coastal areas and competes with the na-
tive barnacle (Balanus), the acorn barnacle, butitis knowntobe less toler-
ant of low water temperatures which have held production to a less rapid
rate than might have been possible. (Sea Secrets, April 1964.)

Editorial Assistants:

Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky

Compositors: Alma Greene, Donna K. Wallace, and Marjorie McGlone

HK 3 OK OK OK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from

the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P. 1--Albert Kelly, Bureau of Mines; pp. 6 and 7--R.
H. Anderson, KVOS TV, Bellingham, Wash.; p. 37--
J. Pileggi; p. 65--R. C. Naab; p. 106--RexG. Schmidt.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

COMMERCIAL FIS

July 1964 Washington, D. C.

IMPROVED RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINING
TOTAL LIPIDS IN FISH MEAL

By Preston Smith, Jr.*, Mary E. Ambrose*, and George N. Knobl, Jr.**
ABSTRACT

In a search for a quicker method for the determination of total lipids in fish meal
than the currently used method of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists,
the rapid Bligh and Dyer method for determining the lipid in fish meat was studied.
Problems involving filtration and emulsions were encountered, which were largely
eliminated, respectively, by using diatomaceous earth and anhydrous sodium sulfate
and by increasing the initial ratio of solvent to water in the extraction process. Thus
modified, the Bligh and Dyer method gave results in close agreement with those ob-
tained by the more time-consuming AOAC method.

INTRODUCTION

Fish meal is one of several ingredients usually contained in commercial mixed feeds for
animals. The manufacturers of those feeds are careful to ensure that the nutritive value of
their products remains uniform and consistently high in quality. Hence fish meal and the oth-
er ingredients used in the formulations are carefully checked. Ordinarily, fish meal is ana-
lyzed for such components as moisture, nitrogen, and lipid content. The nitrogen content is
indicative of the amount of protein present,
and the lipid content provides an index of
the caloric value of the meal.

Unlike the closely specified procedure
used for ascertaining the content of nitro-
gen, the content of lipid may be determined
by any of several methods. The method that
has been used quite satisfactorily as an in-
dex for caloric value is that of ether extrac-
tion (crude fat). Recently, however, there
has been a growing demand for information
on the fats or lipids in fish meals that pec
not be extracted by ether (''total'' fat)L’,
Since there is speculation that the differ-
ence between total fat and crude fat may in-
dicate the degree of oxidation of the fat.

The method of the Association of Offici-

al Agricultural Chemists for determining Determination of lipids in fish meal by the modified Bligh and Dyer
total lipids in fish meal provides consistent- method.

* Chemist F vi at Bn
© Supervisory Chemist t Technological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College Park, Md.

1/"Total" fat, for purposes of this paper, will be the value obtained by the method (22.037) of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists (1960).

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service

Sep. No. 705

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

ly reproducible results and gives values among the highest obtained by any method. In the
AOAC method, the initial extraction of fish meal is followed by acid hydrolysis and then by a
second acetone extraction. These conditions presumably free the "bound" lipids and extract
"total" lipids from the fish meal. Because this method requires over 35 hours to complete, .
it is not a rapid analytical tool.

In 1959, Bligh and Dyer developed a rapid extraction procedure to measure the lipids in
raw fish. Briefly, their method consists of homogenizing the fish tissue with a mixture of
chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water
in the tissues. Subsequent dilution with chloroform and water then separates the homogenate
into two phases. After filtration and clarification, the chloroform layer contains the lipids,
and the methanol-water layer contains the nonlipid material. Unfortunately, though this meth-
od is rapid, it is not entirely satisfactory for use with fish meal.

The purpose of the work reported in this paper therefore was to try to modify the rapid
Bligh and Dyer method so that it can be used to determine reproducibly and accurately the
total lipids in fish meals. The main topics considered in this report are the following:

1. Modifications needed in the Bligh and Dyer method.

2. Description of the modified method developed.

3. Evaluation of the modified method.
MODIFICATIONS NEEDED

In our study of the modifications needed to adapt the Bligh and Dyer method for use with
such materials as fish meal, five menhaden meals were used. (Menhaden meal constitutes
the bulk of the fish meal produced in the United States.) These meal samples differed in age
and were from various areas of production. The principal difficulties encountered in the use
of the Bligh and Dyer method in the analysis of these meals arose from problems relating to
filtration and emulsions.

FILTRATION: When the unaltered method was used with the fish meals, two of the sam-
ples would not filter satisfactorily. Hyflo Super Cel (diatomaceous earth), however, has been
used in column chromatography (Hanahan, Dittmer, and Warashina 1957) to enhance the flow
of lipids through columns. This product and anhydrous sodium sulfate were therefore used in
an attempt to improve filtration. By this procedure, all five samples filtered faster and gave
a clearer filtrate than was obtained with the unmodified Bligh and Dyer method.

EMULSIONS: Emulsions were formed in all five samples tested. The following pro-
cedures were tried in an attempt to lessen the formation of emulsions: (1) addition of neutral
salts--sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride; (2) use of higher alco-
hols for extraction--methanol was replaced by ethanol and octanol; (3) use of a surfactant--
Aerosol OT; (4) centrifugation; and (5) changes in the ratio of the organic solvents.

The sample that gave the largest amount of emulsion with the unmodified Bligh and Dyer
method was used to evaluate these procedures. Changes in the ratio of the organic solvents
proved to be the most beneficial of the alterations tried, so this modification was studied in
detail. The phase-volume ratio was changed from an initial ratio of 50 ml. of chloroform:
100 ml. of methanol, to 100 ml. of chloroform : 100 ml. of methanol, and finally to 150 ml. of
chloroform : 100 ml. of methanol. Higher values for extractable material were obtained with
both modifications in ratio of solvents. The last ratio of solvents, however, also resulted in
both decreased emulsions and in improved filtration and was therefore considered the more
satisfactory.2/ Table 1 presents the results of extraction of lipid by the unmodified Bligh and
Dyer method and by the various modifications in the ratio of solvents.

2/In addition, this ratio of solvents resulted in a biphasic system throughout the extraction procedure. Hence, some people may inter-
pret this approach as a new application of chloroform:methanol extraction rather than a modification of the Bligh and Dyer method.

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Table 1 - Fat Extracted from Samples of Fish Meal by Variations of the Bligh and Dyer Method

: Fat Content of Fish-Meal Sample:
Extraction Method Replicate a a 6C79 4B120 19013

1, Original method

50 CHC13/100 MeOH {
2. Filtering aid {

50 CHC13/100 MeOH

3. Filtering aid
100 CHC13/100 MeOH

4, Filtering aid {
150 CHC13/100 MeOH

1/The samples were not filterable.

Note: Each entry represents a single analysis except Method 4 where each entry is the average of six analyses. Column

headings "'E, " "6C79,"' etc. identify number of sample.

MODIFIED METHOD

The modified method resulting from the observations reported in the previous section is
as follows:

1. Homogenize 10 grams of fish meal in an electric blender for 2 minutes with a mix-
ture of 37 ml. of water, 150 ml. of chloroform (analytical reagent grade), and 100
ml. of absolute methanol (analytical reagent grade).

2. Add 50 ml. of chloroform to the mixture, and blend for an additional 30 seconds.

3. Transfer the mixture to a 600-ml. beaker containing 20 grams of Hyflo Super Cel and
20 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate.

4, Mix the contents; and filter into a 1,000-ml. filter flask, using a Buchner funnel and
Whatman number 1 filter paper.

5. Add 50 ml. of water to the filtrate, and mix thoroughly.

6. Transfer the filtrate to a 500-ml. graduated cylinder.

7. Reblend the residue for 2 minutes with 200 ml. of chloroform, and then refilter.
8. Add the filtrate to the cylinder.

9. Wash the blender jar, beaker, and filtering flask with about 50 ml. of chloroform.
10. Filter the washings and add them to the cylinder.

11. Allow a few minutes for separation and clarification of the filtrate, record the volume
of the chloroform, and remove most of the methanol-water layer by aspiration.

12. Mix the contents of the cylinder, and remove the remaining methanol-water layer and
also a small volume of the chloroform layer.

13. Take a 25-ml, aliquot of the chloroform layer, and dry it under a stream of nitrogen
in a 50° C. water bath.

14, Place the dried sample in a vacuum dessicator over phosphorus pentoxide, and allow
to dry overnight.

15. Calculate the weight of the total lipid in the sample as follows:
Wt. of total lipid = Wt. lipid in aliquot _x volume of chloroform layer

Volume of aliquot

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

EVALUATION

In evaluating the modified Bligh and Dyer method, we were concerned with the following
four aspects:

1. Purity of the lipid extract obtained by the modified method.
2. Precision of the method.
3. Accuracy of the method.

4. Comparison of the results obtained by the method with those obtained by the AOAC
method.

PURITY: The material extracted by organic solvents usually contains some nonlipids.
In a satisfactory method for determining lipid, this extract of nonlipid material must, of
course, be kept to a minimum. Accordingly, we tested the purity of the extracted material
by drying an aliquot of the extracted fat, redissolving it in chloroform, and observing it for
undissolved residue. With the improved initial ratio of 150 ml. of chloroform : 100 ml. meth-
anol for extraction, no residue was noted in

any of the samples tested. However, in some Table 2 - Reproducibility of Improved Method
of the other procedures tested, residue was oe Benee eon Gi Fa
observed. Grea M Standard Standard
ample can Deviation Error
E poo

PRECISION: To determine the reproduci- vie sh eieie ee (Pexcent) « . s/s) + so 2
bility of results of the improved procedure,
we analyzed each of five menhaden meals six
times, and evaluated the results statistically.
As is shown in table 2, the maximum devia-

tion from the mean was +0.23 percent. Note: The mean represents the average of six analyses.

ACCURACY: Test results on samples to which oil has been added should give an indica-
tion of the accuracy of the method in terms of the possible errors in the mechanical manipu-
lations, although not in terms of the ability of the system to extract bound fat.

Table 3 - Recovery of Menhaden Oil Added to Fish Meal

Fat Present erepuatal
t
Total at by lyses

(Percent) 2. ec ccercccerccesrccecce
16.05 102.2

15.51
15.92 15.61

Recoveries were tested by extracting mixtures of 0.3 grams of menhaden oil with 10
grams each of the same five menhaden meals. Table 3 presents the recovery data, showing
that the widest variation in the recovery of menhaden oil was 2.2 percent.

COMPARISON: The AOAC method 22.037 for the determination of fat in fish meal was
used for comparison. The data in table 4 show that closely comparable results were obtained
by the AOAC method and the modified Bligh and Dyer method. It is interesting to note that the
values obtained with the modified method were lower for four meals, but that for one meal,

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

Table 4 - Comparison of Fat Extracted by the Improved
Method and the AOAC Method
aa
mice Improved Method!/ AOAC 22,0372/

Br ow onaiee, apt tRErCeDit) oN elie ee el eialia =

more lipids were found than by the AOAC
method. In no pair of values, however; was
the absolute difference greater than 0.48 per-
cent.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In trying to shorten the time of analysis
required by the AOAC method for total lipid 12.51 12.61
in fish meal and similar products, we studied i/Average of six analyses.
the possibility of adapting the Bligh and Dyer
method used for analyzing the lipid in fish
meat. We used five samples of menhaden meal of varying age and lipid content in developing
and testing the modified method.

Applying to fish meal the Bligh and Dyer method--which utilizes chloroform, methanol,
and water in such proportions that after the initial extraction, a two-phase system is formed--
results in problems involving filtration and emulsions. Filtration was improved by the addi-
tion of diatomaceous earth and anhydrous sodium sulfate. Emulsions were largely eliminated
by increasing the initial ratio of solvent to water.

The purity of the extract was tested by drying an aliquot of the extracted fat, redissolving
it in chloroform, and checking for insoluble material. After the ratio of solvent to water was
changed, no residue was noted in any of the five samples tested. The precision of the method
was checked by analyzing six replicates of each of the five menhaden meals and evaluating the
results statistically. The maximum deviation from the mean was £0.23 percent. The accura-
cy of the improved method was determined by the percent recovery of added menhaden oil to
the same five fish meal samples. The widest variation noted in recovery was 2.2 percent.

Lipid determination by the improved method compared favorably with results from AOAC
method 22.037. ,

We concluded that in the analysis of menhaden meal and presumably of other fish meals
the modified rapid Bligh and Dyer method could serve satisfactorily as a substitute for the
more time-consuming AOAC method.

LITERATURE CITED

ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS HANAHAN, D. J.; J. C. DITTMER; and E, WARASHINA
1960. Official Methods of Analysis. 9th Ed. Assoc. of Of- 1957. A Column Chromatographic Separation of Classes of
ficial Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box 540, Ben- Phospholipids. Journal Biological Chemistry, vol.
jamin Franklin Station, Washington 4, D. C., Sec- 228, pp. 685-700.

tion 22.037, pp. 287-288.

BLIGH, E. G., and W. J. Dyer
1959. A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purifi-

cation, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and
Physiology, vol. 37, pp. 911-917.

Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior-a department of conservation--is concerned with the
management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park
and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs.

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable
resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved for the future,
and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the
United States--now and in the future.

iS ar it

Alaska

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS,
APRIL 1964:

Developments in the Alaska fisheries fol-
lowing the March 27 earthquake, foreignfish-
ing activity, and other developments for April
as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Alaska Regional Office, Ju-
neau:

Commercial Fishing Industry Still Oper-
ational in Spite of Harthquake: The March
27, 1964, earthquake in Alaska caused wide-
spread rising or subsidence of large sections
of land masses in Alaska. The epicenter was
apparently in the Prince William Sound area.
As of the end of April, information indicated
that the fault line extended from east of Ko-
diak northerly through the Kenai Peninsula.
West of that fault line the land masses sub-
sided 5 or 6 feet, and east of the fault line
the land was raised 5 or 6 feet. Along with
this tremendous earth movement were tidal
waves which inundated large parts of the low-
lands surrounding the Gulf of Alaska. South-

eastern Alaska, east of Yakutat, was virtu-
ally unaffected. The Alaska Peninsula, Aleu-
tian Islands, Bristol Bay, and Arctic coast-
The prin-

line also suffered little damage.

Fig. 1 - This is what the harbor at Kodiak looked like after the
earthquake. Pieces of the dock are floating here as well as
testing inland. Tides now running 8 feet higher than old max-
imums.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

sess | RENDSS

Ce EDEVELO PMENTS ==

Vol. 26, No. 7

cipal damage occurred in the Cook Inlet, Ko-
diak Island, and Prince William Sound areas.

Although the impact of the quake and waves
destroyed many boats, skiffs, gear, andsome
shore plants, the overall impact on the fish-
ing industry was not as severe as at first in-
dicated. The suffering and hardship to indi-
viduals cannot be minimized, but the fishing
industry as a whole was still functional a
month after the catastrophe.

The king crab fishery was the hardest hit
with about 15 to 20 percent of its 1963 capa-
bility destroyed. The shrimp fishery suffered
relatively minor damages, although the larg-
est shrimp plant at Seward was lost. While
many salmon vessels and two salmon plants
were destroyed, the salmon industry retains
the capability for harvesting the 1964 run in
the normal fashion. Halibut cold-storage
plants lost or damaged will cause a redistri-
bution of this season's halibut landings but,
otherwise, the halibut industry remains fully
capable. The Dungeness crab fishery suffered
considerably in the Cordova area with the loss
of hundreds of pots and some plant and boat
damage. By the end of April it was back in
operation almost at full scale. Razor clam
beaches off Copper River flats were raised
and shifted and some clam mortality occurred,
but that industry was going ahead with good
results. About 50 to 75 percent of the Copper
River flats salmon gill-net fishing area was
high and dry in April and state regulations
in that area will be changed.

The effects of the quake and waves and the
changes in elevation may have severe effects
on the fish themselves. At least 30 miles of
red snapper were observed floating dead on
the surface. The effects of waves, silting,
and of millions of gallons of gas and oil dis-
persed into intertidal zones have caused un-
evaluated damage. Slides and the falling and
shifting of ice undoubtedly had some impact
on the resource.

July 1964

Fig. 2 - Viewing upper downtown section of Kodiak from a hill-
side. About 24 dwellings were demolished, and many others
were moved as much as 4 blocks off their foundations. A good
part of the business district sustained substantial damage.

Fig. 3 - Part of the downtown section of Kodiak after the earth-
quake. Note how vessels were tossed onto the land.

Damage to docks and waterfront facilities,
because of the change in elevation, may well
exceed the actual damage of the quake and
waves. The east side of Kodiak Island has
subsided 5 to 6 feet and several major docks
and plants probably must be relocated. Homer
Spit and Seldovia also appear to be 3 or 4
feet lower and will require extensive dock
and plant relocation. The land mass around
the Cordova area raised in some places as
much as 6 feet and docks, boat ways, and
dolphins will require extension or relocation.
The entire city of Valdez will be relocated.

Soviet Fishing Fleet off Yakutat: The
Soviet trawling fleet operating off Yakutat
during April 1964 extended from Cape St.
Elias to the Fairweather grounds northwest
of Cape Spencer. That fleet included about
95 trawlers, 16 reefers, 3 factoryships, 2
cargo ships, 1 salvage tug, and 1 tanker. The

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Soviet catches appeared to be almost entirely
Pacific ocean perch, with no salmon, halibut,
or appreciable quantities of other incidental
species evident. The Soviet trawlers were
fishing in depths of 100 to 165 fathoms, av-
eraging about one hour per drag, and with
catches varying between 1,000 and 20,000
pounds. That fleet off Yakutat constituted the
most easterly concerted Soviet fishery so far.

Soviet Crab Fleet Off Kodiak: The Soviet
crab factoryship Pavel Chebotnyagin and her
tangle net-setting SRT's were observed fish-
ing king crab in the Gulf of Alaska on April
6, about 15 miles north of Chirikof Island
south of Kodiak Island. Surface and aerial
observations of that vessel's operation were
analyzed and it was tentatively estimated the
catch by that fleet might exceed 30,000 crabs
a day. On April 20, aerial patrol units ob-
served the Chebotnyagin under way about 40
miles south of Chirikof Island, indicating the
Soviets had withdrawn from the Kodiak area.
On April 22, she left the Gulf of Alaska and
entered the Bering Sea via Unimak Pass. As
of the end of April, she was operating off Uni-
mak Island.

Soviets Continue to Fish Portlock Bank:
The Soviet trawling fleet centered in the Port-
lock Bank region east of Kodiak has remained
at a relatively constant level and is estimated
to include 8 trawlers and 2 reefers. There
is considerable interchange between that fleet
and the larger trawling fleet off Yakutat, both
of which are fishing mainly for Pacific ocean
perch.

Soviet ''Flounder" Activities in Bering Sea:
Trawling activities in the eastern Bering Sea
by Soviet vessels were at their lowest level
this year in April as the flounder expeditions
were apparently being terminated and/or di-
verted to other fisheries. The flounder fleet
consisted of about 25 trawlers, 5 reefers, 1
factoryship, and various support vessels.

Sea: The Soviets were engaged in a shrimp
fishery northwest of the Pribilof Island, it
was confirmed in April. Personnel of Japa-
nese shrimp fishing fleets inthe area reported
that two Soviet trawlers had been active in
that fishery for nearly three weeks. One of
the Soviet vessels was observed making one
haul yielding an estimated 800 pounds of
shrimp.

Japanese King Crab Fleet in Outer Bristol
Bay: A Japanese king crab fleet consisting

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of the factoryships Tokei Maru and Tainichi
Maru, each accompanied by six catcher boats,
was reported fishing tangle net gear, centered
in outer Bristol Bay north of Port Moller dur-
ing April.

Japanese Shrimp Fishery: The Japanese
shrimp factoryship Chichibu Maru and her
accompanying fleet of 12 trawlers left the
area northwest of Unimak Pass during April
and moved into the more common Japanese
shrimp grounds north of the Pribilof Islands.
The shrimp factoryship Hinin Maru and her
reported 12 trawlers were operating in the
vicinity of the Chichibu Maru fleet at the time.

Japanese Long-Line Fishery: It was be-

lieved the Japanese long-line fleets that en-
tered the Bering Sea halibut fishery in the 3B
North Triangle area abandoned the halibut
grounds near Unimak Pass and moved north
nearer the Pribilof Islands. The Fuji Maru
No. 3, with 5 accompanying long-line fishing
vessels, was sighted southeast of St. George
Island in April.

Japanese ' Exploratory" Fishing in Gulf of
Alaska: The Japanese stern trawler “ Taiyo

Maru No. 81 was reported operating about 40
miles south of the southwest end of Kodiak
Island during April. The second Japanese
trawler to conduct "exploratory" fishing in
the Gulf of Alaska, the 545-gross-ton side
trawler Tenryu Maru, was scheduled to leave
Japan on April 15 but had not yet been sighted
in the Gulf.

Seismic Exploration Agreement Completed:
Negotiations were completed providing safe-
guards for living marine resources during
seismic explorations utilizing explosives in
the waters off Alaska. The Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries and the Alaska Department
of Fish and°Game developed provisions gov-
erning explosive detonations to minimize the
possibilities of damage to marine life and
commercial fisheries. Those provisions are
incorporated into seismic permits issued by
the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for
exploration in State of Alaska waters and by
arrangement with the U.S. Bureau of Geo-
logical Survey are integrated into their per-
mits for seismic exploration in the interna-
tional waters of the outer continental shelf.
Fisheries observers will accompany all seis-
mic teams subject to the provisions to en-
sure compliance. Those observers are em-
powered to halt operations any time excessive
kills of marine life occur or are likely to oc-

Vol. 26, No. 7

cur. A cooperative agreement between the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and A-
laska Department of Fish and Game provides
that the observers will function with equal
authority whether in State or International wa-
ters.

First Halibut of Season Landed at Ketch-
ikan: Several fares of halibut from the Ber-
ing Sea were sold through the Ketchikan Fish
Exchange during April. The first trip was
delivered to Ketchikan this season by the ves-
sel Yakutat on April 15. Bidding by the local
buyers brought a standard price of 18.10, 18,
and 10 cents for large, medium, and chicken
halibut, respectively.

Herring Roe-on-Kelp Harvest: The her-
ring roe-on-Kelp fishery at the west coast
villages of Craig and Hydaburg ended inApril.
At Craig the quota of 110 tons set by the A-
laska Department of Fish and-Game was
reached in 10 hours of fishing, and at Hyda-
burg the quota of 50 tons was reached in 6
hours. This year 7 packers participated in
the fishery as against 2 packers in 1963.
Quota requests from processors to the A-

_laska Department of Fish and Game totaled

more than 600 tons in 1964. Prices paid to
pickers jumped from 5 to 6 cents a pound in
1963 to 15-20 cents a pound in 1964.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Loan
Program Takes Emergency Actions: Under
Secretary of the Interior James K. Carr met
with the Regional Director for Alaska, Bu-

‘reau of Commercial Fisheries, during his

inspection trip to the areas affected by the
earthquake disaster. Possible emergency
actions that might be initiated and modifica-
tions of the Bureau's Fisheries Loan Pro-
gram that could be affected to aid in recovery
joperations were discussed. With subsequent
authority from the Secretary of the Interior,
the Bureau opened an emergency office at
Kodiak on April 10, under the supervision of
the Chief of the Bureau's Branch of Loans
and Grants.

The first emergency loan case was re-
ceived on April 11 and approved on April 13
along with two other cases that were fully
processed over that weekend. With additional
personnel, offices were also manned at An-
chorage, Seward, Cordova, and Valdez, for
several days at each location. Personnel in
that Branch's Seattle office also handled e-
mergency loan cases to assist those who went
south seeking replacement vessels, or repairs
to damaged vessels.

July 1964

In April 34 applications for loans (totaling
over $500,000) were handled in Alaska; 9 ad-
ditional applications were being processed
through the Seattle office. Throughout the
month of May the affected areas were to be
revisited and processing of loans was tocon-
tinue as rapidly as possible. As many who
lost vessels had not yet made firm plans to
obtain replacement vessels, it was expected
that applications would continue to be re-
ceived sporadically for several more months.

Exploratory Fishing Plans Completed:
Arrangements were made by the Bureau of

Commercial Fisheries Branch of Exploratory
Fishing tocharter the halibut schooner Para-
gon starting May 18 at Seattle. Unless earth-
quake repercussions or other circumstances
make it unfavorable, exploratory fishing per-
sonnel planned to conduct about 3 weeks of

underwater television experiments from Port
Wakefield. Those studies, starting on or

about May 26, were planned to determine the
feasibility concerning the use of television

for locating and studying king crab. Follow-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

At the hearing, sportsmen argued that
commercial fishermen had already ruined
the sardine industry and that the same thing
would happen to the anchovies if the permits
were granted. They said that the anchovy is
the key to sport fishing in southern California
and that without the anchovy as a forage fish,
the bigger species such as yellowtail, barra-
cuda, tuna, and albacore would have to mi-
grate to more favorable waters toward Mexico.

The California Fishand Game Commission
voted 5-0 against the commercial fishermen's
request.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p- 12.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products

January-December 1963: The amount of
steel and aluminum consumed to make cans
shipped to fish and shellfish canning plants
during 1963 was down 6.9 percent from that

Table 1 - U.S, Domestic Shipments of Metal Cans for Fishery Products, 1963 and 1962
Base Boxes of Metal Consumed in the Manufacture of Cans for Fishe

| First Quarter | Second Quarter_| Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | Year
a
155,814 | 158,531 | 215,924 | 189,556 | 276,572 821, 842 880, 367
32, 668 34,986 127, 866 98, 105

8 71 140

701, 1 594,561 1,921,655 2, 104, 112

Total all areas [ 558,588 906, 127 | 925, 120 | 523,217 | 647,304 | 2,871,434 | 3,082,724 |

Laer Puerto Rico.
2/Includes Alaska and Hawaii.

Receiving

used during 1962. The decline was due to
smaller shipments to the Eastern and Western
Areas which were only partly offset by larger
shipments to the Southern Area. The pack of
salmon and tuna was down on the West Coast.
A smaller pack of Maine sardines accounted
for the decline in shipments to the East Coast.
On the Gulf Coast, however, there was a con-
siderable increase in the pack of shrimp.

ing in the experimental studies on king crab, it
is planned that detailed shrimp exploration
will continue off Kodiak Island and westward
along the Alaska Peninsula.

California

REQUEST FOR ANCHOVY INDUSTRIAL
FISHERY DENIED:

A request by commercial fishermen of
Monterey, Calif., to take 13,000 tons of an-
chovies for reduction into meal and oil was
denied by the California State Fish and Game
Commission. This was the result ofa special
meeting held on May 11, 1964, at Monterey
so that public comments could be heard on
the proposed experiment to fish for anchovies
for reduction purposes, and whether or not
permits should be granted to firms in the
Monterey area for that purpose.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

January-March 1964: Shipments of cans
for fishery products during January-March
1964 were 2.6 percent below shipments inthe
first quarter of 1963. A decline in shipments
to the Western Area (due to a drop in the
pack of tuna) was almost offset by larger
shipments to the Eastern Area. East Coast
canneries now packing tuna account for most
of the increase in the Eastern Area.

Table 2 - U, S, Domestic Shipments of Metal Cans for Fishery
Products, Jan, -March 1963 and 1964 (Base Boxes of Metal
Consumed in the Manufacture of Cans for Fishery Products)

Receiving
Area
Eastl/etve se «
Southern... .
North Central.
West2/ . 2.6.

‘Total all areas. . we eee e 572, 907 558, 588
it /Includes Puerto Rico.
2/Includes Alaska and Hawaii.

In January-March 1964, shipments to the
Pacific or Western Area accounted for 62.8
percent of total shipments; shipments to the
Eastern Area accounted for 32.8 percent; and
shipments to the Southern Area accounted
for most of the remaining 4.4 percent. Most
of the fish-canning facilities are located in
the Pacific Area.

Notes: (1) Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants
known to be producing metal cans, A "base box" is an area
31, 360 square inches, equivalent to 112 sheets 14" x 20" size.
Tonnage figures for steel (tinplate) cans in 1964 are derived by
use of the factor 23.5 base boxes per short ton of steel. (In the
years 1962 and 1963, tonnage data were based on the factor
21.8 base boxes per short ton of steel.) The use of aluminum
cans for packing fishery products is small.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1964 p. 9,
April 1963 p. 15.

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

TRADE WIND ZONE
OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES CONTINUED:
Townsend Cromwel ruise ;

(March 16-April 5, 1964): To determine the
rates of change in the distribution of oceano-
graphic properties within the trade wind zone
of the central North Pacific was the main ob-
jective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of

Commercial Fisheries research vessel Town-

send Cromwell. The cruise was one of a
series designed to investigate the relation
between wind and ocean currents. (Recent
studies of the oceanographic climate of the
Hawaiian Islands region have revealed that
the southern boundary of the high salinity
North Pacific Central water is seasonally

Vol. 26, No. 7

Legend:
o Hydrographic station.
e BT

4 Plankton station.
----Subtropical conversion line.

(Crise track of M/V Townsend Cromwell Cmise 2 (March 16-April
5, 1964), and flow patterns based on geostrophic interpretation
of the distribution of the depth of the 20° C, isotherm,

displaced north-southward. Those surface
water displacements are believed to be asso-
ciated with seasonal changes in the trade wind
system. In addition, the trade wind area is
one of the most important energy transfer
regions in the North Pacific and events there
affect the whole North Pacific Central and
North Pacific Equatorial circulation systems.)

During the cruise, 42 oceanographic sta-
tions were occupied. At each station temper-
atures and samples for salinity analysis were
obtained at 20 depth points extending to 1,500
meters.

Bathythermograms were obtained at 30-
mile intervals along the cruise track, and be-
tween selected stations (19-21,26-28, and 35-
37) bathythermograph casts were made at 10-
mile intervals.

July 1964

Surface temperatures and water samples
for salinity analysis were obtained at each
bathythermograph observation.

Bathythermograph data were coded and
transmitted four times daily to the Fleet Nu-
merical Weather Facility, Monterey, Calif.

At station 25, while drifting relative toa
parachute drogue, subsurface currents were
measured by means of a meter at depths of
10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 meters.

Sets of 10 plastic-enclosed drift cards
were released at 30-mile intervals along the
entire cruise track.

Standard marine weather observations
were made and transmitted 4 times daily.

Radiation from sun and sky was measured
and recorded daily by a pyrheliometer. Col-
ored photographs of cloud formations were
made.

Surface plankton tows of 30 minutes were
made daily with a 1-meter net.

A standard watch for bird flocks and fish
schools was maintained by vessel personnel
during daylight hours. In addition, observers
from the Smithsonian Institution maintained
a watch for birds.

The chart shows, in addition to the cruise
track, the ocean current pattern within the
survey region as inferred from field plots of
the distribution of the depths of the 20° C.
(68° F.) isotherm. In general, the current
pattern was Similar to that previously ob-
tained by the same method during Townsend
Cromwell Cruise 1 (February 14-March 6,
1964). However, the large counterclockwise
eddy found at approximately 13°-14° N. lat-
itude between 150°-155° W. longitude on
Cruise 1 was not seen on the Cruise 2 dis-
tribution. But two other flow patterns, not
present during Cruise 1, were noted on the
20° C. isotherm chart for Cruise 2. Those
flow patterns were: (1) a counterclockwise
eddy at 18°-19° N. latitude between 1489-
153° W. longitude, and (2) a clockwise eddy
between stations 6 and 7. At the time of
Cruise 2, the subtropical convergence east
of the Hawaiian Islands was located at about
the same position as during Cruise 1.

A total of 14 unidentified fish schools and
1 skipjack school were sighted during Cruise

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

2. Eleven of those schools, including the skip-
jack school were sighted south of 15° N. lati-
tude. The remaining 4 schools were sighted
in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Island chain.

jote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 13, Oct.

1963 p. 30. :
tR
1)
Ue oe

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-APRIL 1964:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, less fresh and frozen fishery products
were purchased by the Defense Subsistence
Supply Centers in April 1964 than in the pre-
vious month. The decline was 27.2 percent
in quantity and 26.9 percent in value. Com-
pared with the same month in the previous
year, purchases in April 1964 were down12.6
percent in quantity and 6.4 percent in value.

Total purchases in the first 4 months of
1964 were up 5.2 percent in quantity, but down
6.3 percent invalue because of generally lower

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, April 1964 with Comparisons

VALUE

i Jan. -Apr.
1964 1963 [1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 |
aleretece) (2a000) bar) S17 000)rererenalete

1,734 | 1,985 | 8,524 4,458 | 4,757

ele eee e (

903 965

eee

8, 102

Table 2 - Selected Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products|
by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, April 1964
with Comparisons

Brodnce April an. -April
aire 1964 1963 | 1964 [1963 |

ec ee © eee « (Pounds) «0 eee eee

Shrimp:

Raw headless , 1/
276, 208 1/
Breaded 1,454, 100 1
[Scallops «219, 350 205,000[ 910, 350] 775,968
sters:
Pacific 19,314] 1/ 93, 120 1
1

431, 867
99, 170
Fillets:

Cod

Flounder and sole

Haddock

236, 100 | 364,030] 1, 247, 220 | 1, 334, 620

>
Steaks:
Halibut 116,770| 98,170] 423,795| 500,598
Salmon 15,675] 18,390 64,977 69,925)
Swordfish 700} 2,050 6,010 11, 230

1/Breakdown not available.
2/Includes 8,650 pounds of haddock portions,

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

prices. In January-April 1964 there were
larger purchases of shrimp, scallops, clams,
and flounder fillets, but smaller purchases
of cod fillets, haddock fillets, ocean perch
fillets, and halibut steaks.

Canned: In the first 4 months of 1964, to-
tal purchases of the 3 principal canned fish-
ery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines)
were up 88.2 percent in quantity and 87.1 per-

Table 3 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Supply Centers, April 1964 with Comparisons

April

1963 Lisei [163 1964 [1965] 1964 | 1963 |

46 107 | 189

cent in value from those in the same period

of the previous year. The increase was due

to larger purchases of tuna and salmon. The
gain was partly offset by smaller purchases

of canned sardines.

Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases
are higher than indicated because data on local purchases are
not obtainable.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 14.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

SHRIMP GEAR STUDIES CONTINUED:

M/V “George M. Bowers Cruise 50--
Phase I (April 16-24, 1964): To continue
evaluation of the electrical shrimp trawl was
the purpose of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing
vessel George M. Bowers. The main objec-
tives were to determine the effectiveness of
a mechanical tickler chain in conjunction with
the electrical array during daylight fishing,
and to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple
mechanical ticklers.

Trawling tests were conducted off the
Florida coast in the Apalachicola-Carrabelle
area. Tows were made in St. George Sound
behind Dog Island in 4 fathoms of water. The
bottom type was soft mud. A 40-foot flat
trawl with 6-foot by 32-inch doors rigged
with a tickler chain was fished on the star-
board outrigger as standard gear, and the
experimental electrical trawl was fished si-
multaneously on the port side. Drags were
of one hour duration. Tests were conducted
both day and night. The night drags were

Vol. 26, No. 7

made principally to estimate the quantity of
shrimp available in the area.

The three principal comparative evalua-
tions made were: (1) daylight electric against
daylight standard trawl; (2) daylight electric
against night standard trawl; and (3) multiple
mechanical ticklers against a single tickler
chain.

Catch results from the 20 comparative
daylight drags showed the electrical trawl
averaged 77 percent more shrimp than the
standard gear with the electrical gear always
catching more than the standard. Daylight
electric catches ranged from 7 to 19 pounds
and averaged 12 pounds.

The daytime electric trawl catches aver-
aged 10 percent less than night catches with
the standard gear. Night catches from the 11
drags with standard gear ranged from 7 to
22 pounds and averaged 13 pounds.

The chain tickler behind the electrode ar-
ray did not appear to improve catches onthat
type bottom.

Five comparative drags were made to ob-
tain an indication of the effect of two mechan-
ical tickler devices. On all of those drags,
the experimental trawl caught less than the
standard net indicating no improvement at-
trizutable to the double tickling action. The
results of those drags were not used in the
comparisons above.

M/V "George M. Bowers" Cruise 50--
Phase II (May 6-12, 1964): To evaluate the
handling characteristics and effectiveness of
an electrical shrimp trawl equipped with
transverse electrodes in place of the longi-
tudinal electrode array used in previous tests
was the primary objective of the second phase
of Cruise 50. The vessel operated in the area
off Carrabelle, Fla., and returned to port on

‘May 12, 1964.

Dragging trials were conducted in St.
George Sound behind Dog Island in 4 fathoms
of water. The bottom type also was soft mud.
A 40-foot semiballoon trawl with 6-foot by
30-inch doors rigged with a tickler chain was
fished on the starboard side as a standard.
The experimental gear was fished simultane-
ously on the port side and was indentical ex-
cept for the electrode array.

Generally, results were the same as a-
chieved with the longitudinal array--daytime

July 1964

catches with the electrical gear exceeded the
daytime catches of the standard gear but were
less than the average of the night standard
gear catches. Also, night catches with the
electrical gear were less than those of the
standard gear.

The transverse electrode array design
was easily handled with the standard shrimp-
trawler rigging.

Further tests of the electrical gear, using
a "frame trawl," willbe conducted in St. An-
drews Bay in the near future to determine:
(1) vertical and horizontal escapement levels;
(2) optimum electrode length; (3) optimum
pulse rate; (4) optimum power level; and (5)
relative effectiveness of longitudinal and
transverse electrodes.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 18.

7K OK OK OK OK

SHRIMP AND MENHADEN INVESTIGATIONS
IN THE GULF OF MEXICO CONTINUED:
M/V “Oregon” Cruise 91 (March 30-April

17, 1964): The main objectives of this 18-

Cia ena iis
ve

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

day cruise in the western and southwestern
Gulf of Mexico by the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
Oregon were to: (1) make a preliminary sys-
tematic survey of the previously undelineated
marine fauna of the international waters from
Brownsville, Tex., to latitude 23° N.; (2) ob-
tain motion picture coverage of fauna in the
200-225 depth range; (3) spot check the sea-
sonal abundance of royal-red shrimp resources
of the Mississippi Delta and Brownsville areas;
and (4) continue investigations on off-season
menhaden occurrences along the Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas coasts.

A total of 24 deep-water faunal transects
were made at 100-fathom intervals from 100
to 1,000 fathoms along the Continental Slape
off Mexico. Deep-sea snapper (Pristipomoides
andersoni) dominated catches from 100 fath-
oms. Hake (Urophycis sp.) and whiting (Mer-
luccius sp.) were dominant in the 200-300-
fathom depth range. Grenadiers (Macrouri-
dae) were predominant in the deeper waters.
Because of the unexplored nature of the off-
shore waters south of Brownsville, specimens
collected in that area constituted new distri-

MEXICO

Legend:
© - Gill net.
A - Camera set,
@ - Shrimp trawl.
O - Tumbler dredge.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

bution records. Four 400-foot rolls of 16
millimeter film (2 color and 2 black and
white) were exposed in the royal-red shrimp
depths.

Royal-red shrimp catches from the grounds
off Brownsville were very light. The best
catches were made off the Mississippi Delta
and consisted of 340 pounds of heads-on
shrimp from three 3-hour drags in 220-225
fathoms.

Twelve gill-net stations were occupied.
At each station, 6 bottom and 6 surface sets
were made in depths ranging from 7 to 20
fathoms. The gill-nets used were of No. 7
monofilament nylon thread made up in four
300-foot sections of 2 3-, 23-, 2 5-, and 3-inch
stretched mesh, and one 300-foot section of No.
69,2 -inch stretched multifilament. The catch
of large-scale menhaden (Brevoortia patro-
nus) consisted of 30 specimens caught in the
Surface sets and 23 taken in the bottom sets.
(U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Beau-
fort Biological Laboratory personnel con-
ducted 25 plankton tows to supplement the
studies on Gulf menhaden.)

Other observations during the cruise in-
cluded 18 bathythermograph casts made in
conjunction with the deep-water faunal tran-
sects off the Mexican coast. A series of mud
Samples was collected from the royal-red
shrimp grounds for tests of viscosity, adhe-

Galveston

Vol. 26, No. 7

siveness, and friction. Six tumbler-dredge
stations were occupied in various depths to
collect live molluscs for study.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 21.

ri
Gulf Fishery Investigatio ns

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V “Gus IIT” Cruise GUS-16 (April 14-
26, 1964): Shrimp sampling in the northwest -
ern Gulf of Mexico was continued during this
cruise by the chartered research vessel Gus
III operated by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Galves-
ton, Tex. Eight statistical areas (13, 14, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were covered. Stand-
ard 3-hour tows with a 45-foot shrimp trawl
were made.

Although still light, catches were not as
spotty as during the previous month's cruise
in March 1964. During the April 1964 cruise,
white shrimp were encountered in all statis -
tical areas sampled, with the best catches be-
ing taken in under 10 fathoms. The best catch-
es of brown shrimp occurred in the deeper
waters.

Off Louisiana, area 14 yielded 24 pounds
of 12-15 count brown shrimp from depths over
20 fathoms. Moving westward, a tow in area

Legend:

Bottom Isotherms °F.

GULF OF MEXICO

Fig. 1 - Bottom temperatures during M/V Gus III Cruise GUS 16 (April 14-26 1964).

July 1964

16 produced 20 pounds of 21-25 count white
shrimp from depths under 10 fathoms, and
area 17 yielded 13 pounds of 26-30 count
white shrimp from the depth under 10 fath-
oms.

Off the Texas coast, area 18 produced 12
pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from
depths over 20 fathoms and 12 pounds of 31-
40 count white shrimp from depths under 10
fathoms. In area 19, the 10-20 fathom range
yielded 18 pounds of 26-30 count brown
shrimp and 11 pounds of 15-20 count white
shrimp. In area 21, a tow in 10-20 fathoms
produced 24 pounds of 12-15 count brown
shrimp.

Fig. 2 - Station pattern for shrimp distribution studies. ,

A catch of 8 pounds of 51-67 count pink
shrimp was taken from depths under 10 fath-
oms in area 20, but only traces of pink
shrimp were found in tows made in other
areas.

Oceanographic data collected during the
cruise included 41 nansen bottle:and bathy-
thermograph casts. In addition, 41 oblique-
step plankton tows, and 10 bottom plankton
tows were completed.

Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are
the number of heads-off shrimp per pound.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 22.

Some of the highlights of studies conducted
by the Galveston Biological Laboratory of
the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
during January-March 1964:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

SHRIMP BIOLOGY PROGRAM: Shrimp Larvae Stud-
ies--Distribution and Abundance: Examination of 84 _
plankton samples collected in January and February
1963 showed that although planktonic-stage penaeids
were distributed over the entire sampling area, there
was a marked decrease in abundance from the high
noted in December 1962. Penaeids were slightly more
abundant in the offshore waters between Galveston and
Port Aransas, Tex., than in waters east or west of that
general area.

Larval and postlarval shrimp of the genus Penaeus
also decreased in numbers with the total catch being
about 7 times lower in January and February 1963 than
in December 1962.

Mysis and postlarval stages, most abundant at the
15-, 25-, and 40-fathom stations, constituted about 70
percent of the January catch, while in February 90 per-
cent of the sample catch consisted of postlarvae which
were most abundant at the 4-, 74-, and 40-fathom sta-
tions.

To investigate the possibility that large concentra-
tions of postlarval Penaeus sp. occur on the bottom
just prior to their movement into nursery areas, a
plankton '"'sled'' was constructed and put into operation
early in the quarter. This device consists of a Gulf-V
plankton net mounted on ski-type runners. The mouth
of the plankton net is about 1 foot off the bottom when
the runners are on the bottom. Results of the '"'sled"
tows appear quite promising and use of this gear will
continue on an exploratory basis.

Migrations, Growth, and Mortality of Pink Shrimp:

A third mark-recapture experiment was undertaken to
obtain supplemental information on (1) rates of fishing
and natural mortality in Tortugas pink shrimp stocks,
(2) rate of growth as related to temperature, and (3)
pattern of dispersal.

Fig, 1-Shrimp being stained as part of the investigations on shrimp migrations.

Beginning on February 15, 1964, shrimp for mark-
ing were taken on the Tortugas grounds and delivered
to a shore base at Stock Island (Key West), Fla. Those
shrimp were measured, marked, and held for a few
days before release over an area of 50 square miles

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

near the center of fishing activity on the Tortugas
grounds. A total of 964 shrimp, measuring 118-128
millimeters (4.6-5.0 inches) in total length and marked
with Trypan blue dye, were released on February 23;
1,392 shrimp measuring 115 millimeters (4.5 inches)
or more in total length (approximate sizes retained by
the shrimp fishery) and marked with fast green FCF
dye, were released on February 24. All releases were
made on the bottom by means of a release box. By
March 20, a total of 256 recoveries had been verified.

Of 360 seabed drifters designed to measure the di-
rection and speed of bottom currents and released on
the Tortugas grounds with the marked shrimp, about
90 had been recovered by commercial fishermen as of
April 1.

Abundance and Distribution of Pink Shrimp Larvae:
Three sampling cruises were completed on the Tortu-
gas shrimp grounds. Bottom temperatures on the first
cruise (February 18 and 19) were about 18° to 19° C.
(64.4° to 66.2° F.), and few or no pink shrimp larvae
or postlarvae were taken.

During the period covered, material contained in83
plankton samples was sorted and the penaeid shrimp
counted and identified. This counting and sorting proc-
ess has been facilitated by a new technique in which
cupric ammonium sulfate is added to the sample to
break up filamentous algae and detrital material in the
Samples. A tentative card format has been developed
for computer analysis of plankton data.

The number of pink shrimp postlarvae sampled at
the Buttonwood Canal bridge at Flamingo, Fla., was
consistently found to be related to current velocity in
the canal. When a plankton pump and a conventional
plankton net were operated simultaneously, the plank-
ton pump was found to catch more than twice as many
pink shrimp postlarvae. (Conducted by Univers.ty of
Miami under contract.)

Juvenile Phase of the Life History of the Pink
Shrimp in Everglades National Park (Fla.) Nursery
eae Routine sampling with the large channel net
for juvenile shrimp in Buttonwood Canal, Fla., con-
tinued. The use of wing nets as comparative sampling
devices was discontinued because of a lack of good
correlation between catches by the wing nets and the
channel net. The first field tests with a new conical
net to determine the distribution of shrimp in the canal
have proved promising. Since very few shrimp have
been caught during flooding currents, sampling at that
tidal stage will in the future be undertaken seasonally
rather than monthly.

The U.S. Weather Bureau has installed a recording
barometer at Flamingo, Fla., and the data from that
facility will now provide the opportunity to determine
whether or not there is a relationship between shrimp
movement in the canal and barometric pressure. (Con-
ducted by University of Miami under contract.)

Seasonal Distribution Patterns of Adult and Larval
Shrimp in Aransas Pass (Tex.) Inlet: The “tide-trap
data for May 1963 to March 1964 have been summa-
rized. Peaks in the total biomass moving through
Aransas Pass occur during the spring and fall transi-
tion periods. In the spring, water temperatures rise
and water levels are high, whereas in the fall temper-
atures and levels both decline. Greatest seaward
movement of juvenile brown shrimp and the less abun-
dant pink shrimp usually occurred at the full moon.

Vol. 26, No. 7

Seasonally, both species were most abundant in the Pass
from the first week of May through June. Neither was
collected between the middle of December and the first
of May.

Postlarval brown shrimp moved from the Gulf of
Mexico through the Passin maximum numbers during
April, May, and early June. The greatest number of
pink shrimp postlarvae was noted in August and Septem-
ber. The two species occurred in about equal numbers
in late June, July, and early August. None was found
between October and January. White shrimp postlarvae
were noted only occasionally. (Conducted by Institute
of Marine Science, University of Texas, under contract.)

SHRIMP DYNAMICS PROGRAM: Surveys of Post-
larval Abundance and Fisheries for Bait (Juvenile)
Shrimp: Weekly and semiweekly sampling to determine
the abundance of postlarval shrimp as they move through
Sabine Pass and Galveston Entrance (Bolivar), respec-
tively, continued during the period covered. In addition
to those collected at the shore-zone station, samples
were also obtained concurrently at two deep-water sta-
tions established in the entrance to Galveston Bay. A
12-inch Clarke-Bumpus net was used at the deep-water
stations being fished at the surface and just off the bottom.

No postlarval penaeid shrimp were caught at the Bo-
livar station during January. A few (19) were taken in
February. The first postlarvae collected this season
at the Sabine Pass station were taken on March 18. It
appeared that a later-than-usual movement of postlar-
val penaeid shrimp into Galveston Bay occurred this
year.. All specimens taken during the period were iden-
tified as brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus).

For the first time since extensive statistical cover-
age was initiated in 1959, no shrimp were taken for bait
from Galveston Bay during January. Final totals for
last year indicate that while bait shrimp production de-
creased by 6 percent in 1963, the average catch per unit
of effort increased by 13 percent.

‘Table 1 - Catch and Fishing Effort in Galveston Bay

Shrimp Fishery, 1962-1963
Fishing Average Catch
Year Effort Per Hour
1963 4
1962
Commercial Catch Sampling: The normal late-win-

ter period of low shrimp productionalong the Texas and
Louisiana coasts provided an opportunity to analyze
data previously collected in those areas. Maps illus-
trating the spatial distribution of catch and effort in the
Texas brown shrimp fishery were constructed for the
period August-December 1963. The maps are to be
used to relate fishing intensity to changes in shrimp
density. Data collected were used tocompare statistics
of relative size composition of shrimp as determined
by the box and machine methods of grading. Results
indicated that the two processes give similar results
when large numbers of landings are compared. During
some parts of the year, however, the reported size com-
position was found to be biased, presumably as a result
of marketing practices.

Lbs. Hrs, Lbs.
1,994, 600 29, 120 3
1,062,900 33, 620 31

A canvass of vessels fishing on the Tortugas grounds
was continued during the period. Information relative to
catch, effort, fishing area, and discards of small shrimp
was obtained from more than half of the fishing fleet land-
ing its catch at Key West, Fla. Three trips were made
by Bureau personnel on commercial shrimp vessels to
obtain data concerning the size of shrimp culled at sea

July 1964

Migrations, Growth, and Mortality of Brown and
White Shrimp: The brown shrimp mark-recapture ex-
periment undertaken off the. Mississippi coast in June
1963 was ended, with 429 (9 percent) of the 4,801
stained shrimp recovered. Inspection of the recovery
pattern indicated little dispersion of the marked group
from its general area of release. Calculations of fish-
ing effort expended in the study area during the study
period (June-August 1963) were completed. Examina-
tion of the effort indicated that it varied with time and
followed a downward trend.

Of the 3,115 stained white shrimp released in Gal-
veston Bay in August 1963, 412 (13 percent) have been
returned. Work was completed on the tabulation and
calculation of fishing effort expended in the study area.
Fishing effort was found to vary with time and declined
slowly in magnitude from mid-August through Septem-
ber 1963. Preliminary evaluation of mortality per 10-
day interval yielded values of 15 percent for natural
mortality and 10 to 18 percent for fishing mortality.

Fig. 2 -Diagram of the life cycle of the white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus),

The most direct means presently used for estima-
ting the growth of shrimp is by mark-recapture exper-
iments using biological stains as marks. Because bio-
logical stains concentrate in the gills, the questionhas
arisen as to whether or not the stain affects oxygen up-
take and, subsequently, metabolism and growth. To
answer that question, a series of laboratory experi-
ments was initiated in which the oxygen uptake of whole
individuals as well as gill tissue from stained and un-
marked shrimp was measured. If the oxygen uptake
of stained individuals proved lower than that of un-
stained shrimp, it could be assumed that stains retard
growth. Preliminary results from those experiments
indicate no difference in oxygen uptake between stained
and unstained shrimp.

Population Dynamics: Studies related to the selec-
tive characteristics of shrimp nets and those concern-
ed with the relative fishing power of shrimp vessels
were continued. Measurements of a large number of
shrimp collected during net trials in fall 1963 were
completed. Results from those experiments show that
Significantly fewer shrimp escape from the body of
shrimp nets than from the cod ‘ends. But when nets
with meshes as large as 23 inches and 3 inches
(stretched mesh) are used, about one-third and two-
thirds of the 40-count shrimp encountered escape from
the body of the net. Almost no marketable shrimp
(less than 68 count) escape from nets with meshes
measuring 13 and 2 inches, the sizes commonly used
by commercial fishermen.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

An improved method for processing data requiredto
evaluate the comparative fishing power of shrimp boats
has been developed. The procedure now in use will
make it feasible to compare boats fishing in different
geographic areas and on different species of shrimp.

The Seasonal, Occurrence, Distribution, and Abun-
dance of Postlarval Brown and White Shrimp in Ver-
milion Bay (La.): Beam-trawl sampling of postlarval
Prine: nece nea eenuseert Three stations were occupied
biweekly, a fourth station once a week, and the remain-
der not at all. Certain stations were not checked ac-
cording to schedule due to inaccessability resulting
from rough-waterconditions. Postlarvalbrown shrimp
first appeared in samples taken on February 24, 1964,
at the station in Southwest Pass. (Conducted by Uni-
versity of Southwestern Louisiana under contract.)

Abundance of Postlarval Shrimp in Mississippi Sound
and Adjacent Waters: As of the end of March 1964,
identification of all postlarval shrimp taken during the
study was completed. Specimens in 636 samples in-
cluded 37,250 penaeids belonging to one of the three
major commercial species. Of those, 5,257 wereclass-
ed as juveniles. Specific composition of the inshore
postlarval collections (November 1962-October 1963)
and the 1962 commercial landings from Mississippi
Sound (Area 011.1) are shown in table.

Table 2 - Mississippi Sound 1962 Commercial Shrimp Landings
and Inshore Postlarval Collections
[toa [pom WS
Commercial landings, 1962 Pare
61.0 .

[Pink |

Reni i 1.0 | 319 | 6.2
Nrba Saws | [aus | ma [oa

(Nov. 1962-Oct, 1963) no. } 25,974

Brown shrimp postlarvae appeared early in Febru-
ary this year and sampling was increased immediately.
Some offshore island stations were eliminated and two
stations were added to extend the sampling to the mouth
of Tchouticabouffa River. Numbers of postlarvae in-
creased rapidly through March. The average catch at
stations sampled in both years was more than twice

that of the corresponding period in 1963. (Conducted
by Gulf Coast Research Laboratory under contract.)

Item

ESTUARINE PROGRAM: Ecology of Western Gulf
Estuaries: Systematic data collection according to the
plan initiated in January 1963 was refined following
completion of sampling operations in February 1964.
The addition of 8 marsh stations and 6 plankton stations
should provide better biological coverage of the Gal-
veston Bay system, whereas the inclusion of dissolved
oxygen, total nitrogen, and phosphate measurements at
40 of the previously established hydrology stations will
enhance the water-quality aspects of the overall study.
Sampling with small trawls will continue on a monthly
basis at 64 of the original 65 stations. Recent acquisi-
tion by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the re-
search vessel Redfish (a 29-foot inboard cabincruiser)
is expected to greatly facilitate future sampling activity.
This vessel was put into service on a trial basis in
March and was to be completely outfitted and ready for
extensive operation by mid-April 1964.

The total weight and numbers of organisms collected
during the period were well below those of the previous
quarter. This reduction is attributed to the low water
temperatures sustained during January and February,
averaging 10.0° and 12.9° C. (50.0° and 55.2° F.), re-
spectively. Temperatures during March increased

Significantly, averaging 17.99 C. (64.29 F.), as did the
quantity of trawi-caught individuals.

The Atlantic croaker was the dominant species taken
in trawl samples throughout the system during the pe-
riod. The bay anchovy persisted at about the same.
level as in the previous period. Adult white shrimp
and blue crab, which were found in very small numbers
during January and February in the deep-water chan-
nels, appeared to be slowly moving back into the bay
in March. Gravid female blue crabs appeared in March
for the first time since November 1963, while adult
brown shrimp were very scarce throughout the period.
An indication that menhaden had spawned, possibly in
November or December, was confirmed by the appear-
ance of large numbers of postlarvae in plankton sam-
ples collected during February and March.

Intensive sampling for postlarval brown shrimp
throughout the Galveston estuary was initiated on a
weekly basis early in March. It is scheduled to con-
tinue throughout the period of peak influx of postlarvae
and until the young shrimp begin to enter the trawl
catches as juveniles. The purpose of this study is to
determine the rate of dispersion of postlarval shrimp
throughout the system and to establish their relative
abundance in the various habitats and areas within the
system. As of March 11, 1964, brown shrimp postlar-
vae were in evidence in small numbers in East and
Lower Galveston Bays. A gross examination of sam-
ples collected a week later indicated an increase in
numbers in those two areas and dispersion throughout
most of the estuary. Peak immigration, however, did
not appear to have been reached by mid-March.

Number and average weight data for brown and
white shrimp collected during 1963 were compiled in
terms of unit of effort (5 minutes of trawling) and then
grouped by subarea as well as habitat. On an annual
basis (1963), the greatest abundance of white shrimp
occurred in East Bay, followed in diminishing order by
Trinity Bay, Upper Galveston Bay, Lower Galveston
Bay, the mouth of the San Jacinto River, and the tidal
pass at Galveston Entrance. East Bay also had the
highest average catch of brown shrimp followed by
Trinity Bay, the mouth of the San Jacinto River, Upper

Galveston Bay, Lower Galveston Bay, and the tidal pass.

The smallest shrimp, both white and brown, were taken
in the upper bays (East and Trinity) while the largest
individuals were caught near large oyster reefs in the
lower bay areas, in the tidal pass, and in the adjacent
Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, adja-
cent to Fast Bay, yielded high catches of small white
and brown shrimp, indicating it is a major transport
system from the tidal pass and East Bay to thousands
of acres of adjoining and connecting marshes.

The most important habitat for white shrimp seemed
to be the system's tertiary bays and bayous as against
other habitat types such as the open-water and shore-
line areas of the larger bays. In contrast, average
catches of brown shrimp from the shoreline areas of
the larger bays were as good as those from the tertiary
bays and bayous.

INDUSTRIAL BOTTOMFISH FISHERY PROGRAM:
Life Histories of Central Gu ottomfish: Len and
weight frequency distributions of Atlantic croaker col-
lected during research as well as commercial vessel
operations in Mobile Bay, Mississippi Sound, and in
the Gulf east of the Mississippi River Delta revealed
the presence of three distinctly separate size groups
during October 1963. Fish in Mobile Bay and in Mis-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

sissippi Sound averaged 12 centimeters (4.7 inches) in
total length and 15 grams (0.5 ounce) in weight, and
were presumed to be 1 year old. Individuals collected
from industrial bottomfish catches made on near-shore
grounds (2 to 7 fathoms) in the Gulf averaged 17 centi-
meters (6.7 inches) and 50 grams (1.7 ounces), and
were classified as 2-year-old and older fish. Speci-
mens caught offshore in 15-40 fathoms averaged 20.0
centimeters (7.8 inches) and 83 grams (2.9 ounces), and
are considered to have been 3 years old. It is therefore
apparent that the fall fishery is dependent upon 2- and
3-year-old fish, while 1-year-old croaker remain large-
ly unavailable. Three-year-old fish in offshore areas
do not contribute significantly during the fall season.

Samples of juvenile fish collected in Mississippi
Sound and adjacent estuaries during the fall and winter
of 1963-64 by personnel of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Gulf Coast Research Laboratory working on
the postlarval shrimp project were being examined for
the presence of croaker. A total of 1,400 croaker taken
in October and December 1963 during research vessel
operations off the northern Gulf coast by biologists of
the Bureau's Biological Laboratory at Galveston were
processed for life history data.

Commercial Catch Sampling: The annual bottomfish
landings by species in the Delta region during the 5-
year period 1959-1963 is summarized in table.

Table 3 - Summary of Bottomfish Landings in Delta Region,
1959-1963

ee ce 0 eo oe ec (1,000 Tons). sc ee ee
25.2 3

[Average | 23.2 [4.5] 3.4 |
|Percentage[ 56 [ii [ 8 [| 4 [21 | - |

1/Sand and silver.

The industrial fish catch in 1963 (excluding men-
haden) dropped 18 percent to about 39,600 tons. Atfour
ports in Louisiana and Mississippi, 2,055 vessel land-
ings represented a 29-percent decrease over 1962. In-
creased use of tuna, chicken parts, and beef and pork
byproducts in canned petfoods was primarily responsi-
ble for the drop in the demand for fish. Competition
from a growing number of other petfood companies also
contributed to the decreased use of Gulf bottomfish.
Increasing 6 percent from the previous year, the esti-
mated catch of croaker in 1963 was 64 percent of the
total of all fish landed. Spot accounted for 9 percent,
sand and silver sea trout combined amounted to about
6 percent, while cutlassfish contributed nearly 4 per-
cent.

Measurements of total catch, relative abundance, and
total fishing effort have been completed for the north-
central Gulf by month from 1959 through 1962. Analyses
of the data according to subareas were partially com-
pleted.

Distribution and Abundance of Western Gulf Bottom-
fish: Processing of subsamples of fish collected during
the regularly scheduled survey cruises continued. The
finfish catch-per-unit-of-effort for 1963 discloses, as
did the data for 1962, that the concentration of indus-
trial-type bottomfish is much greater off Louisiana thar
off Texas.

July 1964

Table 4 - Industrial-Type Bottomfish Catch Per-Unit-of-Effort,
1963

Texas
| Louisiana (West of
Mississippi River)
Trawling with 45-foot (flat)

250 220
2-inch mesh trawl with rollers.

Observations of an experimental group of Atlantic
croaker held in a 28,000-gallon 18-foot high tank of re-
circulating sea water have indicated that the fish are
usually more active when not near the bottom, and that
they only infrequently leave the bottom, even during
daylight hours, when the water temperature remains as
low as it does during the winter season. It appears that
the magnitude of their diurnal variation, with reference
to the bottom, is related to water temperature. Distinct
diurnal variation in sample catches of spot, a closely
related species, was observed and studied during an
offshore cruise.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p, 17.

Industrial Fishery Products

U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

roduction by Areas, April relim-
inary data on U.S. production | of Tish meal,
oil, and solubles for April 1964 as collected
by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
and submitted to the International Associa-
tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown
in the table.

U.S. Production+/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles by Areas,
April 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

Oil_| Solubles

e e e » (Short Tons) ...

Homogenized3/

8,327 Sea

oars
15,273 | 665s | 7,350 | =
[15,902 | 7,757 | 7,018 | 1,250 |

1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp eal, and liver oils.
2/Includes American Samoa and Puerto Rico.
'3/Includes condensed fish.

an.-Apr. 1964
Total, ...
ee 1963

als ic e's

OK OK OK

Production, February 1964: During February 1964, a to-
tal o} tons of fish meal and scrap and 236,000 pounds
of marine animal oil was produced in the United States.
Compared with February 1963 this was a decrease of 1,013
tons (35.6 percent) in meal production and 88,000 pounds
(27.2 percent) in oil production.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

The quantity of fish solubles manufactured in February
1964 amounted to 592 tons--631 tons less than in February
1963,

Production of tuna and mackerel meal amounted to 898
tons which accounted for about 49.0 percent of the Februar
-meal production. Oilfrom tuna and mackerel (120,000 Bunnie’:
comprised 50.8 percent of the February oil production,

U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
February 19641/ with Comparisons

Product

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Herring
Menhaden 3/
Sardine, Pacific
Tuna and mackerel .. .
Unclassified

Herring

Menhaden 3/

Sardine, Pacific

Tuna and mackerel ...
Other (including whale)

1/Preliminary data.

2/Included with unclassified.

3/Includes a small quantity of thread herring,
4/Not available on a monthly basis.

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, APRIL 1, 1964:

anners’ stocks o aine sardines on A-
pril1, 1964, were 41,000 cases less than those
on hand April 1, 1963, butwere 613,000cases
above stocks on hand two years ago on April
1, 1962 (the pack for the 1961 season was un-
usually small).

The 1963 season pack totaled 1,584,000
standard cases, according to the Maine Sar-
dine Council. On April 15, 1963, carryover
stocks at the canners! level amounted toabout
660,000 cases. Adding the 1963 season pack
results in a total supply of 2,244,000 cases as
of April 1, 1964--up 4.4 percent from the to-
tal supply of 2,150,000 cases reported April

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors' and Canners! Stocks, April 1, 1964, with Comparisons.

1963/64 Season

1961/62 wis

215 264 271 ae

re cee 3] 1/1763 [11/1762 arenpe re [are a
}

Distributors | 1,000 actual cases} 291 261 = ae
Canners 1,000 std. cases2/| 658 1,063 | 1,255 643

Leet represents marketing season from arene 1-October 31.

2/100 3=-oz. cans equal one standard case.

230 as 193
536 699 | 1,092 | 1,348 374 144

lote: Beginning with the Canned Food Report of April 1, 1963, U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates of distributors' stocks were based
On a revised sample of merchant wholesalers and warehouses of retail multiunit organizations. The revised sample resulted in better

coverage.

The January 1, 1963, survey was conducted with both samples to provide an approximate measure of the difference in the

two samples. That survey showed that the estimate of distributors' stocks of canned Maine sardines from the revised sample was 13

percent above that given by the old sample.
Source:

1, 1963, and higher by 98.9 percent from the
short supply of 1,128,000 cases of April 1,
1962.

lote: e Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 22.

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1963:

The total supply of edible fishery products
for 1963 (domestic catch plus imports) drop-
ped about 3 percent below the record high of
1962. Ona round-weight basis (as caught),
United States imports of fishery products ac-
counted for 45 percent of the edible supply
and domestic landings accounted for 55 per-
cent. This was a record high proportion for
imports and a new low for United States fish-
ery landings.

The 1963 edible fish landings by United
States fishermen declined about 85 million
pounds from 1962. Landings were sharply
lower for salmon, whiting, ocean perch, Pa-
cific mackerel, haddock, Maine herring, blue
crab, and Pacific sardines. Increased land-
ings of shrimp, king crab, and yellowtail
flounder partially offset the declines. The
United States landings of edible fish and shell -
fish have trended downward since 1950.

The United States per capita consumption
of fishery products declined slightly to 10.6
pounds in 1963, and no appreciable change is
in prospect for 1964.

United States holdings of fishery products
in cold storage early in 1964 were a little a-
bove a year earlier, indicating an adequate
supply until commercial landings increase
seasonally. Stocks of frozen ocean perchand
cod fillets and steaks were well above the
Same period last year and inventories of hali-
but and shrimp were substantially higher. A-
mong the canned fishery products, shrimpand
canned pink salmon stocks were larger than
the same period a year earlier.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Canned Food Report, April 1, 1964.

In general, retail prices of fishery prod-
ucts are more favorable for the American
consumer than a year earlier. They were ex-
pected to hold about steady through the second
quarter of 1964.

Note: This analysis was prepared by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U.S. Department of the Interior, and published inthe
Department of Agriculture's May 1964 issue of the National
Food Situation (NFS- =

SPORT FISH SURVEY IN
GREAT LAKES WATERS:

n inventory of the sport fishing potential
in Michigan's Great Lakes waters was begun
in the spring of 1964 by the Michigan State
Department of Conservation. The survey is
part of a broader effort to develop an improved
program of commercial and sport fisheries
management of the inshore waters of the Great
Lakes.

Michigan

At the start, the inventory program was
devoted to examining the backlog of available
information, and to setting up a field crew for
exploratory fishing. For the next several
years, the exploratory team will carry ona
systematic study of Great Lakes inshore wa-
ters to find new areas for sport fishing. (News
Bulletin, Michigan Department of Conserva-
tion, April 23, 1964.)

Minnesota

REGULATIONS FOR
FISH-PROCESSING ESTABLISHMENTS:

The Minnesota State Department of Agri-
culture published rules and regulations in
early 1964 relating to fish-processing estab-
lishments. Included in the new rules and reg-
ulations are stipulations requiring a permit
to process fish for sale at wholesale. The

July 1964

permit must be renewed annually and the re-
newal is subject to satisfactory sanitary con-
ditions of the plant. The regulations cover
construction of buildings and structures, wa-
ter supply, sanitary facilities and accommo-
dations, processing equipment, operations
and operating procedures, and health of per-
sonnel.

National Fisheries Center
and Aquarium

DESIGN PROGRAM BEING PREPARED:

An architectural firm in Bryan, Tex., has
been selected to prepare a design program
for the National Fisheries Center and Aquar-
ium to be built in Washington, D.C., the Gen-
eral Services Administration (GSA) andU.S.
Department of the Interior announced on May
8, 1964. The Public Buildings Service of
GSA negotiated a $50,000 contract with the
Texas architectural firm to prepare propos -
als for allocating facilities within the Fish-
eries Center for convenience of public view -
ing and operations.

The design program was expected to be
completed by June 1964. After approval, the
program would serve as the basis for archi-
tectural design of the Fisheries Center. The
design will be done by two firms selected
earlier. The design program will include
recommendations for traffic access to the
aquarium site in East Potomac Park, parking
accommodations, and other aspects of site
development at Hains Point, a short distance
south of the Nation's Capitol. The program
also will make recommendations for the
placement of facilities according to their re-
lationship within the Fisheries Center, such
as the type and location of display areas,
public viewing facilities, research laborato-
ries, and feed rooms and water supply se for
aquatic animals.

The National Fisheries Center which will
cost an estimated $10 million and show a-
bout 1,300 different kinds of aquatic life is
expected to be completed in late 1967. Leg-
islation by Congress in 1962 which author-
ized the Fisheries Center requires that itbe
self-supporting. Construction and operations
costs are to be paid from an admission
charge to all except supervised youth groups.

KK Ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

RESEARCH FACILITIES TO
BE EXTENSIVE:

The National Fisheries Center and Aquar-
ium being designed for construction in Wash-
ington, D.C., will serve the dual function of
an educational center and aquatic research
institution. It promises to be outstanding in
both fields, the U.S. Department of the In-
terior reported on May 10, 1964.

The self-supporting Fisheries Center will
display one of the world's largest collections
of aquatic life in near-natural habitat, ranging
from dolphins tobarnacles. Behind the scenes,,
but basic to operation of the Center, will be
research accommodations for 32 scientists.
They will be drawn from several agencies of
the Federal Government, from private insti-
tutions and universities, and from foreign
countries.

The National Fisheries Center will be op-
erated by the Interior Department's Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Scientists
of that Bureau will conduct research in ge-
netics, reproduction, nutrition, fish diseases,
experimental ecology, behavior of aquatic
organisms, and production of antibiotics and
chemicals by marine animals. Secretary of
the Interior Stewart L. Udall said the broadly
based research program is expected to make
important contributions to the fishery sciences
and to human health. Some of the studies may
have application in national defense. The Of-
fice of Naval Research, for example, seeks
answers to some of its most vexing problems
through biological research on marine or-
ganisms. The studies may lead to better ves-
sel design, more efficient underwater com-
munications, and better protection against
dangerous forms of sea life. Several other
Government agencies have also been inter-
viewed by the Acting Director of the Fisheries
Center to learn how the new facility canserve
their research programs.

The head of the Biology Branch, Office of
Naval Research, proposed that the Fisheries
Center include facilities for growing and
maintaining marine invertebrates, such as
squid and barnacles. He said a problemcom-
mon to all such research is a shortage of
healthy marine animals and plants for ex-
periments. If the National Fisheries Center
can help ease this shortage, he said, it would
provide a valuable service to the country's
scientific community. The squid is of special
research importance because its large cen-
tral nerve fiber permits a variety of experi-

ments. Also needed is a better supply of
the Nubilis barnacle, because of its large
muscle sheath.

The Hydrobiology Research Program of
the Office of Naval Research is supporting
more than 120 basic research projects in
academic and industrial institutions in the
United States and abroad. One of the most
important quests is for ways to prevent the
fouling of ships and underwater equipment.
The Naval Research official said more than
2,000 marine plants and animals have been
implicated as fouling pests. The cost to the
U.S. Navy alone for protecting ships, water-
front structures, and other equipment from
these pests is about $100 million a year.

The continued development of new kinds
of underwater equipment willfurther increase
the cost. Both the military and industry are
beginning to place large stationary structures
on the bottom of the ocean, or close to the
bottom. These include acoustic devices and
other instruments for geophysical and ma-
rine biological exploration. Once the struc-
tures are submerged, it will be impossible
in some cases to retrieve them for mainten-
ance and repair. There will be no way tu
clean off accumulated marine organisms that
could impair operation of the equipment. The
solution appears to be in long-life protection
against fouling. The research approach is to
learn more about the steps or links in the
chain of biological processes which govern
the life of the offending organisms. Scien-
tists hope that weak biological links can be
found and that they will offer a key to control
methods.

Another research objective is to findways
to repel or deter dangerous forms of marine
life which hamper underwater and amphibious
operations. Better protection is needed
against sharks, barracuda, moray eels, and
other carnivorous marine species. Research-
ers are also looking into the problem caused
by a variety of poisonous organisms in the
sea.

Scientists are trying to learn more about
the ability of some marine organisms toemit
light so this phenomenon can be controlled.
During World War II, several ships were
attacked because the wake of their propellers
churned up the organisms and caused them
to glow in the dark. The intensity and rate
of biological light emission was also said to
be a useful tool for measuring energy con-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

version in living tissue. This information is
acknowledged to be important to a variety of
biomedial investigations. There is interest
in the ability of some marine animals to nav-
igate over long distances with extreme accu-
racy and in their ability to communicate ef-
ficiently with each other. The U.S. Navy hopes
that by discovering the biological basis for
these capabilities, it may be able to simulate
some of the desirable features by mechanical
or electronic means.

A marine species of particular interest is
the dolphin, which has a remarkably well-
developed natural sonar. The dolphin uses
its echo-ranging ability to find food and to
avoid obstructions in murky water. Some ex-
periments indicate that it can even distinguish
the shape and texture of hidden objects. It is
generally conceded that the dolphin's natural
sonar is far superior tothe manmade version.
The hydrodynamics of the dolphin also offers
a promising field of research. The dolphin
swims through water with an almost complete
absence of drag. When researchers find out
how, the answer may result in better design
for both surface vessels and submarines.

ser ean ii

Dolphin

Other areas of Scientific interest include
the ability of some aquatic organisms to dive
deeply without the adverse effects sometimes
suffered by human divers. There also is in-
terest in the development of artificial gills to
obtain oxygen from water, andthe use of algae.
to purify air in underwater equipment.

The Acting Director of the National Fish-
eries Center said that the new facility will
provide every possible assistance to the Of-
fice of Naval Research in reaching its research
objectives.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 pp. 26 and 27;

April 1964 p. 22.
—

July 1964

North Atlantic Fisheries,

Developments in the North Atlantic fish-
eries as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries North Atlantic Regional
Office, Gloucester, Mass., May 13, 1964:

SOVIET FISHING VESSELS RETURN TO
NEW ENGLAND WATERS: About 60 Soviet
fishing vessels and support craft returned to
the fishing grounds off New England during
the last week in April 1964, after a winter
during which few foreign vessels were seen.
A total of 32 Soviet factory stern trawlers, 25
side trawlers, and 5 refrigerated fish trans-
ports were observed fishing for whiting 130
miles east of Nantucket Island. From 10 to
15 Soviet trawlers were also seen fishing for
scup (porgy) off the coast of Vriginia and
North Carolina.

HADDOCK AND WHITING ABUNDANCE
ON GEORGES BANK HOLDING UP DESPITE
nations fished on Georges Bank during 1963.
They were from Canada, U.S.S.R., Poland,
Germany, Japan, Norway, Denmark, United
Kingdom, and the United States. Despite such
heavy fishing pressure, haddock stocks are
holding up well, and the large 1963 year-
class is expected to enter the fishery next
year (1965). No evidence has been noted of
a serious decrease in the abundance of whit-
ing. Fluctuations in yellowtail flounder
stocks, fished heavily by United States fish-
ermen, do not appear to be closely related
to fishing effort. Estimates of the abundance
of various species of groundfish by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., are greatly
facilitated because of the Bureau's new re-
search vessel Albatross IV.

SIGNAL USED TO INDICATE U.S. VES-
SEL IS FISHING: United States vessels fish-
ing close to the Soviet fishing fleet this sum-
mer are asked to display a basket in their
rigging. It is the only signal Soviet vessels
will recognize that another vessel is fishing
and thereby yield the right of way.

Le
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

NORTHERN EDGE OF
GEORGES BANK SURVEYED:

M/V “Albatross IV™ Cruise 64-6 (April
23-May 6, 1964): To obtain pictures of fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

on or near the bottom, to conduct a special
sampling experiment, and to tag blackback
flounders at the Northern Edge of Georges
Bank was the purpose of this cruise by the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Albatross IV.

A total of 80 survey stations were com-
pleted on this cruise, 526 blackback flounders
were tagged, 20 camera lowerings were made,
and 400 haddock scales and 120 argentine
otoliths were collected. A temperature-re-
cording buoy was set near Block Island, and
bathythermograph lowerings were made
throughout the cruise.

The results of this survey by the Albatross
IV will be known following further analysis of
data collected. Films from the underwater
camera showed that turbidity was a major
problem in obtaining photographs of fish or
bottom.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries

i
2
——_

North Pacific Exploratory

eview, June 1964 p. 21,

Fishery Program

DEMERSAL FISH OFF SOUTHERN
WASHINGTON SURVEYED:

n investigation of the demersal fish of
the continental slope off southern Washington
was started April 13, 1964, when the U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
fishing vessel John N. Cobb left her base at
Seattle, Wash.

Sablefish

During the early phase of the investigation
a series of tracklines was run to establish
the bottom topography of the region and to de-
termine areas where potential experimental
fishing could be conducted. Some of the first
experimental drags made at depths greater
than 300 fathoms yielded catches of sablefish
exceeding 1,200 pounds an hour. Relatively
large concentrations of ocean perch were also
found (3,000 pounds per hour tow) near the con-
tinental break at depths of about 105 fathoms.

| ae |

Oceanography

OBSERVATIONS IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST
COASTAL WATERS BY BUREAU OF
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

RESEARCH VESSEL:

M/V "George B. Kelez™ Third Oceano-
graphic Cruise: To develop a capability for
handling and tracking buoys was the primary
objective of this oceanographic cruise in Pa-
cific Northwest coastal waters by the U.&.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research
vessel George B. Kelez. The vessel left her
base at Seattle, Wash., on April 17, 1964, for
this third scheduled cruise. Physical, chem-
ical, and biological observations at a number
of stations within 550 miles offshore of Brit-
ish Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, were
to be made.

U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel George B.
Kelez. rT;

The Kelez was to initiate a new project
during this cruise--several free-drifting
transponding telemetry buoys were to be re-
leased some 500 miles off the Pacific North-
west coast. It is anticipated that this new
project will lead to the establishment of a
system that will permit forecasts of coastal
oceanographic conditions. During one phase
of this cruise, the Kelez was scheduled to
make closely-spaced oceanographic obser-
vations with the Oregon State University re-
search vessel Acona.

Ke OK me oe

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
RESEARCH VESSEL ''GERONIMO"
MAKES NEW DISCOVERIES:

The probable discovery of a new ocean
current and the finding of an unusually "hot
ocean area,'' were the results of a four-month

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

oceanographic research cruise (EQUALANT
Ill) off the central west coast of Africa by the
research vessel Geronimo, operated by the
Washington, D.C., Biological Laboratory of;
the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
The discovery of a new ocean current is rel-
atively rare with only a few having been found
in the past 50 years.

Scientific personnel aboard the Geronimo
had first indications of a westerly flowingun- -
dercurrent in the Gulf of Guinea in September
1963 when EQUALANT II (the second phase of
the International Cooperative Investigations of
the Tropical Atlantic) was being completed,
and the Syncom II communications satellite
transmitted oceanographic data for the first
time. On that voyage, test equipment dropped
from the vessel into the easterly flowing
Guinean Current was unexpectedly pulled to
the west at the end of long wires.

On the last cruise completed May 12, 1964,
as part of EQUALANT III, the Geronimo went
back to the Gulf of Guinea and obtained addi-
tional data which supports the probable exist-
ence of the newly discovered current. The
Director of the Bureau's Biological Labora-
tory at Washington, D.C., said a current me-
ter aboard the vessel did not function proper-
ly, but other measurements indicated that the
undercurrent is from 50 to 80 feet below the
ocean surface. He said no data have been ob-
tained on the dimensions and velocity of the
current but that further studies will probably
be made in the fall of 1964 or the following
spring.

The chief of the scientific group aboard the
Geronimo on this recent voyage said the so-
called ocean "hot spot'’ was found early in
February 1964, and began about 30 miles
southeast of Cape Three Points, Ghana. The
hot ocean area measured about 60 miles in
diameter and extended to a depth of about 30
feet. The water temperature in the area was
88° F., 6 degrees higher than the surrounding
ocean. That warmer area was reported to be
virtually without motion and may have resulted
from a surrounding counter-clockwise eddy.

The Geronimo's chief scientist said there
was an unusually large concentration of tuna
at one point on the edge of the "hot spot,'' and
that this apparently was associated with an
adjacent upwelling of water from the ocean
floor which brought nutrients to the surface.
The "hot spot'' disappeared 10 days after it
was discovered by the Bureau's research ves-

July 1964

sel. Further study is to be made in that area
to learn if the heated water recurs. Tuna
fishing in the area of the discovery is said to
be traditionally good, and this may be relat-
ed to a recurrence of the separate warmer
water area.

Other oceanographic research vessels
which participated in the most recent study
of ocean currents and fishery resources in
the area off the African Coast were sponsored
by the University of Miami and the Govern-
ments of Ghana, Congo-Brazzaville, Spain,
Republic of Ivory Coast, and the Soviet Union.
lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 pp. 37

and 60.
OK OK OK OK

TWO NEW ENGLAND UNIVERSITIES MAY
ADD MARINE SCIENCE PROGRAMS:

The University of Massachusetts at Am-
herst has set up a commission to study the
feasibility of establishing a fishery technology
school. Also, the University of Maine is con-
sidering the addition of a marine laboratory.
The plans of both schools have been discuss -
ed with the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries.

HK OK OK OK OK

RHODE ISLAND UNIVERSITY RECEIVES
FUNDS FOR GRADUATE RESEARCH
TRAINING GRANTS:

total of $166,380 has been awarde
the University of Rhode Island Graduate
School of Oceanography by the National In-
stitutes of Health to provide graduate research
training grants, announced the dean of the
University's Graduate School on May 21,
1964. It is the largest amount for that pur-
pose ever received by the school.

Starting July 1, 1964, the grants will be
used to provide financial support for 20 grad-
uate students (mostly doctoral candidates)
during the next five years. In addition, the
funds will defray the costs of student train-
ing cruises aboard the University of Rhode
Island research vessel Trident, the purchase
of some equipment and supplies, and also
help meet some of the Graduate School's op-
erating costs through an "overhead" allow -
ance. The School's dean said they "have been
in considerable need of a financial assistance
program for graduate students and that the’
lack of sufficient funds for that purpose has
been an obstacle to enrolling many of the
qualified students who apply each year."

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

There are now 41 graduate students at the
School of Oceanography, who are assisted di-
rectly or indirectly by the University of Rhode
Island, the National Defense Education Act,
the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
the Atomic Energy Commission, the Office of
Naval Research, and others.

The grants by the National Institutes of
Health will mean five additional students will
be on campus the first and fifth years of the
program. During the middle three years of
the undertaking, 10 additional students each
year will increase enrollments some 25 per-
cent. Each will receive funds for the calen-
dar year totaling $3,000. It is expected the
students will be on campus for two years each.

The dean of the Graduate School said that
"oceanography has a direct bearing on public
health problems. The inevitable direction of
flow of all industrial and domestic wastes is
into the estuarine and subsequently into the
coastal marine environment. To understand
how these wastes may be dissipated and per-
haps converted, absorbed, or dispersed in the
environment, requires broader knowledge of

-estuarine and coastal exchange, flushing, and

other circulation processes. '

This latest training grant raises to more
than $1 million the amount received in grants
by the Graduate School of Oceanography ina
period of several weeks. Earlier the National
Science Foundation had awarded $850,000 to
the School for the construction of a new lab-
oratory-office building to be built on the Uni-
versity of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay
Campus.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 27.

OK OK OK OK

NEW RESEARCH LABORATORY
DEDICATED AT WOODS HOLE
OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION:

A new $2-million research laboratory of
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was
formally dedicated May 8, 1964, at Woods
Hole, Mass. Named the Laboratory for Ma-
rine Sciences, the new 3-story building con-
tains 45,000 square feet of floor space andwas
designed to accommodate the marine biology
and chemistry departments of the Institution.
Some of its special features include: 23 tem-
perature- and humidity-controlled instrument
rooms; 5 "environmental'’ rooms which can
maintain any temperature from 0° to 40° C.
(32° to 104° F.); rooms for frozen storage of

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

The modem building in the right foreground is the Woods Hole Biological Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. To
the left of the Laboratory is the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The vessel in the foreground is the Albatross IV, the Federal

Government's most modern fishery research vessel.

marine specimens; a large aquarium room
with running sea water at regulated temper-
atures; a dissecting room; and an auditorium.

An afternoon session of the dedication was
devoted to the presentation of papers by mem-
bers of the Institution's scientific staff. The
following papers were delivered: ''The Or-
ganic Chemistry of a Fossil,'' ''The North
Atlantic Continental Shelf," "Diving and the
Physiology of Marine Animals," and ''Ex-
changes of Energy between Air and Sea."
(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. )

se le te ote 3

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI RECEIVES
NEW RESEARCH GRANTS FOR
STUDIES IN MARINE BIOLOGY:

The National Science Foundation has a-
warded the Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami, a $230,000 grant for re-
search at sea aboard the Institute's 176-foot
research vessel Pillsbury and aboard smaller

vessels of the Institute. The work will in-
clude collection and study of crustaceans and
planktonic organisms from the Straits of
Florida; studies on the migration and growth
of marlin, sailfish, and other large oceanic
fish, and the effect of the Gulf Stream upon
their distribution; a study of squid and octo-
pus, and shark investigations to determine
their reaction to sounds played back into the

| water in the open ocean.

The Director of the Institute of Marine
Science stated that the grant specifically pro-
vides for the cost of operating Institute ships
for biological purposes as far afield as Brazil
and West Africa, but also in Florida, Carib-
bean, and Bermuda waters.

Another grant, in the amount of $62,500,
was awarded to the Institute of Marine Sci-
ence to provide special equipment for behav-
ior studies of fish and invertebrates in the
Institute's newly completed controlled envir-
onment building. The new equipment will

July 1964

make it possible to keep fish, shellfish, and
other experimental marine animals alive un-
der a wide variety of accurately controlled
conditions. Temperatures will be regulated
to a fraction of a degree, while oxygen, salin-
ity, light, and other variables can also be
strictly controlled. In the new building, stud-
ies will be made on the reactions of fish to
different types of light and sound, their hear-
ing ability and color vision, their behavior
under a variety of conditions including weight -
lessness, and the manner in which they orient
to changing conditions. Work will also be
carried out upon the reactions of commercial
species of shrimp. (University of Miami,
April 29, 1964.)

7K OK OK OK OK

NEW MARINE LABORATORY BUILDING
PLANNED AT UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI:

grant of $1,040, rom the National
Science Foundation will make possible the
construction of a new laboratory building for
the Institute of Marine Science, University
of Miami. The new building at the Institute
will house the entire Division of Physical
Sciences which carries out research upon
currents, waves, tides, underwater soundand
light, the chemistry of sea water and sedi-
ments, the topography and composition of the
deep-sea floor, and other studies. With the
construction of the new laboratory, many of
the activities of those various research pro-
grams can now be concentrated in a single
location.

To be completed and in use by the spring
of 1965, the new laboratory will consist of 3
stories and will have about 30,000 square
feet of working space. The ground floor will
contain model basins and pressure tanks,
including space for a rotating tank and a
soundproof chamber. Tanks will be used for
calibration of instruments and also to sim-
ulate some conditions of the open sea for ex-
perimental purposes. The second and third
floors will house offices and laboratories,
classrooms, a computer room, chartroom,
draftroom, and a radio communications cen-
ter for maintaining contact with the Institute's
fleet of research vessels.

The President of the University of Miami
stated that the new facility will allow certain
Institute programs to make much more rapid
progress than heretofore has been possible.
(University of Miami, April 24, 1964.)

Ties

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ohio

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS, 1963:

Commercial fish landings at Ohio ports of
Lake Erie during the 1963 fishing season
(March 15-December 20) totaled 14.2 million
pounds, about one million pounds or 6.6 per-
cent less than in 1962. There was an appre-
ciable drop in landings of carp (2.5 million
pounds) and yellow perch (4.5 million pounds)
from the previous year, but landings of sheeps-
head (up 18 percent) and yellow pike (up 90
percent) increased.

LAKE ERIE

L Ohio |

Leading species landed in 1963 were yel-
low perch (4.5 million pounds), sheepshead
(4.0 million), carp (2.5 million), catfish (1.0
million), white bass (1.0 million)--these ac-
counted for about 90 percent of the total land-
ings. Landings of blue pike and whitefish,
once important commercial species in Lake
Erie, were down to only a few hundred pounds.

RECORD SILVER SALMON RELEASE
FROM STATE HATCHERIES:

record release o .4 million silver
salmon yearlings from Oregon Fish Commis -
sion hatcheries during the liberation season
from November 1963 to May 1964 has been
announced by the Commission's fish culture
director. Coastal areas received 2.3 million
of the fish while 8.1 million went into Colum-
bia and Willamette River tributaries.

Oregon

In addition to the yearlings which were
reared to seaward migrant size, some 10 mil-
lion salmon fry (surplus to hatchery needs)
were placed in selected streams, ponds, and
lakes for natural rearing under "wild" condi-
tions. Areas for liberation of zero-age fry
were selected on the basis of fish production

potential after thorough biological investiga -
tion. That was in contrast to indiscriminate
planting of fry which characterized fish-cul-
tural operations in many places during ear-
lier times when large numbers of newly
hatched fry were dumped with little more
basis than hope that they would survive.

This season's release of 10.4 million
yearlings tops the previous record of 8.5
million silver salmon released last season
by the Oregon Fish Commission. Emphasis
during recent years on release of yearling
fish ready for seaward migration appears to
be playing an important role in the increasing
success of the silver program, the Commis-
sion's fish culture director indicated. He
reported increasing annual returns of adult
silver salmon to the hatcheries totaled 22,544
in 1961, 36,107 in 1962, and 44,840 in 1963.
He also cited improved disease control and
superior nutrition during the year or more
the fish are held in the hatcheries and good
ocean survival conditions as factors in the
success of the hatchery program. (Oregon
Fish Commission, May 4, 1964.)

KOK A OK OK

FISH DISEASE STUDY CENTER OPENED:

The Oregon Fish Commission has estab-
lished an Infectious Disease Study Section to
investigate and control fish disease. The
new unit will be directed by an expert in the
field of medical research who will be assist-
ed by a resident staff of five fisheries sci-
entists. The section is housed principally in
a new laboratory building at the Commission's
Clackamas Research Center.

The fisheries disease work is divided,
much as human investigation might be, into
diagnostic and research areas. The diagnos-
tic division at the laboratory is concerned
principally with the diagnosis of disease in
juvenile salmon and steelhead in hatcheries.
Fishery scientists, in the role of medical ex-
aminers, determine the problem and pre-
Scribe treatment. Various antibiotics and
drugs are administered through the diet by
way of specially prepared pellet foods or by
solutions introduced into the water in which
the fish live.

Research in the infectious disease section
deals primarily with controlling diseases in
adult fish which return to Commission hatch-
eries to spawn. Most of the large fish are
held in ponds until "ripe'' and ready to re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

lease their eggs. In one species, the spring
chinook, the holding period may be as long as
5 months, allowing ample opportunity for
disease and parasitism to infect and kill the
important parent fish. Treatment of spawners
is mainly external as adult salmon ingest no
food after returning to fresh water.

As hatcheries gain increasing importance
in maintaining anadromous fish runs, the
speedy diagnosis and control of disease assumes
new consequence. As in human populations,
the forced concentration of thousands of in-
dividual fish in a small area increases many
fold the chance for epidemic outbreaks of dis -
ease. The new laboratory will be a formidable
tool in removing causes of mortality in hatch-
ery-reared salmon and steelhead. Close li-
aison is kept with the superintendents of Com-
mission hatcheries to keep them aware of late
developments, as well as to receive the ear-
liest possible warnings of disease problems.
Discoveries made in the Clackamas Labora-
tory could also lead to increased production
in the many natural salmon spawning and rear-
ing streams of the Northwest.

The fishery infectious disease center has
specialized equipment and a unique spring
water source. The Center has an elaborate
water-temperature control system which can
Simultaneously supply 4 strong and continuous
flows of water, each with its own precise wa-
ter temperature of less than 1° F. variation
and in a range of from 35° F. to above 100°F.
Each of the 4 separately adjustable flows can
supply a separate aquaria.

In conjunction with the Clackamas Center,
Oregon Fish Commission contract research
on virus dis-
eases andtis-
sue culture
is being carry
on at Oregon
State Univer-
sity. Six other
Fish Commis -
sion research
laboratories
supplement the
infectious disease investigations. A mobile
diagnostic laboratory mounted ona truck
should be ready for use later this year and
will be equipped with the tools necessary for
field study at the hatchery sites.

At present, 93 percent of the entire Oregon
Fish Commission budget and 85 percent of its

July 1964

research budget is spent on programs to en-
hance the runs of salmon and steelhead. (Or-
egon Fish Commission, May 4, 1964.)

KOK OK OK OK

FISH AND WILDLIFE KILLS
BEING INVESTIGATED:

The opening of a field office and labora-
tory in Klamath Falls, Oreg., in June 1964,
to investigate the cause of fish and wildlife
kills in that area, was announced on May 21
by the U.S. Public Health Service, Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. The
fish and wildlife deaths are believed to have
been caused by the runoff of chemicals into
the river basin or by agricultural practices
in the area. There have also been reports of
persons in the area contracting dermatitis,
a skin irritation.

The investigation is to be handled by the
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Con-
trol. Scientists will also study the area's
algae growth, which has reportedly reached
nuisance proportions. The complete study is
expected to take four years and will also in-
clude the land areas drained by Lost River.

Headquarters for the project is in San
Francisco, Calif., and preliminary work was
begun there in December 1963. The project's
work will be coordinated with the Corvallis
Laboratory at Corvallis, Oreg. The project
staff will consist of 8 engineers and scientists
in the initial phase of the study (scheduled to
begin in June) and entails data collection and
analysis of the Klamath Lake and Lost River
system.

The investigation was begun at the request
of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the
States of California and Oregon. It is to be
operated in conjunction with work being done
by the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Salmon

INDUSTRY -GOVERNMENT
PROMOTION CAMPAIGN:

An industry-Government promotion cam-
paign to move the liberal stocks of canned
pink salmon into trade channels was announced
by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall
on May 15, 1964. The Department's Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries will cooperate with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

the Alaska canned salmon industry in the cam-
paign. Fishing is Alaska's largest industry,
Secretary Udall commented, and the Ameri-
can public can help boost Alaska's economic
recovery from the March 27 earthquake by
serving more canned salmon.

The nationwide campaign was geared to
reach its peak during May, June, and July.
Although record stocks of canned pink salmon
are available, industry spokesmen are con-
fident that the inventories can be substantially
reduced because canned salmon fits so well
in warm weather menus.

Ce) plentiful foods

LY MERCHANDISING GUIDE FOR FOOD DISTRIBUTOR:

Feature
Milk and Dairy Products
Other Plentifuls
Beef © Early Summer Vegetables °
Canned Pink Salmon

USDA . AMS . Food Distribution Dfvision . 536 South Clark St., Chicago, Ill.

With a supply of this versatile canned food
on their shelves, housewives can provide their
families with a variety of appetizing and quick
and easy to prepare summer meals. In addi-
tion, they will find that canned pink salmon is
an economical, no-waste, high-protein food
that is an excellent source of vitamins, min-
erals and other nutrients. Budget-minded
housewives will find that loaves, croquettes,
and casserole dishes prepared from canned
pink salmon are extremely practical, and
tasty.

Secretary Udall said the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries will give special emphasis
to canned pink salmon in its contacts withcon-
sumer groups, schools, other institutions, and
the food trade associations. Special materials
also are being prepared for distribution to
newspapers and television and radio stations
to provide maximum consumer attention to
the availability of this convenient canned fish-
ery product.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture also
is cooperating in this promotional program,

and canned pink salmon was listed in their

June "List of Foods in Plentiful Supply."

That Department also distributed specially

designed merchandising tips to the retail gro-

cery trade with the recommendation that in-
creased merchandising attention be given
canned pink salmon at the local level.

Note: Many attractive recipes are available to the homemaker
in the Interior Department's full color 16-page recipe booklet,
"Take a Can of Salmon, "' Fish and Wildlife Service Circular
60. As part of its contribution to this promotional campaign,
the Canned Salmon Institute, Box 1200, Seattle, Wash., has
supplies of this recipe booklet and will send a complimentary
copy to interested homemakers. They are also available from
the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402,
for 25 cents a copy, with a discount of 25 percent on individual
orders of 100 copies or more,

OK OK A

NORTH PACIFIC WINTER
DISTRIBUTION AND TAGGING:

M/V George B. Kelez Winter 1964 Cruise
(January 17-March 18, 1964): To further de-
lineate the winter distribution of salmon in
the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, tag
individuals to determine migration routes
and area of origin, and to compare the catch
rates and selection properties of gill nets and
floating longlines were the principal objec -
tives of this three-months cruise by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research
vessel George B. Kelez.

170"W

160°E I60"W 150"W 140°W

Fishing stations completed by the M/V George B, Kelez during
the 1964 winter cruise, January 17-March 18, 1964,

1G0*e 170° 180° 130°W J

Unusually severe weather conditions over
the entire Aleutian region and ice limits
further south than anticipated permitted only
16 fishing stations and necessitated modifica -
tion of the planned cruise track.

Salmonids were taken at every station but
in comparatively low numbers. With the ex-
ception of one chum salmon and a few pinks
and steelhead at the easternmost three sta-
tions, the catches were exclusively sockeyes,
90 percent of which were large and possibly
maturing.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

Gill nets and long lines were fished si-
multaneously only twice and catches in both
types of gear were too small for statistical
comparison.

The total number of fish caught and tagged
during the cruise were:

Salmon:
Sockeyee »

Chum. « «
Pinksis) sls
Steelhead.

At the termination of this cruise, the
George B. Kelez returned to Seattle to be out-
fitted for an oceanography cruise scheduled
for April 1964.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 6.

KOK KK OK

NORTH PACIFIC HIGH-SEAS
TAGGING PROJECT:

From 4 to 5 months of high-seas salmon
tagging is tobe undertaken by two purse seiners
chartered by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, according to an April 1964 an-
nouncement by the Bureau's North Pacific
Regional Office at Seattle, Wash. The ves-
sels are the Commander and the Storm.

The areas to be covered will be (1) Central
Gulf of Alaska; (2) Central Aleutians; (3)
North-Central Gulf of Alaska; and (4) Coastal
area of Northeast Gulf of Alaska. As part of
the studies of salmon migration at sea, the
Bureau's scientists aboard the vessels plan
to experiment with sonic tags as a means of
following the movements of individual salmon
for 24 to 48 hours after tagging. This experi-
ment will be conducted in connection with the
vessel Storm in the area south of the Central
Aleutians where the abundance of salmon is
usually high and salmon movements are ap-
parently directional.

The tag and hydrophone "'sniffer" used will
be of the type developed by the Bureau's Fish
Passage Program. Of interest willbe the rate
of travelof the salmon, direction of movements,
and reactions to tide changes and darkness. It
is possible the fish will ''mill"’ for some time
due to the effects of tagging. Small boats from
the Storm willbe used to track the sonic-tagged
salmon. The tests will be repeated as often as

practicable. age

July 1964

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

EXPLORATORY TRAWLING OFF NORTH
AND SOUTH CAROLINA CONTINUED:

ilver Bay’ Cruise 56 (Marc .
April 20, 1964): To conduct basic and sea-
sonal trawling surveys off Long, Onslow, and
Raleigh Bays was the main objective of this
22-day cruise off North Carolina and South
Carolina by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay. A total of 88 exploratory fishing sta-
tions was occupied between 5 and 100 fath-
oms. Exploratory gear consisted primarily
of 50/70-foot, nylon, roller-rigged fishtrawls
fished on 8-foot bracket doors with 15-foot
leg lines. The trawl nets were 43-inch mesh
with cod ends of 13-inch mesh.

Se NS
“OF rying Pan | b
e

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

LONG BAY: In Long Bay, 36 trawling sta-
tions were occupied. In depths of less than
20 fathoms, catches were dominated by small
numbers of scup (Stenotomus sp.), sea robins
(Prionotus sp.), and miscellaneous sharks and
rays. In 20 to 25 fathoms, all catches were
dominated by filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus),
which were taken in amounts up to 9,000
pounds per 90-minute drag. Snappers and
grouper were taken at several locations be-
tween 26 and 40 fathoms. One area where
dragging was productive is located at 33911!
N. latitude, 77930' W. longitude in 29 fathoms.
Two drags on this "lump" produced an aver-
age of 400 pounds of grouper, 300 pounds of
gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus), 90
pounds of snapper, 50 pounds of hogfish (Lach-
nolaimus maximus), and 20 pounds of white
porgy (Calamus sp.), for an average of 860
pounds of fish per drag. The grouper catches

Cape Hatteras ¢

unmet y
e
e

Legend:
Station (s):

e - Fish trawl.
* -Hand-line.

Fig. 1 - Shows the station pattern for Cruise 56 of the M/V Silver Bay, March 30-April 20, 1964.

consisted of gag (Mycteroperca microlepis),
scamp (M. phenax), and red hind (Epinephelus
guttatus). The snapper catches consisted of
red snapper (Lutjanus aya), yelloweye snap-
per (L. vivanus), mutton snapper (L. analis),
black fin snapper (L. buccanella), and yellow
tail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus).

ONSLOW BAY: InOnslow Bay, 31 stations
were occupied for trawl or hand-line opera-
tions. Due to weather conditions, only the
southwest portion of the bay was surveyed.
In depths of less than 25 fathoms, the catches
were generally unproductive and, again, were
dominated by filefish. Heavy concentrations
of fish were observed in 30 fathoms south-
east of Frying Pan Light Ship 33°15' N. lat-
itude, 77°22' W. longitude. Trawling was
generally unsuccessful in that area due to
rough bottom, but both trawling and hand-
lining produced modest amounts of red snap-
per, hogfish, grouper, and greater amberjack
(Seriola dumerili).

RALEIGH BAY: Although explorations
were greatly hampered by weather, 21 sta-

35 37
40

Lid

Scale=imile

75°42.5'W

75°49.5W

“DROPOFF AREA” EAST OF CAPE LOOKOUT, NORTH CAROLINA

34°51.8°N

Scalo=tmile

75°30'w

RIDGE EAST OF DRUM INLET, NORTH CAROLINA

¥.

Fig. 2 - Shows 2 locations off Raleigh Bay where heavy concen-
trations of bottomfish were located during Cruise 56 of the M/V
Silver Bay.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

tions were occupied in Raleigh Bay. Catches
inside 25 fathoms were dominated by sharks,
rays, and northern puffers (Sphaeroides ma-
culatus). One drag east-southeast of Ocra-
coke Inlet in 17 fathoms produced 65 pounds
of small (1 to 4 fish per pound) summer floun-
der (Paralichthys dentatus).

Extremely heavy concentrations of bottom-
fish were recorded at three locations in 30 to
40 fathoms near the edge of the Continental
Shelf. The first of those areas consists of a
small spot of broken bottom at 34959.5' N.
latitude, 75°24! W. longitude in 37 fathoms
where the only drag made resulted in a dam-
aged trawl. The catch consisted of 35 pounds
of medium-size black sea bass (Centropristis
striatis). The second area is a ridge, 4 miles
in length, which shoals to 30 fathoms from a
depth of 37 fathoms due east of Drum Inlet
(fig. 2). Heavy concentrations of bottomfish
were observed on the sides and over most of
the top of the ridge. The bottom was not
trawlable with the exploratory gear used, but
small catches taken by hand-line |were com-
posed of black sea-bass, red snapper, and
pink porgy (Pagrus). The third area consists
of a ridge formed by a sharp dropoff in bottom
contour from the 35- to 40-fathom curve due
east of Cape Lockout (fig. 2). Heavy concen-
trations of fish shoals were recorded between
37 and 40 fathoms along the entire length of
that 10-mile ridge. Recordings indicate that
several species of fish were probably present.
Again, difficult trawling conditions were en-
countered, but small amounts of red snapper
and pink porgy were taken. The catches also
indicated that some of the fish schools in the
area were small (4 to 8 fish per pound) ver-
milion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens).

Throughout the survey area, catches of
commercially important fish were made where
bottom temperatures ranged from approxi-
mately 56° to 59° F.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 25.

UNITED STATES SHRIMP
SUPPLY INDICATORS, APRIL 1964:

Shrimp

Item and Period

Vee oc dgeee a Pile Lapatiensr crete (1,000 Lbs. Heads-Off)......

| Total landings, So, Atl, and Gulf States:

| Jume ....---eee = 4,427] 3,358) 3,171

WEN Soigio ooo 0 ODD | = | 10,152 6,186| 5,276
(Table continued on next page.)

July 1964

fitem and Period _—'|_1964 [ 1963 | 1962 | 1961 | 1960 |
s+ + » » (1,000 Lbs, Heads-Off). ....

April, cages shat 4,800] 4,427| 3,358] 3,171] 4,728
Nerchiaee vivant ees 4,269| 3,632] 3,331| 4,754] 4,099
January- Februar 10,409] 7,979] 7,963| 9,596] 9,186

January-December. = 138,281]105,839/ 91,396/141,035

Quantity canned, Gulf States af:

JUNE 2 wc eee ws 5,234) 4,913 3,438 6,920
Mayh ite: Sikes?) - 3,831] 1,794] 1,208] 1,461
EUS chee coves 26 - 105 12 9 66
AU Ete) Oe eee mec 12 92 86 35 117
January-February . 634 750 733 273] 470)

January-December. =

29,468] 23,322 | 14,500] 26,394

June 30 ........ = 24,047 13,796 19,416| 15,338
= 24,053] 13,904] 24,696| 17,540
= 24,954] 15,637| 27,492] 20,502
31,476] 27,970] 16,607] 31,345] 23,232
35,303] 28,039] 19,012] 37,612] 29,063
43,752| 28,487| 21 ee 34,332
[ Sanvary +--+ 45,989] 31,977] 104750] 40,919] 97,866
8,932
9,902
7,733
en
January-February .
Tanuary"December |" ~__|F51,590}141,103]126,268)T13,418|

eae 26-30 Count, Heads-Off) ...

ae. Svinte tule uate! ace “77.0 84.4] 53. 7 64,1
RAV ats svete Sete eee é 80.9 83.7 52.8 62.9
OO oe . |4/57-61 83.6 82.2 55.4 60.6
Maren... sve. -|4/57-61 85.5 80.9 56.0 56.3
February 4/57-62| 85.7 78.9 53.5 51.8
Sees Sone 4/57-69] 85.0 76.3 52.5 49.5

Wholesale price, froz, brown (5-lb. pkg.) Chicago, I1l,:

HUME Sloale se © cls - 95-102)102-104/67-72 | 76-77
MALY se ates etme ss = 100-103} 96-103|67-69 | 74-77
Uo . 72-74|100-105} 94-97 |69-70 | 74-75
Mares APs. salar 72-75|102-106| 94-95 |69-71 | 65-68
Webruaryys Fa sis eters 73-82 ]102-106| 93-95 |69-71 | 65-67
January ..... -..| 78-83]102-106| 91-94 |69-71 | 64-66

aibounes. of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by

2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.
3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bu-
reau of the Census.
whee in cary at Tampa, Fla.; Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville,
ex., Oo
INote: April 1964 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information pub-
lished daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to
heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

Sport Fishing

LICENSE SALES INCREASED IN 1963:

A total of 19,831,644 persons in 50 states
bought sport fishing licenses in fiscal year
1963 (July-June) as compared with 19,403,465
in fiscal year 1962, the U.S. Department of
the Interior announced on April 20, 1964. In
1963 they spent $57,780,259 to buy the licenses
as compared with $54,163,163 in 1962.

The state game and fish departments pro-
vide license holder and sales information to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

Summary of the Number of Paid Fishing License Holders,
License Sales, and the Cost to Fishermen in the United States,
July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963.

Paid
Fishing License
Holders1/

393, 635 3,635 |$ 832,589
58, 844 63,771 347,775
226,947 311, 605 889, 020
435,956 435,956 | 1,185,150
1,611, 639 3, 823, 431 6, 839,903
440, 669 445, 362 1, 604, 313
111, 845 111, 845 433,759
9,644 10,761 27, 821
496,923 517,251 1,098, 353
530,722 SSose Ad 716,706
4,264 4,264 9,496
279,070 321,641 1,292, 639
700,555 733,032
726, 447 731,721
391, 355 402, 811
273,155 273, 607
320,994 333, 160
218,537 220, 335
220, 859 222, 663
101,031 103, 642
193,567 182,271
903, 190 1,079, 322
1, 344,658 1,465,269
336, 673 344,799
654, 142 950, 392
249, 032 249, 032
218, 801 249,721
74, 102 83,964
127,467 127, 467
139,589 218, 134
New Mexico 147, 338 150,231
New York 727, 821 758, 835
North Carolina 309, 448 459, 406 :
North Dakota 70,638 71,093 118, 436
Ohio 820,583 820,965 1, 885, 305
Oklahoma 485,053 485,053 1,085, 279
Oregon 482, 317 731,053 1,718, 891
Pennsylvania 585, 156 585, 156 1,955, 818
Rhode Island 18,983 18,983 57,811
South Carolina 292,731 321,939 646, 790
155,230 160,477
650, 256 895, 832
882,111 883, 407
209,510 221,541
108, 822 109,979
321, 896 506, 466
398, 676 401,942
180, 465 221, 427
1,049, 447 1,049, 447

156, 440

i/A oat license holder = one individual SES - the num -
ber of licenses purchased. Data certified by state fish and
d

the Interior Department as a basis for dis-
tributing Federal aid funds for fish and wild-
life restoration projects.

Although the number of licensed sport fish-
ermen is large, millions of other people also
go fishing without being required to purchase
a license. A national survey conducted by the
Bureau of the Census in 1961 showed there
were more than 25 million sport fishermenin
the United States who participated substantially

geen fishing in Montauk State Park, Mo., at the opening of trout
season.

in fishing during 1960. Including the more
casual participants, the number of fishermen
undoubtedly was greater in 1963. In many
states, minors are not required to purchase
a fishing license, and only six states require
a license to fish in salt water.

Some states require sportsmen to pur-
chase separate licenses, stamps, permits,
or tags to fish for different kinds of fish. For
example, a special stamp is required in sev-
eral states to fish for trout.

Tuna

U.S. CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY PRESENTS
AWARD TO INTERIOR DEPARTMENT
FOR MARKETING ASSISTANCE:

The United States tuna canning industry
presented an award, in the form of a scroll,
to Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall
on May 5, 1964, for Interior's successful ef-
forts in support of the tuna industry during
the past year. In presenting the award, the
President of the Tuna Research Foundation
commended the Department of the Interior
and its Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for
"good will and practical support" in boosting
tuna sales during 1963. He said the Depart-
ment's support of the industry was "an in-
spiring demonstration of the parternship of
Government and business" which added
strength to the free enterprise system.

' Secretary Udall said the Department of
the Interior was very pleased to have worked

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

"with the tuna canning industry. He praised
the industry for having a "Very fine product
and very high standards" and said, "We are
happy to have had a part in this program. We
feel it is the type of relationship with industry
that is most productive for our national econ-
omy.

Fig. 1 - From left to right, Under Secretary of the Interior James
K, Carr, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Director Donald L.
McKernan, and Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall ac-
cept United States tuna canning industry award from Jack Gorby,
President of the Tuna Research Foundation, Terminal Island,
Calif.

In 1963, the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries conducted a nationwide promotional cam-
paign for canned tuna which included the dis-
tribution of recipe leaflets, marketing bulletins,
television slides, and news releases about the
nutritional value of tuna. The Department of
Agriculture also played an active role in the
promotion by featuring canned tuna in its
monthly List of Foods in Plentiful Supply

t-with UNA,

twit IS TUNA TIME
Wonderful tuna — flavorful convenience in a can —
truly the chef's best friend. Always available, priced
right and prepared so easily in so many sparkling {3p
ways. Versatile tuna goes with so many things — it
-flatters fruit — teams with greens —and coddles cas-
seroles. Tuna sings in sandwiches, too! Terrific tuna,
easy and elegant, bright and light, at your fingertips

everywhere.

SPARKLING lee

“ Tensor sled. ih ona ted re

iS by ting uke = heerty
th soleds for het weather oppatites.

favorite potete soled
capes
eas aay
Top hrdded lee who enero prion Tecan Spey tomanel apie ey) lelaiog a
spicy Levis flokes of heorty tune. Serve on salod greens,
‘varnish with dvocode ices ond nippy sowr

pmesaeedae
‘An @ variation on

Pacal slate el eey terra oeeaart
combination.

tr WE

Fig. 2 - Portion of Special Fisheries Marketing Bulletin issued by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture to promote tuna sales.

July 1964

In addition to marketing assistance, the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries also assists
the fishing industry through biological re-
search, participation in international fishery
commissions, loans and grants for vessel
construction, and through fishing gear re-
search and exploratory fishing.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 54.

United States Fisheries

FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS
PRODUCTION, 1963:

The United States production of fish sticks and portions
during 1963 amounted to 173.9 million pounds valued at
$65.6 million--a gain of 15 percent in quantity and 13 per-
_cent in value as compared with 1962, Fish sticks totaled
79.3 million pounds in 1963--7,1 million pounds or 10 per-
cent above 1962, and fish portions amounted to 94,6 million
pounds--up 16,0 million pounds or 20 percent,

Table 1 - U.S, Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
19631/

. (1,000 Lbs.)....4

sees

7,213
7,782
7,688
6,249
5,369
5,828

Total value 1962

72,217

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 3 - U, S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
1963 and 1962

1/1963 1962

Area

Atlantic Coast States
Inland & Gulf States ...
[Pacific Coast States...

Total
1/Preliminary.

eucerecavle aie. jee

Breaded
Uncooked

[ Table 5 - U. S, Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
1963 and 1962

|Atlantic Coast States
Inland & Gulf States
[Pacific Coast States

Table 6 - U. S, Production of Fish Portions by Months,

1960-1963

1/1963] 1962

(October ..
|November.
iDecember
[= eae

94,647 | 78,678 | 59,847 |49,381

Cooked fish sticks (74,1 million pounds) made up 93 per-
cent of the 1963 fish stick total, while the remaining 5,2

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Million pounds =f
18

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

U. S. production of fish sticks and portions, 1961-63.

May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

million pounds or 7 percent consisted of raw fish sticks.

A total of 91.6 million pounds of breaded fish portions (of
which 75.0 million pounds were raw) and 3,0 million pounds
of unbreaded portions were processed during 1963.

The Atlantic Coast was the principal area in the produc-
tion of both fish sticks and fish portions with 64,2 and 53.2
million pounds, respectively, The inland and Gulf States
were next with 8.3 million pounds of fish sticks and 38,2
million pounds of fish portions, The Pacific Coast States
made up the remaining 10.0 million pounds of fish sticks
and fish portions.

U.S. Foreign Trade

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-May 2, 1964, amounted
to 11,744,881 pounds (about 559,300 standard
cases), according to preliminary data com-
piled by the U.S. Bureau of Customs.

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
can be imported into the United States during
the calendar year 1964 at the 123-percent
rate of duty is limited to 60,911,870 pounds
(or about 2,900,565 standard cases of 48 7-
oz. cans). Any imports in excess of that quota
will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

SK OK OK OK OOK

PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY
PRODUCTS, MARCH 1964:

United States imports of processed edible fishery products
in March 1964 were up 20.7 percent in quantity and 25,2 per-
cent in value from those in the previous month, There was a
seasonal increase in imports of groundfish fillets and blocks
and slabs, Imports were also up for canned tuna in brine,
canned sardines not in oil, and canned oysters.

Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in March
1964 were down 8.5 percent in quantity and 3.7 percent in val-
ue. Imports of canned sardines not in oil were much lower
this March. Imports were also down for most other canned
fishery products, except canned oysters. The decline was

Vol. 26, No. 7

partly offset by much heavier arrivals of groundfish fillets
and blocks and slabs,

In the first 3 months of 1964, imports were up 2.6 percent
in quantity and 7.2 percent in value from those in the same pe-
riod of 1963, During January- March 1964 there were larger
imports of groundfish fillets, flounder fillets, blocks and
slabs, sea catfish fillets, yellow pike fillets, and canned sar-
dines in oil, but imports were down for swordfish fillets,
canned sardines not in oil, canned tuna in brine, and canned
crab meat.

U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products,
March 1964 with Comparisons

O Ss Value
n, -Ma;
aoe 1963 Hoga (ised 1964]1963 |
50 aoe of Lbs.).-|. «(Millions of $). . |

Fish & Shellfish:
Imports 43,1]47.1|128.0] 124.7] 12.9]13. 4] 37.2|34.7 ||

Exports2/ 1.0] 1.2] 4.7
1 /Includes only those fishery products classified by the U. S. Bu-
reau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs."' Included
are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only
fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving
substantial processing, i. e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fillets,
and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp,
lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed
only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not otherwise
processed).
2/Excludes fresh and frozen.

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the
United States in March 1964 were down 50 percent in quan-
tity and 54.5 percent in value from those in the previous

month. In March, there was a decline in shipments of all
leading canned fish export items, except canned sardines
in oil.

Compared with the same month of the previous year, the
exports in March 1964 were down 19.3 percent in quantity
and 16.7 percent in value. A sharp drop in exports of
canned salmon, canned sardines not in oil, and canned
squid, was partly offset by larger shipments of canned sar-
dines in oil, canned shrimp, and canned mackerel,

Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 3 months
of 1964 were up 8.2 percent in quantity and 14.6 percent in
value from those in the same period of 1963. In January-
March 1964 there were much larger shipments of canned
mackerel and shipments of canned sardines in oil and canned
shrimp were also higher, but exports of canned sardines
not-in-oil and canned squid were down sharply.

Washington

SALMON PLANTING
PROGRAM CONTINUES:

The Washington State Department of Fish-
eries has not stopped planting young salmon
in streams that run through or border Indian
reservations. Both the Indians and others will
share in the future salmon harvest.

During April 1964, more than 3.5 million
young chinook salmon were planted in the Nis-
qually, Puyallup, and Skokomish Rivers, and
315,000 fall chinook fingerlings were to be

July 1964

planted in the Nisqually in May 1964, along
with a plant of 100,000 in the Puyallup. The

3 rivers will then have received the follow -
ing chinook salmon plants in1964: Nisqually -
931,831; main Skokomish and Purdy Creek
tributary - 2,809,750; and Puyallup - 362,784
fish.

The Puyallup plants are small because
last year very few salmon reached the Puya-
llup salmon hatchery due to unrestricted
off-reservation Indian fishing on the spawn-
ing run of chinook salmon. (Washington State
Department of Fisheries, May 1, 1964.)

KOK OK K

DOGFISH SHARK FOR
HATCHERY FISH FEED:

A firm in Tacoma, Wash., plans to use the
unpopular dogfish shark to make moist pellet
food to feed desirable fish such as trout and
salmon, the Director of the Washington State
Fisheries Department announced May 1, 1964.
The Tacoma firm has plans to process a-
round 200 tons of dogfish each month into
hatchery feed.

The moist pellet food was perfected by the
Oregon Fish Commission and used success -
fully by the Washington State Department of
Fisheries in rearing silver salmon. Tuna
viscera has been the chief ingredient of the
pellet, but experiments have been made using
dogfish as the chief ingredient. Fish cul-
turists say the dogfish pellet food can meet
the high quality standards set by fisheries
agencies for food used in rearing trout and
salmon.

Permits have been granted two trawlers
to fish for dogfish in Puget Sound south of
Point Defiance. Both commercial and sports
fishermen, it is believed, will support any
efforts to thin out the dogfish population of
Puget Sound. The Tacoma company will re-
duce some dogfish, over that needed for pel-
let food, for use as fertilizer. (Washington
State Department of i, an May 1, 1964.)

EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH,
MAY 1964:

Wholesale prices for edible fishery products (fresh, fro-
zen, and canned) in May 1964 moved upward for a number of
the fresh and frozen items--principally halibut, salmon, and

Wholesale. eae

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

shrimp. But the higher prices were offset to some extent by
lower prices for several of the other fresh, frozen, and
canned fishery products. The overall wholesale price index
this May at 105.4 percent of the 1957-59 average was up 2.2
percent from April, but was down 9.1 percent from the same
month a year earlier.

Higher prices prevailed this May for the first-of-the-
season supplies of western fresh halibut (up 22.6 percent)
and salmon (up 9.9 percent) at New York City, and also for
Great Lakes fresh-water fish. Those were largely responsi-
ble for the 9.2-percent increase from April to May in the
subgroup index for drawn, dressed, or whole finfish. In con-
trast, May prices were lower for ex-vessel large haddock
(down 10,2 percent) at Boston, and those were lower than in
May 1963 by 29.8 percent. Compared with May 1963, prices
in the subgroup this May were lower for all items except
salmon (up 0.2 percent), and the subgroup index was down
6.8 percent,

Higher prices from April to May for South Atlantic fresh
shrimp (up 4,2 percent) at New York City were the direct
cause of the 1,9-percent increase in the subgroup index for
processed fresh fish and shellfish. Wholesale prices for
fresh haddock fillets at Boston this May were down 4,9 per-
cent from the previous month, and compared with May a year -
earlier they were lower by 25,3 percent. Compared with
May 1963, the subgroup index this May was down 12.5 percent
because prices for all items in the subgroup were down con-
siderably,

an. “a, os

es |
Buyer examining fresh West Coast halibut at Fulton Fish Market,
New York City.

The May 1964 subgroup index for processed frozen fish
and shellfish at 94,7 percent of the 1957-59 average was un-
changed from the previous month. From April to May, prices
for frozen fillets in the subgroup were lower, but frozen
shrimp prices at Chicago were higher (up 2.0 percent) and
tended to cancel out any apparent drop in the May subgroup
wholesale price index. As compared with May 1963, the sub-
group index this May was down 16.9 percent--prices were
sharply lower for shrimp, and substantially lower for fillets
of ocean perch and flounder.

May 1964 prices for canned tuna (down 1.2 percent) were
somewhat lower than in April, as were prices for canned
Maine sardines (down 2.4 percent). As a result, the sub-
group index was down 0.3 percent despite higher canned
salmon prices (up 1,1 percent), Higher prices for canned
pink salmon were the result of improved demand and partial
clearance of stocks, The subgroup index this May was low-
er than the same month a year earlier by 2.6 percent. Prices
for canned salmon and canned Maine sardines were lower than
in May 1963, but canned tuna prices (up 2.2 percent) were
higher.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, May 1964 with Comparisons
Pn nce ee ree eich
Point of Avg. Prices1/ Indexes
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($y ie (1957-59=100)

Fresh & Frozen Hishery Products: .
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole
“Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. |New York
Salmon, king, Ige. & med., drsd., fresh or froz.
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh
Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh .

Processed, Fresh (Bish & Shellfish). Ravuereaibr |
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20=Ib. tins . ./Boston a 71.6 ts 3 T1.7 183
Shrimp, ge, (26=30 count), headless, fresh. . .|New York “29 116.0 113.1) 134.8
Oysters, shucked, standards . Norfolk al 7.50 TT, ep een fa ee a

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish);

ets: Plamdon sanlee I=ib. pi
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1 Pe pkg.

Ocean perch, ige., skins on 1=Ib, Pkg d
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5=Ib. pkg.

Canned Fishery Products;

Salmon, pink, No, 4 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs,
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (ele Ze),

48 cans/cs. S80 wi das
Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (is 02.),

48 cans/cs.
Sardines, Mae keyless oil, ae drawn

00.

1/Represent average prices for one day (Mi y) during Lot
prices are published as indicators of Movement and not necessarily Tegan. eral, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices.
2/Replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under revised pro=
~ cedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics,

RADIATION AND FOOD

Consumers are hearing more and more about foods treated with some form of "'radi-
ation'' to preserve them, or to kill insects or insect eggs, or to prevent sprouting, or to
accomplish some other purpose.

They have begun to ask the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) questions about
such "irradiated" foods.

What are the advantages of irradiating foods? Proponents of the process claim that
for some foods irradiation substantially extends the life of a product without refrigeration--
an advantage more important at the present time for the armed services than for the gen-
eral consumer public. But sponsors of the process view it asa development with important
implications for the consumer.

The advantage of irradiation of wheat, of course, is that the radiation kills the insect
life that would otherwise develop and destroy the wheat or render it unusuable for food.
("FDA Memo for Consumers," U.S. Food and Drug Administration, February 19, 1964.)

July 1964

——

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

: SS
———————

EIGN

International

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES
DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR:

In the Indo-Pacific region, fisheries are
of great importance, especially from the
standpoint of nutrition, and governments in
the region attach special importance to in-
creasing fish production and consumption.
That dominant fact emerged from the 17-day
seminar on fisheries development, planning,
and administration held in Canberra, Aus-
tralia, in February 1964.

Organized by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Council, the seminar was attended by fisher-
ies administrators from Australia, Ceylon,
India, Japan, French Polynesia, Korea, Ma-
laysia, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, the
Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong, American
Samoa, Guam, New Zealand, Viet-nam, and
the South Pacific Commission,

The three FAO fisheries experts attending
were the Acting Chief, Economics Branch,
Fisheries Division, FAO, Rome; the Chief
Economist, Marine Resources Institute, FAO,
Peru; and the Regional Officer for Asia and
the Far East, FAO, Bangkok.

The seminar was officially opened by the
Australian Minister for Primary Industry,

FOR

who outlined Australia's role in the world
food program and referred to some of the
problems being experienced by countries in
the Indo-Pacific region.

An FAO representative, outlining the back-
ground and purpose of the seminar, said that
the formulation of realistic fishery develop-
ment programs had always been a difficult and
complex matter due to uncertainties about nat-
ural resources and potential markets, and the
heavy dependence of fisheries on developments
in other sectors of the economy. Moreover,
the nature of the fishing industry tended to
isolate it from other economic activities, geo-
graphically, socially, and administratively,
thus increasing the difficulty of coordinated
planning and of providing the government serv-
ices required for its development.

"More than ever before there is an out-
standing need to clarify the objectives of fish-
ery development and the importance of these
in relation to each other; to examine the real
opportunities for development represented by
the natural resources and potential markets;
to recognize the limits of the available re-
sources of personnel, facilities, equipment
and funds; and to review current and planned
programs in the light of these fundamental
considerations.

"At the present time, many governments
in the region are giving special consideration
to the need for improving their planning or-
ganization and administration in agriculture.
In view of the importance of coordinating fish-
ery programs with broader programs of.agri-
cultural development and industrialization, it
would be desirable to give early consideration
to the special problems of fisheries, so that
fishery programs might also benefit from such
measures,’ the FAO representative concluded.

Subjects discussed by the seminar included
(1) survey and appraisal of fishing situations ~--
the nature of fishery resources--supply, tech-
nological, and economic aspects; (2) objectives
of government fishery policies; 43) role of
government in fishery development--organi-

International (Contd.):

zation of government services to fisheries in-
‘dustry, organization and management of re-
sources reSearch, organization and conduct
of technological research, organization and
conduct of economic research; and (4) other
government fishery activities in the field of
statistics, fish marketing, fishery coopera-
tives, fishery credit, and fisheries education
and training. (Australian Fisheries News-
letter, March 1964.)

7 OK OK FS

OUTBOARD MOTORS INCREASE FISHING
EFFICIENCY OF TRADITIONAL
CRAFT IN SIX COUNTRIES:

Experience gained in mechanizing tradi-
tional fishing craft in Ceylon is now helping
other countries add outboard motors to small
fishing vessels under a Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) Freedom From Hunger
Project.

Three years ago a 45-year old Ceylonese
fisherman lived on the shores of the Bay of _
Bengal in a small house with walls of thatch-
ed palm and a roof of palm fronds. He and
his wife and seven children were crowded in
the small house, but it was all he could af-
ford. Now he has moved into a modern bun-
galow with brick walls and a tile roof. His
income is ten times higher than it was three
years ago, his children are being educated,
and he is branching out into other enterprises
connected with fishing.

That story has been repeated many times --
with individual variations--in Ceylon since
1951, under a government program to help
fishermen change from their traditional crafts
propelled by sail or oar to mechanized meth-
ods of fishing. For hundreds of years fishing
boats in Ceylon have been either dugout ca-
noes or log rafts called catamarans. They
are laborsome and limited in scope. They
have to be paddled if there is no wind. Some-
times a squall comes up when a traditional
fisherman is far offshore and, if he loses
sight of land before lights come on at night
in the villages, he may lose his life. Some-
times the wind fails and he has to paddle back
to shore, arriving during the heat of the day
with his catch spoiled. Even with the most
strenuous effort, a fisherman in a sail-pow-
ered catamaran could never in a single night
get out to the 6- or 8-fathom depths where
the big fish are.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

The solution to those problems has been an
outboard motor. A Finnish naval architect
sent to Ceylon in 1959 by FAO helped the Cey-
lonese Government set up a mechanization
program for traditional fishing craft. Dis-
cusSing their initial work, the Finnish expert
said, e were sure that outboard engines
could be fitted to catamarans and work effici-
ently, although there had been difficulties with
them previously. Wehad a few strokes of luck
at the beginning--mainly in the form of peo-
ple. One of those people was 'Nag'--as we
cametocall him. Another was a Ceylonese
fisheries extension officer... He caught on
very quickly to the use of the outboards and
helped greatly. We got two outboards from
a Swedish firm and started testing them, fitted
to Nag's big catamaran, on Nainativu Island, off
the north coast. Normally the catamarancar-
ries sixnets. We borrowed 11 more from Nag's
neighbors. With these and the motorized raft,
with which he was able to go out to the deep
waters, Nag's catchincreased 10 times --to 130
lbs. per day compared with 13.

Now 860 of Ceylon's traditional craft have
been fitted with outboard motors, provided
mainly through private business channels.
addition, about 1,200 inboard powered boats
have been built.

The 360 rafts mechanized in 1962 are said
to be responsible for an increase of 2,000
metric tons in Ceylon's catch for that year.
(The total increase in the Ceylonese fisheries
catch between 1961 and 1962 was about 10,000
tons, due to all improvements in fishing tech-
niques and boats.) The country's total catch
showed a steady increase from 39,000 tons in
1957 to 84,000 tons in 1962, according to Cey-
lonese fishery statistics.

The Ceylon project is similar to others
now being carried out in 5 other countries, in-
volving more than 500 engines, under FAO's
Freedom from Hunger Campaign. The pro-
gram began with an offer by a manufacturer of
outboard motors to give FAO a large number
of engines for use in worthwhile projects to
demonstrate their value in fishing boats. So
far the company has agreed to supply several
hundred engines. Other private companies
have also offered engines at very low prices,
and money to help buy and install them is being
supplied by a variety of donors.

The engines are being given to fishermen's
cooperative associations. They are sold on
easy terms to selected fishermen-members

July 1964

International (Contd.):

of the cooperatives, and proceeds form re-
volving funds, which in turn will be used for
ventures which will help the fishing commun-
ities.

An FAO representative said, 'It is neces-
sary to put each project on a commercial
basis, so that the fisherman has a stake in it
and therefore a strong incentive for repay-
ment... we feel that if the fisherman is re-
paying to his own association it will encour~-
age him because it is, in effect, his money."

Besides supplying and installing engines,
the project will also provide repair kits and
spare parts. An expert will study the type of
motor and installation best suited to local
boats and, if necessary, another expert will
organize maintenance and training of mechan-
ic assistants.

So far the following engines have been pro-'
vided: 28 in Togo (for a 2-year project
launched in November 1963); 10 in Zanzibar;
50 in Dahomey; 85 in the United Arab Repub-
lic; and 360 in Fast Pakistan.

The Finnish naval architect who pioneered
the Ceylonese project has now surveyed 22
countries, and new projects are envisioned in
a total of 13 countries, using 3,500 outboard
motors. For India, for example, where there
are an estimated 80,000 unmechanized fish-
ing craft, a project involving 2,000 engines
for a 3-year period is being planned. It was
expected that the plan of operation for the
Indian project would be signed in the spring
of 1964, pending agreement on all details.

"There are two interesting aspects of the
Freedom From Hunger Campaign (FFHC) out-
board projects}! the Finnish naval architect
said. ''First, results canbe seenvery quickly,
and, second, because the mechanized rafts can
be easily beached, the fishermencan continue
to live in their homes and fish offshore from
the beachas they have always done, but taking
much bigger catches. There is no need for
them to move to some far-off fishing harbour,
whichis the situationinmany countries when
mechanized fishing boats are introduced.
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, April 10, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1962 p. 48.

KKK KK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SWEDEN HELPS PAKISTAN MECHANIZE
SMALL FISHING CRAFT:

Sweden's Agency for International Assist-
ance has pledged US$158,600 to equip 285
small fishing craft in East Pakistan with out-
board motors during the next two years. The
project, which is being carried out under the
Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO)
Freedom From Hunger Campaign (FFHC),
will be reviewed at the end of the second year
and if everything has gone well Sweden will
provide East Pakistani fishermen with an ad-
ditional 315 outboard motors. This would
raise Sweden's total contribution to $291,000,
some $70,000 of it cash and the rest in 600
motors and spare parts valued at about $370
each. The Pakistani Government counterpart
contribution is $201,123.

The project is now under way and is sched-
uled to run three years. Its aim is to improve
earnings and standard of living of some 3,000
fishing families in 3 villages near Chittagong,
and 2 inthe Sundarban area. The outboard
motors will be sold to the fishermen on easy
terms through local fishing cooperatives. Re-
pair kits will also be provided and a Swedish
expert will instruct the fishermen in engine
care.

Tests carried out by FAO in Ceylon and
other countries show that, when coupled with
modern gear, equipping local craft outboard
engines increases fishermen's catches an
average of 300 percent.

FAO has five outboard mechanization proj-
ects in operation under the Freedom From
Hunger Campaign (FFHC)--in Dahomey, Togo,
East Pakistan, the United Arab Republic, and
Zanzibar. They involve a total of 773 engines.
Nine similar programs involving above 2,000
more engines are planned for India, Chile,
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Tanganyika, Brazil,
Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and Burundi.

Sweden has already contributed $376,383 to
FFHC. Swedish funds have helped to pay
FFHC central campaign costs and are now be-
ing used to finance projects in Asia and Afri-
ca. In addition to its East Pakistan pledge,
Sweden has also agreed to contribute an addi-
tional $712,000 to finance a training center for
women and girls in Tanganyika. The four-
year Tanganyika project was launched earlier
this year with an initial Swedish contribution
of $173,000.

International (Contd.):

Counting Sweden's contributions already
paid and funds pledged for the future, the to-
tal Swedish commitment to the four-year
old Freedom From Hunger Campaign now
stands at $1,379,383. (Food and Agriculture
Organization, Rome, March 31, 1964.)

(INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR
THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES

SOVIET UNION RATIFIES PROTOCOL
AMENDMENT CONCERNING
HARP AND HOOD SEALS:

On April 13, 1964, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics deposited ratification of
a Protocol to the International Convention
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. The
Protocol (done at Washington, D.C., July 15,
1963) relates to harp and hood seals and is
intended to bring those species within the
responsibility of the Northwest Atlantic Fish-
eries Commission. The Protocol is not in
force. (Bulletin, U. S. Department of State,

May 4, 1964.)
ote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 45.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

SPECIAL MEETING HELD:

The International Pacific Halibut Commis-
sion, which is responsible for the regulation
of the halibut fishery of the Northern Pacific
Ocean and Bering Sea on behalf of Canada
and the United States, held a special meeting
in Seattle, Wash., on June 4, 1964. i

The purpose of the meeting was to exam-
ine recent developments in the Pacific hali-
but fishery, and particularly those in the
Eastern Bering Sea where there has been a
Serious decline in the fishery.

At the meeting the Commission reviewed
the situation with its investigational staffand
conferred with invited representatives of the
vessel owners, fishermen, and dealers from
ports in Washington, British Columbia, and
Alaska.

NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL CONVENTION

JAPAN RATIFIES PROTOCOL AMENDING
INTERIM CONVENTION ON
CONSERVATION OF FUR SEALS:

On April 10, 1964, Japan deposited ratifi-
cation of a Protocol amending the Interim
Convention on Conservation of the North Pa-
cific Fur Seals. The Protocol (done at Wash-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

ington, D.C., October 8, 1963) relates to the con-
tinuation of the Interim Convention for another

'Six-year period and reflects the recommenda-:

tions adopted by the North Pacific Fur Seal
Commission on November 30, 1962. The Proto-
col entered into force on April 10, 1964. (Bulle-
tin, U.S. Department of State, April 27, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 48; De-
cember 1963 p. 52.

NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

SALMON AND CRAB FISHERIES
NEGOTIATIONS CONCLUDED BETWEEN

U.S.S.R. AND JAPAN:

The eighth annual meeting of the Northwest Pacific Fish-
eries Commission (Japan-U.S.S.R.) closed on April 28, 1964,
after 58 days of negotiations. Thetwonations signed notes of
agreement covering fisheries regulations and crab and salm-
on catch quotas in the treaty area. The 1964 salmon catch
quotas under the agreement were set at 110,000 metric tons
for Japan (55,000 tons each for Areas A and B), and 65,000
metric tons for the Soviet Union; and 1964 king crab produc=-
tion quotas of 252,000 cases (3-Ib. 48's) for,Japan and
378,000 cases for the Soviet Union were established.

The Commission readopted the following regulations for
the salmon fishery in convention waters:

Convention Areas:

(a) Area A, including the Sea of Okhotsk and the Ber-
ing Sea, is described as waters bounded on the
east and south by a line commencing at Cape
Navarin; thence southeast to a point of intersec-
tion at 55° N. latitude, 175° W. longitude; thence
south to 45° N, latitude; thence west to 155° E.
longitude; thence southwest to Aku-Yuri Island,
and the Sea of Japan north of 45° N. latitude.

(b) Area B is described as all convention waters south
of the southern boundary of Area A.

Prohibited Fishing Areas:

(a) Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk north of 45° N.
latitude.

(b) All waters north of 45°51' N. latitude bounded on
the east and south by a line commencing at a
point 20 miles southeast of Cape Olyutorskoe;
thence to a point 20 miles southeast of Cape
Govena; thence to a point 20 miles east of Cape
Ozernoi; thence 20 miles east of Cape Africa;
thence east at 56° N. latitude to a point at 170°
E. longitude; thence south to 53°50! N. latitude;
thence west to a point 20 miles southeast of
Cape Shipunskii; thence southwest to 160° E.
longitude; thence south to a point of intersec-
tion at 45°51' N. latitude; thence west to a point
of intersection at 151°30' E. longitude.

Fishing Seasons:
(a) Area A:
(1) Mothership fishery--May 15-August 10.
(2) Land-locked fishery--June 21-August 10.
(b) Area B:

Drift net and long-line fishery--April 30-June 30.

July 1964

International (Contd.):

(a) Catch limit on catcher boats not to exceed 300
metric tons.

(b) Catch limit on survey vessels not to exceed 150
metric tons.

Total catch of catcher boats and survey vessels at~
tached to one mothership shall not exceed total
catch allocated to mothership. Should the catch of
catcher boats and survey vessels fall within the
amount allocated to each mothership, an increase
in catch per catcher boat and survey vessel is per-
mitted.

“Gear Regulations:
(a) Length of nets per boat:

(1) 10 kilometers (6.2 miles)--Sea of Okhotsk.

(2) 12 kilometers (7.5 miles)--In that portion
of Area A within a line drawn from Cape
Olyutorskoe at 170925! E, longitude run-
ning south to 48° N, latitude, thence south-
west to Aku-Yuri Island (Bulganin Line).

(3) 15 kilometers (9.3 miles)--all other areas.
(b) Distance between nets set for fishing:

(1) Not less than 12 kilometers (7.5 miles)--
Sea of Okhotsk.

(2) Not less than 10 kilometers (6,2 miles)--
Pacific area within Bulganin Line.

(3) Not less than 8 kilometers (5.0 miles)--
other areas,

(4) No distance limitation between nets oper-
ated by small boats fishing south of 48° N.
latitude.

(1) Gill nets operated by each catcher boat of
mothership fleet in 1963 shall have a mesh
size larger than 60 millimeters (2.36 inch-
es) measured knot to knot; however, not
less than 60 percent of gill nets fished by
each boat shall have a meshsize larger than
65 millimeters (2.56 inches).

(2) Gill nets operated by land-based fleet in
Area B shall have a mesh size not less
than 55 millimeters (2.17 inches).

(d) Long-line regulations:

(1) Diameter of branch lines used in long-line
fishery in Area B (excluding Sea of Japan)
shall be not less than 0.522 millimeters.

(2) Long-line fishing prohibited in Area A.

Japanese Government sources disclosed that Japan
agreed to accept the Soviet proposal to delete from the An-
nex of the Japan-U.S.S.R, Fisheries Treaty the 10-percent
catch allowance provided for Area B (south of 45° N, lati-
tude), which allowed Japan to take up to 10 percent over
the catch quota set for that area. Japan's acceptance of
this proposal, however, was based on the condition that the
Commission would insert in the agreement Japan’s state-
ment of view with respect to the 10-percent allowance, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

that the Commission would recognize this allowance for the
1964 fishing season,

The allowance was originally provided for Area B be-
cause of the difficulty of allocating separate catch quotas to
the numerous small Japanese salmon vessels fishing in that
area, Its elimination means that Japan can be accused of vio-
lating the Treaty even if her catches slightly exceed the area
quota, Therefore, this concession is expected to place Japan
in a disadvantageous position in future negotiations. In previ-
ous years, Japan had not been able to effectively regulate fish-
ing in Area B, For example, in 1963 Japan had intended to
limit the catch of the land-based long-line fleet to about
15,000 tons, but final landings figures showed that the total
catch for the long-line fleet exceeded 20,000 tons,

The Japanese Government is now reported to be studying
the method of allocating catch quotas to the domestic fish-
eries. The 1963 quota for Area A (57,000 tons) was divided
on the basis of 81,21 percent for the mothership-type salm-
on fishery and 18.79 percent for the land-based gill-net fish-
ery. However, inasmuch as the quota for Area B, which is
fished exclusively by the land-based fleet, has been reduced
by 8,000 tons this year and the 1964 quota for Area A has
been reduced by only 2,000 tons as compared to 1963, the
land-based fishery operators are expected to agitate for a
bigger proportion of the Area A quota allotment. The 1962
catch quota for Area A was 55,000 tons, and for Area B
60,000 tons,

In Area B, the Japanese Fisheries Agency plans to allo-
cate quotas by type of fishery (i.e., gill-net, long-line, etc.)
and also plans to strengthen domestic regulatory measures to
ensure full compliance with the Commission's regulations. In
addition, the Agency hopes to develop a rapid reporting statis-
tical system and a system of estimating catches of vessels at
sea, so that when the quotas allotted to the different fisheries
are about to be met, the Agency will be able to direct those
vessels at sea to terminate their operations even before the
season ends,

Concerning the 1964 negotiations, the Japanese Minister of
Agriculture and Forestry stated that the quota agreement was
a reasonable settlement considering the fact that 1964 is a
poor pink salmon year. The president of a leading Japanese
fishing company viewed the Soviet Union’s modification of its
original insistence upon a 48,000-ton quota for Area B as an
unexpected concession, The president of the National Feder-
ation of Salmon Gill-Net Fishermen’s Associations, however,
expressed deep disappointment over the 55,000-ton quota for
Area B, stating that the allocation of the quota, which should be
determined on the basis of scientific analysis of resources,
was instead established as a result of force meeting force,
with Japan again being forced to retreat. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, April 23, 25, & 29; Nihon Keizai Shimbun, April
24, 1964; and United States Embassy, Tokyo, May 4, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p, 58; July 1962 p- 47.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

FISHERY TECHNOLOGISTS MEETING:

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop-
ment (OECD) is organizing a meeting of fishery technologists
at Scheveningen (The Hague) in the Netherlands, Septem-
ber 14-17, 1964,

The object of the meeting is to provide for a broad ex-
change of views between technologists from OECD Member
Countries on the scientific work accomplished and the prac-
tical experience gained since their last meeting in 1956.
Considerable progress has been made since 1956 in the tech-
niques of handling, processing, and distributing fish and the
OECD has felt the need to convene a further meeting of spe-
cialists in this field.

OECD expects that 150 participants from research cen-
ters and industry will attend the meeting, Technologists who
wish to attend the meeting are asked to apply as soon as pos-

International (Contd.):

sible, either directly to the Fisheries Division of the OECD
(2, rue Andre Pascal, Paris 16e, France), or through their
country’s Delegation to the OECD. Travel and accommoda-
tion expenses will be borne by participants.

The provisional program of the meeting lists the following
topics:

September 14, 1964--First and Second Sessions:

1, Storage of Fish in Chilled Sea Water at Sea (Biochemical
and Engineering Aspects):

(a) Introductory paper on storage in chilled sea water.

(b) Storing groundfish in refrigerated sea water.

(d) Microbiological aspects of storage of fish in chilled
sea water.

2, Prepackaging of Fresh, Frozen, Smoked and Other Prod-
ucts for Retail Sale:

(a) Public health aspects of prepackaging.

(b) Properties of packaging materials and their suita-
bility for various products,

(d) Practical experiences with prepacked fresh fish for
retail market.

September 15--Third and Fourth Sessions:

w
.

Handling of Wet Fish Aboard and on Shore (Except in
Chilled Sea Water):

(a) General introduction.

(b) Mechanization of German trawlers.

(d) Construction of trawlers in connection with handling
of the catch.

(e) Experience in Norway.

Handling of Wet Fish Aboard and on Shore:

(a) Handling of fish in the auction hall and layout of the
auction hall.

(b) Experiences with plastic fish boxes in French harbors,

(d) Handling and distribution of fresh fish.

(e) Inland distribution of fresh fish.

September 16--Visits to be organized by the Dutch
authorities, details of which will be sent with the definite
agenda,

September 17--Fifth and Sixth Sessions:
5. Problems in Freezing, Cold Storage and Thawing:

(a) General introduction about technical and economical
aspects of freezing of fish at sea.

(b) German experiences in freezing fish at sea.

6; Problems in Freezing, Cold Storage and Thawing:

(a) Time/temperature tolerance for frozen fish and fish
products.

(b) ‘Thawing of frozen fish, mainly for further process-
ing.

Each of the six sessions will be followed by a discussion

period on the subject presented. (OECD Technical Informa-
tion Bulletin, Paris, May 13, 1964.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

UNESCO INTERGOVERNMENTAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

THIRD SESSION MEETS IN PARIS,
JUNE 10-19, 1964:

Interested countries have been invited to
attend the Third Session of the Intergovern-
mental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
meeting in-Paris, June 10-19, 1964. UNESCO,
at its 11th session, adopted a resolution es-
tablishing the IOC "to promote scientific in-
vestigation with a view to learning more about
the nature and resources of the oceans, through
the concerted action of its members.'' IOC
programs are carried out through cooperative
action by Member States rather than by cen-
tralized action, and each Member determines
if and to what degree he will participate in
any program.

IOC has assumed the coordination ot the
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE),
which was originally launched by the Scientif-
ic Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) of
the International Council of Scientific Unions
(ICSU). That program will continue through
1965. The first major program initiated by
IOC was the International Cooperative Investi-
gation of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA), which
is virtually completed. IOC has also spon-
sored a South Atlantic Cooperative Investiga-
tion (SACI), and is expected to approve a Co-
operative Study ofthe Kuroshio (CSK) at the
Third Session.

Other programs to be considered at the
Third Session include the General Bathymet-
ric Chart of the Oceans sponsored by the In-
ternational Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), the
International Biological Program (IBP) spon-
sored by ICSU, installation and maintenance
of tide gauges, a tsunami (tidal wave) warning
system in the Pacific, and programs which
Members may propose at the Session.

The Third Session will also consider a
General Scientific Framework for World
Ocean Study (GSF), exchange of data and in-
formation, means by which the Commission
can assist its Members in development of na-
tional oceanographic programs, and a Second
International Oceanographic Congress tenta-
tively scheduled for the spring of 1966 in Mos-
cow.

July 1964

Argentina

FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963:

Argentina's fishing industry reported a
record production in 1963 and even better re-
sults are expected in 1964. Commercial fish-
eries landings in Argentina in 1963 consisted
of 110,320 metric tons of salt-water fish and
11,988 tons of fresh-water fish for a total of
122,308 tons, or 32 percent more than the
92,326 tons landed in 1962.

Argentine fish meal production from salt-
water fish in 1963 totaled 6,636 metric tons,
which was more than double the 1962 produc-
tion of 3,248 tons. Fish meal exports for the
first 11 months of 1963 amounted to 3,211
metric tons, as compared with 1,584 tons ex-
ported in the full year 1962.

Increased production of fishery products
in 1963 was aided by the expansion of the
freezing and packing industry, especially with
respect to the preparation of fillets for ex-
port (largely to the United States). The ca-
pacity of the fish meal plants at Mar del Plata
was also increased and new foreign markets,
mainly in Europe, have been found for the in-
creasing fish meal production. Argentina's
fish meal exports in the first 11 months of
1963 to West Germany alone totaled 2,267
metric tons, whereas in 1961, total fish meal
exports amounted to only 260 tons.

Argentine officials are optimistic that 1964
will bring further development in the fishing
industry. They believe that the constant in-
crease in domestic beef prices will spur a
significant rise in local consumption of fish.
To increase the catch, they plan to add about
20 new fishing vessels to the existing deep-
sea fleet of 40 vessels. They also look for
expanded fish meal exports. Argentina's fish
meal industry is reported to have an annual
production capacity of 12,000 tons, so there
is considerable unused capacity.

There is, however, a need for further in-
vestment in parts of the fishing industry. Na-
tional and Provincial authorities are planning
a development program for the fishing indus-
try which would authorize 147.5 million pesos
(about US$1.1 million) in credits to renew
plant and equipment, increase production, and
improve the system of distribution and mar-
keting. (United States Embassy, Buenos Aires,
April 30, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 54;
Nov. 1963 p. 54; and Sept. 1963 p. 57.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia

LICENSING AND IMPORT REGULATIONS
AFFECTING FISHERIES:

The Australian fisheries are subject to
regulation by both the Commonwealth Govern-
ment and by the Australian State Governments.

Licensing: Commonwealth and State or
Territorial licenses are required to fish in
Australian waters. Licenses are required
for each crew member as well as for the ves-
sel. Foreign fishing vessels may be licensed
to fish in Australian waters, although no for-
eign vessels are so licensed at present, ac-
cording to the Fisheries Division of the Com-
monwealth Department of Primary Industry.

Licenses are required of all Australian
fishing vessels, regardless of where they fish.
The Commonwealth has delegated its licensing
authority to the States and Territories, and
requires the possession of a local fishing li-
cense_as a condition for the issuance of a
Commonwealth license.

Restrictions on pendite Fish in Australia:
Laws and regulations prohibit the landing of
fish in Australia by foreign-registered fish-
ing vessels without prior approval of the Com-
monwealth Minister for Primary Industry.

Restrictions on Importing Fishing Equip-
ment: The Fisheries Division and the Depart-
ment of Customs and Excise of the Common-
wealth Government have stated that there are
no restrictions, other than payment of applica-
ble customs duties, on the importation of fish-
ing equipment into Australia.

Providing suitably equivalent vessels of
Australian manufacture are not ''reasonably
available,'' fishing vessels may be imported
free of duty under ''by-law," or at the British
preferential rate (usually 7.5 percent ad va-
lorem). Application for admission under ''by-
law'' must be made to the Department of Cus-
toms and Excise.

Fishing vessels denied admission under
those provisions may be admitted on payment
of the following import duties:

Vessels exceeding 500
tons (gross register)
Other vessels

eee ee

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia (Contd.):

Customs duties on other fishing equipment
are:

MEN

Floats for fishing nets
Fish hooks .......
Fishing and rabbit nets
and netting

Other Fisheries Regulations: Specific
regulations governing the operation of vari-
ous Australian fisheries are issued by the
State Government concerned and by the Com-
monwealth Government. (United States Em-
bassy, Canberra, April 24, 1964.)

Notes: (1) BPT = "British Preferential Tariff"--applies to goods of
United Kingdom origin.
(2) MFN = "Most Favored Nation Rates"'--goods of United
States origin fall within this category.

HK OOK OK OK

DIRECT FISH LANDINGS BY
FOREIGN VESSELS RESTRICTED:

The Australian Government is said to have
amended the tariff regulation restricting di-
rect exports to Australia of fish taken by for-
eign fishing vessels, according to the Japa-
nese Fisheries Agency. Direct export is de-
fined as export of catches not landed in a for-
eign port prior to their entry into Australia
for unloading or transshipment. Exports to
Australia of fish transshipped from another
foreign port are permitted, provided their
entry has been approved and documented by
the Australian Minister of Primary Indus-
tries.

According to a survey made by the Japa-
nese Fisheries Agency, Japan's 1963 direct
exports by Japanese fishing vessels to Aus-
tralia of frozen tuna (which form the bulk of
frozen fish exports to that country) amounted
in value to US$5,781 for bluefin, $6,694 for
skipjack, and $1,611 for albacore--a total of
$14,086. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 2,
1964.)

OK OK Ok Ok

SPINY LOBSTER TAGGING PROJECT:

Spiny lobster tagging was carried out in
the Abrolhos Islands area of Western Aus-
tralia during January 22-February 12, 1964,
by 2 teams from the West Australian State
Fisheries Department.

Vol. 26, No. 7

About 7,000 spiny lobsters were tagged
with a plastic dart tag inserted between the
second and third tail segments. The tag has
a barbed plastic shank to which is attached a
spaghetti-like orange plastic tube bearing the
letters F.D. and a serial number. The tag is
33 inches long and the diameter of the tube

(Panulirus penicillatus)

one-twelfth of an inch. When the spiny lobster
sheds its shell (moults), the barbed shank
should hold the tag in the flesh so the new
Shell will grow around it. Some tags will be
lost, of course, during the moulting process.

The purpose of the program is to obtain
information on growth rates. Spiny lobsters
only grow during a moult, so tagging was
planned to take advantage of the general ma-
ture spiny lobster moult which takes place
during February and March.

The spiny lobster commercial fishing sea-
son opened March 15, 1964, in the Abrolhos
Island area. For the project to be successful,
the cooperation of fishermen is required. In-
vestigators need every tagged spiny lobster
caught. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
March 1964.)

KK ok OK

TROUT FARM PLANNED IN TASMANIA:
Australia's first fresh- and salt-water
trout farm has been proposed for a site in
Bridport, Tasmania. The Australian business -
man sponsoring the project has engaged a
Danish expert to help in the venture, and ap-
plied to the Tasmanian State Government for
a license under legislation approved in 1963.
Discussing his plans, the Australian business -
man said, "Our target will also be the salmon

July 1964

Australia (Contd.):

market, Australia imported about 8 million
pounds of canned salmon from Japan and
Canada in 1962, and we believe we can com-
pete with the imported product, using rain-
bow trout. Ultimately it is hoped to produce
fresh, frozen, and smoked fish for Australia
and overseas.'' He said that later efforts
might be made to build up a trade in trout
eggs to supply fish farms in the United States
and Europe.

An application has been made to the Tas-
manian Government to use land on a mudflat
adjacent to the Brid River for the trout-rear-
ing station. Later it is hoped to develop an-
other 50 acres of the Bar Marsh area near
the Brid estuary.

Fresh water for the station would be drawn
from the Brid River. As the station grows
more water could be drawn from the Great
Forrester River and nearby creeks. The ini-
tial plan is to reclaim the mudflat on the
south side of the Brid River estuary for a
series of fresh-water rearing ponds. The
Bar Marsh section might become a fattening
station where fish would be transferred when
they were large enough to withstand sea wa-
ter. However, the Bar Marsh would not be
developed until more was known about the be-
havior of trout in salt and fresh water.

If early approval of the venture is received,
a small number of trout might be harvested
from the fish farm in 1965. (Australian Fish-
eries Newsletter, March 1964.)

British West Indies

OUTLOOK FOR BARBADOS
SHRIMP FISHERY PROMISING:

By the end of 1963 it became evident that
the actual potential of the newly established
frozen shrimp enterprise in Barbados, oper-
ated by United States interests, had been un-
derestimated by both the Barbados Govern-
ment and the company management. Initial-
ly, the Barbados fishery company planned for
a gradual increase in its United States-owned
and operated trawler fleet of 25 vessels, and
the Government had agreed to expand the in-
adequate cold-storage and freezing facilities
of the Barbados Marketing Corporation to ac-
commodate the shrimp landings anticipated.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Commercial Production of Fisheries Products
1 in Cambodia, 1960- 1963

Later, because the Government appeared re-
luctant to go along with the company's revised
expansion plans, the company indicated that it
would withdraw its base of operations. How-
ever, an agreement was finally reached and
the company is now talking in terms of a 100-
trawler fleet which would make Barbados one
of the largest fishing fleet centers south of
Tampa, Fla. If the plans for expansion devel-
op, it is anticipated that 2 million pounds of
frozen shrimp will be exported from Barbados
within a 2- to 3-year period.

The year 1963 was summed up as a poor
year for the local fishing industry in Barbados.
The major problem to be overcome is the lack
of capital for buying the equipment necessary
which would permit fishermen to go beyond
the shore line and engage in deep-sea fishing
operations. (United States Consulate, Barba-
dos, April 24, 1964.)

Cambodia

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
PRODUCTION, 1960-1963:

The commercial production of fishery prod-
ucts in Cambodia showed a general increase
during the period 1960-1963,

See

Metric Tons

Hectoliters

3 Fatt mer ‘fish liquid.
4/Production reported in "hand" units as 1.5 million "hands."
Production reported in "hand" units as 580,000 "hands,"
ource: Cambodian Government Fisheries Source.

Statistics on fisheries production in Cam-
bodia understate the total commercial catch,
since a considerable part of the marine catch

is delivered outside Cambodia. Inaddition, a
substantial amount of the fresh-water fish
catch by family or subsistence fishermen
enters commercial channels without being
recorded in official statistics (see table 2 on
following page). (United States Embassy,
Phnom Penh, April 24, 1964.)

Cambodia (Contd.):

Table 2 - Major Species Which Comprise 90 Percent
of the Commercial Catch

Family: Cyprinidae (Carps):
Leptobarbus hoeveni, Dangila siamensis, Thynnichthyes
thynnoides, Osteochilus melanopleura, Osteochilus has-
selti, Cirrhinus auratus, Labeo chrysophekadion.

Catfishes of several families:

Clarias batrachus, Wallago attu, Cryptopterus apogon, Pan-
gasius (3 species)

Other species from various families:

Ophiocephalus (several species), Anabas testudineus, Pseudo-
sciaena soldado, Oxyeleotris marmorata.

Republic of Cameroon

CHINESE TUNA VESSELS TO
TRAIN CAMEROON FISHERMEN:

Two Nationalist Chinese tuna fishing ves-
sels arrived on the west African coast at
Douala on April 4, 1964, to begin training
work with Cameroon fishermen. The tuna
fishing training program is for 18 months
under an accord signed in September 1963 by
the Republic of China and the Republic of
Cameroon. Plans call for each Chinese crew
to work intensively with a group of 3 trainees
for a 4-months period.

The tuna vessels are the Chung Yu 501 and
Chung Yu 502 (each 197 feet long with a net
displacement of 600 metric tons and a hold
capacity for 400 metric tons of frozen fish).
The vessels are equipped for long-line fish-
ing. On each vessel, refrigeration equipment
can turn out 6 tons of ice a day and freeze 15
tons of fish an hour. After freezing, the catch
will be stored in compartments at tempera-
tures less than 20° F. Each vessel, witha
crew of 30 seamen and 10 officers, carries
such modern equipment as radar and sonar.
A smaller vessel of 10 tons, carried by one
of the larger tuna vessels, will be used for
coastal fishing.

According to press sources, the tuna caught
on the high seas will be sold either in Abidjan
in the Ivory Coast, or Monrovia in Liberia.
The port of Douala lacks the refrigeration and
canning facilities which are available at Abid-
jan and Monrovia. (United States Embassy,
Yaounde, April 10, 1964.)

BSAASABAKSBBAA

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON
INDUSTRY ASKS FOR TARIFF REDUCTION
AT 1964 GATT NEGOTIATIONS:

The Fisheries Association of British Co-
lumbia filed a statement March 16, 1964, with
the Canadian Tariffs and Trade Committee
concerning the scheduled 1964 trade negotia-
tions in Geneva under the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade. Pointing out that the
salmon canning industry of British Columbia
is export oriented, the Association recom-
mended that Canadian representatives make
every effort to halt the upward movement of
tariff rates on canned salmon in European
countries. More favorable tariff conditions
in the United States were also mentioned as
objectives for Canadian negotiators.

The United Kingdom offers a duty-free
market to Canadian canned salmon and ab-
sorbs most of British Columbia's export sales
of canned sockeye salmon, but the Province's
canned pink salmon pack has a much wider
market. Until common tariffs began to be
imposed in member nations of the European
Economic Community, Canadian canned salm-
on enjoyed free entry into both Belgium and
the Netherlands. Now both countries impose
a 5.4 percent duty on Canadian canned salmon
and Belgium adds an additional 6-percent in-
ternal tax. The highest consumer prices for
canned salmon are found in France whichim-
poses an import duty of 18 percent as well as
the French consumers tax. That is said to be
one of the reasons that France, with more
than 5 times the population of Holland, pur-
chases only slightly more canned salmonfrom
Canada than the Dutch.

The Fisheries Association of British Co-
lumbia also discussed the export market situ-
ation in Australia and New Zealand. The As-
sociation has sent representatives twice inthe
last three years to appear before the Austra-
lian Tariff Commission. The Canadian salm-
on industry wishes to preserve the export mar-
ket in Australia which permits unrestricted
entry of Canadian canned salmon on the nom-
inal duty basis of 1d. (1.17 U. S. cents) per
pound.

In concluding, the Association's brief said
"in return for any concessions made, conces-
sions should be received which will have the
effect of broadening the market area for our
products or of reducing that part of the cost to
our foreign customers which is represented

July 1964

Canada (Contd.):

by import tariff rates." (Facts on Fish, April
9, 1964, Fisheries Association of B.C.)

sk sk sk sk
wk OK OK OK OK

SMALL STERN-FISHING FACTORYSHIPS
ORDERED BY NEWFOUNDLAND
FIRM FROM DUTCH SHIPYARD:

In the fall of 1964, a Dutch shipyard is ex-
pected to deliver the first in a series of 4
small stern-fishing factoryships ordered by
a Canadian fisheries firm in St. John's, New-
foundland. The main dimensions of the vessels
will be: overall length 164 feet, beam 29.5
feet, and moulded depth 22.7 feet.

The factory trawlers have been designed so
that their catch will be hauled aboard a stern
chute. Ona sheltered quarterdeck, the fish
will be processed mechanically, and then
stowed in refrigerated holds, Filleting ma-
chines, freezing equipment, and an ice-making
machine will be located below deck.

The fish hold of each vessel will have a
capacity of 14,120 cubic feet, and each vessel
will be able to land about 280 tons of frozen
fish or 320 tons of fresh iced fish. Each of
the factoryships willhaveacrew of 20. (Com-
mercial Fishing, March 1964.)

te sk ook
He OOK OK OK OK

NEW COMMITTEE FORMED FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRESH-WATER FISHERIES:

A national program for the development of
Canada's fresh-water fisheries was imple-
mented early in May with the formation of a
Federal-Provincial Prairie Fisheries Com-
mittee, announced the Canadian Department
of Fisheries on May 12, 1964. Members of
the new Committee are the Deputy Ministers
of Federal and Provincial departments re-
sponsible for fisheries.

At a two-day organizational meeting, the
committee, which is a result of the Federal-
Provincial Conference on Fisheries Develop-
ment held in Ottawa last January, adopted
terms of reference, to be ratified by the gov-
ernments concerned, and appointed subcom-
mittees to make recommendations for indus-
trial development and research. It received
a progress report from a study group onmar-
keting problems.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

The Chief of the Fish and Wildlife Branch
of the Ontario Department of Lands and For-
ests represented Ontario which was invited
tosenda representative to the meeting because
the fisheries problems of its northern lakes
are similar to those of the Prairie Provinces
and the Northwest Territories.

The main purpose of the committee, which
is similar in concept to the Federal-Provin-
cial Atlantic Fisheries Committee, is to pro-
vide for the orderly and progressive develop-
ment of a healthy and economic fisheries and
to that end to coordinate, where practicable,
the activities in the respective fields of re-
sponsibility of its members. The committee
is expected to make recommendations to the
respective governments for the implementa-
tion of fisheries programs and projects of
common concern. These recommendations
would include the development of methods and
techniques in the catching of fish and of shore
and plant facilities, and studies on the eco-
nomics of fisheries to ensure that any pro-
posed program of development is soundly based.

A second meeting, for reports on progress,
is tobe heldat Winnipeg, Manitoba, in the fall
of 1964.

Chile

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1964:

After relatively good fishing during Janu-
ary and early February 1964, the fish reduc-
tion industry of northern Chile was again
faced with a scarcity of raw material in
March. Anchoveta, the commercial fish of
the northern fish meal plants, disappeared
off Arica February 20 and had not returned
by mid-April. Off Iquique, anchoveta contin-
ued to be found in abundance until the second
week of March 1964. Then, for almost a
month, few Iquique vessels found sufficient
fish to make their trip worthwhile until mid-
April, when anchoveta reappeared within
reach of the Iquique fleet.

The absence of anchoveta from northern
coastal waters of Chile in late February and
early March has been noted in former years
and was not viewed with alarm by the indus-
try. The prolonged absence this year was be-
lieved to be due to the unseasonably warm

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Chile (Contd.):

weather through late March which may have
moved the fish south out of reach of the north-
ern fishing fleets. (Vessels taking anchoveta
must be able to deliver their catch to the fish
meal plants within a day or carry ice, which
is not feasible.)

The Chilean Fisheries Development Insti-
tute, which became operative January 1, 1964,
has leased a purse-seine vessel in order to
speed up its study ofanchoveta. (United States
Embassy, Santiago, April 18, 1964.)

Costa Rica

GREEN TURTLE REGULATIONS:

The Department of Fish and Wildlife of the
Costa Rican Ministry of Agriculture is draft-
ing regulations to control the capture of green
sea turtles (Chelone mydas mydas) during the
months that they appear in large numbers off
the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica (July, August,
September). The plan may provide for the
establishment of a buying agency by the Con-
sejo Nacional de Produccion at Limon with
gents at the Ports of Colorado, Tortuguero,
and Parismina. The plan reportedly will au-
thorize the Consejo to sell turtle meat at re-
tail through its sales agencies and also whole-
sale the turtle meat to retail meat shops
throughout Costa Rica.

The new regulations will implement De-
cree No. 9 of May 24, 1963, published in
the Official Gazette of May 30, 1963. Fol-
lowing are the main provisions of Costa Rican
Decree No. 9:

Article (1) Permits for the capture of green
sea turtles shall be issued by the Ministry

of Agriculture and Livestock.

Article (2) Permits for capturing green sea
turtles shall be extended only for the pe-
riod during which the turtles arrive at the
Costa Rican coast--June, July, and Au-
gust--and shall expire on August 31.

Article (3) The capture of green sea turtles
for commercial purposes is prohibited on
the beaches and for a distance of 1 kilo-
meter (about 0.62 mile) inland, measuring
from the high-tide mark.

1964.)

Vol. 26, No. 7

Article (4) The unloading of captured green
sea turtles shall be permitted only when
the proportion of females does not exceed
50 percent of total lot.

Article (5) The concessionaire (permit hold-
er) shall notify the appropriate fisheries
authorities at Limon of the number of tur-
tles captured during each voyage and the
areas where they were taken.

Article (6) Live captured turtles can be kept
in pens for a period not to exceed 15 days.
Turtles which have been captured by har-
poon must be slaughtered within 24 hours
after unloading.

Article (7) The exportation of turtles shall
be subject to the following conditions: (a)
approval by the Ministry of Agriculture
and Livestock on each export shipment of
live or processed turtles; (b) approval by
the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
on each export shipment of turtle shells
(‘'caparazones"') or other type of product;
(c) the exportation of live turtles shall be
authorized only after the national (local)
demand for them has been satisfied; (d)
applications for export permits shall be
filed with Fish and Wildlife Office of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock,
specifying the legal qualifications of the
applicant, a description of the product to
be exported, the destinations, and respec-
tive value.

Decree No. 9. was signed by the President
of the Costa Rican Republic, May 24, 1963.
(United States Embassy, Costa Rica, April 3,

‘Cuba

EQUIPMENT FOR NEW FISH
CANNERY BUILT IN ESTONIA:

Machinery and equipment fora fish cannery
in Cuba is reported to have been built in the
Estonian Socialist Soviet Republic. The plant,
in the Havana Bay area, will have a daily ca-
pacity of about 4,500 pounds of finished prod-
uct. Soviet technicians were tg be sent to Cuba
to help set up the equipment. (Unpublished

source.)

July 1964

Denmark

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTS, APRIL 1964:

Separate Fishery Negotiations Sought at GATT Sessions:
A proposal to seek separate negotiations on fishery prod-
ucts rather than have them included with agricultural com-
modities during the Kennedy Round at Geneva was discussed
at the early April 1964 meeting of the Nordic contact committee
on fishery problems. The proposal was made because it was
feared that the difficulties involved in the agricultural nego-
tiations would overwhelm the fishery discussions,

Continued Dispensation on Undersized Whiting Requested:
Denmark plans to request a prolongation of the dispensation
from the North Sea Convention which permits its fishermen
in vessels with not over 150 hp. to use nets with less than
the prescribed size mesh and to land whiting less than the
minimum size of 23 centimeters (9 inches) in unlimited quan-
tity if taken in prescribed areas of the Kattegat and Skager-
rak, The dispensation originally expired May 1, 1963, but
was extended for another year, The whiting catch is used
mainly for pond trout food and mink food by Denmark’s near-
ly 600 trout-pond operators and about 4,000 fur farmers,
Some whiting is processed into fish meal, Danish biological
studies show no adverse effects on the resource fished nor
on the fishery for whiting for human food in other areas.
Danish whiting landings for all purposes in 1963 amounted to
about 55,000 metric tons, which is a new record,

Processing and Distributing Plaice: Packaged frozen

plaice fillets are reported to cost the Copenhagen consumer
2-1/2 times as much as the fisherman received for the
plaice from which they were processed, according to a Dan-
ish newspaper reporter and a fishery exporter. Their calcu-
lations were based on a package of frozen fillets selling at a
Copenhagen supermarket for Kr, 3.95 (57.3 U.S, cents), The
8 fillets in the package weighed 450 grams (about one pound),
On that basis, the retail cost of two fillets from one plaice
was about Kr, 0,99 (14.4 cents).

In Danish retail fish stores, plaice usually are sold alive
and filleted to order--an example of Danish insistence on
quality. The frozen product is handled in other types of
stores having the right to sell frozen foods, Such frozen
food outlets may be tripled in 1966 if proposed legislation is
approved,

Fisheries Limits--Skagerrak: Regulation of the fisheries
and fisheries limits in the Skagerrak--the rich fishing area
between Norway, Sweden, and Denmark--was an agenda item
at the early April meeting of the Nordic contact committee
on fishery problems. The discussion was in general terms
and mainly exploratory with respect to the intentions of
those three countries. No conclusions were reached, and no
proposals are expected until there has been further study
and another meeting.

Costs of Processing and Distributing Frozen, Packaged
Plaice Fillets in Denmark

érel

Cost of one plaice at auction. .......

Income from filleting waste sold for

|_trout or fur-animal food ........-
Net cost of fish... se ee ee 32.6

DimectHlabOrn igs es seeders sie se ele Yee
Packaging ......++s oy oteoni 2)
|Depreciation and interest ...... at
Cost of processed fillets .....
Processor's and wholesaler's profit--
about 18% on wholesale price ......

etailer's profit--about 33% on
METAL MPRICS! Sap eusinsie ese Ashe one Sets

1/One Danish krone (100 gre) equals U. S. $0.145.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

The probable substantial increase in the Skagerrak her-
ring fishery predicted for the coming winter and a number
of years in the future by a noted Norwegian biologist has
brought some urgency to the matter of fisheries limits and

rights in that area. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark naturally
wish to preserve as much of the fishing area as possible for
their own fishermen if the herring are to return as they have
done in about 100-year cycles for a thousand years, accord-
ing to predictions,

Fisheries Limits--Denmark: Extension of Denmark’s
fisheries limits to 12 miles, as provided in the agreement
reached at the Western European Fisheries Conference in
London in February, was expected wouldcome with deliberate
speed, Introduction of the necessary legislation in the Dan-
ish Parliament probably will be preceded by negotiations
with West Germany and the Netherlands with respect to their
fishing rights in Danish waters, Discussions of the proposed
fisheries limits between Denmark’s Fisheries Ministry and
the Danish fisheries associations were reported to be just be-
ginning about mid-April. (Regional Fisheries Attache for
Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, April 22, 1964.)

KK K OK OX

FISHERIES TRENDS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

Landings: Denmark’s fishery landings in January-
March 1964 were down about 5 percent from the same peri-
od in 1963 because of stormy weather and less abundant in-
dustrial fish, The usual large Norway pout fishery--
132,000 metric tons in 1962--dropped to 97,000 tons in 1963,
presumably because of a poor year-class, but that fishery
could recover in 1964, The common sole fishery, which de-
clined about 80 percent in 1963 as compared with 1962 (be-
cause of the severe winter), is not expected to recover fully
until 1966 or 1967, The North Sea herring fishery should
give good yields in July and August of this year, according
to Danish biologists. If the Norwegian herring follow a fa-
mous Norwegian biologist’s predictions--as they seem to be
doing-~there should be a good herring fishery this coming
winter in the inner Skagerrak and possibly on the Jutland
banks in the North Sea, Unless the industrial fish catch im-
proves, the current shift of cutters to fishing for foodfish
could result in a somewhat smaller but more valuable total
catch by Danish fishing vessels in 1964,

Since Denmark’s fishery for undersized whiting, under a
dispensation from the North Sea Convention, has not affected
the whiting resources fished for either industrial or food
uses according to their biologists, Denmark expects a re-
newal of the dispensation which expired May 1, 1964, Should
this dispensation not be granted, the whiting fishery (55,000
metric tons in 1963) would be seriously curtailed.

Exports: Danish exporters of fishery products look for-
ward to a favorable year for exports in 1964 if landings
equal or surpass those of 1963, For the first quarter of
1964, total fishery exports were about 4 percent less in quan-
tity but 12 percent greater in value than during the compar-
able period in 1963. Denmark’s exports of fishery products
to the United States in the first quarter of 1964 were down
about 40 percent in quantity and value from the same period
in 1963, Pond trout exports were about 65 percent less in
value, cod exports were down about 50 percent, and canned
herring and brisling exports dropped about 20 percent,
Canned shrimp exports were about the same as the same
period in 1963, but Norway lobster exports increased about
130 percent,

New Developments: A new development in 1964 has been
the importing of fillet waste from the United States and Can-
ada to supply food for Danish and Swedish fur animal (mink)
farms, Prices f.o.b. Gloucester, Mass., at just under 2 cents
a pound permit delivery in Denmark at about 3-1/4 cents a
pound when shipped in large lots.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

Because of the failure of the bluefin tuna fishery in Nor-
way and Denmark last season, Japanese-caught big-eyed tuna
were imported by Danish canners at $350 a metric ton f.o.b.
Italy. When trucked to Skagen the total cost was $400 a ton.
(Tuna producers in New England have been informed of
Danish canners as a potential tuna market.)

United States Market: Lower prices in the United States
market do not seem to be of especial concern. Alternate
markets for cod fillets, for example, are being sought, and
found, in England and on the Continent by Danish, Faroese,
and Greenland producers. Pond trout sell as profitably in
Europe as in the United States. However, the Danish Con-
sulates General in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago
have reported to Danish processors that there is an in-
creasing demand for Danish canned and frozen fish in those
areas, and the Danish fisheries attache post in New York is
to be filled.

Danish sardine canners cannot compete in the United
States market with Maine canners for the less expensive
canned sardine market when the Maine pack is normal, but
Danish specialties, such as canned brisling in wine sauce,
enjoy good United States markets. Currently, Danish can-
ners are having difficulty competing with Canadian sardine
canners on the world market. When possible, Danish can-
ners try to market higher priced specialties. They pay
about $58 per metric ton to the fishermen for herring and
about $70 per ton for brisling. (Regional Fisheries Attache
for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, April 29,
1964.)

2K OOK OK OK

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS SUPPLY
AND DISTRIBUTION, 1963:

Fish Meal: The Danish supply of fishmeal
in 1963 was only 1.5 percent less than in the
previous year. Domestic production accounted
for most of the supply, although Iceland ship-
ped 8,706 metric tons of fish meal (more than
half was herring) to Denmark in 1963, and
Norway supplied 3,508 tons (somewhat less
than half was herring). A small quantity (93.5
tons) was also received from the United States.

Distribution of the Danish fish meal supply
in 1963 was about thesame as in1962. Amod-

Table 1 - Danish Fish Meal Supply and
Distribution, 1962-1963

(1, 000 Metric Tons)

Supply:
Scie on hand January 1 ....
Domestic production
Imports . 0. 202+ ee ee ooo

Eee ries

Domestic consumption
Exports
Stocks on hand December 31

1/Estimated.
2/Revised.

cece eee ee ee eo ow

eee

Vol. 26, No. 7

erate decline in domestic use for animal feed
in 1963 was about offset by a gain in exports.
The principal buyers of Danish fish meal
(mostly herring) in 1963 were the United King-
dom with 31,255 tons, West Germany with
6,793 tons, Poland with 5,529 tons, Switzer -
land with 4,277 tons, Finland with 3,269 tons,
Sweden with 2,809 tons, and the Netherlands
with 2,023 tons.

Marine Oils: Refined oils from Perumade
up a large part of Denmark's marine oil im-
ports, although the imports in 1963 also in-
cluded sizable shipments of crude marine oils
from Peru. Danish production of hardened or
refined marine and animal oils amounted to
25,000 tons in 1963 and 24,912 tons in 1962.
Domestic production of crude fish oil (includ-
ing herring oil)--the major factor in Danish
production of crude--amounted to 25,000 tons
in 1963 and 24,697 tons in 1962. Domestic
production of other crude marine oils (whale,
seal, and other) in Denmark amounted to
2,081 tons in 1962 (comparable data for 1963
is not yet available).

- Table 2 - Danish Imports of Marine Oils, 1962-1963
Commodity and
Country of Origin 1963 1962

« » (Metric Tons)... .

Whale oil, crude:
REMY oO Goo Ooo KOo ODD
Netherlands .........-.

Sperm oil, crude:
Norway ...-+...
West Germany

ee ee

Seal oil, crude:
Norwaydileiialcieiel sient
Herring oil, crude:
United States ...
West Germany . .
Teeland oye) sie

Norway .....
United Kingdom

Other marine oils, crude:

Peruiesietei-iietsikene Mei ieil=!i fin
INGE oO Oo Oooo oD ORO
United Kingdom

Marine oils, refined:
SEW AT METI: custo Ne ts
ECTUGsitW et el cleft siieltsiveilel ellis

Other countries ... » »

Bardens wo
Sigel Goo bobo oondooo
Other countries

9
6,719.2 3, 396.6

July 1964

Denmark (Contd.):

Table 3 - Danish Exports of Marine Oils, 1962-1963
Commodity and
Country of Destination 1963 1962

(Metric Tons) ...

Whale oil, crude:

West Germany «2+ +eeees

Seal oil, crude: 1/
Total all countries .

Herring oil, crude:
Finland’. sss ec ce ee

United Kingdom
West Germany ....

eoreeeeee

Other marine oils, crude:
West Germany .
Czechoslovakia
Other countries

598.5
100.0
326.0

738.7
1,073.6
288.9

Marine oils, refined:
Total all countrie

1, 105.0 2, 850.0
1,011.9 1,653.0

-| 2,116.9 4,503.0

1/Mostly to West Germany, and some to Sweden,
2/Mostly to Norway and West Germany, and a small quan-
tity to Sweden,

Crude herring oil accounted for the bulk of
Danish exports of marine oils. (United States

Embassy, Copenhagen, April 16, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 73.

Ethiopia

NEW COMPANY WILL HANDLE
FISHERY PRODUCTS:

Organization of an Ethiopian-Bulgarian
company which will engage in shipping, fish-
ing, and other activities was announced early
in 1964, The capital of the company has been
reported as Eth$2 million (US$800,000), of
which one-fourth is paid up. . It appears that
16,980 shares of the company's 20,000 regis-
tered shares are held by a Bulgarian Govern-
ment organization.

The new company has registered four car-
go ships under the Ethiopian flag to engage in
general shipping between ports on the Red
Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea. The
newly registered cargo vessels are under-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

stood to have previously been the property of

a Bulgarian organization, and the vessels will
initially be manned by Bulgarian or other for-
eign crews. In the future, a training program
for Ethiopian seaman may be arranged.

Four new 300-ton fishing vessels are to be
acquired by the company. Each fishing vessel
will have refrigeration equipment to store 120
metric tons of fish at 0° C. (32° F.),

The company will obtain fish both from its
own fleetandfrom localfishermen. Edible fish
will be frozen, presumably for the European
market, and the remainder will be processed’
as fish meal. A freezing plant, fish meal plant
and ice plant will be built near Massawa, Ethi-
opia, in an area north of the city. The freez-
ing plant will have a minimum capacity of 30
tons a day and a maximum capacity of 80 tons.
The capacity of the fish meal plant will be 60
tons of raw fish a day. The ice plant will be
capable of producing 60 tons of ice a day. A
pier will also be built. (Unpublished sources.)

ry
German Federal Republic

FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL
"WALTHER HERWIG'' COMMISSIONED:

The Walther Herwig was commissioned as
West Germany's second fisheries research
vessel on October 28, 1963. Specifications of
the vessel are: length overall 83.2 meters
(272.9 feet), width 12.5 meters (41.0 feet),
gross tonnage 1,987 tons, and net tonnage 889
tons. The vessel is powered by a 2,000 horse-
power engine.

The Walther Herwig will operate in the At-
lantic Ocean and will be used primarily for
marine and fisheries research. The vessel
began its first cruise November 25, 1963,
when it sailed for the west coast of Greenland
to carry out fisheries biological investigations.
(International Commission for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries Newsletter, No. 44.)

FREEZER-TRAWLER LANDINGS,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1964:

During February 1964, two Greek freezer
trawlers and two refrigerator vessels landed

Greece

Greece (Contd.):

992 tons of frozen fish at the port of Piraeus,
down 36 percent from the same month a year
earlier but 11 percent more than in February
1962. In January 1964, a total of 2,250 tons
of frozen fish was landed by five freezer
trawlers and one refrigerator vessel.

Total landings of frozen fish in January-
February 1964 of 3,242 tons increased 11 per-
cent from the 2,934 tons landed in the same
period of 1963, (Alieia, March 1964.)

se ok oie) ok 36

NEW EXPERIMENT TO USE
FISH MEAL AS FISH FOOD:

The Government of Greece is starting an
experiment--a new use for fish meal. If it is
successful, a sizable new market for the prod-
uct might be created. The experiment, to be
carried out by the Greek Ministry of Indus-
try's Department of Fisheries, is to import
from Denmark 3 or 4 tons of fish meal which
is to be used as fish food at 3 trout hatcheries
in Greece.

Because Greece's Mediterranean waters
no longer provide enough food fish and yields
from the distant Atlantic Ocean fishing grounds
are declining, the Greek Department of Fish-
eries hopes to help meet the demand for food
fish with hatchery-reared fish, and possibly
salt-water fish from estuaries.

The Director of the Greek Department of
Fisheries cited the pioneer work done in Den-
mark in the use of fish meal as fish food. He
said:

"In 1946 Denmark produced 400 tons of
trout fed from fish meal, and in 1961 the to-
tal was 7,500 tons. The research workers
there found that with fish meal they could
grow a marketable fish in 18 months."

The three hatcheries in Greece include a
state hatchery at Jannena, in northwestern
Greece, a Second under construction at Edes-
sa in Macedonia, and a private hatchery near
Laevadia, about 80 miles northwest of Athens.

The possible significance of the experiment
to fish-meal producers would be in supplying
the hundreds of state and private fish hatcher-
ies scattered throughout Greece. Another
possibility would be smaller sales of fish
meal to farmers and others maintaining fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

ponds, either to supply their own tables orto
provide fishing on a paying basis to others.
Farmers are encouraged to dam streams and
thus make small lakes which are stocked with
fish.

The Department of Fisheries also plans to
later try fish meal as a fish food on fish in
the brackish waters of many estuaries of the
seas almost surrounding Greece. About 100
of those are now being developed by the Gov-
ernment and exploited under concession by
private firms and fishermen's cooperatives.
The inlets being developed have narrow en-
trances which can be closed with a bamboo
dike or weir in the spring and summer to ad-
mit water but prevent escape of the fish. The
fish are now allowed to grow naturally in the
inlets, but enrichment of their natural food
supply with fish meal might well stimulate
more growth. The hoped for results are
larger fish and lower prices to the consum-
ers.

A parallel experiment, said the head of
the Department of Fisheries, may be in at-
tempting to stimulate plankton growth in the
estuaries by introduction of nutritious chem-
icals such as nitrogen and phosphates. Since
fish feed on plankton, they would benefit from
having a better naturalfood supply. He added,
however, that feeding of fish meal will be
more successful, if for no other reason than
that it eliminates the intermediate step of
feeding plankton. (Alieia, March 1964.)

Iceland

FISHERY LANDINGS BY
PRiNCIPAL SPECIES, 1962-1963:

« » (Metric Tons). . .
223,449

Total eines a 773, 602 832,084

Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all
fish are drawn weight.

2K OK OK Ae 3K

July 1964

Iceland (Contd.):

FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL
SPECIES, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1963:

January -November

+ «+ (Metric Tons)... .
226, 508 217,968
46, 850 50, 351
13,722 12,585
5,318 6, 846
17,077 13,283
5,473 4,984
31,718 21, 398
1,112 1,483
384, 879 424, 569
603 532
1,077
5,177

Cod

Haddock...
Saithe ....
Ling .. +e
Wolffish (catfish)!
Cusk (3) a! dia, «

Ocean perch .
Halibut
Herring
Shrimp
Capelin .
Lobster

Other 6, 297 9, 866

Total 745, 811 766, 339

Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish
are drawn weight,

2,474

*K OOK OK OK OK

EXPORTS OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS, 1962-63:

During 1963, there was a considerable in-
crease in exports of frozen and salted her-
ring, herring meal, and cod-liver oil as com-

pared with 1962, according to the Statistical

Icelandic Fishery Exports, 1962-63

Product

Other roes for food, salted ..
Roes for bait, salted

Note: Values converted at rate of 1 krona equals 2,32 U. S. cents.

Bureau of Iceland's Statistical Bulletin, Feb-
ruary 1964. Exports of frozen fish fillets
and herring oil showed a decrease in1963.

kK KOK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY
LANDINGS, 1962-1963:

How Utilized

Herring!/ for:
Canning ...

Oilandmeal ....
Freezing +. « «sss
Salting . .
Fresh on ice .....
Groundfish2/ for:
Fresh on ice 4» » + «%
Freezing and filleting
SALEIIGis cial so lere 07s 5 6
Stockfish (dried unsalted)
Canning verels siisie «. «
Home consumption Bd
Oil and meal
Capelin for:
Freezing ...
Oil and meal
Shrimp for:
Freezing ...
Canning ...
Lobsters for:
Fresh on ice ...
Freezing . se. oe

a) ene

1/Whole fish.
2/Drawn fish,
Source: Aegir, April 1, 1964.

Ok OK KOK

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS,
JANUARY -NOVEMBER 1963:

How Utilized Ua Bes
| 1963 1962

- « « (Metric Tons)...

Herring2/ for:
Canning ...
Oil and meal
Freezing ...
Salting
Fresh on ice .

Groundfish2/ for:
Freshjonucel: ¢.¢j«,0.6 16, «
Freezing and filleting ..
Salting wee cee see
Stockfish (dried unsalted)
Canning ...2-.ccae
Home consumption ...
Oil and meal

Capelin for:
Freezing .scececcvece
Oil and'meal. .. 2...

Shrimp for:

FL@GZing | Vs; a) ola eye 0 wlsce
Canning cop. yeie 18.8.0, 9.0, ©

Lobsters for:

Rreshion ice? sss) we 06

Freezing . 2.6.

Total production
1/Whole fish.

2/Drawn fish.
Source: Aegir, March 1964,

745, 811 766, 339

% OK OK OK OK

Iceland (Contd.):

TWO NEW FISHING VESSELS
DELIVERED BY BRITISH SHIPYARD:

The Jorundur II and an identical sister-
ship, the Jorundur III, were delivered to Ice-
landic owners in March and April 1964 by a
British shipyard in Selby. The dimensions
of the new vessels are: length between per-
pendiculars 104 feet, length overall 1193 feet,
moulded breadth 25 feet, moulded depth 12
feet, and gross tonnage 267 tons. Main pow-
er in both vessels is provided by an 800-
horsepower Diesel engine. Both are equip-
ped with variable pitch propellers.

Specifically designed for service in Ice-
landic waters, each vessel has a multipur-
pose fish deck which by its layout enables
gear and fishing methods to be changed ac-
cording to season. The vessels will probably
operate as purse Seiners in herring fisheries
for 8 to 9 months out of the year, but they can
also be used for trawling and long-lining.

The builder's description of the Jorundur
II states, in part, ''when trawling, the vessel
employs fore and aft gallows on the starboard
side, the aft unit of which is removed for
purse-netting and long-lining operations.
Twelve men are employed for trawling. Line
fishing for cod requires a crew of 16 on Jor-
undur II--the extra numbers being engaged
in hook-baiting... the line is paid out over a
runner in the stern immediately beneath the
boat deck... .

"The bulwarks of the fish deck and the
section boards of the fish pounds are 15inch
es higher than normal for the better reten-
tion of the herring catch; a gravity chute is
used for the rapid transfer of the herring
from fish deck to hold."

The total fishroom capacity of the Jorun-
dur Il was reported to be 9,630 cubic feet.
Cooling grids maintain a fishroom tempera=
ture of 35° to 37° F. Two liver tanks with a
combined capacity of 1,500 gallons are fitted
forward of the fishroom on port and starboard
sides.

Both Jorundur Il and III were built to Lloyds
Class 100 Ai "Trawler" specification, and
strengthened for navigation inice. The ves-
sels are of all-welded construction and were
built by unit prefabrication methods. Their
design embodies a bar keel, cruiser stern,
raked round-nose stem of clipper form, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

flush deck with whaleback. Though convention-
al in type and mechanical layout, the vessels
were equipped with modern navigational and
fish-finding electronic equipment.

India

INDO-NORWEGIAN FISHERIES
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS CONTINUED:
The Norwegian fisheries development proj-
ect in India will be intensified during the fis -
eal year April 1, 1964-March 31, 1965. For
work during that period, the Norwegian Gov-
ernment has provided an appropriation of
Kr. 6.8 million (US$952,000) and the Indian
Government will also contribute substantial
amounts. The basis for the cooperation is an
agreement between India, Norway, and the
United Nations concluded in 1952, and supple-
mented by later agreements in 1953, 1956,
1961, and 1963.

A chapter in the history of the Indo-Nor-
wegian project was closed April 1, 1963,
when Norwegian specialists withdrew from
the villages of Sakthikulangara and Neenda-
kara in the Province of Kerala where the
project originally began. In that projectarea,
a boatyard, engineering workshop, ice factory,
and fish-freezing plant had been established.

The Norwegian specialists now plan to es-
tablish similar fishing stations at Cannanore
in northern Kerala, Karwar in Mysore, and
Madapam in Madras. It is estimated that con-
struction of fishing facilities in those ports
will be partially completed by the end of 1964.

The working program for the year also in-
cludes continued development of the fishery
station in Cochin, Kerala, where the adminis-
tration headquarters of the Indo-Norwegian
fishery project is located. Plans also callfor
experimental fishing from the new stations.
When the boatyards at the new fishing stations
are put into operation, the training of local
fishermen will begin.

A total of 26 Norwegian fishery specialists
are now engaged in the fishery project in India.
For most of the Norwegian positions, there
are corresponding Indian positions, since the
work will eventually be transferred entirely
to Indian technicians.

The project is administrated by Indian au-
thorities in consultation with the Norwegian

July 1964

India (Contd.):

project director. Until recently, the overall
administration of the project was under the
Provincial Government in Kerala, but it has now
been transferred to the Central Government
in New Delhi. (United States Embassy, Oslo,
April 12, 1964, and News of Norway, May 23,
1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 78, and
February 1962 p. 69.

Japan

FROZEN TUNA TO BE
EXPORTED TO CUBA:

A Japanese fishing company is reported to
have notified the Fisheries Agency of its in-
tention to export to Cuba a total of 1,070 met-
ric tons of frozen tuna between early May
and early June 1964. Four tuna vessels were
expected to deliver the frozen tuna to Cuba.
They are the Akashi Maru, Sakiyoshi Maru
No. 21, Zenko Maru, and the Sakiyoshi Maru
No. 25. They were to carry 160, 270, 370,
and 270 metric tons of tuna, respectively.

The firm is reported to have traded intuna
with Cuba since 1960. The trade was subse-
quently temporarily terminated due to prob-
lems involving payment. The existing agree-
ment covering the 1,070-ton shipment is re-
ported to have been concluded in December
1963. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 7,
1964.)

HOOK OK OK OK

EUROPEAN BIG-EYED TUNA
MARKET REPORTED SOFT:

The European market for Japanese-caught
frozen big-eyed tuna was reported to have
softened considerably in late April and early
May 1964. The price of big-eyed (which sold
to Italy for around US$340-360 a metric ton
c.i.f. in February) declined to about $300 a
ton. Even at that price, Italian packers were
said to be reluctant to purchase big-eyed, but
one packer purchased a shipment for $285 a
ton c.i.f. Also, Yugoslavia and Czechoslova-
kia were not purchasing any big-eyed at that
time.

The sluggish European big-eyed tuna mar-
ket is creating a problem for the Japanese
Atlantic tuna fishery. One press report states

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

that the catches of the Japanese tuna vessels
(about 160) operating in the Atlantic Ocean
are running 40-60 percent big-eyed. Japanese
trading firms are said to be seeking big-eyed
outlets in northern Europe, but they have not
yet made any significant progress. They are
also said to be studying the possibility of ship-
ping big-eyed back to Japan, but since the
transportation cost would run up to around

$63 a ton, they hope to dispose of their big-
eyed tuna supply in Europe.

In an effort to overcome the depressed big-
eyed tuna market in Europe, one Japanese
trading firm is seeking an outlet for that spe-
cies in West Germany. The Japanese firm's
market survey indicated good possibilities of
developing a tuna market in West Germany,
not only for big-eyed but for other species of
tuna in less than fair marketable condition. A
report from the Japan External Trade Organi-
zation (JETRO) representative stationed in
that country also indicates that West German
fish packers, faced witha supply shortage, want:
to buy Japanese tuna, regardless of quality,
provided the price is acceptable. The report
stated that German packers hope to process
the lower grade tuna into smoked fish for do-
mestic consumption. (Suisancho Nippo, May
11 & 12; Suisan Tsushin, May 8, 1964.)

Editor's note: Previous reports indicate
that as many as 120 Japanese tuna vessels
have operated in the Atlantic Ocean at one
time. The 160-vessel figure in this latest re-
port, if accurate, is a new high.

see wk &
*K OK OK OK

JAPANESE NEGOTIATE
TUNA PRICES WITH
U. S, PACKERS IN AMERICAN SAMOA:

The Japanese fishermen's associations,
fishing companies, and trading firms involved
in the American Samoan tuna base operations
were reported in mid-April to be negotiating
tuna price agreements with the two United
States packing firms in American Samoa, As
of mid-April, Japanese-caught tuna delivered
to American Samoa were quoted at highs of
US$260 a short ton for iced round yellowfin tuna
and $320 a short ton for icedroundalbacore.

The Japan c. &f. export price of frozentuna
delivered to the United States as of mid-April
was $375 per short ton for gilled-and-gutted
yellowfin and $400 per short ton for round al-
bacore. (Suisancho Nippo, April 17, 1964, and
other sources.)

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

JAPANESE FISHERY OFFICIAL'S VIEWS
ON AMERICAN SAMOA TUNA BASE:

An official of the Japanese Fisheries
Agency who visited American Samoa earlier
this year has given the following views of his
visit to the tuna base there:

Japanese tuna vessels delivering tuna to
the two United States plants located on Amer-
ican Samoa now total about 50. This is in
sharp contrast to the time when a fleet of 70
Japanese vessels was delivering tuna to just
1 of the 2 plants.

In 1962, the average catch in tons per day
was about 3 tons, but is now barely 1.5 tons.
According to Japanese fishing captains oper-
ating vessels out of American Samoa, they
could make out adequately if they could catch
an average of two tons of tuna per day. (Suis-
ancho Nippo, April 22, 1964.)

ok ok ok ok

1964 TUNA MOTHERSHIP REGULATIONS
FOR TWO FISHING COMPANIES
CHANGED BY GOVERNMENT:

The Japanese Government has notified two
large Japanese fishing companies of changes
made in the existing regulations governing
tuna mothership fleet operations. The new
regulations, applicable only for the 1964 fish-
ing season, will affect their tuna mothership
operations as follows:

1. The Yuyo Maru (5,040 gross tons) and
Koyo Maru (7,500 gross tons) operated by one
of the companies and licensed to fish with 55
and 45 catcher vessels, respectively, in the
South Pacific Ocean off the Fiji Islands, must
be accompanied by a catcher vessel fleet con-
sisting of not less than 50 percent of the total
number of catcher vessels authorized to ac-
company those motherships.

2. The Nojima Maru (8,800 gross tons)
operated by the other fishing company and li-
censed to fish with 65 catcher vessels in the
South Pacific Oren? off the Tahiti Islands,
must be accompanied by a catcher vessel
fleet consisting of not less than 60 percent of
the total number of catcher vessels author-
ized to accompany that mothership.

3. For prevention of sea disasters, every
catcher vessel must be equipped with wire-
less or radiotelephone so as to be able to

Vol. 26, No. 7

maintain close communication with its moth-
ership or with other catcher vessels.

4, The Yuyo Maru and Koyo Maru fleets
must operate within a radius of 1,000 miles
from Suva, Fiji Islands. The Nojima Maru
fleet must operate within a radius of 1,000
miles from Papeete, Tahiti Islands.

5. Catcher vessels must operate within
close distance of their motherships.

6. Motherships must operate in areas
where medical and other supplies, and repair
services can be obtained readily from nearby
bases (i.e., Suva and Papeete).

7. Fishing operations must be conducted
in areas where ocean and weather conditions
are relatively good.

The new tuna mothership regulations are
viewed by the two fishing firms as imposing
considerable difficulties on their operations.
In previous years the Government had not
stipulated the minimum fixed size of the moth-
ership fleets, and the regulations requiring
one company to contract not less than 50 per-
cent, and the other company not less than 60
percent of the number of catcher vessels au-
thorized to accompany their motherships are
considered very difficult to comply with.
(Suisancho Nippo, April 20, 1964.)

2K OK OK OK AC

AGREEMENT SIGNED FOR JOINT TUNA
VENTURE IN CAPE VERDE ISLANDS:

The Japanese trading firm, which hadbeen
negotiating with a United States tuna packing
firm and a Portuguese firm to establish a
joint tuna base in the Cape Verde Islands,
recently signed a formal partnership agree-
ment with those firms to operate a joint base
at Porto Grande, Sao Vicente Island. The
base was to become operational in late May
1964.

Under the agreement, the Portuguese firm
is to provide base facilities, which include a
cold-storage plant; the Japanese firm is to
supply fishing vessels; and the United States
firm carrier vessels. Catches will be trans-
shipped to the American firm's tuna plant in
Puerto Rico and sold tothe European and Japa-
nese markets. The Japanese firm plans to
contract three classes (190, 240, and 290 tons)
of refrigerated long-line vessels from the
Kanagawa Prefectural Tuna Fishermen's Co-

July 1964

Japan (Contd.):

operative Association and hopes to have at
least 10 of them operate regularly out of the
Porto Grande base.

Base facilities presently include one 700-
ton cold-storage plant, the capacity of which
will be enlarged to 1,700 tons (an earlier
press report cited the figure 3,000 tons) by
November; one small fishing vessel repair
shop operated by the Portuguese firm; and
one warehouse, with another under construc -
tion.

The Portuguese Government approved the
joint venture on the condition that the Japa-
nese vessels do not fish within Portuguese
territorial waters. Inthe past, the Portuguese
Government, which has always viewed with
disfavor Japanese fishing operations in the
Atlantic Ocean, had refused to permit Japa-
nese vessels to use the Cape Verde Islands
as a base of operation. (Nihon Suisan Shim-
bun, April 24, 1964.)

HOOK OK OK OK

COMPLETION OF JOINT
JAPANESE-BRITISH FIJI ISLANDS
TUNA BASE DELAYED:

Construction of the joint Japanese-British
tuna base at Levuka, Fiji Islands, originally
scheduled to be completed in June 1964 was
expected to be delayed for about one month
due to problems on procurement of materials.
Because of the delay the base will not become
fully operational until August.

The Levuka tuna base is to be managed by
a Japanese fisheries cooperative association,
with cold-storage facilities to be operated by
a joint Anglo-Japanese company. The base

has an export quota of 9,000 short tons oftuna.

(Suisancho Nippo, April 20, 1964; and other
sources,

Me OOK OK OK OK

JAPANESE SUMMER ALBACORE FISHERY:

The 1964 Japanese summer albacore fish-
ery, which began in late April 1964, reportedly
continued slow as of early May. Indications
were that fishing would get even poorer. Fish-
ing conditions this year are reported to be
entirely different from normal years, with the
albacore schools distributed deeper below the
surface of the Kuroshio current.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Some Japanese albacore fishing vessels
were said to have switched to skipjack fishing,
which was saidtobe relatively steady. Prac-
tically all the skipjack catches are being sold
to the domestic fresh fish market at prices
above 160 yen per kilogram (US$403 a short
ton). (Suisan Tsushin, May 4, 1964.)

*K OK OK OK OK

TUNA PURSE-SEINING EXPERIMENT IN
SOUTH PACIFIC UNSUCCESSFUL:

The Japanese purse Seiner Kenyo Maru
(260 gross tons) spent two months at sea test-
fishing for tuna northeast of New Zealand. The
vessel (which is equipped with a power block)
returned to Yokosuka on May 13, 1964, andre-
ported very little success in its test-fishing
experiment. The lack of success was attrib-
uted to unfamiliarity with the fishing grounds
and to the lateness of the season. Fishschools
located by that vessel by means of a fish-finder
were at depths of 200-300 meters, so the ves-
sel was not able to set its net onthem. The
vessel did not encouncer any yellowfin or skip-
jack tuna.

The Japanese fishing company which oper-
ates the Kenyo Maru is reported to be planning
on sending that vessel to the South Pacific a-
gain next year, only earlier in the season.
(Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 7, 1964.)

sk ok
* O&K

Kk
TUNA MOTHERSHIP DEPARTS
FOR TAHITIAN WATERS:

The Japanese Nojima Maru (8,800 gross
tons) tuna mothership fleet departed for the
South Pacific waters off Tahiti on May 10,
1964, from Kobe. Although earlier reported
to be encountering some difficulty in signing
up catcher vessels, the fishing company op-
erating that mothership succeeded in contract-
ing for 65 catcher vessels (including 4 scout
vessels) to deliver fish to its mothership.
(Suisancho Nippo, May 9, 1964.)

OK Kk OK

TUNA-VESSEL REFUELING
AT SEA TO CONTINUE:

The Japan Federation of Tuna Fishermen's
Associations (NIKKATSUREN) planned again
to charter an oil tanker for refueling tuna ves-
sels at sea, as it did in 1963. In addition to
fuel, the tanker will carry fresh water and
food for the tuna vessels receiving fuel.

Japan (Contd.):

Later NIKKATSUREN chartered the 1,983-
ton tanker Tofuku Maru to refuel tuna vessels
at sea. The tanker was to have departed Yo-
kohama for the eastern Pacific on May 13,
1964.

In 1963, NIKKATSUREN had chartered the
1,500-ton tanker Shimmei Maru. That tanker
refueled 82 tuna long-line vessels at sea ata
Saving estimated to total three million yen
(US$8,333) a vessel. The savings resulted
from elimination of running time to port to
refuel and resultant increase in fishing time.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 13, 1964, and
other sources.)

2K OK OK OK OK

EXPORTS OF TUNA
SPECIALTY PACKS, FY 1963:

Japanese tuna specialty packs exported in
FY 1963 (April 1963-March 1964) totaled
438,875 cases, according to data compiled by
the Japan Tuna Packers Association. This

FY 1963 FY 1962

2 » » (Actual Cases) . ...

Tuna:
With vegetable... .

362, 673

In jelly... ce eece 42,736
In tomato sauce ... 17,976
ECW, iielkiall eis} siinitejeiie 4,613

In specially seasoned
sauce

4, 600

In curry sauce 2. «s 2,911
In soy sauce and oil . 1,640
Sandwich spread . . « 976

With sweet & sour pork 750

represents a Slight decrease from FY 1962,
when exports totaled slightly over 445,000
eases. (Suisan Tsushin, April 17, 1964.)

% OK Xk Ok OK

TUNA DELEGATION TO
U. S. BEING CONSIDERED:

Japan is seriously considering sending to
the United States a tuna delegation represent-
ing trading firms and packers to survey the
United States canned tuna market. The idea
of the survey originated with the trading firms,
and the packers are reported to be very much
in favor of it. An executive session of the
Japanese Packers Association was scheduled
for April 27, 1964, to discuss the matter.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japanese Exports of Tuna Specialty Packs, FY 1963 ;

Vol. 26, No. 7

Reportedly, Japan felt that the stagnant con-
dition of the canned tuna sales market in the
United States was not a temporary one and may
have long-range repercussions. Because of

this, Japan felt that it should begin to study

and develop measures to cope with the prob-
lem. (Suisancho Nippo, April 22, 1964.)

KK OK Kk OK

CANNED TUNA MARKET
TRENDS, APRIL-MAY 1964:

Japan offered for sale between December
1963 and March 1964, a total of 670,000 cases
of canned tuna in brine for export to the United
States.) Of that amount only about 400,000 cases’
were said to have been sold. The Japan Can-
ned Tuna Sales Company had about 1.1 million
cases of canned white meat tuna in brine in
stock, as compared with 570,000 cases at the
end of the December 1962-November 1963
business year.

The drop in sales of Japanese canned tuna
in the United States was attributed mainly to
the loss of the competitive position of Japa-
nese brands, resulting from the large promo-
tional sales conducted by United States tuna
packers. Japanese tuna in brine was reported
to be selling at prices higher than name-brand
American products packed in oil.

Japanese trading firms submitted to the

‘packers a request to grant a promotional al-
‘lowance of US$1.00 a case for solid white-

meat tuna, 50 cents a casefor solidlight meat
tuna, $1.50 a case for chunk white meat tuna,
and $1.00 a case for chunk light meat tuna.

At a meeting held on April 27, 1964, the
packers deliberated on the proposal submitted
by the exporters. However, due to conflicting
reports submitted by the exporters and by the
Japan Export Trade Promotion Organization
(JETRO) on the canned tuna market situation
in the United States, the packers requested the
attendance of a representative from the ex-
porters' association. That representative
stated to the packers (in reference to the
JETRO report) that it is not possible at all to
analyze market trends on the basis of one or
two reports, that the American products are,
in fact, actually selling at prices lower than
the Japanese products as had been reported
by his group, and that the packers shouldsend
a survey party to the United States to study
the market situation firsthand.

July 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Earlier, the packers were greatly in favor
of the proposal submitted by the exporters to
send a delegation to the United States to study
canned tuna market trends, but they later were
indifferent to the idea, although a segment of
the packers! group still strongly favored do-
ing so.

The packers had not arrived at any defi-
nite conclusion concerning the exporters'
proposal to reduce prices and grant promo-
tional allowances. They clearly recognize
the need for placing Japanese canned tuna in
a competitive position with the American
products, but claimed that the promotional
allowance requested by the exporters is ex-
cessive. Asa result of the slump in sales,
the canned tuna sale that had been scheduled
for April was postponed until mid-May. (Sui-
san Tsushin, April 24, 27, & 28; Suisancho
Nippo, April 23, 25, & 30, 1964.)

2K OOK OK GK OK

TUNA LONG-LINE EXPLORATORY
CRUISE AIDS UNITED STATES
SHARK STUDY:

An observer from the United States Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries boarded the
Japanese research vessel Shoyo Maru at
Panama on January 3, 1964, for a 2-months'
cruise. The vessel was carrying out explor-
atory long-line fishing in the eastern tropical
Pacific. From Panama, the vessel's cruise
track ran to 10° S, latitude, 100° W. longi-
tude. From there, 6 long-line stations were
run to Manzanillo, Mexico, and from Mexico
8 stations were run to Honolulu, Hawaii.

The Japanese research vessel Shoyo Mam.

The Shoyo Maru, which does not carry
commercial quantities of long-line gear, gen-
erally samples fringe areas not fished by
Japanese commercial vessels. At the 14sta-
tions between Panama and Hawaii, a total of
56 yellowfin tuna averaging 82 pounds each

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

were caught, along with 85 big-eyed tuna aver-
aging 125 pounds each, and 98 spearfish aver-
aging 72 pounds. Thirteen percent of the catch
was damaged by shark bites and a total of 247

sharks representing 7 species were taken.

Frozen storage was provided on the Shoyo
Maru so that 16 shark specimens could be
preserved. On arrival at Honolulu, the shark
specimens were Shipped to California for
taxonomic study in connection with work ona
species list and key to all sharks found in the
eastern Pacific.

Eyes of sharks, yellowfin, big-eyed, skip-
jack, little tuna, and frigate mackerel were
preserved for a histological study of the ret-
inas.

Ok KK OK

PRICES PAID FOR FIRST JAPANESE
SALMON LANDINGS, MAY 1964:

On May 7, 1964, the first significant land-
ing (over 2 metric tons) of salmon (mostly
chums) caught by a gill-net vessel was re-
ported at the Japanese port of Hanasaki, Hok-
kaido. The fresh whole salmon sold (for the
domestic trade) at the following prices:

Chum (A quality
" (Bg ity

Pink (A quality)
" (B quality)

In comparison, a year earlier on the same
day (when market was somewhat stabilized
due to large landings), A-quality fresh round
chum sold for 325 yen a kilogram (US$0.41 a
lb.) and A-quality fresh round pink salmon 212
yen a kilogram ($0.267 alb.). (Hokkai Suisan,
May 11, 1964.)

shee oi 8k 5K Kk

SALMON PRICES NEGOTIATED
WITH VESSEL OWNERS:

In April, the Japan Federation of Salmon
Fishermen's Associations (NIKKEIREN) was
negotiating 1964 salmon prices with the Japa-

[Species | 1964 Asking Price
US¢/Lb.
27.1

1963 Price
US¢/Lb.

25.6
13.9
11.2
15.2
15.2

16.4
13.2
18.2
18.2

Japan (Contd.):

nese companies operating salmon mother-
ships. NIKKEIREN planned to ask for a 10
percent increase in salmon prices as shown
in table.

The mothership companies, however, were
planning to ask for a reduction of 10 percent
from last year's salmon prices. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, April 22, 1964.)

Ok kk OK

SALMON FISHERY QUOTA ALLOTMENT
AND FLEET COMPOSITION:

The 1964 allocation of the 55,000-metric-
ton salmon catch quotas for Areas A (north
of 45° N. latitude) and B (south of 45° N, lati-
tude) in the North Pacific was announced by
the Japanese Fisheries Agency on May 9,
1964:

Area Fishery Share of Quota

Metric Tons) Percent

44,665 81.211
10, 335 18.79

A Mothership-type fishery
" Land-based gill-net fishery

BB Land-based gill-net fishery

u! Wy ""__long-line fishe
"small-vessel

fishery...

W apan Sea gill-net fishery

" "

eee © © © 8 8

The salmon mothership fleet for 1964 to-
tals 11 motherships and 369 catcher vessels,
the same as in 1963. The land-based gill-
net fleet numbers 333 vessels. They consist
of 293 vessels over 30 gross tons licensed by
the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and
40 vessels over 5 tons but under 30 tons li-
censed by the prefectural government. The
land-based long-line fleet consists of 369 ves-
sels, 176 operating out of Japan proper and
193 based in Hokkaido. The small vessel
salmon fleet consists of vessels under five
gross tons and are estimated to total 1,200
‘vessels. Licenses are not required for their
operation. The Japan Sea pink salmon gill-
net fleet is restricted to 95 vessels in 1964.
However, only 76 are reported to be actually
engaged in fishing this year.

The salmon motherships were scheduled
to depart for the fishing grounds on May 15
from Hokkaido ports. The fishery in Area B
commenced on April 30 for vessels operating
out of Japan proper and May 2 for vessels
based in Hokkaido. The Japan Sea pink salm-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

on fishery commenced in early spring. (Suis-
ancho Nippo, May 1 & 11, 1964, and other
SOuReeaner

2 OOK OK OK OK

SALMON NEGOTIATION
WITH U.S.S.R. CONCLUDED:

On April 22, 1964, Japan and the Soviet
Union informally agreed on the 1964 North
Pacific salmon catch quota of 110,000 metric
tons for Japan, the quota to be equally divided
between Area A and AreaB. This is the lowest
catch quota established in eight years. For-
mal ratification of the agreement was sched-
uled for April 27.

On April 18, Japan and the Soviet Union
reached an informal agreement on the follow-
ing points:

1. Japan to autonomously regulate the
catch of salmon in Area B according to type
of fishery (e.g., long-line, gill-net) and to
notify the Soviet Union of the estimated salm-
on catch of Japanese vessels operating in
Area B.

2, Japan to voluntarily regulate the catch
of red salmon in Area A, restricting the total
catch to 7,750,000 fish. Of this quantity, Ja-
pan to limit the catch in the area west of 165°
E. longitude and north of 48° N. latitude to
2.5 million fish.

3. Japan to operate two salmon mother -
ships in the adjustment area north of the Ko-
mandorskie Islands, as in 1963.

4. The Soviet Union to permit Japanese
scientists to visit the Okhotsk Sea area and
the northern West Kamchatka area. (Rafu
Shimpo, April 25; Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
April 21, 1964.)

KK KOK

JAPANESE VIEW ON CANADIAN CANNED

| PINK SALMON MARKET TRENDS:

According to information from sources
connected with Japanese trading firms, Ca-
nadian holdings of canned pink salmon have
been reduced from 540,000 cases carried over
from 1963 to 362,500 cases as of April 30,
1964, The reduction of inventory was attrib-
uted to improved market conditions in Canada.
The quality of the canned pink salmon stocks
in Canada at that time was said to be suitable
for either domestic consumption or for export.

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Japan (Contd.):

The supply was expected to be exhausted by
the end of June.

The increased production of canned pink
salmon in Canada during the past three years
is reported to have resulted in the develop-
ment of a buyer'smarket. For 1964, however,

Japanese sources foresee a decline in Cana-
dian pink salmon production, which may well
lead to a seller's market. Therefore, Japa-
nese traders, who foresee a good pink salm-
on export market this year, are reportedtobe
hopeful of raising the export price of the 1964
pack substantially above the existing Japan
f.o.b. price of $10.30 a case. (Suisancho Nip-
po, May 4, 1964,

KK ok ok ok

BOTTOMFISH MOTHERSHIP
OPERATIONS IN BERING SEA:

The Japanese mothership Soyo Maru (11,192
gross tons), accompanied by 28 trawlers, left
Yokohama May 10, 1964, for the Eastern Ber-
ing Sea. The mothership Itsukushima Maru
(5,871 gross tons), accompanied by 12 trawl-
ers and six long-line vessels, was scheduled
to leave Hakodate May 19. Three Japanese
mothership fleets were on their way to the
Eastern Bering Sea fishing grounds in early
May: the stern trawler Taiyo Maru No. 82
(2,890 gross tons), accompanied by one small
side trawler, left Hakodate May 1; the Seifu
Maru (8,269 gross tons) fleet (17 trawlers and
11 long-liners) left Yokohama on May 2; and
the Shikishima Maru (10,144 gross tons) fleet
(24 trawlers) left Hakodate May 3.

The 700-ton mothership Fuji Maru special-
ly chartered to fish for halibut in Area 3B
North Triangle was scheduled to return to
Japan in late May. The mothership's five
long-line vessels are to be assigned to the
Seifu Maru fleet. (Suisan Tsushin, May 4, 7,
and 11, 1964.)

BERING SEA VESSEL DEPARTURES:

The two 3,500-ton stern trawlers under
construction for a Japanese fishing company
were scheduled to be dispatched to the east-
ern Bering Sea in mid-July and late August.
The departure of that company's Chichibu
Maru No. 2 (1,693 gross tons) fleet, original-
ly scheduled for early May, was postponed
until late June or early July.

Other Japanese motherships scheduled to
depart for the eastern Bering Sea in May were:
the Seifu Maru (8,269 gross tons) accompa-
nied by 28 catcher vessels, departing Japan
on May 2, and the Itsukushima Maru (5,871
gross tons) accompanied by 9 trawlers and 9
long-liners, departing Hakodate, Japan, about
May 15. (Suisan Tsushin, April 17 and 18,
1964.)

OK OK OK OK

SHRIMP FISHERY IN BERING SEA:

A large Japanese fishing company's shrimp
factoryship Chichibu Maru (7,420 gross tons)
has been fishing for shrimp in the Eastern
Bering Sea with 12 trawlers. The factoryship
had processed about 4,500 metric tons of
shrimp as of early May 1964. Due to engine
trouble, she was expected to return to Japan
around May 20 for repairs, after which she
will again depart for the Bering Sea shrimp
grounds in August. (Suisancho Nippo, May 7,
1964.)

Ok ok

JAPANESE ATLANTIC TRAWL FLEET:

By December 1964, 18 newly constructed
Japanese trawlers are expected to be placed
in operation in the Atlantic Ocean. This will
enlarge the size of the Japanese Atlantic trawl
fleet from 35 trawlers in operation as of March
31, 1964, to 53 vessels.

Of the 18 trawlers, 13 are vessels newly
licensed by the Fisheries Agency in November
1963 to engage in the eastern Atlantic Ocean
trawl fishery. Seven of the 13 trawlers (one
190-ton, five 299-ton, and one 2,500-ton ves-
sels) were scheduled to be completed by June
1964, and 6 (one 290-ton, one 1,500-ton, one
2,530-ton, one 2,800-ton, and two 3,000-ton
vessels) by October 1964.

The remaining 5 trawlers are those previ-
ously licensed for construction by the Agency.
They include one 1,500-ton, two 2,800-ton, and

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

Japan (Contd.): trawlers in the North Atlantic in the near fu-
ture. (Minato Shimbun, May 5; Nihon Keizai
two 3,400-ton trawlers. They were expected Shimbun, May 1, 1964.)
to be completed some time'between May-De- A fot oe
cember 1964.
FREEZERSHIP DEPARTS FOR
In view of the high cost of constructing the | LAS PALMAS TO PROCESS BOTTOMFISH:
trawlers, which may require 5 years to write The Japanese freezership Hoyo Maru (form-
off, some circles in the Japanese fishery are | erly the Renshin Maru 6,800 gross tons) was
said to be entertaining doubts that the trawl- | scheduled to depart Shimonoseki, Japan, on
ers entering the Atlantic fishery can operate |May 15, 1964, for Las Palmas, Canary Islands.

profitably. They hold the view that vessel The vessel, formerly operated by a Japanese
owners entering the trawl fishery must bear | fishing firm under the name of Fuji Maru, was
in mind -that, despite reports of good pros- remodeled and put to a test run off Japan early

pects of developing markets for trawl-caught | this year by another Japanese fishing firm.
fish, catches in the principal trawling grounds | -
off Las Palmas are declining and thatthe com- ;
position of the catches has changed. (Suisan-
cho Nippo, May 4, 1964.)

Editor's note: In November 1963, the fol-
lowing 13 classes of trawlers were licensed
for operation off West Africa: 3,500-, 3,000-
2,800-, 2,500-, 2,000-, 1,500-, and 500-ton--
one each; 299-tons--six. Thus, 2 of the 13
trawlers under construction during mid-year
1964 (one of 2,500 tons and the 190-ton trawl-
er) do not ''fit'’ the licensing requirements.

or Hore The Hoyo Maru was expected to arrive at

Las Palmas in late June, where it will beused

CONISTON Coe gs = for about one year to freeze and process bot-
NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES: tomfish, such as sea bream, squid, and octo-

pus, to be purchased from about 40 local fish-
ing vessels under an agreement concluded this
past April between the Japanese firm oper-
ating the vessel and a Spanish firm. The freez-
ership is expected to process in one year a
total of 10,000 metric tons of fish, which will
be exported to such countries as Spain, Italy,
and Denmark, as well as shipped back to Ja-

The Japanese Government has for some
time been studying the possibility of becom-
ing a member of the International Commis -
sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries.
She was reported to be planning on sending
as observers to the Commission's annual
meeting (scheduled for Hamburg, Germany,
June 1, 1964) the former Fisheries Agency

investigation official; the First Secretary, pan

Japanese Embassy, London; the chief, trawl A similar arrangement was concluded in
fishing department, of one of Japan's largest | the summer of 1963 between another Japanese
fishing companies; and one other person. firm and another Spanish fishing firm located

in Las Palmas. That same Japanese firm has
This move was being interpreted in Japan |a five-year contract to purchase annually from

as a preliminary but positive step taken by the Spanish firm 6,000 metric tons of squid,
the Japanese Government preparatory to join-'|Sea bream, and octopus. (Suisan Tsushin, May
ing the Commission. As of May 1964, trawl- | 2, 1964, and other sources.

ers licensed by the Japanese Government to

operate in the North Atlantic were the Aoi 28 78 Ok ok

Maru No. 2 (1,130 gross tons) and the Tenyo
Maru No. 3 (3,700 gross tons). The latter LARGE STERN TRAWLERS COMPLETED:

trawler is fishing with two 300-ton trawlers Two stern trawlers--Akebono Maru Nos.
(Chuyo Maru and Eiyo Maru). In addition, 71 & 72 (each of 3,500 gross tons) --under
several large Japanese companies are re- Construction at Hakodate were expected to be

ported as planning to operate large stern completed in June and July, respectively, one

July 1964

Japan (Contd.):

month earlier than originally scheduled. Up-
on completion, they were to be dispatched to
the North Pacific and Bering Sea. One large
Japanese fishery firm built both vessels. The
Akebono Maru No. 71 replaces the 1,500-ton
stern trawler Akebono Maru No. 52 which has
been operating in the eastern Bering Sea. The
Akebono Maru No. 72 is expected to replace
the 1,500-ton stern trawler Akebono Maru No.
pole operating in the Gulf of Alaska.

Japanese stern-trawler Akebono Maru No. 51.

Another firm's new stern trawler, Daishin
Maru No. 15 (1,500 gross tons), was sched-
uled for launching on May 8 at the Osaka Ship-
yards, with final completioninlate June. That
stern trawler was scheduled to be sent to the
Gulf of Alaska on her maiden trip. (Suisan-
cho Nippo, May 2 and 12, 1964.)

ok ok ok ok

STERN TRAWLER COMPLETED FOR
BERING SEA OPERATIONS:

A large Japanese fishing company accepted
delivery of its new 2,800-ton sterntrawler
Taiyo Maru No. 82 on April 15, 1964. Built
at a total cost of 800 million yen (US$2.2 mil-
lion), the vessel has the following specifica-
tions: length--82 meters (269 feet); beam--
14 meters (50 feet); depth--9.2 meters (30
feet); engine--3,150 hp.; speed--12 knots;
freezing capacity--45 metric tons per day.

The new stern trawler was to depart for
the Eastern Bering Sea on April 24, 1964, ac-
companied by the 360-ton trawler Taiyo Maru Maru
No. 16. (Nihon Shimbun, April 22; Minato —__
Shimbun, April 23, 1964.)

sk ok
7 OF

7 OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TWO NEW STERN TRAWLERS SENT
TO WEST AFRICAN FISHING GROUNDS:

Two new small stern trawlers were sched-
uled to depart from Japan for fishing grounds
off West Africa on May 1, 1964. The new ves-
sels are the 314-ton sister trawlers Kyoshin
Maru Nos. 51 and 52. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun,
April 22, 1964.)

LARGE STERN TRAWLER
COMPLETED FOR RUMANIA:

Construction of the second of two large
stern trawlers ordered by Rumania was com-
pleted at a Japanese shipyard in mid-April
1964. Called the Galati, the trawler (3,631
gross tons) carries two 20-ton portable ves-
sels, and is equipped with a fish-meal proc-
essing unit and fish-filleting equipment. Total
construction cost was 1,008.0 million yen
(US$2.8 million). (Minato Shimbun, April 23,
1964.)

WOK OK XK OK

VESSEL CONSTRUCTION, MAY 4, 1964:

On May 4, 1964, the Japanese Fisheries
Agency issued permits for the construction of
22 fishing vessels: 9 wooden vessels (totaling
160 gross tons) and 13 steel vessels (totaling
2,394 gross tons). Included were permits for
9 steel tuna vessels: two 111-ton, two 192-
ton, four 253-ton, and one 375-ton long-liners.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 8, 1964.)

1 OK OK OK OK

NATIONAL PROGRAM TO PROMOTE
FROZEN FISH SALES ESTABLISHED:

meeting to formalize plans for promoting
the consumption of frozen fishery products in
Japan was scheduled for April 23, 1964, by the
Director of the Japanese Fisheries Agency with
the heads of six major Japanese fishing firms
and the Japan National Federation of Fisher-
men's Cooperative Associations. Plans were
that the program will be funded with a total
capital of 40 million yen (US$111,000), one-
half to be financed by the industry and one-
half to be subsidized by the Government. Gov-
ernment funds for the program have already
been appropriated in the fiscal year 1964
(April 1964-March 1965) budget.

The proposed plans of the frozen fish pro-
motion are:

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

Japan (Contd.):

1. Purpose: The purpose of the program
is to promote the sale of good-quality frozen
fishery products to consumers at the retail
level in an effort to create greater demands
for those products. The mass media shallbe
utilized for promotional purposes.

2, Methods of Promotion and Sale: Ad-
vertising media, such as radio, television,
and newspapers, as well as food exhibits,
shall be utilized to introduce good methods of
preparing frozen fishery products. -Over 20
frozen fish retail stores shall be established
in Tokyo to sell frozen fish products of im-

proved quality.

3. Management Organization: The man-

agement organization, to be tentatively named

the Frozen Fish Products Association, shall

be formed by the organizations connected with

the frozen fish industry. They shall include

the Japan National Federation of Fishermen's

Cooperative Associations (ZENGYOREN) and
six fishery firms. The Association shall be
chartered as a corporation qualifying for
government subsidy and shall conduct the fol-
lowing activities:

(a) Publicity by means of advertising
in newspapers, magazines, radio, and
television; poster and pamphlet distribu-
tion, preparation and presentation of film
slides; and presentation of food exhibits
and cooking classes. (b) Quality im-
provement program to improve the image
of frozen fish. For that purpose, quality
and size standards, and a uniform label-
ing system for frozen products shall be
established.

The newly formed Frozen Fish Products
Association shall have a staff of 1 managing
director, 1 executive director, 7 directors,
2 secretaries, and 3 staff personnel.

4. Frozen Fish Retail Stores: Frozen
fish retail stores shall be established to ac-
quaint the consumer with the advantages of
buying and using frozen fish as follows:

(a) Member firms of the Association
shall establish in Tokyo at least 20 re-
tail stores displaying frozen fishery prod-
ucts. They shall provide guidance to
store operators on how to stock and sell
frozen fish products. (b) The selection
of sites for the frozen fish stores, prod-

uct quality, price adjustments, and other
matters requiring adjustment among the
shop operators shall be handled by the
existing Frozen Foods Promotion Associ-
ation. (c) In view of the seasonal nature
of fish supply, turnover of products, and
space consideration for display cases, a-
bout 20 varieties of frozen fish products
shall be placed on sale. All products shall
bear standard labels showing that they con-
form to prescribed quality standards. Re-
tail prices shall be fixed for all specified
products and retailers shall conform to
those prices as much as possible.

5. Frozen Foods Promotion Association:
The existing organization (a corporation
formed by four major frozen food producers)
shall be expanded by soliciting for member-
ship other producers in related industries,
such as the frozen fish, electric appliance,

‘and the food wrapper manufacturing industries.

The Association shall perform adjustment
services (on matters related to selection of
shop locations, quality and price determina-
tion for products) and assist in obtaining busi-
ness capital. The Association shall have on
its office staff 1 full-time worker and 3mem-
bers associated with the Frozen Fish Prod-
ucts Association. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
April 17 & 22, 1964.)

Me OK OK 3K 3K

FISH SAUSAGE PRODUCTION,
FISCAL YEAR 1963:

Data compiled by the Japan Fish Sausage
Association show that a total of 130,206 met-
ric tons of fish sausage and fish ham were
produced in Fiscal Year 1963 (April 1963-
March 1964). This represents a 14-percent
increase over Fiscal Year 1962, when produc-
tion totaled 114,125 metric tons. Production
of fish sausage totaled 98,444 tons, represent-
ing a 28-percent increase over 1962 produc-
tion of 76,832 tons, and production of fish ham
sausage totaled 31,762 tons, Showing a 15-per-
cent decrease from the 37,293 tons produced
in 1962. The increase in fish sausage produc-
tion is attributed to improved methods of proc-
essing and marketing, the low price maintain-
ed for that product compared with the rising
prices of beef and pork sausages and other
food products, and increased consumption of
fish sausage in farming and fishing commun-
ities. (Suisancho Nippo, May 1, 1964.)

les! skh sk ok
kook ok ook ok

July 1964

Japan (Contd.):

SOUTH AFRICAN FISH MEAL
TO BE IMPORTED BY JAPAN:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency, after
studying the request submitted by the Live-
stock Bureau, is reported to have approved
the importation of 25,000 metric tons of South
African fish meal in fiscal year 1964 (April
1964-March 1965). The South African fish
meal is reported to have been contracted at
a price of 54,142 yen (US$150) a metric ton.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 13, 1964.)

Editor's note: The press report did not
state whether the price is f.o.b. or c.i.f.

*k OK ok Ok OK

US$1 MILLION FOR SOUTH KOREAN
IMPORTS ALLOTTED BY JAPAN: .

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI) was expected to
formally approve a foreign fund allocation of
US$1 million for the importation of South Ko-
rean fishery products in fiscal year 1964
(April 1964-March 1965). Japanese pro-
ducers and exporters had requested an allo-
cation of US$1.8 million and the MITI had
recommended US$1.3 million, the same as
in fiscal year 1963. However, the Fisheries
Agency had held firmly to an allocation of
US$1 million on grounds that it would not yet
be advisable to liberalize imports from Ko-
rea since the Japan-Republic of Korea fish-
eries negotiation had not yet been concluded.
The Agency also held that the 1963 allotment
included a special appropriation of US$300,000,
and it would not at all be possible to predict
whether a special need such as that which
arose in 1963 would arise again in 1964,
(Suisancho Nippo, May 7, 1964.)

se xe Je 3h
SE EES ES

JAPANESE-CANADIAN TALKS
ON FISHING LIMITS PLANNED:

A Japanese delegation was scheduled to
arrive in Canada May 1, 1964, to conduct pre-
liminary discussions with Canadian Govern-
ment officials regarding Canada's proposal
to enact unilaterally a 12-mile fishing limit
based on the straight base-line concept. The
Japanese delegation was said to consist of an
official from the Japanese Fisheries Agency,
an industry representative, and a counselor
from the Japanese Embassy inOttawa. (Nihon
Suisan Shimbun, April 24, 1964.)

eK OK ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

KELP FISHERY AGREEMENT
WITH SOVIET UNION:

An agreement was formally signed in Mos-
cow on April 29, 1964, between Japan and the
Soviet Union to extend for a one-year period
the Japan-U.S.S.R. private kelp fishery agree-
ment originally concluded on June 10, 1963.
Representing Japan at the kelp negotiation was
the President of the Japan Fisheries Society.
The U.S.S.R. was represented by the Soviet
Fisheries Minister.

The kelp agreement, concluded ona private
basis between the Japan Fisheries Society and
the Soviet State Fisheries Commission, per-
mits up to 300 Japanese fishing boats to har-
vest kelp in approximately a 4.5-square-mile
area off the Shigunarinui Island in the Nemuro
Strait, northeast of Hokkaido. As in 1963, the
Japan Fisheries Society will pay the Soviet
Union a kelp harvesting fee of 12,000 yen
(US$33.34) per boat. Opening date for the kelp
harvesting season was advanced from June 10
to June 1. Closing date is September 30, asin
1963. The 1964 kelp production is expected to
total about 1,800 metric tons. The 1963 har-
vest totaled 1,200 tons. (Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, May 1; Suisancho Nippo, April 30, 1964.)

SIGNS 50-YEAR FISHERIES
TREATY WITH SPAIN:

Three treaties, one of which is on the fish-
eries, were Signed by Mauritania and Spain
at the capital city of Nouakchott on February
14, 1964. In the fisheries treaty, Spain agrees
to construct and operate fish-processing plants
at Port-Etienne in Mauritania, in return for
the right for Spanish fishermen to fish Mauri-
tanian waters on the same basis as that coun-
try's nationals.

Mauritania

The 50-year fisheries treaty is potential-
ly of great importance to the development of
Mauritania's major natural resources. It at-
tempts to regulate the difficulties that have
arisen between Spain and Mauritania since the
latter's independence over the traditional use
of Mauritanian territorial waters by Canary
Islands-based Spanish fishermen. It gives
Spain the right to fish in Mauritanian waters
under the same conditions as Mauritanian na-
tionals, in return for sizable Spanish invest~-
ments in fish-processing facilities at Port-
Etienne, and the right of free repatriation of
profits from such industries.

Mauritania (Contd.):

In the treaty, Spain specifically guarantees:

(1) to build and operate a salting and drying
plant within 18 months with an annual capacity
of 6,000 metric tons; and within 24 months, a
cannery with an annual capacity of 3,000 tons;
and a fish-meal factory capable of treating
100 tons of fresh fish daily; (2) to document
20 to 50 Spanish fishing vessels under Mauri-
tanian registry, subject to Mauritanian laws;
(3) for Spanish vessels fishing Mauritanian
waters, to pay an annual royalty of US$10 a
gross ton; and (4) train Mauritanian commer-
cial fishermen in Spanish schools and as
crewmen aboard Spanish vessels fishing
Mauritanian waters.

In addition to permitting the use of Mauri-
tanian waters and repatriation of profits,
Mauritania agrees to: (1) grant Spanish fish-
eries enterprises most-favored-nation ad-
ministrative, customs, and tax treatment; (2)
make available the necessary construction
sites for the projected industrial establish-
ments; and (3) reserve to Spanish fishermen
the necessary storage space in the projected
refrigeration facilities at Port-Etienne for
the fish used in 15 days' operations in the
canning and fish-meal plants. (United States

Embassy, Nouakchott, March 30, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 60.

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SHRIMP
VESSEL TIE-UP AT MAZATLAN:

The decision of Shrimp vessel owners in
Mazatlan, Mexico, on May 6, 1964, to halt op-
erations of 100 privately owned vessels was
believed would result in greatly reduced
shrimp catches during the final 2 months of
the 1964 fishing season. The shutdown was
caused by steadily worsening catches that
made fishing unprofitable.

Mexico

Mazatlan is the principal shrimp port of
Mexico with 270 to 300 vessels of the approx-
imately 600 operating out of Pacific Coast
ports. With a large segment of the Mazatlan
shrimp fleet tied up, including many of the
best vessels, several packing plants closed
down. Although vessels belonging to the co-
operatives and some privately owned vessels
continued to fish out of Mazatlan for those
plants that were still operating, the partial

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

tie-up coupled with generally poor fishing was
believed would result in very small shrimp
landings. That could reduce shrimp shipments
to the United States for the remainder of the
season to July 15, 1964. The atmosphere for
negotiating next year's contract between ves-
sel owners and fishermen may also be im-
paired.

The existing contract between vessel own-
ers and the crew members who belong to the
several cooperatives was based on the good
fishing and high prices that prevailed during
the previous season (1962/63). It called for
the crew to receive 45 percent of the gross
catch and required the crew to pay only for
provisions, with the owner paying all other
expenses. When the price of shrimp dropped
to pre-1963 prices and catches slumped while
operating costs remained unchanged, returns
dropped below the break-even point, accord-
ing to the vessel owners. Some of the cooper-
atives were also reported to be overextended
and in a poor credit position. Tension was re-
ported between the cooperatives and vessel
owners all season as the fishermen scouted
all available shrimp grounds from south of
San Blas, Nayarit, to the outer coast of Baja
California, and fishermen from Topolobampo
in northern Sinaloa reportedly penetrated into
the Mazatlan fleet's traditional areas.

Because of this year's poor results, a num-
ber of Mexican shrimp vessels have left to
work new grounds off French Guiana. Other
owners are ready to send their vessels to
French Guiana, and reportedly over 500 fish-
ermen including highline skippers have ap-
plied to go with them. The 12 vessels being
built at Mazatlan for export to Kuwait will re-
quire 36 officers and crewmen, and the ship-
yard building the vessels reports hundreds"
of applications. A feeling of pessimism per-
vaded the Mazatlan shrimp fishery. (United
States Embassy, Mexico, May 18, 1964.)

Morocco

FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1964:
The first quarter is traditionally the slack
season for the Moroccan fishing fleet. This
year bad weather prevented the start of the
sardine fishing season at Safi at the usual
time, and it was not expected that the catch
would reach important proportions until the
end of April. Farther south at Agadir, the

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

Morocco (Contd.):

local vessels with limited range had still not
found sardines in commercially important
quantities by mid-April 1964.

The past two years have seen strenuous
objections by French fishermen against the
arrival of frozen Moroccan sardines on the
French market during the peak of the French
fishing season. As a result, the French and
Moroccan Governments have agreed to sus-
pend exports of Moroccan frozen sardines to
France during the summer. The late start in
the Moroccan sardine fishery may, therefore,
result in important reductions in sales.

The possibility of expanding the Moroccan
tuna catch has continued to attract attention.
A team of consultants from the United States
Agency for International Development had
previously recommended a careful explora-
tion of offshore tuna fishing grounds using a
modern fishing vessel. For various financial
and technical reasons, United States vessels
were not suitable for the project, so a French
vessel has been chartered to carry out a one-
year study of the tuna potential off Morocco.
(United States Embassy, Rabat, April 24,
1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 65.
TANGIER FISH MARKET SALES, 1963:

In 1963, the Tangier Fish Mart received
1,000 tons of tuna (includes a small quantity
of bonito, mackerel, and swordfish) from the
fishery in the Cape Spartel region. Of that
total, 738 tons were immediately sold while
262 tons were exported,

The Tangier Fish Mart in 1963 also re-
ceived 2,378 tons of fish other than tuna (1,468
tons from the inshore net and small-boat fish-
ery and 910 tons from the coastalfishery) and
71 tons of shellfish. Most of those receipts
were immediately sold and only a small quan-
tity was used for canning or freezing.

The Tangier Fish Mart makes no distinc-
tion between fish landed at Tangier and fish
trucked infrom Alhoceimaor Larache. (Unit-
ed States Embassy, Rabat, April 3, 1964.)

Netherlands

MARINE OIL INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1963,
AND ANTARCTIC WHALING
RESULTS, 1963/64 SEASON:

Marine Oil Industry Trends, 1963: In cal-
endar year 1963, the Netherlands imported
95,500 metric tons of fish oil, including 26,456
tons of whale oil. Netherlands use of fishoil
in edible products during 1963 amounted to
about 82,500 tons compared with similar use
of about 47,500 tons of soybean oil, 43,300
tons of palm oil, and 30,000 tons of coconut
oil. (United States Embassy, The Hague, April
27, 1964.)

Antarctic Whaling Results, 1963/64 Season:
The Netherlands Whaling Company announced
that the Dutch whaling expedition caught 343
international blue-whale units during the
1963/64 Antarctic whaling season, which was
257 units short of its quota of 600 units per-

Netherlands Whaling Company Production in Antarctic,
él f WRU Ra eet OL B251909/ 64! eye Ne 1963/64

[ieee rr [ 1962/63 | 1961/62

Frozen meat
Meat for Japanese refrigerator

1/Preliminary,

mitted under the International Whaling Agree-
ment. (United States Consulate, Amsterdam,
April 27, 1964.)

aa
+

se ok
eis oe

NEW TRAWLER "TINIE CORNELIA":

The dual-purpose trawler Tinie Cornelia
was recently completed by a Dutch shipyard
in Breskens. The vessel can be used as a
stern trawler, or as a double-rig beam trawl-
er. When twin-beam trawling, the two der-
ricks on the vessel are topped up and the warps
rove through the sheaves on each end. When
stern trawling with a standard-type trawl, how-
ever, the derricks are lowered on to the strong
back aft and the sheaves are used as towing
blocks.

The derricks have been arranged in sucha
way that the risk of capsizing should the trawl
come fast is minimized.

The principal dimensions of the Tinie Cor-

nelia are: length overall 21.2 meters (69.5

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Netherlands (Contd.):

feet), breadth 5.6 meters (18.4 feet), and
depth 2.6 meters (8.5 feet). The vessel's re-
frigerated fishroom has a capacity of 47 cubic
meters (61.47 cubic yards), and accommoda-
tions are provided for a crew of 7.

The vessel is driven by a 380-horsepower
Diesel engine, and is equipped with electro-
hydraulic steering gear. The winch is situ-
ated well forward beneath the wheelhouse,
and can be controlled from the bridge. Elec-
tronic fish-finding and navigational equipment
are also provided. (World Fishing, April
1964.)

Norway

EXPORTS OF CANNED FISH,
JANUARY 1-FEBRUARY 22, 1964:

Norway's total exports of canned fish in
January 1-February 22, 1964, were up 12.5
percent from those in the same period of 1963.
Shipments of canned brisling were up 15.5 per-
cent and of canned small sild up 12.8 percent.
Other Norwegian canned fishery products were
also exported in greater quantity in early 1964.

Norwegian Exports of Canned Fish,
January 1-February 22, 1963-1964

- « - (Metric Tons)...

948 821
Small sild 1,733
Kippered herring 438
Soft herring roe 38 14
Sild delicatessen 72 65
Other canned fish 282 320
Shellfish 260 188

1/Preliminary.

The Norwegian winter herring fishery in
1964 yielded a better catch than in the previ-
ous year and by March 14, 1964, the Norwe-
gian kippered herring canned pack amounted
to 206,524 standard cases compared with only
70,862 cases in the same period of 1963.

Norwegian production of canned soft her-
ring roe also increased considerably inearly
1964 and by mid-March amounted to 16,078
cases of 3 ovals and 28,276 cases of + oblong
cans as compared to 5,757 cases of $ oval
and 15,968 cases of g oblongs in the same pe-

Vol. 26, No. 7

riod of the previous year. (Norwegian Can-
ners Export Journal, April 1964.)

OK ok kk

NORWEGIAN STERN-FISHING
FACTORY TRAWLER LANDS FROZEN
PROCESSED CATCH IN ENGLAND:

The Norwegian factory trawler Longva
completed its fourth fishing trip when it ar-
rived in Grimsby, England, March 31, 1964,
with a capacity load of 400 tons of frozen fillets
(mainly skin-on cod fillets in 10-pound blocks).
The owners of the 1,092-gross-ton vessel
have contracted to deliver the vessel's catch
in 1964 to a Britishdistributor of frozen fish-
ery products. The 400 tons of fillets deliver -
ed in March were processed aboard the Long-
va from a catchofabout 14,000 kits (1,960,000
pounds) taken during a 3-months trip in early
1964. (The average catch by a conventional
British trawler during a typical 22-day trip
is said to amount to about 2,000 kits, or only
280,000 pounds.)

With an overall length of 208 feet, the Long-
va is only about 30 feet longer than the aver-
age British deep-water trawler. The Norwe-
gian vessel is considerably shorter than Brit-
ish factoryships and freezer-trawlers. The
Longva has an extremely compact design, and
additional space was saved by not installing
a fish meal plant. Some waste products are
frozen on the vessel for animal food, but of-
fal is generally discharged into the sea.

The Captain of the Longva said the vessel's
operations in early 1964 hadincluded 2 weeks
of fishing off the west coast of Greenland where
the temperature was below -25° C. (-13° F).
The Longva can operate in extreme’ weather
conditions because all fish handling is done be-
low deck. When the cod end approaches the
vessel during net hauling, it is taken up until
suspended from the rear bipod mast. A large
steel hatch door then opens beneath it, giving
direct access to the rear of the fish-process-
ing factory below the fishing deck. During the
brief period the hatch is open, the cod end is
opened and the catch--about three tons, on
average--is discharged directly into pounds
below deck. In the air-conditioned and heated
fish factory, fish can be fully processed and
delivered to cold storage within two hours
after landing. Fish processing equipment on
the vessel includes heading, filleting, and
skinning machines which can be geared to
process up to 20 tons of fillets a day.

July 1964

Norway (Contd.):

The Longva was built in late 1962 at Aale-
sund, Norway. (Fish Trades Gazette, April

11, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 66.

* KKK OK

SUPPLY AND DISPOSITION OF
MARINE OILS, 1963 WITH COMPARISONS:
In 1963, Norwegian production of marine
oils (table 1) was 34 percent below that inthe
previous year due to a Sharp decline in the
yield from the 1962/63 whaling season in the
Antarctic. Norwegian production of marine
oils in 1964 was expected to continue at about
the same level as in 1963.

Table 1 - Norwegian Production of Marine Oils,
1962-1963, and Forecast for 1964

- » e « (Metric Tons). .

Cold-cleared cod-liver oil. 5,500
Sater Gaivercils’. ..., | 20200 } s 1,000
Hemungioilys sete! rei: «ols 60, 000 60, 000 61,000

Total fish and fish-liveroils| 70,000 70, 200 67,500

Sperm oil:
Antarctic

8,500| 7,378] 12,020
Shore stations (Norwa’ 80 916 687

0
Total spermoil..... | 9,300| 8,294] 12,707

Whale oil:

Antarctic ........ | 34,000] 31,423| 985,015
Shore stations (Norway) . 500 209 847

Total whale oil. .... | 34,500] 31,632 | 85,862
[Total marine oils...» [116,300] 112, 126 | 168, 869

1/Preliminary.
2/Revised.

The decline in Norwegian whale oil pro-
duction in 1963 was only partly offset by
heavier imports (tables 2and 4). As a result,
the Norwegian supply of crude whale andher-
ring oil during 1963 was down 10 percent
from the previous year, even though there
were substantial stocks on hand January 1,
1963,

Norwegian exports of unrefined marine-
animal oils (table 5) were down sharply in
1963 due mainly to smaller shipments of
whale oil. The decline affected all the im-
portant unrefined marine oils exported by
Norway except fish-liver oil. (In 1963, the
leading buyers of Norwegian fish liver oil--
other than medicinal cod-liver oil--were
Czechoslovakia with 2,993 metric tons, West
Germany with 1,945 tons, Sweden with 1,837
tons, Italy with 1,830 tons, and Denmark with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 2 - Norwegian Supply and Disposition of Crude Whale
and Herring Oil, 1961-1963, and Forecast for 1964

Forecast] 1 2
It 1963 1962
as i964 | =
sce © « (Metric Tons)\ 5. < © «. susss
Supply:
Stocks, January 1... | 60,129] 71,336] 54,163] 67,929
Production:

Whale oil, ..... | 34,224

31,632] 85,864] 114,715
Herring oil ..... | 60,000| 60,000] 61,000} 59,000

Total production . 94,224) 91,632) 146, 864 | 173,715
Imports:
Whale Olle eiwetee

Herring oil ... 6.
Total imports
Total supply

Disposition:

Exports:

Whale oil «2.2.

Herring oil ..

1,674 79
- | 53,278] 51,858| 33,677

33,756

Processed by hardening
industey3

1/Preliminary.
2/ Revised.
3/Data computed by deducting year-end stocks and exports from
total supply; the export figures are complete but the year-

end stocks may include oil not included in the reported sup-
ply.

Table 3 - Norwegian Supply and Disposition of Hardened Fats
and Oils from Fish and Marine Animals, 1961-1963

Item

3 ee © » (Metric Tons)ie oF se

Supply:

Stocks, January 1... 7, 803 13, 325
Production... «eee 136,536 113,179 105,968

Imports:
Edible sieitSeds)s) s] 2 2,012 1,125 372
Inedible . 2.2 eeee - 47 13

[Total impos... | 2,012 | 1,172 _|
146,778 | 122,154 | 119,678

Disposition:
Exports:
Edible. cs "se ec e ©
Inedible .. eee

1/Preliminary.
2/Revised.

3/The main consumer is the margarine industry; estimated con-
sumption outside the margarine industry is only about 1, 200

metric tons,

1,253 tons. Norwegian exports of medicinal
cod-liver oil in 1963 amounted to 2,158 tons
and the United States was the leading buyer
with 500 tons.)

In 1963, Norwegian production of hardened
fats and oils from fish and marine-animal oils
(table 3) was up considerably from the previ-
ous year. Exports absorbed the increase,

Norway (Contd.):

Table 4 - eNommegion Imports of Selected Marine Oils, 1963

Whale Oil, Crude:
Netherlands ... .
United Kingdom
Iceland . 2...
Japan .

| Other countries . .

1,714 __| 15,537 [2,173

Sperm ae PaCS
556 1,014 142
464 849 119

Oil, Crude:
[aoe [88 [at

Denmark. 2. « « «
Australia ...e.e

Herring Oil, Crude:
Iceland 4.2...

| West Germany .
United States .
Reriieweplois a) se

Other countries

2 ? ?

Cod-Liver Oil:
Total all countries. . 1,011 1,312 183

Industrial and Mixed
Fish-Liver Oils:
Iceland 2 eecece
Other countries .. .

Residual Fish-Liver Oils:
Sweden ...5..20.0.
West Germany ...
Other countries .. e

Other Crude or Refined
Fats and Oils from Fish
and Marine Animals:
West Germany
Perm .ecvcecce
Other countries .. «

able 5 - Norwegian Exports of Unrefined Marine Oils, 1960-1963

Product 1/4963 | 2/1962 1961 1960

since domestic consumption of hardened ma-
rine oils by the margarine industry was about

the same as in the previous year. There
has been a steady drop in the use of marine
oils in Norway's production of margarine

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

from 57,170 tons in 1960 to 50,095 tons in
1963.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 89.

SHIPYARDS TO BUILD SHRIMP
VESSELS FOR KUWAIT:

A Norwegian shipbuilding sales organiza-
tion has arranged to deliver 8 shrimp-fishing
vessels and 1 supply vessel to the Kuwait Na-
tional Fishing Company. The terms of the
Kr. 20 million (US$2,793,000) contract call for
cash upon delivery within one year. The Nor-
wegian contractor will build 1 of the 8 trawl-
ers. The firm has subcontracted with other
Norwegian shipyards to build the other 7 trawl-
ers and the supply vessel. (News of Norway,
April 30, 1964.)

Peru

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

Peruvian fish meal production in January -
March 1964 was reported to be 496,000 metric
tons, or 58 percent more than the 314,000 tons
produced during the first quarter of 1963.

Peruvian fish meal exports during the first
3 months of 1964 amounted to 389,000 tons, up
only 9.6 percent from the 355,000 tons export-
ed in the same period of 1963. Fish meal in-
ventories at the end of the first quarter of
1964 were said to total 258,000 tons as com-
pared with inventories of 149,000 tons at the
end of January-March 1963. (Unpublished
sources.) 5

South Africa

FISHERIES TRENDS, EARLY 1964:

Following are excerpts” from a report in
10, 1964, describing recent developments in
the fishing industry of the South Africa Repub-
lic (including South-West Africa):

Summary: Fishing expectations and early
results for 1964 indicate that the pilchard-ma-
asbanker shoal fishery may be headed for its
Seventh successive record year. While in-
shore fishing will produce the bulk of the 1964
catch, there are also interesting developments

July 1964

South Africa (Contd.):

in deep-sea trawling, tuna fishing, and ex-
ploratory fishing.

Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery: At Walvis
Bay (South-West Africa), where just over
600,000 short tons of pilchards were landed
at the jetties of 6 factories in 1963, a fleet of
about 70 vessels in early April 1964 was tak-
ing fish about 6 to 7 hours sailing from port.
Although that was farther away than normal,
the trips were repaid by the excellent condi-
tion of the fish which yielded 16 to 18 gallons
of body oil from each ton caught.

Plans called for the completion of 2 new
fish meal factories in South-West Africa in
June 1964. With the advent of the 2 new fac-
tories (1 in Walvis Bay and 1 in Luderitz),
the South-West Africa pilchard quota has been
raised to 720,000 short tons for 1964 (630,000
tons for Walvis Bay and 90,000 tons for Lude-
ritz).

The South Africa Republic's Cape West
Coast shoal fishery was hampered early in
1964 by the appearance of pilchards farther
south than usual. The fish were found in the
False Bay and Robben Island areas, which
was a boon to the 2 factories at Hout Bay and
the 1 at Gansbaai, but unfavorable to the ma-
jority of factories located at Saldanha Bay and
further north. Vessels from the West Coast
had to travel from 50 to well over 100 miles
to take their catches. Despite the extended
vessel trips, the pilchard-maasbanker catch
of the South Africa Republic during the first
2 months of 1964 was 130,640 tons as com-
pared with 119,973 tons in the same period
of 1963. In the South African Cape West
Coast shoal fishery there is no catch limit,
but the season lasts only to the end of July.

Late in 1963 there were indications that
another fish meal factory license might be
granted to a group of leading South African
fishermen. However, it is believed that some
concern over heavy fishing of the pilchard
shoals may persuade the South Africa Depart-
ment of Commerce and Industries to postpone
a decision on the new license, at least during
1964.

With indications of an increased catch in
both South Africa and South-West Africa, it
may be possible to reach the 1964 fish meal
production goal of 300,000 short tons. (Edi-
tor's Note: That goal equals the 1964 export

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

quota assigned to South Afri¢a by the Fish
Meal Exporter's Organization.) More than

75 percent of the anticipated production has
been sold in advance at a good price and there
are ample markets for the remainder.

Once again, canned fish production will be
limited and is not likely to exceed 2.5 million
cases in 1964, which would be only half the
canned fish pack of 5 million cases in 1960.

Offshore Trawling: A new company has
been formed by South African-Spanish inter -
ests to carry out deep-sea trawling opera-
tions. Although detailed plans have not been
announced, it is expected that the company
will operate 4 to 6 large trawlers and estab-
lish a freezing and processing plant in South
Africa at Saldanha Bay.

Another South African company was due to
take delivery in May 1964 of the 130-tonstern
trawler Sea Horse, the first of several trawl-
ers being built for the company by a British
shipyard.

A third South African company will start
taking delivery in 1964 of 7 side trawlers and
2 stern trawlers being built for the company
in Aberdeen, Scotland. In addition, a South
African shipyard in Durban is completing two
new stern trawlers for another South African
fishing company which will operate the ves-
sels from Port Nolloth.

Tuna Fishing: The potential tuna fishery
off South Africa is also attracting investment.
The former navy corvette Justin has beencon-
verted for tuna long-line fishing at a Durban
shipyard at a reported cost of R100,000
(US$139,000) by a South African company.
The vessel will be used off South Africa.

Another South African company has been
operating the converted refrigerated cargo
vessel Marinette as a tuna vessel and is pur-
chasing two more vessels in Europe for the
tuna fishery.

Fisheries Development: The Fisheries De-
velopment Corporation of South Africa Ltd. is
expanding its activities. (Editor's Note:
Formed in 1944 under Section 2 of the Fishing
Industry Development Act, the Corporation
was created as a semipublic body with half its
capital of almost $2.8 million subscribed by
the State.) As part of its new work in re-
source development, the Corporation has be-
gun exploratory fishing and gear research to

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

South Africa (Contd.):

find out if shrimp and anchovies can be caught
commercially off South Africa. (United States
Consul, Cape Town, April 21, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 72, Mar.
1964 p. 67, Dec. 1963 p. 78, Oct. 1963 p. 64.

KK KK

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER
FISHERY, JANUARY 1964:

The shoal fish catch off the Cape west
coast of the South Africa Republic in January
1964 was 63,781 short tons pilchards, 3,666
tons maasbanker, and 594 tons mackerel for
a total of 68,041 tons. That compares with
44,611 tons pilchards, 165 tons maasbanker,
and 4,278 tons mackerel landed in January
1963.

The January 1964 catch yielded 15,765
short tons of fish meal, 563,874 imperial
gallons of fish body oil, 312,456 pounds of
canned pilchards, 533,208 pounds of canned
maasbanker, and 125,088 pounds of canned
mackerel. (The South African Shipping News
and Fishing Industry Review, March 1964.)

Republic of Togo |

FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS FROM
SOVIET UNION INCREASE IN 1963:

In 1963 the Soviet Union increased its ex-
ports of fishery products to Togo. Imported
frozen fishery products of Soviet origin ap-
pear to have become very popular with the
Togolese and are reported to be unloadedand
sold directly from rail cars to the Togolese
market women. Despite the noticeable in-
erease and frequency of such imports, the
consumer demand has kept pace with supplies
and there has beenno indication ofa saturated ©
market. ;

A four-man team of German fishing ex-
perts is expected to arrive in Togo during
1964. They will bring with them two 39-foot
fishing vessels for offshore fishing. Two of
the German experts will work with the Togo-
lese in training them to operate the 2 vessels
and the 2 other experts will teach the Togo-
lese how to preserve and distribute fish.
(United States Embassy, Lome, April 21, 1964.)

U.S.S.R.

SOVIET FISHING INDUSTRY:

Following are excerpts from a report by
Alexander Ishkov, chairman of the Soviet «
State Committee of Fisheries:

Fisheries Landings: In 1963, landings by
Soviet fishing vessels and whalers reached
4.5 million metric tons, exceeding the planned
target by 380,000 tons. The Soviet catch goal
for 1964 calls for landings to increase by

‘400,000 tons to 4.9 million tons; and in 1965,

landings are expected to rise to well over 5
million tons.

The Soviet Union has nearly 29,000 miles
of sea coast, opening onto a variety of seas, as
well as some 211,000 miles of rivers, many
of whichare very large. The Soviet Union also
has over 200,000 large lakes, covering nearly
12,000 square miles. Those include 102 arti-
ficial lakes created mainly in connection with
hydro-electric and irrigation schemes. Those
lakes are being developed as hatcheries for
salmon, sturgeon, and other fish.

Fishing Fleet: The development of the So-
viet fishing industry has required major capi-
tal expenditures. Seven out of 10 vessels and
auxiliaries now operating in Soviet fisheries
have been built in the last 10 years, and 120
new large vessels should be added in 1964,
including 21 refrigerated trawlers. Many of
the new vessels have been built in Soviet Ship-
yards, but even more have been built to Soviet
order by shipyards in Poland, East Germany,
Finland, Japan, Denmark, West Germany, and
certain other countries.

Construction of Soviet fishing vessels a-
broad is continuing. Poland, for example, is
at work on a series of fishery motherships to
serve Soviet distant-water fleets. Polish ship-
yards also plan to deliver a series of large

factory trawlers to the Soviet Union during the

next two years. Each of the new factory trawl-
ers should be capable of catching and process-
ing 5,500-6,000 tons of fish annually.

As recently as 15 years ago, vessels op-
erating from Soviet Baltic ports, which then
constituted a major part of the Soviet fishing
fleet, consisted only of small schooners which
operated only in coastal waters. The Soviet
Baltic fleet now includes numerous modern
fishing vessels capable of operating in distant
waters such as the fishing area now in active
exploitation off west Africa. The Soviet Baltic

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No. 706

July 1964

U. S. S. R. (Contd.):

fleet is supported at Illaipeda, Tallinn, and
other ports by refrigerated warehouses and
processing factories.

The Soviet Far Eastern fishing fleet, in-
cludes about 200 modern fishing vessels and
10 floating fish canneries which operate for
5 months of the year around the Kurile Is~
lands. Those vessels landed about 500,000
tons of fish and other sea products in 1963,
and are expected to increase their catch in
1964,

The Soviet herring fleet, operating from
Murmansk and other ports onthe Barents Sea,
is fishing inthe North Atlantic. The fleet, which
has been aided by the research done by the
submarine Severyanka, is catching large her-
ring at depths of 1,000 feet, and in certain
areas at depths of 2,000-2,300 feet.

Other Soviet fleets are operating in the
Black Sea and Sea of Azov, and in the Caspi-
an Sea.

Fisheries Research: There are now 20
Soviet research institutes engaged in fishery
research, with 4,000 scientists and techni-
cians working out plans for further develop-
ment of the fishing in dustry.

As a result of Soviet research, five speci-
al Soviet vessels will be fishing for tuna in
the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and others
will be fishing in the northwestern part of the
Indian Ocean for tuna, ''scomber," sailfish,
and mackerel. (World Fishing, April 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 73,
March 1964 p. 70, and February 1964 p. 84.

KOK OK KOK

PACIFIC SALMON
HATCHERIES AND FISHERIES:

The Chief of the Research Section of the
Hokkaido Japan) Salmon Hatchery, Japanese
Fisheries Agency, and his assistant visited
Primorskaya, Okhotsk, Kamchatka, and Sa-
khalin on the Pacific Coast of the Soviet
Unionin1957 and 1959, respectively. They
were participants in an exchange program
on fishing techniques between the Soviet
Union and Japan. There observations on So-
viet fisheries have been kept current by in-
formation from visitors to the Soviet Union
and dealings with Soviet delegations to Hok-
kaido. Following are some of their impres-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

sions of the Soviet salmon hatcheries and fish-
eries in the Pacific coast:

Hatchery Program: The Japanese believe
that the Soviets will rely on their natural
salmon runs until the resource shows strong
evidence of depletion. Only then will the So-
viets begin full-scale development of their
salmon hatcheries. The fact that only two
members of Soviet fisheries delegations to
Japan have been hatchery personnel suggests
the low priority of the program at present.
Earlier, during a joint scientific conference
between the Soviet Union and Japan, the So-
viets described plans to expand hatchery pro-
grams in Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and the
Amur River area. But a visiting fisheries
team from Japan in 1963 found no pronounced
increase of hatchery activity in those areas.

The Japanese, however, were impressed
by the overall administration of the hatchery
program and the natural resources available
to the Soviets. One river in Kamchatka is
said to have more salmon than all the rivers
of Hokkaido combined. Poachers pose little
problem and wide rivers allow the salmon to
swim unmolested to their natural spawning
grounds. This contrasts with Japanese ex-
perience where the fish must be caught in
midstream, then artifically transported to
spawning areas. Soviet scientists also had
such advantages as the use of helicopters to
fly to and from hatcheries in remote areas.

The Soviet hatchery method is the same as
the Japanese, both of which are similar tocer-
tain United States methods. One Soviet varia-
tion in technique, however, is the placing of in-
cubation trays with eggs in a large indoor rear-
ing pond rather than in troughs through which
spring water runs as is the practice in Japan.
The Japanese also stated that little encourage-
ment is being given to the breeding of hybrid
stock in the Soviet Union.

Fishing Industry: The Japanese were gen-
erally unimpressed by the Soviet salmon fish-
ing industry and felt their own plants and tech-
niques were superior. They reported that
some Soviet salmon canneries were sorting
and packing by hand, and using equipment in-
stalled by Japanese firms some years ago.

Standard of Living: To compensate for the
remoteness and seasonal nature of the work,
Soviet wages in the Pacific salmon fishing in-
dustry were set at 1.5 times the community
average, and other incentives such as the de-

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

velopment of recreation facilities, and a 10-
percent annual increase in wages were used
to retain workers.

The price of food was comparable to or
only slightly higher than that in Japan, but
the price of clothing was 4 to 5 times the
Japanese level. (United States Consulate,
Sapporo, April 15, 1964.)

sk ok ok Ok Ok
TR OR AR SO

NORTH PACIFIC WHALING
FLEET TO BE INCREASED:

The Soviet Fisheries Minister is reported
to have informed the Production Chief of the
Japanese Fisheries Agency that his Govern-
ment plans to operate 4 whaling fleets in the
Aleutian Island waters in 1964, according to
informed sources in the Japanese Govern-
ment. The Soviet Union operated 2 whale
fleets in 1962 and 3 in 1963.

Japan intends to operate 3 mothership-
type whaling fleets in the North Pacific, as
before. They include the motherships Kinjo
Maru (10,912 gross tons), Nitto Maru (12,933
gross tons), and the Kyokuyo Maru (11,449
gross tons). The three motherships were
scheduled to depart Japan on May 20, 1964.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 5; Suisancho

Nippo, May 12, 1964.)

2K Ek
ELECTRONIC FISHING GEAR
BEING TESTED:

A Soviet research vessel has successfully
conducted experiments in the equatorial At-
lantic Ocean with electronic fishing gear,
which can be used to catch sardines without
the use of a net. The gear consists of a 100-
kilowatt generator and a fish-suction pump,
according to a Tass News Agency report
dated April 16, 1964. Sardines attracted by
means of a night light are ''guided" to the
mouth of the fish pump by means of electrical
charges released in the water. The fish are
then caught by suction. It is reported that by
this method 3 to 4 tons of sardines can be
landed in one night's fishing.

In the Pacific Ocean, the Soviet fishing
vessel Yuri Gagarin is reported to have been
experimentally fishing for saury with this
type of electronic fishing gear for several
years, achieving considerable success. So-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

viet fishing gear experts are also said to be
experimenting with electronic trawl gear to
improve Soviet bottom-fishing techniques.
(Suisancho Nippo, May 2, 1964.)

ok OK Kk
UNDERWATER CRAFT DESIGNED
FOR BARENTS SEA STUDIES:

The Soviet Institute for Scientific Research
in Fisheries and Oceanography in the Arctic
has designed and started construction of aself-
surfacing bathyscaphe for investigations inthe
Barents Sea. It will carry a crew of 3 and will
be able to work at depths up to 100 meters
(328 feet), remaining submerged for up to 5
days. (World Fishing, April 1964.)

eK Ke ok

FISHERY DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1913:

The Soviet Government's aim in the fish-
eries is first and foremost to develop their
fisheries to such a level that they fully and
clearly meet the needs of the country. There-
fore, the development and management of the
fishing fleet are neither for profit nor export.

Parallel with the development of the fish-
ing fleet, the U.S.S.R. has built an entire fleet
of research vessels and exploratory ships for
scientific investigations and for guiding the
fishing fleet. The Soviets now have between
80 to 100 such vessels, which undertake in-
vestigations on all the most important fishing
regions in the world. For example, they have
recently undertaken research and fishing ex-
plorations in the Indian Ocean and will soon
begin regular fishing there. The object ofthe
States Fishery Committee is the rational utili-
zation and conservation of the stocks of fish,
and the Soviets cooperate as best they can with
other countries which have the same viewpoint
about carrying on the fisheries. Within the
U.S.S.R., in rivers and lakes, the Soviets areal-
so striving purposefully to protect the stocks
of fish and to carry on fish rearing.

In 1913, the total Soviet catch was 1 million
metric tons of which 200,000 tons were ocean
fish and the rest (about 80 percent) were caught
in the Caspian Sea, rivers, and lakes. In 1940,
the total catch was 1.4 million tons, of which
556,000 tons were oceanfish. In 1950, the to-
tal catch increased to 1.75 million tons, and
of this, the ocean fishery accounted for about
810,000 tons, or about half the total. The So-
viets calculated that their total production for
1963 would be about 4.2 million tons, but in

July 1964

U.S. S. R=. (Contd:):

November, the fishing fleet exceeded the pro-
duction plans and the total catch for the year
was expected to amount to about 4.5 million
tons. The Soviet fishery in the Caspian Sea,
rivers, and lakes together yield about 800,000
tons, or about as much as in 1913, but the
ocean fishery now yields about 81 percent of
the total catch.

In recent years emphasis has been placed
on rebuilding and modernizing the fishing
fleet, putting it in the best possible condition,
and equipping it with the newest instruments.
Large vessels are now mostly used, and they
freeze the catches, pack them in boxes, and
make fish meal out of what is left.

It is a great problem to maintain, andstill
more difficult to attain, an increase in the
catch of fish. The country's industries, with
their many dams, power stations, and facto~
ries on all the great rivers, to a large extent,
destroy the fishery stocks and disturb the
passage of fish. In inland waters the fishery
also encounters the limits of overfishing. In
the Sea of Azov, for example, the fishery there
formerly accounted for about 230,000 metric
tons annually, but now only about 200,000 met-
ric tons. The same can be said of the Caspian
Sea where the total catch in 1940 was 351,000
metric tons, contrasted to 340,000 metric tons
today. But in reservoirs and inland lakes, the
fishery has increased considerably with the
help of fish culture. Fish ladders have also
been built in all places where possible. They
are of various types according to the circum-
stances and requirements of the various kinds
of fish. Good results have resulted from many
of them. For example, Soviet scientists
promise more sturgeon in Soviet's great riv-
ers in peacetime than there were before all
the great dams were built. Salmon culture
has given good results in the Kura and Kuban
Rivers.

Formerly, most of the catch was salted,
but now over 50 percent is frozen and much
of it is also canned. The total production of
salt fish is now less than before World War
I when it was 340,000 tons (nearly half of the
total catch). Now it is about 300,000 tons--
only a small percentage of the total catch.
The consumption of fish, which was formerly
about 6 kilograms (13.2 lbs.) a year per cap-
ita, has now increased to over 12 kilograms
(26.4 lbs.).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

In recent years the Soviets have empha-
sized the building up of a fleet of large trawl-
ers which can carry on many types of fisher-
ies at sea far from the mother country. These
are specially applicable to the fisheries inthe
Atlantic Ocean on the great banks of Newfound-
land, Georges Bank, and Greenland, and off
the West African coast. The fleet is divided
into two principal categories: factoryship
trawlers and fleet expeditions. The last cate-
gory includes many trawlers accompanied by
a mothership. They supply the transporting
ship with catches of round fish, or dressed or
drawn fish, and receive fuel and water from
it. In contrast, the large factoryship trawlers
fish and fully prepare their own catches until
they have a complete load, and then sail with
their catches to Soviet ports. There are two
principal types of those trawlers:

1. Factoryship Trawlers: These vessels
fish in the Northwest Atlantic, on the New-
foundland Banks, and Georges Bank. They
are stern trawlers with freezers, are about
3,600 metric tons, have 2,000-hp. engines,
storage for 750 metric tons, crews of 90 to
100 men, and can stay at sea for 90 days.
They have freezing equipment that can quick-
freeze 30-35 metric tons of fish fillets a day,
and also filleting machines with a production
capacity of 10-15 tons per day. They also have
fish meal processing equipment which manu-
factures about 4 tons per day. In addition,
those vessels have canning equipment, which
is used principally to produce products from
fish livers. The annual catch of one of those
trawlers is 6,000 to 7,000 metric tons. They
usually use trawls made of synthetic fiber.

2, After some research with fishing on
Africa's west coast, the Soviets found that they
could do better with another type of vessel.
For this fishery, they have built stern trawl-
ers of 2,900 metric tons with storage capaci-
ties of 560 metric tons, crews of 60-70 men,
and freezing apparatuses that can daily freeze
30-35 metric tons. They have no filleting ma-
chines. They fish principally for sardines,
mackerel, and other species, such as carangids.
Both the factoryship trawlers and stern trawl-
ers use synthetic fiber trawls with large, ver-
tical openings. Under good conditions, they
can take 20-25 metric tons per 2-hour tow.
Tropic trawlers use midwater trawls which
can be fished in any depth.

3. Inthe North Pacific Ocean, the North-
east Atlantic Ocean, and Barents Sea, the So-

U. S. S. R. (Contd.):

viets use principally trawlers of the ''Okean'
type. They are of medium size: 650 metric
tons with a capacity of 150 metric tons, 26-
man crews, and can fish 30 to 35 days before
returning to port. They often accompany a
mothership which takes the catch and supplies
them with fuel and water. They are equipped
with trawls, purse seines, and gill nets. Dur-
irg autumn and over the winter, for example,
they fish a great deal with gill nets in the re-
gion between Iceland and Norway; in the spring
and summer they fish with trawls in the Ba-
rents Sea, Georges Bank, or on the Newfound-
land Banks. These trawlers are not particu-
larly well equipped. For example, they lack
freezing equipment. The Soviets are now be-
ginning to build new trawlers for this fishery
which are somewhat larger.

4, ''Maiak'' Type Trawlers: These vessels
are 1,350 metric tons, have a capacity of 200
metric tons, 800 hp. engines, 30-man crews,
and can stay at sea 50 to 55 days. This type
trawler has freezing equipment that canfreeze
6-7 tons daily. They can travel at 11-13 knots
and are equipped with Russian hydroacoustic
instruments of both horizontal and vertical
types. They have mostly trawled at depths of
200-300 meters (656-984 feet), down to 400
meters (1,312 feet), and still fish mostly at
those depths, but they have now also begun to
trawl at 400-600 meters (1,312-1,969 feet),
and in the Pacific Ocean down to 700 meters
(2,297 feet), with good results.

Among new fishing gear is the Soviet mid-
water trawl, which has given good results.

Fishing off the West African coast is shown
to be profitable, and the fishery is beginning
to be pursued. Most of the catch is brought to
Soviet ports and only a part is sold on the
spot, for example in Ghana. Fishing with a
pump and light has been tried for North Sea
herring, but with a complete lack of success.

The object of the Soviet fisheries is not to
make a profit, but instead, to satisfy the So-
viet people's demand for food. Shipbuilding
continues, and the catches bring a steady
price fixed by the Government. The fluctua-
tion in the fish markets in other places have
no influence on the price of fish in the Soviet
Union.

Fishermen are paid in the following way:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

1. Fixed ''normal" pay, which is calcu-
lated on the basis of the vessel's filling its
production goal.

2. A bonus for those vessels with a catch
that exceeds the goal.

3. For those whose catch is disappointing,
there is a guaranteed minimum share which
is Somewhat lower than the normal pay.

The Soviet fisheries are now approaching
the established goal--to reach a yearly total
catch of about 5 million metric tons--but the
members of the Soviet Fishery Board think
that the Soviet people really need about 7 mil-
lion metric tons.

Note: Translation from Norwegian by Leslie W. Scattergood of

article "Sovjetsamveldets fiskerier" (Soviet Fisheries), which ap-
peared in Fiskets Gang, 50 aargang, nr. 7 (February 13, 1964),

pp. 119-120. 8

United Kingdom

WORLDWIDE TARIFF REDUCTION ASKED
BY BRITISH PRIME MINISTER:

The British Prime Minister confirmed in
a speech April 9, 1964, that Britain's trade
policies are aimed at achieving worldwide re-
ductions in tariff barriers. The Prime Minis-
ter's remarks were made in London in the
opening address to the European Purchasing
Conference, which is composed of buyers from
most European countries as well as from the
United States, Canada, India, and Japan. The
Prime Minister was reported to have said
that the United Kingdom will have free trade
by 1966 with all countries in the European
Free Trade Association (EFTA). He noted
that at present there are no such advantages
for British trade in the European Economic
Community (EEC), but nevertheless Britain's
exports to the EEC are steadily increasing.
On the Kennedy Round of tariff negotiations
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, the Prime Minister was reported to
have stated that Britain would go into the talks
seeking a 50-percent general reduction in
tariffs with a minimum of exceptions. (United
States Embassy, London, April 18, 1964.)

se sk sk ose ok
KK OK OK OK

BRITISH FISHING INDUSTRY:

The British fishing industry employs some
24,000 full-time and 6,000 part-time fisher-
men.

July 1964

United Kingdom (Contd.):

The principal fishing ports in England and
Wales are Hull, Grimsby, Fleetwood, Milford
Haven, and Lowestoft for white fish (cod, had-
dock, plaice, turbot, and sole) and Great Yar-
mouth and Lowestoft for herring.

The white fish fleet is made up of three
main groups--the distant-water, the near-
and middle-water, and the inshore vessels.
The distant waters are those off Iceland,
Greenland and the north coast of Norway, and
the Barents Sea. The middle-water grounds
lie around the Faroe Islands. The near-wa-
ter grounds are in the North Sea, the Irish
Sea, and the coastal areas around Britain.
Herring fishing grounds are mainly within 60
miles of land.

Distant-water vessels (there are about
300 of them) are more than 140 feet long and
make voyages of from 17 to 23 days; middle-
water vessels are less than 140 feet long and
their voyages can last from several days up
to 2 weeks. Britain has more than 450 near-
water and middle-water vessels. The capital
invested in British fishing vessels is some
E55 million (US$154 million), and the public
buy fish to the value of more than £100 mil-
lion ($280 million) a year.

The catch is usually distributed through
wholesalers at the ports, who buy at auctions
and sell to inland wholesalers. (Billingsgate
Market, London, which handles more than 300
tons of fish a day, is the largest inland whole-
sale distributing center for fish in Britain,
although other large cities have central fish
markets.) Sixty special express fish trains
transport the catch daily from the ports to in-
land centers, and increasing use is made of
truck transport.

Every village, town, and city of Britain has
fresh fish available within 24 hours of being
landed. Retail sales are handled by some
30,000 fishmongers and about the same num-
ber of fish friers. Purchases by fish friers
account for roughly one-third of the value of
landings of white fish.

Frozen packaged fish--sold by other shops
as well as fishmongers--is rapidly increasing
in popularity and accounts for about 20 per-
cent of all fish sold in Britain. (Commercial
Fishing, March 1964.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

PRODUCTION OF FROZEN PROCESSED
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1963: ,

British production of frozen processed fish-
ery products in 1963 amounted to 58,062 long
tons, only 263 tons (or 0.5 percent) more than
the previous year but up 3.4 percent from 1961.
This is revealed in a report issued by the
White Fish Authority, London,

Of the 1963 production, 27,445 tons were
packed in bulk or institutional packs and 30,617
tons were packed in consumer packs. While
the quantity put up in bulk or institutional packs
in 1963 was 18.7 percent less than the previ-
ous year, the quantity packed in consumer
packs increased 27.4 percent.

In addition to the domestic production,
18,748 tons were imported (10,451 tons in
bulk or institutional packs and 8,297 in con-
sumer packs) in 1963, somewhat less than in
1962.

British Production of Frozen Processed Fishery Products as
Reported by the White Fish Authority
Amount Produced
Year | Fish Used

Institutional Consumer Total
Packs Packs

129,000

128, 442
127,020
116,500

Home market sales of 73,901 tons in 1963
were up 17.0 percent from the previous year.
The greater increase from 1962 was in home
market sales of consumer packs (up 22.5 per-
cent); sales of bulk or institutional packs were
up 12.5 percent.

BRITISH FIRM PLANS TO EXPAND FLEET
OF REFRIGERATED STERN TRAWLERS:

A British fisheries company has announced
plans to order eight additional stern trawlers
all of which will be equipped to freeze fish at
sea. When completed the vessels will be as-
signed to Grimsby and Hull where they will
serve as replacements for older vessels in
the British company's fleet of 61 distant-wa-
ter trawlers. (Only 16 vessels in that fleet
are over 10 years old.)

The first of the new group of stern trawl-
ers will be scheduled for delivery in June
1965.

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

United Kingdom (Contd.): Viet-Nam
NEW MACHINE CUTS FISH-DRYING SHRIMP EXPORTS TO JAPAN UP IN 1963:
RROCESS TO 30 HOURS: Viet-Nam's shrimp exports to the United
A machine that cuts the process of drying | States in 1963 were valued at US$32,000, and
fish from 6 weeks to 30 hours has been de- were about unchanged from those of the pre-
veloped at the British Government Torry Re- | vious year. In the same year, however, Ja-
search Station in Aberdeen, Scotland. Since pan's purchases of shellfish products from
the machine can be used on board fishing ves- | that country (769,000 pounds), particularly
sels at sea, it will enable trawlers to oper- shrimp, were ten times greater than a year
ate in unexploited fishing grounds of the South | earlier and were valued at $300,000. By in-
Atlantic and dry their catches at sea. ereasing its purchases of spiny lobsters, mol-

lusks, and shrimp, Japan replaced Hong Kong

Working in cooperation with the Torry Re- |as Viet-Nam's best fishery customer. (United
search Station, a Scottish shipyard has de- States Embassy, Saigon, May 6, 1964.)
signed a new type of trawler to carry the dry-
ing machine. The vessel will be about 310
feet long--only slightly larger than convention-
al deep-sea trawlers. (Commercial Fishing,
March 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 112.

TUNA

Tuna are wide-ranging inhabitants of the opensea; some species cross the oceans
intheir movements. Little note was paidthem until 1903, when the sardine failed to
appear in California waters. Today, moretuna are
takenby United States fishermen than any other food
fish and only the shrimp and salmon fisheries are
more valuable. For many years, American fisher-
men in the famed tuna clippers pursued the fish
along the coasts of the Americas from southern Cal-
ifornia to far below the Equator. At its peak in 1951,
the clipper fleet numbered 228 boats. In the late
1950's, however, a revolution occurred inthe United
States tuna fishery as clipper after clipper con-
verted to the more efficient purse seiner. This was
possible because ofthe introduction of nylon seines
and the development of the power blockto handle the
great nets. Four kinds of tuna--yellowfin, skipjack,
albacore, andbluefin--andatunalike fish, the boni-
to, are taken by our fishermen, largely off Central
and South America. Recent landings have averaged
nearly 300 million pounds, worth $35to $40 million
ex-vessel. From those landings and imported frozen
tuna, West Coast processors annually put up a tuna
pack worth more than $140 million. For many years,
California processors have led the world in the can-
ning of tuna.

--Conservation Note 15, ''Commercial Fisheries of the Pacific Coast, "'
Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior.
Washington, D. C. 20240.

July 1964

VE gp LGPL EE!

Department of Commerce
AREA REDEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

INDUSTRIAL LOAN TO MARYLAND
PET FOOD FIRM APPROVED:

The Area Redevelopment Administration
(ARA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce
has approved an industrial loan of $461,500
to help Custom Pet Food Packers, Inc., estab-
lish a plant at Princess Anne, Md., for the
canning of dog and cat food. While cereals,
beef, and poultry byproducts will constitute
the principal ingredients of the pet food, the
manufacturer anticipates using 48 tons of
"trash" fish per day in the products.

The loan funds will be used to buy and im-
prove land, to construct buildings, and to pur-
chase machinery and equipment. The total
cost of the project will be $710,000. Produc-
tion atthe plant will require 123 workers, and in
addition it is estimated that 36 directly re-
lated jobs will be generated in fishing and sup-
ply industries.

SURVEY OF FISHERIES POTENTIAL IN
CARTERET COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA:

A technical assistance project to survey
the expansion potential of the fisheries indus-
try in Carteret County, N.C., has been ap-
proved by the Area Redevelopment Adminis-
tration (ARA) of the U.S. Department of Com-
merce,

The 16-months research project is to be
conducted by a firm in Morehead City, N.C.
The U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
will supervise the contract work, The tech-
nical assistance project will include: (1) a
survey of fishery resources to determine
present sufficiency and the potential for fu-
ture development; (2) establishment of anex-
perimental pilot-plant operation using modern
techniques to produce new products for con-
sumer tests to determine their acceptance

FEDERAL
ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

and marketability; and (3) a labor-skill sur-
vey to determine present skills and possible
new requirements.

On the basis of the study results, recom-
mendations will be made as to the most prom-
ising lines for expansion of existing seafood
processing plants as well as the potential for
new enterprises. The total cost of the fish-
ery research project will be approximately
$40,000. ARA will finance $36,000 of that
amount with Carteret County contributing the
balance,

" <*
“rare

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

NEW FOOD ADDITIVE REGULATION
CONCERNING KELP:

A regulation prescribing the use of kelp
as a source of iodine in foods for special die-
tary use was issued by the Commissioner of
Food and Drugs, effective April 24, 1964, as
an amendment to food additive regulations
(Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part
ileal)

The new regulation as it appeared in the
Federal Register, April 24, 1964, follows:

Title 21—FOOD AND DRUGS

Chapter I—Food and Drug Adminis-
tration, Department of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare

SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS

PART 121—FOOD ADDITIVES
Subpart D—Food Additives Permitted
in Food for Human Consumption
KELP

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
having evaluated the data in a petition

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

(FAP 411) filed by California Vegetable
Concentrates, Inc., P.O. Box 149, Hunt-
ington Park, California; Diketan Lab-
oratories, Inc., 9201 Wilshire Boulevard,
‘Los Angeles, California; Kopco, Inc.,
Dock 1, Port Hueneme, California; Philip
R. Park, Inc., Berth 42, Outer Harbor,
San Pedro, California; S. O. Barnes &
Sons, Inc., 17250 South Main Street,
Gardens, California; and Thurston
Laboratories, 3355 Glendale Road, Los
Angeles, California, and other relevant
material, has concluded that a food addi-
tive regulation should issue to prescribe
the use of kelp as a source of iodine in
foods for special dietary use. Therefore,
pursuant to the provisions of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (sec. 409
(c) (1), 72 Stat. 1786; 21 USC. 348(c)
(1), and under the authority delegated
to the Commissioner by the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare (21 CFR
2.90; 29 FR. 471), the food additive
Tegulations are amended by adding to
Subpart D a new section reading as
follows:

§ 121.1149 Kelp.

Kelp may be safely used as a source
of iodine in foods for special dietary use
when the amount of iodine so provided
for daily intake does not exceed 0.15
milligram. The food additive kelp is the
dehydrated, ground product prepared
from macrocystis pyrifera.

Any person who will be adversely af-
fected by the foregoing order may at any
time within 30 days from the date of its
publication in the FepeRat Recister file
with the Hearing Clerk, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Room
5440, 330 Independence Avenue SW.,
‘Washington 25, D.C., written objections
thereto. Objections ‘shall show wherein
the person filing will be adversely affected
by the order and specify with particu-
larity the provisions of the order deemed
objectionable and the grounds for the
ebjections. If a hearing is requested,
the objections must state the issues for
the hearing, A hearing will be granted
if the objections are .supported by
grounds legally sufficient to justify the
Telief sought. Objections may be ac-
companied by & memorandum or brief
in support thereof. All documents shall
be filed in quintuplicate.

Effective date. This order shall be ef-
fective on the date of its publication in
the FepERAL REGISTE?

een 409 (c). ete 72 Stat. 1786; 21 US.C. 348
c.

Dated: April 20, 1964.

Geo. P. LarRICK, —
Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

EASTERN PACIFIC YELLOWFIN TUNA
FISHING REGULATIONS PROPOSED:

Notice of proposed regulations concerning
catch quota, open seasons, and closed seasons
for yellowfin tuna; and restrictions on tuna
imports were published in the Federal Regis-
ter, May 9, 1964, by the U.S. Department of
the Interior. The proposed regulations are
to be issued under the authority contained in
subsection (c) of section 6 of the Tuna Conven-
tions Act of 1950, as added by the Act of Oc-
tober 16, 1962.

The notice provided that consideration would
be given to any data, views, or arguments per-
taining thereto which were submitted in writing
to the Regional Director, Pacific Southwest Re-
gion, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ter-
minal Island, Calif.,by June 8, 1964.

A public hearing also was held at the United
Portuguese Club, 2818 Addison Street, San
Diego, Calif., May 23, 1964, when interested
persons were given an opportunity to comment
orally on the proposed regulations.

The proposed regulations as they appeared
in the Federal Register, May 9, 1964, follow:

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
{ 50 CFR Parts 280, 281 }
EASTERN PACIFIC TUNA FISHERIES
Notice of Proposed Rule Making

Notice is hereby given, pursuant to sec-
tion 4(a) of the Administrative Pro-
cedure Act of June 11, 1946 (60 Stat.
237), and section 6(c) of the Tuna Con-
ventions Act of 1950 (64 Stat. 778), as
amended by the Act of October 15, 1962
(76 Stat. 923; 16 U.S.C. 955), that the
Secretary of the Interior proposes to
amend Title 50, Code of Federal Regula-
tions, by adding a new Subchapter H—
Eastern Pacific Tuna Fisheries, consist-
ing of Part’ 280—Yellowfin Tuna and
Part 281—Restrictions on Tuna Imports.
The proposed regulations are set forth in
tentative form below.

The proposed regulations are to be is-
sued under the authority contained in
subsection (c) of section 6 of the Tuna
Conventions Act of 1950, as added-by the
Act of October 15, 1962. In accordance
with the authority cited, after adoption
of the regulations proposed as Part 280

July 1964

_and publication thereof in the FepERaL
REGISTER, such regulations are to become
applicable to all vessels and persons sub-
ject to the jurisdiction of the United
States on such date as the Secretary of
the Interior shall prescribe, but in no
event prior to an agreed date for the ap-
plication by all countries whose vessels
engage in fishing for species of fish cov-
ered by the Convention for-the Estab-
lishment of an Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission (1 U.S.T. 230), in the
regulatory area on a meaningful scale of
effective measures for the implementa-
tion of the Commission’s recommenda-
tions applicable to all vessels and persons
subject to their respective jurisdictions.
Steps are being taken to reach agreement
with the several countries whose fisher-
men participate in the tuna fisheries of
the eastern Pacific Ocean looking toward
July 1, 1964, as the date for the simul-
taneous application by all such countries
of suitable conservation measures to be
observed by their fishing vessels.

Prior to the final adoption of the
proposed regulations, consideration will
be given to any data, views, or arguments
pertaining thereto which are submitted
in writing to the Regional Director,
Pacific Southwest Region, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 101 Seaside Ave-
nue, Terminal Island, California, within
the period of 30 days from the date of
publication of this notice in the FEDERAL
RecisTER. Interested persons will also
be afforded an opportunity to comment
orally on the proposed regulations at a
public hearing to be held at United Por-
tuguese Club, 2818 Addison Street, San
Diego, California, beginning at 10:00
a.m., May 23, 1964. Any person who in-
tends to present views orally at such
hearing is requested to furnish in writing
his name and the name of the organiza-
tion he represents, if any, to the said

‘Regional Director and not later than
May 20, 1964.

Issued at Washington, D.C., and dated
May 7, 1964.
James K. Carr,
Under Secretary of the Interior.

SUBCHAPTER H—EASTERN PACIFIC TUNA
FISHERIES

PART 280—YELLOWFIN TUNA

Sec.

280.1 Definitions.

280.2 Basis and purpose.

280.3 Catch limit.

280.4 Open season.

280.5 Closed season.

280.6 Tuna clearance cerfificates.
280.7 Reports and record keeping.
280.8 Persons and vessels exempted.

AvtHoritTy: The provisions of this Part 280

issued under sec. 6, 64 Stat. 778, as amended,
16 U.S.C. 955.

§ 280.1 Definitions.

For the purposes of this part, the fol-
lowing terms shall be construed, respec-
tively, to mean and to include:

(a) Convention. The Convention for
the Establishment of an Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission, signed at
Washington, May 31, 1949, by the United
States of America and the Republic of
Costa Rica (1 U.S.T. 230).

(b) Commission. The Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission established
pursuant to the Convention.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(c) Director of Investigations. The
Director of Investigations, Inter-Ameri-
can Tropical Tuna Commission, Le Jolla,
California.

(ad) Bureau Director. The Director of
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish
and Wildlife Service, United States De-
partment of the Interior.

(e) Regional Director. The Regional
Director, Pacific Southwest Region, Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries, 101 Sea-
side Avenue, Terminal Island, California.

(f). Regulatory area. All waters of the
eastern Pacific Ocean bounded by the
mainland of the Americas and the fol-
lowing lines:

Beginning at a point on the mainland
where the parallel of 40 degrees north lati-
tude intersects the coast; thence due west to
the meridian of 125 degrees west longitude;
thence due south to the parallel of 20 de-
grees north latitude; thence due east to the
meridian of 120 degrees west longitude;
thence due south to the parallel of 5 degrees
north latitude; thence due east to the meri-
dian of 110 degrees west longitude; thence
due south to the parallel of 10 degrees south
latitude; thence due east to the meridian of
90 degrees west longitude; thence due south
to the parallel of 30 degrees south latitude;
thence due east to a point on the mainland
where the parallel of 30 degrees south lati-
tude intersects the coast.

(g) Yellowfin tuna. Any fish of the
species Thunnus albacares (synonomy:
Neothunnus macropterus).

(h) Other tuna fishes. Those species
(and none other) of the family Scom-
bridae which are known as:

(1) Albacore—Thunnus alalunga (sy-
nonomy: Thunnus germo).

(2) Bigeye—Thunnus obesus (synon-
omy: Parathunnus sibi).

(3) Bluefin—Thunnus thynnus (sy-
nonomy; Thunnus saliens).

(4) Skipjack—Euthynnus pelamis (sy-~
nonomy: Katsuwonus pelamis).

(i) Fishing vessel. Every kind, type
or description of watercraft subject to
the jurisdiction of the United States
(other than purse seine skiffs) used in
or outfitted for catching or processing
fish or transporting its catch of fish
from fishing grounds.

(j) Transport vessel. Every kind,
type or description of watercraft subject
to the jurisdiction of the United States
used or capable of being used exclusively
to take on board on the high seas and
transport to a port of the United States
the catches of fishing vessels of the
United States.

(k) Person. Individual, association,
corporation or partnership subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States.

(i) Open season. The time during
which yellowfin tuna may lawfully be
captured and taken on board a fishing
vessel in the regulatory area without lim-
itation on the quantity permitted to be
retained during each fishing voyage.
Unless otherwise specified, whenever
time is stated in hours it shall be con-
strued to refer to standard time in the
area affected.

(m) Closed season. The time during
which yellowfin tuna may not be taken
or retained on board a fishing vessel in
quantities exceeding the amounts per-
mitted to be taken and retained as an
incident to fishing for other tuna fishes.

§ 280.2 Basis and purpose.

(a) At a special meeting held at Long
Beach, California, on September 14, 1961,

the Commission recommended to the
Governments of Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Panama, and the United States of
America, parties to the Convention,
that they take joint action to limit the
annual catch of yellowfin tuna from
the eastern Pacific Ocean by fishermen
of all nations during the calendar ‘year
1962. This recommendation was made
pursuant to paragraph 5 of Article IL
of the Convention on the basis of scien-
tific investigations. conducted by the
Commission over a period of time dating
from 1951. The most recent years of
this period were marked by a substantial
increase in fishing effort directed toward
the yellowfin tuna stocks, resulting in a
rate of exploitation of these stocks
greater than that at which the maximum
average sustainable yield may be ob-
tained. The Commission’s recomménda-
tion for joint action by the parties to
regulate the yellowfin tuna fishery has
as its objective the restoration of these
stocks to a level of abundance which will
permit maximum average sustainable
catch and the maintenance of the stecks
in that condition in the future.

(b) At annual meetings held at Quito,
Ecuador, May 16-18, 1962; at Panama
City, Panama, April 16-17, 1963; and at
San Diego, California, March 18-19,
1964; the Commission affirmed its earlier
conclusions regarding the need for regu-
lating the yellowfin tuna fishery in the
eastern Pacific Ocean and at each meet-
ing recommended to the parties to the
Convention that they take joint action
to:

(1) Establish a prescribed tonnage
limit on the total catch of yellowfin tuna
by the fishermen of all nations during
each calendar year from an area of the
eastern Pacific Ocean defined by the
Commission;

(2) Establish open and closed seasons
for yellowfin tuna under prescribed
conditions;

(3) Permit the landing of not more
than fifteen percent (15%) by weight of
yellowfin tuna among the tuna taken on
a fishing trip made after the close of the
yellowfin tuna fishing season; and

(4) Obtain from governments not
parties to the Convention, but having
vessels which operate in the fishery, co-
operation in effecting the recommended
conservation measures.

(c) At a meeting held at San Diego,
California, on March 20, 1964, represent-
atives of the Governments of Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Japan, Mexico, and the United
States of America gave assurances that
beginning as of July 1, 1964, each coun-
try would apply to all vessels and persons
subject to its jurisdiction effective meas-
ures for the implementation of the rec-
ommendations maile by the Commission
in March 1964 for a yellowfin tuna con-
servation regime. Subsequent to March
20, 1964, the Governments of --________
and) so gave like assurances. The
several countries named are parties to
the Convention or, not being parties,
exercise jurisdiction over vessels which
“engage in fishing for species covered by
the Convention in the regulatory area
on @ meaningful scale, in terms of effect
upon. the success of the conservation
Program” within the purview of section
6(c) of the Tuna Conventions Act of 1950,
as amended.

(d) The regulations in this part are
designed to implement the Commission’s

,eurrent and future' applicable recom
‘mendations for the conservation of yel-
lowfin tuna so far as they affect all ves-
sels and persons subject to the jurisdic-
tion of the United States.

§ 280.3 Catch limit.

The annual limitation on the quantity
of yellowfin tuna permitted to be taken
from the regulatory area during the open
season by the fishing vessels of all na-
tions participating in the fishery will be
fixed and. determined on the basis of
recommendations made by the Commis-
sion pursuant to paragraph 5 of Article
TI of the Conyention. Upon approval by
the Secretary of State and the Secretary
of the Interior of the recommended catch
limit, announcement of the catch limit
thus established shall be made by the
Bureau Director through publication ofa
‘suitable notice in the FEDERAL REGISTER.
The Bureau Director, in like manner,
shall announce any revision or modifica-
tion of an approved annual catch limit
which may subsequently enter into force.

§ 280.4 Open season.

The open season for yellowfin tuna
fishing shall begin annually at 12:01
am, of the first day of January and
terminate at midnight on & date to be
determined and announced as provided
in: § 280.5.

§ 280.5 Crosed season.

(a) Pursuant to authority granted by
the Commission, the Director of Investi-
gations maintains records of the catches
of yellowfin tuna taken from the regula-
tory area and landed from time to time
during the open season by the fishing
vessels of all nations partieipating in the
fishery. By taking into account the ag-
gregate weight of the yellowfin tuna
landings and the estimated additional
quantities of yellowfin tuna expected to
be taken by the fishing vessels of all
nations operating in the regulatory area,
the Director of Investigations will deter-
mine the date on which he deems the an-
nual catch limit will be reached and will
promptly notify the Bureau Director of
such date. The Bureau Director shall
announce the season closure date thus
established by publication in the FEDERAL
Recister. The closure date so an-
nounced shall be final except that if it
shall at any time become evident to the
Director of Investigations that the catch
limit will not be reached by such date,
he may substitute another date which
shall be announced by the Bureau Di-
rector in like manner as provided for the

‘date originally determined.

4b) Except as provided in paragraphs
(c) and (a) of this section, after the date
determined in the manner provided in
this section for the closing of the yel-
Jowfin fishing season, the taking of yel-
lowfin tuna shall be prohibited until the
yellowfin tuna fishing season reopens on
January 1 next following the close of the

season.

(ce) Any fishing vessel which has de-
parted port to engage in yellowfin tuna
fishing pursuant to a tuna clearance
certificate last validated prior to the date
of the closure of the yellowfish fishing
season may continue to take and retain
yellowfin tuna without restriction as to
quantity until the fishing voyage has
been completed by unloading in port or
by transferring to a transport vessel the
whole or any part of-the fishing vessel’s
cargo of tuna.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(a) After the close of the yellowfin
tuna fishing season as provided in this
section, yellowfin tuna captured as an
incident to fishing for other tuna fishes
may be taken on board a fishing vessel
and landed or transferred to a transport
vessel in an amount not exceeding fifteen
percent by weight of all tuna fishes
landed or transferred by the fishing
vessel.

(e) ‘At any time during the closed sea-
son a transport vessel, without regard to
the quantities of yellowfin or other tuna
fishes possessed on board the transport
vessel, may receive, possess and trans-
port to a port of the United States yellow-
fin tuna lawfully taken and transferred
by a fishing vessel on the high seas:
-Provided, That no yellowfin tuna in any
amount may be transferred from a fish-
ing vessel or be received on board a trans-
port vessel during the closed season
unless an officer authorized to enforce the
regulations in this part is aboard the

transport vessel for the purpose of in-'

specting all such transfers.
§ 280.6 Tunaclearance certificates.

(a) Except as permitted by § 280.8,
after the first day of July 1964, no person
shall use a fishing vessel or & transport
vessel for the capture, retention, trans-
portation, or landing of yellowfin tuna
in any quantity from the regulatory area
during-the open season unless such vessel
shall have first been registered and
cleared for yellowfin tuna fishing or for
transporting yellowfin tuna in conformity
with the provisions of this section.

(b) The managing owner, master, or
other person in charge of a fishing vessel
or a tramsport vessel may register such
vessel to engage in yellowfin tuna fishing
or in transporting yellowfin tuna from
the fishing grounds by furnishing, either
by letter or on a form to be supplied by
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, in-
formation specifying the names and ad-
dresses. of the managing owner and
master, respectively, of the vessel, and
the name, official number, home port,
and cargo capacity (in tons of frozen
tuna) of the vessel. Such application
shall be submitted to the Regional Di-
rector who shall, without charge, issue
in the name of the fishing. vessel or
transport vessel a ¢ertificate evidencing
its registration to engage in yellowfin
tuna fishing or in transporting yellowfin
tuna during the calendar year applied
for. Each such certificate shall expire
at the end of the calendar year during
which it is issued and shall be replaced
by 2. new certificate upon application
made in like manner as prescribed. for
the original certificate. New certificates
shall similarly be issued to replace lost
or mutilated certificates.

(ce) Except as provided in paragraph
(f) of this section, not earlier than 48
hours prior to each departure from port
to engage in fishing for or transporting
‘yellowfin tuna during the open season for
such tuna, the master or other person in
charge of a fishing vessel or a transport
vessel or the agent of such person shall
present the vessel’s tuna clearance cer-
tificate for validation. Validation of a
tuna clearance certificate shall be ac-
complished in the manner specified in
paragraph (d) of this section. Such
validation shall terminate at thé time of
the first discharge thereafter of any part
of the tuna taken on board during the

Vol. 26, No. 7

voyage authorized by the validated
certificate.

(d) Validation of a tuna clearance
certificate as fequired in paragraph (c)
of this section shall, upon request and
only during the open season on yellowfin
tuna, be entered as an endorsement
made by an authorized validating officer
upon the certificate held by the fishing
vessel or transport vessel. Authorized
officers as listed below, and their author-
{zed representatives, may perform the
functions of authorized validating
officers:
~ (4) For vessels departing ports of the
United States—

Regional Director, Pacific Southwest Region,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Terminal
Island, California; and Regional Director,
Pacific Northwest Region, Bureau of Com-
merical Fisheries, Arcade Building, Beat-
tle, Wash.,

Officers of the United States Bureau of Cus-

toms,
Officers of the United States Coast Guard,
Officers and employees of the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico.

(2) For vessels departing foreign

ports—

The officer-in-charge at each of the following
United States Consular posts:

Colombia: Barranquilla, Bogota, Buenaven~
tura, and Call.

Chile: Antofagasta, Concepcion, Santiago,
and Valparaiso.

Costa Rica: Puntarenas and San Jose.

Ecuador: Guayaquil and Quito.

El Salvador: San Salvador.

Guatemala: Guatemala.

Mexico: Mexico, D.F., and Mazatlan.

Nicaragua: Managta.

Panama: Colon and Panama.

Peru: Arequipa and Lima.-

(e) As circumstances require, the Bu-
reau Director from time to time shall re-
vise the list of authorized validating of-
ficers by publishing appropriate changes
in the FEDERAL REcIsTER. In the event
an authorized validating officer is not
available in port at the time of impend-
ing departure of a fishing vessel on &
fishing voy2ee, a validation of the nature
required by paragraph (c) of this section
may be obtained by letter or prepaid tele-
graphic communication.

(f) A validation by an authorized val-
idating officer shall not be required for
@ vessel departing a foreign port in any
case where the Bureau Director finds and
publishes notice thereof in the FEDERAL
REcIstEr that the Government of the
country in which the port is situated has
sin force conservation measures which are
adequate to meet the objectives of this
section, including the means for provid-
ing documentary evidence establishing
the date of departure of the vessel to en-
gage in fishing for or transporting yel-
lowfin tuna.

(g) The tuna clearance certificate and
validation endorsements thereon issued
as provided in this section shall at all
times be carried on board the vessel for
which issued and such certificate, the
vessel, and its cargo shall at all times be
subject to inspection for the purposes of
this part by officers authorized to enforce
the provisions of this part.

§ 280.7 Reports and record keeping.

The master or other person in charge
of a vessel holding a tuna clearance cer-
tificate issued under this part shall—

July 1964

(a) Keep an accurate log of all opera-
tions conducted from the vessel, enter-
ing therein for each day the date, noon
position (stated in latitude and longitude
or in relation to known physical fea-
tures) and the estimated quantities (in
short tons) of tuna fish by species which
are taken on board the vessel: Provided,
That the fishing record and bridge log
maintained at the request of the Com-
mission shall be deemed a sufficient com-
pliance with this paragraph whenever
the items of information specified herein
are fully and accurately entered in such
log.

(b) Report by radio at least once each
calendar week during a fishing voyage
conducted in the open season; such re-
porting to begin on a date to be an-
nounced by the Bureau Director through
publication of a suitable notice in the
FPepERAL REGISTER and to continue
throughout the open season. Reports by
radio shall be made directly or through
@ cooperating vessel to Radio Station
WWD, La Jolla, California, 4415.8 ke or
8805.6 kc or by, prepaid commercial radio
message directed to the Director of In-
vestigations. Radio reports shall be
made between 0900 and 2400, P.s.t., and
shall state the name of the fishing vessel
and the cumulative estimated quantities,
by species, of all tuna fish taken on board
from week to week throughout the dura-
tion of the fishing voyage. Weekly re-
ports containing all items of information
required by this paragraph may be sub-
mitted to the Director of Investigations
by the shore representative of the vessel
master in lieu of the radio reports from
the vessel.

(c) Furnish on a form supplied by the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, imme-
diately following the delivery or sale of &
catch of tuna made by means of such
vessel, a report, certified to be correct,
giving the name and official number of
the fishing vessel, the dates of com-
mencement and conclusion of the fishing
voyage and listing separately by species
and weight in pounds or short tons, the
gross quantities of each species of tuna
fish so sold or delivered: Provided, That,
at the option of the vessel master or
other person in charge, a copy of the fish
ticket, weigh-out slip, settlement sheet,
or similar record customarily issued by
the fish dealer or his agent may be used
for reporting purposes, in lieu of the
form supplied by the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, if such alternate record is
similarly certified and contains all items
of information required by this para-
graph: Provided, That any vessel land-
ing its catch in California and reporting
by means of a copy of the California fish
ticket may indicate the California Fish
and Game boat number in lieu of the
vessel’s official number. Such report
shall be delivered or mailed to the Re-
gional Director within 48 hours after the
weigh-out has been completed.

§ 280.8 Persons and vessels exempted.

Nothing contained in §§ 280.2 to 280.7
shall apply to:

(a) Any person or vessel authorized
by the Commission, the Bureau Director,
or any State of the United States to en-
gage in fishing for research purposes.

(b) Any vessel documented as a com-
mon carrier by the Government of the
United States and engaged exclusively
in the carriage of freight and passengers’

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(other than a transport vessel as de-
fined in § 280.1(j)).

(ad) Any person or vessel engaged in
sport fishing for personal use.

PART 281—RESTRICTIONS ON
TUNA IMPORTS

Sec.

281.1 Definitions.

281.2 Basis and purpose.

281.3 Species subject to regulation.

281.4 Species under investigation by the
Commission.

281.5 Investigations authorized.

281.6 Publication of findings.

281.7 Proof of admissibility.

281.8 Removal of import restrictions.

AvuTHogrITY: The provisions of this Part 281
issued wnder sec. 6, 64 Stat. 778, as amended,
16 U.S.C. 955.

No. 92—Pt. I—3
§ 281.1 Definitions.

For the purposes of this part, the fol-
lowing terms shall be construed, respec-
tively, to mean and to include:

(a) United States. All areas under the
sovereignty of the United States, the
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,
and the Canal Zone.

(b) Convention. The Convention for
the Establishment of an Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission, signed at
Washington, May 31, 1949, by the United
States of America and the Republic of
Costa Rica (1 U.S.T. 230).

(da) Bureau Director. The Director of
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish
and Wildlife Service, United States De-
partment of the Interior.

(e) Regulatory area. All waters of the
eastern Pacific Ocean bounded by the
mainland of the Americas and the fol-
lowing lines:

Beginning at a point on the mainland
where the parallel of 40 degrees north lati-
tude intersects the coast; thence due west
to the meridian of 125 degrees west longi-
tude; thence due south to the parallel of
20 degrees north~latitude; thence due east
to the meridian of 120 degrees west longi-
tude; thence due south to the parallel of 5
degrees north latitude; thence due east to
the meridian of 110 degrees west longitude;
thence due south to the parallel of 10 degrees
south latitude; thence due east to the me-
ridian of 90 degrees west longitude; thence
dué south to the parallel of 30 degrees south
latitude; thence due east to a point on the
mainland where the parallel of 30 degrees
south latitude intersects the coast.

(f) Yellowfin tuna. Any fish of the
species Thunnus albacares (synonymy:
Neothunnus macropterus).

(g) Other tuna fishes. -Those species
(and none other) of the family Scom-
bridae which are known as:

(1) Albacore—Thunnus alalunga
(synonymy: Thunnus germo).

(2) Bigeye—Thunnus obesus (synon-
ymy: Parathunnus sibi).

(3) Bluefin—Thunnus thynnus (syn-
onymy: Thunnus saliens).

(4) Skipjack—Euthynnus pelamis
(synonymy: Katsuwonus pelamis).

(h) Fishing vessel. Every kind, type or
description of watercraft (other than
purse seine skiffs) used in or outfitted for
catching or processing fish or transport-
ing fish from fishing grounds.

(i) Person. Individual, association,
corporation or partnership.

§ 281.2 Basis and purpose.

(a) At a special meeting held at Long
Beach, California on September 14, 1961,
the Commission recommended to the
Governments of Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Panama, and the United States of
America, parties to the Convention, that
they take joint action to limit the annual
catch of yellowfin tuna from the east-
ern Pacific Ocean by fishermen of all
nations during the calendar year 1962.
This recommendation was made pur-
suant to paragraph 5 of Article II of the
Convention on the basis of scientific in-
vestigations conducted by the Commis-
sion over & period of time dating from
1951. The most recent years of this
period were marked by a substantial in-
crease in fishing effort directed toward
the yellowfin tuna stocks, resulting in a
rate of exploitation of these stocks
greater than that at which the maximum
average sustainable yield may be ob-
tained. The Commission’s recommen-
dation for joint action by the parties to
regulate the yellowfin tuna fishery has
as its objective the restoration of these
stocks to a level of abundance which
will permit maximum average sustain-
able catch and the maintenance of the
stocks in that condition in the future.

(2) Establish open and closed seasons
for yellowfin tuna under prescribed
conditions;

(3) Permit the landing of not more
than fifteen percent (15%) by weight of
yellowfin tuna among the tuna taken on
a fishing trip made after the close of the
yellowfin tuna fishing season; and

(4) Obtain from governments not
parties to the Convention, but having
vessels which operate in the fishery, co-
operation in effecting the recommended
conservation measures.

(c) At a meeting held at San Diego,
California, on March 20, 1964, represent-
atives of the Government of Costa
Rica, Ecuador, Japan, Mexico, and the
United States of America gave assurances
that beginning as of July 1, 1964, each
country would apply to all vessels and
persons subject to its jurisdiction effec-
tive measures for the implementation of
the recommendations made by the Com-
mission in March 1964 for a yellowfin
tuna conservation regime. Subsequent
to March 20, 1964, the Governments of
eens ee and ___-___-_- gave like as-
surances. The several countries named
are parties to the Convention or, not
being parties, exercise jurisdiction over
vessels which “engage in fishing for
species covered by the Convention in the
regulatory area on a meaningful scale,

in terms of effect upon the success of
the conservation program,” within the
purview of section 6(c) of the Tuna
Conventions Act of 1950, as amended.

(d) In conformity with the provisions
of section 6(c) of the Act and simultane-
ously with the adoption of the regula-
tions in this part, the Secretary of the
Interior has made effective Part 280 of
this title for the purpose of carrying out
the current and future recommendations
of the Commission for the conservation
of yellowfin tuna in the regulatory area
so far as such recommendations affect
all vessels and persons subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States.

(e) The yellowfin tuna stocks recom-
mended for regulation by the Commis-
sion constitute a significant part of an
international high seas fishery in which
the vessels of a number of countries are
engaged in varying degrees. Since some
of the countries are not parties to the
Convention and, therefore, have no ap-
plicable treaty obligations to fulfill, the
achievement of the conservation objec-
tives with respect to the tuna resources
of the eastern Pacific Ocean is dependent
upon international cooperative efforts to
.implement the Commission’s recommen-
dations. With a view toward encourag-
ing effective cooperation on the part of
such countries, the Tuna Conventions
Act of 1950, as amended, directs that re-
Strictions be established on the importa-
tion of certain tuna fish from any coun-
try which shall fail to take action to
prevent the occurrence of certain pro-
scribed activities. Thus, section 6(c) of
the Act provides that the Secretary of
the Interior, with the concurrence of the
Secretary of State, shall promulgate
regulations—

(1) To prohibit the entry into the United
States, from any country when the vessels of
such country are being used in the conduct
of fishing operations in the regulatory area
in such manner or in such circumstances as
would tend to diminish the effectiveness of
the conservation recommendations of the
Commission, of fish in any form of those
species which are subject to regulation pur-
suant to a recommendation of the Commis-
sion and which were taken from the regula-
tory area; and

(2) To prohtbit entry into the United
States, from any country, of fish in any
form of those species which are subject to
regulation pursuant to a recommendation
of the Commission and which were taken
from the regulatory area by vessels other
than those of such country in such manner
or in such circumstances as would tend to
diminish the effectiveness of the conserva-
tion recommendations of the Commission.

(f) Section 6(c) of the Act further
provides that ‘in the case of repeated
and flagrant fishing operations in the
regulatory area by the vessels of any
country which seriously threaten the
achievement of the objectives of the
Commission’s recommendations, the
Secretary of the Interior, with the con-
currence of the Secretary of State, may,
in his discretion, also prohibit the entry
from such country of such other species
of tuna, in any form, as may be under
investigation by the Commission and
which were taken in the regulatory
area.”

(g) The regulations in this part are
designed to implement the provisions of
section 6(c) of the Act with respect to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

import controls and to prescribe proce-
dures for the establishment of restric-
tions on imports of tuna whenever such
action shall be deemed warranted.

§ 281.3 Species subject to regulation.

The species of fish currently subject to
regulation pursuant to a recommenda-
tion of the Commission within the mean-
ing of section 6(c) of the Act is yellowfin
tuna.

§ 281.4 Species under investigation by
the Commission.

The species of fish currently under in-
vestigation by the Commission within
the meaning of section 6(c) of the Act
are yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, and
bigeye tuna.

§ 281.5 Investigations authorized.

(a) The Bureau Director shall cause
to be made from time to time such in-
quiries and investigations as may be nec-
essary to keep himself and other persons
concerned currently informed regarding
the nature and effectiveness of the meas-
ures for the implementation of the Com-
mission’s recommendations which are
being carried out by countries whose ves-
sels engage in fishing within the regula-
tory area. In making a finding as to
whether or not a country is condoning
the use of vessels in the conduct of fish-
ing operations in the regulatory area
in such manner or in such circumstances
as would tend to diminish the effective-
ness of the conservation recommenda-
tions of the Commission, the Bureau Di-
rector shall take into account, among
such other considerations as may appear
to be pertinent in a particular case, the
following factors:

(1) Whether or not the country pro-
vides or causes to be provided to the
Commission pertinent statistics on a
timely basis.

(2) Whether or not the country has in
force conservation measures applicable
to its own fishermen adequate for the
implementation of the Commission’s
recommendations.

(3) Whether or not the country has in
force measures for the control of land-
ings in its ports of species subject to
regulation which are taken in the regula-
tory area by fishermen of other countries
contrary to the Commission’s conserva-
tion recommendations.

(4) Whether or not the country, hav-
ing put conservation measures into effect,
takes reasonable action to enforce such
measures.

(5) ‘he number of vessels of the coun-
try which conduct fishing operations in
the regulatory area.

(6) The quartity of species subject to

regulation taken from the regulatory
area by the country’s vessels contrary to
the Commission’s conservation recom-
mendations and its relationship to (i) the
total quantity permitted to be taken by
the vessels of all countries participating
in the fishery and (ii) the quantity of
such species sought to be restored to the
stocks of fish pursuant to the Commis-
sion’s conservation recommendations.

(7) Whether or not repeated and
flagrant fishing operations in the regula-
tory area by the vessels of the country
seriously threaten the achievement of the
objectives of the Commission’s recom-
mendations.

Vol. 26, No. 7

(b) Any person who shall have reason
to believe that the vessels of any country
are being used in the conduct of fishing
operations in the regulatory area in such
Manner or in such circumstances as
would tend to diminish the effectiveness
of the conservation recommendations of
the Commission or that other acts within
the purview of the import control provi-
sions of section 6(c) of the Tuna Con-
ventions Act of 1950, as amended, are
occurring or are likely to occur, may
communicate his belief to the Bureau
Director. Every such communication
shall contain or be accompanied by a full
statement of the reasons for the belief,
including a detailed description of such
specific acts or events as may support the
belief, and such other pertinent facts as
may indicate a need far instituting an
investigation as authorized in this part.

(c) Upon receipt by the Bureau Di-
rector of any communication submitted
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this sec-
tion and found to comply with the re-
quirements of that paragraph, the Bu-
reau Director promptly shall cause such
investigation to be made as appears to
be warranted by the circumstances of the
case. In conducting such investigation
the Bureau Director or his designated
representative shall consider any repre-
sentations offered by foreign interests,
importers, brokers, domestic producers,
or other interested persons. Unless good
cause to the contrary shall exist, every
such investigation shall be completed
within 60 days following receipt of the
communitation.

§ 281.6 Publication of findings.

If it shall be determined on the basis
of § 281.5 that species of fish subject to
regulation or under investigation by the
Commission, as the case may be, are
ineligible for entry into the United States
from a particular country pursuant to
the provisions of section 6(c) of the Act,
the Bureau Director, with the approval
of the Secretary of the Interior and the
Concurrence of the Secretary of State,
when required by law, shall publish a
finding to that effect in the FepERAL REG-
IsTER. Effective upon the date of publi-
cation of such finding in the FEDERAL
REGISTER every shipment of fish in any
form of the species under regulation or
under investigation by the Commission
offered for entry either directly or in-
directly from the country named in the
finding shall be denied entry unless it
shall be established by satisfactory proof
pursuant to § 281.7 that a particular
shipment of such fish is not ineligible
for entry: Provided, That entry shall not
be denied and no such proof shall be
required for any such shipment which,
on the date of such publication, was in
transit to the United States on board a
vessel operating as a common carrier.

§ 281.7 Proof of admissibility.
For the purposes of § 281.6 of this part

-and section 8(c) of the Tuna Conven-

tions Act of 1950, as amended, a ship-
ment of fish in any form of the species
under regulation or under investigation
by the Commission offered for entry,
directly or indirectly, from a country
named in a finding published under such
§ 281.6 shall be deemed to be eligible for
entry if the shipment is accompanied by
a certificate of eligibility, executed in the
form and manner set forth below, certi-

July 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

fying that the tuna in the shipment are
not of the species specified in the pub-
lished findings or, if-of such species,
were not taken in the regulatory area.
The required certificate of eligibility
must be executed by a duly authorized
Official of the country named in the pub-
lished finding and the certificate must
be authenticated with respect to the sig-
nature and official position of the per-
son executing the same by a consular
officer or consular agent of the United
States.

CERTIFICATE OF ELIGIBILITY

US seeeece sect an authorized officer of the
Government of ---------- , certify that the
shipment of tuna fish accompanied by this
certificate, consisting of -____-------_---- of

(Species) (Number and kind of packages
or containers)
bearing the following marks and numbers

(a) Contains no fish of the species pro-
hibited entry into the United States by virtue
of a finding of ineligibility published under
regulations issued pursuant to section 6(c)
of the Tuna Conventions Act of 1950, as
amended.

(b) Contains fish of the species prohibited
entry into the United States by virtue of a
finding of ineligibility published under regu-
lations issued pursuant to section 6(c) of the
Tuna Conventions Act of 1950, as amended,
but that such fish were caught in the waters

(Identify area or areas in which fish were

taken)

by vessels subject to the jurisdiction of
Sao Sess , and that none of the said fish
(Country)
was taken in any part of the eastern Pacific
Ocean subject to conservation regulations
pursuant to recommendations of the Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission.

(Address)
[This certificate must be accompanied by a
certificate of authentication executed by a
consular officer or consular agent of the
United States.]

§ 281.8 Removal of import restrictions.

Upon a determination by the Bureau
Director that the conditions no longer
exist which warranted the imposition of
import restrictions against the country
named in the finding published pursuant
to § 281.6, the Bureau Director, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Interior,
shall publish a finding to such effect in
the FEepERAL RecisTer. Effective upon
the date of publication of such finding,
the prior existing import restrictions
against the country designated therein
shall terminate; Provided, That for a
period of one year from such date of
publication every shipment of fish in any
form of the species subject to regulation
or under investigation by the Commis-
sion shall continue to be denied entry
unless the shipment is accompanied by
a certification executed by an authorized
official of the country of export and
authenticated by a consular officer or
consular agent of the United States, cer-
tifying that no portion of the shipment
is comprised of fish which are of species
under regulation and which were pro-
hibited from entry under the prior exist-
ing import restrictions.

a i

Office of Emergency Planning

ALASKA AND A CALIFORNIA COUNTY
DECLARED MAJOR DISASTER AREAS:

Two Notices of Major Disaster dated
May 1, 1964, by the Office of Emergency Plan-
ning concerning the States of Alaska and Cali-
fornia as a result of the earthquake beginning
March 27, and its adverse consequences, were
published in the Federal Register of May 7,
1964, Under the Act of September 30, 1950,
Federal assistance to States and local gov-
ernments is warranted in major disasters.

The Director of the Office of Emergency
Planning has determined the entire State of
Alaska to have been adversely affected, and
has also determined that Del Norte County in
California was affected by seismic sea waves
of sufficient severity and magnitude to war-
rant disaster assistance by the Federal Gov-
ernment to supplement State and local efforts.

The Notices as published in the May 7,
Federal Register follow:

OFFICE OF EMERGENCY
PLANNING

ALASKA
Notice of Major Disaster

Pursuant to the authority vested in
me by the President under Executive
Order 10427 of January 16, 1953, Execu-
tive Order 10737 of October 29, 1957, and
Executive Order 11051 of September 27,
1962 (18 F.R, 407, 22 F.R. 8799, 27 FR.
9683); Reorganization Plan No. 1 of
1958, Public Law 85-763, and Public Law
87-296; by virtue of the Act of September
30, 1950, entitled “An Act to authorize
Federal assistance to States and local
governments in major disasters, and for
other purposes” (42 U.S.C. 1855-18552),
as amended; notice is hereby given of a
declaration of “major disaster” by the
President in his letter to me dated
March 28, 1964, reading in part as fol-
lows:

I hereby declare a major disaster in those
areas of Alaska adversely affected by the
earthquake beginning on March 27.

I do hereby determine the entire State
of Alaska to have been adversely affected
by the catastrophe declared a major dis-
aster by the President in his declaration
of March 28, 1964.

Dated: May 1, 1964.

CALIFORNIA
Notice of Major Disaster

Pursuant to the authority vested in me
by the President under Executive Order
10427 of January 16, 1953, Executive Or-
der 10737 of October 29, 1957, and Execu-

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tive Order 11051 of September 27, 1962
(18 FR. 407, 22 FR. 8799, 27 FR. 9683) ;
Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, Pub-
lic Law 85-763, and Public Law 87-296;
by virtue of the Act of September 30,
1950, entitled “An Act to authorize Fed-
eral assistance to States and local gov-
ernments in major disasters, and for
other purposes” (42 U.S.C. 1855-1855g),
as amended; notice is hereby given of a
declaration of “major disaster” by the
President in his letter to me dated April
1, 1964, reading in part as follows:

I have determined the damage in Del Norte
County, California, adversely affected by
seismic sea waves beginning on or about
March 27, 1964, to be of sufficient severity
and magnitude to warrant disaster assistance
by the Federal Govermment to supplement
State and local efforts.

Dated: May 1, 1964.

Epwarp A. McDERMOTT,
Director,
Office of Emergency Planning.
Sues

United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit

FISHERMEN CONSIDERED INDEPENDENT
CONTRACTORS FOR TAX PURPOSES:

On March 3, 1964, in the tax refund case,
United States v. Crawford Packing Company,
the United States Court of ages for Tie
Fifth Circuit upheld a ruling that captains and
fishermen aboard shrimp vessels who work
on a share basis are independent contractors
for Federal employment tax and income with-
holding tax purposes. The ruling had been
handed down January 23, 1962, by a Judge in
the United States District Court for the South-
ern District of Texas. The District Courthad
ruled that the Government did not overcome
Crawford's clear showing that the fishermen
were free from direction and control of their
fishing activities and that their earnings were
dependent solely upon their skill, initiative,
weather, and good fortune.

The decision only affects the liability of the
vessel owners for Federal employment and in-
come withholding taxes. It does not relieve
them from liability for injuries to fishermen,
nor interfere with the ancient rights of fisher-
men to maintenance and cure, nor any rights
under the Jones Act.

Editor's Note: The decision by the Court
of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in the Craw-
ford Packing Company case appears to be in
conflict with the decision of December 6, 1963,
by the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

Vol. 26, No. 7

which upheld a ruling that fishing vessel
crews and captains who operate under the
"share'' system are considered employees
for Federal tax purposes.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1964 p- 79, July
1963 p. 107, Aug. 1962 p. 95, and May 1962 p. 78.

Eighty -Eighth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may di-
rectly or indirectly affect the fisheries and

allied industries are reported upon. Introduc-
tion, referral to committees, pertinent legis-
lative actions by the House and Senate, as well
as Signature into law or other final disposi-
tion are covered.

ALASKA DISASTER: Senator Gruening from the
floor of the Senate May 21, 1964 (Congressional Record,
pages 11170-11171) pointed out that: ".. . IThavebeen
urging for some time now that the Administrator of the
Small Business Administration. . . lower the interest
rate on disaster loans to Alaska victims to three-fourths
of 1 percent--the same amount charged to foreign bor-
rowers under theforeignaidprogram... .' The latest
addition to the list of supporters for the idea is the ex-
ecutive council of the AFL-CIO, which on May 20 adopt-
ed a resolution supporting it. The Senator requested
that the resolution adopted by the AFL-CIO council be
printed in the Record.

ALASKA OMNIBUS ACT AMENDMENTS: H, Rept.
1410, Amending the Alaska Omnibus Act (May 14, 1964,
report from the Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd
Session), 6 pp., printed. The Committee recommended
passage (with amendments) of H.R. 11037, to amend
the Alaska Omnibus Act, as amended, to increase by
$23.5 million the amount authorized to be appropriated
for grants to assist the State of Alaska to‘assume bur-
dens which were borne by the Federal Government while
it was a territory and to extend to June 30, 1966, the
period for which such grants may be made, and to, ex-
tend by two years the time during which the Federal
Government may continue to provide in Alaska certain
services that normally belong to a State and during
which property used for providing such services may
be transferred to the State, Contains the purpose, need,
committee amendment, cost, executive recommenda-

July 1964

tion, committee recommendation, and changes in ex-
isting law.

On May 18, 1964, the House passed S. 2772 (in lieu
of H.R, 11037), to amend the Alaska Omnibus Act author-
izing an additional grant of $23.5 million to the State of
Alaska for earthquake recovery purposes. This action
cleared the bill for the President's signature.

On May 27, 1964, the President signed S, 2772 into
law (P. L. 88-311). _

On May 27, 1964, a communication was received
from the President containing a draft of proposed leg-
islation to amend the Alaska Omnibus Act to provide
assistance to Alaska for reconstruction of damage by
the earthquake last March, Referred to House Commit-
tee on Interior and Insular Affairs and Senate Commit-
tee on Public Works.

S. 2881 (Bartlett et al) introduced in the Senate and
H.R. 11438 (Rivers) introduced in the House on May 28,
1964, bills to amend the Alaska Omnibus Act to provide
assistance to the State of Alaska for the reconstruc-
tion of areas damaged by the earthquake of March 1964
and subsequent seismic waves, and for other purposes;
referred to the Senate and House Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs. Senator Bartlett's descriptive re-
marks when he introduced the bill appear in that day's
Congressional Record (pages 11779-11783).

On June 3, 1964, Senator Gruening spoke from the
floor of the Senate and inserted in the Congressional
Record (pages 12159-12163), the statement of the At-
torney General of Alaska before the Senate Interior and
Insular Affairs Committee on S, 2881, which would a-
mend the Alaska Omnibus Act, to provide assistance to
help the State recover from the effects of the earth-
quake and subsequent seismic waves. Included in his
remarks were proposed amendments, One amendment
would reduce the rate of interest on any loans made by
the U.S. Government to Alaska to a rate lower than 33
percent,

On the same date the Senate Commitiee on Interior
and Insular Affairs held and concluded hearings on S,
2881. i

The Subcommittee on Territorial and Insular Af-
fairs of the House Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs held hearings June 11, 1964, on H.R, 11438.

ALASKA TRANSPORTATION RATES: On June 4,
1964, Senator Gruening spoke from the floor of the Sen-
ate concerning the possible reduction of the transporta-
tion rates to Alaska. The Senator also referred to the
recent filing of a tariff with the Interstate Commerce
Commission by the Trans-Continental Freight Bureau
which was to become effective June 10, (Congressional
Record, pages 12239-12242,)

ANADROMOUS FISH CONSERVATION: The Sub-
committee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of
the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries held hearings May 26, 27, and 28, 1964, on H. R.
2392 and H.R. 11160 and similar bills authorizing the
Secretary of the Interior to initiate a program for the
conservation, development, and enhancement of the Na-
tion's anadromous fish in cooperation with several
States. All witnesses appearing before the Subcommit-
tee favored the principles set forth in the bills, The
Commissioner of the Fish and Wildlife Service appeared

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

on behalf of the Interior Department and endorsed H, R.
2392, recommending amendments now incorporated in-
to H.R. 11160. He pointed out that the Service needs
additional authority to cooperate with the states in de-
veloping plans for the management and manipulation of
water and anadromous fisn. He indicated such legisla-
tion would supplement the Fish and Wildlife Coordina-
tion Act. He then recommended a cooperative program
with the states, one to enhance the fisheries values as
well as mitigate losses. Testimony was received from
the Commissioner of the Maine Department of Inland
Fisheries and Game, the Chief of the Marine Resources
Branch of the California Department of Fish and Game,
and from representatives of several private conserva-
tion organizations.

H. R, 11398 (Lipscomb) introduced in the House
May 26, 1964, a bill similar to H.R, 2392; referred to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

On June 1, 1964, the Speaker of the House presented
a memorial of the Legislature of the State of California
memorializing the President and the Congress of the
United States relative to anadromous fish; referred to
the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries.

ANTIDUMPING ACT AMENDMENT: H.R, 11270
(Ellsworth), H.R. 11284 (Moore), and H.R, 11286 (Nix)
introduced in the House May 18, 1964, to amend the An-
tidumping Act, 1921; also H.R. 11304 (Watson) intro-
duced in the House May 19; H.R. 11347 (Fulton) and
H.R. 11359 (McClory) introduced on May 21; and H. R.
11441 (Tollefson) introduced on May 28; all were re-
ferred to the Committee on Ways and Means, Similar
or identical to bills previously introduced,

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION: On
June 2, 1964, the Senate Committee on Commerce re-
ported favorably, with amendments, S. 1251 (S. Rept.
No, 1053), which amends the act of August 1, 1958, in
order to prevent or minimize injury to fish and wildlife
by the use of: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and
pesticides. The bill as reported "turns out to be more
or less a Committee bill.

S. Rept. No, 1053, Protection of Fish and Wildlife
from Pesticides (June 2, 1964, report from the Com-
mittee on Commerce, United States Senate, 88th Con-
gress, 2nd Session, to accompany S. 1251), 28 pp.,
printed. The Committee reported the bill with amend-
ments and recommended passage. Contains purpose of
the bill, need for the bill, Committee consideration of
the bill, agency comments, changes in existing law, and
an appendix of notices,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES FUND: On May 20, 1964,
the President signed into law S. 627, an act to promote
State commercial fishery research and development
projects, and for other purposes--P, L. 88-309, The
Act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to cooper-
ate with the States through their respective State agen-
cies in carrying out projects designed for the research
and development of the commercial fisheries resources
of the Nation.

CONSERVATION OF MARINE FISHERIES RE-
SOURCES: On May 20, 1964, the President signed into
Taw S. 1988, an act to prohibit fishing in the territorial
waters of the United States and in certain other areas
by vessels other than vessels of the United States and
by persons other than United States nationals or in-

habitants--P. L. 88-308. In signing the bill the Presi-
dent issued the following statement: "This law fills a
long-standing need for legislation to prevent foreign
fishing vessels, which in recent years have appeared
off our coast in increasing numbers, from fishing in
our territorial waters. The new law will not establish
any new rights to the continental shelf. But it will
make possible the enforcement of whatever rights that
now exist or may be established. Since the waters over
the continental shelf are high seas, efforts willbe made
to work out in advance with foreign countries proce-
dures for enforcement there. In this connection, the
United States has assured Japan that in such consulta-
tions with Japan full consideration will be given to Ja-
pan's long-established king crab fishery."

Senator Bartlett on June 5, 1964, spoke from the
floor of the Senate concerning the presence of Soviet
fishing fleets off U.S. shores. He also inserted an ar-
ticle, "Big Soviet Fleet Reported Fishing in Waters off
Mexico,'' which was published in the Mexico News of
May 29. (Congressional Record, pages 12385-12386.)

CONSUMER PROTECTION: On June 3, 1964, Con-
gressman Dingell under extension of remarks inserted
in that day's Congressional Record (pages A2977-2978)
portions of an address given by the Assistant Attorney
General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the De-
partment of Justice, delivered before the Conference on
the Government's Role in Consumer Protection at the
University of Toledo, on April 24, 1964, regarding the
Government's role in consumer protection as viewed
from the executive-judicial perspective.

FEDERAL PESTICIDES CONTROL ACT OF 1964:
On May 26, 1964, the House Committee on Agriculture
held a hearing on operation of pesticide laws and regu-
lations, Testimony was heard from representatives of
three Govenment agencies.

FOOD MARKETING NATIONAL COMMISSION: Study
of Food Marketing (Hearings before the Committee on
Commerce, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 2nd
Session), Part I, 126 pp., and Part II, 196 pp., printed.
Contains hearings held March 23, 24, 25, and April 8,
13, 16, 22, 23, 29, and 30, 1964, on S.J. Res. 71, and
S. J. Res. 71, as amended. Included are statements of
various Federal and state officials.

S. Rept. No. 1022, Establishing a National Commis-
sion on Food Marketing (May 12, 1964, report from the
Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 88th
Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany S.J. Res. 71, as
amended), 18 pp., printed. The Committee reported the
resolution with amendments and recommended passage.
Contains purpose, background, and need for the resolu-
tion, committee amendments, cost, section-by-section
analysis, agency reports, memorandum, and changes in
existing law.

H. Rept. 1401, National Commission on Food Mar-
keting (May 13, 1964, report from the Committee on
Agriculture, House of Representatives, 88th Congress,
2nd Session), 7 pp., printed. The Committee recom -
mended passage (with amendments) of H. J. Res. 977,
to establish a National Commission on Food Marketing
to study the food industry from the farm to the con-
sumer, Contains the purpose of the bill, general state-
ment, hearings, committee amendments, and executive
communications,

On May 18, 1964, the Senate (after adopting commit-
tee amendments en bloc and 2 floor amendments) passed

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

S. J. Res. 71, to establish a National Commission on
Food Marketing to study the food industry from the pro-
ducer to the consumer. Descriptive remarks concern-
ing the bill are found in that day's Congressional Rec-
ord (pages 10822-10828). Minis

On May 21, 1964, the House Committee on Rules de-
ferred action on H. J. Res. 977, a resolution similar to
S.J. Res. 71.

On May 26, 1964, the House Committee on Rules
granted an open rule on H. J. Res. 977.

On June 4, 1964, the House passed H. J. Res. 977.
This passage was subsequently vacated and §, J. Res.
71, a similar resolution, was passed in lieu after being
amended to contain the House-passed language. The
House insisted on its amendment; requested a confer-
ence with the Senate; and appointed conferees. House
adopted amendments relating to approval of employees
of the Commission by the Commissioner in lieu of the
Chairman; also to broaden proposed study to include ef-
fectiveness of dissemination of market news; and the ef-
fect of imported foods on U.S. producers, processors,
and consumers. Rejected an amendment to reduce au-
thorization of Commission to $500,000 instead of ,
$1,500,000. H. Res. 737, the rule under which the leg-
islation was considered, had been adopted earlier by a
voice vote,

Committees of both houses have approved joint reso-
lutions to establish a National Commission on Food
Marketing. Amendments by the House Committee in-
cluded a reduction in the authorization for funds from
$2.5 million to $1.5 million and also provided that the
Commission's report is to be completed by July 1, 1965,
instead of July 1, 1966, and that it will state only con-
clusions and findings without making legislative recom-
mendations. House amendments also provided that at
least three members of the Commission would be re-
quired to conduct hearings, and that the powers of the
Commission could be exercised only on majority vote.
Amendments by the Senate Committee were minor, in-
cluding one fo bring products such as seafood within
the scope of the Commission's investigations. The Sen-
ate measure, however, would authorize a two-year
study without the fund cut authorized by the House Com-
mittee. Both measures (H.J. Res. 977 and S. J. Res.
71) provide for a Commission of 15 members. In the
proposed legislation, the duties of the Commission are
described as follows: ''The Commission shall study
and appraise the marketing structure of the food indus-
try including the following: (1) the actual changes in
the various segments of the food industry; (2) the
changes likely to materialize if present trends con-
tinue; (3) the kind of food industry that would assure
efficiency of production, assembly, processing and dis-
tribution, provide appropriate services to consumers,
and yet maintain acceptable competitive alternatives
of procurement and sale in all segments of the industry
from producer to consumer; (4) the changes in statutes
or public policy, the organization of farming and food
assembly, processing, and distribution, and interrela-
tionships between segments of the food industry which
would be appropriate to achieve a desired distribution
of power as well as desired levels of efficiency; and (5)
the effectiveness of the services and regulatory activi-
ties of the Federal Government in terms of presentand
probable developments in the industry."

On June 5,1964, the Senate disagreed to House amend-
ment to S.J. Res. 71. The Senate then agreed to hold
conference requested by House, and appointed conferees.

July 1964

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES: On May 19, 1964, Con-
gressman Cederberg and Congressman Chamberlain,
under extension of remarks, inserted in that day's
Congressional Record (pages A2600 and A2641)areso-
lution adopted by the Legislature of the State of Michi-
gan urging Congress to speed the proposed financial
assistance to the Great Lakes fishing industry and fur-
ther urging that an inspection system with respect to
fresh-water fish imported from Canada be instituted.

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE NORTH-
WEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES: On June 1, 1964, the
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations submitted to
the Senate a favorable report on Executive B, Protocol
to the International Convention for the Northwest Atlan-
tic Fisheries (signed at Washington, February 8, 1949),
which protocol relates to harp and hood seals and was
signed July 15, 1963 (Ex. Rept. No. 8), Ratification of
the Protocol by the Senate would indicate the approval
of the United States in bringing those species within the
responsibility of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Com-
mission. (The principal commercial fishery for harp
and hood seals is conducted on the ice of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and east of Newfoundland in early spring.
Four parties to the Convention presently engage in the
fishery: Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the Soviet
Union.)

INTERNATIONAL FOOD STANDARDS: On June 2,
1964, Senator Anderson inserted in that day's Congres-
sional Record (pages A2924-2926) an address by the
Chairman of the U.S. Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion Interagency Subcommittee on Codex Alimentarious
to the Institute of Food Technologists (24th annual meet-
ing) May 25, Washington, D.C., on ''A New Vital In-
fluence in International Food Standards.'’ The Senator
in introducing the insertion of the address said: "'
the United States, in cooperation with the Food and Ag-
riculture Organization and the World Health Organiza-
tion, is participating very actively in creating a system
of international food standards, New food technology,
development of trade areas through the world, and im-
proved transportation have accelerated the need for
such a body of food standards... .

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL OWNERS: On June 4,
1964, the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce met in executive session and ordered re-
ported favorably to the House H.R. 3873. (H. Rept. No.
1467) toamend session 322 of the Public Health Service
Act to permit certain owners of fishing boats to re-
ceive medical care and hospitalization without charge
at hospitals of the Public Health Service, It appears
that the Committee reported this House bill in lieu of
the Senate-passed S. 978. The House bill is similar
but not identical with the Senate bill. Under the terms
of H. R. 3873 the medical service privileges would be
extended to ‘Persons who own vessels registered, en-
rolled, or licensed under the maritime laws of the
United States, who are engaged in commercial fishing
operations, and who accompany such vessels, on such
fishing operations, and a substantial part of whose serv-
ices in connection with such fishing operations are
comparable to services performed by seamenemployed
on such vessel or on’vessels engaged in similar oper-
ations.

H. Rept. No. 1467, Medical Care for Fishing Boat
Owners aeee 1964, Report from the Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Repre-
sentatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany
H.R, 3873), 14 pp., printed. The Committee reported

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

the bill without amendments and recommended pas-
sage. Contains purpose, provisions, and cost of the bill;
agency reports; and changes in existing law.

NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY AGENCY: On May 19,
1964, Congressman Wilson under extension of remarks
inserted in the Congressional Record (page A2607) an
article from Undersea Technology entitled ''Centraliz-
ing Oceanography.” _

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES RESOURCES: On June 2,
1964, Congressman Pelly inserted in that day's Con-
gressional Record (page A2931) extension of remarks
concerning a resolution adopted May 20, 1964, by the
Ballard Exchange Club of Seattle, Wash., on protection
of North Pacific fisheries. The Congressman remarked
that this resolution indicates public concern over the
adverse impact the Japanese and Soviet fishing fleets
are having on North Pacific fisheries resources.

OCEANOGRAPHIC LEGAL PROBLEMS: H, R, 11419
(Lennon) introduced in the House on May 27, 1964, a
bill authorizing the appropriation of $50,000 for a study
of the legal problems of management, use, and control
of the natural resources of the oceans and ocean beds;
referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries.

RESEARCH PROGRAMS: On May 19 and 20, 1964,
the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Develop-
ment of the House Committee on Science and Astronau-
tics held hearings on geographical distribution and in-
direct costs of Federal research and development.
Testimony was given by public witnesses.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY 1965:
On May 25, 1964, the Subcommittee of the Senate Com-
mittee on Appropriations continued hearings on H.R.
11134, making appropriations for the Departments of
State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and re-
lated agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965.
Testimony was given by several Federal officials. In-
cluded are funds for the International Fisheries Com-
mission,

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FY 1964: On
May 8, 1964, the Committee on Appropriations re-
ported (H. Rept. 1386) to the House H.R. 11201, making
deficiency appropriations for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1964, and for other purposes. The bill passed
the House on May 11. The Senate received the House-
passed bill on May 12. Bill reported (S. Rept. 1030) in
Senate May 27 by the Committee on Appropriations.

On May 28 after adopting Committee amendments en
bloc and a technical amendment by Senator Pastore,
the Senate, by unanimous consent, passed H.R. 11201,
making deficiency appropriations for fiscal year 1964,
As passed by the Senate, the bill would provide the sum
of $46,570,000 for items relating to Alaskan earthquake
damage, which sum includes $650,000 for repair and
rehabilitation of Bureau of Commercial Fisheries fa-
cilities and equipment replacement; $17,000,000 for ex-
tension of transitional grants to Alaska to assist the
State in recovering from the earthquake effects; and
$150,000 for the necessary expenses of the Federal
Reconstruction and Development Planning Commission
for Alaska, The Senate insisted on its amendments,
asked for conference with the House, and appointed
conferees,

On June 2, 1964, the House disagreed to Senate a-
mendments to H.R, 11201, and agreed to the conference

requested by the Senate. House also appointed con-
ferees and scheduled a meeting for June 3.

On June 3, 1964, the House and Senate conferees in
executive session agreed to file a conference report on
the differences between the Senate- and House-passed
versions of H.R. 11201 (H. Rept. 1457). As approved
by the conferees, the bill would provide a total of
$1,336,687,143. The Senate version of the bill provided
a total of $1,349,637,143, and the House-passed figure
was $1,264,913,689.

On June 4, 1964, the House adopted the conference
report on H, R. 11201, and sent the legislation to the
Senate. The Senate adopted conference.report onH. R.
11201 on the same day, concurring in certain House a-
mendments to Senate amendments. This cleared the
legislation for the President's signature. As approved
by both Houses, the bill still provides $650,000 for the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for construction re-
lating to the Alaskan earthquake disaster.

Deficiency Appropriations for 1964 (Hearings before
the Committee on Appropriations, United States Sen-
ate, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), 266 pp., printed.
Contains hearings held on H.R, 11201, making deficien-
ey appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30,

1964, and for other purposes.

H. Rept. No. 1386, Deficiency Appropriation Bill,
1964 (May 8, 1964, report from the Committee on Ap-
propriations, House of Representatives, 88th Congress,
2nd Session, to accompany H.R. 11201), 28 pp., printed.
The Committee submitted the report in explanation of
the deficiency appropriations in H.R. 11201. Contains
scope and summary of the bill. Included is a table sum-
marizing the budget estimates and amounts recom-
mended in the bill.

S. Rept. No. 1030, Deficienc Appropriation Bill, 1964
(May 27, 1964, report from the Committee on Appro-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 26, No. 7

priations, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 2nd Ses-
sion, to accompany H. R. 11201), 35 pp., printed. The
Committee reported the bill with various amendments.
Contains additional appropriations for various Govern-
ment agencies.

H. Rept. No. 1457, Deficiency Appropriation Bill,
1964 (June 3, 1964, report from iE of Con-
ference, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd
Session, to accompany H. R, 11201), 5 pp., printed. The
Committee agreed to recommend various agreements
to the House and Senate,

On June 9, 1964, the President signed into law H. R.
11201 making deficiency appropriations for fiscal year
1964,

TRADE NEGOTIATIONS: On June 3, 1964, Senator
Javits spoke from the floor of the Senate (Congression-
al Record, pages 12197-12200) and on June , Con=
gressman Curtis made a statement under an extension
of remarks (Congressional Record, pages A3263-3265)
concerning the forthcoming trade negotiations in Ge-
neva under the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade. Senator Javits and Congressman Curtis both
inserted in the Congressional Record, anewspaper ar-
ticle titled "Free Trade Hurdles--Multitude of Non-
tariff Obstacles to Imports Troubles GATT Talks--
France Rejects Unsanitary U.S. Pork; Europe Fumes at
Buy American Policies--Undercutting Geneva Gains ?"

UNITED STATES FISHING INDUSTRY: On May 21,
1964, Senator Kennedy spoke from the floor of the Sen-
ate and inserted in the Congressional Record (pages
11168-11170) excerpts from a speech ("A New Thrust
for American Fisheries") given by Under Secretary
of the Interior James K. Carr at the National Fish-
eries Institute Convention held in Seattle April 24-28,
1964,

UNDERWATER INTERCOM PERMITS SKIN DIVERS TO TALK

In the short history of skin diving as a popular sport, one of the

major bottlenecks has been underwater communication which tradition-
ally has been carried out with sign language of the most difficult type.
Now they have developed aneffective intercom system that works under-

water called ''Watercom."

The new system consists of a special face

mask, a throat mike, and a 5-pound cylindrical transmitter strapped to
the diver's air tank. Spoken words are picked up by the throat mike,
carried to the transmitter onthe air tank, amplified, and broadcast into
the water so any diver within 100 yards can hear the speaker without
any special receiving equipment to bother with.

--By John L. Russell, Jr.
The Aquarium, May 1964.

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

TAM eC a Voge :

cer Te ITS a ee ee ET CLS ETC a OE Sd > :
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE that the catch in 1963 amounted to 4,750 million pounds
valued at $378 million ex-vessel. Ofthe catch, 2,490
PUBLICATIONS million pounds were used for human food while the
remainder was used for the manufacture of industri-
THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE al products and for bait and animal food. In 1963,
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U.S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHING- for the first time, over half of the U.S. supply of
ues C. 20240, TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL- fishery products available was imported--6,500 mil-
; lion pounds, representing 58 percent of the total, A
7 - CURRENT FASBERCSTERISTLCS OF THE UNITED STATES. new high was reached in shrimp supplies with 318
BE GUS Re ON LOBEL GNERISRE DLE million pounds available, in contrast to only 272 mil-
ee ae ie inant eerste (eres lion pounds in 1962, The menhaden catch of 1,800
DISTRIBUTION), million pounds accounted for 37 percent of the total
U.S. catch of all species. Shrimp was the most valu-
Number Title able item ($70 million) taken, with Pacific salmon
CFS-3291 - Middle Atlantic Fisheries, 1962, Annual running second, The new long-line fishery, princi-
Summary (Revised), 6 pp. pally for Atlantic swordfish, took 2.7 million pounds
CFS-3417 - FishSticks and Fish Portions, 1963 Annual in comparison to 1,7 million pounds in 1962, During
Summary, 3 pp. 1963, a considerable migration of the Gulf and South
CFS-3442 - Gulf Coast Shrimp Data, September 1963, Atlantic shrimp fleet to central and South American
22 pp. countries occurred,
CFS-3459 - Gulf Coast Shrimp Data, October 1963, 23 pp.
CFS-3460 - Massachusetts Landings, July 1963, 9 pp. Sep. No. 704 - Shrimp Explorations off Vancouver Island
CFS-3462 - Georgia Landings, February 1964, 3 pp. (British Columbia), October-November 1962.
CFS-3463 - North Carolina Landings, February 1964,
4 pp. SSR-Fish, No. 469 - Success of Pink Salmon Spawning
CFS-3465 - Massachusetts Landings, August 1963, 9 pp. Relative to Size of Spawning Bed Materials, by Wil-
CFS-3466 - South Carolina Landings, February 1964, liam J, McNeil and W. H. Ahnell, 20 pp., illus., Jan-
3 pp. uary 1964.
CFS-3467 - Oregon Landings, 1963 Annual Summary, 2 pp.
CFS-3469 - California Landings, January 1964, 4 pp. SSR-Fish, No, 470 - The Segregation of Red Salmon in
CFS-3470 - Frozen Fish Report, March 1964 (Prelimi- the Escapements to the Kvichak River System, Alas-
nary), 2 pp. ka, by Howard Donald Smith, 25 pp., illus., January
CFS-3471 - United States Fisheries, 1962 Annual Sum- 1964,
mary, 16 pp.
CFS-3472 - Massachusetts Landings, September 1963, SSR-Fish, No, 472 - Use of Plant Extracts in Serologi-
9 pp. cal Studies of Fish, by Fred M, Utter, George J.
CFS-3473 - Gulf Coast Shrimp Data, November 1963, 22 Ridgway, and Harold O, Hodgins, 22 pp., illus., Feb-
pp. ruary 1964,
CFS-3474 -Maine Landings, 1963 Annual Summary (by
months), 7 pp. Drip Formation in Fish, 1--A Review of Factors Af-
CFS-3479 - Shrimp Landings, November 1963, 8 pp. = ett aeria by ba zid T. Miyauchi, 8 pp. (Reprinted
CFS-3482 - Maine Landings, January 1964, 4 pp. fon tickers Industrial Research, vol, 2, no, 2, De-
CFS-3485 - Massachusetts Landings, October 1963, 9 pp. cember 1963, pp. 13-20.) |
CFS-3486 - Massachusetts Landings, November 1963,
9 pp. Inventory of.Oceanographic Data for the Western North
CFS-3488 - Maryland Landings, February 1964, 3 pp. Smee and the Gulf of Mexico (oceanographic
CFS-3497 - Maine Landings, February 1964, 4 pp. Station data, bathythermograph observations, and
CFS-3501 - Breaded Shrimp, January-March 1964, 2 pp. sea-surface temperature observations), Circular 176,
CFS-3500 - Fisheries of the United States, 1963 (A 41 pp., illus., December 1963, A compilation of
Preliminary Review), 79 pp., illus., April 1964. charts.

THE FOLLOWING REPRINTS FROM FISHERY BULLETIN, VOL. 63, Ni

mse ae

Contains detailed information on the United States
catch of fish and shellfish, production of manufac- 1963, ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH
tured fishery products, and foreign trade in fishery AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C, 20240.
commodities. Data contained in the report reveal

Abundance, Age, and Fecundity of Shad, York River,
Va., 1953-59, by Paul R. Nichols and William H.
Massmann, pp. 179-187, illus., printed.

Age, Growth, and Maturity of Round Whitefish of the
Apostle Islands and Tele Ro ale Regions, Lake Su-
perior, by Merryll M. Bailey, pp. 63-75, illus.,

printed,

Age and Growth of the Whitefish in Lake Superior, by
William R. Dryer, pp. 77-95, illus., printed,

Cod Groups in the New England Area, by John P, Wise,

Pp. 190-203, ahs printed.

Comparison of Growth of Four Strains of Oysters
Raised in Taylors Pond, Chatham, Mass., by William
N. Shaw and James A, McCann, pp. 11-17, illus.,
printed,

Development of a Mathematical Relationship between
Electric-Field Parameters and the Mlectrical Char-
acteristics of Fish, by Gerald FE, Monan and Derek

E, Engstrom, pp. 123-136, illus., printed,

Distinguishing Tuna Species by Immunochemical Meth-
ods, Gs George J. tidewey pp. 205-211, illus.,

printed,

Early Larval Stages of the Sea, XIPHOPENEUS KROY-
ER (Heller), by William C. Renfro and Harry L.
Cook, pp. 165-177, illus., printed.

Effect of Fishway Slope on Performance and Biochem~
istry of Salmonids, by Gerald B, Collins andothers,
pp. 321-353, illus., printed.

Further Studies on FishWay Slope and Its Effect on Rate
of Passage of Salmonids, by Joseph R. Gauley and
rk S. Th

Cla ~ Thompson, pp. 45-62, illus., printed.
Herring Tagging Experiments in Southeastern Alaska,
y Bernar inar Skud, pp. 19-32, illus., printed,

Identification of New England Yellowtail Flounder
Groups, by Fred . Lux, pp. 1-10, illus., printed,

Influence of Water Velocity upon Orientation and Per-
formance of Adult Miguating almonids, by Charles
R. Weaver, pp. 97-121, illus., printed,

Some Aspects of the Oceanography of Little Port Wal-
ter Estuary, Baranof Island, Alaska, by Charles F.
Powers, pp. 143-164, illus., printed.

Theory on Development of Mounds Near Red Bluff,
Calit, by Haro , Gangmark and F. Bruce San-
ford, pp. 213-220, illus., printed,

Use of Plant Hemagglutinins in Serological Studies of
Ciupeoid Fishes, = Carl Sindermann, pp. 137-141,

illus., printed.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE, U.S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
WYATT BLDG., SUITE 611, 777 14TH ST. NW., WASHINGTON, D. C.
20005.

Number Title

MNL - 7 - Mexican Fisheries, 1961-63, and First
Quarter 1964, 6 pp.

MNL - 23 - Fisheries of Chile, Part II and Part III -
Central and South Chile, 1960-1962, 18 pp.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

MNL-14 - United Kingdom's Fishing Industry, 1959-
1963, 40 pp.

MNL-32 - Venezuelan Commercial Catch, Foreign
Trade, and Major Developments for 1961-
1962, 17 pp.

MNL-89 - Peru: Fish Meal and Oil Report, 1963, 8 pp.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE ART -

CLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISH-
ERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAI! 96812,

On the hydrographic condition accelerating the skip-

“7 daek"e con iward ovement across teint 10
Front, by Hideo Kawai and Minoru Sasaki, 22 pp.,
illus., processed, June 1963, limited distribution.
(Translated from the Japanese, Bulletin of Tohoku
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 20,

March 1962, pp. 1-27.)

Methods of identification for the young stages of tunas

and spearfishes. II, by Shoji Ueyanagi and Hisaya
Watanabe, pp., illus., processed, April 1964,

limited distribution. (Translated from the Japanese,
Materials for the Tuna Fisheries Research Council,
Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
February 1964.)

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPE-
CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

California Fisheries, 1963, by V.J. Samson, 47 pp.,
illus., April 1964, (Market News Service, U.S, Fish
and Wildlife Service, Rm. 205, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif. 90731.) A review of 1963 trends
and conditions in the California fisheries, including
a summary of the sardine fishery during the 1963/64
season when landings were the lowest on record,
Among the subjects discussed are the tuna industry
and cannery receipts; ex-vessel tuna prices; canned
tuna pack; and imports of canned and frozen tuna. Al-
so covered are the fishing fleet developments; the
anchovy fishery; and fish meal prices and markets.
Included in the statistical tables are data on tuna and
tunalike fish--canners' receipts, domestic landings,
frozen imported tuna, and canned pack, 1961-63;
sardine landings, pack, and meal and oil produced,
1962/63 and 1963/64 seasons; and the canners! re-
ceipts and pack of mackerel and jack mackerel, 1961-
63. Also contains data on canners! receipts of raw
materials and production of anchovies, herring,
squid, and pet food; landings of fish and shellfish in
the Eureka and San Pedro-Monica areas; imports of
fishery products into Arizona and California Customs
Districts, 1962-63; and whale fishery, 1961-63. An
attractive cover showing the fishermen's Fiesta
Time at the Port of Los Angeles enhances this year's
report,

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part | - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, March 1964, 14 pp. (Market News Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif, 90731.) California cannery receipts,
of tuna and tunalike fish and other species used for
canning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel,
and anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro,
Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Ari-
zona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices;
ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; for the month in-
dicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,

= fart meni infomnation; Maciel Gay Srapee ee

July 1964

(U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological
Laboratory, P.O, Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San
Diego 6, Calif. 92100.) Contains sea-surface tem-
peratures, fishing and research information of in-
terest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and
marine scientists; for the month indicated,

Fishery Industrial Research, vol, 2, no. 2, December

, 88 pp., illus., processed. (Branch of Reports,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, D, C, 20240.) This is
the third issue of a new periodical which is being
published irregularly and which presents papers de-
voted to research on problems of the fishing indus-
try. This issue has: "Economic Factors Related to
Lake Trout Quotas on Lake Superior, by Keith D.
Brouillard; "Effect of Storage in Refrigerated Sea
Water on Amino Acids and Other Components of
Whiting (Merluccius bilinearis),"' by Edward H,
Cohen and John A, Peters; “Drip Formation in Fish.
I--A Review of Factors Affecting Drip,'' by David T.
Miyauchi; "Storage of Fish in Refrigerated Sea Wa-
ter,'' by Edward H, Cohen and John A, Peters;
"Technological Investigations of Pond-Reared Fish,
1--Product Development from Buffalofish," by Leo
J. Sullivan and Harry L. Seagran; and Bibliography
of Publications--Division of Industrial Research, by
Branch, Year, and Author, 1955-1961 Inclusive," by
Virginia Whorley,

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-

ments of Fishery Products, February and Marc
1964, 12 pp. eer (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Rm, 609, 600 South St., New
Orleans 12, La. 70130.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster,
finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat produc-
tion; LCL express shipments from New Orleans;
wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on the New
Orleans French Market; fishery imports at Port

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connect-
icut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to
primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New
Bedford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue
fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by species;
for the month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
Sunamasy ~-Naxeh 1964, 19 pp. (Market News Serv-

ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St.,
New York, N.Y. 10038.) Includes summaries and
analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton
Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh-water
sections; imports entered at New York customs dis-
trict; primary wholesalers! selling prices for fresh,
frozen, and selected canned fishery products; mar-
keting trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Market
docks and Stonington, Conn.; U. S. shrimp supply in-
dicators; for the month indicated,

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products tor Selected Areas and Fish-

eries, Monthly Summary, April 1964, 7 pp. (Market
News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706
Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash.
98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibutand
salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; land-
ings of halibut reported by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl vessels
as reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Associa-
tion of Washington; local landings by independent
vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by sched-
uled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways;
imports from British Columbia via rail, motor truck,
shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports
from other countries through Washington customs
district; for the month indicated,

Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; Gulf
Menhaden Landings and Production of Meal, Solu-
bles, and Oil; and sponge sales; for the months indi-
cated, Anglers!’ Guide to Sharks of the Northeastern United
States, Maine to Chesapeake Bay, by John G, Casey,

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Circular 179, 34 pp., illus., printed, April 1964, 25
electe reas of Virginia, North Carolina, and cents,

Maryland, April 1964, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U. = Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S, King St.,
Hampton, Va. 23369.) Landings of food fish and shell-
fish and production of crab meat and shucked oys-
ters for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chin-
coteague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern
Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge,
and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of At- "Dry Concentrates as Complete Trout Foods," by Arthur
lantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with M. Phillips, Jr., Glen L. Hammer, and Earl A, Pyle,
cumulative and comparative data on fishery prod- article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 26, no.
ucts and shrimp production; for the month indicated, 1, January 1964, pp. 21-24, processed, single copy

25 cents.
New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, March
“1964, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. y Fish and
Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass. 02210.) Review of the principal New England
fishery ports, Presents data on fishery landings by
ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-
vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fish-
ery products in New England warehouses; fishery
landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa-
chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prov-
incetown, and: Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and

"Comparison of Various Methods of Hemoglobin Deter-
mination on Catfish Blood," by Howard N. Larsen,
article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol, 26, no.
1, January 1964, pp. 11-15, illus., processed, single
copy 25 cents,

"An Experimental Sea Lamprey Barrier,'' by Thomas
M. Stauffer, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist,
vol, 26, no. 2, April 1964, pp. 80-83, illus., proc-
essed, single copy 25 cents,

"A Modified Scoop Trap for Sampling Downstream-
Migrant Salmon in Turbid Glacial Rivers," by Wil-
liam R. Meehan, article, The Progressive Fish-Cul-
turist, vol. 26, no, 1, January 1964, pp. 42-46, illus.,
processed, single copy 25 cents,

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD-
LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION
ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER

MENTIONED, DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

ALGAE:

"Algae, The Pondowners Scummy Scourge," by H.D.
Kelly, article, Alabama Conservation, vol. XXXIV,
no. 1, December 1963-January 1964, pp. 14-16, illus,
printed. Alabama Department of Conservation, 64N.
Union St., Montgomery 4, Ala.

AMINO ACIDS:

"Fish and Fish Products. Part IV--Evaluation of
Certain Important Types of Fish for Their Valuable
Constituents and Essential Amino Acids," by M.
Qudrat-I-Khuda, Kh. M. Quddusur Rahman, and N. A.
Khan, article, Scientific Researches, vol. 1, no. 1,
January 1964, pp. 49-56, illus., printed. Hast Re-
gional Laboratories of P.C.S.I.R., Mirpur Rd., Dha-
mondi, Dacca-2, East Pakistan.

ANCHOVY:

"Experiencias sobre el Empleo de Anchoveta Fresca
(Engraulis ringens) en la Alimentacion de Cerdos"
Research on the Use of Fresh Anchovy--Engraulis
nneens aan the Feeding of Hogs), by A. Bacigalupo
and others, article, Anales Cientificos, vol. 1, no. 1,
April-May-June 1963, pp. 18-39, illus., printed in
Spanish with English summary. Universidad Agrar-
ia, Departamento de Publicaciones, Apartado 456,
Lima, Peru,

ANTIBIOTICS:

Problems in the Use of Antibiotic Dips for the Preser-
vation of Fresh Atlantic Groundfish Fillets, by C. H.
Castell and Jacqueline Dale, Bulletin No. 138, 70 pp.,
1963, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada.

ANTIOXIDANTS:

"Nutritive Value of Marine Oils, Il--Effects of in Vivo
Antioxidants in Feeding of Menhaden Oil to Swine,"
by J. EH. Oldfield, R.O. Sinnhuber, and A. A. Rasheed,
article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ So-
ciety, vol. 40, August 1963, pp. 357-360, printed, |
American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 East Wacker Dr.,
Chicago 1, Ill.

ARGENTINA:

"Piscicultura del Pejerrey'' (Pond Culture of the Pej-
errey), article, Asuntos Agrarios, vol. XI, no. 125,
January 1964, p. 5, illus., printed in Spanish. Minis-
terio de Asuntos Agrarios, Departamento de Publi-
caciones, Ava. 51, no, 774, La Plata, Argentina.

ARTIFICIAL REEFS:

Artificial Habitat in the Marine Environment, by John
G. Carlisle, Jr., Charles H. Turner, and Earl E.
Ebert, Fish Bulletin 124, 94 pp., illus., printed.
Documents Section, Department of Fish and Game,
P.O. Box 1612, Sacramento, Calif. 95807. A study of
changes, causedby offshore drilling, in the habitat of
marine fish dwelling in artificial reefs. Findings
showed that those changes were generally beneficial
to the fish and plants; and depositing washed drill
cuttings on the bottom at those sites was neither del-
eterious nor beneficial to the marine life in the area.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION:

Coliform Contamination in Lobster Meat Traced to
Cooler Construction, by John M. Graham, 3 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Canadian Fisheries
Reports, no. 2, September 1963, pp. 25-27.) Fish
Inspection Laboratory, Department of Fisheries of
Canada, Shediac, N. B., Canada.

BACTERIOLOGY:

"Radiation-Resistant, Pigmented Coccus Isolated from
Haddock Tissue,'' by Norman S, Davis, Gerald J.
Silverman, and Edmund B. Masurovsky, article,
Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 86, August 1963, pp.

= , printed. Wiftiams and Wilkins Co., 428 E.
Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md.

BALTIC SEA:

Changes in Commercial Fish Stocks in Baltic Sea un-
~ der Influence of Oceanologic Factors, USSR, by T.F.
Dement'yeva, OTS 64-21653, 15 pp., illus. printed,
February 26, 1964, 50 cents. (Translated from the
Russian, Okeanologiya, vol. 3, no. 5, 1963.) Office of
Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D. C, 20235.

BARRACUDA:

Systematics and Life History of the Great Barracuda,

~SPHYRAENA BARR UDA (Walbaum), by Donald P.
DeSylva, Studies in Tropical Oceanography No. 1, 186
pp., illus., printed, October 1963, $2.50. Institute of
Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149. The great barracuda
is found in all tropical seas, with the exception of the
eastern Pacific Ocean, Poisoning in humans who
have eaten fresh barracuda is due to a toxin in the
meat and not from bacterial poisoning. In the west-
ern Atlantic, poisonings have occurred throughout
the year. There seems to be no relation between at-
tainment of maturity or the spawning cycle and the
poisonous nature of the flesh. Evidence is presented
in this report for a food-chain origin of the toxin, and
mechanisms are discussed for the transmission of
the toxin from planktonic and benthic algae to barra-
cuda by way of intermediate organisms. A summary
of the 29 attacks reputedly made by these fish on hu-
mans is presented and analyzed.

BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG:
Foreign Trade Regulations of Belgium-Luxembourg,
y Robert H. Waiter, OBR 64-26, 12 pp., printed,

March 1964, 15 cents. Bureau of International Com-
merce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
20402.) The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
(BLEU) has followed a liberal, outward-looking trade
policy, reflecting its heavy dependency on foreign
markets and suppliers. Imports have been almost
completely liberalized; i.e. admitted without quantita-
tive restrictions, and items still restricted or sub-
ject to licensing are for the most part liberally treat-
ed. The report discusses trade policy, import tariff
system, sales and other internal taxes, documenta-
tion, and labeling and marking requirements. Also
covers special customs provisions, nontariff import
trade controls, BLEU export controls, United States
import and export controls, and diplomatic represen-
tation between the two countries,

BIOCHEMISTRY:
"Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen in Salted Sar-
dines,’ by C. Bibic, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol.

July 1964

58, April 29, 1963, 9558d, printed. American Chem-
ical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

Introduction to the Biochemistry of Foods, by J.B.S.
raverman, 351 pp., printed, 1903, 70s. (about
US$9.80). Elsevier Publishing Company, 52 Van-

derbilt Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017,

BRAZIL:

Relatorio do Projeto, de Pesca Exploratoria na Costa
de Santa Catarina, Janeiro-Fevereiro, 1963 (Report
on the Exploratory Fishing Project along the Santa
Catarina Coast, January-February 1963), 65 pp.,
illus., processed, 1964. Setor de Pesquisas, De-
partamento Estadual de Caca e Pesca, Estado de
Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Bra-
zil. This is a report on an exploratory fishing proj-
ect carried out by the State of Santa Catarina Fish
and Game Department, with technical assistance
from FAO, along the coast of that State in southern
Brazil, between latitudes 26° S, and 29920! S., dur-
ing January and February 1963. The vessel used
was a small research vessel of 15 meters length,
The otter trawl used was 12 meters long (with head-
line of 24 meters, and footrope of 30 meters), made
of cotton, with internal stretched mesh sizes from
10 centimeters in the foreparts to 58 millimeters in
the cod end. Species trawled included sea bob, white
shrimp (Penaeus schmitti), sharks, and flatfish,

CANADA:

The Commercial Fisheries of British Columbia, 100
pp., illus., processed, December 1963. Bureau of
Economics and Statistics, Department of Industrial
Development, Trade, and Commerce, Victoria, B.C.,
Canada, Provides a general survey of the fishing
industry and relates the industry's markets, produc-
tion, labor force, capital investment, and other ex-
penditures to the provincial economy. The principal
emphasis is on the following aspects of the industry
rather than on species of fish, areas of catch, or
conservation problems: markets; production; capi-
tal investment and other expenditures; the labor
force; and other aspects of the industry (including
international relations and the role of government
in the fisheries), While the most current statistics
and information available are presented, the princi-
pal years surveyed are 1960 and 1958. The general
conclusion is that the industry is an important con-
tributor to the provincial economy in terms of em-
ployment, production, and investment.

Fisheries Statistics of British Columbia, 1963 (Pre-

liminary), 14 pp., processed, Apri 4, Canadian
Department of Fisheries, Pacific Area, Economics
Branch, 1155 Robson St., Vancouver 5, B.C., Cana-
da, Discusses the total value of fish and fish prod-
ucts produced in 1963 with an analysis of the de-
crease in market value from the previous year; mar-
keting by species, and landed and market value,
1950-63; canned pack, and production and utilization
of salmon; and landings and value of herring and by-
products, halibut, soles, crab and shrimp, and other
species. Also covers fishing vessels, gear and equip-
ment, and number of licensed fishermen. Includes
statistical tables on landings and values by species
and by years; landings and manufactured products;
salmon pack, 1963; and other similar data.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fisheries Statistics of Canada 1961 (Canada Sum-
mary), vol. 1, part 3A, March 1964, 60 pp., printed
in French and English, 75 Canadian cents, Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Cana-
da. This report provides a summary of the Canadian
fisheries, arranged to show separately the three main
fisheries--Atlantic, Pacific, and Inland. Also con-
tains statistical tables on landings, quantity, and val-
ue by species and provinces; value of exports and
imports of fish and fishery products; employment in
the primary industry; Canadian lobster pack; British
Columbia salmon pack; and fishing bounties paid to
vessels and boats.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol. 21, no. 2, March 1964, 214 pp., illus., printed,
single copy C$2. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains, among others,
these articles: ''Winter Cod Taggings off Cape Bret-
on and on Offshore Nova Scotia Banks, 1959-62," by
W.R. Martin and Yves Jean; "Variability in Paper
Electrophoretic Patterns of the Serum of Landlocked
Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus," by
M. L. H. Thomas and H.R. McCrimmon; "Structural
Homogeneity in Unsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine
Lipids. A Review," by R.G. Ackman, "Changes in
Glycogen and Lactate Levels in Migrating Salmonid
Fishes Ascending Experimental 'Endless' Fishways,"
by Anne R, Connor and others; ''Cod Liver Oil: Com-
ponent Fatty Acids as Determined by Gas-Liquid
Chromatography," by R. G. Ackman and R. D. Burgher;
and "Observations on the Milky Condition in Some
Pacific Coast Fishes,"' by Max Patashnik and Her-
man 8. Groninger, Jr.

Statistics on Salmon Sport Fishing in the Tidal Waters
of British Columbia, 1963, 26 pp., ilfus., processed,
March 31, 1964, Department of Fisheries of Canada,
Pacific Area, 1155 Robson St., Vancouver 5, B. C.,
Canada.

CANNING:

"Canning Fresh-Water Fish. Part 3,'' by A. W. Lantz,
article, Progress Reports of the Biological Station
and the feenaaiocies Unit, No, 2, May 1961, pp.
37-47, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada

Technological Unit, Ontario, Canada.

CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Chesapeake Science, vol. 4, no. 4, December 1963, 62
pp., illus., printed, single copy 75 cents, Natural
Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesa-
peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md, In-
cludes, among others, these articles: 'Monogenetic
Trematodes from Some Chesapeake Bay Fishes.
Part I--The Superfamilies Capsaloidea Price, 1936
and Diclidophoroidia Price, 1936,"' by J. W. McMahon;
"Summer Food of Juvenile American Shad in Virgin-
ia Waters," by W. H. Massmann; and "Sport Fishing
Survey of the Lower Potomac Estuary, 1959-1961,"
by C, M. Frisbie and D. E, Ritchie, Jr.

CHILE:
Foreign Trade Regulations of Chile, by William E.
pruce, OBR ei. 8pp., printed, March 1964, 15
cents. Bureau of InternationalCommerce, U.S, De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For sale

by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) A

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

report offering information to businessmen interest-
ed in export-import trade with Chile. Discusses
Chile's trade policy, import tariffsystem, sales and
other internaltaxes, documentation and fees, and la-
belingand marking requirements. Also covers spe-
cial customs provisions, nontariffimporttrade con-
trols, Chile's export controls, United States foreign
trade controls, and diplomatic representation be-
tween the two countries.

CHLORTETRACYCLINE:

"Method for Chlortetracycline Determination in Fish,"
by G. B. Dubrova and Yu. I. Rubinshtein, Chemical
Abstracts, vol. 57, October 29, 1962, 11614e printed.
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington 6, D.C.

CHOLESTEROL:

"A Comparison of the Effects of the Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acids of Cuttlefish Liver Oil and Cottonseed
Oil on Cholesterol Metabolism," by T. Kaneda and
R.B. Alfin-Slater, article, Journal of the American
Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, August 1963, pp. 336-
338, printed. American Oil Chemists! Society, 35
East Wacker Drive, Chicago 1, Il.

COLOMBIA:

"Cinco Especies de Peces se Han Escogido para una
Campatia"’ (Five Species of Fish Have BeenSelected
for a Campaign), article, El Tiempo (Bogota), May 1,
1964, p. 34, printed in Spanish. E} Tiempo, Bogota,
Colombia. (A limited number of copies of a trans-
lation are available from Social Projects Depart-
ment, American Institute for Free Labor Develop-
ment, 1925 K St. NW., Suite 406, Washington, D.C.
20006.) Discusses the proposed fresh-water fish-
culture program in Colombia; the five species of
both temperate zone and tropical-type fish chosen
for culture; and the projected establishment of a
Pisciculture Institute at Buga. The purpose of the
program is the ultimate establishment of fish ponds
throughout Colombia and their production of supple-
mental protein for the national diet.

CUBA:

World Trade with Cuba, 1961-62, OBR 64-41, 4 pp.,
processed, March 1964, 15 cents. Bureau of Inter-
national Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.) This spe-
cial report presents statistics on free-world and
Sino-Soviet bloc trade with Cuba. The statistical
tables show: the value of this trade as reported by
Cuba's trading partners, 1961-62; a historical series
of data through 1960, based on Cuban statistics; and
tabulations made from official foreign trade publi-
cations of the free-world countries.

ECUADOR:

Foreign Trade Regulations of Ecuador, by Gary D.
Adams, OBR 64-28, 8 pp., printed, March 1964, 15
cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
Current import policy, although still largely oriented
toward revenue collection, is also designed to help
stimulate Ecuadoran industry and agriculture, to
discourage contraband imports, and to preserve for-
eign exchange for the importation of items consider-
ed essential for national economic well-being, The

Vol. 26, No. 7

report includes information on Ecuador's import
tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, docu-
mentation and feés, and labeling and marking-re-
quirements. Also covers special customs provisions,
nontariff import trade controls, Ecuador's export
controls, United States foreign trade controls, and
diplomatic representation between the two countries.

EDUCATION:
Bulletin, Institute of Marine Science, University of
Miami, 1964-1965, vol. 38, no. 7, February Toa, 30
pp., illus., printed. University of Miami, Coral
Gables, Fla. Describes graduate degrees and courses
offered in fisheries, marine biology, and oceanogra-

phy under the Department of Marine Science.

ENZYMES:
"Glycolytic Enzymes in the Tissues of a Salmonoid

Fish (Salmo airdnerii gairdnerii), by Robert A.
MacLeod, R.E.E. Jonas, and E. Roberts, article,
Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,
vol, 41, September 1963, pp. 1974-1981, ariited: Na-
tional Research Council, Ottawa 2, Canada.

"Studies on Proteolytic Enzyme of Liver of King Crab,
Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius). I--Isolation
of the Crystalline Enzyme," by Tsuneyuki Saito, and
others, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 28, October 1962, pp. 1015-1019,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:

The European Free Trade Association--Today and
Tomorrow, 49 pp., illus., printed, January 1964, $3.

McGraw-Hill, Inc., TMIS Annex, 351 W. 41st St.,
New York, N. Y. In 5 main sections this report ex-
amines the development of EF TA; organizational
matters; policy; markets and trade patterns in the
EFTA area; EFTA and the 1964 Kennedy Round of
tariff negotiations; and other matters essential to an
understanding of the Association.

FARM PONDS:

"Use and Value of Farm Ponds," article, The Tennes-

see Conservationist, vol. XXX, no. 4, April 1964, pp.
, 22, illus., printed. The Tennessee Conserva-

tionist, 264 Cordell Hull Bldg., 436 Sixth Ave. N.,
Nashville Tenn. A fishpond can be a delightful part
of a farm, according to the author. A good pond
makes use of the land; provides water for livestock,
fire protection, and recreation; and when properly
managed it can be an extra source of income to the
owners.

FATTY ACIDS:

"Incorporation of Linolenic-1,14 Acid into Hicosa-
pentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Fish," by
Mitsu;Kayama, and others, article, Journal of the
American Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, September
1963, pp. 499-502, printed. American Oil Chemists!
Society, 35 East Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Il.

"A Study of the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of the
Ethel Esters of the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of
Cod Liver Oil in the Chicken. I--Effect on Total
Serum Cholesterol; Il--Effect on Serum and Tissue
Cholesterol and Aortic and Coronary Atherosclero-
sis,'' by Samuel G. Kahn and others, article, Journal
of Nutrition, vol. 80, August 1963, pp. 403-413,

July 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

printed. American Institute of Nutrition, 36th St.
at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa,

FEDERAL REGULATIONS:

Cumulative Pocket melt to Code of Federal
Regulations, Title , Wildlife and Fisheries (as of
January 1, 1964), 126 pp., printed, 1964, 50 cents.
Federal Register Office, General Services Adminis-
tration, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D, C. 20402.)

FISH BEHAVIOR:

"The Schooling of Fishes,'' by E. Shaw, article, Scien-
tific American, vol, 206, no. 6, 1962, pp. 128-134,
137-138, printed. Scientific American Inc, 415
Madison Ave., New York 17, N.Y.

FISH BLOOD:

"Studies on the Auto-Oxidation Velocity of Fish Myo-
globin,"' by Fumio Matsuura, and others, Bulletin oe
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. "i
February 1962, pp. bOT-ST6- printed. Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISHERY REGULATION:

"Optimization and Suboptimization in Fishery Regula-
tion," by Ralph Turvey, article, The American Eco-
nomic Review, vol. LIV, no. 2, Part I, March 1964,
pp. 64-76, illus., printed, single copy $2. The Amer-
ican Economic Review, Stanford University, Stan-
ford, Calif. 94305. The purpose of this article is to
show that fishery regulation is one of those spheres
of economic policy where what is the best thing to
do depends on what can be done, This is usually
illustrated by the analogy that, if one wants to climb
as high as possible but cannot climb all the way up
the highest mountain, the best thing to do may be to
walk in the opposite direction and climb to the top
of a lower one. If the highest mountain is to be
climbed, then regulation must extend not only to the
scope of the problem but to the mode of operation as
well,

FISHERY RESEARCH:

Research in Fisheries, 1963, edited by Ted S, Y. Koo,
Contribution No, 166, 79 pp., illus., printed, March
1964, Research in Fisheries, University of Wash-
ington, Fisheries Center, Seattle, Wash. 98105, Pre-
sents papers on Alaska salmon studies, other fish
projects, ecology and taxonomy, shellfish, food sci-
ence, and related subjects.

FISH FAT:

"On the Structure of the Depot Fats of Marine Fish
and Mammals," by H, Brockerhoff and R. J. Hoyle,
article, Archiwes of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
vol. 102, September > PP. -455, printed, Aca-
demic Prgss Inc, 111 Fifth Ave., New York 3, N.Y.

FISH FOOD:
"Revolution in Fish Diets,'' by Keen Buss, article, The

Bal vol, 33, no. 5, May 1964, pp. 16-17, print-
ed, single copy 40 cents. The Aquarium Publishing
Co., Box 832, Norristown, Pa. 19404,

FISH MEAL:
Azeotrophic Method of Obtaining Fish Meal, USSR, by
Yus5; ee OTS Ba-3108, 10 pp., printed, Feb-

ruary 29, 1964, 50 cents. (Translated from the Rus-
sian, Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'-
skogo Instituta Morsgoko bgono Khozyastva i Okea-
nografii, vol. 45, Toes) Office of Technical Services,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
20235.

FISH MUSCLE:

"Studies on Bound Water in Fish Muscle," by Minoru
Akiba, article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries,
vol. 9, no. 2, 1961, pp. 85-179, Saree “Faculty of
Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Kameda-Machi,
Hakodate, Japan.

FISH OILS:

"The Oxidation of a Highly Unsaturated Herring Oil,"
by Harald Astrup, article, Chemistry and Industry,
January 18, 1964, pp. 107-108, printed. Society o
the Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1,
England.

FREEZING:

"Air Blast Freezing of Kippers,"' by J. Graham and
J.H. Merritt, article, Modern Refrigeration, vol. 66,
September 1963, pp. 837-840, 862, printed. Refriger-
ation Press Ltd. Maclaren House, 131 Great Suf-
folk Street, London, SE1, England.

FUR SEALS:

"The Return of the Antarctic Fur Seal," by Fergus
O'Gorman, article, New Scientist, vol. 20, no. 365,
November 14, 1963, pp. 374-376, illus., printed, sin-
gle copy 1s. (about 15 U.S. cents). Cromwell House,
Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London W€1, England.
The Antarctic fur seal's reappearance on the South
Georgia, South Orkney, South Shetland, and South
Sandwich Islands provides an example of a population
recovery, since the species was almost wiped out by
sealers in the last century, Today, there are atleast
20,000 individuals on one island and they will doubt-
less be harvested again--after scientific study.

GAR:

"The Longnose Gar,'' by Norvel Netsch, article, The
Tennessee Conservationist, vol. XXX, no. 4, April
1964, pp. 14, 22, illus., printed. The Tennessee Con-
servationist, 264 Cordell Hull Bldg., 436 Sixth Ave. N.,
Nashville, Tenn,

GEAR:

"Shock Absorber for Driftnet Warp,'' by V. B, Fersht-
man, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 38, no. 2, 1962,
pp. 36-42, printed in Russian. V. Krasnosel'skaia 17,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

Informationen fur die Fischwirtschaft, vol, 10, no. 6,
1963, 39 pp., illus., processed in German, Bundes-
forschungsanstalt fur Fischerei, Hamburg-Altona 1,
Palmaille 9, Germany, Contains, among others, these
articles: ''FFS 'Walther Herwig' von Erster Fors-
chungsfahrt Zuruck" (The Walther Herwig Has Just
Returned from Her First Research Trip); ''Fischerei
auf den Bankhering in der Nordsee 1963" (Fisheries
of Bank-Herring in the North Sea in 1963); "Herings-
fischerei der USSR in der Nordsee" (Herring Fish-
eries of the U.S.S.R. in the North Sea); and ''Die
Thunfischerei in Deutscher Sicht"’ (German Outlook
on Tuna Fishery).

100

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

GHANA:

Establishing a Business in Ghana, by Evelyn M. Sch-
ee ne. -12, 8 pp., printed, February
1964, 15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
20402.) A report of help to businessmen consider-
ing an investment in Ghanaian industry. The Capital
Investments Act 1963 aims to encourage foreign pri-
vate investment by providing incentives, such as tax
exemptions, and by guaranteeing the repatriation of
profits and capital. The report discusses govern-
ment policy on private foreign investment; entry,
remittance, and repatriation of capital; and trade
factors--tariff and trade concessions, and advan-
tage of location in Ghana. Also covers business or-
ganization, laws and regulations affecting employ-
ment, and cost factors.

GULF AND CARIBBEAN:

Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,
vol. 14, no. 1, March 1964, 187 pp., illus., printed,
single copy $2. University of Miami Press, Coral
Gables, Fla. Includes, among others, article on:
"Observations on Burrowing Behavior of the Pink
Shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, Burkenroad," by Charles
M. Fuss; “Single File Migration of the Spiny Lob-
ster, Panulirus argus (Latreille),"" by William F.
Herrnkind and William C. Cummings; and "Enoplo-
teuthis anapsis, a New Species of Enoploteuthid Squid
“TORS STES Oegopsida) from the Atlantic Ocean,"
by Clyde F. E. Roper.

HONDURAS:

Foreign Trade Regulations of Honduras, OBR 64-21,
8 pp., printed, February 1964, 15 cents. Bureau of
International Commerce, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D.C.) Present Honduran trade
policy is intended to implement the Central Ameri-
can Common Market agreements. Although these
agreements tend to be restrictive compared to past
Honduran trade policy, simplified procedures andan
expanding Central American market may make the
overall trade picture favorable for U.S. exports.
The report includes information on the Honduran
system, sales and other internal taxes, documenta-
tion and fees, and labeling and marking require-
ments. Also covers special customs provisions,
nontariff import trade controls, Honduras' export
controls, United States foreign trade controls, and
diplomatic representation between the two countries.

INDIA:
The Wealth of India. Raw Materials 4, Supplement:
“Fish and Fisheries, 132 pp., printed, Toes: Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi,
India.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES CONVENTION:

International Fisheries Convention of 1946, The Per-
manent Commission, Report by the President on the
Eleventh Meeting, 29 pp., processed in French and _
English, 1964. Office of the Permanent Commission,
Rm, 620, East Block, Whitehall Pl., London SW1,
England. Includes a report by the President on the
Eleventh Meeting of the Permanent Commission,
held in London, May 1963; a list of names of dele-

gates, advisors, and observers attending the meeting;

and the agenda. Also presents a report by the Finance
Committee; and a press notice issued after the Eleyv-

enth Meeting.

ISRAEL:

Foreign Trade eS of Israel, OBR 64-30, 8 pp.

printed, March 5 cents. Bureau of Interna-
tional Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20402.) Israel uses its trade policy to
further its developing economy by assigning the high-
est priority to imports of foods, industrial raw ma-
terials, machinery, and such other products as are
considered economic necessities. The report dis-
cusses Israel's import tariff system, sales and other
internal taxes, documentation and fees, and labeling
and marking requirements. Also covers special cus-
toms provisions, nontariff import trade controls,
Israel's export controls, United States foreign trade
controls, and diplomatic representation between the
two countries.

ITALY:

Bolletino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, vol.
XVII, no. 2, July-December 1962, 133 pp., illus.,
printed in Italian with French and English summaries,
single copy L. 600 (about 95 U.S. cents). Laborato-
rio Centrale di Idrobiologia, Piazza Borghese, 91,
Rome, Italy. Contains, among others, article on:
"Studi sulla Biologio e Pesca di Xiphias gladius L."
(Study on Biology and Fishery of Swordfish, Xiphias
gladius L.), by Antonino Gavaliere; Osservazioni
sul Ritmo di Accrescimento e sullo Sviluppo di Popo-
lazioni di Trote (Salmo trutta fario L.)'' (Observa-
tion on the Rate of Increase and Its Influence on the
Population of Trout--Salmo trutta fario L.) and
"Esperimenti di Allevamento di Trota Marmorata
(Salmo marmoratus Cuv.)'' (Experiment in Rearing
Marmorata Trout--Salmo marmoratus Cuv.).

JAPAN:

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
Sity, vol. 14, no. 2, Newist 1963, 86 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with English abstracts and tables. Fac-
ulty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate,
Japan. Includes, among others, articles on: "Larvae
and Young of the Whiting, Theragra chalcogramma
(Pallas) from the North Pacific,” by K. Rotayashi
"Freeze Vacuum Drying of Marine Products. I," by
K. Kobayashi and S. Igarashi; ''Studies on Air Screen
in Water. II-(1)," by S. Igarashi; "Lipids of Floun-
der. Ill; IV," by H. Igarashi and others; "Studies on
Spoilage of Fish Sausage. I; II," by E. Tanikawa, T.
Motohiro, and M, Akiba.

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
Sity, vol. 14 no. 3, November 1963, 76 pp., illus.,
printed in English except as noted. Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan. Pre-
sents, among others, article on: ''The Normal De-
velopmental Stages of the Pond Smelt, Hypomesus
olidus (Pallas), by Juro Yamada; ''Photosynthesis
of a Natural Phytoplankton Population Mainly Com-
posed of a Cold Diatom, Thalassiosira hyalina, in
Hakodate Harbor, March i y Shigeru Motoda
and others; ''On the Effects of Environmental Factors
upon the Reproduction of Fishes," by Hiroshi Yos-
hioka; "Devices of Simple Plankton Apparatus. II,”

July 1964

by Sigeru Motoda; ''Freeze Vacuum Drying of Ma-
rine Products. II," by Kiichiro Kobayashi and Shuzo
Igarashi (in Japanese with English abstract); "Studies
on Complete Utilization of Squid (Ommastrephes
sloani pacificus), XIX,'' by Eiichi Tanikawa, Akiba
Minoru, and Terushige Motohiro (Japanese with Eng-
lish abstract); ''Likes and Dislikes of Fish Meat.
Part 1-By Some Americans," by Keiichi Oishi and
Ayako Okumura (Japanese with English abstract).

Kaigai Gyogyo (Overseas Fisheries), no. 16, 1964, 51
pp., illus., printed in Japanese. International Fish-
eries Co-Operative Organization, 3 Banchi, 2 Chome,
Saiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes the
following articles: ''Establishment of an Overseas
Fisheries Policy," by K. Nakatani; "International
Problems Facing the Tuna Industry,'' by A. Taka-
shiba; "A Visit to the Cook Islands," by N. Sumida;
"Present Condition of Overseas Fisheries;" 'Over-
seas Advancement of the Japanese Coastal and Off-
shore Fisheries," by Y. Ikeda; ''Foreign Private
Capital Investment Structure of Developing Nations;"
and "Tanganyika Fisheries Survey Report."

Yearbook of Fisheries--1963, No, 10, 910 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese, May 15, 1963, 1,700 yen (about
US$2.) Suisan Sha, 8, San'ei-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,

Japan, This report covers the period July 1961
through December 1962. Includes sections on fish-
ery legislation and administration; fishery products
production--whaling, salmon and trout industries,
mothership crab operations, bonito and tuna fishing,
the saury fishery, and other important fisheries; and
economics of the fishery industries--prices, trans-
portation, consumption, foreign trade, labor, and
patents issued, Also covers management--capitali-
zation, cooperatives, unions, and trade associations;
and international relations--commissions and con-
ventions, Japan's overseas fisheries, and world fish-
ing industries. Presents many statistical tables
showing data on landings of whales, marine and
fresh-water fish, and processed products; number
of fishermen; quantity of fishery products purchased
per family in rural and in urban areas; quantity of
exports of fresh and frozen, dried and smoked, and
canned fish; amount of capital invested in the fishing
industries; and other related information,

KOREA:

Bulletin of Fisheries College, Pusan National Univer-

sity, vol. V, no. I, Seniene! 1963, 76 pp., illus.,
printed in Korean with English abstracts, Fisheries
College, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
Contains, among others, these articles: ''On Some
Trematodes Whose Intermediate Hostsare Brackish
Water Fishes, II--The Life History of Eygisiopsis
summus, the Intermediate Host of Which is Mugil
cephalus,"' by Seh Kyu Chun; ''On the Development

of a Freshwater Snail, Parafossaralus manchouricus
Bourguigant;" ''Food Preservation by Ionizing Radi-
ations. I--The Combined Effects of Ionizing Radia-
tion and Smoking on Fish Meat Preservation, and
IlI--Preservation of the Dried Laver,'' by Byung Sun
Chung; "On the Preservation of Korean Fish-Cake
Products. I--On the Preservative Effects by Food
Preservatives,'' by Wi Kyung Choi; and "An Example
of Raising Korean Catfish Parasilurus asotus (Linne)
in a Small Pond," by In Bae Kim.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

LOUISIANA:

Louisiana Fishery: The Coastal Marshes, by Larry
H. Ogren, Wildlife Education Bulletin No. 35, 7 pp.,
illus., printed, (Reprinted from Louisiana Conser-
vationist, April 1962.) Louisiana Wild Life and Fish-
eries Commission, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg.,
400 Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. Discusses estua-
rine biology and the fishery for brackish-water fish
in Louisiana.

MARINE ALGAE:
Evaluation of Certain Marine Algal Flagellates for
Mass Culture, by Richard W. Eppley, OT -10364,
15 pp., processed, November 1963, $1.60. Office of
Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C. 20230.

Research on the Chemical Composition and Digesti-
bility of Algal Cell Walls, by Milton J. Becker and
an M. Shefner, OTS 63-10066, 28 pp., processed,
November 1963, $1. Office of Technical Services,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
20230.

MECHANICAL DRYING:

"Drying Fish Quickly Without Cooking It," article, New
Scientist, vol. 19, September 5, 1963, p. 490, printed.
Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London
WCl, England.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Fisheries as a Profession, 5 pp., processed, Septem-
ber 1, 1963. Division of Salt Water Fisheries, Flori-
da Board of Conservation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Talla-
hassee, Fla. Discusses briefly the importance of the
fishery resource, educational requirements for work
in fisheries biology and related fields, and types of
work in those fields. Also covers personal require-
ments, salaries, benefits, and opportunities for em-
ployment.

NERVOUS SYSTEM:
The following processed reports are for sale by the
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D.C. 20230, at 50 cents a copy.

Chemoreception in Crustaceans, Report No. 1: Vari-
ability in the Chemoreception of Amphipods (GAM-_
MARUS LOCUSTA and a LACUSTRIS), by A. N. Zu-
bov, OTS 63-11164, 8 pp. illus., 1963. (Translated
from the Russian, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trud

Murmanskogo Morskogo Biologicheskogo Instituta,
vol. 6, no, 2, 1 » pp. 45-355)

Role of the Receptors of the Body Surface in the Mech-
anism of the Reaction of Fish to Electric Currents,
by N. V. Bodrova and B. V. Krayukhin, OTS 63-11111,
8 pp., 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Trud

Instituta Biologii Vodokhranilishch, vol. 6, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 266-272.)

NETHERLANDS:
Foreign Trade Regulations of the Netherlands, by Ann
P. Brosnan, O -31, 8 pp., printed, March 1964,

15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.)

102

Because of the importance of foreign trade to the
country's economy, the Netherlands has been tradi-
tionally in favor of the greatest possible elimination
of trade barriers. This report discusses the import
tariff system, sales and other internal tax, documen-
tation and fees, and special customs provisions. Al-
so covers nontariff import trade controls, Nether-
lands' export controls, United States foreign trade
controls, and government representation between

the two countries.

NEVADA:

Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada, by Ira La Rivers,
782 pp., illus., printed, 1962, distribution limited.
Nevada Fish and Game Commission, Box 678, Reno,
Nev.

NORWAY:

Fiskeriene i Norge; Okonomi og Politikk (The Fish-
eries in Norway; Economics and Politics), by Ger-
hard Meidell Gerhardsen, 192 pp., illus., printed,
1964, Kr. 38.50 (about US$5.40). Olso University
Press, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway. The ear-
ly chapters of this book cover the background and
problems of the Norwegian fisheries; natural re-
sources; fishermen and their equipment; and profit-
ability and regulation of the industry. Later chap-
ters discuss landings and ex-vessel prices; proc-
essing and exporting of fish; government fishery
institutions and administration; and related informa-
tion.

NUTRITION:
Let the Sea Nourish Your Health, by Earl Ubell, 4pp.,
“illus., printed. (Reprinted from House Beautiful,
June 1963.) Hearts Corp., 572 Madison Ave., New
York, N. Y. 10022.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Explorers of the Sea. Famous Oceanographic Expe-
ditions, by Muriel L. Guberlet, 234pp., = print-
ed, 1964, $4.50. Ronald Press, 15 E. 26th St., New
York 10, N.Y.

International Indian Ocean Expedition Newsletter,
Indfa, no. 3, December 1963, I: pp., printed. The
Indian National Committee on Oceanic Research,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, B-7,
Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi-16, India.

National Oceanographic Program, Fiscal Year 1965,
TCO Pamphlet No. 15, 54 pp., printed, March 1964.
Interagency Committee on Oceanography, Federal
Council for Science and Technology, Office of Naval
Research, Rm, 1818, 17th St. and Constitution Ave.
NW., Washington, D.C . 20360. Outlines a coordi-
nated plan for the accomplishment of national goals
while pursuing individual agency missions. Part I,
a summary of the Fiscal Year 1965 National Ocean-
Ographic Program, discusses oceanic research to
meet National goals; 1965 plans and budgets; inter-
pretation of the 1965 budget; program management;
problems and emerging issues; and other related
topics. Part IIl,areview of the Program and its cost,
covers oceanographic effort--international oceano-
graphic programs, and National services and facili-
ties in oceanographic sciences; oceanographic re-
sources--ships, instrumentation, and manpower and
training; and the National budget for oceanography in
detail.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

Progress in Oceanography, vol, 1, edited by Mary
Sears, 391 pp., illus., printed, 1963, $15. Pergamon

Press, 122 E. 55th St., New York 22, N.Y. Includes
5 papers: 'Geological investigation of near-shore
sand-transport," by E. Seibold; "Electrification of
the atmosphere," by D.C. Blanchard; ''Suspended or-
ganic matter in sea water,'' by T. R. Parsons; ''The
salinity problem," by R. A. Cox; and ''Gulf stream
160," by F.C. Fuglister.

Recent Oceanographic Expeditions, USSR, OTS 64-
21588, 59 pp., illus., printed, February 18, 1964,
$1.50. (Translated from the Russian, Okeanologiya,
vol. 3, no. 3, 1963.) Office of Technical Services,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
20235.)

Role of Marine Fungiinthe Biochemistry of the Oceans.
ll--Effect of Glucose, Inorganic Nitrogen, and Tris
(Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane on Growth and pH
Gian in Synthetic Media, by Peter L. Sguros and
Jacqueline Simms, Contribution No. 491, 14 pp., illus,
printed. (Reprinted from Myseies vol, LV, no. 6,
November-December 1963, pp. 728-741.) Marine
Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University
of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

PERU:

"Contribucion al Conocimiento de la Zona de Littorina
en la Costa Peruana" (Contribution to the Knowledge
of the Shallow-Water Zone of the Peruvian Coast),
by M. Vegas V., article, Anales Cientificos, vol. 1,
no, 2, July-August-September 1963, pp. 174-193,
illus., printed in Spanish with English summary, sin-
gle copy $2. Universidad Agraria, Departamento de
Publicaciones, Apartado 456, Lima, Peru.

PHYSIOLOGY:

Investigation into the Mode of Action of the Lateral
Line System of Fish, by E.E. Sucklin and J. A. Suck-
lin, O -11018, 11 pp., processed, January 8, 1964,

$1.10. Office of Technical Services, U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230.

Studies in Gas Metabolism of Cold-Blooded Animals
and Migrations and Radioactivity of Certain Marine
Animals, USSR, OT -21592, 56 pp., illus., printed,
February 18, 1964, $1.50. (Translated from the Rus-
sian, Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, November 1963.) Of-
fice of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D.C. 20235.

PLANKTON:
Feeding of Zooplankton, with Special Reference to
ome Experiments with SAGIETA. by M.R. Reeve,
Contribution No. 510, 4pp., printed. (Reprinted
from Nature, vol, 201, no. 4915, January 11, 1964,
pp. 211-213.) Marine Laboratory, Institute of Ma-
rine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

PRESERVATIVES:

"Effect of Preservatives on Ripening and Keeping
Qualities," by L.S. Levieva and S.I. Ivanova, article,
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 59, July 22, 1963, 2097g,
printed. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St.
NW., Washington 6, D.C.

PROCESSING:
"Recent Advances in Fish Processing Technology," by
R. Spencer and R. B. Hughes, article, Food Manufac-

July 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
ture, vol. 38, August 1963, pp. 407-412, printed.
Leonard Hill, Ltd., Stratford House, 9 Eden Street,
London NW1, England.

RADIATION:

"Schistosomiasis: Age of Snails and Susceptibility to
X-irradiation," by Alina Perlowagora Szumlewicz,
article, Science, vol. 144, no. 3616, April 17, 1964,
pp. 302-303, printed, single copy 35 cents. Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science,
1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington, D. C.
20005.

RESEARCH VESSEL:
A Report on the Conversion of U.S. Army T-Boat
~ 437 to an Oceanographic Research Vessel, by James
Gibbons, OTS EULER 25 pp., processed, Novem-
ber 1963, $2.60. Office of Technical Services, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, 20230,

ROUGH FISH:

Experimental Crappie Removal; Final Report. by
James P. Carter, 18 pp., printed, 1963. Division of
Fisheries, Department of Fish and Wildlife Re-
sources, New State Office Bldg., Frankfort, Ky.

SALMON:

Atlantic Salmon Journal, no, 1, March 1964, 39 pp.,
Illus., printed. Atlantic Salmon Association, 1559
McGregor St., Montreal 25, Canada, Contains, among
others, articles on: ''Salmon Spawning Channel," by
J.J. Quigley; "The Atlantic Salmon Commercial
Fishery; and "Moving Forward in Salmon Conser-
vation,’ by H. J.. Robichaud.

Cyclic Dominance in Adams River Sockeye Salmon,
= F. J. Ward and P.A. Larkin, Progress Report No.

11, 120 pp., illus., processed, 1964. International

Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New West-

minster, B. C., Canada.

"Scientists Probe Celebrated Salmon Enigma," article,
Trade News, vol. 16, no. 9, March 1964, pp. 3-4,
illus., processed, Information and Consumer Serv-
ice, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Both Canadi-
an and United States fisheries scientists are inter-
ested in finding out why all five species of Pacific
salmon spawn only once and die shortly afterwards;
while Atlantic salmon frequently survive, return to -
salt-water, and come back again to fresh-water
Spawning grounds. Halifax, Nova Scotiaresearchers
are trying to provide an answer.

Survey of Chinook Salmon Spawning Grounds in the Up-
er Salmon River Drainage, 1962, by Ted Bjornn,
ion Corley, and Jerry Matiet- 41 pp., illus., printed,
1963, Fisheries Division, Idaho Fish and Game,
Commission, 518 Front St., Boise, Idaho.

"Trolling for Pacific Salmon," article, Trade News,
vol, 16, no. 9, March 1964, pp. 7-9, illus., processed.
Information and Consumer Service, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. A pictorial story of the
British Columbia salmon industry.

SHARKS:

Sharks of the Family Lamnidae, by G. Brooke Farqu-
har, Translation No: , 16 pp., printed, April 1963,
30 cents. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20390,

SHRIMP:

"Los Camarones Comerciales de la Familia Penaei-
dae de la Costa Atlantica de America del Sur: Clave
para el Reconocimiento de las Especies y Datos Bio-
ecologicos"” (The Commercial Shrimp of the Family
Penaeidae of the Atlantic Coast of South America:
Key to the Recognition of the Species and Bioecolog-
ical Data), by Enrique E. Boschi, article, Boletin del
Instituto de Biologia Marina, no, 3, February 1963,
pp. 1-39, ilus., printed in Spanish. Instituto de Bio-
s0gia Marina, Universidades Nacionales de Buenos
Aires, La Plata y del Sur, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

"Greatest Shrimping Grounds in Western Hemisphere,"
article, The Fish Boat, vol. 9, no. 3, March 1964,
pp. 69-139, ilfus., printed, single copy 50 cents. H. L.
Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orleans 12,
La. A group of articles devoted to the new shrimp-
ing grounds off northern South America--Barbados,
Paramaribo, St. Laurent, Cayenne, and Georgetown,
Includes individual articles on: "U.S. 'Know-How' is
Building Greatest Shrimp Fishery in the Western
Hemisphere--75,000 Square Miles;" 'Deep-Water
Harbor, Modern Facilities Aid Newest Bid for Shrimp
Business;" "Top Builder; Mr. Standardized Fleet;"
and "British Guiana: Marketing 'Know-How,' Stand-
ardization Are Major Keys to Continuing Growth,"
Also presents articles about: "Dutch Guiana: Pio-
neer in New Fisheries Has Outstanding Plant and Fa-
cilities; "Surinam and French Guiana Plants Boast
Modern Freezing Equipment;" ''French Guidna: New
Plants and Fleets Being Readied in Expansion: Pro-
gram; Henderson Goes from Tangled Jungle to Elab-
orate Plant in Single Year;" ''Will Fisheries Pro-
vide the Basis for Economic Revolution to the South ?'
by David B. Lord; "Trawlers with Many Novel Fea-
tures Joins French Guiana Shrimp Fleet;"' andothers.

"Management of Marine Resources: Hydrography," by
T. B. Ford, article, Louisiana Conservationist, vol.
16, nos. 5 and 6, May-June 1964, pp. 20-22, illus.,
printed, Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Com-
mission, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal
St., New Orleans, La, 70130. With an understanding
of various water conditions in the coastal areas,
Louisiana researchers expect to be able to predict
in advance production trends for the shrimp industry,
determine causes of erratic changes in populations,
and develop sound management practices for the
commercially important shrimp species.

"Succulent Shrimp," by George Allen, article, Alabama
Conservation, vol. XXXIV, no, 1, December 1 ~
anuary , pp. 17-19, illus., printed, Alabama
Department of Conservation, 64 N. Union St., Mont-
gomery 4, Ala.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Accounting and Financial Data for Small Retailers, by
Homer A, Brown and Alva A. Cummings, Manage-
ment Research Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1964,
Small Business Administration, Washington, D, C,
20416. An accounting system for small retailers
should provide, among other things, a means of: re-
cording all transactions of the business; safeguarding
the business from errors and fraud; and controlling
operations, Good accounting records are the basis
for many analyses that can be helpful in interpreting
the results of past opertations and in planning for the

104

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 7

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

future. The value of the analyses, however, depends
on proper application of their results.

Export Marketing for Smaller Firms, 101 pp., proc-
essed, May 1963, 50 cents. Small Business Admin-
istration, Washington, D.C. 20416. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.) With the
Owner or manager of a small firm lies the ultimate
responsibility for the decision to commit his firm's
resources toward the seareh for profits in foreign
markets. The successful exploitation of overseas
opportunities requires good business planning and
judgment coupled with accurate and up-to-date facts
about the overseas enviroment, This report covers
these topics: Measuring Your Export Potential;"
"Selection of an Attractive Market for Detailed Anal-
ysis;"' "Detailed Evaluation of Markets and Re-
quirements for Successful Exporting;"' and ''Channels
of Distribution,"

Financial Facts which Lenders Require, by Selwin E.
Price, Management Aids for Small M

anufacturers
164, 4 pp., processed, May 1964. Small Business
Administration, Washington, D.C. 20416. This leaf-
let discusses the various kinds of financial facts
which lenders require of prospective borrowers
when considering a loan. The lending officer bases
his judgment upon: (1) The type and nature of busi-
ness collateral such as accounts receivable and
inventory; (2) the company's audited financial state-
ments; (3) the company's sales and cash projec-
tions; and (4) the company's operating and financial
ratios. He also needs additional information so he
can keep abreast of the company's progress during
the life of the loan.

Financing Problems of Small Manufacturers, by Sey-
mour Friedland, William A. Dymaza, and Thomas
Moranian, Management Research Summary, 2 pp.,
processed, 1963. Small Business Administration,
Washington, D.C, 20416, A summary of a report on
financing problems of small producers, Findings of
the report identify the basic problem of small-busi-
ness financing as low net worth resulting from low
profitability. The report suggests that more of the
resources available for helping small business be
applied to this problem. Areas recommended for
consideration include counseling of small-business
managers, redesigning of some control techniques
for small-scale operations, and a mutual fund to
facilitate stock financing by small firms.

Keeping Machines and Operators Productive, by How-

ard Pyle, Management Tid for Small Manufacturers
162, 4 pp., processed, April 1964. Small Business
Administration, Washington, D, C. 20416, Plant
safety pointers for owner-operators are offered in
this leaflet. Points out that false attitudes of super-
visors and employers can hamper the owner-man-
ager's accident prevention efforts. Describes the
kinds of moving parts of machinery which should be
guarded and suggests kinds of guards that can be
used to prevent injuries, Sources of help which the
Owner-manager may find useful in setting up a ma-
chine guarding program are also listed,

SMOKING:
"Pretreatment for Smoking Oily Fish," by Minoru
Fujii and others, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol.
58, May 27, 1963, 11899b, printed. American

Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washing-
ton 6, D, C, i

SPAIN:

"Asturias y el Mar en la Estadistica de 1963" (As-
turias and the Sea in the 1963 Statistics), by Daniel
Arbesu, article, Puntal, vol. XI, no. 119, February
1964, pp. 23-24, printed in Spanish. Puntal, Aparta-
do de Correos 316, Alicante, Spain.

“Espana, Primer Pais Pesquero de Europa" (Spain,
First Fishery Country of Europe), by Fandino, arti-
cle, Puntal, vol. XI, no. 119, February 1964, pp. 2-3,
illus., printed in Spanish, Puntal, Apartado de Cor-
reos 316, Alicante, Spain.

"La Industria Espanola de Conservas de Pescado”’
(The Spanish Fish Canning Industry), by Antonio Al-
fageme del Busto, article, Informacion Conservera,
vol, XI, no, 111-112, March-April 1964, pp. 67-70,
printed in Spanish, single copy 60 Ptas. (US$1). In-
formacion Conservera, Colon, 62, Valencia, Spain.

SPINY LOBSTER:

"Spiny Lobster Industry in Southern Africa (An Eco-
nomic Survey),'' by D. J. Soares-Rebelo, article,
South African Journal of Science, vol. 60, no. 3,
March 1964, pp. 81-87, printed, single copy 50 cents
(about 70 U.S. cents). The South African Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, P.O. Box 6894,
Johannesburg, South Africa Republic. Detailed in-
formation is given on the thriving spiny lobster in-
dustry of the Republic of South Africa and of the man-
dated territory of South-West Africa. Spiny lobster
fishing, production, exports, consumption, canning
and processing, regulation, conservation measures,
and economic significance in both those countries
are discussed at length.

STANDARDS:

Standards and Requirements for Fish Handling, Proc-
essing, Distribution, and Quality, by D.D. Tapiador
and J. E. Carroz, Fisheries Report No. 9, 255 pp.,
processed, 1963. Fisheries Division, Food and Ag-
riculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. The 11th
FAO Conference endorsed under the regular pro-
gram of the Fish Processing Section, Technology
Branch, the preparation of a document on laws and
regulations concerning fish handling, processing,
distribution, and quality control. In addition, it is
the aim of FAO, in launching the Freedom from Hun-
ger Campaign, to encourage increased fish produc-
tion; promote its greater availability; and widen dis-
tribution by building up trade in fishery products and
ensuring improvements in their quality. This report
is essentially a study and digest of governmental
codes, laws, and regulations.

ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON:

"St. Pierre et Miquelon Peut Produire du Poisson
Surgele au Prix Internationale" (St. Pierre and Mi-
quelon are Able to Produce Frozen Fish at the In-
ternational Price), by H. Clarieaux, article, France
Peche, no. 81, February 1964, pp. 19, 21-22, illus.,
printed in French. France Peche, Boite Postale 179,
Lorient, France.

TRAWLERS:
"Some Fundamentals for the Calculation of the Mo-
tion of a Trawler with Trawl Gear,'' by H. Stengel,

July 1964

article, Fischereiforschung, vol, 5, no. 3, 1962, pp.
10-14, printed in German, Institut fur Hochseefis-
cherei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Marienehe,
E, Germany.

TUNA:

"La Determinazione dell'Istamina nei Tonni del Golfo
di Guinea" (The Determination of the Histamine in
the Tuna of the Gulf of Guinea), by H. Plagnol and
J.F. Aldrin, article, Industria Conserve, vol.
XXXVI, no. 4, October-December 1963, pp. 321-
327, illus., printed in Italian, single copy L. 1,500
(about US$2.40), Industria Conserve, Viale Tanara
33, Parma, Italy.

TURKEY:

Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. XII, no. 3,
March 1964, 35 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with
English table of contents, Et ve Balik Kurumu G.M.,
Balikcilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey.
Includes, among others, these articles: ''The Sponge.
(Part II);"" "The Postmortem Changes in Turkish
Sea-Water Fishes (Part I);"" and "Importance of
Fisheries Production in the Food Economy of the
World."

Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. XU, no, 4,
April 1964, 33 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with
English table of contents and abstracts, Et ve Balik
Kurumu G,M., Balikcilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Is-
tanbul, Turkey. Includes articles on: ''The Sponge.
(Part III);" ''Fish Pump;" ''Basic Researches on the
Development of Fishery in Turkish Fresh Waters,
Lakes, and Dams. Part III;"' "Used Materials in
Netting and New Products;"' "Israel's Sea Fisheries;"
and ''The New Activities of Processing for the Aim
of More Stability and Situation of High Fish Meal
Production in the World."

U.S.S.R.:

Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 40, no. 3,March 1964, 96 pp.,
illus., printed in Russian, single copy 50 Kopecks
(about 56 U.S. cents), Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, B-140,
V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Includes,
among others, article on: ''The Abundance of Herring
in the Caspian Sea," by N. I. Kozhin; "Optimal Dos-
age and Rational Use of Sperm during Insemination
of Salmon Eggs," by V. Z. Trusov and L. M. Pash-
kin; ''Arsenic as an Indicator of Sanitary and Hy-
drobiological Conditions of Reservoirs in the Uk-
rainean Steppe," by C, P. Fedii; "Improvement
Made on the Production and Transport Refrigerator
Kaliningrad," by A.G. Ionoy; "Production of Proc-
essed Herring on the Floating Base Iokhannes
Vares,"' by L. G. Visk; "Vibration Conveyers and
the Transportation of Fish," by L.M. Stolin and
A. Z. Umantsev; ''Mechanization of the Moving Cages
in Smoking Houses," by G. E. Akhalkov and E, A.
Shmul'ian; "New Types of Canned Fish Products:
Fish and Vegetables Canned with Georgian-Type
Sauces," by L. E. Tsuladze; ''The Determination of
the Level of Mechanization of the Basic Production
in Fishery Plants," by I. Mogilevskii and M. Shuva-
lova; and "The Profile of a Mechanical Engineer
Specialized in the Fishing Industry,"' by Iu. B. Iudo-
vich,

--Milan A. Kravanja

Sakhalin Fishermen Initiate Socialist Competition to
Increase Fish Catches, USSR, OTS 64-21597, 6pp.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

illus., printed, February 19, 1964, 50 cents, (Trans-
lated from the Russian, Pravda, January 25, 1964.)
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D.C, 20235,

"Sovjets Fiske i Stark Utveckling; Systematisk Forskn-
ing Visar Vagen" (Strong Development in Soviet Fish-
eries; Systematic Research Finds its Way), article,
Svenska Vastkust Fiskaren, vol. 34, no, 5, March
1964, pp. 96-97, illus., printed in Swedish, Svenska
Vastkustfiskarnas, Ekonomiutskottet Postbox 1014,
Goteborg 4, Sweden.

The following processed reports are for sale by the Of-
fice of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D.C, 20230, at 50 cents a copy.

Age of the Ob Whitefish (COREGONUS MUKSUN) and

63-11110, 7 pp., 1963. (Translated from the Russian,

Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 39, no, 10, 1960, pp.
1525-1530,

Feeding and Food Relationships of Predatory Fishes
in the Northern Part of the figisinak eservoir, by

E.S, Zadul'skaya, OTS 63-11127, 57 pp., 1963.
(Translated from the Russian, Trudy Darvinskogo

Gosudarstvennogo Zapovednika, no, 6, 1960, pp. 345-
405.)

Effect of Temperature on the Embryonic Development
of the Pike, the Blue Bream TARRAMIS BALLERUS
L.) and the White Bream (BLICCA BJOERKNA L,),
by V.M. Volodin, OTS 63-11124, 7 pp., illus., 1963.
(Translated from the Russian, Trudy Instituta Bio-
logii Vodokhranilishch, vol. 3, no. 6, 1960, pp, 231-
31h)

Sanitation Bacteriological Control Analyses in the Fish
Preserving Industry, by Yu. A, Ravich-Shcherbo, OTS
63-11119, 4 pp., 1963, (Translated from the Russian,

Voprosy Pitaniya (Morskva), vol, 19, no. 5, 1960, pp.
79-82.)

Symposium on Problems Related to the Population Dy-
namics of Commercial Animals, by G. B. Nikol'skii,

OTS 63-11117, 4pp., 1963. (Translated from the
Russian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 36, no. 11,
1960, pp. 1747-1750.)

VIRGINIA:

64th and 65th Annual Reports of the Commissior of
Fisheries of Virginia (for the Fiscal Years Ending
June 30, 1962 and June 30, 1963), 32 pp., illus., print-
ed. Commission of Fisheries, Newport News, Va.
Discusses enforcement and personnel, work of the
engineering Department, Potomac River activities,
fishery statistical collection, and oyster research,
Also covers accomplishments by the commission in
conservation and rehabilitation, pollution control,
fishery legislation, and other areas, Statistical tables
present data showing receipts from the fish and oys-
ter industry, by districts; recorded oyster planting
grounds; and other related information,

VITAMIN A:

"Vitamin A Enriched Fish Sausage. I--A Determina-
tion of Vitamin A Enrichment in Fish Sausage, and
Loss of Vitamin A during Manufacturing and Storage,"
by Masao Hasegawa and Tomiyo Nishimura, article,

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Chemical Abstracts, vol. 58, May 27, 1963, 1189d, Whaling:: Amendments to the Schedule to the Interna-
printed, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., tional Whaling Convention Signed at Washington on
NW., Washington 6, D.C. ecember 2, 1946 (Adopted at the Fifteenth Meeting
of the International Whaling Commission, London,
WHALING; oid . July 5, 1963), Treaties and Other International

International Whaling Statistics, no, LII, 48 pp., print- Acts Series 5472, 3 pp., printed, 1964, 5 cents. De-
ed, 1964, Det Norske Hvalrads Statistiske Publikas- partment of State, Washington D.C. (For sale by the
joner, Oslo, Norway. Results of the whaling opera- Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print-
tions in the Antarctic during the season 1962/63. In- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)

cludes statistical tables on whaling operations of Ja-
pan, the Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, and

the U.S.S.R.; average size of whales caught; and CORRECTION

number of whales caught, by species, sex, and size,

Also includes data on average production of oil per In the February 1964 issue, page 99, article, "A
blue-whale unit. Study of Redfish, Sciaenops ocellata (Linnaeus) and
" Black Drum, Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus),'' the ad-
Whale Marking Cruises in New Zealand Waters Made dress of the publisher of the Publications of the In-
between August and December 1963," by D. E, Gas- stitute of Marine Science, was given in error. The
kin, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Nor- correct address is Institute of Marine Science, Uni-

wegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 53, no. 2, February versity of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas.

1964, pp. 29-41, illus., printed. Hvalfangerforenin-
gen, Sandefjord, Norway.

FISHERIES IMPORTANT TO UNITED STATES

The fisheries of America have played a unique part in this country's
economy since its founding. John Cabot, returning to England in 1498
from North America, stated that ''the sea there is swarming withfish
which can be taken not only with the net, but in baskets let down with a
stone.'' Historians record that the founders of the Plymouth Colony came
to America to serve God and to catch fish.

The colorful New Bedford and Nantucket whaling fleets ranging the
oceans of the worldin the 19th century were a large factor in forming the
bonds which eventually joined Hawaii to the United States. The great
salmon fisheries have been a principal support of Alaska through the years
and have been a greater source of wealth than all the gold produced there
since the Alaska gold rushes began. During World War II, the spectacular
tuna clipper fleet furnishedthe ships and the men which maintained contact
with our beleaguered troops during their initial days of perilously slight
foothold onthe Solomon Islands, and these same fishing boats helped sup-
ply smallisland garrisons throughout the vast reaches of the Pacific dur-
ing the entire war. U.S. trawlers and purse seiners also went to waras
minesweepers and patrol vessels.

--Excerpt from Trident--A Long Range Report of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Circular 149.

July 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

THE PLACE OF FISH

108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 7

OCEAN PERCH GERMAN POTATO PANCAKES

va pound ocean perch fillets or other 2 teaspoons salt 1

| fish fillets, fresh or frozen Dashinutmeg _~. =

| 3 eggs, beaten D =

ash pepper |

| 2) Vtablespoons flour 2 cups finely grated raw potatoes |
2 tablespoons grated onion Aypsllascwres

| 1 tablespoon chopped parsley |

| Thaw frozen fillets. Skin fillets and chop finely. Combine all ingredients except
Applesauce; mix thoroughly. Drop 3; cup fish mixture onto a hot, well-greased griddle |

| or frying pan. Flatien slightly with a spatula. Fry until brown on one side; turn |

| carefully and brown the other side. Cooking time approximately 6 to 8 minutes. ]
Drain on absorbent paper. Keep warm. Serve with Applesauce. Serves 6.

In this recipe home
economists from the Bu-
reau of Commercial
Fisheries have given
chafing-dish elegance
with iron-skillet econo-
my. Tastefully supple-
mented with aromatic
nutmeg and lively pars-
ley, meaty fillets from
the cold North Atlantic
provide a wealth of en-
ergy-giving protein.
Served sizzling hot with
tart applesauce, Ocean
Perch German Potato
Pancakes will rate ‘‘ja's”’
at your table.

--From Fisheries Marketing Bulletin: 'Protein Treasure from the Seven Seas."
Issued by the National Marketing Services Office,
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Chicago, Ill. 60607.

Wks =

ans
—————

Load up on these Hot Selling Tips
for Cool Cash Returns

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Due to an unexpected mix-up in the mailing of the June 1964 issue of

the magazine, there are probably a number of subscribers who did not re-

ceive that issue. If you are one of those who did not receive that issue,
write us for a copy

COMMERCIAL BE WIE LAY
FISHERIES Wee GEE

VOL. 26, NO. 8 AUGUST 1964

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service

Bureau of Commercial! Fisheries
Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

CLARENCE F, PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

= COMMERCIAL FIS

RERIES REVIEW

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, ASST, DIRECTOR

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi,

Editor

G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors

TAG adress correspondence

thew hier, Fishery Market News Service. U.S. Bureau of

/ “Commercial Fisheries, 1815 North Fort Myer I Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

senemnenapeteeremnian’-aneet

Publication ¢ of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement»-The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,

reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the

Budget, May 1, 1963.

5/31/68

CONTENTS

COVER: The 114-foot French trawler La Rafale (200 gross tons),
1 of the 2 vessels chartered for the Guinean Trawling Survey.
Because of the weight of the exceptionally large catch, caught off
the Ivory Coast, the cod end was split and lifted in two sections.
Small grunter (Brachydeuterus auritus) formed about 90 percent

of the catch.

1 ,.The Guinean Trawling Survey, by Frank Williams

7 ..Changes in Abundance of the Marine Worm, Glycera Dibranchiata, Associated with Seawater Temperature

Fluctuations, by Robert L. Dow

Page ;
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
Alaska:
10 .. Foreign Fishing Activities in Bering Sea
12 .. Plans of King Crab Processors
13... New Barge Facility at Ketchikan Being Built
13... Herring Roe Readied for Shipment to Japan
13... Gear Count for Southeastern Alaska Regis-

tered Fishing Vessels
13... Low Interest Rate Loans Available to Fish-
ing Industry
14 .. Denial of Petition for Rehearing on Alaska
Steamship Seasonal Cargo Rates
Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear

Research:
14 .. Chartered Exploratory Vessel Begins
Activities
American Samoa:
14 .. Ex-Vessel Prices for Tuna
14... Japanese Fishing Firm to Charge Handling
Fee for Deliveries to Cannery
California:
15 .. Sea Otter Population Determined by Census
Cans:
15 .. Shipments for Fishery Products, January-
April 1964

Page

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Cans (Contd.):
New Easy-Open Aluminum Can Developed
for Maine Sardine Industry
Caroline Islands:
Commercial Fisheries Project at Palau
Makes Headway
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
Behavior Studies of Little Tuna
Trade Wind Zone Oceanographic Studies Con-
tinued
Oceanic Eddies Southwest of Hawaiian Islands
Studied
Clams:
New Laboratory Holding Method
Crabs:
Effects of Certain Pyrophosphates on Mois-
ture Retention in Canned King Crab
Federal Aid for Sport Fish and Wildlife
Restoration:
Interior Apportions Funds to States for FY
1965
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Department of Defenses Purchases, January-
May 1964

Contents continued page II.

Pag

21
22
22

28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31

32
33

33
33

34
34
34
34

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Fish-Farming:
Labor-Saving Gear Tested in Rice-Farm
Ponds
Fish Handling:
Air Pump for Unloading Fish
Fish Kills:
Fish Kills by Water Pollution in 1963
Fur Seals:

Modified Tagging Techniques Suggested to

Prevent Excess Mortality
Gear: :

Midwater Trawl Tests Successful in Pacific

Coast Hake Fishery
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:

Seasonal Distribution and Abundance Studies
of Alewife and Chub Stocks in Lake Michi-
gan Continued

More Effective Trawling of Commercial
Species in Lake Superior Studied

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Sea Lamprey Control in Lake Superior and
Lake Michigan
Gulf Fishery Investigations:
Shrimp Distribution Studies
Industrial Fishery Products:

Observations and Views in Texas on Use of

Fishery Byproducts in Animal Feed
U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles:

Production and Imports, January-April 1964

Production and Imports, January-March
1964

Production and Imports, January-February
1964

U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:

Production, April 1964

Production, March 1964

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, March
1964

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, February
1964

Inventions:

Mechanical Fishing Vessel Unloader Being

Developed
Investment Opportunities:

Philippine Fishing Industry

AID Abstracts Available at Department of
Commerce Field Offices

Irradiation Preservation:

Irradiation of Fish at Sea

Maryland:

Chesapeake Bay ''Fish-Kill" Controls Es-

tablished
Mississippi:

Mississippi Sound Portlarval Shrimp Studies
Continued

State Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Re-
ceives Grants

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:

Sea Scallop Population Survey on Georges
Bank Continued

Blackback Flounder Tagging Program

Return of Unmarked Oceanic Instruments
Requested

Oceanography:

Water Sampling Studies in Central Pacific

Ocean

Pag

35
36

e€

36:..

37
37
37

38
38
39

40
40

43
43

495

47
48

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Oceanography (Contd.):
Research Vessels of University of Miami Not
Subject to Union Rules
Deep-Diving Submarine for Oceanographic
Research Commissioned by Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution
Grants Awarded University of Miami for Sea
Floor Studies
Oregon:
Steelhead Planted in Yamhill River
Salmon:
Columbia River Summer Fishery Postponed
Shellfish:
Anesthetic May Aid Biological Research
Shrimp:
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, May
1964
South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico:
Soviet Fishing Activity
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Bottomfish Explorations Continued
Tagging:
Patents Awarded on New Methods for Track-
ing Fish Migrations
Trout:
U.S. Production by Commercial Farms
Tuna:
1964 Albacore and Bluefin Tuna Catch Fore-
cast for United States Pacific Coastal Area
U.S. Fishing Vessels:
Fisheries Loan Fund and Other Financial Aid
for Vessels, April 1-June 30, 1964
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, March
1964
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Imports of Canned Tuna (Brine) Under Quota
Processed Edible Fishery Products, April
1964
U.S. Research Vessels:
Delaware II To Be Built as New Exploratory
Fishing Research Vessel
Washington:
Salmon Tagging in Puget Sound Continued
Wholesale Prices:
Edible Fish and Shellfish, June 1964
FOREIGN:
International:
Fish Meal:
Production and Exports for Selected Coun-
tries, January-March 1963-1964 ;
World Production:
March and February 1964
Supply Indicators for Principal Exporting
and Importing Countries, 1963
Food and Agriculture Organization:
International Symposium on How to Keep
Fish Fresh
International Pacific Halibut Commission:
Halibut Fishing Restrictions Proposed
International Commission for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries:
14th Annual Meeting Held at Hamburg
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea:
New Draft Convention To Be Considered at
Annual Meeting

Contents continued page III.

August 1964

Page

52
52
52

53
54

54
55
55
55

55
56

58
58

58
58
60
61

62
63
63
63
64
65
65

65
66

66
67

Curt

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):

International Indian Ocean Expedition:
India's Oceanographic Research Program

International Whaling Commission:
16th Annual Meeting Held

Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Second Meeting Held at The Hague

Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:

Japan Joins OECD
Argentina:
Fish Meal and Oil Production and Exports,
1962-1963
Australia:
Modified Tuna Long-Lining in Shore Waters
British Guiana:

Shrimp Industry Trends, 1963, and Outlook

for 1964
Canada;

New Tuna Cannery Planned for Nova Scotia

Chinook and Silver Salmon Tagging Program
in British Columbia

Salmon Tagging on Atlantic Coast

Marine Oil Production, Utilization, and For-
eign Trade, 1961-1963

Changes Announced in Fishing Vessel Assist-

: ance Regulations
New Research Station on Lake Huron
New Oceanographic Research Vessel Com-
missioned
Ten Scholarship Awards in Fisheries Fields
Chile:

Tuna Industry Expanding
Costa Rica:

Fish and Shellfish Landings, 1963/64 Season
Denmark:

Authority Sought for Ratification of Western
European Fisheries Convention and New
Fishing Limits

Water Purification and Protein Extraction
Process May Be Applied to Fish Reduction
Industry

German Federal Republic:

Fish Meal and Marine Oil Industry Trends,
1963

New Oceanographic Research Vessel
Launched

One-Main Fiberglass Submarine Developed

Ghana:

Outlook and Plans for Fishing Industry Ex-
pansion

Fishery Landings Up Sharply in 1963

First Norwegian-Built Stern Trawler
Launched

Greece:
Freezer-Trawler Landings, January-March
1964

Honduras:

Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1964
Iran:

Fishery Trends and Developments
Ireland:

Scallop Grounds Discovered

United States Team Begins Fisheries Survey
Japan:

Canned Tuna in Brine Sale to United States

Page

67
67

68
68
68

69
69
69
70
70
70
70
70

71
ea
71

72
72

74
74

76
76
77
79
79
81

81
82

83
83

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Exports of Canned Tuna in Brine to U.S. by
Destination
Standard Prices Established for Canned
Whitemeat Tuna in Brine
Exports of Canned Tuna Specialty Items, 1963
Canned Tuna Market Trends
Japan Tuna Packers Association Members
Pack Bulk of Canned Tuna
Export Targets for Fishery and Aquatic Prod-
ucts, Fiscal Year 1964
Summer Albacore Fishery and Export Trends
Tuna Bases at Penang Operate at a Loss
Tuna Fishing Trends in South Pacific
Tuna Fishing Trends in Atlantic Ocean
Firm to Operate Purse-Seine Fleet in Atlantic
Halibut Mothership Returns
Canned Pink Salmon Export Prices
Japanese North Pacific Mothership Salmon
Prices
Salmon Catch by Mothership Fleets
Hokkaido Packers Begin Packing Pink Salmon
Salmon Fishermen Request Tuna Fishing
Licenses
Atlantic Trawl Landings, 1963
Joint Japanese-Canadian Fishing Enterprise
in Canada Proposed
King Crab Fishing in Bristol Bay Improves
King Crab Canned Pack and Exports, Fiscal
Year 1963
Reaction to New U.S. Law on Fishing in Ter-
ritorial Waters
Shrimp Import Trends
1964 Frozen Oyster Pack for Export to
United States
Fish Meal Prices
Marine Oil Supply and Disposition, 1962-1963
and 1964 Forecast
Japanese May Purchase Dutch Whaling
Factoryship
Mexico:
Shrimp Vessels Built for Kuwait
Secondary Fisheries of Sinaloa
Netherlands:
Fish Meal Prices, 1962-1963
Marine Oil Supply and Disposition, 1963 with
Comparisons
Netherlands West Indies:
Six Tuna Ice Vessels Assigned to Netherlands
West Indies Base
Norway:
Lofoten Cod Fishery Disappointing in 1964
Improved Echo-Sounder Offered by Norwegian
Firm
Pakistan:
Shrimp Processing Capacity of Plants in
Karachi
Peru:
Fish Meal Production and Exports, January-
April 1964
Fish Meal Export Forecast for 1964
Marine Oil Supply and Disposition, 1961-1963
and 1964 Forecast
Philippines:
Government Opened Another Bid on Imported
Canned Sardines

Contents continued on page IV.

Page

for each photograph in this issue.

FOREIGN (Contd.):

South Africa Republic:
Fishing Vessel Makes Remarkably Good

Anchovy Catches
South-West Africa:

.. Pilchard Season at Walvis Bay Gets Under

Way
Spain:

.. Fishery Trends at Vigo, January-March 1964

Thailand:

Fisheries Survey Planned

U.S.S. R.:

Fishing Fleets Claimed Seeking Fish Rather

Than Profits

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
90 .. Amendment to Standard of Identity for Can-
ned Tuna Effective June 15, 1964
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
G0) oo Proposed Revised Standards for Grades of
Frozen Fish Blocks
WH os Whaling Regulations Amended
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
OB oo Alaska Disaster Relief--Charter Vessel
Loan Regulations
Department of Labor:

Vol. 26, No. 8

.-. Soviets Claim Marine Groups Can Be Iden- 97... New Regulations Prohibit Wage Discrimina-

tified by Sound Waves

United Kingdom:

tion on Account of Sex
Small Business Administration:

.. Fish Marketing Information Service Intro- 97 .. Alaska Firms in Earthquake Disaster Area

duced by White Fish Authority
aie Vessel and Gear Research

FEDERAL ACTIONS:

Receive SBA Loans
Department of the Treasury:
Internal Revenue Service:

Federal Trade Commission: BY oes Alaskans Receive Time Extension for In-

Bars Discrimination in Rentals and Sales of

come Tax Reduction Claims

Shrimp Peeling Machinery 98 .. Eighty-Highth Congress (Second Session):

Editorial Assistants:

Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky

RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
104 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
105 .. Miscellaneous Publications

Compositors: Alma Greene, Donna K. Wallace, and Marjorie McGlone

Photograph Credits:

SK 3K Ok ok ok

Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer

the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from

Cover & pp. 3-5--F. Williams; p. 13--Alaska Dept. of Fishand Game;
p. 46--J. Pileggi; p. 59--United Nations; pp. 76-79--R. S. Croker;

p. 81--Robert Capa, Lofoten, Norway; p. 82--Milton Lindner.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price:. $6.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

(tn

August 1964 Washington, D.C. Vol. 26, No. 8

THE GUINEAN TRAWLING SURVEY

By Frank Williams*

a INTRODUCTION

ae
The original investigation for the exploration of the Gulf of Guinea (Guinean Year) as con-
ceived by the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa (CCTA) in 1960 included:

1. an oceanographic program (for measurement of physico-chemical conditions,
movements of water masses, productivity, etc.);

2, a trawling survey on the continental shelf;
3. an exploratory fishing survey for sardines (Clupeidae); and

4, an exploratory fishing survey for tunas and tuna-like fishes (Scombridae).

As is now generally known, the oceanographic investigation expanded into a study of the
waters of the whole of the tropical Atlantic Ocean--the International Co-operative Investiga-
tions of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA). Those investigations have been coordinated by the In-
tergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, and the three phases of the
survey (EQUALANT I, II, and III) have now beencompleted. The exploratory fishing survey for
sardines has sq far been restricted to a small project started in Ghana by the Fisheries Bi-
ology Branch of FAO. However, it is hoped that a large-scale international survey of the
sardine stocks will be initiated in the not-too-distant future. The exploratory tuna fishing
survey, being conducted by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the U. S. Department of
the Interior, commenced in 1963 and will continue through 1965. =

Of the original Guinean Year there remained to be carried out under the aegis of CCTA
only the trawling survey which was renamed the Guinean Trawling Survey (GTS). The prin-
cipal sponsor is the U. S. Agency for International Development (US/AID) with further direct
financing from the United Kingdom Department of Technical Co-operation (UK/DTC).

PURPOSE

The purpose of the survey is to investigate the demersal fish potential of the West Afri-
can continental shelf in relation to the environmental conditions.

AIMS
Within the area of operations the aims of the survey are:
1. To assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of the exploitable fish stocks.

2. To assess and ascertain the size composition of those species of fish of paramount
commercial importance.

geen” op <e
To compare productivity in different fishing areas. a >.
mes Guinean Trawling Survey (Campagne de Chalutage dans le Golfo de ee é/o CCTA, P.M.B. 2359, Lagos, Nigeri

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No. 707

26, No. 8

Vol

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

4. To relate 1, 2, and 3 to the hydrographic climate.

5. To locate areas which seem to be most favorable for commercial trawling in relation
to depth, nature of ground, and availability of exploitable fish stocks.

6. To provide reference and study collections of fish of the area for those countries,
organizations, institutes, and individuals desirous of receiving them.

AREA OF OPERATIONS

The area of operations extended from Cape Roxo (lat. 12°30' N.) to the mouth of the Con-
go River (lat. 6° S.), a distance of nearly 2,700 nautical miles (see fig. 1).

TIMETABLE
PrepaAratorvyerPhaSe)a 6 = « <) eisne be ameheteiene September 1, 1962, to September 1, 1963.
Operational Phase’ 2... ..060.0.8ne608 September 2, 1963, to June 15, 1964.
ELE DO GLEE NAS Car hotles) (a. ,07 vy.c. oo ish otlanen suave «e- June 16, 1964, to August 31, 1965.
OPERATIONAL PHASES:
MECIOTEIN BEAU Dae enc os cacinn cas wasaile'g sue en mikes September 2, 1963, to December 20, 1963.
GUINEAN Ess. 205 SalA see sie ees February 15, 1964, to June 15, 1964.

The timing of the survey was planned to coincide as closely as possible with the hydro-
graphic seasons in the area. In the transition zones Cape Roxo to Conakry and Cape Lopez
to the Congo River, there are two distinct seasons with a considerable temperature variation.
The timing of the survey was such that trawling in those areas was carried out in the last 4-
6 weeks of GUINEAN Iand GUINEAN Iland thus the two seasons were covered effectively. In the
Equatorial Zone, Conakry to Cape Lopez, the hydrographic variations are not so great, except
in the area of upwelling centered off the Ghana coast during July to September. Part of the
period of upwelling was covered during the opening months of GUINEAN, while normal condi-
tions prevailed during GUINEAN II.

VESSELS

Two French trawlers were chartered for 13 months--June 15, 1963, to July 15, 1964, from

Monsieur R. Sanquer of La Rochelle, France. The vessels--Thierry (fig. 2) of 230 tons and La Ra-
fale of 200 tons--were 35m.

(114 ft.) overall, witha beam of
7m, (23 ft.) anda draft of 4.5m,
(14 ft.). Powered by 600-hp.
main engines, the trawlers are
fitted with hydraulic trawl
winches carrying 1,800 m.
(5,880 ft.) of 21 mm. #-inch
cable. The vessels were con-
verted for scientific use and
operations in tropical waters
prior to leaving France for
West Africa, The conversion
included provision of a small
laboratory, extra accommoda~
tions, mess, cold-rooms (-20° ©
C. or -4° F. and 0° C, or 32°
F.), electronic log, additional
echo-sounder, additional aux-
iliary engine, alternators for

Fig. 2 - Trawler Thierry seen from the bridge of La Rafale.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

a.c. current, air conditioning units, etc., and installation of a hydrographic winch on each
vessel.

OPERATIONAL PLANS

Fishing took place at each of 63 transects spaced 40 miles apart at right angles to the
coast from Cape Roxo to the Congo River (fig. 1). Hight stations were fished on each tran-
sect at the following depths: 15-20m., 30m.,40m.,50 m., 70-75 m., 100 m., 200 m., 400-
600 m, (8-10, 15, 20, 25, 35-38, 50, 100, 200-300 fathoms). To be able to estimate the differ-'
ence in the fishing power of the vessels, during the first month of each operational phase 4
transects off the coast of Ghana were fished simultaneously twice by the two vessels. All
routine trawling was carried out during daylight, but some night trawling was undertaken at
selected stations. The fishing gear for the survey was standardized aboard the two vessels;
the headrope size was 25 m. (80 ft.) and that of the cod-end mesh 40 mm. stretched (12 inch).
The cod-ends were made of nylon, the rest of the net of manila. Mesh measurements were
made on cod-ends at set intervals using the I.C.E.S. mesh gauge.

SCHEDULE OF OBSERVATIONS

A continuous record of sea surface temperatures was made throughout the survey and
notes were made on sightings of schools of fish, sea birds, drifting organisms, etc.

Before trawling began at each station, the following observations were made: bottom
sampling; bathythermograph cast; reversing bottles for water samples for temperature; sa-
linity, and oxygen at surface and bottom; meteorological and sea surface observations (ICITA
style); Secchi dise; microbiomass; ete. The oxygen | '
analyses were carried out on board the trawlers,
while salinity samples were processed ashore at
the Federal Fisheries Service, Lagos (Nigeria) and
the Oceanographic Centre, Abidjan (Ivory Coast).
The trawl hauls at all stations were each of one
hour's duration, andall trawling was normally made
with the current, following closely the requisite

moved to show the recording drum.

depth contour. The water temperature at the mouth of the trawl net was recorded by an in-
dependent thermograph mounted on the headrope (figs. 3a and b).

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

The catches made by the trawl (figs. 4a and b, and 5) were sorted into the various con-
stituent species, and the number and weight of each recorded. With large catches, random
subsamples of the total catch were used for this purpose. For 12 commercially important

nae d

Fig. 4 - An exceptionally large catch made by the La Rafale, off ‘the Ivory Coast (about 4 metric tons): (a) left--cod-end at the side
of the vessel; (b) right--because of the weight of the catch, the cod-end was split and lifted in two sections. The small grunter
(Brachydeuterus auritus) seen here formed about 90 percent of the catch.

species of fish, length-frequency measurements were made on random samples of 250 fish.
Measurement of the various species of shrimp was based on the number of individuals per
kilogram, :

Comprehensive collections of fish and in-
vertebrates of the West African continental
shelf were made during the survey.

EQUIPMENT

Equipment for oceanography and fisher~
ies to cover the agreed program as well asthe
more general items required by any scientific
survey was provided. Three types of logbooks ®&
(hydrographic; general for trawl stations; fish- @&
length frequencies) were designed and used by
the survey.

Additional scientific.equipment was pro-
vided by FAO, UNESCO, and the German

Federal Republic. Fig. 5 - A stingray (Dasyatis sp.) taken by La Rafale off the Ghana
coast. Length of body 6 ft., length of tail Zz its with ae
wings 7+ ft., weight about 700 lbs. Sting raYs up to Ibs. are

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL not unc6mmon in West African trawl catches.

The scientific personnel on each vessel congisted of three biologists (one was cruise
leader) and one hydrographer/biologist. The personnel were assigned to the survey by Euro-
pean countries and the United States under technical assistance agreements, West African fish-
eries research or oceanographic organizations, and international organizations. The countries
and organizations represented included Belgium, France, German Federal Republic, Ghana,
Ivory Coast, the Netherlands, the United States, and FAO. A total of 64 man-months of serv-
ice was provided by those scientists.

FACILITIES IN WEST AFRICA

Facilities (e.g. housing, office, base port facilities, etc.) were granted by West Afri-
can governments and CCTA.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

The Director of the Guinean Trawling Survey is advised by a scientific committee com-
posed of fisheries scientists from France, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, the United States, and CCTA.
In addition, FAO, UNESCO, and other interested organizations are represented by observers.
The committee meets annually under the Chairmanship of Professor Th. Monod, President of
the Scientific Council for Africa (CSA).

REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LIAISON

Close contact has been maintained between the survey and the fisheries and oceanograph-
ic laboratories in the West African area, in relation to local research and other programs be-
ing carried out by those organizations during the lifetime of the trawling survey.

In the international sphere, close liaison has also been maintained with the Fisheries Bi-
ology Branch of FAO and the Bureau of Oceanography and the IOC of UNESCO.

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), Washington, D.C., has agreed to proc-
ess the survey's hydrographic data for the West African continental shelf and publish them as
ICITA supplementary data reports (GUINEAN I: EQUALANT II, and GUINEAN II: EQUALANT
III). The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (SOSC) Washington, D. C., has agreed to
sort benthic samples collected by the survey. UNESCO, under a training scheme, is to pro-
vide a fish taxonomist at Abidjan to set up a temporary fishsorting center to (1) effect abasic
breakdown of the survey's fish collections, and (2) train local West African staff in that task
and also in the curating of collections.

PROGRESS TO DATE

During the whole period of GUINEAN I and II, fishing proceeded satisfactorily and all
scheduled btological and hydrographic observations were made.

Two aspects of the results have been investigated so far:

1. Analysis has commenced of the results of the overlap transects for GUINEAN I
and II (when the two vessels fished together for one month) to determine the de-
gree of variation between the catch rates of the two vessels.

2. For GUINEAN I and II the catches of pelagic fishes caught in the trawls have been
analyzed. Preliminary results show that considerable catches of sardine (Sar-
dinella), mackerel (Scomber), scad (Trachurus), and mackerel scad (Decapturus)
were made in many areas at depths of 30-100 m. (15-50 fathoms). Those find-
ings are of great interest, especially in the view of the existing seasonal fisher-
ies at the surface and the possible projected resources survey for those species
in the West African area.

FUTURE

The methods for the Stage I analysis of the results (which mainly concerns data extrac=-
tion from survey records) have been planned and three types of data forms printed. Stage II
of the analysis and the publication of the final reports have also been considered, but those
all depend to a certain extent on the results of Stage I.

The operational phases of the survey ceased in mid-June 1964. About the end of October
1964, it is hoped that the Director of the trawling survey will transfer his offices to the Bi-
ological Laboratory, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C., for the report
and analysis period. It is expected that the survey report will be completed and sent to the
printers towards the end of 1965. Progress reports will be issued at intervals during that
period so that governments and the fishing industry in West Africa may be able to use infor=

mation for future planning as rapidly as possible.
—-_t <> at

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Ul

CHANCES IN ABUNDANCE OF THE MARINE WORM,
GLYCERA DIBRANCHIATA, ASSOCIATED WITH
SEAWATER TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS

By Robert L. Dow*

Two species of marine annelids (worms) used as bait for salt-water sport fishing support
the fourth most valuable fishery in Maine with a 1963 landed value of $1.2 million.

_ The bloodworm, Glycera dibranchiata, has
the highest landed unit value of any Maine ma-
rine resource. To the more than 900 licensees
in 1963, bloodworms had a value of $2.40
a pound. The sandworm, Neanthes virens, also
hand-dug from intertidal growing areas during
low tide, with a landed value of about $1.10 a
pound, has the second highest unit value.

Table 1 - Maine Production of Bloodworms, 1946-1963

Year

19636.
19626 «
1961+ -
1960 « «
1959 «
19586 «
1957 » «
19566 «
1955 « «
1954+ «
19536 «
19526 «
19516
1950 « «
1949 6»
1948 » »
1947.
1946» »

eeeeree eee eee eeee ee
oeereree eee eee eee eee
eee eeeeeee eee eevee
eoereeereeee eee eee eee
eee eeeeeeer eee eee ee

eoeeereeve eee eee eee ee
eoeereree eee ee ese eeeee
oeeerecee ee ere eee eevee
eeeereree ere ere eee eevee
eoereeeeveeeevr eee sees ee
eeceereeee eee eevee ee

Although worms are bought by dealers by
the hundred, for statistical purposes such pur-
chases are converted to pounds using a factor
of 44 for bloodworms and 40 for sandworms.
Recent sampling has indicated that the average pound contains more than 50 sandworms or
more than 100 bloodworms. Market acceptance of smaller sizes accounts for the increase
in value per pound.

Fig. 1 - Digging bloodworms in intertidal area, Cod Cove, Wis-
casset, Maine,

By reason of negligible winter markets and frozen or ice-covered intertidal areas, the
fishery is limited to the March-November period. During the harvesting season, high demand
encourages an intensive fishery; in the case of bloodworms, probably the most intensive fish-
ery in Maine. Only since 1946 have landings of the two species been separated. Production
of the bloodworm fishery by calendar years is listed in table 1.

Reasons for fluctuations in production suggested by the industry as well as by scientific

investigators have ranged nearly as widely as landings themselves.

*Research Director, Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, State House, Augusta, Maine.

U. S, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No. 708

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

Restrictive legislation had rapidly increased from 1937 with the early beginnings of the
fishery, only to culminate in complete repeal of all regulations by 1955. Regulations had cur-
tailed the free-roving activities of commercial diggers, but it was three years after the ef-
fective date of repeal before there was any
appreciable increase in landings.

Increases in fishing effort are suggested
by the growth in the number of licenses issued
from 449 in 1948 (the first year of issue) to
921 in 1963, but the inconsistency of any re-
lationship between increased number of fish-
ermen and landings precludes effort, in terms
of number of fishermen, as the causative fac-
tor.

Table 2 - Maine Bloodworm Production and Number of
Fishermen Harvesting Them

Number of Fishermen Number of Worms

Fig. 2 - Close-up of fisherman digging bloodworms.

Cyclic changes in the environment (Dow
1951, Dow and Wallace 1955), gradual changes
in soil composition (Klawe and Dickie 1957),
expansion of area fished (Dow and Wallace
1955), and changes in tidal exposure because
of bridge and highway construction (Ganaros
1951) are other factors which have exercised
relatively minor or local influence.

Dow and Wallace (1955) concluded that year-to-year fluctuations in production were in-
dicative of short-term natural fluctuations in abundance. Klawe and Dickie (1957) concluded
that bloodworm catches in Nova Scotia consist largely of three-year olds. Growing area con-
ditions in Nova Scotia and Maine appear to be similar and observations made in Maine (Dow
and Wallace 1955) agree with those of Canadian biologists.

Recent studies of Maine production and seawater temperatures as measured at Boothbay
Harbor by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service suggest that abundance is determined primarily

j = by seawater temperature during the
SS SS EET] B UMCHCENS in Coinimatinn Amiel weiaajoere =
ture range of 47.0° to 49.0° F. during
the year of spawning. Both higher and
lower seawater temperatures are asso-
ciated with substantial declines in worm
landings.

These data are the only data which
can be consistently used to account for
fluctuations in abundance as indicated
by commercial production. Deviations
from high production levels between
47.0° and 49.0° F. which occurred in
1949 and 1950--although still higher than
any other year outside the optimum
range--can be accounted for by abridge

August 1964

and causeway construction project in those two
years which drastically reduced tidal expo-
sure in one major producing area. Estimates
made independently by both the industry and
the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fish-
eries of annual production losses resulting
from this construction ranged from 25 to 30
percent.

How seawater temperature influences the
abundance of bloodworms is not understood.
It may be a direct relationship in terms of
larval and juvenile survival, or it may be in-
direct through its influence on the amount of
biological activity in the growing area. Klawe
and Dickie (1957) observed that bloodworms
apparently do not occupy sediments which are
not sufficiently stable to support burrows.
Such conditions are frequently associated with
increased organic activity during periods of
high temperature.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

oN <

Fig. 3 - Packing bloodworms for shipment to dealers in bait for
sport fishermen.

Conversely, during extremely cold winters greater ice overburden may

create unfavorable sediment compaction in intertidal areas.

LITERATURE CITED

DOW, ROBERT L,
1951, Marine Worm Report, Maine Department of Sea and
Shore Fisheries Department, bulletin.

DOW, ROBERT L., and DANA E, WALLACE
1955, Marine Worm Management and Conservation, Maine
Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries Department,
bulletin.

KLAWE,

GANAROS, ANTHONY

1951, Commercial Worm Digging, Maine Department of Sea
and Shore Fisheries Department, bulletin,

W.L., and L. M, DICKIE

1957. Biology of the Bloodworm, Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers,
and Its Relation to the Bloodworm Fishery of the
Maritime Provinces, Fisheries Research Board of

Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B.,
Bulletin No. 115.

Created in 1849 the Department of the Interior--a depart-
ment of conservation--is concerned with the management,

conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish,
wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources.
It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial
affairs.

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the De-
partment works to assure that nonrenewable resources are

developed and used wisely, that park and recreational re
sources are conserved for the future, and that renewable
resources make their full contribution to the progress, pros-
perity, and security of the United States--now and inthe future.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Alaska

FOREIGN FISHING ACTIVITIES
IN BERING SEA:

Harly May 1964: U.S.S.R.: During the sec-
ond week in May 1964, the Soviet trawling
fleet concentrated west of Yakutat began dis-
persing and moving to other regions nearer
Kodiak Island. The main concentration, which
assembled on the Portlock Bank (much as in
past years), was estimated to include 86 trawl-
ers, 16 freezerships, 2 factoryships, and a
few support vessels. A smaller segment of
the Soviet trawl fleet was operating west of
Icy Bay in May 1964, and included approxi-
mately 30 trawlers, 3 freezerships, and 1
factoryship. The region south and west of
Kodiak in the vicinity of Chirikof Island was
exploited in May 1964 by a smaller Soviet
trawling fleet composed of less than 5 trawl-
ers and 1 freezership. Observations indicated
that the Soviet fleets in the Gulf of Alaska
were concentrating on Pacific ocean perch,

Fig. 1 - One type of Soviet factoryship operating in the Nurth Pa-
cific and Bering Sea. Length over-all about 150 feet with a speed
of 10-12 knots.

The Soviet fleet fishing tangle nets for
king crab continued to operate in the eastern
Bering Sea in May 1964. That fleet consisted
of 3 factoryships, eachaccompanied by twelve
40-foot picker boats and 2 SRT net-setting
trawlers. The three Soviet king crab factory -

AND =

DEVELOPME

Vol. 26, No. 8

NTS =a

ships inthe area werethe Pavel Chebotnya gin
operating north of Unimak Pass, and the Kon-
stantin Sukhanov and the Vasiliy Blyukher,
operating south of Hagemeister Island in out-
er Bristol Bay.

It is believed that two Soviet trawlers were
still operating in May 1964 onthe shrimp fish-
ing grounds north ofthe Pribilof Islands and
had been fishing in the area for over a month.

JAPAN: In May 1964, the shrimp factory-
ships Chichibu Maru and Einin Maru, each
accompanied by 12 trawlers, continued to op-
erate on shrimp grounds north of the Pribilof
Islands.

During May, the Japanese tangle-net king
crab fleet was reported to have been centered
in outer Bristol Bay, north of Port Molter,
That fleet consisted of 2 factoryships, the
Tokei Maru and Tainichi Maru, each accom-

panied by 6 catcher vessels,

Fa: 2 - One type of Soviet trawler fishing in the North Pacific and |
Ting Sea.

The Fuji Maru No. 3, accompanied by 5
long-line fishing vessels, was believed to have
been fishing in the region of the 100-fathom
curve, southeast of the Pribilof Islands. The
Kotoshiro Maru No. 25, with one accompany-
ing long-line fishing vessel, presumably was

August 1964

operating in the same area as the Fuji Maru
No. 3 fleet,

The fish-meal factoryships Hoyo Maru and
Gyokuei Maru, each accompanied by 30 trawl-
ers, were operating in the eastern Bering Sea
about 60 miles west of Amak Island.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

Late May - Early June 1964: U.S.S.R.:
During iste May 964, the large Soviet trawl-
ing fleet that built up off Yakutat had been
shifting efforts between that area and the
Portlock Bank region. As of early June, that

fleet, estimated at 116 trawlers, 19 freezer-
ships, 3 factoryships, 1 salvage tug, 1 tanker,

Fig. 4 - Washing silt and dirt from net loads of trawl-caught fish
on the main deck of a typical Japanese factoryship.

The Tenyo Maru, accompanied by 28 trawl-
ers, was reported fishing in the area west of
St. Paul Island. The Tenyru Maru was re-
portedly fishing in the vicinity east of the
Shumagin Islands, The stern-trawler Taiyo
Maru No. 81 was located about 35 miles east
of Cape Sitkinak, Trinity Islands.

Soviet and Japanese fishing activities in
the Bering Sea continued into early June as
follows:

and 2 cargo vessels, was again centered on
Portlock Bank east of Kodiak. Observations
and reports continued to indicate they were
catching Pacific ocean perch with very small
catches of other incidental species.

Soviet trawling effort appeared to be mini-
mal in the area southwest of Kodiak, generally
from Albatross Bank to Chirikof Island. A
small fleet of about 4 trawlers and 1 reefer
was fishing in that region.

The Soviet factoryship Konstantin Sukhanov
ae sisterships Pavel Chebotnyagin : and Vasi-

liy Blyukher, each with at least twoaccompa-
ee tangle-net setting trawlers, are continuing
their operations on king crab in the Bering
Sea north and east of Unimak Pass.

As of early June there was no confirma-
tion that the two Soviet trawlers were still
engaged in a shrimp fishery north ofthe Prib-
ilof Islands. It was presumed that fishery
might have been terminated.

JAPAN: Shrimp Fishery: The shrimp fac-
toryships Chichibu Maru and Hinin Maru,
each accompanied by 12 trawlers, continued
to operate on the shrimp grounds north of the
Pribilof Islands. As of mid-June the side

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

trawler Tenryu Maru was believedto be still
fishing for shrimp west of the Trinity Islands,
southwest of Kodiak.

King Crab Fishery: The Japanese tangle-
net fishery for king crab was reported to be
centered in outer Bristol Bay, north of Port
Moller. That fleet consisted of 2 factory-
ships, the Tokei Maru and Tainichi Maru, each
accompanied by 6 catcher boats.

Fig. 5 - Sorting aha weighing king crab meat prior to freezing a-
board a Japanese crab factoryship.

Long-Line Fishery: Japanese bit trans-
lations reported, the factoryship Fuji Maru
No. 3, specially chartered to fish for halibut in
the Krea 3B North Triangle, was to return to
Japan in late May and her five accompanying
long-line vessels were to join the Seifu Maru
fleet. Neither the Fuji Maru No. 3 nor the oth-
er Japanese halibut fishing fleet of the Kotos-
hiro Maru No. 25 andone accompanying long-
Tine vessel were sighted during early June.

It appeared likely that the Japanese disbanded
their halibut fishing venture because of very
poor fishing.

Fish Meal: The Japanese fish meal fac-
toryships Hoyo Maru and Gyokuei Maru, each
with 30 accompanying trawlers, were oper-
ating on the "flats'' of outer Bristol Bay north-
west of Port Moller. Other fleets licensed by
the Japanese for fish meal, oil, and solubles
production operating in the eastern Bering
Sea the early part of June were the Tenyo
Maru with 28 trawlers still working in the
area northwest of St. Paul Island and the Soyo
Maru and Seifu Maru each with 28 trawlers
fishing just north of Unimak Pass. All 5 of
those factoryships freeze selected portions of
their catches for human consumption,

Whaling: Of the 3 whale factoryships which
reportedly departed Japan on May 20 only one
was sighted, The Kyokuyo Maru, probably

Vol, 26, No. 8

accompanied by 7 whale killers, was operating
near Amchitka Pass in the western Aleutians,
Another of the fleets, possibly the Nitto Maru,
was expected to appear in the Gulf of Alaska
region between Kodiak and Dixon Entrance,

"Exploratory" Fishing Activities: The Ja-
panese factory stern trawler Taiyo Maru No.
81 was last sighted about 70 miles west of
Middleton Island in the central Gulf of Alaska.
This vessel was primarily seeking Pacific
ocean perch and was reportedly been experi-
encing good catches.

A second Japanese stern factory trawler
in the Gulf, the Akebono Maru No. 51, moved
from the Shumagin Islands region eastward
into the area about 40 miles west of the Trin-
ity Islands, southwest of Kodiak. Japanese

"exploratory'' efforts in 1963 reported size-
able catches of sidestripe and pink shrimp--
the main species sought by that vessel.

‘Groundfish Freezing Fishery: The stern
factory trawler Ibuki Maru and one accompa-
nying smaller side trawler were licensed by
Japan to engage in the groundfish fishery of
the Bering Sea in 1964, About early June this
vessel appeared north of Amchitka Pass in the
western Aleutians. It was believed that the
bulk of catches made by both vessels was be-

ing frozen aboard the factory trawler.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 9.

HO KOK

PLANS OF KING CRAB PROCESSORS:

A number of Alaska's seafood processors
plan to rebuild following the March earth-
quake. One processor; whose plants suffered
little direct damage due to the earthquake and
tidal waves, mustraise his shore plants at
Port Wakefield and at Seldovia due to land
subsidence. A King crab operator at Kodiak
plans to replace its shore plant there with
facilities aboard a 160x60 foot barge. That
firm does not plan to rebuild its Shearwater
salmon cannery, but will maintain a company
store and gear storage at the old Shearwater
cannery site. Another firm plans to rebuild
its plant at Kodiak but details were not yet
available. Two other king crab plants dam-
aged by the earthquake were back in produc-
tion by the end of May, but the crab supply
was limited. A shrimp processing plant re-
sumed its production of shrimp logs.

Other developments in Alaska's king crab
fishery indicated significant expansion west

August 1964

Unloading king crab at a cannery in Kodiak before the March
1964 earthquake.

of Kodiak, One major processor plans to con-
vert from canning to freezing in the Shumagin
Islands area. Significant new fisheries have
developed on the Slime Bank in the Bering Sea
and in waters surrounding Unalaska Island,

OOK OK OK OK

NEW BARGE FACILITY AT
KETCHIKAN BEING BUILT:

A contract was awarded in May to a build-
ing firm for construction of a highly versatile
barge docking installation at Ketchikan and
Northern Terminal Company's $1.5 million
rail-water terminal and industrial park at
Ketchikan in Southeastern Alaska.

The new facility will be parallel to the
Company's modern rail-barge basinand trans -
fer span and will accommodate barges up to
200 feet in length. Rail trackage will be ex-
tended onto the new dock and a large ramp to
the inshore end of the basin will provide full
roll-on, roll-off capabilities,

As a result handling of cargo will be great-
ly facilitated on freight moving through the
terminal to or from Southeastern Alaska
points, Such commodities as lumber, ores,
and canned salmon may be transferred by
crane directly from a barge to a railcar for
shipment to markets in the other states. Work
was scheduled for completion July 1, 1964.

OK OK OK Ke

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

HERRING ROE READIED FOR
SHIPMENT TO JAPAN:

The first 1964 shipment of herring roe to
Japan was reported to be about 10 tons. The
roe will be brine-cured and shipped to Japan
in boxes where it will be placed on the do-
mestic market, The product was being han-
dled by a subsidiary of a leading Japanese
fishing firm. The fishing and primary proc-
essing of the catch was to be done in Alaska
by Alaskans.

KK KOK &

GEAR COUNT FOR SOUTHEASTERN
ALASKA REGISTERED FISHING VESSELS:

A gear count has been completed for South-
eastern Alaska purse-seine and gill-net ves-
sels registered for 1964, The purse-seine
gear count shows that gear is equally divided
between residents and nonresidents and the
number increased by 2 over the past 3 years.
Gill-netting is down somewhat over the past
three years.

Registrations for 1964 as compared with
prior years are:

RA ait, wire 2 ie resident 243; nonresident 243; total 486.
SOA ad as oes me resident 252; nonresident 232; total 484.
| a ee ae resident 247; nonresident 250; total 497.
TOG etch c ce = resident 245; nonresident 206; total 451.
Gill-Netting:
IGAR ce «0's . resident 204; nonresident 166; total 370.
1UGSIEI es so ee resident 287; nonresident 164; total 451.
SOG 2m fo sn) ever te resident 242; nonresident 168; total 410.
a in fan Wi, ay resident 251; nonresident 169; total 420.

Gill-net fishing opened in the Taku-Stikine
area April 27 and was scheduled to open in
Portland Canal on June 14 and Red Bay-Lake
Bay and Lynn Canal on June 15.

LOW INTEREST RATE LOANS
AVAILABLE TO FISHING INDUSTRY:
Emergency loans from the Fisheries Loan
Fund of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries have been made at an interest rate of
3 percent to fishermen who had fishing ves-
sels or gear lost or damaged in the Alaska
earthquake and resulting tidal wave. Appli-
cations for loans of that type at this interest
rate will be accepted by the Bureau until Sep-
tember 30, 1964,

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

DENIAL OF PETITION FOR REHEARING
ON ALASKA STEAMSHIP SEASONAL
CARGO RATES:

The Federal Maritime Commission has
ruled that the Alaska Steamship Company must
lower its rates by about 2.7 percent to 6,4
percent in the seasonal Alaska trade toavoid
receiving a rate of return in excess of 10 per-
cent.

The Alaska Steamship Company had in-
creased rates in late 1961 by 10 percent on
general cargo to seasonal areas of Alaska, 20
percent on cannery supplies to Alaskan salm-
on canners, and 10 percent on salmon cannery
products southbound. The Commission start-
ed an investigation of the rates in January 1962,
In a decision dated March 5, 1964, the tariffs
were ordered amended to bring the Alaska
Steamship Company a rate of return not in
excess of 10 percent in the seasonal service,

The Alaska Steamship Company petitioned
the Commission for rehearing of the proceed-
ing, contending that the rate base used by the
Commission was not proper. The State of
Alaska and the General Services Administra-
tion supported the Commission's decision.
The Commission denied the petition for re-
hearing on May 13, 1964, thereby making the
decision final. The denial carried with it
specific increases. The Commission said it
would allow 3,6 percent and 7.3 percent north-
bound on general cargo and salmon cannery
Supplies, respectively, and 3.6 percent south-
bound on salmon cannery products,

Although salmon cannery traffic accounts
for over 90 percent of the traffic moving un-
der the contested rates, no Alaska salmon
canners took part in the proceeding. The U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries participated,
but took no position.

and Gear Research

CHARTERED EXPLORATORY
VESSEL BEGINS ACTIVITIES:

The chartered exploratory fishing vessel
Paragon arrived in Juneau on May 24, 1964,
to begin a 4-months charter period to the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for explora-
tory fishing in the area from Kodiak Island
westward, After departing Juneau on May 25,

Vol, 26, No. 8

the vessel proceeded en route to Kodiak, Ra-
dio-telephone communication the followin

day revealed that the vessel had struck a "log"
and that some damage resulted to the main
engine cooling system. She was later "beached"
at Port Wakefield when repairs were made to
the cooling system. Later reports indicated
the Paragon was conducting underwater tele-
vision experiments in the Kupreanof-Rasp-
berry Straits area of Kodiak Island,

American Samoa

EX-VESSEL PRICES FOR TUNA:

e Japanese trading and fishing firms
which have been negotiating tuna ex-vessel
prices with the United States tuna packing

pactiric ockaw

AMERICAN SAMOA
ISLAND OF TUTUILA

firms located in American Samoa reached an
agreement in mid-May 1964, Prices agreed
on are as follows (in short tons): frozenalba-
core $325; iced albacore $310; frozen gilled-
and-gutted (head on) yellowfin $275; frozen
dressed (gilled-and-gutted, head and tail off)
yellowfin $285; iced small (20-80 lbs.) round
yellowfin $250; iced medium (80-100 lbs.)
round yellowfin $210; iced large (over 100 lbs.)
round yellowfin $170. (Suisan Tsushin, May 18,
1964.)

% Ok OK

JAPANESE FISHING FIRM TO CHARGE HAN-
DLING FEE FOR DELIVERIES TO CANNERY:
ne of Japan's leading fishing companies
began on July 1, 1964, toassess a flat fee of 8
percent on tuna that it handles for delivery to
a United States tuna packing company on Amer-
ican Samoa, Previously, the Japanese fish-

August 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Tuna cannery on American Samoa operated by a United States west coast tuna canning firm,

ing company had bought the fish directly from
Japanese fishing vessels operating out of
American Samoa and resold them to one of
the American canneries on the island. (Sui-
sancho Nippo, June 1, 1964,)

BLO’
California

SEA OTTER POPULATION
DETERMINED BY CENSUS:

An aerial survey of California's sea otter
population, made in February 1964, disclosed
there are at least 396 of the animals, the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game announced
in June 1964, The census, taken in the De-
partment's twin engine Beechcraft N5614D,
was made at heights of 50 fo 150 feet, and
visibility was excellent,

The sea otter census was conducted along
the coastline between Morro Bay and Monterey
Bay. It was the third of three flights planned
for the census and was reported to have re-
sulted in the best sea otter count of the three
flights.

This year's (1964) census of 396 sea otters
is substantially below the 638 figure recorded
in the last official census taken in 1957. The
Department pointed out that natural mortality
does take a toll regularly, because sea otters
are very susceptible to injury from a rough
surf and from their natural enemies--white
sharks and killer whales, The 1964 census of
a minimum of 396 animals does point out, how-
ever, the necessity of continued protection of
that valuable animal because it is not yet pres-
ent in large enough numbers to guarantee
survival, the Department stated.

Sea otters are protected by State law with-
in the 3-mile limit and by Federal law out-

side the 3-mile limit.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 13, April
1964 p. 12.

Cans

SHIPMENTS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-APRIL 1964:
total of 840,463 base boxes of steel and
aluminum was consumed to make cans shipped
to fish and shellfish
canning plants in Janu-
ary-April 1964, an in-
crease of 2.6 percent
over the 819,096 base
boxes used eh the same period in 1963.
ote: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. A "base box" is an area 31, 360
square inches, equivalent to 112 sheets 14"x 20" size. Tonnage
figures for steel (tinplate) cans are derived by use of the factor
23.5 base boxes per short ton of steel. (In the years 1962 and
1963, tonnage data were based on the factor 21,8 base boxes per
short ton of steel.) The use of aluminum cans for packing fish-
ery products is small.

He ok ok ok ok

NEW EASY-OPEN ALUMINUM CAN
DEVELOPED FOR
MAINE SARDINE INDUSTRY:

good portion of the United States 1964
Maine sardine pack will go tomarket ina new
easy-openaluminum can, according to the
Maine Sardine Council. Inoverallappearance,
the new can closely resembles the standard
rectangular sardine can, but the cover is e-
quipped with a tab that embodies the features
of the lift-tab beer can and the easy-opening
citrus concentrate can, (Canning Trade,

June 1, 1964.)
<a

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Caroline Islands

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PROJECT
AT PALAU MAKES HEADWAY:

Construction of a commercial fisheries
project at Palau, in the Caroline Islands Group
of the United States Trust Territory of the Pa-
cific, has been under -way this past year. In
April 1964, material and equipment for build-
ing a cold-storage freezer plant and other fa-
cilities connected with the project arrived in
Palau. The project was initiated in 1963 under
an agreement with a United States west coast
tuna canning firm as a major step toward
large-scale development of a commercial fish-
ery--the most important natural resource of
the Trust Territory.

In a statement to the Trusteeship Council
in May 1964, the High Commissioner of the
Trust Territory gave a resume of significant
economic events in that area. It included de-
velopments toward the establishment of a com-
mercial fishery which could well lead to simi-
lar enterprises in other districts of the Ter-
ritory, and thus stimulate the local economy
through increased employment and a higher
level of income.

The High Commissioner said that one of
the provisions of the agreement with the Unit-
ed States firm calls for the training of Micro-
nesians as tuna fishermen and in the installa-
tions ashore where it is anticipated that some
60 or more Micronesians will be employed in
the initial phases. Six 25-ton tuna vessels
were being built and were expected to begin
operating from Koror in Palau by July 1, 1964.
Initially 48 Micronesians were to be employed
as crew members. Local contractors in Palau
participated in the construction of a living
quarters building to house some 120 tuna fish-
ermen. Other facilities to be built or in-
stalled include a 1,500 ton fish-storage freez-
er, ice-making machines, water storage tanks,
offices, and houses for technical and manage-
ment staff.

The Trust Territory Administration con-
tinued to send trainees to Hawaii to learn
live-bait tuna fishing. As of May, some 23
trainees were undergoing training on tuna ves-
sels operating out of Hawaiian ports and oth-
ers will be given similar opportunity. The
High Commissioner said it is from that group
of trainees that they hope to develop a nucleus
of experienced tuna fishermen which can, in
turn, train other Micronesians at the local
level,

Vol. 26, No. 8

Most of the pilot projects in local fish-
eries development have, up to now, been con-
centrated in Palau. With the establishment
of a large-scale commercial fisheries ven-
ture in Koror, it is now proposed to establish
a pilot fisheries project inthe Truk Dis-
trict. This will permit the transfer of the
major fisheries development effort to Truk
where initial emphasis wil be given to the de-
velopment of a fishing industry capable of
supplying all local demands for fresh fish. A
Fisheries Officer of the Trust Territory will
still remain in Palau to supervise the fish-
eries program but at that stage it is felt that
major emphasis must be given to the estab-
lishment of fishery facilities in Truk, the
Territory's largest district. Recruitment
of additional fisheries development personnel
is also being planned for the coming year.

Boat building operations in Palau were
reported being increased. The Palau Boat-
builders Association during the year com-
pleted and sold more than a dozen vessels
while an additional 15 vessels are on order.
The Palau Boat Yard has been established as
a Government pilot project under the Admin-
istration Boat Builder and this past May had
under construction a 75-foot live. bait tuna
vessel for the local fisheries project. The
Palau Boat Yard will also be used as a train-
ing center for advanced training for boat-
builders from all over the Territory. (Press
Release of U.S. Mission to the United Nations,
May 28, 1964.) |
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 85.

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

BEHAVIOR STUDIES OF LITTLE TUNA:
Swimming speed of little tuna decreases
over a 5-day period of food deprivation only
to increase again after a meal, it was ob-
served in behavior studies made by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory at Honolulu, Hawaii. The density
of their food is greater than sea water and
following a meal the weight of the whole fish
in water increases. This increase in speed
and weight in water are apparently associated
mechanically with the increased speed result-
ing in an increase in lift from the pectoral
fins, and therefore a compensation for the in-
crease in weight. These data plus data on the
occurrence of gas bladders in scombrid spe-
cies with different maximum attained weights

August 1964

were presented to the Hawaiian Academy of
Science,

The visual acuity of two humans were meas -
ured under the same conditions as previously
collected data on little tuna and skipjack.
When the visual stimulus has a brightness of
1 foot lambert, visual acuity is 0.11 for little
tuna, 0.15 for skipjack, and 0.30 for man with
a face plate. This means that man can see an
object + \and 3 the size that can be seen by lit-
tle tuna and skipjack, respectively, under the
same conditions. These data have not yet
been corrected for the distortion of the image
by the water column.

Me
“
st
7"
36

TRADE WIND ZONE
OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES CONTINUED:
M/V — Townsend Cromwell ruise 3
(April 12-May 4, 1964): To determine the
rates of change in the distribution of proper-
ties in the trade wind zone of the central North
Pacific was the main objective of this cruise
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Townsend Cromwell. The
cruise was the third in a series of oceano-
graphic cruises designed to investigate the re-
lationship between wind and ocean currents.

A total of 42 oceanographic stations were
occupied along the cruise tract as shown in
chart, At each station, temperatures andsam-
ples for salinity analysis were obtained at 20
depths to 1,500 meters.

Bathythermograms (BT) were obtained at
20-mile intervals along the cruise track. Be-
tween stations 19 and 21, 26 and 28, 35 and
37, BT casts were made at 10-mile intervals.
Surface bucket temperatures and water sam-
ples for salinity analysis were obtained at
each bathythermograph observation. BT data
were codedandtransmitted four times daily to
Fleet Numerical Weather Facility, Monterey,
Calif.

At station 24, subsurface currents were
measured, using an Ekman meter, while drift-
ing relative to a parachute drogue set at 1,200
meters.

Ten plastic enclosed drift cards were re-
leased at 30-mile intervals along the entire
cruise track and standard marine weather
observations were made and transmitted daily
at 0000, 0600, 1200,and1800 G.M.T. Radia-
tion from sun and sky was measured and re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

Legend:
© - Hydrographic station,
@ - BT station.
4 - Plankton station.

(a Foe
di2 “Udyyy 2Y, “yp
>130 “RM

Pi2
26.

Note: Shaded areas generally eastward flow; unshaded
areas generally westward flow. Based on geostrophic
interpretation of BT slides (depth of the 20° C, isotherm).

155° 150°

Cruise track of M/V Townsend Cromwell Cruise 3 (April 12-
May 4, 1964).

corded daily by an Eppley pyrheliometer.
Colored photographs of cloud formations were
made,

Surface plankton tows lasting one-half hour
were made using a 1-meter net at 2,000 daily.
Flying fish found aboard the vessel were col-
lected and preserved in formalin,

A standard watch for bird flocks and fish
schools was maintained during daylight hours.
Observers from the Smithsonian Institution
on this cruise maintained their own watch for
birds.

Field plots of the temperature distribution
in the upper 250-meter depth obtained from
BT's indicated that both the thermocline
structure and also the inferred geostrophic

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

flow pattern were undergoing a change from
the patterns observed during the February and
March 1964 cruises.

As on the previous cruises, westerly flow
predominated south of 18° N. and an irregular
flow pattern existed north of 18° N. However,
the pronounced eddy west of the island of Ha-
waii and a larger counterclockwise eddy en-
circling that Island (present during the two
previous cruises) were not apparent on this
eruise. The most significant change occurred
along the sections 148° and 151° W. between
15° and 209 N. (Here the thermocline in-
creased in depth. This, together with the geo-
strophic interpretation of the depth of the 20°
isotherm distribution, indicates that new wa-
ter is feeding into the region between 15° and
20° N., progressing westward at about 6 miles
a day. It is believed that this is associated
with the spring intensification of the Califor-
nia Current Extension.

The surface temperature ranged from a-
bout 26° C, (78.8° F.) in the southern portion
of the cruise area to 21° C. (69.8° F.) in the
northeast portion. South of 16° N., the iso-
therms aligned zonally, whereas, north and
east of the Islands they aligned in a north-
west-southeast direction,

Bird flocks and related fish schools were
predominantly sighted south of 139 N. Large
numbers of birds sighted along 25° N. during
the previous cruise were not sighted during
this cruise.

A two-day interval (April 18-20) during
this cruise period was spent at Hilo, Hawaii,
to conduct a ship's open house and educational
exhibit,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 10, May
1964 p. 13.

OCEANIC EDDIES SOUTHWEST OF
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS STUDIED:

M/V harles H. Gilbert ruise 72--
PHASE I (April 14-21, 1964); PHASE II (May 16-
23, 1964): Oceanic eddies in an area south-
west of the Hawaiian Islands were studied on
this cruise by the research vessel Charles H.
Gilbert, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Honolulu, Hawaii. The cruise was conducted
as two separate phases, each lasting about
eight days.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Fig. 1-Phase lof M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 72, April 14-21,
1964,

During Phase I of the cruise, a large eddy
with a radius of about 70 miles was located
due west of the island of Hawaii and due south
of Oahu, Its position and thermal structure
was studied as planned until engine trouble
ended the Phase I portion of the cruise. Sa-
linity samples were collected with eachbathy-
thermograph (BT) observation.

No drift cards were released during Phase
I due to its premature ending.

During Phase II, the eddy which was stud-
ied during Phase I could not be located, al-
though a thermal dome was encountered about
60 miles southwest of Oahu. A study was
carried on in the area where the eddy may
have moved since Phase I. BT observations
were made every hour and salinity samples

August 1964

Fig. 2 - Phase II of M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 72, May 16-23,
1964.

obtained with each BT. A rerun of the pattern
of BT observations was made in about the
same locations as Phase I, Preliminary stud-
ies of the two patterns showed no resemblance
of thermal topography in that area,

A total of 420 drift cards and 157 drift bot-
tles were released during Phase II.

A watch was kept for fish schools andbird
flocks during both phases. A considerable
large number of birds were seen, but the fish
schools could not be identified,

During both phases the thermograph and
barograph were operated continuously, and
standard marine weather observations were
transmitted four times daily.

Two lures were towed during daylight hours,
The total catch consisted of 2 mahimahi (Co-
ryphaena hippurus), 2 yellowfin tuna (Neo-—
thunnus macropterus), and 1 wahoo (Acantho-
cybium solandri),

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 21.

Clams

NEW LABORATORY HOLDING METHOD:

A new method for holding soft-shell clams
in laboratory tanks is employed by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory at Boothbay Harbor, Maine, A
square wooden frame covered with an 8-inch
mesh saran screen is used, The screen is

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

cut into slits, each large enough to hold one
clam upright. The tension on the screenpro-
vides support for the clam valves, helping to
hold them closed,

The advantages of the method are: (1)
clams are held ina natural upright position
to permit siphoning observations ormeasure-
ments; and (2) support is provided for the
valves, andrelaxation for the adductor mus -
cles without burying the clams inmud or sand,

Preliminary results have been satisfactory,
and clam survival is being observed in com-
parative studies of the new holding equipment
and the usual alternatives of holding clams
free on tank bottoms or buried in sand,

Crabs

EFFECTS OF CERTAIN
PYROPHOSPHATES ON MOISTURE
RETENTION IN CANNED KING CRAB:

The U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Technological Laboratory, Ketchikan,
Alaska, is conducting a short applied study of
the effects of pyrophosphates on moisture re-
tention by canned king crab. (The National
Canners Association is studying polyphos-
phates from the standpoint of struvite con-
trol.) Three experiments have been com-
pleted. Sodium acid pyrophosphates and so-
dium tripolyphosphate were used in concen-
trations ranging from 0.15-0.59 percent (with
respect to P Os) expressed as a percentage
of the fill weight of crab meat. The polyphos-
phates to be added were included in a brine
solution totaling about 50 grams. Other vari-
ables under consideration are the pH of the
polyphosphate solution, sodium chloride level,
and the initial cooking procedures necessary
for proper shucking and color retention of the
king crab meat,

Preliminary results suggest that polyphos-
phates used in amounts similar to those pro-
posed for control of struvite in canned king
crab can reduce shrinkage during retorting
but do not cause the crab meat to absorb ad-
ditional water. Additional experiments have
been planned to verify earlier results and
suggest whether the experiments should be
continued further,

Federal Aid for Sport Fish
and Wildlife Restoration

INTERIOR APPORTIONS FUNDS
TO STATES FOR FY 1965:

A preliminary distribution of $14.2 million
in Federal-aid funds for fish and wildlife res-
toration projects was made available to the
states on July 1,1964, Secretary of the Interior
Stewart L. Udall announced on June 4, 1964.
This is an increase of $1.6 million over asim-
ilar distribution a year earlier.

Of the $14.2 million allocated so far this
year, $10.9 million is for wildlife restoration
and $3.3 million is for sport fishing projects.
The preliminary apportionments enable states
with small reserve funds to finance their Fed-
eral-aid operations from July 1 until the final
apportionment for the year which comes in the
fall.

Fish and wildlife restoration funds come
from Federal excise taxes collected from
manufacturers, importers, and producers of
certain types of hunting and fishing equipment.
Distribution of the funds is based on the num-
ber of paid license holders ina state and on
the state area. , The Federal Aid in Fish and
Wildlife Restoration programs are adminis-
tered by the Interior Department's Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Under the Federal-aid programs, states
spend their own funds on approved projects
and are reimbursed for up to 75 percent of
the cost. The laws establishing the programs
also provide $10,000 each for Guam, Puerto
Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The total 1965
Fiscal Year apportionment for those areas is
included in the July 1, 1964, preliminary ap-

ortionment,
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 36.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-MAY 1964:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, more fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts were purchased by the Defense Subsist-
ence Supply Centers in May 1964 than in the
previous month. The increase was 27.5 per-
cent in quantity and 24.4 percent in value.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Suppl May 1964 with Comparisons

1963 | 1964 | 1963
Bisns 211 (LR OUOILESS) ESI
1, 752 | 10,735 | 9985
1

Compared with the same month in the pre-
vious year, purchases in May 1964 were up
26.2 percent in quantity and 19.7 percent in
value due mainly to larger purchases of
shrimp and scallops. The gain was partly
offset by smaller purchases of most fish fil-
let items.

Table 2 -Selected Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products|
by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, May 1964
—

with Comparisons

Shrimp:
Raw headless
Peeled and deveined
Breaded

51,070] 1/ 402, 490
12,044) 1/ 105, 164 1/
66, 832| 507, 654

4,675] 20,414| 141,533] 119,584

Flounder and sole
Haddock

104,927]111,882| 528,722] 612,480
25,652] 19,570] 90,629] 89,495
810] 2,642] 6,820] _13, 872

| 1/Breakdown not available.
2/Includes 8,650 pounds of haddock portions.

Total purchases in the first 5 months of
1964 were up 8.9 percent in quantity from
those in the same period of 1963, but down 2.0
percent in value because of generally lower
prices. In January-May 1964, there were
larger purchases of shrimp, scallops, and
clams, but noticeably lower purchases of cod
fillets, haddock fillets, ocean perch fillets,
halibut steaks, and swordfish steaks.

Canned: In the first 5 months of 1964, total
purchases of the 3 principal canned fishery
products (tuna, salmon, and sardines) were up
54.0 percent in quantity and 58.6 percent in
value from those in the same period of the
previous year. The increase was due to larger
purchases of tuna and salmon. The gain was
partly offset by smaller purchases of canned
sardines.

August 1964

Table 3 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Supply Contes, May 1964 with Comparisons

QUANTIY VALUE
| May | __Jan. -Mai Ma
1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 | 1964
ioe (1, OOO Ls. )ire. ota SE) wrerane (S15 DOU) ar aeaitetts
465 |1,842]1,463 | 170 | 217] 815 | 723

679 1a) SE 5 | 416

127|_ 242| 49] 22] 90

Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local
ases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because data on local purchases are not
obtainable.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 11.

Fish -Farming

LABOR-SAVING GEAR TESTED IN
RICE-FARM PONDS:

Several types of fishing gear new to inland
fish farmers were successfully testedin rice-
farm fish ponds near Dumas, Ark., in early
1964 by U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries technicians.

A 2,000-foot nylon haul seine successfully
harvested nearly 5,000 pounds of buffalofish
and an undetermined number of small crappie
in one haul from a 39-acre pond. The catch
was estimated to include 50 percent of the
buffalofish known to be stocked in the pond,.
An elevator-conveyor belt designed to move
the fish catch from the net to a waiting truck
also proved successful when the net was emp-
tied of the 2,5-ton catch in about 1 hour,

Fig. 1 - This labor-saving method of removing buffalofish from a
Tice-farm fish pond by means of a fish elevator was successfully
demonstrated to local fish farmers.

_ Inanother series of tests, slat traps were set
in a fish pond to determine their effectiveness

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

for catching a relatively small number of cat-
fish for marketing on short notice, Daily lift-
ing of the traps indicated two factors which
apparently affect the catch rate of the trap
gear. One is the effect of movements of local
weather frontal systems, and the other is the
decoying effect of captured catfish attracting
others to the same trap. One catch of 121
pounds of channel catfish made during a 48-
hour set emphasized the decoying effect.
Over one-half of the fish were taken from 1
of the 10 traps set, and it was jammed so full
that 1 more fish could not have forced through
the opening. Such behavior is successfully
used in other fresh-water fisheries to im-
prove gear efficiency. The reactions of cat-
fish will be studied further during future slat-
trap operations,

Fig. 2 - Catfish in a rice farm fish pond are being concentrated
in a small area With aseine-type gear preparatory to removing
them from the pond.

The tests were conducted as part ofa gear-
development project to assist the farm-pond
fish operators to economically harvest fish
raised for the commercial market,

Fish Handling

AIR PUMP FOR UNLOADING FISH:

An air pump to unload fishing vessels is
offered by a Texas company. The pump is
available in varying capacities to fit different
operations, The manufacturer states, ''Bas-
ically, this new unit operates on a vacuum
dry-air suction principle, utilizing a light-
weight rubber suction hose that is lowered
into the hold of the trawler, through which the
product is air-lifted into a vacuum chamber
and discharged into a standard-type wash tank
equipped with a conveyor belt to remove the
product from the tank. No water is required
in the hold of the trawler.’ The manufactur-
er claims: (1) this method of unloading re-
quires only one man to lower the hose into a
vessel and to do such raking as is necessary

ees

ah |

to keep a steady flow of product being air-
lifted into the tank; (2) the unit does not dam-
age fish or shellfish in any manner andactual-
ly eliminates the damage normally done
through shoveling as when unloading by basket
or barrel methods; and (3) capacity per hour
has proven very satisfactory with a low main-

tenance cost.
a

Fish Kills

FISH KILLS BY WATER POLLUTIONIN 1963:

Water pollution killed more than an esti-
mated 7.8 million fish during 1963, reported
the U.S. Public HealthService onJune 5, 1964,
This is an increase of 750,000 fish over the
estimated water-pollution fish kill reported in
1962. Industrial operations, the largest iden-
tified cause of fish kills, accounted for almost
3.2 million dead fish. Municipal sewage, the
second most common cause, killed more than
1 million fish, and agricultural operations
caused more than 760,000 fish deaths.

The U.S. Public Health Service does not
specify the number of fish that died inthe 1963
heavy fish kill on the lower Mississippi River
in Louisiana. At the time the State of Louisiana
reported the kill it was not known whether the
deaths were natural or causedby pollution. The
cause of the fish kill has since been found to
be endrin (a pesticide).

Hight states did not submit reports on fish
kills. Three states reported no known kills
occurring in their areas.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

In addition to the massive fish kills in
Louisiana, three other large fish kills were
reported in 1963, An estimated 2 million fish
were killed in the Wahiawa Reservoir on Oahu
Island in Hawaii. The fish were reported dy-
ing in a limited area of the reservoir in the
vicinity of the Wahiawa sewage treatment
plant. Although the plant gives complete treat-
ment to its sewage, there is a possibility that
some toxic substance may have been dis-
charged, but it was not proved.

An accidental spill of lethal quantities of
resin acid soaps from a paper company near
Weldon, N.C., killed about 100,000 fish. The
spill lasted for 8 mintues and dumped between
10,000 and 15,000 gallons of the wastes, af-
fecting more than 100 miles of the Roanoke
River.

The third large fish kill in 1963 occurred
in the Coweeman River near Kelso, Wash.,
where an accidental break in a hose dumped
4,000 gallons of Diesel oil into the river.
Fish were completely destroyed or severely
damaged along a 10- to 13-mile stretch ofthe
river and an estimated total of 59,000 fish
were killed,

More than 2,200 miles of river and more
than 5,600 acres of lakes were involved in

the fish kills reported for 1963.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 50.

VSOMBY

Fur Seals

MODIFIED TAGGING TECHNIQUES
SUGGESTED TO PREVENT:
EXCESS MORTALITY:

The possible reason why the mortality rate
of tagged fur seal pups is higher than that of
untagged pups has been indicated by dissec-
tion studies by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Marine Mammal Laboratory
in Seattle, Wash. Special attention to the arm
and flipper revealed that vital blood vessels
and '"swimming'' muscles make up the site
where tags for population studies are normal=
ly attached. In view of that finding, research
biologists tagging or marking other animals
may wish to examine their marking and tag-
ging techniques.

August 1964

Gear

MIDWATER TRAWL TESTS SUCCESSFUL
IN PACIFIC COAST HAKE FISHERY:

The first successful use of an experiment-
al midwater trawl to capture large quantities
of hake may be a major breakthrough in the
establishment of a new commercial fishery
off the Pacific Coast of the United States,
Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall an-
nounced on May 29, 1964, The use of such
gear to catch hake (a species related to East
Coast whiting) indicates the feasibility of com -
mercial harvesting of this abundant but pres-
ently unused West Coast resource, the Interi-
or Secretary added,

The trawl (a net with an 80-foot by 80-foot
oval opening which fishes in the mid-depths of
the ocean) was developed by fishing gear spe-
cialists of Interior's Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Regional Office at Seattle, Wash.

It is many times larger than nets commonly
used by United States commercial fishermen.

A significant factor in recent tests of the
new trawl was that it was used on a standard
commercial trawler, the St. Michael, a 75-
foot vessel operating out of Bellingham, Wash.,
indicating the adaptability of the present West
Coast fishing fleet to this type gear. The St.
Michael, chartered by the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, made four one-hour drags dur-
ing the test in depths of from 50 to 60 fathoms
(300 to 360 feet), The catch amounted to 8,200
pounds on the first trawl, 30,000 pounds the
second, 42,000 the third, and 60,000 the fourth.
The fish were located by an echo-sounder
southwest of Destruction Island off the north
coast of Washington, They averaged about 22
inches long and weighed from 2 to 3 pounds
each,

Scientific studies have shown that hake is
the most prolific fish along the Pacific Coast,
Secretary Udall said, Hake can be used as a
food fish, makes a high quality white fish meal
for animal and poultry feeds, and has great
potential for use in the manufacture of fish
protein concentrate,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUN-
DANCE STUDIES OF ALEWIFE AND CHUB
STOCKS IN LAKE MICHIGAN CONTINUED:

M/V “Kaho™ Cruise 17 (April 28-May 22,
1964): To extend knowledge of the seasonal
distribution and abundance of alewife and
chubs and their availability to bottom trawls
was the primary purpose of this cruise by the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-
ploratory fishing and gear research vessel
Kaho between April 28-May 22, 1964--a pe-
riod not previously studied in this portion of
the Great Lakes, (The establishment of fish
meal plants in Wisconsin recently has created
a demand for large, inexpensive supplies of
fish. Although spawning alewife are usually
readily available to traditional Great Lakes
fishing gear from May to August, trawling
will be relied upon to furnish fish economi-
cally for fish meal plants during other peri-
ods of the year.) Secondary objectives of the
cruise were to collect length-frequency data
for chubs and alewife, and samples of various
species for laboratory analysis relating to
special studies.

Excellent catches of alewife were taken in
all areas fished in southern Lake Michigan
except off Ludington. In northern Lake Mich-
igan and Green Bay, alewife were widely
scattered and significant catches were made
only off Sturgeon Bay and in Grand Traverse
Bay. Good catches of chubs were taken off
Waukegan and Arcadia. With the exception of
a few catches of smelt and white suckers, oth-
er species were not taken in significant a-
mounts,

FISHING OPERATIONS: A total of 135
trawl drags were completed with a 52-foot
(headrope) fish trawl in 20 days of explora-
tory operations. Of the total, 66 drags were
completed in southern Lake Michigan, 46 in
northern Lake Michigan, and 23 in Green Bay.
At each fishing location in the open lake,
paired drags were made in opposite direc-
tions at a preselected depth to determine the
optimum towing direction for makingall other
drags in the area. Drags were of 30 minutes
duration except for 14 which were terminated

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 26, No. 8

MANISTIQUE $e

MANITOWOC # Ay i)

1 c
PORT WASHINGTON Tei (MMII 7
lie 7

1
'

WAUKEGAN #8

Wig i

‘

y ian mn Ht WHITEHALL

t Wit cRankrorT

Irpit

MW Haya it LUDINGTON

Legend:

TRAWL DRAG =
SNAG ENCOUNTERED ——

WT (Ht st. JOSEPH

t) 30
—————e

STATUTE MILE

Lake Michigan explorations, M/V Kaho Cmise 17 (April 28-May 22, 1964).

early due to the presence of rough bottom or
set nets and 4 others which were terminated
after 15 minutes because of the large quanti-
ties of alewife being taken.

Although snags were encountered, net dam-
age was relatively minor. Bottom topography
and bathymetric distribution of fish were con-
tinuously monitored and recorded with a high-
resolution echo sounder.

FISHING RESULTS: Southern Lake Michi-
gan: Fishing results at stations off opposite
shores in the southern portion of the Lake re-
vealed substantial differences in species in-
terrelationship and availability. Excellent
catches of alewife were taken at various
depths in each area except off Ludington,
where catches of all species were insignifi-
cant, possibly due to severe weather condi-
tions immediately preceding the exploratory

August 1964

fishing effort. The best catch rate for alewife
was experienced off Port Washington at 10
fathoms, where 1,500 pounds of alewife were
caught in a 5-minute drag. At other fishing
stations in southern Lake Michigan, the best
catches of alewife ranged from 1,340 to 3,800
pounds per drag.

Good catches of chubs (ranging from 300 to
1,130 pounds) were taken at 40 fathoms off
Benton Harbor, at 25 to 45 fathoms off Wauke-
gan, at 25 and 35 fathoms off Port Washing-
ton, and at 35 and 40 fathoms off Manitowoc,
Sculpins were taken in moderate amounts at
the relatively deeper depths.

Northern Lake Michigan: Significant catch-
es of alewife in northern Lake Michigan were
made off Sturgeon Bay at 15, 20, and 25, fath-
oms (450 to 650 pounds) and in Grand Tra-
verse Bay at 25 and 35 fathoms (525 and 450
pounds), The best catches of chubs (230 to
600 pounds) were taken at 20 to 45 fathoms
off Arcadia, Michigan. A fairly large catch
of white suckers (325 pounds) was taken in
Little Traverse Bay. Sculpins and smelt also
were caught in moderate amounts in northern
Lake Michigan,

Green Bay: Operations in Green Bay pro-
duced only small catches of alewife. Individu-
al catches of smelt (250 pounds) and white
suckers (120 and 195 pounds) were the only
species caught in significant amounts through-
out Green Bay.

Echo-sounder recordings near the entrance
to Green Bay indicated scattered fish at mid-
depths--apparently the vanguard of the mi-
gration of alewife into Green Bay.

HYDROGRAPHIC DATA: Bathythermo-
graph casts were made in each fishing area,
and air and water temperatures were record-
ed continuously. During the cruise, the sur-
face water temperatures of Lake Michigan
ranged from 34° to 48° F. and those of Green
Bay from 36° to 58° F.

M/V ''Kaho" Cruise 19 (June 23-July 23,
1964): To extend knowledge of the seasonal
distribution, abundance, and availability of
alewife and chub stocks to bottom trawls was
the primary objective of this cruise by the
Bureau's exploratory fishing vessel Kaho.
The announcement of this cruise was made
June 18, 1964, Following trawl explorations
in Green Bay and northern Lake Michigan
from June 23 to July 2, the vessel berthed at

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

its base in Saugatuck, Mich., for about ten
days and then resumed trawl explorations in
southern Lake Michigan.

Area of Operation: Lakewide transects
were planned in Lake Michigan between Ben-
ton Harbor, Mich., and Waukegan, I1l.; Port
Washington, Wis., and White Lake Mich.;
Manitowoc, Wis., and Ludington, Mich.; and
Frankfort, Mich., and Sturgeon Bay, Wis.
Previously established fishing stations in
Green Bay and northern Lake Michigan near
Manistique, north of Beaver Island, and in
Little and Grand Traverse Bays.

Method of Operation: High-resolution echo-
sounding equipment was to be used to record
bottom and off-bottom fish concentrations. A
52-foot (headrope) fish trawl was to be used
at standard stations to assess the commer-
cial trawling potential, Thirty-minute tows
were to be made at 5-fathom intervals from
10 to 50 fathoms and at 10-fathom intervals
from 50 to 70 fathoms along the lakewide
transects. Various hydrographic and mete-
orologic conditions were to be monitored con-
tinuously, and night-light stations occupied in
southern Lake Michigan to determine the ef-

fectiveness of attracting lights.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 15.

He OK ok ok ok
MORE EFFECTIVE TRAWLING
OF COMMERCIAL SPECIES IN
LAKE SUPERIOR STUDIED:

M/V "Kaho" Cruise 18 (May 25-June 10,
1964): To determine the potential for more
effective and profitable methods of catching
and handling commercial fish species in Lake
Superior was the purpose of this cruise by the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-
ploratory fishing vessel Kaho, The area of
operations was in Lake Superior between
Munising and the Keweenaw Peninsula,

This 17-day cruise was the first of three
planned for this year. Fishery explorations
by the Kaho are part of a special program to
furnish technical assistance to the fishing in-
dustry in the Great Lakes region, Other as-
pects of the program include studies on the
development, preservation, and marketing of
fishery products, and economic analyses of
existing and potential industry operations.

Principal accomplishments resulting from
this cruise included: (1) the location of con-
siderable areas suitable for bottom trawling,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bete Grise Bay OED) s

: ‘ Grand Traverse. Bay 7

'-Y/ Huron Bay :

Vol. 26, No. 8

Legend:

Trawl Drag ———————_>

Snag Encountered aaa

7 ©

Station Number

~s Granite Island

% oe:
Munising

Fig. 1 - Shows area of operation during Kaho Cruise 18, May 25-June 10, 1964.

(2) the catching of commercially significant
quantities of chub and smelt, and (3) the inci-
dental detection and recording of midwater
concentrations of fish. Although it was nec-
essary to search intensively for good trawl-
ing grounds in that area, which is noted for
steep and rugged bottom conditions, clear
areas were found at various depths ranging
from 5 to 62 fathoms. Good catches of chub
were taken in Keweenaw Bay and off the east-
ern shore of Keweenaw Peninsula, and fair
amounts of smelt were caught in Keweenaw
Bay and Huron Bay. Only small catches of
cisco (lake herring) were made during the
cruise, but the many small scattered schools
of fish detected in middepths could well have
been composed of that species. Midwater and
surface fishing are to be attempted during the
next two cruises scheduled for August and
November.

Exploratory Operations: Survey transects,
totaling about 800 statute miles, were care-
fully examined with a high-resolution white-
line-type echo-sounder and a standard deep-
water sounder, The former instrument de-
tects subsurface fish, discriminates fish
echos from bottom echos when the two are in
close proximity, and provides evidence of
bottom characteristics (figure 2).

A total of 42 drags was made with a 52-

' foot (headrope) Gulf of Mexico-type fish trawl

where bottom conditions appeared to be suit-
able (see table 1). Dragging time was held to 15
minutes during most of the operation because
of unfamiliarity with bottom conditions and to
permit broader coverage within the limited
time period, Snags, logs and trees, or rough
bottom conditions were encountered during 13
drags--most of which were terminated when

August 1964

wwe we ewer ee,

ee ed lin it ti at al atoll

Surface

Bottom - 28 fathoms

“AKA.
RAS Sho. Saaee

Fig. 2 - Echograms from a high resolution echo-sounder showing
bottom profile, fish near the bottom, and at midwater depths.
A--Echogram made at station 50; distance traveled is 2 nautical
miles, B--Echogram made near station 53; distance traveled is
approximately 4 nautical miles.

difficulties were recognized. Only 3 of the
encounters resulted in severe net damage.

Four others suffered minor damage and the
remaining 6 caused no damage,

The actual fishing effort during the cruise
was limited due to the time required for
searching out trawlable grounds. Activities
from Munising to Big Bay were restricted be-
cause of numerous commercial gill-netting
operations, Although soundings were made to
depths of over 100 fathoms, fishing was con-
fined for the most part to depths of less than
50 fathoms (see table 1),

Fishing Results: The best fishing results
of the cruise were in Huron Bay, Keweenaw
Bay, and off the east shore of Keweenaw Pe-
ninsula, Chub were caught in amounts of from
110 to 415 pounds in seven 15-minute drags,
and smelt in amounts up to 300and 320 pounds
in two 30-minute drags. Smelt were found to
be distributed over a relatively wide depth
range of from 5 to 39 fathoms. Catches of
that species consisted of many sizes ranging
from small 3- to 4-inch juveniles to the older
fish measuring 12 inches long or over. Rela-
tively large chubs were caught in commer-
cially significant quantities at depths ranging
from 35 to 62 fathoms--the deepest water

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REIVEW 27

8 2
@ead
Piinawwe

ee
Soe

wBis.

e1biei
tite
wreies

a
PUCMBEelieer tr i tare | minis

Gruysiroe

Keweenaw Bay to
East Portage Entry
»

9
5
1
1
1

eww aborw

>|Grand Traverse Bay
to Bete Grise Bay

wey
Rl

fi nd whi 5
Bs: , tore net.
B/Encountered gill net, drag terminated early.

fished during the cruise. The measurement
of samples indicated that 70 percent (by weight)
of the chub catches were comprised of fish
over nine inches long (No. 2's, No. 1's, and
"jumbos"’),

Only small numbers of cisco were taken
occasionally throughout the depth ranges
fished. Midwater groups of fish, which may
have been cisco recorded by the depth-sound-
er, were judged to be too small and too scat-
tered to warrant attempts to fish.for them
during this cruise.

Alewife, whitefish, and lake trout were
also caught in relatively small amounts. In-

dividual alewife were large in comparison to
those caught in Lake Michigan during recent
years. Round whitefish were taken more of-
ten than were common whitefish.

Table 2 - Miscellaneous Species in Trawl Catches by the
Exploratory Fishing Vessel M/V Kaho
Species Per Drag

Yielding
Burbot 10 up to 12 pounds
| Pigmy whitefish 11 up to 3 pounds
! Sculpin 8 up to 27 pounds
Stickleback 14 up to 4 pounds
Suckers 3 up to 2 pounds
Trout-perch 6 up to 1 pound

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Water Temperatures: A bathythermograph
and continuous surface temperature recorder
were used to monitor thermal gradients in the
areas fished. Stratification was not well de-
fined, but surface temperatures varied from
40° F. to 52° F, from offshore to sheltered
waters and bottom temperatures ranged from
39° F. to 48° F. in the same manner.

Technological Studies: Observations were
made and fish samples collected to initiate
technological preservation and processing in-
vestigations in connection with the Lake Su-
perior technical assistance program.

i eh! Oi i

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

SEA LAMPREY CONTROL IN
LAKE SUPERIOR AND LAKE MICHIGAN:
The number of spawning-migrant sea lam-
preys captured at the electric barriers on
streams tributary to Lake Superior totaled
8,816 as of June 12, 1964, compared with
6,736 and 6,138 for the same period in 1963
and 1962, respectively. Reports indicated
that conditions.were favorable for an early
sea lamprey run during the 1964 season which
may explain the larger number of lampreys
captured. The June 1964 catch was still well
below that of 1961 when 42,395 adults were
taken through the same period. The three
barriers on streams entering northern Green
Bay of Lake Michigan caught only 4,319 adult
sea lampreys through June 12, 1964, com-

pared with 6,995 for the same period in 1963.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 23,
July 1963 p. 38.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V “Gus III” Cruise GUS-17 (May 12-26,
1964): Shrimp distribution studies in the
northwestern part of the Gulf of Mexico (off
the Mississippi to Texas coasts) were con-
tinued during this cruise by the chartered re-
search vessel Gus III of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, Galveston, Tex. Hight statisticalareas
(13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were cov-
ered and standard 3-hour tows with a 45-foot
Gulf shrimp trawl were made,

Vol. 26, No. 8

During this cruise, 43 tows with a 45-foot
flat trawl were made, as well as 46 plankton
tows, 60 bathythermograph and 43 nansenbot-
tle casts. Hight of the shrimp trawl tows
were made in depths varying from 200 to 480
fathoms. Shrimp specimens collected inthose
tows were to be identified later and thenadded
to the Galveston Biological Laboratory's ref-
erence collection. One sled-mounted Gulf V
plankton tow was made successfully in a depth
of 520 fathoms.

The largest catches of brown shrimp were
made in area 16 (41 pounds of 15-20 count)
from the over 20 fathom depth, and 11 pounds
of 21-25 count shrimp from the 10-20 fathoms
depth range. Area 20 yielded 33 pounds of
brown shrimp (over 68 count) from the up to
10 fathom depth and also 46 pounds of small
pink shrimp from that same depth. Catches
of pink shrimp in other areas were sporadic
(yielding less than one pound each) except in
area 19 where 5 pounds was taken from the
0-10 fathom depth.

Catches of white shrimp were moderate
in area 13 (30 pounds of mostly 21-25 count)
with the 10-20 fathom depth yielding the
greater part. White shrimp were also caught
in the 0-10 fathom depth!ofarea 19 (20 pounds
of 15-20 count), as well as 6 pounds of the
same count from 10-20 fathoms in that area.

Notes: ) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are
the number of heads-off shrimp per pound.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 14.

Industrial Fishery Products

OBSERVATIONS AND VIEWS
IN TEXAS ON USE OF FISHERY
BYPRODUCTS IN ANIMAL FEED:

Mixed feed manufacturers and experiment station workers
in Texas were visited during April 27- May 5, 1964, by the
Animal Nutritionist of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Technical Advisory Unit, Boston, Mass. Observations
oe during that trip and the views of persons interviewed

ollow:

Whereas nearly all the feed mill officials and experiment
station scientists visited on the trip expressed high regard
for fish reduction products in nutrition, many offered com-
ments that, taken together, suggest that the future market for
those products may tend to decrease unless some changes
are made,

The comment most frequently heard was that at the prices
prevailing in April and May 1964, fish meal is in danger of
being ‘‘priced off the market.’’ For example, a nutritionist
employed by a large firm stated that fish meal is not includ-
ed in his rations, formulated by linear programming, unless
minimum levels are specified. Broiler and poultry breeder

August 1964

rations produced by that firm do contain 3-percent fish meal,
but this is only because of the minimum that is specified,
whereas turkey starter rations are supplied with more lib-
eral levels as ‘‘safety factors.’’ Another nutritionist em-
ployed by a large firm said that less than 1 percent of fish
meal is incorporated in his rations by computer formulation,
but he includes 3 percent of the meal in his turkey and broil-
er starter rations ‘‘just to be on the safe side.’’

The comment encountered with second greatest frequency
is that the mixed feed industry cannot much longer tolerate
the extreme variability in quality exhibited by some imported
fish meals and, in addition, according to a number of mixed
feed producers, domestic fish meals are not invariably of top
quality. A leading experiment station scientist pointed out
that the amounts of feed mixed by present-day methods ac-
cording to a single formula are extremély large and, for that
reason, mistakes of any kind in feed mixing cannot be toler-
ated. If ingredients (including fish meal) below the quality
specified in the formula are included in the mixture, the end
result might be a ration that would not perform properly in
actual use. The scientist suggested that if fish meal of uni-
form high quality cannot be marketed, the second best solu-
tion may be to sell three different grades of meal, Several
nutritionists employed by feed mills stated that there is little
hope that a grading system can be made to function effec-
tively.

An official of a very large Texas firm stated that for the
past 6 years his company has been using only imported pil-
chard meal because of its consistently high quality and also
because it is slightly less expensive at the company’s mill
than is United States whole meal. (Whole meal is preferred
to ordinary fish meal by the officials of this particular firm.)
During a period of several years, only one shipment of infe-
rior pilchard meal was received and a satisfactory adjust-
ment was made on that shipment without delay.

A nutritionist representing a very large feed-producing
firm dramatized the prevailing situation with regard to vari-
ability in fish meal quality by exhibiting some samples under
magnification, Concerning a sample that contained exces-
sive amounts of salt, scales, and bone, he said: ‘‘The sale of
this sort of product is going to ruin the market for fish meal
unless buyers are informed in advance of the quality of the
products they are getting.’’

A number of nutritionists stated that since the introduction
on the market of a uniform high quality poultry byproducts
meal, feed producers are no longer dependent entirely upon
fish meal, It was also pointed out by a number of nutrition-
ists that the quality of feather meal produced by some firms
is quite high and that such meal is competitive with fish
meal as a source of some amino acids and B vitamins,

Workers also pointed out that the two commonly used meth-
ods of measuring the fat in fish meal yield very different re-
sults, The two methods are the ether extract procedure and
the method of the A,O.A.C, (Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists). This problem should receive early atten-
tion; the statement that a given sample of fish meal contains
a definite amount of fat should not leave the buyer in doubt
as to the actual amount of this nutrient present,

Several producers of cattle feeds expressed interest in
fish meal as an ingredient of ‘‘range blocks,’’ Such blocks,
consisting of a mixture of protein, mineral, and vitamins, of-
ten contain fish meal, Cattle feed producers also expressed
interest in the possibility of using marine oils in their prod-
ucts when, and if, the prices of such oils should decline low
enough to make them competitive with stabilized fats.

A leading Texas research scientist suggested experi-
ments to determine the feasibility of using marine oils in the
nutrition of young turkeys. He suggests that the oils might
be used at levels as high as 5 percent of the ration to stimu-
late growth for 8 to 16 weeks, then reduced to 1 percent, or
less, to avoid the possibility of off-flavors in the meat. Be-
cause of the large number of turkeys grown in the United
States, such fowl offer a possible market that may be large
enough to absorb any overproduction of marine oils that
may take place in the future. At present prices, fish oil is

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

too valuable to be used as a source of energy. However, if
at some future time the price of the oil should decline
enough to make it competitive with stabilized fats, its use
in turkey feeding can be given consideration. (Technical
Advisory Unit, U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Boston, Mass.)

we % kK ok ok

U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES:

Production and Imports, January-April 1964: Based on do-
mestic production and imports, the United States available sup-
ply of fish meal for January-April 1964 amounted to 175,429
short tons--26,059 tons (or 17,4 percent) more than during Jan-
uary-April 1963. Domestic production was 6.22.81 tons (or 19,8
percent) less, but imports were 29,288 tons (or 22.0 percent)
higher than in January-April 1963, Peru continued to lead oth-
er countries with shipments of 130,276 tons,

The United States supply of fish solubles (including homog-
enized fish) during January-April 1964 amounted to 7,377
tons--a decrease of 28.0 percent as compared with the same
period in 1963. Domestic production and imports dropped
31.8 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively.

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January-April 1964 with So

| + + Magar: =| Apr.

[aiees™ | 1865)

Fish Meal and Scrap:
| Domestic production:

LE Er Ee 4,991 181,750
“onCMc Se 7,167 26,957
Co Se ere ee er = 7,537

37,208

253,452

So, Africa Republic........ 12/296
Other countries... 2.6 sss 2,274

SLiaia yan se 1 162,371 133,083 | 383,107

Available fish meal supply.... 175,429 |149,370
Fish Solubles:
Domestic production 2/......

Imports;

So. Africa Republic..... : : :
Gthercountries:. . cs... ci, 4

6,773

114,175

'1/Preliminary -
2/Included with "other,"
3/50-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized condensed fish.

HK KE

Production and Imports, January-March
1964: Based on domestic production and im-
ports, the United States available supply of
fish meal for January-March 1964 amounted
to 112,205 short tons--2,218 tons (or 1.9 per-
cent) less than during January-March 1963,
Domestic production was 2,160 tons (or 27,2

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-March 1964
with Comparisons

=Ma
» » © « (Short Tons). .

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:

Menhaden,.... 5

Tuna and mackerel .. .

Herring. ..... .

Otherl le se esis) elle «

Imports:
Canada.....
Peru see se we eee
Chile) o ) je se
Norway .. 2...
So. Africa Republic

SvaTlable fish meal supply « - [112,205 [114,423 636, 5

Fish Solubles: i
Domestic production 2/ aa 2,793 5,361 | 107,402

Imports:
Candda sss. ses « 455 563

Weaikwtel = 5 6 6050 0 -
So. Africa Republic ... 429 -
Other countries... . 198 729

Available fish solubles supply. 3, 875

1/Preliniinary .

2/Included with "other,"

3/50-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized con-
densed fish.

105

percent) less, and imports were only 58 tons
less than in January-March 1963, Peru con-
tinued to lead other countries with shipments
of 84,392 tons.

The United States supply of fish solubles
(including homogenized fish) during January-
March 1964 amounted to 3,875 tons--a de-
crease of 43.2 percent as compared with the
same period in 1963. Domestic production
and imports dropped 47.9 percent and 25.9
percent, respectively.

we oc ok ok ok =a

Production and Imports, January-Febru-
ary 1964: Based on domestic production and
imports, the United States available supply of
fish meal for January-February 1964amount-
ed to 70,013 short tons--6,300 tons (or 9.9
percent) more than during January-February
1963. Domestic production was 1,403 tons
(or 27.3 percent) less, but imports were7,703
tons (or 13.1 percent) more than in January-
February 1963, Peru continued to lead other
countries with shipments of 55,222 tons.

The United States supply of fish solubles
(including homogenized fish) during January-

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
anuary -February 1964 with Comparisons

wi an. -Feb Total
em T7i964 1963

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:
Menhaden. .....-.
Tuna and mackerel . .
Herring ...... o
CHne) Geo acon oo

Total production

So. Africa Republic. 2 .
Other countries. . ...

Available fish meal supply

Fish Solubles:
Domestic production 2/
Imports:
Canada ..... ee
Tcelandiessmnmeiemene

345

So. Africa Republic 339
Other countries . . 198

Tei eases 5 el ae

Available fish solubles supply. 2, 764 | 2,962 | 114, 175

1/Preliminary.

2/Included with "other."

3/50-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized con-
densed fish.

February 1964 amounted to 2,764 tons--a de-
crease of 6.7 percent as compared with the
same period in 1963. Domestic production
dropped 28.8 percent and imports increased
178.2 percent.

He HK ke ok Ok

U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

Production, April 1964: During April 1964,
a total of about 3.5 millionpounds of marine-
animal oils and 7,094 tons of fish meal and
scrap was produced inthe United States. Com-
pared with April 1963, this was a decrease of
3.1 million pounds or 47.0 percent in oil, and
a decrease of 1,246 tons or 14.9 percent in
meal and scrap production.

Menhaden oil, amounting to 2.7 million
pounds, accounted for 77.9 percent ofthe April
1964 oil production. Compared with April 1963,
this was a decrease of 3.0 million pounds. Men-
hadenmeal, amounting to 3,146 tons, accounted
for 44.3 percent of the April meal production-~-
a decrease of 1,845 tons, compared with the
same month last year.

A total of 3,045 tons of fish solubles was
produced in April 1964--a decrease of 1,042

August 1964

U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
April ee with Comparisons
| Total |
rareety Soasic 1964 | 1963 | 1963

a Terialtig eta) 0 ¥ichersis
Menhaden3/.......
Sardine, Pacific ....
Tuna and mackerel ..
Unclassified.......

Shellfish, Seviaat htine*animail 4 |
meal and scrap..... - 4] .

Grand total
meal and scrap . at A

1,836| 74,831)
5,476 a 34

Menhaden 3
Tuna and mackerel . .
Other (including whale)

inary data,
naib in "other" or "unclassified,"
ncludes a small quantity of thread herring.
ot available on a moni basis.

tons or 25.5 percent as compared with April
1963,

The quantity of fish meal processed during
the first 4 months of 1964 amounted to 13,058
tons--3,229 tons less than the same period of
the previous year, Marine-animal oil amount-
ed to 5.0 million pounds--2,852 pounds less
than the same period of 1963,

OK OK OK

Production, March 1964: During March
1964, a total of 2,235 tons of fish meal and
scrap and 584,000 pounds of marine animal
oil was produced in the United States, Com-
pared with March 1963 this was a decrease of
480 tons (17.7 percent) in fish meal produc-
tion but an increase of 132,000 pounds (29,2
percent) in fish oil production,

The quantity of fish solubles manufactured
in March 1964 amounted to 911 tons--1,073
tons less than in March 1963,

Production of tuna and mackerel meal a-
mounted to 1,423 tons which accounted for
about 63.7 percent of the March production,
Oil from tuna and mackerel (199,000 pounds)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,

March 1964 1/with Comparisons
t March Jan,~ Mar. | Total
Product 1/1964 |1963 fi 1964)1963 | 1963
oy 2s ia (Short Tons)... si «%
Fish Meal and Scrap
Herring ....-+-++-+-: 2/ 7,537
Menhaden3/ .....---: - |181,750
Sardine, Pacific...... Lagae es
Tuna and mackerel... . 5|5,739| 26,957
Unclassified ........ 12,208] 22,415
2,715] 5,787 |7,947|238,659

Dl ae 4) | 14,793
Grand total
meal and scrap..... 4] |253,452
Fish Solubles:
Menhaden........--- = 74,831

25,347

300| 7,224

Oil, Body: ae
Herring cc sisiss epee es 2/
Menhaden3/ .......- =
Tuna and mackerel ... 199
Other (including whale) 385
AR GROAR (O81 oo s).0 pe) vrei 584} 452/1,465}1.301 a85.607 |

1/Preliminary data.

2/Included with unclassified.

3/Includes a small quantity of thread herring,
4/Not available on a monthly basis.

mi 4

comprised 34,1 percent of the March fish oil
production,

* 3K Ke OK OK

Major Indicators for U.S. § , March
1964: United States production si fish meal
in March 1964 was lower by 17.7 percent as
compared with March 1963, Production of
fish solubles was down by 59,2 percent, but
production of fish oil increased 29,2 percent,

Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, March 1964

1964 | 1963 1962 | 1961

[tem and Period

Production:

Fish Solubles 4/:
Production:
March

Year

Imports:
March
January-February
Year

(Table continued on next page)

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Major Indicators of U.S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, March 1964 (Contd.)

Item and Period 1/1964| 1963 1962 1961

Fish Oils:
Production:
March
January-February
Year
Exports:
March
January-February| 23,698
Year =
|1/Preliminary .
2/Preliminary data for 1964 based on reports which accounted for the following percentage
of production in 1963: Fish meal, 95 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 99 per-

262,342] 123,050|122,486|143,659

cent; and fish oils, 99 percent.

|3/Small amounts (10, 000 to 25,000 pounds) of shellfish and marine animal meal and scrap
not reported monthly are included in annual totals.

4/Includes homogenized fish.

ok ok kek

Major Indicators for U. S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, February 1964

Fish Meal:
Production:
January ..
February...

Fish Solubles 3/:
Production:

219 214
155 1, 875
Production:
January ...

79 509| 13,449] 2,068)
2,458] 21,647| 17,456| 23,828
9

ich ac

counted for the following percentage of production in 1962:
Fish meal, 93 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 97
percent; and fish oils, 95 percent.

2/Small amounts (10,000 to 25, 000 tons) of shellfish and marine-
animal meal and scrap not reported monthly are included in
annual totals.

3/Includes homogenized fish.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Inventions

MECHANICAL FISHING VESSEL
UNLOADER BEING DEVELOPED:

A new mechanical unloader for unloading
fish from fishing vessels has been designed
by a member of the New Bedford Institute of
Technology, and it is being built by a firm in
New Bedford, Mass.

The device is lowered into the fish hold
where the fish are scooped up into buckets
fastened to an endless chain conveyer. The
bucket conveyer lifts the fish to deck level
where they are deposited onto a belt conveyer
and carried up to the wharf. The new type
fish unloader was expected to be ready for
trial by the end of May 1964,

Investment Opportunties

PHILIPPINE FISHING INDUSTRY:

A sizable unsatisfied domestic market for
fish, coupled with an export potential, sug-
gests the possibility of investment opportu-
nities in the Philippines for United States
fishing interests. One such opportunity, a-
mong others, is the joint venture to exploit
the fishing resources of Philippine coastal
waters proposed bya Manila group, That group,
which has wide-spread interests, has already
rigged a tugboat for purse-seining and is ne-
gotiating for the acquisition of tidal flats for
fish and shrimp culture.

Although a Commission of Fisheries was
established in 1963 to promote a program de-
signed to make the Philippines self-sufficient
in fish production, the Philippine fishing in-
dustry has long been handicapped by antiquat-
ed methods, inadequate facilities, and lack of
investment capital. Philippine imports of fish,
largely canned sardines from South Africa,
are running at the rate of around 38,000 met-
ric tons a year. Because of the unsatisfied
domestic demand, Philippine exports of fish
have been negligible.

United States firms, desiring to obtain ad-
ditional information about the potential of the
fishing industry in the Philippines and about
specific investment opportunities there, are
invited to write to the Bureau of International
Commerce, Office of International Invest-

August 1964 .

ment, File 4-0910-4H, Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D. C, 20230. (Internation-
al Commerce, June 1, 1964.)

OK OK OK OK

AID ABSTRACTS AVAILABLE AT DEPART-
MENT OF COMMERCE FIELD OFFICES:

More than 1,200 studies of investment opportunities have
been collected, abstracted, and organized into a card sys-
tem by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID).
Copies of the new catalog of investment opportunities have
been placed in U.S. Department of Commerce field offices
in 40 cities.

Now a potential investor can simply go to the nearest
Commerce Department field office and run through Keysort
cards to pick out the type and location of the investment he
has in mind, and then read the abstracts. Should he desire
to read one of the reports in its entirety, he can obtain a
copy at cost through the field office or from the Office of
Technical Services, U.S, Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D.C, 20230,

Where the original study contains sufficiently detailed
information, each abstract card contains specific informa-
tion on the market, total capital required, projected annual
sales, production, finance, profitability, manpower, location,
and other relevant data, In other cases, the abstract card
contains only a general description and summary.

Indexes of the investment studies breaking them down by
industry and country are available free of charge at the Com-
merce field offices or by writing to AID’s Office of Develop-
ment Finance and Private Enterprise, Agency for Interna-
tional Development, Washington, D,.C., 20523,

Some of the studies were made with AID help and some
were sponsored by international banks, foreign governments,
foundations, universities, and private firms,

In making the catalog of investment opportunities widely
available, AID is not vouching for the opportunities it con-
tains, but presenting information to investors who wish to
know what studies have already been done in their fields of
interest,

Studies of investments involving food and kindred prod-
ucts account for more than those on any other single sub-
ject. There are 188 such reports, In second place are the
120 studies on business opportunities for producing chemi-
cals and allied products,

There are more surveys (86) dealing with the Philippines
than any other nation, In second place is Taiwan with 77, fol-
lowed by Nigeria with 66, Pakistan with 50, and India with 46,

The AID Office of Development Finance and Private En-
terprise has arranged to keep the system up to date, AID
Missions throughout the world will engage in a continuous
process of seeking new studies of investment possibilities
and will report them regularly, so they can be added to the
existing card system, Those becoming obsolete will be re-
moved, (International Commerce, May 25, 1964.)

Irradiation Preservation

IRRADIATION OF FISH AT SEA:
For the preservation of fish at sea, ar-
rangements were completed in May 1964 to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

install a pilot-model cobalt-60 irradiator a-
board the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries exploratory fishing vessel Delaware.
The object of the irradiation experiments at
sea is to show that it will result in two im-
portant advances: (1) that the quality of fish
landed will be significantly higher than that
of nonirradiated fish, and (2) that fishing ves-
sels can extend their stay at sea when addi-
tional time is needed to make up a full load,

The experiments are part of the research
on the irradiation of fishery products con-
ducted by the Bureau's Technological Labora-
tory at Gloucester, Mass., the home port of
the Delaware. Five of the research vessel's
trips in 1965 are tentatively scheduled to in-
clude laboratory personnel associated with
the irradiation programs.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 19;
February 1963 p. 43.

Maryland ,

CHESAPEAKE BAY "FISH-KILL"
CONTROLS ESTABLISHED:

The Maryland State Natural Resource
Board has established procedures for dealing
with fish losses in Chesapeake Bay. The
Board has arranged: (1) close coordination
between State agencies when fish kills occur,
(2) a weekly survey of Maryland waters to
note any kills, and (3) a research program on
the causes of catastrophic fish mortalities.

It has been requested that all heavy fish
kills in the Chesapeake area be reported to
the Maryland State Department of Chesa-
peake Bay Affairs. That department coordi-
nates all reports and calls in other agencies
and groups when their assistance is needed,

Water conditions are being checked weekly
in areas where heavy losses have been seen
in past years. The plane of the Department
of Chesapeake Bay Affairs began weekly
flights June 1, 1964, over the Potomac, Pa-
tuxent, Patapsco, Middle, Back, and Choptank
Rivers, Tangier Sound, Eastern Bay, and the
Maryland portion of the open Chesapeake Bay.
In addition, the Maryland State Department of
Water Resources research vessel Monitor is
taking weekly samples of water at 15 loca-
tions between Rock Hall and Herring Bay, an
area where fish have died during many sum-
mers, Special additional trips are scheduled

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

when needed, The Monitor is being equipped
for automatic data recording and simultaneous
sampling of temperature, salinity, oxygen,
acidity, and turbidity.

Research on suspected causes of fish kills
is scheduled to begin in the summer of 1964
at the University of Maryland's biological lab-
oratories at Solomons Island and College Park,

The research will include a study of the
bacteria which killed tremendous numbers of
white perch and some other species in 1963,
and an investigation of changes in tempera-
ture, oxygen, and other environmental condi-
tions which may have caused many ofthe past
fish kills,

It is believed that the heavy fish losses in
1963 will not be repeated in 1964, since the
more susceptible fish were killed, and the
conditions favoring fish destruction are un-
likely to occur in the same patterns in a suc-
ceeding year, White perch are widespread
and in fairly good supply this year, despite the
heavy losses in 1963, There is no indication
of any danger to swimmers or other people
using Chesapeake Bay waters.

Mississippi

MISSISSIPPI SOUND POSTLARVAL
SHRIMP STUDIES CONTINUED:

The study of postlarval shrimp in Missis-
Sippi Sound by the Mississippi State Gulf Coast
Research Laboratory continued during March-
May 1964. Young brown shrimp appeared ear-
ly in the year and were more abundant than in
1963. After the peak was reached in April,
the number of postlarval shrimp dropped
sharply and remained below the 1963 levels
since the first of May. Early growth was slow
but increased after the water warmed, and it
appeared likely that opening of the season
would be delayed. Young white shrimp were
about a week later this year and numbers
were a little higher. (Gulf Coast Research

Laboratory, June 2, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 25.

2K OK kok

STATE GULF COAST RESEARCH
LABORATORY RECEIVES GRANTS:

A grant of $85,700 to the Mississippi State

Gulf Coast Research Laboratory by the Na-

Vol. 26, No. 8

tional Science Foundation was announced
April 25, 1964, The money is to be used for
the purchase of equipment for the Labora-
tory's oceanography building which was then
under construction,

In May, the National Science Foundation
awarded another grant of $11,100 to the Lab-
oratory for Summer Research, That money
will go as payments to students who will be
selected by a board after they have attended
classes at the laboratory. (Gulf Coast Re-
search Laboratory, June 2, 1964.)

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

SEA SCALLOP POPULATION ,
SURVEY ON GEORGES BANK CONTINUED:
M/V Albatross IV" Cruise 64-7 (May 13-
22, 1964): To collect quantitative samples of
the sea scallop population on the eastern part
of Georges Bank was the main purpose ofthis
cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Albatross IV.

Operations included 180 tows (of 10 min-
ute duration) with a 10-foot scallop dredge
equipped with an odometer, and 10 drags with
a 10-foot beam trawl. An underwater cam-
era was attached to the beam trawl during one
transect. In another instance, the underwater
camera was lowered into a sonar target area.
In addition, 200 bathythermograph casts were
made,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 41.

OK OK KOK

BLACKBACK FLOUNDER
TAGGING PROGRAM:

The Massachusetts State Division of Ma-
rine Fisheries and the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Woods Hole, Mass., have completed the first
phase of a cooperative tagging program,
Using Bureau tags, Massachusetts State biol-
ogists tagged 7,000 blackback flounders while
working aboard chartered otter trawlers in
Massachusetts coastal waters north and south
of Cape Cod. Bureau biologists aboard the
Albatross IV tagged 2,400 fish on Nantucket
Shoals and Georges Bank. Through May 1964,
about 500 tagged fish had been recovered. Of
those, 460 had originally been released in in-
shore waters and 40 had been released off-

August 1964

shore. All recaptured fish were taken in the
area of tagging.

Hk eK
RETURN OF UNMARKED OCEANIC
INSTRUMENTS REQUESTED:

he rate of return of instruments thrown
overboard to rest on the bottom without either
a surface or subsurface marker buoy is being

$25 REWARD

WILL BE PAID FOR THE RECOVERY
OF THESE INSTRUMENT CASES.

IF FOUND IN YOUR NETS, BRING
THEM TO ANY REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

OFFICES LOCATED IN THESE CITIES & TOWNS.

PROVINCETOWN MASS.
WOODS HOLE,MASS.
NEW BEDFORD,MASS.
BOSTON, MASS.
GLOUCESTER, MASS.
ROCKLAND, ME.
NEW YORK.N.Y.
PORTLAND, ME.

testedby the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-

eries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

Ten dummy units were put out on Georges
Bank in May 1964, Signs offering a $25 re-
ward for their return have been posted at the
Boston Fish Pier and the New Bedfordauction
room, Handbills offering the reward have been
distributed at other ports in New England and
eastern Canada, If the experiment is a suc-
cess and most of the dummy units are re-
turned, scientists plan to put thermographs in
pressure cases and set up a program to moni-
tor bottom water temperatures continously on
various parts of Georges Bank.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Oceanography

WATER SAMPLING STUDIES
IN CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN:

second air flight aroun e island of
Oahu in the Central Pacific Ocean was made
on April 11, 1964, by staff members of the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biolog-
ical Laboratory, Honolulu, Hawaii, when some
50 packages of drift cards were released, A
total of 8 returned drift cards by the end of
April, from this second flight and a previous
flight, showed that the water being sampled at
Koko Head during April had its origin to the
south or southwest of Oahu.

wk a ak ae

RESEARCH VESSELS OF UNIVERSTIY
OF MIAMI NOT SUBJECT TO UNION RULES:
The Institute of Marine Science, University
of Miami, is not subject to the National Labor
Relations Act in the employment of seamen
on its oceanographic research vessels, an-
nounced the Institute's Director this past May,
That decision was handed down by the Nation-
al Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Washing-
ton, D, C., and affirmed a ruling made earlier
at a Miami hearing,

The case arose after the Seafarers Inter-
national Union filed a petition with the NLRB,
alleging that the union represented a majority
of the unlicensed seamen aboard the Institute's
research vessel Pillsbury, The union asked
that an election be ordered among the ocean-
ographic vessel's crew to determine whether
or not they should be unionized,

The NLRB decision--that the Institute and
all its research vessels are not subject to
NLRB jurisdiction (and are therefore, in ef-
fect, exempt from unionization attempts by
the Seafarers Union)--is based on the fact that
the University of Miami is a nonprofit educa-
tional institution,

In its decision, NLRB stated: ''The Uni-
versity of Miami, Institute of Marine Science,
although performing research for, and sub-
stantially supported by, the Federal Govern-
ment, is first and foremost an educational in-
stitution for the advanced study of oceanog-
raphy. Its research activities contribute di-
rectly to its curriculum and program for the
practical training of scientists in this field.
Hence, this research program is an integral

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

aspect of the Institute's overall educational
function. We conclude, therefore, that the ac-
tivities of the Institute, including its research
program, are primarily educational rather
than commercial in character, and we decline
to assert jurisdiction herein. Accordingly,
we shall dismiss the petition."

The Institute Director stated that the Insti-
tute's research expenditures amounted to more
than $2.7 million in 1963--almost one-third of
the total spent on research by the entire Uni-
versity of Miami. The Institute of Marine Sci-
ence has two large seagoing research vessels,
the Pillsbury and the Gerda, plus numerous
smaller craft. The 176-foot Pillsbury, newest
of the fleet, has already logged more than
25,000 miles at sea and has been making a
study of the Gulf of Guinea, along the coast of
West Africa. The 75-foot Gerda, a converted
North Sea trawler, has been doing research in
the Gulf Stream and on the Bahama Banks.
(Institute of Marine Science, University of
Miami, May 13, 1964.)

She de Be eee te
BS Be Ge BS Ss

‘DEEP-DIVING SUBMARINE

FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
COMMISSIONED BY WOODS HOLE
OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION:

The Alvin, a 22-foot oceanographic research
submarine designed to dive 6,000 feet into the
ocean, was commissioned June 5, 1964, by the
Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Institution.

A thorough check of all of the installed
systems will be made both before and during
initial sea trials, and an extensive operator
training period in shallow water is planned
prior to testing the craft to the design depth of
6,000 feet in the summer of 1964,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 25.

Rests sede ste
oe 3k ok kc ok

GRANTS AWARDED UNIVERSITY
OF MIAMI FOR SEA FLOOR STUDIES:

Two new grants totaling $348,000 to be used
for studies of the ocean floor were received
by the Institute of Marine Science, University
of Miami, Miami, Fla., announced the Institute
Director this past May. The grants, which in-
volve geological investigations of the bottom
sediments and the topography of the seafloor,
were awarded by the National Science Founda-
tion.

The Institute's scientists willoperate from
the Institute's 176-foot oceanographic research

Vol. 26, No. 8

vessel, the Pillsbury. Active workon the new
projects will begin as soon as the vessel com-
pletes its assignment off the coast of West
Africa, where Institute scientists were mak-
ing studies of the Gulf of Guinea.

Most of the work on the sea floor projects
will be done in the Caribbean Sea as previous
studies indicate that this is one of the best
places to obtain undisturbed bottom sediments
extending back a million years or more. Such
sediments consist mainly of Globigerina-ooze,
composed of the shells of microscopic plank-
tonic organisms which live in surface layers
of the sea. After the organisms die, their
shells sink to the bottom. Analysis of the
sediments reveals the changing climatic con-
ditions during the Pleistocene epoch. Through
oxygen isotopic studies made at the Institute
of Marine Science, investigators have suc-
ceeded in tracing the changes in temperature
of surface waters back some 375,000 years,
The new study, it is hoped, will extend the
record back even farther in geologic time and
reveal the pattern of changing conditions
throughout the Pleistocene.

The topographic studies of the ocean floor
will be concerned primarily with an effect to
learn more about the origin, composition, and
shape of the abyssal hills--unique hills aver-
aging about 1,200 feet in height which cover
half the entire ocean floor. Some geologists
believe the abyssal hills may be composed of
basalt from the earth's lower crust.

The University of Miami team will inves-
tigate in detail some typical abyssal hill
fields between Bermuda and Puerto Rico,
The distribution of hills within selectedareas
will be studied, and the shapes of particular
hills investigated in detail with a view to
mapping their topography. Samples of the
hills and the surrounding areas willbe taken
by coring. (Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami, May 6, 1964.)

Oregon

STEELHEAD PLANTED IN
YAMHILL RIVER:

total of 256 adult spawning winter steel-
head trout were transplanted to the Yamhill
River system in May 1964 from the Oregon
Fish Commission's Dexter holding pond on
the Middle Willamette River. Transplanting

August 1964

the adult spawners to the Yamhill and letting

nature rear the young of the transplanted fish
to downstream migrant size will help build up
the winter steelhead population of the system.

Until recently, poor seasonal passage con-
ditions at Willamette Falls as well as Lafay-
ette Dam on the lower Yamhill had blocked
the fish production potential of the river. In
late 1963, a Yamhill County crew, with the
assistance of Oregon Fish Commission engi-
neers, breached the obsolete Lafayette Dam
in an effort to provide access to the upriver
spawning areas,

Experimental releases of both steelhead
and silver salmon fingerlings in the Yamhill
by the Fish Commission during the past sev-
eral years have demonstrated the suitability
of the system for rearing the fish to down-
stream migrant size. The Oregon Game Com-
mission early in 1964 liberated some 130
adult steelhead in the Yamhill system from
the surplus returning to its Alsea hatchery,
The additional steelhead transplant from the
Middle Willamette, coupled with progress in
planning and negotiations for new upstream
passage facilities over Willamette Falls at
Oregon City, has brightened the future out-
look for the development of a worthwhile steel
head run on this readily accessible lower Wil-
lamette tributary. (Oregon Fish Commission,
May 20, 1964.)

vic)

COLUMBIA RIVER SUMMER
FISHERY POSTPONED:

The Columbia River summer commercial
salmon season did not open June 16, 1964,as
previously scheduled, The decision to delay
the opening was the result of joint action tak-
en by the Washington State Department of
Fisheries and the Oregon State Fish Commis-
sion at a public hearing in Portland, Oreg.,
on June 10, The late spring runoff brought
the Columbia River to near flood stage, ef-
fectively stopping the migration of chinook
salmon. A fishery on those stationary fish in
muddy water would take more salmon than
should be harvested from the run,

Salmon

When a migration rate of 1,500 chinook
salmon a day over Bonneville Dam showed
that the salmon are on the move once again,
an opening day for the commercial fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

was to be set. (Washington State Department
of Fisheries, June 12, 1964.)

Shellfish

ANESTHETIC MAY AID
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH:

proposed shellfish anesthetic has been
investigated by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Mil-
ford, Conn, The experiments involved pro-
pylene phenoxetol, a colorless, oily, nontoxic
liquid that has been reported effective as an
anesthetic for shellfish. A drug which would
permit experimental manipulation of com-
pletely relaxed but living mollusks would be
of great value for anatomical and physiologi-
cal investigations,

Actively pumping hard clams (M, mer-
cenaria) were exposed to varying concentra-
tions of propylene phenoxetol in sea water,
At drug levels of 0.5 to 1 percent, about 20
percent of the treated clams gaped, because
completely relaxed, and could be freely han-
dled. Shortly after being returned to normal
sea water, they showed complete recovery.

In another experiment, clams, oysters,
and mussels were anesthetized by hypodermic
injection into the mantle cavity, but high mor-
tality followed the direct injection treatment,

Ca
Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP
SUPPLY INDICATORS, MAY 1964:

Item and Period

INS shies eae
January-March ..
January- December

rime | 22-880) 13.877 14,849] 17,397
FunewsO sete. 19,416] 15,338

(Table somisaed on next page)

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1964 | 1963 [ 1962 | 1961 1960
« « « (1,000 Lbs. Heads-Off).....

February 29 ....
January 31

January-March ..
January-December

33,169] 31,617| 24,
151,530/141,103 |126,268|113,418

55.8
53.7
52.8
55.4
56.0
53.5
52.5

February
January

Wholesale price, froz. brown (5-lb, pkg.), Chicago, Ill.:
BS 77-97 o 10-75

February
Januar.
1/Pounds of headless sh
30.3

2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.
3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the
Bureau of the Census,
4/Range in prices at Tampa, Fla.; Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville,
Texas, only.
Note: May 1964 landings and quandlty used for canning estimated from information
published daily, by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp
to heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

South Atlantic and
Gulf of Mexico

SOVIET FISHING ACTIVITY:

Fifteen Soviet vessels fishing off North
‘Carolina and Virginia with large mid-water
trawls were spotted during March and April
1964, Soviet fishing vessels were seen peri-
odically in the Gulf of Mexico. In June some
of them were:seen 20 miles off Tarpon Springs,
Fla. It was reported that Soviet activities in
the Gulf appeared to be of an exploratory na-
ture--with evidence of increasing effort. It
was believed some of those vessels were
based in Cuba.

Vol. 26, No. 8

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

BOTTOMFISH EXPLORATIONS CONTINUED:
M/V ‘Silver Bay ruise pril =
May 19, 1964): To continue bottomfish ex-
plorations off South Carolina, Georgia, and
northern Florida was the primary objective
of this 20-day cruise by the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing ves -
sel Silver Bay. A total of 68 exploratory fishing
stations were occupied onthe outer Continental
Shelf. Exploratory gear consisted primarily
of 50/70-foot, 45-inch mesh and 70/90-foot,
23-inch mesh roller-rigged fish trawls. The
nets were fishedon 8-foot bracket doors with
15-foot leglines. Cod-ends were 13-inch mesh.

Trawling and sonic fish detection transects
confirmed previous observations that the file-
fish (Stephanolepis hispidus) is presently the
dominant fish, both numerically and by weight,
in the 13- to 25-fathom depth range off much
of the southeastern coast. Trawling in those
depths east of St. Augustine, Fla., produced
only small amounts of vermilion snapper
(Rhomboplites aurorubens), red snapper (Lut-
janus aya), and groupers mixed with 1,000= to
4,000-pound catches of filefish.

Limited trawling was done east of the Sa-
vannah (Ga.) light vessel to assess the season-
al availability of two fish populations located
during previous Silver Bay cruises. In that
area, pink porgies (Pagrus sedecim) and but-
terfish (Poronotus triacanthus) were still
present in large numbers in trawl samples at
35-40 fathoms and 75-85 fathoms.

Snapper and grouper were taken through-
out the survey area, Trawling in 24 fathoms
in one area off South Carolina (32°40! N.,

78 34' W.), produced small amounts of pink
porgy, red snapper, red grouper (Epinephalus
morio), scamp (Mycteropera phenas), andgag
(M. microlepis). Hand Lines fished for 3 hours
in 31-34 fathoms at another South Carolina
location (32°21' N., 79°02" W.), produced a
1,425-pound catch consisting of grouper, large
red snapper, and amberjack.

Extensive midwater and near-bottom fish
schools were recorded in 70 fathoms off St.
Helena Sound, S.C. Catch results indicated
that most of those schools consisted of round
herring (Etrumeus sadina).

August 1964

tn |

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

Station (s)
@ - Fish trawl.
* - Handline.

Areas investigated during M/V Silver Bay

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 25.

Tagging

PATENTS AWARDED ON NEW METHODS
FOR TRACKING FISH MIGRATIONS:

The patent rights on a newly developed de-
vice that may prove effective in more accu-
rately following the migrations of salmon and
other fish were recently received by the U.S.
Department of the Interior.

Tagging programs are considered an es-
sential part of scientific studies done on fish
migrations. Recently, a patent on a new
method of tagging young fish and later re-
covering them was awarded to two employees

Cruise 57 (April 30-May 19, 1964).

of the Washington State Department of Fish-
eries,

A specially developed instrument, on which
another patent is pending, inserts a tiny steel
wire in the head of the fish. The wire is cod-
ed with strips of color or magnetic bits of in-
formation, which the fish carries as it moves
about. Electronic equipment installed in fish-
processing establishments separates the tagged
fish from untagged fish and the wires are then
extracted for scientific study. The process
was originally developed to evaluate Columbia
River salmon resources. (Science News Let-
ter, May 2, 1964.) wen

Trout

U.S. PRODUCTION BY
COMMERCIAL FARMS:

Commercial trout farms throughout the
“United States are estimated to produce about
54 million pounds of trout each year. Con-
verted to number of fish, this would be about
25 million trout. The gross income from the
sale of those trout is more than $5 million a

year.

This information is contained in a report
titled ''The Commercial Trout Farming in the
U.S.A.,'' published in the July-August 1961 is-
sue of the U.S. Trout News. A portion of that
report stated:

"Trout production was probably not less
than 5,333,000 pounds (3,125,000 pounds re-
ported and 2,188,000 pounds estimated) or
24,987,000 fish (12,481,000 reported in 1959,
3,750,000 additional based on the 1954 survey,
and 8,756,000 additional estimated by the As-
sociation),"'

"By comparison in 1958 the Federal Gov-
ernment and the various states involved dis-
tributed a combined total of 12,771,770 pounds
of trout (175,602,250 fish). Thus, trout pro-
duction by all means, private and public, in the
United States must be in the neighborhood of
at least 18 to 20 million pounds annually.
Rainbow trout account for approximately 3 of
this total." (U. S. Trout News, March-April

1964.)

Tuna

1964 ALBACORE AND BLUEFIN TUNA
CATCH FORECAST FOR UNITED STATES
PACIFIC COASTAL AREA:

Following is a report by the staff on the
Tuna Forecasting Program of the U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory, San Diego, concerning the ex-
pected catch during 1964 in the temperate
tuna fishery of the eastern Pacific Ocean:

Albacore: During 1963 additional research
indicated a relationship between oceanic con-
ditions and the onset of the albacore fishery.
Normally, in the temperate eastern Pacific,
the ocean changes from winter cooling to
spring heating in early March. In years when
the change occurs early, the albacore fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

Early -Season Albacore Landings for California (June)
and Oregon-Washington (July)

Landings

Calif. (June) Oreg.-Wash. (July)

Oo oto oo (HERG Gg 6 on Oo
1963 2/9 1/
1962 28,414 1/
1961 35, 603 1/
1960 126, 383 23, 007
1959 50,976 1, 881, 881
1958 14,228 415, 892
1957 511,799 94, 468
1956 210,527 )
1955 16,002 0)
1954 2, 866 )
1953 97, 258 0
1952 6, 299 14,509
1951 157,917 95,145
1950 1, 143, 139 3,819, 132
1949 82,747 1,401,712
1948 85 4,505, 801
1947 415, 849 2, 303,505
1946 424,082 1/
1945 6,175 1/
Average

1/Data not available.
2/Preliminary.
3/Computed on basis of 1947-1960 landings.

usually begins early; conversely, whenheat-
ing is late, the onset of the fishery is delayed.
This year initial heating was later than usu-
al, and consequently, it was forecast that June
1964 landings of albacore in California would
be below average. California albacore land-
ings in June for the period 1945-1963 have
averaged 175,282 pounds and ranged from
over one million pounds in 1950 to zero in
1963 (see table). In addition, because ocean
waters off Oregon and Washington in 1964
were colder than average, and the change
from cooling to heating was also late in that
area, it was estimated that July 1964 alba-
core landings in those States would also be
below average (see table).

The forecast called for the best albacore
fishing in July 1964 off southern California to
be located inapproximately a rectangle area ex-
tending roughly from 30° N. latitude to a line
running west through San Clemente and San
Juan Islands. The western boundary of that
area should be in the vicinity of 124 W. longi-
tude (see chart on following page), The area
begins some 30 to 50 miles offshore and en-
compasses the offshore waters between San
Clemente Island and just north of Guadalupe
Island. It was indicated that good fishing for
albacore could extend to Guadalupe, That
area was plotted from April 1964 tempera-
ture and salinity data taken at a depth of 10
meters, As a result of an unusually intense
upwelling affecting temperature and salinity

August 1964

GUA’ Rarer

Cross-hatched region delineates the area expected to produce
about two-thirds of the total July 1964 albacore catch off south-
erm California (United States) and Baja California (Mexico).

data along the southern California coast, the
predicted area of good albacore fishing may
not represent sufficiently the southern limit
of the fishery.

The estimate of the 1964 albacore catch is
restricted, as inprevious years, to the amount
that willbe taken south of the International Bor-
der between the United States and Mexico.
The basis of that prediction is the apparent re-
lationship between water temperature at se-
lected shore stations during the winter months
and the catch the following summer of alba-
core off Baja California and bluefin off south-
ern California. In ''cold" years both species
generally occur farther south and in "warm"
years, farther north. It is expected that about
9.8 million pounds of albacore willbe caught
in 1964 from waters south of the United States-
Mexican Border, which is below the 1945-1962
average albacore catch of 14.2 million pounds.
In 1963, it was estimated that the landings from
south of the International Border would be
slightly less than average. Preliminary data
indicate that about 7 million pounds were
taken,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Bluefin: Fishing effort devoted to bluefin
tuna has increased markedly in the years
since the conversion of the tropical bait-boat
fleet to purse-seining. Conduct of the fish-
ery has apparently changed also in less obvi-
ous ways, for there has been little success in
forecasting the catch from waters north of the
United States-Mexican Border. The relation-
ship mentioned above (whereby the bluefin
catch north of the International Border was
found to be related to winter water tempera-
ture) will have to be modified to account for
the recent changes in fleet composition.

In 1962, on the basis of historical data, it
was forecast that 5.7 million pounds of blue-
fin would be landed from waters north of the
International Border, Entry of converted
purse seiners increased fishing effort more
than 3 times the average for the preceding 10
years and the catch of 17.0 million pounds in
1962 was about 3 times that predicted. In
1963, it was estimated that 7.7 million pounds
of bluefin tuna would be caught from the north-
ern region with effort comparable to precon-
version years, but that effort equalling 1962
might result in a catch of 15-20 million
pounds. Effort, although not yet tabulated,
was about the same as in 1962, Preliminary
statistics indicate, however, that the fleet still
caught only about 7 million pounds north of the
International Border.

Based upon the catch-temperature relation-
ship for the years 1945-1959, and without at-
tempting to correct for increased fishing ef-
fort, it is forecast that 9.6 million pounds of
bluefin will be landed in 1964 from waters
north of the United States-Mexican Border,
That is 2.7 million pounds more than the av-
erage for the years 1945-1959,

Early Season Surveys: The U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries research vessel
Black Douglas and the California Department
of Fish and Game research vessel N. B. Sco-
field departed the latter part of May 1964 in
a joint preseason albacore oceanographic sur-
vey. On May 1, Navy picket vessels began
trolling for albacore at offshore stations,

Radio broadcasts were made to the fishing
industry on the results of those early season
studies. A radio report from the M/V Black
Douglas stated that the first albacore were
caught on June 7. A total of 61 albacore (rang-
ing from 5 to 15 pounds) were caught in water
63° to 65° F, about 120 miles west-southwest

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of Erben Bank, a seamount located about 1,000
miles due west of San Diego. The vessel re-
port said that the tugboat Elaine Foss also
caught 2 albacore on the same day in 65° F,
water about 250 miles west of the area where
the Black Douglas located the fish. The M/V
N. B. Scofield reported catching one 13-pound
albacore in 60° F. water on June 9, about 400
miles west of Point Conception. Radio broad-
casts were being made daily by the research
vessels until July 6, to provide information on
the shoreward movement of the summer alba-

core movement,
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 55.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

FISHERIES LOAN FUND AND
OTHER FINANCIAL AID FOR VESSELS,
APRIL 1-JUNE 30, 1964:

From the beginning of the program in 1956 through June 30,
1964, a total of 1,487 loan applications for $39,840,256 were
received by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the
Agency administering the Federal Fisheries Loan Fund, Of
the total, 791 applications ($17,802,763) had been approved,
504 ($12,270,419) had been declined or found ineligible, 171
($6,394,505) had been withdrawn by the applicants before being
processed, and 21 ($1,406,700) were pending, Of the applica-
tions approved, 299 were approved for amounts less than ap-
plied for. The total reduction was $1,965,869.

The following loans were approved from April 1, 1964,
through June 30, 1964:

New England Area: James M, White, Peace Dale, R. L.,
$4,340; Skipjack Fishing Corp., New Bedford, Mass., $50,000;
Stanley Ripley, Matinicus Island, Maine, $2,000; Wallace K,
Arey, Camden, Maine, $1,600; Robert L. Goodspeed, Trevett,
Maine, $3,248; and Edward E, Benner, Jr., Round Pond,
Maine, $7,500,

California: Joseph A, Gann, et al, San Diego, $131,200;
William A, McPhee, Moss Landing, $13,580; Eugene A, Smith,
Isleton, $2,000; San Juan, Inc., San Diego, $690,000; Richard
Robertson, Shell Beach, $10,449; James Friscia, San Francis-
co, $3,800; and Emerson Simmons, San Francisco, $6,000.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Carl Lewis, Cape Charles,
Va., $3,000; James Strickland, Freeport, Tex., $14,400;
Eddie S, Gilden, Aransas Pass, Tex., $21,787; and John Ross,
Biloxi, Miss., $15,752.

Great Lakes Area: Harold Lamb, Rogers City, Mich.,
$4,000,

Pacific Northwest Area: William M, Suryan, Anacortes,
Wash., $9,160; David W. Carr, Seattle, Wash., $5,000; Ora L,
Olson, Snohomish, Wash., $45,000; Ottar G, Larsen, Seattle,
Wash., $32,000; Nate Smith, Brookings, Oreg., $5,000; Floyd D.
Furfiord, Westport, Wash., $25,000; Knute Hillmar, Seattle,
Wash., $4,000; Allen K, Rhoades, Bay Center, Wash., $6,299;
Peter C. Rosberg, Burton, Wash., $35,000; Roy E, Johnson,
Seattle, Wash., $59,000; Jack D, Durham, Seattle, Wash.,
$17,400; Lloyd N. Whaley, Seattle, Wash., $45,000; and Tony
Franulovich, Anacortes, Wash., $8,000.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Alaska: Douglas R, Putansu, Kodiak, $8,000; Donald B, Fos-
ter, Kodiak, $20,000; William R. Berestoff, Kodiak, $42,000;
Emil C, Christouersen, Koaiak, $18,500; Pete & Bill Walkoff,
Kodiak, $28,000; Bennett G. Groteclose, Kodiak, $11,000;
James Veach, Kodiak, $6,000; James E. Veazey, Kodiak,
$17,000; John R, Boggs, Ouzinkie, $1,300; Jefferson Grey,
Kodiak, $25,000; Egbert Intvelt, Kodiak, $1,500; Elmer E,
Dean, Kodiak, $13,000; Richard D, Kramer, Kodiak, $4,800;
Hans P, Olsen, Jr., Kodiak, 70,000; Eugene N, McLeod, Ko-
diak, $27,000; Aaron W. Bauder, Palmer, $8,120; Turi Kivisto,
Cordova, $4,260; William F, Smith, Cordova, $9,000; J. A.
Rollin, Cordova, $11,486; Ernest J. Galliher, Kodiak, $40,875;
Robert I, Ditman & George Hillar, Valdez, $36,000; Jack E.
Crowley, Juneau, $2,600; Charles R. Lesher, Juneau, $9,200;
Jess E, Padon, Port Alexander, $8,316; Walter Cooper, Seward,
$14,000; LeRoy C, Hollman, Seward, $8,970; Marvin Lyle Drag-
seth, Sutton, $7,372; Arthur E, Foss, Kenai, $16,000; Neil
Sargent, Kodiak, $3,200; Ben B, Sudduth, Ketchikan, $4,500;
Clifford E, Alexander, Homer, $700; Adam J. Cichoski, Ko-
diak, $5,000; Oliver & Samuel Selvog, Kodiak, $8,776; Eli
Metrokin, Kodiak, $6,000; Larry S, Matfay, Old Harbor,
$4,500; Donald Hamilton, Ketchikan, $9,500; Roy Will Allen,
Haines, $6,400; Morris Porter, Jr., Kenai, $5,900; Trawlers,
Inc., Seward, $17,500; Charles R. Martin, Kodiak, $4,880; '
William Yurioff, Kodiak, $2,633; Peter P. Squartsoff, Kodiak,
$1,000; Gerasim Pestrikoff, Sitka, $22,800; Martin Goresen,
Seward, $6,175; Duke R. Jones, Kodiak, $3,525; Herman
Andrewvitch, Old Harbor, $400; Raymond Kelly, Old Harbor,
$3,050; Paul N, Swenning, Old Harbor, $6,000; Carl R.
Christiansen, Old Harbor, $650; and Edward Pestrikoff, Old
Harbor, $500,

Under the Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance Program (al-
so administered by the Bureau) during the second quarter of
1964, a total of 5 applications for $155,275 were received and
11 applications for $381,809 were approved, Since the pro-

ram began (July 5, 1960), 55 applications were received for

4,896,614. Of the total, 44 applications were approved for
$2,970,221 and 3 applications for $238,347 were pending as of
June 30, 1964, Since the mortgage program began, applica-
tions received and approved by area are:

New England Area: Received 11 ($1,054,500), approved 8
($775,365).

California Area: Received and approved 1 ($557,000).

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Received 33 ($1,384,090), ap-
proved 28 ($1,075,336).

Pacific Northwest Area: Received 7 ($1,846,250), approved
4 ($507,546).

Alaska Area: Received 3 ($54,774), approved 3 ($54,774).

The large number of loan applications from Alaska during
the period was the result of the March 27 earthquake there. In
April, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries opened an emer-
gency Loan Office in Kodiak to arrange for loans to fishing ves-
sel owners in the Kodiak area whose vessels or fishing gear
were lost or damaged during the earthquake,

kk kk

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, MARCH 1964:

During March 1964, a total of 27 vessels
of 5 net tons and over was issued first docu-
ments as fishing craft, as compared with 36
in March 1963. There were 39 documents
cancelled for fishing vessels in March 1964,
the same as in March 1963.

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Table 4 - U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued by
Vessel Horsepower and Area, March 1964 2/
Horse-
power Chesapeake |South Atlantic |Gulf Pacific | Total

Number). ..

Table 1 - U. S. Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, March 1964 with Comparisons

Issued first documents 2/:
New England
Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake
South Atlantic
Gulf
Pacific
Great Lakes
Puerto Rico

emoved from documentation 3/
New England

Middle Atlantic

Chesapeake

South Atlantic

Gulf

Pacific

Great Lakes

Hawaii

RP PRE NU NMR OWOeOR eee

T/i oth commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft
of S net tons and over.

2/There were no redocumented vessels in March 1964 previously removed from the
records. Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: 21 in 1964;
1 in 1961; 1 in 1958; and 4 prior to 1951.

3 des vessel reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc.

ae hee paroset,

Table 2 - U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued by
Vessel Length and Area, March 19642/

U. S. Foreign Trade

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
(BRINE) UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-May 30, 1964, amount-
ed to 14,496,778 pounds (about 690,320 stand-
ard cases), according to preliminary data com -
piled by the U.S. Bureau of Customs. The
quantity of tuna canned in brine which can be
imported into the United States during the cal-
endar year 1964 at the 12}-percent rate of
duty is limited to 60,911,870 pounds (or about
2,900,565 standard cases of 48 7-oz. cans).
Any imports in excess of that quota will be
dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

PRP NE NE RP RRR RUE Hoe

Note: For explanation of footnote, see table 4.

Table 3 - U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued by
Tonnage and Area, March 19642/ kK KOK OK

Gross
PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY

PRODUCTS, APRIL 1964:

——_—_—_—___

United States imports of processed edible fishery products
in April 1964 were down 6.5 percent in quantity and 5,4 per-
cent in value from those in the previous month, There was a
general decline in imports of most fish fillet items as well as
canned sardines in oil and canned oysters, Imports were up
for canned albacore tuna in brine, canned sardines not in oil,
and canned crab meat,

5
4
2
2
1
3
4
5
1

Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in April
1964 showed little change in overall totals, A gain this
April in imports of fish blocks and slabs, canned sardines not
in oil, and canned crab meat was about offset by smaller ship-

U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products,
April 1964 with Comparisons

Fish & Shellfish:
CUS

reau of the Census as 'Manufactured foodstuffs.'"' Included
are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only
fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving
substantial processing, i.e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil-
lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen
shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish
processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but
not otherwise processed).

2/Excludes fresh and frozen.

ments of groundfish fillets, sea catfish fillets, canned tuna in
brine, canned sardines in oil, and canned oysters.

In the first 4 months of 1964, imports were up 1.8 percent
in quantity and 5.1 percent in value from those in the same pe-
riod of 1963. During January-April 1964 there were larger
imports of groundfish fillets, flounder fillets, blocks and slabs,
sea catfish fillets, and yellow pike fillets. But imports were
down for swordfish fillets, canned sardines in oil and not in
oil, and canned tuna in brine.

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the
United States in April 1964 were up 20 percent in quantity
and 70 percent in value from those in the previous month. In
April, there was a sharp increase in exports of canned salm-
on as well as larger shipments of canned sardines not-in-oil,
The gain was partly offset by a drop in shipments of canned
mackerel and canned sardines in oil,

Compared with the same month of the previous year, the
exports in April 1964 were up 87.5 percent in quantity and
112.5 percent in value. This April there were larger ship-
ments of all leading canned fish export items except canned
squid,

Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 4 months
of 1964 were up 18.3 percent in quantity and 30.6 percent in
value from those in the same period of 1963. In January-
April 1964 there were much larger shipments of canned
mackerel and shipments of canned sardines in oil and canned
shrimp were also higher, but exports of canned sardines
not-in-oil and canned squid were down sharply.

Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown were included in news articles on "U.S.
Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products." Before October 1963, data showing
"U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufactured and crude
products, At present, a monthly summary of U.S. imports of crude or monprocessed
fishery products is not available; therefore; only imports of manufactured or processed
fishery products are reported, The import data are, therefore, not comparable to pre-
vious reports of "U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products."

The export data shown are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible
Fishery Products, '' The export data in this series of articles have always been limited
to manufactured or processed products,

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 36.

U.S. Research Vessels

"DELAWARE II’ TO BE BUILT AS NEW
EXPLORATORY FISHING RESEARCH VESSEL:
A contract for the constructionofa 155.5-
foot fisheries research vessels has been a-
warded to a shipbuilding firm in South Port-
land, Maine, oy the U.S. Bureau of Commer-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 26, No. 8

cial Fisheries. The vessel is to be operated
by the Bureau's Exploratory Fishing Base,
Gloucester, Mass., and will replace the vet-
eran research vessel Delaware. The newves-
sel will be named Delaware II and will con-
tinue fisheries investigation work in the North
Atlantic.

The design and construction of the Dela-
ware II will enable the ship to operate from
subarctic regions to the tropics in all seasons.
Stores and fresh-water provisions will allow
the vessel to remain at sea for 30-day peri-
ods. Fuel oil capacity is sufficient to pro-
vide an 8,000-mile cruising radius. Air-con-
ditioned quarters are provided for a comple-
ment of 6 scientists and 13 crew members.
The Delaware II will be equipped with two
laboratories and a special chartroom. To
aid scientific investigations, the vessel will
also be provided with sophisticated electronic
fish-detecting equipment and an underwater
television system for observing the operation
of fishing gear and its effect upon fish.

Of special interest is the deck layout, fea-
turing a new concept in stern trawling. The
stern is fitted with a sloping ramp running
from waterline to the main deck. A passage,
10 feet wide, extends the entire length of the
vessel to the trawl winch, which is located
forward. Those features allow the trawl to
be hauled aboard ina single, fast, efficient
operation. The deckhouse, through which the
trawl passage runs, affords protection for the
crew while working on the net and the catch.
Capabilities for side trawling, long-lining,
gill-netting, and purse-seining are also pro-
vided.

Facilities will be provided to allow future
research on methods of preserving and proc-
essing fish at sea, Included are equipment
for ice-making, brine- and blast-freezing,
and irradiation. The vessel's insulated hold
will have a 16-ton freezing capacity.

The principal specifications of the Dela-
ware IJ are: length overall 155.5 feet, beam
30 feet, draft 11.5 feet, displacement (full
load) 680 tons, and deadweight 180 tons.

The Delaware II will be powered by a
1,000 hp.-=Diesel engine, driving a solid wheel
through reduction gears, which will enable the
vessel to cruise at 12.5 knots. Two 115-
kilowatt a.c. generators will supply the ves-
sel's regular power demand, as well as pow-

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Banks, Lime Kiln, Mitchell Bay, and Stuart
Island, Biologists from the Washington State
Department of Fisheries will be on board the
vessels atalltimes duringtagging. The proj-
ect is part of a continuing program to learn
more about the migration patterns of adult
salmon. (Washington State Department of
Fisheries, May 29, 1964.)

er for experimental fishing techniques, such
as electro-fishing.

It is believed that the new vessel, in addi-
tion to efficiently carrying out the objectives
of the Bureau's research programs, will pro-
vide an example to the United States fisher-
man of a modern concept in efficient trawler
design.

Wholesale Prices

Washington
EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, JUNE 1964:

There was only a slight increase (0,2 percent) from the
previous month in the June 1964 wholesale price index for
edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned), But
prices for most salt-water fishery products this June were
higher than in May, Processed frozen fish and shellfish was
the only subgroup index that rose from May to June, solely
because of higher frozen shrimp prices in June, At 105.6 per-
cent of the 1957-59 average, the index this June was 7.7 per-
cent lower than for the same month a year earlier, June
1964 prices for most items were generally lower than in
June 1963,

SALMON TAGGING IN PUGET
SOUND CONTINUED:

The purse-seiners Welcome, Victory, and
Sykes have been chartered for salmon tagging
during August and September 1964 in north-
ern Puget Sound by the Washington State De-
partment of Fisheries. The 3 vessels will
operate during weekly 2- and 3-day closures
of net fishing, They will tag fish at West

5 c : Prices this June were mostly lower in the drawn, dressed
Beach, Rosario Strait, Iceberg Point, Salmon y, 1 i

or whole finfish subgroup and the index was down 1.1 percent

Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shelifish, June 1964 with Comparisons

- Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit (Siew (1957 -59=100)

June June May igs 1968 une
1964 | 1964
105.6 | 105.4 | 103.1) 1144

Eresh & Frozen Fishery Products: - +--+ + ++ +s

Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: — a. fete)'e wt aie stele ty aueteus
Haddock, Ige., ‘offshore, drawn, fresh .....
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz.
Salmon, king, Ige. & med., drsd., fresh or froz.
Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh. .....
Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh ,

Processed, Fresh (Hish & Shellfish): :
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-Ib, tins . .

B. Ti 71. rig 3 aera
Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh oe eit af = 117.2 | 116.0 | 111.3) 133.0
.| Norfolk 7.00 ae 118.0 | 126.5 126.5| 143.3

Oysters, shucked, standards ,
Process coe sh & & Shellfish): = Sab Saeed
ets; Flounder pipe « oat
Haddock, oe ails on, TE pkg. ie

Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1-1b, pkg. -
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), brown, 5=1b. pkg.

Canned Fishery Products; . ciate
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall tall (16 oz. x 48 cans/es, |!
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 0z.), .

A ssas/cSiUOIS AM AIO 6 22 ;
Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. ital (15 OZ e)s Hats

aBicauS/ CS.) vas). sss Sas
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, i/adrawn |):
(3-3/4 0z.), 100 cans/cs. .
epre:

a e mom

~ prices are published as indicators of Roeesa lh and not SSeS abate el. Daily het News Service “Fishery
Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices.

2/Replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under revised pro=
~ cedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics,

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

: Se OM :
Fresh East Coast shrimp on display at one of the stands in the New
York City Fulton Fish Market.

from the previous month, Prices this June were sharply low-
er for Great Lakes fresh-water fish and fresh and frozen

king salmon at New York City (down 2.4 percent from the pre-
vious month). But prices were higher for ex-vessel large had-
dock (up 24,3 percent) at Boston and fresh and frozen halibut
(up 5,4 percent) at New York City. Compared with June 1963,
prices in the subgroup this June were lower (by 3.1 percent)
for all products, except salmon (up 5.0 percent) and halibut
(up 0.6 percent), From June a year earlier, ex-vessel large

Vol. 26, No. 8

haddock prices were down 23,3 percent and Lake Superior
whitefish prices were sharply lower by 24,8 percent this June,

The subgroup index for processed fresh fish and shellfish
in June 1964 was down 2.0 percent from the previous month,
From May to June prices were lower for shucked standard
oysters (wholesale price down 50 cents a gallon) at Norfolk,
The lower prices for oysters were offset by increases in
prices for fresh haddock fillets (up 8.5 percent) at Boston
and fresh shrimp (up 1.0 percent) at New York City. Com-
pared with June 1963, the subgroup index this June was down
15.0 percent because prices for all items in the subgroup
were down substantially,

In the subgroup for processed frozen fish and shellfish
there were price changes only for frozen shrimp and had-
dock fillets with the index up 4.2 percent from the previous
month, Prices for other items in the subgroup were un-
changed from May to June, A stronger market for frozen
shrimp at Chicago saw higher prices (up 9.4 percent) than in
the previous month, but prices for haddock fillets were lower
by 2.9 percent. As compared with June 1963, prices for all
items in the subgroup were considerably lower this June and
the index was down 12.7 percent.

The subgroup index for canned fishery products was un-
changed from May to June because higher prices for Califor-
nia canned jack mackerel (up 1.9 percent) were offset by a
slight drop in prices for canned Maine sardines (down 0.6
percent), Prices for canned pink salmon this June were the
same as in May but were 7.3 percent lower than in June 1963,
Stocks of canned pink salmon on June 1, 1964, were reported
liberal and estimated to be several hundred thousand cases
above normal for that date. Stocks of canned jack mackerel
were below normal due te lower California landings of that
species. Prices for canned Maine sardines were lowered by
some distributors in anticipation of the new-season pack,
The subgroup index this June was lower than for the same
month a year earlier by 1.8 percent principally because of
lower pink salmon prices.

NORTH AMERICAN CATFISH ARE SOLICITOUS PARENTS

Catfishare known tobe careful parents. Many ofthem buildnests and take
care of their young after they hatch. Fresh-water catfish can sometimes be
seen near the edge of lakes in early summer as one ofthe parents, usually the
father, patiently swims near his brood of finger-sized, dark-colored offspring.

There are about two dozen kinds of catfish inthe world. Our North Ameri-
can catfish belong to two families--the fresh-water (Ictaluridae) and the salt-
water (Ariidae).

Many catfish males carry the eggs in their mouths, sometimes for a few
months. After the eggs hatch, the male catfish carries on with his parental
duty by following the tiny offspring, openinghis mouthfor them to flee inside
at the first sign of danger.

They are called catfish because of the whiskers (barbels) around their

head, and there are many superstitions about them, including the nickname,
children of the devil.

Catfish have spines inthe fins which can cutthehand ofa careless angler.
A gland near the base of the spine secretes a substance that increases the
swelling and painfulness of the wound. (Science News Letter, June 20, 1964.)

August 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

international

FISH MEAL

PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR
SELECTED COUNTRIES,
JANUARY-MARCH 1963-1964:

Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza-
tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of
fish meal, The FEO countries are Chile, Angola, Iceland,
Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa, Produc-
tion and exports of fish meal by FEO countries during Janu-
ary- March 1964 were up substantially from that same peri-
od of the previous year,

Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries
of the FEO, January-March 1963-1964
February March Jan.- Mar.
1964 ilies 1964 1963 | 1964 Ee

. .. (1,000 Metric Tons)..

Country

ORWAY We sis 0 is
EYBtia. st ulate
. Africa (inc.

S W. Africa)

133.1 | 561.6 | 435.9

Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries
of the FEO, January-March 1963-1964

Country 1964 | 1963
o.P Se Sa oede Metric Tons)).)s 2/649
Kates eres st cpemaie 1/
IAN Ola ere otet a os
Mcelanad... 02) 2s). «
INO WAY. «soe a ne
POU iced epee ue fe 21 =
So, Africa (inc.
S., W...Africa) isis i F
Soh wind 74.2 |249.9 |154,0 |671.3 | 399.6

1/Data not available, Chile became a member of FEO at the end of 1963.
2/Data not reported,

During the first quarter of 1964, Peru accounted for 69,2
percent of total fish-meal exports reported by FEO coun-
tries, followed by Norway with 9.6 percent, South Africa with
7.9 percent, Chile with 7.6 percent, and Iceland with 5.7 per-

cent. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States
Embassy, Copenhagen, June 3, 1964.)

WORLD PRODUCTION:

March 1964: World fish meal production in March 1964
was substantially above that in the same month of the previ-
ous year, according to preliminary data from the Internation-
al Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers. Compared with
the previous month, production in March 1964 was up 38.8
percent due mainly to heavier output in Peru, Norway, and
South Africa.

World Fish Meal Production by Countries, 1
January-March 1963-1964

————s

Country

Canada sade oeisiee ere 11,000 25,613
Denmark ....... ie 15,017 18,611
France .... “ 3,300 3,300
German Federal Rep. 19,535 19,872
Netherlands ...... 1/ 900
San a as 1/ 7,016
SWEGEM oo conti 2,012 1,207
United Kingdom Signaue 21,128 20,003
United States ..... ‘ 6,053 7,075
ozola 5:5 OTE, Oo 2/5,566 7,553
Hcelandter.renwiete kee 21,028 21,470
INORG ate oles. e!evere 6 43,238 10,370
PET Vee ns A 495,937 | 313,537
So. Afr. (incl. s. W. Afr) 65,437 48,089
eisivm. 6 > os & eee

Rete rale isle crarelciee «©

Morocco ee ed

ES ike unital ia sae

187,498 | 757,785 | 505,741
1/Data not available.

2/Data available only for January 1964. |

276,229

Note: Japan does not report fish meal production to the International Association of
Fish Meal Manufacturers at present.

World fish meal production in the first 3 months of 1964
was considerably above that in the same period of 1963, The
increase was due largely to expanded production in Peru
which accounted for about 65 percent of world output during
January-March 1964, There was also a noticeable increase
in Norwegian and South African production in January-March
1964, The gain was offset partly by a sharp drop in Cana-
dian output.

Most of the principal countries producing fish meal sub-
mit data to the Association monthly (see table),

He ook sk ook ok
ae OK KOK

February 1964: World fish meal production in February
1964 was substantially above that in the same month of the
previous year, according to preliminary data from the In-
ternational Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers. Com-
pared with the previous month, production in February 1964
was down 29 percent due mainly to lower output in Peru.

International (Contd.):

World Fish Meal Production by Countries,
January-February 1963-1964

Jan.-Feb,

481,556

1/Data not available.
2/Data available only for January 1964.
Notes A yapan aes ee report fish meal production to the International Association of
e' anufacturers at present,
P

World fish meal productioninthe first two months of 1964
was considerably above that in the same period of 1963, The
increase was due largely to expanded production in Peru
which accounted for about 66 percent of world output during
January-February 1964, There was also a noticeable in-
crease in Norwegian and South African production in January-
February 1964, The gain was offset partly by lower output in
Canada, Denmark, the United States, and Iceland.

Most of the principal countries producing fish meal sub-
mit data to the Association monthly (see table),

sk sk ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SUPPLY INDICATORS FOR
PRINCIPAL EXPORTING AND
IMPORTING COUNTRIES, 1963:

The Fish Meal Exporters Organization
(FEO) has estimated world fish meal produc-
tion in 1963 at 2,800,000 metric tons (exclud-

Vol. 26, No. 8

Fish Meal Supply Indicators for Principal Exporting and
Importing Countries, 1963

Domestic
Consum ption!/

- ».. .(Metric Tons). ...
1, 159, 200 2/1, 169, 700

Peru) 20 jee wee
South Africa Republic

Total
Production
and Imports

- +... (Metric Tons). .....-
566, 400
440, 000
369, 300

United States... .
Japan) 9) « «
West Germany ...

United Kingdom ... 356, 600
Netherlands ..... 182, 600
Spain o500d 106, 000
INC og OU ooGOd 89, 500
tally Ana) ieelketcits tells iie 62, 700
Belgium amo ac 52, 800
Sweden. ....s.see 36, 500
Switzerland ..... 21, 100

Eastern European
countries

160,559 3/

775,400] 1,668,659| 2,444,059

Mota lene.

1/Estimated.

2/Revised.

3/Not available.

Note: There may be small discrepancies between data shown
above and previously published fish meal production and for-
eign trade data for selected countries.

Source: Fish Meal Exporters Organization.

ing production data for Communist China and
the Soviet Union which are unavailable). A
large part of world production enters into for-
eign trade. The United States and the coun=
tries of Western Europe are the leading buyers.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
HOW TO KEEP FISH FRESH:

How to get fish to the consumer in the best
possible condition was studied by some 100
scientists from 17 countries during a sympo-
sium held in Husum, West Germany, May 26-
30, 1964. The Husum meeting, which was
sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization (FAO), was a ''Symposium on the Sig-
nigicance of Fundamental Research in the
Utilization of Fish." It surveyed the existing
scientific information in that field and drew
up a list of priorities for further study. Those
priorities will be passed on to fisheries re-
search institutions around the world.

The Husum meeting marks the first time
that those problems have been the subject of

August 1964

International (Contd.):

a scientific meeting on a worldwide basis.
About 45 papers and technical notes were
presented.

The Symposium's work began with a re-
view of the various factors affecting the qual-
ity of fish and was divided into four major
areas: (1) reducing the high protein losses
which occur in fish and fishery products be-
tween the fisherman's boat and the market;
(2) surveying the quality tests for both fresh
and frozen fish developed and carried out in
various countries; (3) improving processing
methods and developing new ones; and (4)
providing more fish for human consumption
by the development of new fishery products.

The Symposium was held under the auspic-
es of the Government of the Federal Republic
of Germany and the Nutrition Advisory Com-
mittee of the West German fisheries industry.
(Food and Agriculture Organization Press Re-
lease, Rome, May 15, 1964.)

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

HALIBUT FISHING
RESTRICTIONS PROPOSED:

Halibut fishing in the catch-limit area of the Bering Sea is
tentatively scheduled for closure in 1965, and further restric-
tions are being considered on North Pacific halibut fishing off
the United States and Canadian coasts.

The announcement was made by the International Pacific Hal-
ibut Commission (IPHC) at the close of a special meeting of the
Commission at Seattle, Wash., on June 4, 1964. The purpose of
that meeting was to examine recent developments inthe Pacific
halibut fishery, and particularly those in the Eastern Bering
Sea where there has been a serious decline in the fishery. The
IPHE represents the United States and Canadian Governments
in regulating halibut fishing in the North Pacific.

Closure of the Bering Sea to halibut fishing was predicted
after it became apparent that the area there was fished out by
the combined fishing fleets of the United States, Canada, and
Japan,

Continued poor halibut fishing in Area 2, extending from
Willapa Bay to Cape Spencer in Alaska, was relatively unex-
pected and has caused more concern over the state of the North
Pacific halibut fishery.

With regard to halibut fishing in the Bering Sea, the Com-
mission’s Chairman, Harold E, Crowther, expressed deep con-
cern and said, ‘‘Unless there is marked improvement in the
halibut stocks, it will be necessary to recommend closure of
the Bering catch-limit area in 1965,

"The Commission intends to keep the fishery in this area un-
der careful review, and if conditions continue to deteriorate,
more immediate action may be required,

“In view of conditions prevailing in other sections of the Pa-
cific Coast, particularly in Area 2, close surveillance of the
fishery will be maintained in the event further restrictions in
these areas are required,’’ In 1963, the combined fleets of the
three nations failed to land the expanded limit. This year the
halibut quota in the area in the Bering Sea designated as

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fresh halibut being unloaded with a cargo net from the hold of
an halibut fishing vessel at Seattle, Wash.

Area 3B North Triangle was cut sharply, but fishermen found
almost no halibut on those grounds,

In Area 2, the situation appears to be less desperate, Only
the traditional United States and Canadian fleets have been al-
lowed to fish in that area, However, fishermen failed to catch
the full quota of 28 million pounds in Area 2 last year. This
year, with the quota cut down to 25 million pounds, fishermen
have continued to make a disappointing showing in that area
which in the past has produced almost half the halibut harvest
of the North Pacific.

At the June 4 special meeting, the Halibut Commission con-
ferred with representatives of the fishermen, fishing vessel
owners, and brokers and processors from Washington, British
Columbia, and Alaska.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE
NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES

14TH ANNUAL MEETING HELD
AT HAMBURG:

The 14th Annual Meet-
ing of the International
Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries
(ICNAF) was held at Ham-
burg, Germany, June 1-6,
1964. Member Countries
attending the Annual Meet-
ing were Canada, Denmark,
France, Federal Republic

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

of Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Spain, Soviet Union, United King-
dom, and the United States.

Various preliminary
meetings were held start-
ing on May 21. These
were meetings of the (1)
Ad Hoe Group on Pelagic
Fishes; (2) Subcommittee
on Fishery Assessment;
(3) Standing Committee
on Research and Statis-
tics; and (4) Scientific Advisers te Panels on
May 30, which was followed by the Annual
Meeting on June 1.

At the 1964 Annual Meeting, a report was
given on the present status of the fisheries in
which it was concluded that the intensity with
which many of the major stocks of cod and
haddock are now being fished is near that at
which they can provide their greatest sus-
That report included ananaly-

tained catches.

190

180

170

160

150

PERCENTAGE OF 1957

140
130
120
110
100

1957 "59 "63

LANDINGS (@=—=®) AND FISHING ACTIVITY 0---0

SUBAREAS LANDIN
|

RELATIVE TO 1957 LEVEL FOR NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN SUBAREAS

Vol. 26, No. 8

sis of recent trends and changes in the fishing
activity and catches of fish which show that
the increased fishing over the past six years
in the Northwest Atlantic has not been matched,
especially in the northern part of the North-
west Atlantic, by corresponding increases in
the amount of fish landed. The report further
showed that mesh-size regulations, while help-
ing to keep up the total catches, could not off-
set the expected decrease in the ratio of ‘catch
landed" to 'fishing effort expended" if fishing
continues to increase.

At the meeting, each of the 13 Member
Countries reported its 1963 catch of fishfrom
the Convention Area which extends from Green-
land to Rhode Island. The total landings a-
mounted to some 5.7 billion pounds, about the
same as in 1962.

Although the 1963 catches of cod and ocean
perch declined somewhat, the total from the
Convention Area was maintained by the Soviet
Union's large catch of whiting (silver hake).
The U.S.S.R. reported taking 235 million
pounds of that species from Georges Bank and

1957
FisHING ACTIVITY
FISHING ACTIVITY

(000's DAYS FISHING)

5325
64.8

DINGS
(000"s me TONS)

9636
67867

140

130

120

PERCENTAGE OF 1957

( t
1957 59 "61 "63

Trends and changes in Northwest Atlantic catches and fishing activity, 1957-63.

August 1964

International (Contd.):

270 million pounds from the Sable Island area
in 1963.

The total United States landings from the
Convention Area dropped from 1.1 billion
pounds in 1962 to 933 million pounds in 1963.

Canada traditionally has been the largest
producer in the area and stillis. Her catch
amounted to 1.5 billion pounds in 1963 com-
pared with 1.6 billion pounds in 1962.

The U.S.S.R., which started fishing in the
Convention Area in 1958, rose from third
place in 1962 to second place in 1963 in terms
of quantity of fish taken from the Area.

Japan, which is not a member of the Com-
mission, sent observers to the 14th Annual
Meeting and reported that she now has four
trawlers engaged in experimental fishing op-
erations in the area. Other observers pres-
ent were from the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization (FAO), the Fisheries Laboratory,
Aberdeen, Scotland, and from a private Unit-
ed States foundation.

In reviewing the report of its scientific
committee on research and statistics, the
Commission noted that the amount of fishing
in the area has increased markedly during
the past few years but that the total amount of
fish taken is leveling off. The scientists re-
ported that itis unlikely that further in-
creases in fishing effort will result in great-
ly increased returns. For this reason the
Commission asked its scientific committee
to make a study of the feasibility of regulating
fishing in the area by means other than mesh
regulations.

The Commission already has under regu-
lation the size of meshes used in trawl nets
for some species of fish, but no action has
been taken to regulate the amount of fishing
inthe area. The present regulations estab-
lishing the minimum size of mesh to be used
in a fishing net were drafted for use in the
Commission years ago when manila was the
principal fiber used for making trawl nets.
At the 1964 meeting, the regulations were
changed and brought up-to date to meet the
growing and widespread use of synthetic fi-
bers. In this matter the Commission took
the advice of its scientists who had compiled
and analyzed experimental evidence on the
way that meshes of different sizes and ma-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

terials select the different sizes of commer-
cial fish available.

Progress was made in the matter of the in-
ternational enforcement of Commission regu-
lations. At present each country polices its
own fishing fleet, but it has been considered
desirable for some years now that some kind
of international system be set up to assist in
the enforcement of regulations. Although no
such system was recommended at this meet-
ing, the Commission encouraged countries to
exchange management personnel on an invita-
tion basis during the coming year so that coun-
tries could become familiar, first hand, with
the kinds of problems faced by management
personnel of other countries. Countries were
requested to file with the Commission by Janu-
ary 1, 1965, reports on the enforcement sys-
tems used by their respective governments.

The increasing number of fishing boats ac-
tive on both sides of the Atlantic is creating
navigational hazards which are accentuated by
the fact that the practices of different fleets
are not the same. The Commission recom-
mended that all countries accept an invitation
to a conference which will likely be held soon
to draft an agreement embodying a modern
code for the conduct of fishing operations in
the North Atlantic.

At the meeting, all Member Countries of
ICNAF indicated their intention to take the
necessary final step to enable the Commission
to include in its functions matters on the con-
servation of the harp and hood seals.

United States Commissioners at the meet-
ing included Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Sec-
retary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife,
and a delegation of 11 advisers. Secretary
Briggs was reelected as Vice Chairman ofthe
Commission for the coming year. Ronald W.
|Green of Augusta, Me., was elected Chairmanof
the Committee on Finance and Administration.

The 15th Annual Meeting of ICNAF will be
held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on June
ieelOG5r

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 42; August
1963 p. 75.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE
EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

NEW DRAFT CONVENTION TO BE
CONSIDERED AT ANNUAL MEETING:

A new draft convention for the Internation-
al Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)

International (Contd.):

will be considered at a meeting of represen-
tatives of Member Governments of that or-
ganization on September 7, 1964. The meet~
ing is expected to be convened by Denmark's
Foreign Ministry, with expectations that the
new Convention would be signed by authorized
Government representatives by the time the
meeting ended. No non-member observers
will be invited to the meeting.

The new Convention would clarify the in-
ternational status of the ICES and its person-
nel, and make possible more adequate ar-
rangements for suitable quarters than in
Charlottenlund, located north of Copenhagen.
Final ratification of the new Convention would
be hoped for by that organization's October
1965 annual meeting.

Neither the ICES nor its personnel have
had the usual international status of an or-
ganization of its type. With the acceptance
of the new convention those problems would
be corrected. It was conjectured that Den-
mark might provide new quarters or that the
Member Governments of ICES might contri-
bute jointly to a building. (United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, April 29, 1964.)

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION

INDIA'S OCEANOGRA PHIC
RESEARCH PROGRAM:

A meteorological vessel (NOMAD), which
will function as an automatic weather station,
was launched in the Bay of Bengal during
April 1964. The vessel was made available
to India's Meteorological Department by the
National Science Foundation to provide mete-
orological data for the Indian program of the
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE).

India proposes to undertake intensive oce-
anographic investigations on the Continental
Shelf and superjacent waters along her coasts
including northern parts of the Arabian Sea,
northern Indian Ocean and parts of the Bay of
Bengal with the help of her four research ves-
sels. Two of the research vessels, the INS
Kistna and R.V. Varuna, have already made
extensive physical oceanographic observations
with special reference to temperature, salini-
ty, and oxygen in those areas.

Other programs envisaged during the IIOE
include: (1) direct observational study of the
properties of oceans; (2) exploration of areas

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

of potential fisheries; (3) detailed study of the
atmospheric circulation of the monsoon re-
gion; and (4) studies of the bottom topography
and temperature structure of the ocean. The
various programs of study will help in exploi-
tation of the ocean's productivity, improve-
ment of weather forecasting services, and
better understanding of the monsoon cycle.

India's IIOH program of marine biology and
fisheries will be mainly directed to exploring
areas of high productivity and potential fish=
eries which could be developed and exploited.
Apart from plankton collections and measure-
ment of primary productivity, experimental
fishing using different types of gear will also
be undertaken. Some of the problems sug-
gested for Indian work are: (1) studies of
phyto- and zooplankton and benthos; (2) the
distribution of dissolved oxygen and its rela-
tion to biological productivity of waters; (3)
critical studies of the euphotic zone in rela-
tion to variations; and (4) special biological,
physiological and life history studies on se-
lected groups including various oceanic ani-
mals and birds. (United States Embassy, New
Delhi, May 18, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p, 23; Jan-
uary 1964 p. 26.

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION

16TH ANNUAL MEETING HELD:

The 16th annual meeting of the International
Whaling Commission was held in Sandefjord,
Norway, June 15-26, 1964. At the meeting, the
Commission's Scientific Committee was todis-
cuss implementation of the agreement to sta-
tion international observers in the Antarctic
during the annual whaling season.

NORTHEAST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

SECOND MEETING HELD AT THE HAGUE:

The Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commis-
sion (NEAFC) held its second meeting at the
Hague, May 12-15, 1964, with delegations pres-
ent from all member countries which include
Belgium, Denmark, Federal Republic of Ger-
many, France, Iceland, Ireland, The Nether-
lands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Swe-
den, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union.
Observers were present from the United States,
the International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea (ICES), and the International Commis-
sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
(ICNAF).,

At the meeting in The Hague, the Northeast
Commission agreed on the following:

August 1964

International (Contd.):

(1) A codification of the conservation
measures inherited from the Permanent Com-
mission under Article 16 of the 1959 Conven-
tion of the Northeast Atlantic Fisheries was
approved,

(2) Minimum mesh sizes of nets applicable
in the northern part of the 1946 (predecessor)
Convention area should apply to the 1959 Con-
vention area between 42° and 44° W. and be-
tween 329and51° E. For the present, no min-
imum sizes of meshof nets were specified for
the 1959 Convention area south of 48° north.

(3) The United Kingdom replaced the Fed-
eral Republic of Germany on Regional Com-
mittee 3, in accordance with their wishes:

(4) Permission to use top-side chafers
was extended to January 1966. The ICES was
requested to arrange for a detailed assess-
ment of the various types of chafers in use in
the Convention area and their effect onselec-
tivity. Member Governments were asked to
supply the Commission with additional infor -
mation on types of chafers in use in their fish-
ing industries and the effect on selectivity of
nets. In particular, they were asked to ex-
plain any objections they may have to the
top-side chafer specified by the Commission
and the top-side chafer of the multiple-flap

type.

(5) The ICES was requested to renew the
activity of the Arctic Fisheries Working
Group for a further study and reassessment
of Arctic stocks.

(6) The ICES was requested to review the
information available on the state of the stocks
of the spiny dogfish and to advise the Commis -
sion on the effects of possible conservation
measures.

(7) The ICES was requested to continue its
study of the state of herring stocks in the Con-
vention area,

(8) The provisions of Article 16 ofthe 1959
Convention which permit small fishing craft
(primarily Danish) to fish for whiting in the
Skagerrak and Kattegat Seas with small-mesh
nets were extended until January 1, 1970.

(9) A Special Committee was established
to study the practical problems involved in the
establishment of international measures of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

control on the high seas for the purpose of en-
suring application of the Convention and the
measures in force thereunder, as provided
for in Article 13. Member Countries were
asked to supply the Commission with a cur-
rent account of their methods of national con-
trol. The Special Committee should be con-
vened, if convenient, at the time and place of
the Technical Conference on Policing to be
called by the United Kingdom, possibly in the
fall of 1964.

(10) The provisional budget for the year
ending June 30, 1965 shouldbe £3,730
($10,444).

(11) The next NEAFC meeting will be held
in Moscow on May 11, 1965. (United States
Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United
States Embassy, Copenhagen, May 20, 1964.)

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

JAPAN JOINS OECD:
On April 28, 1964, Japan became the 21st
member of the Organization for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD). Japan
deposited ratification documents for the treaty
between Japan and the OECD with the French
Government, the custodian of such docu-
ments for OECD members. The action
followed the Japanese House
of Councillor's approval ofthe
OECD codes and resolutions,
and the treaty admitting
Japan.

The Japanese Foreign Minister said that
Japan should be able to solve its pending eco-
nomic problems effectively through bilateral
negotiations and through multilateral organi-
zations such as the OECD, the General Agree-
ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the United
Nations, and the International Monetary Fund
(IMF).

The Japanese Minister of International
Trade and Industry stated that he intends to
make efforts to eliminate trade discrimina-
tions against Japan by taking advantage of Ja-
pan's official entry into the OECD, and that
his ministry would strive to strengthen the
nation's industrial foundation so that Japan
may withdraw various reservations it has
made in connection with its trade liberaliza-
tion duties. (Japan Report, May 15, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p, 43.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Argentina

FISH MEAL AND OIL PRODUCTION
AND EXPORTS, 1962-1963:

Production of fish meal from salt-water
fish has expanded rapidly in Argentina during
the last 2 years and the industry now has an
annual capacity of about 12,000 tons of fish
meal. Fish oil production in Argentina also

increased in 1963.

ATLAN|TIC

OCEAN

Argentina's Production and Exports of
Fish Meal and Oil, 1962-1963

1/1963 1962
« « » (Metric Tons)...

Production:
Fish meal:
Salt-water ...oe-cecees
Fresh-water
Fish oil:
Fish-body oil ...
Shark-liver oil...

6, 636.4
1,418.9

eee eee eo o

1/Preliminary.

Exports of industrial products expanded
along with production in1963, with West Ger-
many being the principal market for Argen-
tine fish meal and most of the fish oil going
tothe Netherlands. (United States Embassy,
Buenos Aires, May 14, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 54.
vi

Australia

MODIFIED TUNA LONG-LINING
IN SHORE WATERS:

Encouraged by the record bluefintuna sea-
son on the southern New South Wales fishing

Vol. 26, No. 8

grounds, a number of Australian fishermen
are turning to modified inshore long-lining to
catchyellowfintuna which normally are avail-
able after the bait-and-pole fishing season
for bluefin tuna ends in January. The modi-
fied long-line
method has Es tawan
beenused suc-

cessfully to Bornes
catch yellow- 2S

fin tuna in east-
ern Australian ae
inshore waters 3 Po
for the past two oONesiaA

seasons. It dif-

fers from the

Japanese meth-

od of long-lin-
ing for bluefin ST Se AM tA
tuna in the
Tasman Sea in
that the long
line is used in
much shallow-
er water, the
branch lines
are at closer intervals, and the main line is
shorter. Buoys generally arespaced every
three hooks. Branchlines are2 or 3 fathoms
long. Various types of wire trace are used.
A few fishermen are using synthetic main
lines but those are costly and most con-
tinue to use sisal and manila main lines.
Synthetic fibers are often used in the
branch lines.

Winching gear has been improved consid-
erably since 1963 and most vessels are equip-
ped with efficient horizontal disc-type haul-
ers. The Japanese-type vertical hauler has
not yet been introduced in the Australian in-
shore long-line fishery.

The yellowfin tuna season off New South
Wales began in late January 1964. By early
March 1964, a total of 200,000 pounds of yel-
lowfin had been taken off southern New South
Wales between Ulladulla and Bermagui by
vessels operating troll and modified long-line
gear. One fisherman operating out of the port
of Ulladulla took 4,000 pounds of tuna in 1 day
with a long line baited with 200 hooks. Fish-
ermen operating in the Bermagui area with
trolling and long-line gear were taking tuna
ranging in size from 50 to 80 pounds. The
heavier tuna were usually taken onlong lines.
The yellowfintuna season off New South Wales

August 1964

Australia (Contd.):

usually lasts until June. (Australian Fisher-
ies Newsletter, April 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 36, April

1964 p. 50.
*
“ee

<a
RY

British Guiana

SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS,
1963, AND OUTLOOK FOR 1964:

In British Guiana, the shrimp catch in1963
was estimated at about 5 million pounds, a-
bout the same as in 1962 and considerably
above the 4 million pounds caught in 1961.
Most of the shrimp catch is exported frozen
to the United States.

In early 1964, shrimp vessels operating
out of Georgetown, British Guiana, totaled 84
as compared to about 60 in 1962.

A United States firm which operates anum-
ber of shrimp vessels in British Guiana plans
to expand its freezing capacity during 1964.
Observers expect a considerable expansion
in the British Guiana shrimp industry, as it
is reported to have attracted the interest of
a number of United States firms.

Except for shrimp, fishing in British Gui-
ana remains a small enterprise serving the
local market. (United States Consul, George-
town, May 31, 1964.)

Conada

NEW TUNA CANNERY PLANNED
FOR NOVA SCOTIA:

A new tuna cannery at a cost of $1.25 mil-
lion is to be built in Nova Scotia by a British
Columbia fishing firm within the next two
years. The plant will process both the Pacif-
ic and Atlantic tuna catches of a new tuna
seiner, the Golden Scarab, which will cost
$1.5 million to build.

The Golden Scarab (168 feet long) is now
being built at Luaza, Province of Quebec, and
is expected to be completed by November
1964, A second tuna vessel (with 800-ton ca-
pacity) will be built and when both vessels are
completed, their combined tuna catch will be

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

handled by the proposed cannery in Nova Sco-
tia. The actual site of the plant has not yet
been decided but Dartmouth, Yarmouth, or
Liverpool were being considered.

Both of the new tuna Seiners will have a
long-range capability and will be able to stay
out at sea for as long as 100 days. It is plan-
ned that they will make a minimum of 4 trips
a year, 2 trips to the traditional Pacific tuna
fishing grounds off Peru and 2 trips to the
warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. (Na-
tional Fisherman, June 1964.)

KK Ok ok

CHINOOK AND SILVER SALMON TAGGING
PROGRAM IN BRITISH COLUMBIA:

A third tagging program designed by the
Canadian Department of Fisheries to study
the movements and exploitation of British Co-
lumbia chinook and silver salmon stocks in
the Strait of Georgia area began in late May
1964. A tagging program in the same area
conducted during May and June 1963 empha-
sized the tagging of silver salmon during the
"blueback'' stage. The results were very suc-
cessful due in large part to the excellent co-
operation of sport and commercial fishermen
in returning tags. A second program con-
ducted during December 1963 and January
1964 emphasized the tagging of mature silver
salmon, and although tag returns are not yet
complete, early indications show promise of
an equally successful program.

Chinook salmon are the main objective of
the third tagging program and the success of
the program will again depend upon the coop-
eration of fishermen in returning tags with
information on the date, method, and location
of recovery. A nominal reward of C$0.50 is
offered by the Canadian Department of Fish-
eries for the return of each tag. (Canadian
Department of Fisheries, Vancouver, May 25,
1964.)

Kk OK OK XK OK

SALMON TAGGING ON ATLANTIC COAST:

An extensive program involving the tagging
and release of 150,000 Atlantic salmonsmolts
annually over the next few years was announced
in June 1964 by the Canadian Fisheries Min-
ister. The salmon will be reared at fish cul-
ture stations of the federal Department of
Fisheries in New Brunswick until they are two
years old when, as smolts, they will be tagged
and released at various points in the Saint John
and Miramichi River systems.

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

The purpose of the experiment in fishcul-
ture is: (1) to determine more accurately the
fate of hatchery-reared salmon after they are
released; (2) to find out whether early-run
salmon spawn early-run progeny and late-run
salmon, late-run progeny; and (3) to provide
information on the usefulness of grilse salm-
on in Spawning and propagation. The project
will be carried out jointly by the Federal Fish
Culture Development Branch and the Fisher-
ies Research Board of Canada.

The Fish Culture Development Branch will
carry out its share of the joint program onthe
Saint John River system. It will involve the
rearing, tagging, and release of 50,000 two-
year-old smolts from two-sea-year or older
early-run salmon.

The Research Board's program on the
Miramichi System involves both early-run
and late-run salmon. Hatcheries will pro-
duce 25,000 early-run and 25,000 late-run
two-year-old salmon smolts from maiden
two-sea-year parents, and 25,000 early-run
and 25,000 late-run two-year-old salmon
smolts from grilse parents. The early-run
parent salmon are to be taken prior to July
31, and the late-run fish after September 15,
(Canadian Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
June 9, 1964.)

1K OOK OK ok ok

MARINE OIL PRODUCTION, UTILIZATION,
AND FOREIGN TRADE, 1961-1963:

Production: Canadian production of ma-
rine oil showed a substantial gain in 1963 due
mainly to greater herring oil output in Brit-
ish Columbia which accounted for 82.2 per-
cent of total production.

Table 1 - Canadian Production of Marine Oils,
1961-1963 and 1956-1960 Average

1961 S-Year Avg.
1956-1960
Said ma al, OOO Pounds) eaemerawel
11, 494|10,792] 10,650; 13,146

1/4963 |2/1962

Atlantic production3/ °
British Columbia pager
tion (herring oil)4/ . .

53, 171|41,031] 42, 863] 29,552

3/Consists mainly of fish oil and fish-liver oil from groundfish
species and seal oil.

/Consists entirely of herring oil.

ote: Production data converted to pounds using the factor

9.3073 pounds equal 1 imperial gallon.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Use in Margarine and Shortening: The
domestic margarine industry has become an

important user of marine oils. In 1963, ma-
rine oil replaced soybean oil as the leading
constituent in Canadian margarine. In July!
and August 1963, marine oils accounted for
over 50 percent of the total oils and fats (veg-

Table 2 - Canada's Use of Marine Oils!/ in Margarine and
Shortening Production, 1961-1963 and 1956-1960 Average

1,000 Ibs.

eu ttl on no
Marine Oils Used in

Shortening Production:

Quantity of marine
en iyee| G5 5 00 5

Percentage of total
oilsused ...

21.6

Percentage] 12.4 | 11.9

eee

1/Refined-oil basis.

2 /Preliminary.

Margarine Production:
16.9} 15.5
10.1] 9.6
3 /Revised.

Quantity of marine
oilsused .....-
Table 3 - Canadian Imports of Marine Oils by ;
Country of Origin, 1961-1963
- s
Commodity and 2/1962 2/1961

Percentage of total
1
Country of Origin 4/1963
» » » (1,000 Pounds)...
Cod-Liver Oil:
United Kingdom ......-.
Norway ..-eceeceeccce
South Africa Republic ....
JERE 6 OOO 6 6 6 OO OOO
United States... 2. cece
Other countries. 2. sees

Other Fish Oils:
celandiy veneer
Bahama Islands .
United States .
Other countries

Whale and Sperm Oil:
United Kingdom . .
Norway «osc c eee co
United States

Fish Oil, Concentrated:
“United SHES 5S Gob oo060

South Africa Republic
Toll fis ot or eying |e] aaa

Other countries . . 2. see.

Total fish oil, concentrated eee
IEE 5 OOOO Ono
United States

Total marine oil imports . 26,028 | 44,191 | 33,613
Preliminary.

Fish Oil for Fortifying:
83
% 250 “19
22 8
Other countries ...
2/Revised.

August 1964

Canada (Contd.):

etable, marine, and animal) used in Canadian
margarine. But the use of marine oil in Ca-
nadian margarine declined to 38 percent of
the total in December 1963 as rising prices
reduced the advantage of herring oil over
vegetable oil. The prices of British Colum-
bia herring oil delivered at Toronto, Canada,
in 1963 were (in Canadian cents per pound):
February 8.2; April 8.5; June 9.4; August
10.2; October 10.6; and December 10.7.

Foreign Trade: Canadian imports of ma-
rine oils were down sharply in 1963 due
mainly to smaller shipments of fish oilfrom
Iceland, which in recent years has joined the
United States as a leading supplier of marine
oils to Canada. Shipments of fish oil from
the United States in 1963 were up slightly
from the previous year, but down 31.0 per-
cent from those in 1961.

Canadian exports of marine oils in 1963
were more than double those in the previous
year, although the major foreign markets for
herring oil have not been recovered. (Ca-
nadian herring oil exports dropped from over
23 million pounds in 1960 to less than 1 mil-
lion pounds in 1961.) The gain in exportsin
1963 was due mainly to larger shipments of

Table 4 - Canadian Exports of Marine Oils by Country
of Destination, 1961-1963

Commodity and Co’
RUE Danaher fo 1/1963 | 2/1962 | 2/1961

« » » (1,000 Pounds)...
Cod-Liver Oil:

United Kingdom .....-.

United States... eee

Other countries... 2 eee

Total cod-liveroil ... 10, 466 6, 188
Other Fish-Liver Oils:
Total all countries .....
Herzing Oil:
United Kingdom .....
United States... sss

Whale Oil:

United Kingdom

Italy . 2c ee

Netherlands ..

El Salvador ..

United States

Other countries
Total whale oil

5
7918

United States...
Other countries ...

Total other marine oils, 1, 302
7,645
1/Preliminary,
2/Revised.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

cod-liver oil to the United States, and greater
exports of whale oil to the United Kingdom,
Italy, and the Netherlands. Exports of her-
ring oil to the United Kingdom were also up
in 1963. (United States Embassy, Ottawa,
April 16, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 65, Janu-
ary 1963 p. 80.

OK OK Ok Ok

CHANGES ANNOUNCED IN FISHING
VESSEL ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS:
Changes in the Fishing Vessel Assistance
Regulations, which were announced on June
5, 1964, by Canada's Fisheries Minister, give
greater encouragement to fishermen in the
five Atlantic Seaboard Provinces to acquire
more modern and efficient fishing craft. This,
the Minister said, is a further step in the de-
velopment program discussed at the Federal-
Provincial conference on fisheries this past
January.

The minimum size of vessels eligible for
assistance has been lowered to 35 feet over-
all length, from the previous minimum of 45
feet. The maximum size of 99.9 gross tons
is unchanged. Formerly, the rate of assist-
ance was C$250 a gross ton. That rate has
been replaced by two new rates: (a) 25 per-
cent of the cost, approved by the Fisheries
Minister, of vessels 35 to 54.9 feet in length
overall and, (b) 30 percent of the cost (also ap-
proved) of vessels from 55 feet in length over -
alluptothe maximum of 99.9 grosstons. The
approved cost will be based onthe total cost of
each vessel equipped and ready for fishing.

During the first few years of operations
under the new regulations, assistance to ves-
sels under 45 feet in length will be limited to
approved experimental designs. The Fisher-
men's Loan Boards in the Provinces of New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Sco-
tia, and Newfoundland and the Minister of n-
dustry and Commerce in the Province of Que-
bec will continue the direct administration of
the new regulations. Close control over the
ldesign and specifications of craft eligible for
assistance will be maintained by Federal-
Provincial cooperation. This will include
consideration of the number of craft to be
built each year, their location, and the co-
ordination of their construction with training
projects designed to provide skilled manpow-
er for a modern Atlantic fleet.

The new assistance rates apply to all ap-
plications filed by fishermen with Provincial

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

Loan Boards, and in Quebec with the Minis-
ter of Industry and Commerce, after June 30,
1964. (Canadian Department of Fisheries,
Ottawa, June 5, 1964.)

Ok KOK OK

NEW RESEARCH STATION
ON LAKE HURON:

The Great Lakes Institute of the University
of Toronto is establishing a permanent re-
search station on the shore of Lake Huron
about 10 miles south of Port Elgin, Ontario.
The site is near the nuclear power plant be-
ing built at Douglas Point, and two major
projects of the new research station are re-
lated to the new power facility. All types of
fauna in Lake Huron are being examined and
rated for natural radioactivity so that com-
parative tests can be made after the power
plant is in operation in 1965 to determine if
the natural radioactive level has been altered.

Other studies concern water and wind
movements in Lake Huron, including surface
and internal wave action and dispersal.

Four instrumented observation towers are
being installed at the research station to per-
mit the study of lake conditions to depths ex-
ceeding 60 feet. The Great Lakes Institute
research vessel Porte Dauphine will carry on
offshore studies in the area for part of the
summer. (Great Lakes News Letter, Great
Lakes Commission, March-April 1964.)

2k ok ok Ok

NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
VESSEL COMMISSIONED:

Canada's new $7 million oceanographic re-
search vessel, the Hudson, was commissioned
in February 1964 at Halifax, Nova Scotia. She
will be attached to the fleet of the Department
of Mines and Technical Surveys at the Bedford
Institute of Oceanography at Dartmouth, N.S.
Oceanographers on the staff of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, which has carried
out a program of oceanography for many years,
will take part in some of the investigations
made possible by the addition of this vessel
to Canada's scientific research fleet.

One of the most modern oceanographic re-
search vessels afloat, the 294-foot Hudson,
of 4,800 tons displacement, has been under
construction since early in 1961, and was

Vol. 26, No. 8

overdue for more than a year. Much of the
delay was caused by the problems involved
in building a ship of such complexity. The
vessel was built by a shipyard at Saint John,
New Brunswick, in Canada. ;

The Hudson has a cruising range of 15,000
nautical miles and a speed of over 17 knots.
The vessel is considered a complete floating
laboratory and is capable of hydrographic and
oceanographic work anywhere in the world,
but will serve mainly in the Arctic and Atlan-
tic Oceans. Her schedule is already fully
booked for 1964, the main tour of duty being
a full-scale geophysical investigation of Hud-
son Bay during July, August, and September.
Before heading north in July, she was sched-
uled to work off the "'tail'' of the Grand Banks
southeast of Nova Scotia during March and
April of this year to obtain information for
the productionof charts useful to fishermen.
(Trade News, February 1964.)

* ok Kk KX

TEN SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS
IN FISHERIES FIELDS: ;
Ten scholarships, valued at $2,400 each,
have been awarded for the 1964/65 academic
year by the Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada. The scholarships were awarded through
competition based on scholastic ability to
graduate students carrying out research in
fields pertinent to fisheries, including biology,
zoology, and oceanography. Hight of the ten
awards for 1964/65 are renewals, to students
who won similar awards last year.

The graduate students will work on their
research at four Canadian centers: the Uni-
versity of British Columbia, Vancouver; Dal-
housie University, Halifax; the University of ~
Western Ontario, London; and Carleton Uni-
versity, Ottawa. (Fisheries Council of Cana-
da Bulletin, May 1964.)

Chile
TUNA INDUSTRY EXPANDING:

The Chilean tuna fishing industry is undergoing a revival
after a period of relative inactivity. In the spring of 1964, at
least 4 vessels based in Chile were known to be fishing for
tuna, One of the 3 companies now active in the Chilean tuna
fishery has placed orders which should expand its tuna fleet
to 10 vessels. In addition, many other vessels in the ancho-
veta fishery off Chile could be converted to tuna fishing.

The tuna industry of Chile is located at the port of Iquique,
in the Province of Tarapaca. In the mid-1950’s, the industry

August 1964

Chile (Contd.):

worked with an annual catch of 1,000 to 1,500 metric tons of
tuna and 2,000 to 8,000 tons of bonito. That period
corresponds to the years in which 5 purse-seine vessels of a
United States tuna company were working with a Chilean com-
pany. Although the 5 purse seiners were left behind when the
United States company withdrew from Chile in 1958, tuna fish-
ing in Chile dropped off sharply in the late 1950’s when
Chile’s fish reduction industry shifted to the north,

ACID meres se,

Lee Ocean

en 3

The new interest of the northern fishing industry was an-
choveta, During the period 1959-1962, few vessels went out
for tuna because lucrative anchoveta catches were possible
within a day’s fishing no more than 5 miles off the shoreline,

As part of its program for development of the fisheries of
northern Chile, the Corporacion de Fomento de Produccion
(CORFO) organized a new company to establish and operate at
Iquique an integrated fisheries enterprise with a cannery,
freezing and cold-storage facilities, and a fish meal plant,
Plans called for the new company's fish meal plant to open
May 28, 1964, and freezing and canning facilities should be in
operation by the latter part of 1964, The new company ac-
quired the Santa Rosa as the first vessel of its tuna fleet
in late 1962.

~ =

Fig. 1 - Small local boats also fish tuna. Fishermen's children
wade into surf at Quintay and help beach boats with catches of
tuna.

The Santa Rosa, a 170-ton purse-seine vessel equipped
with a brine tank, started fishing in January 1963. Its catch
was processed (predominantly for export as whole frozen
fish) by the company which had formerly worked with the
United States tuna vessels, Yellowfin and possibly some al-
bacore tuna were shipped to California, skipjack and bonito
to Puerto Rico, and bonito to Europe,

Chilean tuna landings in 1964 should be substantially above
those in 1963, In addition to the Santa Rosa, the new com-
pany organized by CORFO has purchased 2 new 380-ton ves-
sels (originally built in England for Ghana), which ar-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

rived in Chile and began in fishing for tuna in June 1964. The
new Chilean company is also having 7 tuna vessels built in a
German shipyard,

Two other fishing companies in Chile have also shown an
interest in the tuna fishery. One of those companies has re-
equipped for tuna fishing at least one of the purse-seiners
left in Chile by the U, S. tuna company which withdrew in
1958. The other company (jointly owned by South African and
Chilean interests) has diverted a new 170-ton purse seiner to
tuna fishing.

hie 7
Fig. 2 - Fishermen bring their catch of tuna ashore from small
boats at Quintay.

= a *

‘

The expansion of tuna fishing off northern Chile will vary
with the availability of anchoveta to the northern fishing fleet.
Another prolonged absence of anchoveta off the northern
coast, as occurred in 1963 and again in early 1964, will send
many of the 170-ton anchoveta purse-seine vessels out for
tuna, It might also lead to the installation of freezing and
canning facilities by a number of fishing companies now op-
erating fish meal plants in the area, Some of those compa-

Table 1 - Chilean Landings of Tuna, Bonito,
and Swordfish, 1950-1963

hex Species
Year| Atun [Cachurreta | Bonito [Pez-Espada
Metrict bons) metre eieiereiie
2,553 94
2,228 297
3,586 394
2,313 456
2,566 555
3,823 392
2,144 357
4,136 386
7,500 237
4,405 334
1,974 416
4,886 570
3,973 870
2,927 786

Note: "Atun" generally refers to yellowfin and albacore tuna, "Cach-
urreta" is skipjack. '"Pez-Espada" is the swordfish which is more gen-
erally known by the name "albacore."' As both albacore tuna and
swordfish are captured off Valparaiso, there may have been some con-
fusion in the landing reports on which the statistical data are based.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Chile (Contd.):

Table 2 - Chilean Landings of Tuna, Bonito,
and Skipjack by Months, 1963

Atunl/
(Yellowfin-Albacore)

Cachurreta

Months (Skipjack)

Bonito

1.6 64. >
23.8 181. 19.0
37.6 19 36.6

= 131 =

4.7 =

0.8 =

0.5 =

0.2 =

0.3 0.7

0.5 0.4

= 0.7
Totals .. 70.0 57.4

1/Mostly of not all yellowfin,

nies have substantial foreign capital backing. In the past, on-
ly one company in northern Chile had freezing and canning
facilities capable of handling tuna for export. But by the end
of 1964, the new company organized by CORFO will have a
modern automatic tuna canning line and blast-and brine-
freezing equipment in operation. Those facilities will create
a market for tuna that has not existed in north Chile since
the withdrawal of the United States tuna firm in 1958,

Yellowfin tuna is taken from 5 to 35 miles off the northern
coast of Chile. February through April is the best yellowfin
tuna season, according to the captain of the Santa Rosa.
Official statistical data indicate that 86 percent of the 1963
Chilean catch of yellowfin tuna was taken in February and
March. The bonito catch was spread more evenly over the
year in 1963. More intensive fishing might change the pic-
ture. For the present and near future, the northern fleet is
expected to give preference to anchoveta fishing and turn to
tuna in the slack season (normally mid-June to October).

The current vessel preference of anchoveta fishermen in
Chile isthe 170- to 180-tonpurse seiner. Such vessels are ca-
pable of fishing for tuna, particularly yellowfin. (United
States Embassy, Santiago, May 18, 1964.)

Costa Rica

FISH AND SHELLFISH LANDINGS,
1963/64 SEASON:

Landings of fish and shellfish in Costa
Rica during the 1963/64 season amounted to
2,288 metric tons--down 5 percent from the
previous year. Leading species were shrimp
(all varieties) which accounted for 48 percent
of the total landings, followed by tuna, and un-
classified finfish.

Landings of all species of shrimp were up
17 percent from the previous season and were
larger than those for each season since
1959/60 when they were only about one-half
the 1963/64 landings. Landings of large white
shrimp, however, have declined steadily each
season while those for small shrimp increased.

Vol. 26, No. 8

The 1963/64 landings of small white shrimp
were at a five-year high and well above the
yearly average for the five years under study.
Although landings of pink shrimp were 16 per-
cent lower than the previous season, they were
well above the yearly average for the five-
year period.

Tuna landings during the 1963/64 season
were down 23 percent from the previous year.
Most of the tuna landed in Costa Rica is pur-
chased by the tuna cannery there from United
States fishing vessels.

Costa Rica Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1963/64
Fishing Season with Comparisons

274 385 459
557 549 511
202 64 107
675 554 426
Turtle, green 23 33 12
Spiny lobster 88 27 94 1,420

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Fish and Wild-
life Section.

Finfish (unclassified) landings were lower
in 1963/64, due in part to the low prices of-
fered by the Consejo Nacional de Produccion
(National Production Council) which caused
fishermen to lose interest in that fishery.

The quantity of spiny lobsters landed in
1963/64 was very small although it was three
times greater than the 27 metric tons of the
previous season, but down substantially as
compared with the 1,420 tons of the 1960/61
season. An issue during the 1963/64 season
was the matter of bait for lobster traps. Lob-
ster fishermen on the Atlantic Coast were
handicapped because they had to buy substan-
tial quantities of bait from suppliers in Punt-
arenas on the Pacific Coast at an average
price of CR$0.75 (11 U.S. cents) a pound, Most
of the bait purchased there consisted of trash
fish which Pacific Coast shrimp fishermen
generally discard. Lobster fishermen on the
Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica continue topress
the Government for suitable regulations which
will protect their interests. (United States
Embassy, San Jose, May 15, 1964.)

August 1964

Denmark

AUTHORITY SOUGHT FOR RATIFICATION
OF WESTERN EUROPEAN FISHERIES
CONVENTION AND NEW FISHING LIMITS:

On May 20, 1964, Denmark's Foreign Min-
ister requested ratification by the Danish
Parliament of the Fisheries Convention ap-
proved March 9, 1964, at the Western Euro-
pean Fisheries Conference in London. The
Foreign Minister's proposal pointed out that
Denmark will be able to extend its fishing
limits in the Kattegat, Skagerrak, and North
Sea without affecting the present 12-mile
limits in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
It was considered that if Greenland and the
Faroe Islands had been included in the Con-
vention area--and for Norway and Iceland to
have accepted the Convention--would have
been a backward step from their 12-mile
limits.

On the same date, the Fisheries Minister
also submitted brief legislation relating to
Danish fishing limits. The first of that legis-
lation authorizes the Fisheries Minister to
establish regulations governing Danish fish-
eries limits in accordance with the provisions
of the London Fisheries Convention of March
9, 1964. The second paragraph states that
the legislation does not apply to the Faroe Is-
lands or to Greenland.

Authority to extend Denmark's fishing lim-
its was being sought, according to the Fisher-
ies Minister, because it is in the interest of
the fishing industry and the public to do so at
the earliest possible time rather than delay
until the next session of the Parliament. The
authority granted will not be exercised until
after discussions with the Parliament and the
fishing industry. Also, there are transitional
periods before the fully extended limits be-
come effective.

The Fisheries Minister foresees better
fishing for Danish inshore fishermen when
the limits are extended and better conserva-
tion of the fishery resources within the es-
tablished limits. Since Ireland and the United
Kingdom have mentioned a transitional period
of 1z years for countries with historic fishing
rights before extending the limits from 3 to 6
miles--and 23 years where baselines are
drawn across bays--Denmark may be re-
quired to do the same. West Germany, the
Netherlands, and possibly Belgium and France
would wish to negotiate with Denmark in re-
gard to their historic fishing off Danishcoasts.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Article 10 of the Fisheries Convention pro-
vides that nothing in the Convention shall pre-
vent establishment of a special regime inmat-
ters of fisheries in a number of instances, in-
cluding '(c) as between Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden," and ''(f) in the Skagerrak and Katte-
gat.'' Thus, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
may conclude special arrangements in those
waters. The Convention of December 31, 1932,
between Denmark and Sweden covers some but
not all of the boundary waters. There is no
similar agreement with Norway. Although
Norway is concerned with Skagerrak waters
it has not einforcedits 12-mile limit in that
area. Representatives of Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden have held preliminary discussions
about fishing limits in the waters between their
coasts and may be expected to become more
serious about them in the future. (Regional
Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States

Embassy, Copenhagen, May 27, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 49; April
1964 p. 41; February 1964 p. 59; January 1964 p. 35.

se oe ke ee
KKK KK

WATER PURIFICATION AND PROTEIN
EXTRACTION PROCESS MAY BE
APPLIED TO FISH REDUCTION INDUSTRY:

A purification and protein extraction process from waste
water, which was invented in Denmark, has been used in a po-
tato flour factory in Jutland, Denmark, and is now to be used
in the Danish fish meal, dairy, and meat slaughtering indus-
tries.

Although earlier experiments were not successful, a
small pilot plant at the Jutland potato factory, which has been
using the process since November 1963, has so far confirmed
blueprint calculations, according to a spokesman of the Chem-
istry Department, Copenhagen Technological Institute, which
assisted the inventor in development of the new process.

The Danish inventor of the process stated that the reason
the potato flour factory was chosen for the experiments was
because in that type of production large quantities of waste
water with relatively little protein content is turned out,
Should the process prove effective under those conditions,
then it would be even more effective under more favorable
conditions in other industries such as those for fish meal and
dairy products. Experiments in the starch industry are
therefore considered completed and the inventor has turned to
experiments in other industries.

The project has not yet been developed beyond the pilot-
plant stage, but the inventor of the process claims that he is
negotiating with some 80 industries all over the world, which
have expressed interest in the process. Also, he has
been negotiating with three different United States companies
concerning representation on the American market. He
stated that the purification plant will eventually be construct-
ed by a large internationally known firm, Newspaper reports
previously indicated that components for the plant would be
supplied by firms in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the Neth-
erlands.

According to the inventor, the process consists of a con-
secutive precipitation with subsequent purification and drying.
The precipitation is brought about by the addition to the waste
water of sulphuric acid and a special chemical made by the in-
ventor, which at the first stage removes 50 jercent of the ni-
trogen (protein), all starches and all pulps, if any exist. Dur-

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

ing the second stage of the process, all sugar and 99 percent

of the remaining nitrogen are removed. As a result, the BOD
(biological oxygen demand) of the waste water is reduced to 1/2
percent of the original and the potassium permanganate con-
tent to less than 100 mg./1. The process is automated and re-
quires little manual attention. -

While the pilot plant has worked only with the processing of
about five metric tons of waste water per hour, the inventor es-
timates that a regular industrial plant designed for a small po-
tato flour factory should process about 70 tons of water per
hour. Such a plant would cost about US$58,000 to construct.

It would turn out about 158 kilograms (348 pounds) of dry mat-
ter per hour at a cost of about 6-1/2 cents per kilogram (2.2
pounds), The inventor maintains that the product (according to
laboratory tests), if used for fodder purposes, would realize
about $13.00 per 100 kilograms because of its high content of
essential amino-acid vitamins. Application of the product in
the chemical industry might eventually, he envisions, bring
higher yields. The inventor reportedly holds patent rights to
the process. (United States Embassy, Copenhagen, May 13,
1964.)

German Federal Republic

FISH MEAL AND MARINE OIL
INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1963:

Fish Meal: In 1963, there was a decline
in the use of fish meal for animal feed in
West Germany and a corresponding drop in
imports. Peruvian shipments of fish meal
to West Germany in 1963 were down 19 per-
cent from the previous year, although Peru
was still the dominant supplier. The decline
was partly offset by larger shipments from
Norway, Iceland, and the South Africa Re-
public.

Table 1 - West Germany Supply and Distribution of
Fish Meal4/, 1962-1963 and 1964 Forecast

(1,000 Metric Tons)
Supply:
Opening stocks, January 1... .
Production
Imports

Disposition:
Exports
Domestic disappearance:

Animal feed

[nding stocks, December 31... | 10 | 8 | € |

1/Includes small amounts of meat meal.

A moderate increase in the consumption
of fish meal is expected in 1964 as a result
of an anticipated increase in the demand for
feed for laying hens and pigs. Any increase
in demand will probably result in higher im-
ports, since domestic production is expected
to continue at the level of recent years.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Table 2 - West Germany Imports of Fish Meal, 1962-1963

Country of Origin

Denmark .
Iceland .
Netherlands

South Africa Republic
Chile wan -pelleitsnei eiten’s
EE 4 5.60.40'000
Pakistan . 2... cece
Other countries . « » «

ee es © © © © © o

eee © © © © © 8 8 8

295, 328 331, 859

Note: Total imports reported above are less than those shown
in table 1.

Marine Oil Foreign Trade: West German
imports of whale oil in 1963 were up 12 per-
cent from those in 1962 due mainly to larger
shipments from Japan, because whale oil im=
ports from most other producing countries
were down.

Table 3 - West German Foreign Trade in
Marine Oil, 1962-1963
Commodity & Country of 1963 1962
Origin or Destination

- - (Metric Tons). .

Imports:
Whale Oil:
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Norway .
Portugal .
Perm...

Japan. .
Australia .
Other countrie
Total whale
Fish Body Oils:
Denmark ..
icelandiawe

ec ee eo

Netherlands ....-eceee
Norway ...sceccecoccse
Portugal «cee eee eww
Angola ..ceeecccee
United States ...2eecee
Gulls os og00G000000
WEE ponOODdDOoODOOOO

Other countries

Total fish body oils... . | 65,105 64, 816

is jot | oat

Whalejoiliy.ranenspleliclielolsiieire 441 2,588

Fish body oil... ...-00- 17,992 20, 754

There was a substantial gain in imports of

menhaden oil from the United States in 1963
and imports of fish oil were also up from
Peru, Angola, Portugal, and the Netherlands.
But the gain was about offset by a decline in
fish oil shipments from Denmark, Iceland,
and Chile. Total imports of fish oil in 1963
were almost the same as in 1962.

August 1964

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

West German exports of marine oil in
1963 consisted mainly of fish body oil. (Unit-
ed States Embassy, Bonn, April 10, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 69.

He OK OK ok Ok

NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC
RESEARCH VESSEL LAUNCHED:

Germany's newest and largest oceano-
graphic research vessel, the Meteor, was
launched in Bremenhaven on February 8,
1964. The 2,740-ton research vessel is be-
ing made ready for participation in the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition in October
1964. (National Oceanographic Data Center,
Newsletter, March 31, 1964.)

Another new research vessel, the Meteor
Il, was launched in Germany during August

1963 under the joint ownership of the German

Hydrographic Institute of Hamburg and the
German Research Association of Bad Godes-
bert.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 68.
KK oe OK Ok

ONE-MAN FIBERGLASS
SUBMARINE DEVELOPED:

A one-man submarine made of reinforced

fiberglass has been developed by a West Ger-

man firm, The craft consists of a pressure-
tested cabin and two flooding tanks attached
to the cabin. It is driven by two 500-watt
electric motors which are powered by a bat-
tery of 100 amperes per hour. A battery of
286 amperes per hour can also be used.

Power diving and surfacing at any angle
are possible with the electric motors. The
submarine can also submerge simply by fill-
ing both flooding tanks. Compressed air is

Instruments...
Switches for compressed alr-. >.

Motor switches-.
Motors with screw outside of the boat.
Compressed air bottles. ~~
Automaton for lifting the boat at a depth of 50 m
Front flooding tank
Breathing — chalk and humidity binder system
Siderudder pedal
Front flooding valve.

Elastic rubber blocks —-
Emergency flooding v:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

carried in two 7-liter bottles to drain the
flooding tanks for surfacing. The submarine
has a diving range of 50 meters (164 feet).
Surface speed is approximately 9 kilometers
(5.6 miles) per hour and submerged speed
about 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) per hour. With
the use of full motor power, the standard bat-
tery will last for 24 hours of operation and the
special battery will last for 7 hours. Suffi-
cient oxygen is carried in a 1-liter bottle to
remain submerged for 4 hours.

The length of the fiberglass submarine is
3.1 meters (10.2 feet), the largest diameter
is 0.7 meter (2.3 feet), the largest width is
1.6 meters (5.2 feet), and the largest height
is 1.4 meters (4.6 feet).

Searchlights can be mounted inside or out-
side the submarine and special instruments
can be provided for research purposes.

She

OUTLOOK AND PLANS FOR
FISHING INDUSTRY EXPANSION:

The production goal of the Ghana Fishing
Corporation over a 7-year development period
is 150,000 metric tons, according to an inter-
view given by an official of that organization
in May 1964, as reported in Ghana newspapers.
In order to achieve that goal, international wa-
ters will be fished and carrier vessels will be
used to collect fish stored by the Corporation's
trawlers at sea which will be able to stay out
fishing for longer periods than at present. By
the end of the 7-year period, the Corporation
plans that its staff would be increased from
the present 600 to 2,000 workers.

Plans call for the construction at Tema of
two modern fish-processing plants by the end

----~ Antenna
_. Plexiglass dome
_. Depth rudder
~, Oxygen bottle

_. Batteries

me Siderudder

Ballast cylinders
-~ Ballast keel

Emergency handle to detach the bal

Artist's sketch of one-man fiberglass submarine.

Ghana (Contd.):

of 1966 capable of turning out canned, smoked,
and salted fish. The daily capacity of the
canning plant will be 60,000 cans of sardines.
The complex of fish-processing plants at
Tema, designed by Soviet experts, is expect-
ed to process close to 12,500 tons of fish a
year, chiefly sardines, and produce up to 30
million cans of fish, almost 1,300 tons of
smoked fish, and up to 900 tons of fish meal
and oil. The various plants will also serve
as a center for training Ghanaian fishing spe-
cialists.

The Corporation's marketing and distri-
bution plans call for the construction of cold-
storage warehouses along the coast at Ema
and Takoradi, and smaller ones in the rural

areas. The cold-storage plants would be sup-
ported by a fleet of refrigerated trucks.

According to the Corporation spokesman,
that organization as a State enterprise, plans
to eliminate the middle man in the sale of
fish. This would be achieved mostly by the
daily sale of fish to the fishing cooperatives.
The Government will also sponsor a program
to send Ghanaians overseas for training in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No.8

scientific fishing, vessel engineering and me-
chanics, and other specialized training. (Fish-
ery Attache, Abidjan, May 22, 1964, and Ghana
Newspaper Reports.)

oe ok ok ok ook

FISHERY LANDINGS UPSHARPLY IN 1963:
Ghana's marine fishery landings in 1963

amounted to 89,304 metric tons, an increase
of 42.7 percent from the previous year's land-
ings and nearly three times greater than the
1961 landings. A good part of the gain in1963
was due to increased landings by foreign ves-
sels (mostly Japanese and Soviet) on charter
to the government-controlled Ghana Fishing
Corporation.

Table 1 - Ghana's Marine Fishery Landings By
Types of Vessel, 1963 with Comparisons
Type of Fishery 1963 1962 1961

- e « o(Metric Tons)... .

Canoe Fisheries:
ERNE SOoodoon ooo
INA so GOOD DD OC OOD
Ciiert Keka cctaliekedensbouee

Motor Fishing Vessels:
Mew Gaeoogaob60000
Ie goog 0dG000000
Herring

Other

Total motor fishing vessel
landings . ..+.+eeee

Fishery Contracts:
From Japanese Vessels . .
From U.S.S.R. Vessels .
Ghana Fishing Corporation
Foreign Corporations . . «

Local Corporations . « = «

Pe Total oy sees ele | Sess EN

Source: Ghana Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Inspectorate
Unit.

Table 2 - Catch Composition of Ghana's Fishery Landings
By Species and Type Vessel, 1963 with Comparisons
Species by Type of Vessel 1963 1961

Herring Landings:
Chime Goo b ODD dd000
Motor vessels

eee eo

Other Species:
Gm Gob d00od0000
Motor vessels
Fish contracts 2... .eesece

Total other species . . « 20, 366 B. 971 17, 357

Tuna transshipped out of Ghana 5, 665 4,643 3,564
Used for domestic consumption . 83, 639 57, 3945 30, 414

Source: Ghana Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Inspectorate
Unit.

Although herring landings by canoes were
down sharply from the 16,500 tons landed in

August 1964

Ghana (Contd.):

1962, there were substantial increases in
landings of other species. As a result, total
landings by canoes were up 8.8 percent from
a year earlier and those by motorized ves-
sels increased 119 percent from 1962. The
1963 tuna landings of nearly 7,000 tons were
up 34 percent from the previous year, of
which 5,665 tons were transshipped out of
Ghana.

With the recent introduction of underwater
light fishing for herring at night, prospects
are good for a considerably better 1964 her-
ring season. Also, with additional deliveries
of the total of 44 trawlers and purse-seiners

on order from four countries (Japan, U.S.S.R.,

Norway, and the United Kingdom) scheduled
for 1964, the prospects for an overall in-
crease in Ghana fisheries production in1964
are bright. (Fishery Attache, United States
Embassy, Abidjan, May 22, 1964.)

sh se
we CK OK

FIRST NORWEGIAN-BUILT STERN
TRAWLER LAUNCHED:

The trawler Shama, the first of 7 trawlers
being built in Norway for the government-
controlled Ghana Fishing Corporation in
Ghana, was launched in April 1964. The Nor-
wegian shipyard is to build all 7 of the trawl-
ers and will also send Norwegian experts to
Ghana with the vessels. The experts will be
in command of the vessels for 18 months.

The 7 vessels will all be stern trawlers
with an overall length of 231 feet 7 inches,
and will be powered by Diesel engines gen-
erating 1,960 b. hp., coupled to reversible
propellers.

Fish will be stored in two insulated cargo
holds on the main deck of the vessels and
will be frozen to -20° F, in the tropical cli-
mate. Hydraulic deck machinery and elec-
trically operated transport belts on the ves-
sels will facilitate handling of the fish at sea
and in port.

The Ghana Fishing Corporation has or-
dered 40 trawlers from Norway, the United
Kingdom, and Japan. Norway has alsoagreed
to train Ghanian fishermen. (The South Afri-
can Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re-
view, April 1964.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Greece

FREEZER-TRAWLER LANDINGS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

The Greek fleet of refrigerated trawlers
and carrier vessels operating in the Atlantic
landed 1,180 metric tons of frozen fishin Greek
ports in March 1964, down 19 percent from
landings of 1,458 tons in the same month of
the previous year.

TURKEY
&

EGYPT

Boundaries ore not necessorily those
recagnized by the U.S. Government.

Greek frozen fish landings during January-
March 1964 amounted to 4,422 tons, compared
with landings of 4,392 tons in the same period
of 1963 and 3,760 tons in the first quarter of
1962. (Alieia, April 1964.)

OOF

Honduras

FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1964:

A fishery firm operating in Honduras ship-
ped 500,000 pounds of shrimp to the United
States during the 7-months' season that ended
in the first quarter of 1964. The firm em-
ploys 14 fishing vessels.

A fishing cooperative at the port of San
Lorenzo in southern Honduras has built a
cold-storage warehouse with the aid of the
Corporation for American Relief Everywhere
(CARE) and other groups. The cooperative
now delivers fresh fish regularly to Teguci-
galpa in a truck donated through CARE by the

Honduras (Contd.):

MEXIC ‘
Méxicog \

CART

Guatemaie~“os, 9
San Salvada i
O

a Pr

San José yf

x
yo]

GALAPAGOS IS.

employees of a United States insurance firm.
(United States Embassy, Tegucigalpa, May
20, 1964.)

lran

FISHERY TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
A $15 million construction loan by the
United States to Iran for the development of

the Port of Bandar Abbas (in the southeast
part of the Persian Gulf) is expected to give
impetus to Iran's commercial fishing indus -
try in the south, which presently is very lim-
ited.

There is little commercial fishing now
being done by Iran in the Persian Gulf despite
a reported abundance of fish and shrimp.
There is a fish cannery in Bandar Abbas op-
erated by the Iranian National Fishing Com-
pany (Shilat), but it produced only about
300,000 cans (4-ounce) of fish in each of the
past few years as against its potential capac-
ity of several million cans a year. At times
the plant is completely shut down because of
a lack of fish for processing. There are now
two foreign commercial fishing firms oper-
ating in the Persian Gulf--one from Kuwait
and the other from Pakistan. Each of those
firms has a well-equipped refrigerated moth-
ership and a fleet of smaller catcher vessels.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

‘ ott:
Kingston Prince
BBE AN

GZ
Panama/

Vol. 26, No. 8

DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Santo— Fier e Biles
Domingo

SEA ATLANTIC

a Carscant é Port-of-Spain
ae

° TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA A} SRITISH GUIANA:

towrh Se FRENCH GUIAN
SoKct ‘arapfaribo OCayenne

COLOMBIA Sp!

The local Governor of the Bandar Abbas
area said he was confident that the limited
and intermittent commercial fishing done by
a fishing company in the southern part of Iran
would be resumed full time in the near future
and that although that company was owned by
the Iranian Government, it would be independ-
ent of Shilat.

Officers of the United States Consulate at
Isfahan reported that two persons with whom
they spoke in Bandar Abbas expressed inter-
est in either a joint venture with a United
States fishing firm, or in acting as export
agents for Iranian Persian Gulf fishery prod-
ucts for export to the United States. Several
such fishery joint ventures have for various
reasons not been very successful in the past.
(United States Consulate, Isfahan, March 31,
1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 53;

October 1963 p. 52, July 1963 p. 79.

Ireland

SCALLOP GROUNDS DISCOVERED:

Scallops have been found in commercial
quantities off the southeast coast of Ireland
in St. George's Channel. The Irish Govern-
ment sponsored the scallop investigation fol-
lowing reports that scallops had been taken

August 1964

Ireland (Contd.):

in trawls about 11 miles from Dunmore East,
which is the center of a herring fishery. The
crew of a 50-foot commercial fishing vessel
has been instructed in the dredging method
of taking scallops and those involved in the
project are confident that a commercial scal-
lop fishery will develop. (Fish Trades Ga-
zette, April 25, 1964.)

Ok OK
UNITED STATES TEAM
BEGINS FISHERIES SURVEY:

Four specialists from the United States
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries arrived in
Ireland in late April 1964 to implement the
United States-Irish cooperative fishery re-
search project. A representative of the Unit-
ed States team said the group would study the
development plans of the Irish Sea Fisheries
Board, and assist in the establishment of a
research-development organization.

The Irish fishing industry is generally
limited to inshore operations. After a 2-
months survey of Irish operations, the United
States team may be able to offer suggestions
concerning fishing, processing, and market-
ing, since the species exploited by the Irish
industry are similar to some of those caught
by United States fishermen. (Fish Trades
Gazette, April 25, 1964.)

Japan

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
SALE TO UNITED STATES:

The Japanese tuna packers and exporters
(who were negotiating export prices) have
settled on a promotional allowance of US$1 a
case (48 7-oz. cans) for the 200,000 cases of
whitemeat tuna in brine for export to the
United States which were to be offered for
sale on May 19, 1964. The exporters had
hoped to offer for sale 170,000 cases of white-
meat tuna in brine and 100,000 cases of light
meat tuna in brine for export to the United
States, but their request was rejected by the
packers. However, the packers granted the
full promotional allowance requested by the
exporters, which brought the price of the
solid white pack down to $12.60 a case f.o.b.
Japan,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Negotiations were still in progress over the
the matter of promotional allowances for the
solid light meat tuna in brine pack and lower
grade packs. (Suisancho Nippo, May 16 & 18,
1964.)

sk ok
*

se sk ok
* ok *

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
TO U. S. BY DESTINATION:

New York City and Boston again led alloth-
er United States cities as the chief markets
for Japanese canned tuna in brine, according

Japanese Exports of Canned Tuna in Brine to U,. S,
by Destination Points, 1962-1963

1963

Destination

No. Percent No. Percent
Cases of Total Cases of Total
2,234,434| 100 2,110,137 | 100

612,571
524, 834
188,618

564, 523
492, 920
142,959
174,785
129,785
85,716
87,611
44, 877
41,413
32, 238
33, 307
280, 003

to a survey conducted by the Japan Canned
Foods Exporters Association. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 18, 1964.)

% OK OK OK

STANDARD PRICES ESTABLISHED FOR
CANNED WHITEMEAT TUNA IN BRINE:
Standard prices for Japanese canned white-
meat tuna in brine packed for export to the
United States have been established by the Ja-

Japanese Canned Whitemeat Tuna in Brine Pricest/, 1964

Can and Price Per Case
Case Sie [Yolahama | — Shimia
Yen | US$ | Yen | US$
13-0z. 24's 2,977 | 8.27 | 25984 | 8229
y e 2,907 | 8.07 | 2,914 | 8,09
veo z 3132 2) 857 3,141 | 8.72
C!
8

in
.
IO

1" "
" " "
"

I
142 F100 Colt BO/\0 10
i=)

B 1,823 30
Sree SF | grser | oie | sacs | oss
ie 33) “ ud 3, 357 3,364 | 9,34
7A Flake] 6.5-o7, 48's | 2,332 | 6.48 | 2,341 | 6.50

1/Prices shown represent packers! prices to the Japan Canned
Tuna Sales Company.

pan Canned Tuna Packers Association at a
general meeting in mid-May 1964. (Suisancho
Nippo, May 21, 1964.)

*K K Kk Kk ok

Japan (Contd.):

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
SPECIALTY ITEMS, 1963:

Japanese exports of specialty canned tuna
products (other than those packed in brine and
in oil) totaled 455,986 cases in fiscal year
1963 (April 1963-March 1964), according to
data compiled by the Japan Canned Tuna Pack-
ers Association. West Germany was the big-
gest market, accounting for 66 percent of ex-
ports (301,201 cases), followed by the Nether-
lands with 15 percent (66,594 cases), Belgium
8 percent (35,188 cases), Canada 4 percent
(20,025 cases), and Great Britain 2 percent
(10,250 cases). Twenty-six other countries
accounted for the remaining 5 percent (22,728
cases). (Suisancho Nippo, May 25, 1964.)

Note: The press report gave the exports as 438, 896 cases. Tabu-

lation of data by countries of destination showed exports totaled
455,986 cases.

CANNED TUNA MARKET TRENDS:

The Japan Tuna Packers Association, at a
directors meeting held on June 3, 1964, at
Tokyo, decided to reduce by 300,000 cases the
quantity of canned tuna in brine that the Asso-
ciation had planned to consign to the Canned
Tuna Sales Company (for export to the United
States) for the third quarter (January 1-March
31, 1965), from 500,000 cases to 200,000
eases. At the same time, the Association
adopted the following measures:

1. Change the consignment ratio of light-
meat to whitemeat. Henceforth, consignment
to the Sales Company of lightmeat tuna will
be held below the 50-percent level, and of
whitemeat above the 50-percent level. Previ-
ously, light meat was limited to over 20 per-
cent but under 50 percent of the total consign-
ment.

2. Consignments to the Sales Company to |
consist of the following ratio of can sizes:
13-o0z. pack--20 percent (same as before); 7-
oz. pack--35 percent (previously 45 percent);
66-oz. pack--45 percent (previously 35 per-
cent). However, packers may be exempted
from this ruling by permission of the Associ-
ation's Director.

3. Establish a committee (8 members) to
develop sales policy to overcome stagnant
sales.

The quantity to be consigned to the Canned
Tuna Sales Company for the third quarter of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

1965 was reduced as a result of declining sales
of Japanese canned tuna in brine in the United
States. For the business year beginning De-
cember 1963, a total of 880,000 cases has been
offered for sale by the Sales Company. How-
ever, as of May 31, only 450,000 cases of that
amount have been shipped to the United States.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 4; Nihon Suisan Shimbun,
May 22, 1964.)

JAPAN TUNA PACKERS ASSOCIATION
MEMBERS PACK BULK OF CANNED TUNA:

Data compiled by the Japan Tuna Packers
Association indicate that in fiscal year 1963
(April 1963-March 1964) its 78 member firms
packed a total of 3,811,597 cases of canned
tuna in oil and brine for export, and that 21
nonmember firms packed a total of 100,689
cases of tuna in brine for export to the United
States.

Production of the ten largest packers to-
taled 1,527,274 cases, equal to 40 percent of
the total year's pack produced by the firms
affiliated with the Association. Of the remain-
ing 68 firms, 6 companies packed from 75,000-
100,000 cases (average 84,367 cases), 11 com-
panies packed from 50,000-75,000 cases (aver-
age 64,908 cases), 17 companies from 25,000-
50,000 cases (average 36,500 cases), and 34
companies less than 25,000 cases (average
12,552 cases).

The 21 non-Association members packed
an average of 4,795 cases during the fiscal
year. (Suisancho Nippo, May 22-25, 1964.)

sk osk se ok
ok OK OK OK OK

EXPORT TARGETS FOR FISHERY AND
AQUATIC PRODUCTS, FISCAL YEAR 1964:

a A ee

The total value of Japan's proposed export target for fish-
ery and aquatic products is US$284.9 million. Canned fishery
products account for 44.0 percent of the total value, frozenand
fresh products 35.5 percent, cultured pearls 18 percent, salted
and dried products 2.0 percent, and agar-agar 0.4 percent. The
1964 export target value represents an increase of 12.3 per-
cent over the actual exports in 1963 and 9.8 above the value of
exports in 1962.

The proposed export target of canned fishery products in
1964 of 11.2 million cases, valued at $125.4 million, is an in-
crease in quantity of 2.8 percent and a decrease in value of
0.1 percent as compared with exports of similar products in
1963. Comparing proposed exports in 1964 with those of
1963 on an item to item basis, the following changes in quan-
tity and value are noted: tuna up 8.0 percent in quantity and
8.9 percent in value; saury up 8.1 percent in quantity and
11.5 percent in value; horse-mackerel up 39.5 percent in
quantity and 31.5 percent in value; salmon down 6.2 percent
in quantity and 6.5 percent in value; crab meat down 7.0 per-
cent in quantity and 7.1 percent in value; other fish and
shellfish down 4.2 percent in quantity and 4.3 percent in val-
ue,

August 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Japanese Export Targets for Fishery and Aquatic Products,
(eete wens Fiscal Year 1964 With Comparisons

Peper Target] Beport Forget [Aina] Exports |
[iy [Value iy. [Valued | Qo. Valued? ]

Tuna
Salmon

Crab meat

Sardines

Saury
Horse-mackerel
Other fish and shellfis!

Frozen Fish & Shellfish:
‘una 7
Swordfish
Salmon
Rainbow trout

Total frozen
products

p44,104|_ 85,006|232,300| 83,414 ]180,962| 67,283

Total value of
all products 284,869
pimesed coe f.0.b. prices in Japan.

Yrorg given,”
3/In Kans: One Kan equals 8.267 pounds.
: Export approval statistics and customs clearances.

The proposed exports of frozen fishery products for 1964
total 244,104 metrig¢ tons valued at $85 million, Compared
with the 1963 exports, they are higher by 34.9 percent in
quantity and 26.3 percent in value, Notable in the proposed
exports of frozen fishery products for 1964 is the sharp in-
crease for tuna--greater by 29.8 percent in quantity and
22.6 percent in value than the previous year’s exports.

Under the proposed export target for 1964, shipments of
cultured pearls and agar-agar will be maintained at about
the 1963 level. The proposed exports of fresh fishery prod-
ucts in 1964 show the sharpest percentage increase over the
previous year’s exports--75.3 percent more in quantity and
174.8 percent more in value. (Fisheries Attache, United
States Embassy, Tokyo, May 11, 1964.)

OK OK OK A

SUMMER ALBACORE FISHERY
AND EXPORT TRENDS:

Some 5,000 metric tons of albacore tuna
were reported to have been landed as of early
June 1964 in Japan since the beginning of the
summer albacore fishery. Of that amount,
1,500 tons were estimated to have been bought
by Japanese traders engaged in the frozen
tuna export trade.

As of early June, the Japanese traders are
reported to have signed contracts with United
States tuna packing firms amounting to 2,000
to 2,500 tons of albacore. Those traders will
need to purchase an additional 500-1,000 tons
of albacore to meet their United States com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

mitments, but are expected to be able to do
so readily due to the large quantity of alba-
core landed during June (ranging from 300-
500 tons a day) and also due to slow buying
on the part of Japanese tuna packers.

The export price of frozen albacore has de-
clined steadily since the beginning of the sum-
mer fishery. From a high of US$400 a short
ton, the c.i.f. price has dropped to $360 a ton,
and offers of $350 a ton are now being made.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 9, 1964.)

KOK OK OK

TUNA BASES AT PENANG
OPERATE AT A LOSS:

The Japanese fisheries company which op-
erates the tuna bases at Penang, Malaysia, and
Port Luis, Mauritius Island, and the tuna can-
nery at Penang, held its sixth annual stock-
holders meeting at Tokyo on May 30, 1964.
For the business year April 1963-March 1964,
that firm is reported to have lost 70.2 million
yen (US$195,000). That sum is in addition to
the losses carried over from the previous busi-
ness year, which totaled 34.7 million yen
(US$96,389).

The operational deficit of that firm was at-
tributed to the difficulty it faced in attracting
sufficient tuna vessels to operate out of its
bases, thereby preventing the economic utili-
zation of its bases and plant facilities. (Sui-
san Tsushin, June 1, 1964.)

He OK KK

TUNA FISHING TRENDS IN
SOUTH PACIFIC:

Japanese tuna fishing about 200 miles north
of the New Hebrides Islands, South Pacific,
improved greatly toward the end of May 1964.
The six Japanese tuna vessels operating out
of the tuna base at Espiritu Santo, New Heb-
rides Islands, had concentrated in that area
and were averaging 3 metric tons of tuna per
vessel per day as compared to 1.8 tons per
day prior to May 20.

The tuna mothership Yuyo Maru (5,040
gross tons), accompanied by 55 catcher ves-
sels, departed Tokyo on May 27 for the South
Pacific tuna fishing grounds off the Fiji Is-
lands. Catch target of the mothership, which
was scheduled to remain on the fishing grounds
until August 25, was 5,400 metric tons of tuna,
spearfish, and shark.

The Yuyo Maru, which commenced fishing
operations on June 6, was reported to be catch-

Japan (Contd.):

ing an average of about 4 metric tons of tuna
a day per catcher vessel. The highest catch
registered by a catcher vessel of that fleet
is 9 tons a day.

The Nojima Maru (8,800 gross tons) tuna
mothership fleet, which started fishing opera-
tions on May 26 in the vicinity of Tahiti, was
reported to be averaging close to 3 tons of
tuna a day.

The firm operating the Nojima Maru plans
to transship to the United States about bout 3,900
metric tons of tuna caught by that mothership.
That firm has not as yet selected a port of
transshipment. The port of Papeete, Tahiti,
reportedly is not suitable and an island near
Tahiti is expected to be selected as the trans-
shipment port. The carrier vessels Tsuki-
shima Maru and Hokko Maru will transport
the tuna to the United States. The Tsukishima
Maru was to have left Kobe on June 3. The
Hokko Maru was scheduled to leave Japan on
July 7. (Suisancho Nippo, May 27 and 29,
1964.)

ed ee BS eS Gd

TUNA FISHING TRENDS IN
ATLANTIC OCEAN:

Some 150 Japanese tuna vessels operating
in the Atlantic Ocean are reported to be catch-
ing large quantities of bluefin and big-eyed
tuna. The majority of the bluefin is said to
range in size from 400 to 800 pounds. The
preponderance of those two species in the
tuna catch is said to have created a market-
ing problem for the Japanese trading firms.
This is because tuna importing countries
such as Italy prefer yellowfin and are willing
to accept mixed species of tuna provided the
shipments consist mainly of yellowfin. The
Atlantic tuna catches are said to be present-
ly running 30 percent yellowfin to 70 percent
bluefin and big-eyed. (Suisan Tsushin, June
6, 1964.)

KK OK OK OK

FIRM TO OPERATE PURSE-SEINE
FLEET IN ATLANTIC:

A Japanese fishing firm's application to
engage in purse-Seine fishing off the coast of
West Africa, using Ghana as a base, has been
approved by the Fisheries Agency. The firm
plans to conduct a mothership-type operation,
employing one mothership and two 90-ton

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

purse-Seine vessels. Assignment to that fleet
of 5 pole-and-line vessels operating out of
Ghana is also being contemplated.

Fishing operations (primarily for tuna and
mackerel) are expected to begin in August.
The Japanese firm is planning on employing
the 1,700-ton freezership Chichibu Maru No.

2 as the mothership. (Suisancho Nippo, May

15 & 18, 1964.)

sk ok sk ook
He OOK OK OK

HALIBUT MOTHERSHIP RETURNS:

The Japanese 700-ton mothership Fuji Ma-
ru No. 3, specially chartered to fish for hali-
but in Area 3B North Triangle (Eastern Ber-
ing Sea), was scheduled to arrive in Tokyo on
May 23, 1964. Reportedly, that mothership
caught a total of 350 metric tons of fish, con-
sisting of 100 tons of halibut and black cod,
and the remainder mainly rockfish. (Suisan
Tsushin, May 22, 1964.)

mK OK Ok Ok oo

CANNED PINK SALMON EXPORT PRICES:

The Japan Land Salmon Packers Associa-
tion, at a directors' meeting held in Hokkaido
in early June, according to Minato Shimbun,
June 5, 1964, has established the following
standard export (f.0.b.) prices for canned
pink salmon.

Price Per Case

Canned Pink Salmon:
Fancy 48 cans/cs. (8-oz.)

"96 cans/es. os oz.)

JAPANESE NORTH PACIFIC
MOTHERSHIP SALMON PRICES:

The Japan Federation of Salmon Fishermen’s Associa-
tions (NIKKEIREN) and the salmon mothership companies
have reached agreement on the following ex-vessel prices
for fresh whole salmon delivered by the catcher vessels to
the motherships:

1963 Price
Yen/kg.| U.S. Cents/1b.

1964 Price
Yen/kg.) U.S. Cents/1b,

Red 213 26.8
Chum | 115.5 14,6
Pink 93 ili
Silver | 126 15.9
King 126 15.9

The 1964 salmon prices represent a flat 5 percent in-
crease over 1963. The price negotiations were concluded
on May 15, 1964, the day that the 11 salmon motherships and

August 1964

Japan (Contd.):

369 catcher vessels were scheduled to depart for the fish-
ing grounds, following the issuance of a directive issued
by the Fisheries Agency (on the afternoon of May 15) call-
ing on the NIKKEIREN and the mothership companies to
make every effort to reach a settlement in good faith so
that the fleet could depart as scheduled; otherwise, any de-
lay in the fleet departure may well affect the departure
date of the fleet in 1965,

The NIKKEIREN had called a mass meeting on the morn-
ing of the 15th of the 2,000-odd vessel owners and fisher-
men and threatened to stop the departure of the salmon
fleet. The fleet departed shortly after the price settlement
was reached, but about 10 hours later than scheduled. (Sui-
sancho Nippo, May 16; Suisan Tsushin, May 18, 1964.) _

Editor’s note: We have had several inquiries concern-
ing the seemingly high prices for salmon paid to the Japa-
nese fishermen, We have checked our sources carefully
and believe the published prices are reliable, Despite the
high cost of the raw product to the Japanese packers, we
believe they are able to maintain their competitive position
on the world canned salmon market for the following rea-
sons:

1, Labor cost: The labor costisverylow. For example,
our understanding is that the workers on the Japanese
motherships receive an average salary of about $145 a
month, At shore-based plants in Hokkaido, the cannery
workers, mostly women, are provided, in addition to room
and board, a monthly salary ranging from $20-30 a month,

2, Meat recovery: Recovery of meat per pound of fish
is believed to be higher in Japan than in the United States,
For example, meat attached to the head section is recov-
ered manually by the Japanese and canned as ‘‘tid-bits.’’

3, Utilization of byproducts: Japanese packers pack
salmon caviar incidentally to their canning operations,
The value of this product, which has a special market in
Japan, is reported to be substantial, For example, in 1963
processed pink salmon roe (caviar) is said to have sold
for $4.00 a pound on the wholesale market. First grade
roe of other species sold for about $20-25 a pound. The
fact that Japan has arranged to obtain salmon roe from United
States canneries further attests to the economic value of that
product. Another byproduct is salmon carcasses, For ex-
ample, on the motherships, scraps remaining from the
canning operations are processed for later conversion into
fertilizer,

4, Other products: Large quantities of pink and chum
salmon are salted, The return to the packer on the salted
product compares favorably to that for the canned product,
Smoked salmon is becoming a popular item in Japan,
Smoked red salmon has a ready market in West Germany
and the United Kingdom, The return to the producer on
this specialty item is reported good,

% OK OK KK

SALMON CATCH BY
MOTHERSHIP FLEETS:

The salmon catch for the first ten days of
the Japanese mothership fleets operating in
the northern waters was reported to be run-
ning 65 percent reds, 32-33 percent chums,
and 2-3 percent pinks. (Suisan Tsushin, June
2, 1964.)

KK KOK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

HOKKAIDO PACKERS BEGIN
PACKING PINK SALMON:

Japanese salmon packers in Hokkaido are
reported to have started packing pink salmon
quarters, paying about 220 yen a kilogram
(US$0.277 a lb.) for the fresh fish. Reported-
ly, at that price they are barely able to show
a profit. The high cost of the raw product is
attributed to the earliness of the fishing sea-
son and scarcity of fish.

The pink salmon fishery off eastern Hok-
kaido was expected to peak toward mid-June
at which time the Hokkaido packers planned
to start putting up pink halves. Reportedly,
to be able to pack that style at a profit the ex-
vessel pink salmon price will have to come
down to the 180-190 yen a kilogram (US$0.206-
0.217 a lb.) level. (Suisan Tsushin, June 2,
1964.)

Editor's note: Salmon caught by the Japan-
based fishing vessels operating in the North
Pacific east of the Kurile Islands and Hokkai-
do are usually sold by auction on the open
market. They command higher prices than
those prevailing in the salmon mothership
fishery.

In the case of the mothership fishery, prices
are negotiated between the fishermen and
mothership companies for the entire salmon
season. The 1964 pink price to the fishermen
engaged in the mothership fishery is $0.117
per pound.

SALMON FISHERMEN REQUEST
TUNA FISHING LICENSES:

Japanese salmon fishermen engaged in the
mothership-type salmon fishery have begun a
concerted national effort to seek six-months
tuna fishing licenses for 114 of their salmon
vessels (80- to 90-ton), claiming that they
need the licenses to ensure their livelihood,
which they claim is now wholly dependent on
the income derived from one fishery. They
are being supported in their demands by the
Northern Water Mothership Council (composed
of the large companies operating motherships
in the northern waters), prefectural Diet rep-
resentatives, and the Governors of the 13 pre-
fectures in northern Japan, and are taking
their case directly to the Minister of Agricul-
ture and Forestry and to the Diet.

The National Federation of Tuna Fisher-
men's Cooperative Association (NIKKEIREN),

Japan (Contd.):

pointing to recent trends in the tuna fishery,
claims that the salmon fishermen's demand
violates the recently enacted Revised Fisher -
ies Law. The NIKKEIREN plans a strong op-
position to the demand of the salmon fisher-
men and intends to carry on their fight on a
political level also. (Minato Shimbun, June 6;
Shin Suisan Shimbun, June 8, 1964.)

OK OK OK OK

ATLANTIC TRAWL LANDINGS, 1963:

The 34 Japanese trawlers operating in the
Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa landed
a total of 91,984 metric tons of fish in 1963,
according to preliminary data released by
Japan's Fisheries Statistics Section, Ministry
of Agriculture and Forestry. This is an in-
crease of 44,000 tons over the 1962 catch
made by 32 trawlers.

The 1963 catch consisted of 39,105 tons of
sea bream, 20,298 tons of squid, 6,999 tons
of octopus, 6,504 tons of mackerel, 6,631 tons
of cod, and 12,447 tons of miscellaneous spe-
cies, with a total value of 11.2 billion yen
(US$31.1 million). Of the total catch, nearly
half (close to 45,000 tons) was exported to
Europe, Africa, and the Middle Eastern and
Near Eastern countries. The exports, con-
sisting mainly of lower-priced fish, were
valued at 2,640 million yen (US$7.3 million).

Reportedly, the Japanese Atlantic trawl
fleet in 1965 is expected to total 52 trawlers.
In 1960 there were 5 trawlers engaged in the
fishery off West Africa, in 1961 there were
15 trawlers, and in 1962 the number was 32
trawlers. (Suisancho Nippo, June 5, 1964.)

eR oR ok Ok

JOINT JAPANESE-CANADIAN FISHING
ENTERPRISE IN CANADA PROPOSED:

One of Japan's largest fishing companies
has submitted an application to the Ministry
of International Trade and Industry to export
three 300-ton trawlers to Canada as part of
its investment in the company that the firm
plans to establish in Newfoundland jointly with
a Canadian fisheries company. Should the ap-
plication be approved, the Japanese firm
plans to transfer to Canada the two 300-ton
trawlers (Hiyo Maru and Chuyo Maru No. 16)
presently fishing in the North Atlantic with —
the 3,700-ton stern trawler Tenyo Maru No.

She

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

The Canadian firm is reported to own
processing and freezing facilities capable of
handling the catch of ten 300-ton trawlers.
The company employs 500 people. (Suisancho
Nippo, May 25, 1964.)

1 OK OOK OK CK

KING CRAB FISHING IN
BRISTOL BAY IMPROVES

The two Japanese king crab factoryships
(Tokei Maru, 5,835 gross tons; and Dainichi
Maru, 5,859 gross tons) operating in the East-
ern Bering Sea are reported to be doing well
after a relatively slow start. They wereaver-
aging about 11 crabs a shackle. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 18, 1964.)

OK OK OK Ok

KING CRAB CANNED PACK
AND EXPORTS, FISCAL YEAR 1963:
Japan's pack of canned king crab meat in
fiscal year 1963 (March 1963-February 1964)
from distant water areas--Bristol Bay, Ok-
hotsk Sea (West Kamchatka), and the Olyutor
Sea (off Siberian Coast)--totaled a record of
509,200 cases (48 3-pound cans) due to the
increase in pack from the Olyutor area. The
pack in Bristol Bay and the Okhotsk Sea in
1963 was the same as in the previous year.

During the period 1956-1963, the Japanese
king crab meat pack from Bristol Bay has
shown almost a fourfold increase while the
Okhotsk Sea pack has gradually declined. The
Okhotsk Sea pack is subject to quota regulation
by the International Northwest Pacific Fisher -
ies Commission (Japan-Soviet Union).

Japanese exports of canned king crab dur-
ing March 1, 1963-February 29, 1964, totaled

Table 1 - Japanese Exports of Canned King Crab Meat
by Destination, March 1, 1963-February 29, 1964

United | United paar eee: Other
uropean 3
States | Kingdom | Countries Ountries

December
January .
February .

16, 765

1 [Saadaa cases a 48 pou cans.

August 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Table 2 - Japanese Pack of Canned King Crab Meat by Factoryship and Area, 1956-1963

F isei | 1960 | 959 | 1958 | ios | 1050 |

eee ene menetrteen = eeemn (Standard Crises’ /)v<, tomronchiaivets G6 ere debe) ariel ieice

Area and Factoryship 1962

Bristol Bay (Spring Season)1/:
Tokei Maru
Shinyo Maru... 2.2 - cece
Te OE ee

Bristol Bay (Fall Season) 1/:

Eishin Maru .. 2. s+ ee eeece
Chichibu Maru No. 2.....-.
Banshu Maru No. 31.......

120, 000 60,000

115,000 |3/100,000

Ishiyama Maru
Shinyo Maru

Total Bristol Bay pack ....
Okhotsk Sea:
Yoko Maru. ....

Kaiyo Maru pe .
Hokuyo Maru .....-.

Shiranesan Maru. .
Seiyo Maru ....

Total Okhotsk Sea pack ...

Olyutor Sea (off Siberian Coast):
Matsuhisa Maru .....
Uji Mam. .....
Ikema Maru....
Ikutshima Maru . .

olsun wo
ce ele
e. ene 16) ©

Shikishima Maru ;
Yoko Maru....
Total Olyutor Sea pack ...
Total king crab pack

eee eee

.
.
.
.
.

eee

2/Standard cases of 48 4-pound cans.

meat per 100 standard cases of canned crab.
4/Combined production of Ishiyama Maru and Shinyo Maru.

330,917 cases, of which 56 percent was ex-
ported to the United States, 23 percent to the
United Kingdom, 17 percent to countries in
Continental Europe, and about 4 percent to
other countries. (Fisheries Attache, United
States Embassy, Tokyo, June 4, 1964.)

KOK OK OK OK

REACTION TO NEW U.S. LAW
ON FISHING IN TERRITORIAL WATERS:
President Johnson's statement on May 20,
1964, when he signed P. L, 88-308 (an act to
prohibit fishing in territorial waters of the
United States and in certain other areas by
vessels other than vessels of the United States
and by persons other than United States na-
tionals or inhabitants), that the United States
will give full consideration to Japan's long
established king crab fishery in Bristol Bay,
has dispelled the fear held among the Japa-
nese Government and fisheries circles that
the new law might shut out Japan from the
Bering Sea crab fishery, according to Japan's

80, 000
3/22, 000

3/20, 000 =
3/30, 000
3/20, 000

:
1,700 4, 445 14,744 3, 722
488, 700 436,445 372,844 | 353,722] 381,078 | 404, 350 | 427, 350

1/Prior to 1961, Japanese king crab fishing in Bristol Bay was authorized only during the "spring season" (April-August). In 1961, the
P y pring P.
Japanese FisheriestAgency licensed king crab operations in Bristol Bay during the fall months as well as during the spring season.
In 1963, the Bristol Bay spring and fall fisheries were combined into a single season.

3/Includes frozen king ‘crab converted, for statistical purposes, to equivalent canned pack with the factor: 1 metric ton frozen crab

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

80, 000
3/18, 100

rs ee

national economic trade journal Nihon Keizai
Shimbun, May 21 and 22, 1964.

The periodical states that the new law has
given rise to views within the Japanese Gov-
ernment that Japan should restudy her pres-
ent policy of rigidly adhering to the principle
of freedom of the high seas. It points out that
great changes are occurring in the interna-
tional fisheries, with fishing countries gener-
ally trending toward adopting the 12-mile ter-
ritoral sea limit. The periodical adds that
Japan's rigid adherence to the principle of
freedom of the high seas, in the face of those
developments, could lead toward isolating her
in international fisheries. To prevent such
an adverse situation, opinion is gaining ground
within the Japanese Government that Japan
should revise her basic policy on fishing on
the high seas and should participate actively
in international treaties, and thereby seek
greater recognition of her vested fishing
rights.

KK KK

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

SHRIMP IMPORT TRENDS:

Japan annually imports about 12,000-13,000
metric tons of frozen shrimp. Of thatamount,
approximately 40 percent is supplied by Mex-
ico.

Japanese shrimp importers are disturbed
over the occurrence of false labeling of fro-
zen shrimp imported from Mexico. Unless
the situation is remedied, they are said to be
contemplating placing a voluntary ban on the
purchase of Mexican frozen shrimp handled
by certain United States trading firms. Ac-
cording to the Japanese firms, the deliveries
of frozen shrimp often did not conform to
their order specifications, although the label-
ing on the packages seemingly indicated that
they did. For example, the contents of pack-
ages marked as white shrimp were, in fact,
brown and sizes were smaller than those in-
dicated on the packages. (Minato Shimbun,
May 23, 1964.)

ae GH BR Ge

1964 FROZEN OYSTER PACK FOR
EXPORT TO UNITED STATES:

A total of 180 metric tons of frozen oysters
for export to the United States was packed in
the first quarter of this year by a leading
Japanese fishery firm. In 1963, a total of 350
tons of Japanese frozen oysters was exported
to the United States, 250 tons of which are re-
ported sold.

The composition of this year's Japanese
frozen oyster pack by type of pack is: 40 tons
tray-packed; 120 tons individually quick-fro-
zen (bulk) packed; 20 tons block-packed.

The sale of frozen oysters in Japan has in-
creased as a result of the Japanese firm's
accelerated home sales campaign. (Shellfish
Soundings, May 14, 1964.)

ek OK ok ok

FISH MEAL PRICES:

The Japanese firms operating fish meal
factoryships in the Eastern Bering Sea are
hopeful of receiving 62,000 yen (US$172) a
metric ton for their 1964 production of fish
meal on the domestic market. Fish mealcon-
sumer organizations in Japan are countering
with a price offer of 57,000 yen (US$158) a
ton.

Vol. 26, No. 8

Five Japanese factoryships are engagedin
the production of fish meal in the Eastern
Bering Sea this year. Their total production
target amounts to slightly over 40,000 tons.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 17, 1964.)

7 OK OK OK OK

MARINE OIL SUPPLY AND DISPOSITION,
1962-1963 AND 1964 FORECAST:

Edible Marine Oil: Japanese production
of edible marine oils in calendar year 1963
was down about 10 percent from that in the
previous year due mainly to lower production
of fish oil. Edible whale oil production in
1963 was down only 3 percent, but Japanese
production of whale oil was expected to show
a considerable decline in 1964 and exports
of edible marine oil are also expected to de-
cline in 1964.

able 1 - Japanese Supply and Disposition of Edible Marine Oils,
1962-1963 and 1964 Forecast
Calendar Years

Forecast
1964 1963

- (Metric Tons). . .

1962

Grenade stocks:
Fish oil and fish liver oil .

Whale oil

BEE bocca been
Domestic disappearance . 2...»
1/Data not available. (The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry estimated that domestic food uses of marine oils in
fiscal year 1964 amounted to 52, 500 tons--17, 400 tons whale
oil and 35, 100 tons fish oil--all of which was consumed in
the manufacture of margarine and shortening. In addition,
5,500 tons of fish oil was consumed for nonfood uses.)

103, 700} 119, 257] 94, 355
oY 4 1

Inedible Marine Oil: Japanese production
of inedible marine oil (sperm oil) in 1963 was
up 12 percent from the previous year. Pro-
duction and exports of sperm oil are expected
to increase in 1964.

rine Che IMPORTS: Japanese imports of ma-
rine oil are small and consist mainly of edible
fish oil and shark-liver oil. Total imports of
edible and inedible marine oils in 1963 were

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

Japan (Contd.):

Table 4 - Japanese Exports of Marine Oils, by Country of
Destination, 1962 and 1963

Table 2 - Japanese Supply and Disposition of Inedible Marine
Oil (Sperm Oil)=/, 1962-1963 and 1964 Forecast

Calendar Years
Forecast
1964

- « (Metric Tons). .
dible Marine Oils:

Whale oil:

Republic of Korea - 544

Wo aNd 5 oer North Korea... 226 =
4 etme) Communist China . - 1,016
Opening stocks, January STDP INER a5 © q 3 af

6. 8. . . >

leone. : ne ies United Kingdom . . 27,880 | 24,872
RES Netherlands ... 54, 690 44,644

Total supply Belgium ..... 5, 080 =

Sease ene France'y jcuap shane 13,564 -
West Germany. . 15, 685 16, 325
United States .. - 730

Australia. . « «. 301 -

Cod-liver oil:
Malaysia) <6 je 5 2's
Philippines... . «
Candda. <5 es.» ss
United States... 2...
Other countries ....

3/Estimated by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Fores-
try. The estimated exports of sperm oil are less than those
shown in table 4, The exports of sperm oil shown in table 4
appear to include direct exports by fishing fleets.

4/Data not available. (The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry estimated that domestic nonfood uses of sperm oil in

fiscal year 1964 amounted to 22,000 tons.) Total fish oil... ee eee ees 1,062 | 963 |
Shark-liver gil:

United States 5 2 2 2 ww we wee 5 47

Table 3 - Japanese Imports of Marine Oils by Country Other countries, & 2 oo MAL coe 5 12 63

of Origin, 1962 and 1963

Tegan ive al M2067
Commodity and Country of Origin

Other fish-liver oil:

. «(Metric Tons). . Nofwayi ls ci Ree Tee eke! 33 52

Edible Marine Oil: Sweden), 9's wy0) fo jaye ie she lepers: ov 0 27 126
Cod-liver oil: United Kingdom o evese,e ope 0, 0 0 38 124
Republic of Korea .....2-e06 83 Wetherlands SS ct oc + te: e/a tues 59 120

Other.countries .....05000 8 7 _ SS IER Fie Sh Ch on ian

; ; SANCCH aysiwrot tie (ale te 3 .epetfer ae

Aca ithioer 0 3-) UBS oe ella el laces aaa 37 ae
Shark-liver oil: Werpedtistates teu ere tance eMe telst cs 293 334
Republiclof’Korea S25. ss 2 6 « Aintree eis swe iabehetere salt «te 5 | 77

Republic of China . . Othericourtries 3) 5 svepsiie ssl tee 60 81

IMORWAY sie’ o ols Sle 0
United States .....
Other Countries Cy ee ey ee

Total other fish-liver oils ....
Fish oil:

- 56
76 110
49 65

- 19
24 17

Total k-li i eee ee Pride ie eeipe7| Republic of Korea ...2.2.2.-
pet aaa 149 28. Republic On China ly -- sal eienenelie
Republic of Korea e Malaysia... es eee eee ees
Communist China 9 United States ate ee) olets.s Yana
Republic of China 32 Other countries ....-+ceeee
Hong Kong .... 21 ‘LOtalishON) wis ls » s6 ¢ ehiale

United States

Baie Canes Unclassified marine oil:

Alli countries 9516) 5" «: :s-0) srieigae ane 31 37

Total edible marine oils +++ | 119,257 94, 355

co rN ia
N}/OOMOWO

Republic of Korea ..
Republic of China .
United Kingdom ....

fon)
&8

_
'

Total fish oil

Whale oil:
Ryley njlslands . «ier ./tswe coWel ser ca)koue
Mintel Statens 's isl ejoue eens! en etets

Motaliwhale, orl. cca eke, aie. bas

Total edible marine oils ......

Inedible Marine Oil:
Sperm oil:
United States 9 cyists pebwi esl vaio) aie

Total edible and inedible marine oils
Source: Japanese Customs Bureau, Ministry of Finance.

N
“N
N
a
N
o

Netherlands ....
Belgium. ... os
West Germany ..
United States ...

Australia 9. 6 4)
Other countries .

Total sperm oil 40, 498
Total edible and inedible marine oils| 172,817 | 134, 853 |

1/Totals exceed estimated total exports of sperm oil shown in
table 2.

1, 167

Source: Japanese Customs Bureau, Ministry of Finance.

Japan (Contd.):

down 57 percent from those in 1962 due main-
ly to smaller shipments from Angola and the
Republic of Korea.

EXPORTS: Japanese exports of edible ma-
rine oils in 1963 were up 26 percent from
those in the previous year due to larger ship-
ments of whale oil which accounts for the bulk
of Japanese edible marine oil exports. The
leading buyers are the Netherlands, United
Kingdom, France, and West Germany.

Exports of inedible sperm oil (as reported
by the Japanese Customs Bureau) were also
up in 1963 due mainly to larger shipments to
the Netherlands.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 83.

JAPANESE MAY PURCHASE DUTCH
WHALING FACTORYSHIP:

The three large Japanese fishing companies
engaged in whaling in the Antarctic Ocean will
likely sign an agreement to purchase the Neth-
erlands Whaling Company's whaling factory -
ship Willem Barendsz (26,830 gross tons), in-
cluding that factoryship's six-percent interna-
tional whale-catch quota. The purchase was
to be made after the June 1964 International
Whaling Conference, according to informed
industry sources. In January 1964 the Presi-
dent of the Netherlands Whaling Company had
offered to sell its factoryship to Japan. How-
ever, the Japanese firms, after meeting with
the Fisheries Agency, decided at that time
not to commit themselve on the offer until
after the June conference. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 14, 1964.)

Mexico

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SHRIMP VESSELS BUILT FOR KUWAIT:

Mexico is becoming an important factor in
supplying foreign fisheries with shrimp ves-
sels. A shrimp vessel built in Mexico has
been operating successfully off Pakistan, and
a shipyard on the Pacific coast of Mexico has
received orders for the construction of twelve
67-foot steel shrimp vessels for Kuwait. Or -
ders have also been received from Brazil and
Chile.

Four of the shrimp vessels for Kuwait were
completed in May 1964 and the other 8 are

Vol. 26, No. 8

Fig. 1 - Steel shrimp trawler (67 feet) under construction at a
shipyard in Mazatlan, Mexico, for export to Kuwait.

nearing completion. The vessels are being
delivered ready to fish and are fully equipped
with nets, radio, direction finder, echo-sound-
er, brine refrigeration equipment, and fiber -
glass skiffs. The machinery and most of the
electronics equipment installed were manu-
factured in the United States, although Japa-
nese echo-sounders have been used. The ves-
sels are equipped with special machines to
sort shrimp by size.

Fig. 2 - Several of the 12 steel shrimp vessels built for Kuwait.
Four were ready to ship in 10 days.

Designed for operation in the tropics, the
vessels have been built to identical specifica-
tions to facilitate maintenance in remote areas.
They are designed to carry a crew of 25, about
twice the size of Mexican crews on compara-
ble vessels.

The new vessels will be delivered to Ku-
wait by freighter. They will be accompanied
by experienced 3-man Mexican crews--cap-
tain, engineer, and seamen--who will remain
with the vessels under 18-months contracts

August 1964

Mexico (Contd.):

Fig. 3 - Steel shrimp vessels ready to leave for Kuwait, fully equip-
ped and ready to fish. Mexican captain, engineers, and 1 crew-
man foreach vessel are provided on an 18-months contract.

to train Kuwait fishermen. (United States
Embassy, Mexico, D.F., June 1, 1964.)

le le sleet
*

* =

SECONDARY FISHERIES
OF SINALOA:

The Mexican state of Sinaloa and its prin-
cipal fishing port Mazatlan on the Gulf of
California are known throughout the fishing
world for their shrimp industry. However,
some of the lesser known fisheries in the
area are also of interest. Those include, a-
mong others, the sport fishery, a canoe fish-
ery, a sea turtle fishery, and a shark fishery.

Mazatlan Sport Fishery: Excellent fishing
for marlin and sailfish is the lure that brings
many tourists to Mazatlan. A fleet of about

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

40 sport fishing charter vessels operates out
of Mazatlan for large game fish. Daily charter
rates range from US$50 to $65 during the sea-
son from November through May and about
$40 during the remainder of the year. Rates
include tackle and bait as well as the services
of the skipper and a deckhand for 2 to 3 sport
fishermen. The rate for longer trips to off-
shore islands is about $120 per day. Part-day
trips for numerous smaller game fish are $6
per hour.

Fig. 2 - Mazatlan as seen by a returning shrimp vessel.

The season for striped marlin, which is
the principal game fish, is from January into
May. Sailfish are available from early May
to November. The large black marlin are
taken in May, June, and July. At times, all
three varieties are caught in a single day.

Fig. 3 - Fiberglass charter sport fishing boat being built in a
shipyard in Mazatlan. Steel shrimp vessels can be seen in
background.

When all 40 charter sport vessels are fish-
ing, which is a frequent occurrence, the total
gross daily income for charters runs from
$1,600 to $2,400. In addition, other craft fish-
ing for the smaller game fish also bring ina
sizable income. The Mazatlan sport fishery
provides a livelihood for some 80 to 100 crew-
men and 40 employees of the landing wharfs
for the sport fleet. It also helps support the
fishermen who catch mullet for bait, and
brings additional income to boatyards and sup-
pliers,

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Mexico (Contd.):

The total Mazatlan sports catch of marlin

and sailfish amounts to over 5,000 fish a year.

Virtually all of those are given by the anglers
to the crew for sale at extremely low prices
for the manufacture of fish meal. Realizing
that marlin taken in the Japanese tuna fishery
are used for fish sausages, the Mexican De-
partment of Fisheries is seeking ways to use
the sport-caught fish in its program to in-
crease the consumption of fishery products.

Mazatlan Canoe Fishery: In picturesque
contrast to Mazatlan's modern fleet of shrimp
trawlers and shrimp processing plants, is the
fleet of dugout canoes that calls the beach in
front of luxurious resort hotels its home port.
The canoe fleet consists of about 100 craft.

Fig. 4 - Hand-line canoes on the beach at Mazatlan--fish for
sierra, snapper, corvina, cabrilla, etc.

Nearly all are dugouts but a few are fiber-
glass. Most of the canoes are powered by
small inboard engines. The canoes, manned
by 1 or 2 fishermen, usually fish within sight
of the beach. Their catches are made with
hook and line, and include sierra, corvina,
cabrilla, and snapper. Some of the catch is
purchased by local buyers for retail markets
and hotels, but much of the catch is shipped
by truck to Mexico City and Guadalajara.

Sea Turtle Fishery: One of the coopera-
tives in Sinaloa maintains a sea turtle fish-
ery. During April 1964, a sea turtle catch of
over 30 tons was taken by the cooperative.
The sea turtles, known as caguama or cahua-
ma, provide both leather and meat.
er is used for luxury products. The meat is
consumed locally to a large extent. The flip-
per meat is used in a soup that is a favorite
dish of Mazatlan.

The leath-

Vol. 26, No. 8

The director of the Mazatlan Biological
Station of the Mexican Department of Fisher-
ies has stated that the sea turtle resource is
rather limited and under constant threat from
unauthorized egg gathering on the beaches.
(Sea turtles go ashore to deposit their eggs.)
Nevertheless, if supervised carefully, the
fishery could probably be expanded somewhat.

Shark Fishery at Teacapan: The village of
Teacapan at the Southern tip of Sinaloa is
known for its shrimp and oysters. From mid-
September to early December the town is
bustling with activity as close to 1,000 local
canoes are busy producing shrimp for the can-
nery and freezing plant in nearby Escuinapa.
During other seasons, the fishermen are em-
ployed in the oyster fishery, the tourist sport
fishery, and the shark fishery. The Teacapan
shark fishery does not compare with the mod-
ern large-scale shark fisheries operating at
Mazatlan, Islas Tres Marias, and Zihuatanejo.
But the Teacapan operation is typical of the
small shark fisheries at dozens of remote
villages all along the coast.

Fig. 5 - Right of center is a shark fishing boat, Teacapan,
Sinaloa.

A few small power boats operate in the ocean
waters near the Teacapan lagoon, landing shark
catches on the sandy beach at the village.

The

an ee

Fig. 6 - Butchering 4 large sharks on the beach at Teacapan.

August 1964

Mexico (Contd.):

sharks are dressed on the beach and the fil-
lets are washed in the lagoon. The meat is
salted and sun-dried on racks. The result-

ing productis said tobe similar to dry-salted

Fig. 7 - After the shark fillets are washed, they are put on rocks

to dry. The product is sold as "bacalao de tiburon," In left
foreground, shark fins are on the racks to dry.
cod. In fact, it is called ''bacalao de tiburon"

or codfish-style shark. The product is ship-
ped to the cities for sale by the National
Company of Popular Subsistance (CONASUPO)
to limited-income groups. It is also sold in
the markets. CONASUPO has prepared a
pamphlet of recipes that features ''bacalao
de tiburon.'' The shark fins are similarly
dried for use in soup. Mexican exports of
dried shark fins (mainly to the United States)
amount to about 70,000 pounds annually,
valued at $28,000. (Fisheries Attache, Unit-
ed States Embassy, Mexico, D.F., June 1,
1964.)

Netherlands

FISH MEAL PRICES, 1962-1963:

During January-September 1963, fish meal
prices inthe Netherlands averaged lower than
those in the same period of 1962; but in the
final quarter of 1963 an upward trend carried
Dutch fish meal prices above those inthe last

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Average Monthly Prices~/ of Fish Meal in
the Netherlands, 1962-1963

Guilders/

Metric Ton
January ... 547 137.6 578
February 546 137.4 560
[March . 529 133.1 542
April es 522 131.3 540
MANS. foro shn 513 129.1 543 136.6
ume . oe «© 513 129.1 528 132.8
Jiktve «a6 508 127.8 520 130.8
August ... 502 126.3 508 127.8
September 505 127.0 517 130.1
October... 535 134.6 518 130.3
November. . 542 136.3 539 135.6
IDecember . 579 145.7 552 138.9

1/Brokers' prices to users for 61.4 percent protein meal,
Source: Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics,

quarter of 1962.
Hague, April 24, 1964.)

(United States Embassy, The

Io se ke ee
Ss Es Ss

| MARINE OIL SUPPLY AND DISPOSITION,

1963 WITH COMPARISONS:

Suppl y and Disposition: In 1963, there was
an increase of about 56 percent in domestic
production of marine oils in the Netherlands,
although imports continued to provide the bulk
of the total supply. Domestic use absorbed 73
percent of that supply, 8 percent was exported,
and 19 percent was carried over on December
jill Slap

Table 1 - Netherlands Supply and Dispositionof Marine Oils, 1963

fa aaa 1953
Metric Tons
18, 306

95,500

Supply:
Opening stocks, January 1 ..

C.f6 lee ©

EEE 5)
As oils— ow ake. aia (eb 6 latwe
As oil in products. ...

Total exports

Domestic disappearance:
OOM TSC ine eclelsle © aletse cleave =

eS eS eC

Total domestic disappearance .+seee-e 91, 334
Closing stocks, December 31 .....e200 23, 689

1/Does not completely agree with data reported in table 2.
2/Production entirely from Dutch raw material.

3/Does not include fish-liver oil.

Source: Estimates based on preliminary data issued by the Neth-
erlands Product Board for Margarine, Fats, and Oils,

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

Netherlands (Contd.):

Table 2 - Netherlands Imports of Fish and Marine-Animal Oils, 1962-1963

Commodity and Origin

Value )
1,000 Guilders} Us$1i,'000
| Fish-Liver Oil:
European Economic Community ..... 337 190 53
Iceland. . eee elisileiieutalieiie) =) 29 62 17
Norway .-2eececee Goado0 dd 311 298 83
Portugal .. 2.22 A000 00005 554 16 4
Japan ..-ceececes eilelisdisainieiielic 59 732 203
Other countries ... ele) eiielemer ele 59 50 14
Total fish-liver oil 1, 348 374
Fish Oil
European Economic Community .... e Pa al7/al 841 233
Iceland... 2... 5 oleic) sire 1,235 144 40
United States... 6 aiieyte welts) 17, 398 10, 040 5,531 1,534
PEM oo ao066 5 eae) elcelne! 1,812
Chile. 2. 5 eo 3 . o.oo OF0 523
Other countries . O Ga o00 103
4,245
Whale Oil:
IGAENGN 5 oo 6b b000 SOo0D0Gg00 we - 713 198
INOIWAYNejisiesiailel a itetioisilattalioitsitelt jis iisits) 9,481 5,048 809 224
IEBEMN Goo OondoOobOooDDdOdOUS 12,381 6,567 5,612 1,556
Other countries, «2 ees eee ee eee 770 349 1 1/
Sea deliveries?/ ... 2. cee ceeee 3, 824 2,458 10, 089 2,798
Hotaliwhalejoil ya welelelsnelcleleliells 26, 456
Other Fats from Marine Products
INorwWayiemetiolclcliciolclclicliciicl cc sie » « 114
| vemcer oc SobGc0ccogsece 488
United States . 22 2ecscee reeves 1,241
| HEM go b60G00do0D0n0D0GDO00 -
IFPED sogoogGoGdoOC0KdonD 66
Other countries ‘. . 2 eseceec cee e 37

Total other marine fats ....e.e.e | 1,946 | )
Total imports of marine oils ...e. 92, 829 45, 463

1/Less than $500.
2/From whale oil production vessels other than those in Dutch fleets.
Source: Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics.

Commodity and Destination

US$1,000 | Metric Tons US$1, 000
25 39
5 8
30 47

Fish -Liver Oil:
European Economic Community .....
Other countries... 2...
Total fish-liver oil .... 22220
Fish Oil:
European Economic Community .....
SEA s Fo GOO ODO OOOO oOo O8
Other countries . . ees eee

Total fish oil .......-.

Whale Oil:
European Economic Community .....
INOLWayare) cient iloiteite: (offal /ellemeliswlelfeita
Other countries... 2 ese

Total whale oil ... 2. eee
Other Fats from Marine Products:

European Economic Community .....
United States “275.0 2. es ee

Other countries ...seecee

Total other marine fats... +. 3,014 aio nn OG oN Razz 1180 met | es 300 |
Total exports of marine oils ..... 6,096 3,996 1, 108 8,998 6, 150 1,706

1/Less than US$500.
Source: Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics.

August 1964

Netherlands (Contd.):

Imports: Total imports of marine oils by
the Netherlands in 1963 were up 16 percent
in quantity and 28 percent in value from those
in the previous year due mainly to larger ship-
ments of fish oil from Peru, the United States,
and Chile. The gain was partly offset by a de-
cline in total whale oil imports which were
reduced by a drop in direct deliveries by for-
eign fishing fleets. (Imports of whale oil from
Norway were substantially higher in 1963.)
With a decline in world production of whale
oil in 1963, whale oil prices at Rotterdam
showed a substantial gain (table 4).

Table 4 - Wholesale Price of Whale Oil, c.i.f, Rotterdam,
at Selected Intervals, 1962-1963

September

December

1/Mid-month prices.

Source: Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture,

Exports: Total exports of marine oils from
the Netherlands in 1963 were down 32 percent
in quantity and 35 percent in value from those
in 1962 due to a sharp drop in shipments of
whale oil. The European Economic Commun-
ity (EEC) was the leading buyer of all types
of Dutch marine oil in 1962. In 1963, the EEC
continued to be the leading market for Dutch
fish oil, but the United States replaced the
EEC as the main market for processed fats
from marine oils. (United States Embassy,
The Hague, April 24, 1964.)

Notes: (1) Netherlands guilder 3,606 equals US$1.00.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 69,
Dec. 1963 p. 74, Jan. 1963 p. 106.

SIX TUNA ICE VESSELS ASSIGNED TO
NETHERLANDS WEST INDIES BASE:

One of the larger Japanese fishing firms
contracted for six tuna ice vessels (ranging
in size from 99 to 190 gross tons) to fish out
of its base at Saint Martin, Netherlands West
Indies. The Saint Martin base has a 2,000-
ton fresh tuna export quota.

That firm had about 35 tuna vessels fish-
ing for it in the Atlantic Ocean in 1963, and
handled about 20,000 metric tons of Atlantic

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ORIENTATION MAP t.|

ts pop se
tepzoe

SN
. \ cura: AO
\ lee

she

Ocean-caught tuna. Of that amount, 90 per-
cent was exported. (Suisancho Nippo, June 4,
and May 30, 1964.)

Norway

LOFOTEN COD FISHERY
DISAPPOINTING IN 1964:

Total landings from the 1964 Norwegian
Lofoten cod fishery amounted to only 23,700
metric tons at the close of the season April

Norway (Contd.):

20. That was a decline of 4,600 tons from

the catch in 1963, and the second lowest catch
since World War II. Most of the fishermen
who participated in the Lofoten cod fishery in
1964 will be eligible for State aid under the
Act of Minimum Shares which guarantees fish-
ermen a minimum weekly income.

The Lofoten area is in the path of spawning
cod passing from the Barents Sea to the coast
of Norway. During the last 8 years, the total
annual Norwegian catch of spawning cod along
the entire coast from Mére to Finmark (in-
cluding the Lofoten area) has been reduced by
about 50 percent to 49,200 tons in 1964. Ac-
cording to statements made by several repre-
sentatives of the fishermen, the downward
trend in the cod catch off the coast of Norway
is mainly due to overfishing of stocks in the
Barents Sea. (United States Embassy, Oslo,
May 17, 1964.)

IMPROVED ECHO-SOUNDER OFFERED
BY NORWEGIAN FIRM:

A sonar device with a range of 6,500 feet
in any direction (twice the range of conven-
tional sonars) has been introduced by anelec-
tronics firm in Norway. The company claims
the new instrument can determine the loca-
tion and direction of fish schools with accura-
cy. It was designed specifically to meet the
needs of Norwegian herring fishermen, but
can be used in other fisheries. It can be op-
erated automatically or by push-button con-
trol, and can be installed in vessels as small
as 70 feet. (News of Norway, May 28, 1964.)

Pakistan

SHRIMP PROCESSING CAPACITY OF
PLANTS IN KARACHI:

A total of 14 shrimp freezing and process-
ing plants (2 more than in 1962) are located
in Karachi, Pakistan, each with an average
daily capacity of 10 metric tons. When oper-
ating six days a week, their combined annual
capacity has a potential of about 42,000 tons.
In 1963, however, only 18,400 tons of shrimp
were landed for the use of those plants.

A new shrimp freezing plant on the Mek-
ran coast at Gwadar which was to have opened

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

USSRE- nes

\L-

(Afghanistan
iy

)

eres \

in 1963 was not yet in operation, according to
latest reports. (United States Embassy, Ka-
rachi, May 15, 1964.)

Peru

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND
EXPORTS, JANUARY -APRIL 1964:

Peruvian fish meal production in January -
April 1964 was reported to be 655,000 metric
tons, or 48 percent more than the 443,300 tons

produced during the same period of 1963.

i SS ar F< : <f
Anchovetas going to plant--Chimbote, Conveyor at Star Kist
plant in operation.

Peruvian fish meal exports during the first
4 months of 1964 amounted to 531,000 tons, an
increase of 18 percent from the 451,000 tons
exported during the same period of 1963. (Un-
published sources.)

August 1964

Peru (Contd.):

FISH MEAL EXPORT FORECAST
FOR 1964: ,

Authoritative industry sources predict to-
tal Peruvian fish meal exports in 1964 will
reach 1.2 million metric tons, a considerable
increase over the 1.04 million tons exported
in 1963. Based on available data for the first
quarter, prospects for record output and ex-
ports look favorable. In the first 3 months of
1964, production totaled almost 500,000 tons,
up more than 50 percent from the correspond-
ing period a year ago when output was cut by
a labor dispute. Exports for the first quarter
of 1964 (amounting to 389,000 tons) reflect an
increase of approximately 10 percent over
January-March 1963, despite a port strike in
February 1964 which held export volume
down. Inventories at the end of March 1964
were higher than a year earlier so, on the
basis of continued good demand, last year's
export record should be surpassed.

(Editor's note: In late May 1964, Peruvian
fish meal prices were reported as US$123-
125 per ton (65 percent protein meal) f.o.b.
United States East Coast and Gulf ports as
against comparable prices of $117-119 per
ton in late May 1963.)

Rapid expansion of the Peruvian fish meal
industry during the past two years coupled
with spotty fishing in some ports has brought
on a financial crisis. But production continues
high in spite of the closing of some 30 plants
(most of those marginal) over the past 4
months. Heavy production is expected to con-
tinue, unless there is a disappearance of fish
or a break in the market price. The Peruvian
Government is expected to offer some form
of tax relief in the near future that will en-
able efficient operators to survive. (United
States Embassy, Lima, May 12, 1964.)

KKK kk

MARINE OIL SUPPLY AND DISPOSITION,
1961-1963 AND 1964 FORECAST:

Fish Oil: Peruvian production and exports
of fish oil declined in 1963 after a sharp in-
crease during the 1960-1962 period, accord-
ing to estimates by the Peruvian industry.
Greatly improved extraction processes help-
ed boost Peruvian fish oil production to a
record level in 1962. The anchoveta catch is
the mainstay of the Peruvian reduction indus-
try and domestic production of fish oil is the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

main factor in the Peruvian marine oil sup-
ply. Imports are small.

Estimates indicate that Peruvian stocks of
fish oil were at a low level at the beginning of
1964. Production of fish oil in 1964 is ex-
pected to continue at about the same level as
in 1963, although exports may be somewhat
lower in 1964.

Peruvian Supply and Disposition of Fish Oil,
1961-1963 and 1964 Forecast

Supply:
T Gpening
Pedietece

stocks, Jan. 1

Disposition:
Exports4/ ..
Domestic disappearance:

Apparent edible
consum ptio:

Estimated industrial
consumptio: ee

losing stocks, Dec, 31 | 1,500] 1,000] 5,000] 12, 500
1/Preliminary.

2/Reported by Peruvian National Fisheries Society.

3/Complete data not available on Peruvian imports; however,

imports are relatively insignificant,

(The Callao Customs-
house reported Peruvian imports of inedible fish oil in 1963
as 363 tons of hydrogenated fats and oils and 79 tons of cod-
liver oil.)

4/Estimates by Peruvian industry, Data include fish oil for both

edible and inedible purposes. Data may not agree with ex-
port data reported by other sources,
5/Estimates from unpublished sources,
Note: The table does not include data on the supply and dis-
position of whale and sperm oil.

Whale and Sperm Oil: Peruvian exports
of sperm oil amounted to 9,079 metric tons
valued at $34.6 million (US$1.3 million) in
1963 as compared with 9,336 tons valued at
$34.5 million (US$1.3 million) in 1962, ac-
cording to data from the Peruvian Customs
Office. Exports of refined whale oil amounted
to 400 tons valued at $901,000 (US$33,600) in
1963. There were no registered exports of
whale oil in 1962. (United States Embassy,
Lima, April 28, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1964 p. 79, and
June 1963 p. 86.

<2 Se

Philippines

GOVERNMENT OPENED ANOTHER
BID ON IMPORTED CANNED SARDINES:

The Philippine National Marketing Corpora-
tion (NAMARCO) opened another bid on June 2,

Philippines (Contd.):

1964, for 499,800 cases of canned sardines.
The bid carried the provision that 245,000
cases be already packed and ready for de-
livery, and the remainder of 254,800 cases
subject to pack. Two of the bidders repre-
sented United States suppliers, one a British
supplier, and 7 bidders represented South
African suppliers.

The bid offered by the United States Sup-
plier was for 50,000 cases of 1-pound ovals
at US$9.22 a case (48 cans per case) and
6,000 cases of 1-pound talls at $6.48 a case
(48 cans per case). South African case (48
cans) prices on the same quantity were $8.00
for ovals and $6.15 for talls. The British
offer was for 60,000 cases (95 cans) of "jit-
neys'' (5-ounce) at $7.45 and the South Afri-
can bid for the same was $7.15 a case.
NAMARCO indicated that it probably would
reject the United States and British bids in
favor of the lower-priced South African prod-
uct because the Government justified imports
from South Africa on the basis of cheaper
food for the consumer.

Bids on the 254,800 cases subject to pack
were all from South African suppliers.
NAMARCO indicated that if it could obtain
firm offers of sardines already packed it
might reject the South African bids on that
quantity. (United States Embassy, Manila,
June 11, 1964.)

South Africa Republic

FISHING VESSEL MAKES REMARKABLY
GOOD ANCHOVY CATCHES:

Large catches of anchovy were made in
April 1964 by the 67-foot pilchard vessel
Silver Bonito which fishes out of St. Helena
Bay in South Africa.

On April 9, the Silver Bonito caught 70
short tons of anchovy in one set of the net;
on April 10 she returned at 8 p.m., after
having left the dock at 9 a.m. the same day
with 140 tons which were caught in two Sets;
on the morning of April 13, after being out
for the night, she returned with 120 tons and
the same evening caught a further 70 tons.

The catches were made about two hours!
sailing time from the fishing company's fac-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

tory. At the factory, the anchovies were proc-
essed for fish meal in the same way as the
pilchard catches. The fish meal was of the
same quality as that obtained from pilchards
but slightly darker. The oil yield was good.

The Si Bonito is equipped with one of
the six g-inch mesh anchovy nets in use in
that industry for experimental purposes. The
net had been remodeled, after previous use,
to the specifications of the fishing company.
(The South African Shipping News and Fishing

PILCHARD SEASON AT WALVIS
BAY GETS UNDER WAY:

The 1964 pilchard fishing season at Walvis Bay in South-
West Africa started on February 16, 1964 whentwo factories
sent their vessels out for the first time. The pilchards were
being found in reasonable quantities about an hour's sailing
from Pelican Point. The condition of the fish was described
as ''good for the time of the year" andthe early oil yield has
been about 10 gallons a ton.

The other four factories in Walvis Bay were to start dur-
ing the second half of February.

This year the factories will be concentrating on the pro-
duction of fish meal and fish body oil for which there are
ready markets, The canning program will again, as in 1963,
be cut back, Each factory is limited to a ceiling catch of
90,000 tons, but this could be increased by the South-West
Africa Administration if the markets for the finished prod-
uct and the availability of fish warrant it.

By the last week of February, all six of the pilchard-proc-~
essing factories at Walvis Bay were in operation. The seventh

“Sate Y

~ SOUTH WEST
AFRICA

August 1964

South-West Africa (Contd.):

factory (which was being built) was expected to start operating
early in June,

The first fish meal shipment of the 1964 season’s output
was expected to have been shipped early in April. All re-
maining fish meal on hand from last year has been shipped
out,

Although the fish were rather far out (5 to 8 hours'
sailing) they were reported to be in excellentcondition. By
the second week of March the oil yield had risen to nearly
18 gallons per ton of fish.

Three of the factories started canning on a small scale
during the second week of March, but the fish were found to
be a little soft for full-scale operations. Other factories
were expected to start during that month,

The latest market prospects for this season’s Walvis Bay
pilchard production are:

Fish Meal: Practically the entire Walvis Bay production
for this year has been sold at what is described as a good
price,

Fish Bi Qil: As of April the market appeared good,
As was fi 5 SN Saat year, purchases were being made in
lots, Shipments will go forward according to purchases dur-
ing the year,

Canned Fish: There is little change in the marketing of
this product and production will be low compared with previ-
ous years, As the Marine Products Group has now placed
sales in the hands of Federal Fish Packers, which has been
reconstituted as Federal Marine Ltd,, all canned fish packed
in Walvis Bay will now be marketed through that organiza-

tion. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review, y, March and April 1964.)

Spain

FISHERY TRENDS AT VIGO,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

Landings and Prices: Fishery landings at
the port of Vigo, Spain, in January-March
1964 totaled 15,672 metric tons valued at
229.5 million pesetas (US$3.8 million), a de-
cline of 23.9 percent in quantity and 14.5 per-
cent in value from the fourth quarter 1963
landings but only slightly more than landings
in January-March 1963. The value of the
first quarter 1964 landings, however, was 16

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

percent below that in the corresponding peri-
od of 1963.

Landings of frozen fish at Vigo (part of
which is imported fish) were not included in
the quarterly landings data in the past butare
included for 1964. There is an increasing
trend toward freezer vessels, which were
first put in operation in 1961 by a local fish-
ery firm. That firm has plans for a fleet of
21 vessels, including two transports and a
factoryship. The firm's fishing fleet, which
consisted of about 8 vessels in the first quar-
ter of 1964, has been fishing off South and
West Africa (to a lesser extent off South A-
merica). Those vessels are expected to land
about 20,000 metric tons of frozen fish at Vigo
in 1964. Other local fishing companies are
following the same example on a more modest
basis. Frozen fish landings at Vigo during
January-March 1964 totaled 3,686 tons--most-
ly hake and small hake.

Canned Fish Industry: Canned fish produc-
tion was light during January-March 1964,
with industry continuing to feel the effects of
marketing difficulties which carried over from
1963 due, in part, to the decline in canned fish
exports. Most canneries reported higher
stocks than normal for this time of the year
and anticipated increased difficulties with the
beginning of the sardine fishing season in
April and the albacore season in June.

Cannery production costs were reported
considerably higher in 1963 as a result of
salary increases (a collective agreement late
in 1962 and a further increase with the mini-
mum wage law in January 1963) and the high
price of oil, fish, and other raw materials.

There is considerable concern regarding
competition in the export market and the do-
mestic demand for canned fish is not strong
enough to absorb a significant portion of the
production. One remedy which was believed
would improve the situation was the export
of canned fish packed in peanut oil. This is

Table 1 - Landings and Average Ex-Vessel Prices of Selected Species at Vigo, January-March 1964 with Comparisons

1964 (= A Ges Of privy O16 BOOT) gUmEn TONS |
January-March October-December January-March

Pesetas/Kil o | U.S.¢/b.|
27. 82
8.32
6.81
13.18
48.24

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

Spain (Contd.):
Table 2 - Distribution of the Fishery Landings at Vigo, January-March 1964 with Comparisons

Shipped Fresh to
Domestic Markets

Came Other Distribution (Smoking, Drying, Fish Meal,
etc.) and Local Consumption

O c ciiclioaloleitol sl siieMelen on (Vletricislons)Vatcteielelsieneenen
ist Quarter 1964 .... 890
4th Quarter 1963 .... 5, 364

1st Quarter 1963 . . © 1,573

now discounted because of the excellent olive
crop and the expected drop in the price of
Olive oil. It was reported that the difference
between the price of peanut oil and olive oil
would not exceed one peseta (1.6 U. S. cents)
a liter, and that it would hardly be reflected
in the price of the canned product. (United

States Consulate, Vigo, April 14, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964, p. 68.

Thailand

FISHERIES SURVEY PLANNED

The Fisheries Department of Thailand has
announced plans for a survey of fishing
grounds off Thailand. The survey vessel
Dhanarajata is scheduled to arrive in Bang-
kok in mid-1964 to begin explorations in the
Gulf of Thailand. After a few months work
in the Gulf, during which the crew will be-
come familiar with the vessel's equipment,
the Dhanarajata is expected to transfer op-
erations to the potentially more important
AndamanSea. Thailand has not previously en-
gaged in intensive fishing operations inthat
area. The survey is designed to indicate the
quantity and quality of available fish stocks,
including tuna stocks. (United States Embas-
sy, Bangkok, May 11, 1964.)

U.S. S.R.

FISHING FLEETS CLAIMED SEEKING
FISH RATHER THAN PROFITS:

Soviet fishing fleets are working to supply
their country with food; fishing operations
need not be justified on an economic basis.
That was indicated by a representative of the
Soviet Embassy in London during a talk in
Grimsby, England, March 31, 1964. The So-
viet representative's remark was made in
reply to a question as to whether Soviet fish-
eries were self-sustaining from a profit

standpoint. (Fish Trades Gazette, April 4,
1964.)

OK OK OK

SOVIETS CLAIM MARINE GROUPS CAN BE
IDENTIFIED BY SOUND WAVES:

A classification of marine specimens ac-
cording to ability to reflect accoustic waves
has been reported by Soviet scientists. They
state that probing of the Atlantic with sound
waves has revealed four types of marine life
which can be identified in schools by different
degrees of scattering of sound.

The first group is composed of marine life
10 to 150 millimeters (0.39-5.91 inches) in
diameter and lacking a solid skeleton or rigid
shell (jellyfish and similar specimens) which
are called semireflectors of sound.

A second group includes octopus which are
denser and have a thin skeletal foundation. A
still greater obstacle to sound is presented
by the group of higher shellfish (crustaceans)
covered with a hard dense shell. Finally, the
Soviets report that a substantial effect of
sound scattering is produced by fish. A par-
ticularly noticeable sound dispersal, in the
range of several kilocycles at least, is said
to be produced by fish possessing swimming
bladders.

Soviet scientists state that the use of sound
waves to locate schools of fish will make it
possible to determine the size and in some
cases even the species of fish. (The Fishing
News, April 3, 1964.)

uf &

United Kingdom

FISH MARKETING INFORMATION SERVICE
INTRODUCED BY WHITE FISH AUTHORITY:
The inauguration of a Fish Information
Service was announced by the chairman of the

British White Fish Authority in early May

August 1964

United Kingdom (Contd.):

1964. The new service will make available to
individual fish retailers the professional serv-
ices of a shop design and improvement group.
It will also provide advice on retailing meth-
ods and undertake promotional campaigns.

Introducing the new service, the chairman
of the White Fish Authority pointed out that in
recent years there have been drastic changes
in almost every aspect of retailing, anda
revolution in the housewife's method of shop-
ping. The advent of the supermarket has had
a great influence on shopping habits. The in-
dividual shopkeeper is, therefore, faced with
the need for the highest degree of efficiency,
and the modernization of his premises if he
is to maintain his place in the market. Mod-
ern knowledge and ideas are being applied to
the catching of fish; it is essential that atten-
tion should also be given to the manner in
which the product is presented to the consum-
er. Furthermore, it should be stressed to the
housewife that fish can be as important as
meat in the daily diet. The aims of the Fish
Information Service were described as, ''The
presentation of fish as a dish whichis fashion-
able, satisfying, and convenient, from shops
which embody the latest developments in re-
tail design."

To achieve its purpose, the new Fish Infor-
mation Service will perform three basic func-
tions. First, it will provide a clearing house
for information on the fishindustry as a whole.
Second, it will offer the industry a shop im-
provement service which will be aimed at
helping the retailer to sell fish as the main
family meal. And third, it will carry out an
educational campaign to present to cookery
students, catering establishments, restau-
rants, and the general public the message
that fish is as suitable for the main dish as
meat.

The chairman of the White Fish Authority
said, ''in short, the service forms part of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

overall campaign to present fish as 'the big
dish.'! Everyone knows the phrase 'Chips with
everything.' Letus hope that before long there
will be an equally well-known phrase-~-'Fish
with everything'.'' (Fish Trades Gazette, May
2, 1946.)

eee ee
TT EK

VESSEL AND GEAR RESEARCH:

A representative of the British White Fish
Authority in April 1964 described the work
undertaken by the Authority's Industrial De-
velopment Unit at the port of Hull during the
first year of the new unit's existence. He
pointed out that the members of the unit had
spent considerable time aboard trawlers at
sea. If the design of the vessels is to be im-
proved, performance under working conditions
must be studied.

The unit made comprehensive measure-
ments of the motions of trawlers in a Seaway.
The information obtained will help guide the
design of improved echo-sounders and new
refrigerating machinery, and the layout of
galleys and accommodations in new stern-
trawlers.

A study was made of the use and perform-
ance of the trawl winch aboard the freezer-
trawler Junella. That ledto recommendations
which could Significantly increase the earn-
ings and reduce the costs of such vessels.

Other development projects being con-
ducted include a wireless telemetry link from
trawl to ship, to provide skippers with infor-
mation about water temperature and the be-
havior of the trawl; a meter to inform the
skipper about the tension in the trawl warps,
in order to expedite shooting and hauling the
net; new methods of fish stowage to avoid han-
dling on discharge; washing and gutting ma-
chines; pneumatic transport of crushed ice;
high-pressure hydrostatic power transmis-—
sions; and a stabilized narrow-beam echo-
sounder. (Fish Trades Gazette, April 18,
1964.)

SLB EL Gd

=<—7Z

Y
i

Lif
vi F

fil

Federal Trade Commission

BARS DISCRIMINATION IN RENTALS AND
SALES OF SHRIMP PEELING MACHINERY:
On June 4, 1964, the Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) ruled that officers and directors of two Louisi-
ana corporations distributing shrimp peeling machinery
have abused their patent rights in the shrimp process -

ing machinery field. The FTC, therefore, issued an
order barring certain discriminatory practices. The
officers and directors of the firms concerned were or-
dered to: (1) stop discriminating among domestic
shrimp producers in the rentals charged for their ma-
chines; and (2) offer their machines for sale to domes-
tic canners at the same prices and under the same con-
ditions and terms as are presently offered to foreign
canners.

On the other hand, the FTC dismissed allegations
that the shrimp peeling machinery patent holders had
used various unlawful means to gain, perpetuate, or
extend a monopoly position in the shrimp processing
machinery field.

The FTC ruled that members of the family which
are officers and directors of the Louisiana corpora-
tions involved have unlawfully abused their patent-
based monopoly in the shrimp processing machinery
field by (1) charging Northwest shrimp canner lessees
of this indispensable machinery double the rate charged
Gulf Coast canners, and (2) selling the machinery to
foreign canners while refusing to sell and merely leas-
ing it to competing domestic canners.

An order halting those illegal discriminatory prac-
tices was issued by the FTC against the four former
copartners of the New Orleans firm marketing the ma-
chinery. That company was liquidated late last year
and the four copartners now are the officers and di-
rectors of two successor corporations.

The Commission said in its opinion written by Com-
missioner Everette MacIntyre that respondents! pat-
ented shrimp processing machinery includes peelers,
cleaners, separators, deveiners, and graders. The
principal piece of machinery and the one developed
first is the peeler, which was offered to Gulf Coast
shrimp canners in 1949. Prior to its advent the can-
ners depended on hand labor for peeling or picking their
shrimp. Four peeling machines can approximately
equal the output of 250 to 300 laborers. Consequently
the peeler immediately made hand picking obsolete and
became an absolute necessity. Within less than 10
years all the Gulf Coast canners had installed and were
using respondents! peelers.

Prior to 1956 all shrimp canneries (except a single
plant in Georgia which ceased production in 1961) were
located on the Gulf Coast. In the early 1950's com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

DERAL 4
y ACTIONS |

Vol. 26, No. 8

mercially exploitable quantities of pandalid shrimp
(smaller and having less meat yield than the penaeid
variety found off the Gulf Coast) were discovered off
the coasts of Washington and Oregon. In 1956 the first
canning plant was started at Westport, Wash., and re-
spondents leased a peeler to it. By September 30, 1959,
their machines were operating in 12 Northwest can-
neries. West Coast canners are charged double the
rental rate assessed Gulf Coast lessees. The reason
for the differential, the respondents stated, is that the
smaller West Coast shrimp have a count per pound ap-
proximately twice that of the Gulf Coast variety and the
higher rate was fixed ''. . .in order to adhere to our
basic policy of charging a rate which was in proportion
to the labor saved."

Rejecting this, the Commission 'found that respond-
ents' avowed reason for their practices is not worthy
of belief" and that their actual intent was to protect
and foster their own interests as shrimp canners by
inhibiting the shrimp canners packing the pandalid
shrimp of the Northwest. (The family of the peeling
machine firms engages in shrimp canning thfough an-
other corporate enterprise.)

"The respondents' and other Gulf Coast canners!
fear of the embryo Northwest shrimp manufactory stems
from two factors: the comparative low cost of pandalid
shrimp and the static condition of the canned shrimp mar-
ket. These factors convinced the respondents that un-
less defensive steps were taken the Gulf Coast shrimp
industry would be unable to compete and would be even-
tually overpowered by the new competition from the
Northwest."

Commissioner MacIntyre pointed out that several
Northwest "canners who ceased canning shrimp en-
tirely testified that they would have been able to con-
tinue operations and garner a reasonable profit had they
been charged the same rates as those enjoyed by the
Gulf canners. The statistical evidence completely sup-
ports this testimony, for in most cases the excess rent-
al charged was substantially greater than the losses ex-
perienced.

"As we view it, respondents! conduct is completely
undefensible. It constitutes a hasty, almost panicky,
reaction to a new competitive threat. Their activities
are shortsighted and economically self-defeating. The
long-range interests of the shrimp canning industry in
this country and of the economy as a whole lie in in-
creased, rather than curtailed, competition. This in-
dustry is selling in a market which has remained static
for four decades. While in recent years the lack of
growth may be blamed to a certain extent upon the in-
creasing popularity with the public of frozen shrimp
products, this was not true for the entire period and
does not constitute a complete explanation today. A
principal reason for the static condition of this universe

August 1964

is the complete failure of the producers to aggressively
exploit their product by an aggressive program of con-
sumer education. The money spent for advertising by
the industry as a whole has been insignificant and this
record indicates that an untapped market consisting of
76 percent of all American families is awaiting ex-
ploitation. If, as this record indicates, the supplies of
shrimp in the Alaskan fishery are indeed unlimited, the
potential for the Northwest shrimp canning industry
directly and for the respondents indirectly through in-
creased utilization of their machines is likewise un-
limited.

"In view of all the foregoing facts and conclusions,
it is the decision of this Commission that the respond-
ents have engaged in unfair methods of competition and
unfair acts or practices in commerce in violation of
Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The
gravamen of the offense so found is the fixing and
charging of higher discriminatory peeling machine
rental rates to producers of canned shrimp located in
the Northwestern United States with the result and ef-
fect of injuring and destroying competition between said
Northwest canners and canners located in the Gulf and
South Atlantic areas of the United States."

The Commission similarly held to be unlawful re-
spondents' practice of refusing to sell their machinery
to American canners while selling it to foreign com-
petitors.

"Since the practice of selling shrimp processing
machinery to foreigners is of comparatively recent
origin, the full effects of the practice have yet to be
felt by the domestic shrimp canning industry,"' Com-
missioner MacIntyre stated. ''However, there is suf-
ficient evidence in the record to support a finding that
the probable effects of the practice will be to injure
and seriously curtail the competitive abilities of do-
mestic canners in two relevant markets: one consisting
of the entire United States and the other the total of all
foreign countries."

He pointed out that the "inevitable result of this
practice is to maintain high production costs at home
and to permit to foreigners lower production costs.
The resulting imbalance of competitive ability canhave
no other effect than to make it increasingly difficult
for our domestic producers to compete for foreign
markets. On the other hand, we could reasonably ex-
pect that with lower peeling costs our domestic can-
ners could expand their foreign sales. To impede or
prevent such expansion is no less of an unfair practice
or unreasonable restraint than to occasion a diminu-
tion in market position."

The Commission also noted that American sellers
of shrimp "testified that competition from Japanese
imports was becoming an increasingly serious factor
in the domestic shrimp market. Apparently most can-
ners in both the Northwestern United States and along
the Gulf Coast are apprehensive with respect to this
already serious competition and the almost inevitable
probability that the present relative trickle of imported
canned shrimp will increase toa flood... .

"The discomfiture of the American canners is un-
derstandable, for the respondents have placed them in
an untenable position. They are required to operate
with static higher peeling costs--costs which remain
at a constant level without regard for production level.
Foreign canners using machines purchased from re-
spondents experience initial lower costs which recede

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with increased production. American canners have
been placed at a competitive disadvantage by respond-
ents' foreign sales and the likelihood is that their for-
eign competitors, particularly the Japanese, will en-
large their penetration of the United States canned shrimp
market. Domestic canners are powerless in the face

of respondents! patent monopoly to effect any change in
their competitive position vis-a-vis their foreign com-
petitors using respondents' machines and the public in-
terest requires remedial action on their behalf. Re-
spondents' discriminatory practice of selling to some,
but not all, competing canners has been shown by this
record to be unfair and violative of Section 5 of the Fed-
eral Trade Commission Act."

On the other hand, the FTC dismissed the complaint
as to the family's shrimp canning enterprise and the
president of that firm.

Also dismissed were allegations in the complaint that
respondents have utilized various unlawful means to
gain, perpetuate, or extend a monopoly position in the
shrimp processing machinery field, and that the fami-
ly's shrimp canning firm and the individual respondents
combined to adopt and carry out the alleged monopolistic
practices

Commissioner Philip Elman filed a separate opinion
stating his views. He said, among other things, that due
to respondents! discriminatory prices the "Northwest
canners have been forced to the wall and may well be
eliminated as a competitive factor in the shrimp can-
ning industry.

"The short of it is that respondents' insistence on
charging a monopoly price may well result in the de-
struction of a substantial segment of the shrimp canning
industry. This result, which is not dictated by efficien-
cy--for .. .the cost of processing shrimp by machine
is the same regardless of the size of the shrimp--but
by monopoly power, is clearly opposed to the objectives
of antitrust policy. The right of a monopolist to exploit
his monopoly (whether such monopoly is conferred by
patents or otherwise) by charging a monopolist's dis-
criminatory price does not, in my opinion, include the
right to destroy or cripple a major segment of an in-
dustry, but must yield in such a case to the policy of
competition embodied in the antitrust laws... In the
circumstances, respondents' refusal to treat the North-
west and the Gulf Coast shrimp canners on equal terms
is an abuse of monopoly power. It has substantially and
unjustifiably injured competition in the shrimp canning
industry. It is therefore an unfair method of competi-
tion forbidden by Section 5."

However, continued Commissioner Elman, ''So far
as the charge relating to unlawful discrimination by re-
spondents between foreign and domestic shrimp canners
is concerned, I am compelled to dissent from the Com-
mission's finding of violation. The record tells us al-
together too little about the costs of foreign shrimp can-
ners to justify an inference of competitive injury. Nor
is it at all clear to what extent being able to purchase
rather than lease respondents' shrimp processing ma-
chinery represents a net cost savings to the foreign
canners."

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

AMENDMENT TO STANDARD OF
IDENTITY FOR CANNED TUNA
EFFECTIVE JUNE 15, 1964:

With reference to amending the standard
of identity for canned tuna by listing sodium
acid pyrophosphate as an optional ingredient
for inhibiting the development of struvite
erystals, notice was given on May 27, 1964,
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
that no objections were filed to the order pub-
lished in the Federal Register of April 16,
1964. Accordingly, the amendment promul-
gated by that order became effective on June
15, 1964. The Notice was published in the
Federal Register of June 3, 1964.

An earlier Notice that a petition had been
filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Adminis -
tration proposing that the standard of identity
for canned tuna be amended was published in
the February 6, 1964, Federal Register. It
invited all interested persons to submit their
views regarding the proposal.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 62.

e -)
ue Si ”)

Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

PROPOSED REVISED STANDARDS FOR
GRADES OF FROZEN FISH BLOCKS:

Notice of proposed revised standards for
grades of frozen fish blocks was published in
the Federal Register, June 12, 1964, by the
Department of the Interior in accordance with
the authority contained in Title II of the Ag-
ricultural Marketing Act of August 14, 1946,
as amended (7 U.S.C. 1621-1627). The pro-
posed revised standards would be issued as
an amendment to Part 263 of Title 50, Code
of Federal Regulations, and would supersede
the standards that have been in effect since
July 1958.

The notice of proposed revised standards
for grades of frozen fish blocks as it appear-
ed in the Federal Register, June 12, 1964,
follows:

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
[50 CFR RART 263]
FROZEN FISH BLOCKS

Proposed U.S. Standards for Grades

Notice is hereby given that pursuant to
the authority vested in the Secretary of
the Interior by section 6(a) of the Fish
and Wildlife Act of August 8, 1956 (16
U.S.C. 742e), it is proposed to amend five
sections of Part 263 of Title 50, Code of
Federal Regulations. The purpose of
this amendment is to issue standards for
grades of frozen fish blocks in accordance
with the authority contained in Title IZ
of the Agricultural Marketing Act of
August 14, 1946, as amended (7 U.S.C.
1621-1627).

It is the policy of the Department of
the Interior whenever practicable, to
afford the public an opportunity to par-
ticipate in the rule making process. Ac-
cordingly, interested persons may submit
written comments, suggestions, or objec-
tions with respect to the proposed
amendment to the Director, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D.C.,
within 30 days of the date of publication
of this notice in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

JUNE 5, 1964.

Second issue. These standards will
supersede the standards that have been
in effect since July 1958.

§ 263.1 Description of the product.

Frozen fish blocks are rectangeular-
shaped masses of cohering frozen fish
flesh of a single species. They consist of
adequately drained whole, wholesome
fillets or pieces of whole, wholesome fillets
cut into small portions but not ground
or comminuted; and they are frozen and
Iaiatained at temperatures necessary for
the preservation of the product. Frozen
fish blocks are made in two styles.

(a) Style I—skinless fish blocks. Fish
blocks that have been made from skin-
less fillets.

(b) Style II—skin-on fish Dlocks. Fish
blocks that have been made from demon-
strably acceptable skin-on fillets.

§ 263.2 Grades of frozen fish blocks.

(a) “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of
frozen fish blocks that (1) possess a good
flavor and odor and that (2) have a total
score of 85 to 100 points for those factors
that are rated in accordance with the
scoring system outlined in this part.

(b) “U.S. Grade B” is the quality of
frozen fish blocks that (1) possess at
least a reasonably good flavor and odor
and that (2) have a total score of 70 to
84 points for those factors that are rated
in accordance with the scoring system in
this part.

(c) “Substandard” is the quality of
frozen fish blocks that meet product de-
scription but fail to meet the require-
ments of U.S. Grade B.

§ 263.11 Determination of the grade.

The grade is determined by examining
the product in the frozen, thawed, and

Vol. 26, No. 8

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ie)

‘TABLE 1—SCHEDULE OF POINT DEDUCTIONS PER SAMPLE UNIT
on Style II block. Blemishes are meas-
ured on a 5-pound portion cut from the

State | No. Factors scored Aspects determining score Deduct
SS edge of the fish block and thawed.
2 || Oolortccwet ese Small degree: Moderate yellowing 4 (2) “Bones” refers to any potentially
Large degree: Excessive yellowing and/or rusti: 16 harmful bones in the fish block. A po-
2| Dehydration-.......----- Minor: Moderate dehydration for each 10 percent of surface 3 tentially harmful bone is one that after
vee atten ected. ate at? ar , being cooked is capable of piercing or
alan pee jehydration for each 10 percent of surface 6 hurting the palate. One instance of
ee bones means one bone or group of bones
3 | Uniformity of size._---__- vA eee ser aon Tor Pa declared size in length, width, 3 occupying or contacting a circular area
or thickness +}4 to \
g Major: Each deviation from declared size in length, width, 6 of 1 square inch. Bones are measured
2 RUS NEN SEE on the same 5-pound thawed portion cut
“a 4 | Uniformity of weight_...- Minor: Any minus deviation from declared weight of more 3 from the fish block.
aoa Younce but not anor than. 4 ounces, - (c) Examination of the cooked prod-
ajor; Any minus deviation from declared weight more 8 uct. (1) Heating in a suitable manner

than 4 ounces,

Edge angle—2 out of 3 readings deviating 34 inch____-__.___- 2
Corner angle—each angle deviating 34 inch.

ragge

For each 1 ounce unit cut from the block that would be ad- yt
vere affected due to air spaces, ice spaces, depressions,
edges, damage, or imbedded packaging material.

Each blemish in 5 pounds of fish block 2

.| Each instance of bones in 5 pounds of fish block

Cooked 9) MU OxGOr aeeee nee Small Degree: Moderately tough, dry, rubbery, or mushy__ 5
Large Degree: Excessively tough, dry, rubbery, or mushy__ 15

cooked states and is evaluated by con-
sidering the following factors:

(a) Factors rated by score points.
Points are deducted for variation in the
quality of each factor in accordance with
the schedule in table 1. The total of
points deducted is subtracted from 100 to
obtain the score. The maximum score is
100; the minimum score is 0.

(b) Factors not rated by score points.
The factor of “flavor and odor” is evalu-
ated organoleptically by smelling and
tasting the product after it has been
cooked in accordance with § 263.25.

(1) Good flavor and odor (essential
requirements for a Grade A product)
means that the cooked product has the
typical flavor and odor of the indicated
species of fish and is free from rancidity,
bitterness, staleness, and off-flavors and
off-odors of any kind. *

(2) Reasonably good flavor and odor
(minimum requirements of a Grade B
product) means that the cooked product
is lacking in good flavor and odor but is
free from objectionable off-flavors and
off-odors of any kind.

§ 263.21 Definitions.

(a) Examination of sample, frozen
state. (1) Color refers to reasonably uni-
form color characteristic of the species
used. Deviations from normal color in-
clude noticeable yellowing and/or rust-
ing of the fish surface.

(2) Dehydration refers to loss of mois-
ture from the fish surfaces during frozen
storage. Moderate dehydration is color-
masking and can easily be scraped off
with a fingernail. Excessive dehydration
is deep color-masking and requires a
knife or other hard instrument to scrape
it off.

(3) Uniformity of size refers to the de-
gree of conformity to the declared size.
A deviation is considered to be any devia-
tion from stated length, width or thick-
ness, or from the average dimensions if
no dimensions are stated. Only one de-

viation from each dimension may be as-
sessed. Two readings for length, three
readings for width, and four readings for
thickness will be measured.

(4) Uniformity of weight refers to the
degree of conformity to the weight. Only
underweight deviations are assessed.

(5) An acceptable edge angle is an
angle formed by two adjoining surfaces
whose apex is within % inch of a car-
penter’s square placed along the surfaces.
For each edge angle, three readings will
be made and at least two readings must
be acceptable for the whole edge angle
to be acceptable. An acceptable corner
angle is an angle formed by 3 adjoining
surfaces whose apex is within % inch of
the apex of a carpenter’s square placed
on the edge surfaces. Unacceptable
angles fail to meet these criteria.

(6) Improper fill refers to surface and
internal air or ice voids, ragged edges,
or damage. It is measured as the number
of 1-ounce units that would be adversely
affected when the block is cut. For this
purpose, the l-ounce unit is considered
tobe 4x1x % inch.

(b) Examination of the _ product,
thawed state. (1) Blemishes refer to a
piece of skin, scale, a blood spot, a fin,
a bruise, a black belly lining, a piece of
nape membrane or a harmless piece of
extraneous material. One “piece of
skin” consists of one piece 2 square inch
in area; except that for skin patches
larger than 1 square inch, an additional
instance shall be assessed for each addi-
tional 4% square inch in area. “Blood
spot” is one of such size and degree as to
be considered objectionable. A “piece of
black belly lining” is any piece longer
than ¥% inch. “Fin” is one fin or one
identifiable part of afin. A piece of nape
membrane consists of one piece 14 square
inch in area or larger. “Scales” are ag-
gregates of one or more scales of such
degree as to be considered objectionable.
Skin is not to be considered a blemish

means heating the product in one of two
ways, as follows:

(i) Cut three or more portions about
4 by 3 by % inches from a frozen block.
Wrap them individually or in a single
layer in aluminum foil. Place the pack-
age portions on a wire rack suspended
over boiling water in a covered container.
Steam the packaged portions until the
product is thoroughly heated, or

(ii) Cut and package the portions as
previously described. Place the pack-
aged portions on a flat cookie sheet or
shallow flat-bottom pan of sufficient size
so that the packages can be evenly
spread on the sheet or pan. Place the
pan and frozen contents in a properly
ventilated oven heated to 400° F. and re-
move when the product is thoroughly
heated.

(2) Texture refers to the condition of
the cooked fish flesh. The texture
should be firm, slightly resilient, but not
tough or rubbery; and should be moist,
but not mushy. Deductions for texture
will follow the deductions assessed in
table 1.

(3) Flavor and odor is evaluated or-
ganoleptically as described in § 263.11(b).

(d) General definitions. (1) “De-
monstrably acceptable” shall mean that
the product has been produced com-
mercially and met customer acceptance.

(2) “Adversely affected” shall mean
that the unit cut would deviate more
than 15 percent plus or minus from 1
ounce.

(3) “Small” (overall assessment) re-
fers to a condition that is noticeable,
but is not seriously objectionable.

(4) “Large” (overall assessment) re-
fers to a condition that is not only
noticeable, but is seriously objectionable.

(5) “Minor” (measured quantity or
area) refers to a defect that affects the
appearance or utility of the product or
both.

(6) “Major” (measured quantity or
area) refers to a defect that seriously
affects the appearance or utility of the
product or both.

§ 263.25 Tolerances for certification of
officially drawn samples.

The sample rates and grades of specific
lots shall be certified on the basis of the
regulations governing inspection and
certification of processed fishery prod-
ucts, processed products thereof, and cer-
tain other processed food products.

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

WHALING REGULATIONS AMENDED:

The regulations of the International Whal-
ing Commission as amended October 9, 1963,
were published in the Federal Register, June
16, 1964, to amend and Succeed Part 351--
Whaling, Code of Federal Regulations, Title
50--Wildlife and Fisheries. The revised
regulations became effective on publication
in the Federal Register, The only changes
relating to current United States commercial
whaling operations are the provisions pro-
viding for certain exceptions in the minimum
length of blue, sei, and fin whales which can Sa, ¥
be landed at land stations in the Northeast ‘enenice are a Bliottion rene
Pacific area. FEpERAL REGISTER.

Whaling Commission pursuant to Article
V of the Convention without regard to
the notice and public procedure require-
ments of the Administrative Procedure
Act (5 U.S.C. 1001). Accordingly, in
fulfillment of the duty imposed upon
the Secretary of the Interior by section
13 of the Whaling Convention Act of
1949, the whaling regulations published
as Part 351, Title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations, as the same appeared in
25 F.R. 8465, September 1, 1960, are
amended and republished to read as
hereinafter set forth.

Regulations of the Department of the
Interior, implementing the Whaling
Convention Act of 1949, are set forth in
50 CFR Part 230—Whaline.

The new regulations as they appeared in
the Federal Register, June 16, 1964, follow:

Title 50-—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter IH—International Regulatory
Agencies (Fishing and Whaling)

SUBCHAPTER B—INTERMATIONAL WHALING
COMMISSION

PART 351—WHALING

Section 13 of the Whaling Convention
Act of 1949 (64 Stat. 425; 16 U.S.C. 916k),
the legislation implementing the Inter-
national Convention for the Regulation
of Whaling signed at Washington, De-
cember 2, 1946, by the United States of
America and certain other Governments,
provides that regulations of the Inter-
national Whaling Commission shall be
submitted for publication in the FEDERAL
REGISTER by the Secretary of the Interior.
Regulations of the Commission are de-
fined to mean the whaling regulations
in the schedule annexed to and consti-
tuting a part of the Convention in their
original form or as modified, revised, or
amended by the Commission. The pro-
visions of the whaling regulations, as
originally embodied in the schedule
annexed to the Convention, have been
amended several times by the Inter-
national Whaling Commission, the last
amendments having been brought into
effect on October 9, 1963. The pro-
visions of these regulations are appli-
cable to nationals and whaling. enter-
prises of the United States. The only
change relating to current United States
commercial whaling operations is that
found in § 351.9 (a) and (b), providing
for certain exceptions in the minimum
length of blue, sei, and fin whales which
can be landed at land stations in the
Northeast Pacific area. These changes
allow the taking of blue whales not less
than 65 feet, sei whales not less than 35
feet, and fin whales not less than 50 feet
for delivery to land stations in the North-
east Pacific area without regard to their
use as human or animal food for local
consumption for a period of three years
Starting April 1, 1962.

Amendments to the whaling regula-
tions are adopted by the International

Sec.

351.1 Inspection.

$51.2 Killing of gray or right whales pro-
hibited.

$51.3 Killing of calves or suckling whales
prohibited.

$51.4 Operation of factory ships limited.

351.5 Closed area for factory shipg in
Antarctic.

$51.6 Limitations on the taking of hump-
back whales.

351.7 Closed seasons for pelagic whaling
for baleen and sperm whales.

351.8 Catch quota for baleen whales.

351.9 Minimum size limits.

351.10 Closed seasons for land stations.

851.11 Use of factory ships in waters other
than south of 40° South Latitude.

351.12 Limitations on processing of whales,

351.13 Prompt processing required.

$51.14 Remuneration of employees.

361.15 Submission of laws and regulations,

851.16 Submission of statistical data.

351.17 Factory ship operations within terri-
torial waters.

$51.18 Definitions.

AuTHorRITy: The provisions of this Part
351 issued under Article V, 62 Stat. 1718.
Interpret or apply secs. 2-14, 64 Stat. 421-425;
16 U.S.C., 916 et seq.

§ 351.1 Inspection.

(a) There shall be maintained on each
factory ship at least two inspectors of
whaling for the purpose of maintaining
twenty-four hour inspection and also
such observers as the member countries
engaged in the Antarctic pelagic whaling
may arrange to place on each other’s
factory ships. These inspectors shall be
appointed and paid by the Government
having jurisdiction over the factory ship:
Provided, That inspectors need not be
appointed to ships which, apart from the
storage. of products, are used during the
season solely for freezing or salting the
meat and. entrails of whales intended for
human food or for the feeding of animals.

(b) Adequate inspection shall be
maintained at each land station. The
inspectors serving at each land station
shall be appointed and paid by the Goy-
ernment having jurisdiction over the
land station.

§ 351.2 Killing of gray or right whales
prohibited.

It is forbidden to take or kill gray
whales or right whales, except when the
meat and products of such whales are
to be used exclusively for local consump-
tion by the aborigines.

August 1964

§ 351.3. Killing of calves or suckling
whales prohibited.

It is forbidden to take or kill calves or
suckling whales or female whales which
are accompanied by calves or suckling
whales.

§ 351.4 Operation of factory ships lim-
ited.

(a) It is forbidden to kill blue whales
in the North Atlantic Ocean for five
years ending on February 24, 1965.

(b) It is forbidden to use a whale
catcher attached to a factory ship for
the purpose of killing or attempting to
kill baleen whales in any of the following
areas:

(1) In the waters north of 66° North
Latitude except that from 150° East
Longitude eastwards as far as 140° West
Longitude the taking or killing of baleen
whales by a factory ship or whale catcher
shall be permitted between 66° North
Latitude and 72° North Latitude;

(2) In the Atlantic Ocean and its
dependent waters north of 40° South
Latitude;

(3) In the Pacific Ocean and its de-
pendent waters east of 150° West Longi-
tude between 40° South Latitude and 35°
North Latitude;

(4) In the Pacific Ocean and its de-
pendent waters west of 150° West Longi-
tude between 40° South Latitude and 20°
North Latitude;

(5) In the Indian Ocean and its de-
pendent waters north of 40° South
Latitude.

§ 351.5 Closed area for factory ships in
Antarctic.

It is forbidden to use a whale catcher
attached to a factory ship for the pur-
pose of killing or attempting to kill baleen
whales in the waters south of 40° South
Latitude from 70° West Longitude west-
ward as far as 160° West Longitude.
(This paragraph as a result of a decision
of the fourteenth meeting was rendered
inoperative until the Commission other-
wise decides.)

§ 351.6 Limitations on the taking of
humpback whales.

(a) It is forbidden to kill or attempt
to kill humpback whales in the North
Atlantic Ocean for a period ending on
November 8, 1964. Notwithstanding this
closed season, the taking of 10 humpback
whales per year is permitted in Green-
land waters provided that whale catchers
of less than 50 gross register tonnage
are used for this purpose.

(b) It is forbidden to kill or attempt
to kill humpback whales in the waters
south of the equator.

(c) It is forbidden to kill or attempt
to kill blue whales in the waters south
of 40° South Latitude, except in the
waters north of 55° South Latitude from
0° eastwards to 80° East Longitude.

§ 351.7 Closed seasons for pelagic whal-
ing for baleen and sperm whales.

(a) It is forbidden to use a whale
catcher attached to a factory ship for
the purpose of killing or attempting to
kill baleen whales (excluding minke
whales) in any waters south of 40° South
Latitude, except during the period from
December 12 to April 7, following, both
days inclusive; and no such whale
catcher shall be used for the purpose of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

killing or attempting to kill blue whales
before February 14 in any year.*

(b) It is forbidden to use -a whale
catcher attached to a factory ship for
the purpose of killing or attempting to
kill sperm or minke whales, except as per-
mitted by the Contracting Governments
in accordance with paragraphs (c), (d),
and (e) of this section.

(c) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all factory ships and
whale catchers attached thereto under
its jurisdiction, one continuous open
season not to exceed eight months out of
any period of twelve months during
which the taking or killing of sperm
whales by whale catchers may be per-
mitted: Provided, That a separate open
season may be declared for each factory
ship and the whale catchers attached
thereto.

(d) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all factory ships and
whale catchers attached thereto under its
jurisdiction one continuous open season
not to exceed six months out of any pe-
riod of twelve months during which the
taking or killing of minke whales by the
whale catchers may be permitted: Pro-
vided, That:

(1) A separate open season may be
declared for each factory ship and the
whale catchers attached thereto;

(2) The open season need not neces-
sarily include the whole or any part of
the period declared for other baleen
whales pursuant to paragraph (a) of this
section.

(e) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all whale catchers under
its jurisdiction not operating in conjunc-
tion with a factory ship or land station
one continuous open season not to exceed
six months out of any period of twelve
months during which the taking or kill-
ing of minke whales by such whale catch-
ers may be permitted. Notwithstanding
this paragraph, one continuous open
season not to exceed eight months may
be implemented so far as Greenland is
concerned.

§ 351.8 Catch quota for baleen whales.

(a) The number of baleen whales
taken during the open season caught in
waters south of 40° South Latitude by
whale catchers attached to factory ships
under the jurisdiction of the Contracting
Governments shall not exceed ten thou-
sand blue whale units in 1963/64.

(b) For the purposes of paragraph (a)
of this section, blue whale units shall be
calculated on the basis that one blue
whale equals:

(1) Two fin whales or

(2) Two and a half humpback whales
or

(3) Six sei whales.

(c) Notification shall be given in ac-
cordance with the provisions of Article
VII of the Convention, within two days
after the end of each calendar week, of
data on the number of blue whale units

1 The amendment of § 351.7(a) of the start-
ing date of the blue whale season from Feb-
ruary 1 to February 14 was objected to within
the prescribed period by the Governments of
Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the United
Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics. The objections were not with-
drawn and the amendment came into force
on January 26, 1961 but is not binding upon
Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the United
Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics.

taken in any waters south of 40° South
Latitude by all whale ‘catchers attached
to factory ships under the jurisdiction of
each Contracting Government: Provided,
That when the number of blue whale
units is deemed by the Bureau of Inter-
national Whaling Statistics to have
reached 9,000, notification shall be given
as aforesaid at the end of each day of
data on the number of blue whale units
taken.

(d) If it appears that the maximum
catch of whales permitted by paragraph
(a) of this section may be reached be-
fore April 7 of any year, the Bureau of
International Whaling Statistics shall
determine, on the basis of the data pro-
vided, the date on which the maximum
catch of whales shall be deemed to have
been reached and shall notify the master
of each factory ship and each Contract-
ing Government of that date not less
than four days in advance thereof. The
killing or attempting to kill baleen
whales by whale catchers attached to
factory ships shall be illegal in any
waters south of 40° South Latitude after
midnight of the date so determined.

(e) Notification shall be given in ac-
cordance with the provisions of Article
VII of the Convention of each factory
ship intending to engage in whaling
operations in any waters south of 40°
South Latitude.

§ 351.9 Minimum size limits.

(a) It is forbidden to take or kill any
blue, sei or humpback whales below the
following lengths:

Blue whales 70 feet (21.3 metres),
Sei whales 40 feet (12.2 metres),
Humpback whales 35 feet (10.7 metres),

except that blue whales of not less than
65 feet (19.8 metres) and sei whales of
not less than 35 feet (10.7 metres) in
length may be taken for delivery to land
stations, provided that, except in the
Northeast Pacific area for a period of
three years starting 1 April 1962, the
meat of such whales is to be used for
seca consumption as human or animal

(b) It is forbidden to take or kill any
fin whales below 57 feet (17.4 metres) in
length for delivery to factory ships or
land stations in the Southern Hemi-
sphere, and it is forbidden to take or kill
fin whales below 55 feet (16.8 metres) for
delivery to factory ships or land stations
in the Northern Hemisphere; except that
fin whales of not less than 55 feet (16.8
metres) may be taken for delivery to
land stations in the Southern Hemi-
sphere and fin whales of not less than 50
feet (15:2 metres) may be taken for de-
livery to land stations in the Northern
Hemisphere provided that, except in the
Northegst Pacific area for a period of
three years starting 1 April 1962, in each
case, the meat of such whales is to be
used for local consumption as human or
animal food.

(c) It is forbidden to take or kill any
sperm whales below 38 feet (11.6 metres)
in length, except that sperm whales of
not less than 35 feet (10.7 metres) in
length may be taken for delivery to land
stations.

2Section 357.8(e) in earlier copies was de-
leted by the Commission at its fourth meet-
ing in 1952 and the deletion became effective
on September 12, 1952. Original paragraph
(f) consequently becomes paragraph (e).

(d) Whales must be measured when
at rest on deck or platform, as accurately
as possible by means of a steel tape meas-
ure fitted at the zero end with a spiked
handle which can be stuck into the deck
planking abreast of one end of the whale.
The tape measure shall be stretched in
a straight line parallel with the whale’s
body and read abreast the other end of
the whale. The ends of the whale, for
measurement purposes, shall be the
point of the upper jaw and the notch
between the tail flukes. Measurements,
after being accurately read on the tape
measure, shall be logged to the nearest
foot, that is to say, any whale between
75 feet 6 inches and 76 feet 6 inches shall
be logged as 76 feet, and any whale be-
tween 76 feet 6 inches and 77 feet 6 inches
shall be logged as 77 feet. ‘The measure-
ment of any whale which falls on an
exact half foot shall be logged at the
next half foot, e.g., 76 feet 6 inches pre-
cisely shall be logged as 77 feet.

§ 351.10 Closed seasons for land sta-

tions.

(a) It is forbidden to use a whale
catcher attached to a land station for the
purpose of killing or attempting to kill
baleen and sperm whales except as per-
mitted by the Contracting Government
in accordance with paragraphs (b), (c),
and (d) of this section.

(b) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all land stations under
its jurisdiction, and whale catchers at-
tached to such land stations, one open
season during which the taking or killing
of baleen (excluding minke) whales by
the whale catchers shall be permitted.
Such open season shall be for a period of
not more than six consecutive months in
any period of twelve months and shall
apply to all land stations under the juris-
diction of the Contracting Government:
Provided, That a separate open season
may be declared for any land station used
for the taking or treating of baleen (ex-
cluding minke) whales which is more
than 1,000 miles from the nearest land
station used for the taking or treating of
baleen (excluding minke) whales under
the jurisdiction of the same Contracting
Government.

(c) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all land stations under
its jurisdiction and for whale catchers
attached to such land stations, one open
season not to exceed eight continuous
months in any one period of twelve
months, during which the taking or
killing of sperm whales by the whale
catchers shall be permitted, such period
of eight months to include the whole of
the period of six months declared for
baleen whales (excluding minke whales)
as provided for in paragraph (b) of this
section: Provided, That a separate open
season may be declared for any land sta-
tion used for the taking or treating of
sperm whales which is more than 1,000
miles from the nearest land station used
for the taking or treating of sperm whales
under the jurisdiction of the same Con-
tracting Government.*

8 Section 351.10(c) came into force as from
February 21, 1952, in respect to all Contract-
ing Governments, except the Commonwealth
of Australia, which lodged an objection to it
within the prescribed period, and this objec-
tion was not withdrawn. The provisions of
this paragraph are not, therefore, binding
on the Commonwealth of Australia.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(d) (1) Each Contracting Government
shall declare for all land stations under
its jurisdiction and for whale catchers
attached to such land stations one open
season not to exceed six continuous
months in any period of twelve months
during which the taking or killing of
minke whales by the whale catchers shall
be permitted (such period not being nec-
essarily concurrent with the period de-
clared for other baleen whales, as pro-
vided for in paragraph (b) of this
section) : Provided, That a separate open
season may be declared for any land sta-
tion used for the taking or treating of
minke whales which is more than 1,000
miles from the nearest land station used
for the taking or treating of minke whales
under the jurisdiction of the same Con-
tracting Government.

(2) Except that a separate open season
may be declared for any land station
used for the taking or treating of minke
whales which is located in an area hav-
ing oceanographic conditions clearly dis-
tinguishable from those of the area in
which are located the other land stations
used for the taking or treating of minke
whales under the jurisdiction of the same
Contracting Government; but the decla-
ration of a separate open season by virtue
of the provisions of this paragraph shall
not cause thereby the period of time cov-
ering the open seasons declared by the
same Contracting Government to exceed
nine continuous months of any twelve
months.

(e) The prohibitions contained in this
section shall apply to all land stations as
defined in Article II of the Whaling Con-
vention of 1946 and to all factory ships
which are subject to the regulations gov-
erning the operatiori of land stations
under the provisions of § 351.17.

§ 351.11 Use of factory ships in waters
other than south of 40° South Lati-
tude.

It is forbidden to use a factory ship
which has been used during a season in
any waters south of 40° South Latitude
for the purpose of treating baleen
whales, in any other area for the same
purpose within a period of one year from
the termination of that season: Pro-
vided, That this paragraph shall not ap-
ply to a ship which has been used during
the season solely for freezing or salting
the meat and entrails of whales intended
for human food or feeding animals.

§ 351.12 Limitations on processing of
whales.

(a) It is forbidden to use a factory
ship or a land station for the purpose of
treating any whales (whether or not
killed by whale catchers under the juris-
diction of a Contracting Government)
the killing of which by whale catchers
under the jurisdiction of a Contracting
Government is prohibited by the provi-
sions of §§ 351.2, 351.4, 351.5, 351.6, 351.7,
351.8, or § 351.10.

(b) All other whales (except minke
whales) taken shall be delivered to the
factory ship or land station and all parts
of such whales shall be processed by
boiling or otherwise, except the internal
organs, whale bone and flippers of all
whales, the meat of sperm whales and of
parts of whales intended for human food
or feeding animals. A Contracting Gov-
ernment may in less developed regions
exceptionally permit treating of whales

Vol. 26, No. 8

without use of land stations provided
that such whales are fully utilized in
accordance with this paragraph.

(c) Complete treatment of the car-
casses of “Dauhval” and of whales used
as fenders will not be required in cases
where the meat or bone of such whales
is in bad condition.

§ 351.13 Prompt processing required.

(a) The taking of whales for delivery
to a factory ship shall be so regulated
or restricted by the master or person in
charge of the factory ship that no whale
carcass (except of a whale used as a
fender, which shall be processed as soon
as is reasonably practicable) shall remain
in the sea for a longer period than thirty-
three hours from the time of killing to
the time when it is hauled up for treat-
ment.

(b) Whales taken by all whale catch-
ers, whether for factory ships or land
stations, shall be clearly marked so as
to identify the catcher and to indicate
the order of catching.

(ec) All whale catchers operating in
conjunction with a factory ship shall re-
port by radio to the factory ship:

(1) The time when each whale is
taken,

(2) Its species, and

(3) Its marking effected pursuant to
paragraph (b) of this section.

(d) The information reported by radio
pursuant to paragraph (c) of this sec-
tion shall be entered immediately in a
permanent record which shall be avail-
able at all times for examination by the
whaling inspectors; and in addition there
shall be entered such permanent record
the following information as soon as it
becomes available:

(1) Time of hauling up for treatment,

(2) Length, measured pursuant to
paragraph (d) of § 351.9,

(3) Sex,

(4) If female, whether milk-filled or
lactating,

(5) Length and sex of foetus, if pres-
ent, and

(6) A full explantion of each infrac-
tion.

(e) A record similar to that described
in paragraph (d) of this section shall
be maintained by land stations, and all
of the information mentioned in the said
paragraph shall be entered therein as
soon as available.

§ 351.14 Remuneration of employees.

Gunners and crews of factory ships,
land stations, and whale catchers shall
be engaged on such terms that their
remuneration shall depend to a consid-
erable extent upon such factors as the
species, size and yield of whales taken
and not merely upon the number of the
whales taken. No bonus or other re-
muneration shall be paid to the gunners
or crews of whale catchers in respect ta
the taking of milk-filled or lactating
whales.

§ 351.15 Submission of laws and regu-
lations.

Copies of all official laws and regula-
tions relating to whales and whaling and
changes in such laws and regulations
shall be transmitted to the Commission.
§ 351.16 Submission of statistical data.

Notification shall be given in accord-
ance with the provisions of Article VIL

August 1964

of the Convention with regard to all fac-
tory ships and land stations of statistical
information (a) concerning the number
of whales of each species taken, the num-
ber thereof lost, and the number treated
at each factory ship or land station, and
(b) as to the aggregate amounts of oil
of each grade and quantities of meal,
fertilizer (guano), and other products
derived from them, together with (c)
particulars with respect to each whale
treated in the factory ship or land sta-
tion as to the date and approximate lati-
tude and longitude of taking, the species
and sex of the whale, its length and, if it
contains a foetus, the length and Sex, if
ascertainable, of the foetus. The data
referred to in paragr@phs (a) and (c) of
this section shall be verified at the time
of the tally and there shall also be noti-
fication to the Commission of any infor-
mation which may be collected or ob-
tained concerning the calving grounds
and migration routes of whales. In com-
municating this information, there shall
be specified:

(1) The name and gross tonnage of
each factory ship;

(2) The number of whale catchers,
including separate totals for surface ves-
sels and aircraft and specifying, in the
case of surface vessels, the average length
and horsepower of whale catchers;

(3) A list of the land stations which
were in operation during the period
concerned.

§ 351.17 Factory-ship operations within
territorial waters.‘

(a) A factory ship which operates
solely within territorial waters in one
of the areas specified in paragraph (c)
of this section, by permission of the
Government having jurisdiction over
those waters, and which flies the flag of
that Government shall, while so operat-
ing, be subject to the regulations govern-
ing the operation of land stations and
not to the regulations governin, the op-
eration of factory ships.

(b) Such factory ship shall not, within
a period of one year from the termination

4Section 351.17 (a), (b), and (c)(1) to
(8), was inserted by the Commission at its
first meeting in 1949, and came into force
on January 11, 1950, as regards all Con-
tracting Governments except France, which

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of the season in which she so operated,

be used for the purpose of treating baleen
whales in any of the other areas specified
in paragraph (c) of this section or
south of 40° South Latitude.

(1) On the coast of Madagascar and
its dependencies;

(2) On the west coasts of French
Africa; :

(3) On the coasts of Australia, namely
on the whole east coast and on the west
coast in the area known as Shark Bay
and northward to Northwest Cape and
including Exmouth Gulf and King
George’s Sound, including the port of
Albany;

(4) On the Pacific coast of the United
States of America between 35° North
Latitude and 49° North Latitude.

§ 351.18 Definitions.

(a) The following expressions have the
meanings respectively assigned to them,
that is to say:

“Baleen whale” means any whale
which has baleen or whale bone in the
mouth, ie., any whale other than a
toothed whale.

“Blue whale” (Balaenoptera or Sib-
baldus musculus) means any whale
known by the name of blue whale, Sib-
bald’s rorqual, or sulphur bottom.

“Dauhval” means any unclaimed dead
whale found floating.

“Fin whale” (Balaenoptera physalus)
means any whale known by the name of
common finback, common rorqual, fin-
back, finner, fin whale, herring whale,
razorback, or true fin whale.

“Gray whale” (Rhachianectes glaucus)
means any whale known by the name of
gray whale, California gray, devil fish,
hard head, mussel digger, gray back or
rip sack.

therefore remain bound by the provisions of
the original § 351.17, which reads as follows:

“§ 351.17 Notwithstanding the definition of
land station contained in Article IT of the
Convention, a factory ship operating under
the jurisdiction of a Contracting Govern-
ment, and the movements of which are con-
fined solely to the territorial waters of that
Government, shall be subject to the regula-
tions governing the operation of land sta-

“Humpback whale” (Megaptera no-
dosa or novaeangliae) means any whale
known by the name of bunch, humpback,
humpback whale, humpbacked whale,’
hump whale or hunchbacked whale.

“Minke whale” (Balaenoptera acuto-
rostrata, B. Davidsoni, B. huttoni) means
any whale known by the name of lesser
rorqual, little piked whale, minke whale,
pike-headed whale or sharp-headed
finner.

“Right whale” (Balaena mysticetus;
Eubalaena glacialis, E. australis, etc.;
Neobalaena marginata) means any
whale known by the name of Atlantic
right whale, Arctic right whale, Bis-
cayan right whale, bowhead, great polar
whale, Greenland right whale, Green-
land whale, Nordkaper, North Atlantic
right whale, North Cape whale, Pacific
right whale, pigmy right whale, South-
ern pigmy right whale, or Southern right
whale.

“Sei whale” (Balaenoptera borealis)
Means any whale known by the name of
sei whale, Rudolphi’s rorqual, pollack
whale, or coalfish whale and shall be
taken to include Bryde’s whale (B.
brydei).

“Sperm whale” (Physeter catodon)
means any whale known by the name of
sperm whale, spermacet whale, cacha-
lot or pot whale.

“Toothed whale” means any whale
which has teeth in the jaws.

(b) “Whales taken” means whales
that that have been killed and either
flagged or made fast to catchers.

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

JUNE 9, 1964.

tions within the following areas: (a) On
the coast of Madagascar and its dependen-
cies, and on the west coasts of French
Africa; (b) on the west coast of Australia
in the area known as Shark Bay and north-
ward to Northwest Cape and including Ex-
mouth Gulf and King George’s Sound, in-
cluding the Port of Albany; and on the east
coast of Australia, in Twofold Bay and Jervis
Bay.”

Section 351.17 (c)(4) was inserted by the
Commission at its eleventh meeting in 1959
and came into force on October 5, 1959 as
regards all Contracting Governments.

published in the Federal Register, May 23,

1964, as follows:

ALASKA DISASTER RELIEF--CHARTER

VESSEL LOAN REGULATIONS:

Loans to commercial fishermen for the

purpose of chartering fishing vessels pending

the construction or repair of vessels lost,
destroyed, or damaged by the Alaska earth-
quake of March 27, 1964, andsubsequent tidal

waves related thereto are authorized to be
made by the Secretary of the Interior by Sec-
tion 9 of the Commercial Fisheries Research

and Development Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-
309), approved May 20, 1964.

New regulations (became effective on pub-
lication) implementing such authorization were

Title 50-—WILDLIFE AND

FISHERIES

Chapter Il—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER F—AID TO FISHERIES

PART 251—CHARTER LOAN

PROCEDURES

Section 9 of the Commercial Fisheries

Research and Development Act of 1964
(Public Law 88-309), approved on May
20, 1964, authorized the Secretary of
the Interior, under such terms and con-
ditioris and pursuant to regulations pre-

scribed by him, to make loans to com-
mercial fishermen for the purpose of
chartering fishing vessels pending the
construction or repair of vessels lost,
destroyed or damaged by the earthquake
of March 27, 1964, and subsequent tidal
waves related thereto. These loans must
be made promptly if they are to be of
use during the coming fishing season.
As these regulations do not provide
Penalties to the general public and will
assist persons qualifying to obtain fi-
nancial assistance, they will be adopted
without the customary notice of pro-
posed rule making. To implement the
authorization granted in section 9 of the
above-mentioned Act, the following
regulations, constituting a new Part un-
der Subchapter F, are adopted and be-
come effective at the beginning of the
calendar day on which they are pub-
lished in the FepErat REGISTER.

Sec.

251.1 Definition of terms.

251.2 Purpose.

251.3 Interpretation of loan authorization.
251.4 Qualified loan applicants.

251.56 Basic limitations.

251.6 Use of loan funds.

251.7 Repayment.

251.8 Applications.

251.9 Processing of applications,

251.10 Approval of loans:

251.11 Interest.

251.12 Maturity.

251.18 Security.

261.14 Books, records and reports.

251.15 Insurance required.

261.16 Disclaimer.

251.17 Penalties on default.

AuTHoriry: The provisions of this Part
251 issued under sec. 4, 70 Stat. 1121; 16
U.8.C. 742c and Public Law 88-309.

§ 251.1 Definition of terms.

For the purposes of this part, the fol-
lowing terms shall be construed, respec-
tively, to mean and to include: Y

(a) Secretary. The Secretary of the
Interior or his authorized representative.

(b) Commercial fisherman: An indi-
vidual, partnership or corporation that
owned and operated a vessel engaged in
catching fish or shellfish during 1963,
which vessel was lost, destroyed or dam-
aged in the earthquake of March 27,
1964, and subsequent tidal waves related
thereto.

(c) Charter. Charter means a bare-
boat or demise charter, the terms and
provisions of which shall be satisfactory
to the Secretary.

§ 251.2 Purpose.

The purpose of section 9 of the Com-
mercial Fisheries Research and Develop-
ment Act of 1964 (the Act) is to offer
immediate assistance in the restoration
of the fishing fleet which was severely
damaged by the earthquake of March
27, 1964, and subsequent tidal waves re-
lated thereto. This assistance will con-
sist of short-term loans to enable fisher-
men, pending the construction or repair
of fishing vessels lost, destroyed or dam-
aged as a result of such catastrophe, to
bareboat charter vessels for fishing.

§ 251.3 Interpretation of loan authori-
zation.

The terms used in the Act to describe
the purposes for which loans may be
granted are construed to be limited to
the meanings ascribed in this section.

(a) Chartering fishing vessels: The
words “‘chartering fishing vessels” mean
the making of bareboat charters for such

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

time as may be required, for operations
in the fishery in which the applicant was
engaged during 1963, until the damaged
vessel can be repaired or the lost or de-
stroyed vessel replaced.

(b) Net profits of the operations of
such chartered vessels: The words “net
profits of the operations of such char-
tered vessels” mean the net profits com-
puted in accordance with generally ac-
cepted accounting practices with due
regard to the customs and usage in the
locality in which the fishing operation
is conducted.

(c) Such reasonable amount as deter-
mined by the Secretary for the salary of
the fishermen chartering such vessels.
The words “such reasonable amount as
determined by the Secretary for the
salary of the fishermen chartering such
vessels” mean the average income of the
borrower from operations of the dam-
aged, destroyed or lost vessel during the
calendar years 1961, 1962, and 1963, with
@ maximum of $4,000 per annum, com-
puted from borrower’s income tax re-
turns for said years.

(d) All terms used in Section 4 of the
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as
amended, epplicable hereto shall be as
defined in Part 250 of this subchapter.
In the event of an inconsistency between
the provisions of Part 250 of this sub-
chapter and this Part 251, the latter shall
control.

§ 251.4 Qualified loan applicants.

Any citizen of the United States meet-
ing the criteria of this section may be
considered a qualified loan applicant.

(a) Any commercial fisherman hav-
ing a vessel, damaged during the afore-
mentioned earthquake and the subse-
quent tidal waves related thereto,
repaired and such repairs cannot be
completed in time to commence fishing
operations.

(b) Any commercial fisherman having
@ vessel, lost or destroyed, whether actu-
ally or constructively, during the afore-
said earthquake and tidal waves, replaced
and such replacement cannot be obtained
in time to commence fishing operations.

(c) Proof of loss, destruction or dam-
age to the vessel and evidence of pend-
ing replacement or repair thereof must
be furnished to the Secretary at the time
the application for the loan is filed.

§ 251.5 Basic limitations.

The basic limitations shall be the same
as in § 250.5 of this subchapter.

§ 251.6 Use of loan funds.

The use of the loan funds are restricted
to the payment of charter hire when due,
until which time the Secretary will hold
any balance of funds in escrow. Charter
hire is construed to include delivery and
redelivery of the vessel.

§ 251.7 Repayment.

Repayment shall be made on or before
the maturity date of the note, executed
in connection with the loan and, subject
to the proviso set forth herein, be re-
quired only from the net profits of the
operations of the chartered vessel re-
duced by and in the manner set forth in
§251.3(c). If the aforesaid net profit
as so reduced is not equal to the amount
of loan repayment due, the amount of
such net profit shall be applied in full
satisfaction of the note; provided, how-
ever, that if the borrower fails to replace

Giana

Peelers

Vol. 26, No. 8

or repair, as the case may be, the lost,
destroyed or damaged vessel, to the sat-
isfaction of the Secretary, then the in-
terest rate on the loan shall be 5 per-
cent, computed from the date of the
execution of the note, and the entire
amount of the note shall be due and pay-
able at maturity without respect to net
profit.

§ 251.8 Application.

Any citizen desiring a loan under this
part shall make application to the Bu-
real of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Department of the In-
terior, Washington, D.C., 20240, on a loan
application form furnished by the Bu-
reau, except that in the discretion of the
Secretary, an application made on other
than the prescribed form may be consid-
ered if the application contains informa-
tion deemed to be sufficient.

§ 251.9 Processing of applications.

Applications shall be processed as in
§ 250.7 of this subchapter.

§ 251.10 Approval of loans.

The approval of loans shall be in the
Same manner as is set forth in § 250.8 of
this subchapter.

§ 251.11 Interest.

The rate of interest on all loans which
may be charged under the Act (subsec-
tion 4(e) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of
1956, as amended (16 U.S.C. 742c)) is
fixed at three percent (3%) per annum,
except as otherwise provided in § 251.7.

§ 251.12 Maturity.

The period of maturity of any loan
which may be granted shall not be
longer than 30 days after the termina-
tion date of the charter.

§ 251.13 Security.

The loans shall be approved only upon
the furnishing of evidence that the past
earnings record of the applicant pro-
vides reasonable assurance of repayment
and the furnishing of any other security
required by the Secretary.

§ 251.14 Books, records and reports.

The right of the Secretary to inspect
books, records and reports shall be the
same as is set forth in § 250.12 of this
subchapter,

§ 251.15 Insurance required.

The owner will carry such insurance
as May reasonably be necessary to pro-
tect the owner and charterer. Premium
charges will be included in the charter
hire.

§ 251.16 Disclaimer.

No acts performed by the Secretary in
the investigation of the loan application
or otherwise shall constitute the Secre-
tary as an agent for an owner or char-
terer and the Secretary does not warrant
or represent to any owner or charterer
the performance or observance of any
obligations of a charterer or owner
under any charter or otherwise.

§ 251.17 Penalties on default.

The penalties on default shall be as
set forth in § 250.14 of this subchapter.

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

May 21, 1964.

August 1964

Department of Labor

NEW REGULATIONS PROHIBIT WAGE
DISCRIMINATION ON ACCOUNT OF SEX:

Regulations contained in Part 800--Equal
Pay for Equal Work Under the Fair Standards
Act, Title 29--Labor, Code of Federal Reg-
ulations were published in the Federal Reg-
ister, April 25, 1964. The purpose of the new
regulations is to make available official in-
terpretations of the Department of Labor with
respect to the meaning and application of the
equal pay provisions added to the Fair Labor
Standards Act by the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (Pu-
blic Law 88-38). The Equal Pay Act was enact-
ed on June 10, 1963, for the purpose of correct-
ing "the existence in industries engaged in
commerce or in the production of goods for
commerce of wage differentials based onsex.
The law amends the Fair Labor Standards
Act by adding a new section 6 (d) to its mini-
mum wage provisions.

The new regulations published in the Fed-
eral — as 29 CFR Part 800 include
Subpart A--General, and Subpart B--Require-
ments of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Subpart
B outlines scope and application in general,
the equal pay for equal work standard, ex-
ceptions to equal pay standard, enforcement,
and effective date.

The effective date of the new provisions is
described in the regulations as follows:

"Sec. 800.123 General effective data.
The equal pay provisions are effect-
ive on June 11, 1964. Full compli-
ance is required on that date except
in the case of certain employees
covered by collective bargaining a-
greements for whom the statute fur-
ther defers the time of its applica-
tion.

"Sec. 800.124 Effective date for em-
ployees covered by collective bar-
gaining agreements. The applica-
tion of the equal pay provisions is
deferred as to employees covered
by bona fide collective bargaining a-
greements, which were in effect on
May 11, 1963, and which do not ter-
minate until some date after June 11,
1964. As to employees covered by
such agreements the provisions will
become effective on the termination
date of the agreement or on June 11,
1965, whichever occurs first.

ES> <x

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Small Business Administration

ALASKA FIRMS IN EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER AREA RECEIVE SBA LOANS:

In late May 1964, the U.S. Small Business
Administration (SBA) approved loans to help
two firms which suffered damage during the
earthquake in central Alaska, March 27, 1964.
A loan of $150,000 to the Berman Packing
Company was approved which will enable the
firm to operate its salmon cannery this year
at Ninilchik in the Cook Inlet area. The Small
Business Administration also approved a par-
ticipation loan in which that Agency will join
with an Alaskan bank to lend the Valdez Cold
Storage Company $250,000 to finish equipping
a king crab processing vessel. That firmlost
its plant at Valdez, Alaska, during the Good
Friday earthquake.

Before the earthquake, the Valdez Cold
Storage Company had received an industrial
loan of $184,100 from the Area Redevelopment
Administration (ARA) of the U.S. Department
of Commerce. The ARA loan approved March
18, 1964, was made to help expand dock facil-
ities at Valdez and outfit the king crab proc-
essing vessel.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 78.

nist e®

Department of the Treasury
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE

ALASKANS RECEIVE TIME EXTENSION
FOR INCOME TAX REDUCTION CLAIMS:

decision by the U.S. Internal Revenue
Service to grant persons suffering property
losses from natural disasters an extension
of time in which to apply for Federal income
tax rebates was published in the Federal Reg-
ister, May 19, 1964. The decision was called
a “boon to Alaskans"! by the Federal Recon-
struction and Development Planning Commis-
sion for Alaska.

Senator Clinton P. Anderson, Chairman of
the Alaska Reconstruction Commission, said
that the amendment to Title 26 of the Internal
Revenue Code will permit Alaska property
owners and businessmen who suffered earth-
quake damage to amend their 1963 Federal in-
come tax returns in order to seek immediate
tax rebates or reductions in their estimated
1964 tax.

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Senator Anderson urged all Alaskans own-
ing quake-damaged property to consult the
field office of the Internal Revenue Service in
Anchorage, Alaska, in order to obtain maxi-
mum relief under the law. He pointed out
that ''all business loss, and all personal prop-
erty loss over $100 could be credited against
tax payments over the past 3 years. . .there-
by producing a considerable cash rebate from
the Treasury Department." It was noted that
"where the business loss exceeds the income
over the past 3 years, tax credits may be
projected as far as 5 years into the future."

Eighty-Eighth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and
allied industries
are reported upon.
Introduction, re-
ferral to commit-
tees, pertinent
legislative actions
by the House and
Senate,as well as
Signature into law
or other final dis-
position are cov-
ered.

INTERIM ADJOURNMENT: By a voice vote the
House on July 2, 1964, adopted H. Con. Res. 321, to
provide that when the House adjourns on July 2 it stands
adjourned until July 20. On the same date, the Senate
also adopted H. Con. Res. 321, with an amendment to
provide that when the Senate adjourns July 10, it be un-
til July 20. Both the House and Senate reconvened
on July 20.

ALASKA DISASTER: Alaska Earthquake Insurance
(Hearings before the Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 2nd Ses-
sion), 163 pp., printed. Contains hearings held on A-
pril 14, 15, and May 5, 1964, on S. 2719, to amend the
Alaska Statehood Act, to provide Federally-sponsored
insurance protection against losses from earthquake
and earthquake-related damage to real and personal
property in the State of Alaska; contents of the bill; re-
ports from various organizations, individuals, Senators,
Congressmen, and Federal, State, andindustry officials.
Also contains a summary of majorassistance measures
adopted and proposed to assist Alaska.

On June 9, 1964, Senator Gruening in the Senate was

granted permission to insert in that day's Congression-
al Record (pages 12665-12667) an article titled ‘Alaska:

A Thorough Postmortem on Earthquake Urged on Be-
half of Both Science, Reconstruction,'’ which appeared
in the May 1 issue of Science.

Vol. 25, No. 8

On June 12, 1964, Senator Gruening spoke in the Sen-
ate concerning interest rates for Alaska disaster loans.
The Senator inserted in that day's Congressional Rec-
ord (page 13114) a statement of policy adopted by the
executive committee of the American Legion, Depart-
ment of Alaska.

On July 6, 1964, Senator Gruening spoke to the Sen-
ate concerning the recent Alaska earthquake. At the re-
quest of the Senator a statement by M. L. Grange, Pres-
ident of the Greater Soldotna Chamber of Commerce,
was printed in the Congressional Record (pp. 15478-
15479). The statement discussed economic conditions
on the Kenai Peninsula after the earthquake.

ALASKA OMNIBUS ACT AMENDMENT: Alaska Re-
construction (Hearing before the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, 88th Congress,
2nd Session), 66 pp., printed. Contains hearing held
June 3, 1964, on S. 2881, to amend the Alaska Omnibus
Act to provide assistance to the State of Alaska for the
reconstruction of areas damaged by the earthquake of
March 1964 and subsequent seismic waves, and for other
purposes; contents of the bill; reports on communica-
tions from various organizations, individuals, Senators,
and Federal, state, and industry officials. Also contains
cost summary of Alaska urban renewal disaster pro-
jects.

On June 11, 1964, the Subcommittee on Territorial
and Insular Affairs of the House Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs ordered reportedly favorably to the
full committee, H.R. 11438, to amend the Alaska Omni-
bus Act to provide assistance to the State of Alaska for
the reconstruction of areas damaged by the March
earthquake and subsequent seismic waves. The Sub-
committee received testimony from Department of the
Interior officials and public witnesses.

On June 16, 1964, the Senate Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs ordered reported favorably with
amendments S. 2881, providing assistance to Alaska for
reconstruction of damage from the recent earthquake.

The House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
ordered reported favorably to the House on June 18,
1964, H.R. 11438. On June 30, 1964, the Senate passed
with commitee amendments, S. 2881. On June 29, the
House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (H.
Rept. 1521) favorably reported to the House with an
amendment H.R. 11438, referred to the Committee of
Whole House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. 1521, Amending the Alaska Omnibus Act to
Provide Romigitiee to the State of Alaska for the Re- _
construction of Areas Damaged by the Earthquake of
March 1964 and Subsequent Serer lesions (June 29,
1964, report from the ee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, United States House of Representatives, 88th
Congress, 2nd Session), 25 pp., printed. The Committee
recommended passage (with amendments) of H. R. 11438.
Contains the purpose, section-by-section analysis, and
need of the bill; amendments, executive recommenda-
tions, and changes in existing law.

The Senate Committee on Inftrior and Insular Affairs
on June 25, 1964, favorably reported to the Senate S.
2881(S. Rept. 1117).

S. Rept. 1117, Alaska Earthquake Reconstruction
(June 25, 1964, report from the Committee on Interior

and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, 88th Congress
2nd Session), to accompany S. 2881, 34 pp., printed. The
Committee recommended passage (with amendments) of

August 1964

S. 2881, to amend the Alaska Omnibus Act to provide
assistance to the State of Alaska for the reconstruction
of areas damaged by the earthquake of March 1964 and
subsequent seismic waves, and for other purposes.
Contains the purpose of the bill, explanation of pro-
visions, background, section-by-section analysis,
changes in existing law, and individual views of Senator
Gruening.

On June 29, 1964, the Senate considered S. 2881; no
action was taken on the bill.

ANADRAMOUS FISH CONSERVATION: On June 25,
the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conserva-
tion of the House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries ordered reported favorably to the full Com-
mittee H. R. 2392, with amendments. The amendments
would require 50-50 matching funds by the states con-
cerned and recommendations by the Secretary of the
Interior to the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare concerning the elimination or reduction of the
detrimental effects of polluting substances on fish and
wildlife when information concerning such pollution is
developed in studies under this Act or the Fish and
Wildlife Coordination Act.

ANTIDUMPING ACT AMENDMENT: H.R. 11617
(Keith) introduced inthe House, June 16, 1964, toamend
the Antidumping Act of 1921; also, on June 22, H. R. 11681
(Matthews) introduced inthe House; on June 29, 1964, H. R.
11823 (Pepper) was introduced inthe House; referred to
the Committee on Ways and Means. The remarks of the
Congressman (Keith) inintroducing his bill appear inthat
day's Congressional Record(p. 13531).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES FUND: OnJune 25, 1964,
Senator Bartlett spoke in the Senate concerning the a-
mendment to the Interior Department appropriations
bill which would add $400,000 to the appropriation, and
would make that sum available for emergency alloca-
tions pursuant to section 4(b) of Public Law 88-309 (S.
627) for aiding the fisheries of the Great Lakes area.

FISH AND CANNERY WORKERS! RESOLUTION ON
FISHERIES: On July 2, 1964, Congressman Wilson __
spoke from the floor of the House inserting a resolu-
tion (Congressional Record, p. 15408) adopted by the
fish and cannery workers special legislative conference
held by the Seafarers International Union of North A-
merica. The resolution asks that the well being of the
American workers be considered when decisions are
made, when treaties are talked, and when actions are
taken that could affect American fisheries. The fish-
eries workers want a voice in consideration of fish-
eries agreements.

FOOD MARKETING NATIONAL COMMISSION: Na-
tional Commission on Food Marketing (Hearings be-
fore the Committee on Agriculture, United States House
of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), Serial
SS, 150 pp., printed. Contains hearings held May 5, 6,
and 7, 1964, on H. J. Res. 977, to establish a National
Commission on Food Marketing to study the food in-
dustry from the farm to the Consumer; includes text
of the resolution; statements and communications from
Federal and industry officials, representatives of asso-
ciations and unions; Congressmen; and list of cases on
price rigging, price discrimination.

Senator Magnuson spoke in the Senate on June
12, 1964, concerning the amendment by the House
to S. J. Res. 71, to establish a National Commis-
sion on Food Marketing to study the food industry

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

from the producer to the consumer (Congressional
Record, pp. 13158-13160).

On June 15, 1964, the Senate requested the return of
S.J. Res. 71. The House complied with the request
from the Senate and returned the joint resolution.

On June 19, 1964, the Senate concurred in House a-
mendments toS. J. Res. 71, thus clearing the bill for the
President's signature. Prior to thataction, Senate re-
scindedits action of June 5, 1964, inagreeing to holda con-

ference with House onthe bill and appointing conferees.

On June 23, 1964, Senator McGovern spoke from the
floor of the Senate concerning the passage by the Senate
uf S.J. Res. 71 (Congressional Record, p. 14236).

On July 1, 1964, the Senate announced the appointment
as Senate members of the National Commissionon Food
Marketing (created by Senate Joint Resolution 71), Sena-
tors Magnuson (Washington), McGee (Wyoming), Hart
(Michigan), Morton (Kentucky), and Hruska (Nebraska).
House members appointedare: Mrs. Sullivan(Mo.), Pur-
cell(Tex.), Rosenthal(N. Y.), Cunningham (Nebr.), and
Mrs. May (Wash.).

On July 3, 1964, the President signed S.J. Res. 71,
(P. L. 88-354). Authorizes a 15-member Commission
on Food Marketing. Provides for five appointees by the
President, five Senators, and five Congressmen. Study
will encompass food-price fluctuations, marketing pro-
cedures, and business relationships among farmers,
processors, and retail outlets. The duties of the Com-
mission are described as follows: ''The Commission
shall study and appraise the marketing structure of the
food industry including the following: (1) the actual
changes in the various segments of the food industry;
(2) the changes likely to materialize if present trends
continue; (3) the kind of food industry that would assure
efficiency of production, assembly, processing and dis-
tribution, provide appropriate services to consumer;
(4) the changes in statues or public policy, the organiza-
tion of farming and food assembly, processing, and dis-
tribution, and inter-relationships between segments of
the food industry which would be appropriate to achieve
a desired distribution of power as well as desired levels
of efficiency; and (5) the effectiveness of the services
and regulatory activities of the Federal Government in
terms of present and probable development in the in-
dustry.''’ Commission's report must be submitted by
July 1, 1965. A budget of $1.5 million is authorized.

The President picked Judge Marvin Jones to serve
as Chairman; also appointed to the Commission: Fred
Marshall of Grove City, Minn.; Albert Mitchell, New
Mexico cattleman; William M. Batten, J.C. Penny Co.
President; and Elmer R. Kiehl, an educator from Mis-
souri Senate.

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS, FY
1965: H. Rept. 1519, Department of the Interior and Re-
Tated Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1965 (June 26, 1964,
report ES the Committee of Conference, 88th Congress,
2nd Session), 11 pp., printed. The Committee reported
agreement on amendments to H.R. 10433, making ap-
propriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965
and for other purposes. Contains amendments to the
bill and general statements.

On June 22, 1964, the Senate considered H.R. 10433,
fiscal year 1965 appropriations for the Department of
the Interior, and related agencies, and adopted all com-
mittee amendments en bloc, which were thenconsidered

100

as original text for the purpose of further amendment.
No final action was taken on the bill. This bill includes
funds for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and its two
bureaus--Commercial Fisheries, and Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife.

The Senate on June 23 passed with amendments H. R.
10433, after adopting Hart amendment to provide
$400,000 for rehabilitation of the Great Lakes fisheries;
asked for a conference with the House and appointed
.conferees.

On June 24, 1964, a message was received from the
Senate announcing that the Senate had passed, with a-
mendments in which the concurrence of the House was
requested, H.R. 10433. The message also announced
that the Senate insisted upon its amendments and ap-
pointed conferees.

The House on June 25, 1964, disagreed to the Senate
amendments to H.R. 10433; agreed to a conference re-
quested by the Senate; and appointed conferees. The
conferees were scheduled to meet in executive session
on June 26.

Pursuant to an order of the House on June 25, the
conference report (H. Rept. 1519) on H.R. 10433, was
printed in the Congressional “Record of June 26. In-
cluded in the report for the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries are; Amendments Nos. 20 and 21, appropri-
ating $18,819,900 for management and investigations of
resources instead of $17,832,000 as proposed by the
House and $19,069,900 as proposed by the Senate. The
increase over the House bill includes: $87,000 for a
vessel and additional reservoir research in South Da-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

kota; $50,000 for more adequate management and en-
forcement of fishing regulations in international waters;
$50,000 for initiation of a research program on shellfish
processing and utilization at Ketchikan, Alaska; $200,000
for initiation of a research program on North Atlantic
lobsters; $200,000 for initiation of a program to survey
and research the sea clam; and $400,000 to provide fi-
nancial assistance, under section 4(b) of Public Law

88-309, to the Great Lakes commercial fishing industry
Included in the report for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife are: Amendment No. 22, appropriating
$33,810,000 for management and investigation of re-
sources instead of $33,550,000 as proposed by the House
and $34,330,000 as proposed by the Senate. The net in-
crease over the House bill includes, among others, es-
tablishment of a cooperative fishery unit at the Univer-
sity of Arizona, $30,000; expansion of North Central
Reservoir Research, $45,000; and a vessel and experi-
mental facilities at the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory,
N. J., $175,000. Also Amendment No. 23, appropriating
$7,016,200 for construction instead of $6,074,700 as
proposed by the House and $7,275,300 as proposed by
the Senate.

On June 29, 1964, the House, by a voice vote, adopted
the conference report on H.R. 10433 and sent the legis-
lation to the Senate. The Senate on the same date also
adopted the conference report on H.R. 10433. This ac-
tion cleared bill for the President. As provided by the
conference report and passed by the Senate and House,
the bill provides funds for the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
cie as shown in the table.

On July 7, 1964, the President signed H. R. 10433
(Public Law 88- -356).

Fish and Wildlife Service Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1964, and for Fiscal Year 1965:
Budget Estimate, the House Allowance, the Senate Allowance, and the Conference Allowance

Approp.
FY 1964

Fish and Wildlife Service:
“Office of the Commissioner of
Fish and Wildlife:
Salaries and expenses. « e+ ee eee
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
Mgt. & inv. of res. ee ec eet es
Mgt. & inv. of res. (appropriation of
teceipts). «2 eee. eeeee
Mgt. & inv. of res. (1964 supplement-
al estimate). es eeecceecvece -
Mgt. & inv. of res. (special foreign
currency program). « » «eee.
Construction. » » se eece eee
Construction of fishing vessels . « «
General administrative expenses . »
Administration of Pribilof Islands
(appropriation of receipts). . 2 « « »
Limitation of administrative expenses,
fisheries loan fund . 2... ee eee

Total, Bureau of Commercial
Wisheries. (isne «ee sue ce sles
Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife:
Mgt. & inv. of res. wee 0 oe
Mgt. & inv. of res. (1964 supplement-
aliestimate) eneielelisisicielleniciell
Construction, ose 2eeee 0 oe
Migratory bird conservation account.
General administrative expenses. » «
otal, Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
Wald litesiatienalielislietelieleiuitiene

386, 000
17, 832,900

300, 000
5, 100, 000
750, 000
653,000

(2, 468, 000)
(270, 000)

30, 529, 900

5, 293, 500
10, 000, 000
1, 359,000

Supplementals

47, 182, 400 47, 636, 000 49, 008, 700 50,989, 300 - 2 210,

Total Fish and Wildlife Service. e 72 204: 300 74,524, 000 73,021, 600 76, 239, 200

Budget est.
1965 & 1964 Senate

Allow.

Conf,
Allow.

425,000

House
Allow.

393, 000 425,000 425,000

20, 631,000 17, 832,900 19, 069, 900 18, 819, 900

= (2, 125, 000) (2, 125, 000) (2, 125, 000)

100, 000 z 2 is

300, 000
4,788, 000

676,000 667, 000 667,000
(2,442, 000)

(277, 000)

(2, 442, 000)
(277, 000)

84,000
200

210, 100

August 1964

OE ee ao CONVENTION FOR THE NORTH-
IC FISHERIES: By unanimous consent

5 June 22, 1964, it was agreed that a yea-and-nay vote
would be taken on June 23, on the question of adoption
of the resolution of ratification concerning Protocol
relating to harp and hood seals, proposed to the Inter-
national Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fish-
eries, signed at Washington, D.C., on February 8, 1949
(Ex. B, 88th Cong., 2nd sess.).

By unanimous vote of 83 yeas the Senate on June 23
adopted the resolution of ratification.

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL OWNERS: On july

1964, the House Committee on Rules reported (Rept
Thea) H. Res. 799, providing for the consideration of

and 1 hour of debate on H. R. 3873, to permit certain
nein of fishing boats to receive medical care and
hospitalization without charge at Public Health Service
hospitals.

OCEANOGRAPHY: Extension of remarks of Senator
Magnuson inserting an address by Dr. Athelstan Spil-
haus at a banquet held in Washington, D.C., on June 17,
highlighting the first Navy symposium on military o-
ceanography. The address was titled ''Man in the Sea."'
(Congressional Record, pp. A3374-75.)

The Subcommittee on Oceanography of the House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met
June 23, 24, and 25 on proposed suggestions on the fiscal
year 1965 report on oceanographic program. On June
24, 1964, the Subcommittee continued a discussion of
oceanography with testimony given by James H. Wake-
lin, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Chairman of
the Interagency Committee on Oceanography. Wakelin
was also accompanied by D. L. McKernan and Dr. A. E.
Maxwell, members of the Interagency Committee on
Oceanography. They reported on the progress and ac-
complishments of the ICO since the previous hearings
in 1962. Bureau Director McKernan testified as Chair-
man of the Instrumentation, Equipment, and Facilities
Panel of the ICO.

On June 30, 1964, the Subcommittee continued hear-
ings on oceanography, and received testimony from
other Government witnesses.

PESTICIDES COORDINATION: Administration of
Pesticide Laws and Regulations (Hearing before the
Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives,
88th Congress, 2nd Session), Serial RR, 42 pp., printed.
Contains hearing held on May 26, 1964, on the opera-
tion of the pesticide and insecticide laws and regula-
tions; statements made by various Federal Officials;
and information on interdepartmental coordination of
activities relating to pesticides.

On June 12, 1964, Senator Dirksen spoke in the
Senate concerning the U. S. Public Health Serv-
ice conference in New Orleans regarding fish loss-
es in the Mississippi River. The Senator insert-
ed in that day's Congressional Record (pp. 13186-
13187) a trade publication editorial discussing the
conference.

Speaking in the Senate on June 18, 1964, Senator
Ribicoff announced that the Subcommittee on Reorgani-
zation and International Organizations of the Senate
Committee on Government Operations would resume
its hearings on the role of Government in pesticide use,
regulation, and research. The purpose of the hearings
would be to consider the U.S. Public Health Service in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

vestigation of the recent Mississippi River fish kill.

Senator Ribicoff summarized previous investigative ac-
tions concerning the Mississippi River fish kill and out-
lined conflicting opinions regarding the incident. (Con-
gressional Record, p. 13754, June 18, 1964.)

The subcommittee on Reorganization and Interna-
tional Organization of the Senate Committee on Govern-
ment Operations resumed its hearings on June 29 on
interagency coordination of environmental hazards, with
special regard to the buildup of pesticides in water
sources and the general environment. Testimony was
received from officials of the Public Health Service, De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the
Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agricul-
ture. Testimony concerned the recent fish kill in the
Mississippi River. The purpose was to determine the
facts behind charges of the chemical industry that they
were not allowed to present adequately their side of the
case involving marine fish kills attributed to pesticides
in the lower Mississippi River at the Public Health
Service hearing in New Orleans on May 5 and 6, 1964.
Hearings were adjourned until sometime after July 20,
1964, when representatives of the chemical industry
were to present testimony.

Congressman Beermann on June 17, 1964, under an
extension of remarks, commented on the conflicting
opinions concerning pesticides and fish losses in the
Mississippi River. Two newspaper articles discussing
pesticides, fish, and wildlife were included in the Con-
gressman's remarks. (Congressional Record, Appendix
pp. A3305-3306, June 17, 1

On June 22, 1964, the Senate passed Ss. 1251 with
committee amendments. The title was amended to read:
"To amend the act of August 1, 1958, as amended, to in-
crease the authorization for pesticide research by the
Secretary of the Interior.'' This bill is a companion to
H.R. 4487 (Dingell) which is pending before the House.

Congressman Broyhill under extension of remarks
inserted in the Congressional Record, of July 6, 1964
(p. A3650) a statement by Mrs. Ruth G. Desmond of the
Federation of Homemakers (given at a public hearing
on the Mississippi River fish kill conducted by the De-
partment of Agriculture), regarding the hazards of
pesticides generally and the fish kill incident in the
Louisiana area.

H.R. 4487 and S. 1251 would increase authorized ap-
propriations for research into the effects of pesticides
on fish and wildlife. Both bills would raise authorized
annual appropriations from the existing $2,565,000 to
$3.2 million in fiscal year 1965 and to $5 million there-
after.

H. R. 4487 would require that each package of pesti-
cide carry instructions as to how injury to fish and wild-
life could be prevented. The bill would authorize the
Secretary of the Interior ''to operate and maintain exist-
ing facilities for the purpose of determining whether
chemicals proposed to be used are harmful to fish and
wildlife and to distribute this information to interested
persons or agencies, both private and public."’ The
Senate Committee on Commerce struck this provision
from S. 1251, because Federal agencies have agreed to
cooperate in getting cautionary wording on pesticides
labels under the framework of existing law.

STATE REGULATION OF CONTINENTAL SHELF
FISHERIES RESOURCES: S. 2903 (Bartlett) introduced
in the Senate June 11, 1964, t to © provide for the conserva-

102

tion of certain fishery resources on the seabed or in
the subsoil of the Outer Continental Shelf; referred to
the Committee on Commerce. Senator Bartlett re-
marked that this is a bill to clarify the States" regula-
tory jurisdiction over Continental Shelf fishery re-
sources; and that the bill would assign responsibilities
for the fishery resources of the Continental Shelf to
the several States.

The Senator said, ''States should be formally and
effectively enabled to regulate their Continental Shelf
fisheries just as they do their other fisheries. Feder-
al legislation of this nature should be consistent with
congressional policy, as expressed in the Submerged
Lands Act and the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of
1954. These acts confirm State jurisdiction over fish-
ery resources within territorial waters. My bill would
simply extend this jurisdiction to cover fishery re-
sources of the Continental Shelf outside territorial wa-
ters... Jurisdiction over fishery resources, of
course, implies only the responsibility for managing
the resources so that they will be conserved and de-
veloped for the benefit of present and future genera-
tions. Since the States are currently responsible for
the resources within territorial waters and on the sea-
bed beneath these waters, it seems logical and practi-
cal to extend this responsibility to the Outer Continen-
tal Shelf. Otherwise, split jurisdictions would result
from Federal management of resources adjacent to
those under State control... ." (Congressional Rec-
ord, pp. 12958-12959.)

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FY 1964: On
June 9, H.R. 11201, making deficiency appropriations
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1964, was signed by
the President (Public Law 88-317). The bill appropri-
ates an additional $47,162,000 for the Department of
the Interior, including $650,000 for the repair and re-
placement of Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! facili-
ties and equipment damaged in the Alaska earthquake.

TERRITORIAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES:
Rep. Pelly spoke in the House concerning Soviet fish-
ing vessels attempting to run American halibut fisher-
men off traditional American fishing grounds in the

Gulf of Alaska. (Congressional Record, p. 14138.)

TRADE EXPANSION ACT AMENDMENT: H.R.
11744; H.R. 11761 through H.R. 11811, introduced on
June 25 in the House, bills to amend the Trade Expan-
sion Act of 1962; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means. Congressman Pillion spoke in the House on
June 25, inserting the text of H. R. 11797, an explana-
tion of its provisions, and a summary explanation of
the criteria contained in the bill. The Congressman
pointed out that the bills are designed to minimize the
number of import items that can be the subject of ne-
gotiated tariff cuts or concessions, and establishes
specific statutory criteria and degrees of damage re-
sulting from foreign imports. Ifasegment of industry
or labor suffers the prescribed degree of damage, its
product will become manadatorily reserved from fur-
ther tariff reduction negotiations. Included in the par-
tial list of products cited by Congressman Pillion as
qualifying for protection are fishery products. Other
Congressmen also spoke in the House concerning these
bills. (Congressional Record, pp. 14508-14527.) On
June 29, H.R. ecrest) and June 30, H.R. 11833
(Baring) and H.R. 11848 (Riehlman) were introduced
in the House; similar to H. R. 11797; referred to the
Committee on Ways and Means.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY AMENDMENT:
Fishing Vessel Subsidies Part 2 (Hearing before the
Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation,
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, United
States House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 1st
Session), 171 pp., printed. Contains hearings held Nov-
ember 13, 1963, on H.R. 2172, H.R. 2743, and S. 1006,
to amend the Act of June 12, 1960; for the correction of
inequities in the construction of Fishing Vessels, and for
other purposes; including text of S. 1006; reports from
various Federal agencies; and statements and communi-
cations from Federal, industry, and association of-
ficials.

On June 10, 1964, the Subcommittee on Fisheries and
Wildlife Conservation of the House Committee on Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries ordered reported favorably
to the full Committee S. 1006 (amended), to amend the
U.S. Fishing Fleet Improvements Act of June 12, 1960,
for the correction of inequities in the construction of
fishing vessels, and for other purposes. (This bill
passed the Senate on October 2, 1963.)

On June 18, 1964, the House Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries ordered reported to the House S.
1006 (amended). The Committee retained the Subcom-
mittee's amendments which would reduce the maxi-
mum commercial fishing vessel construction subsidy
to be available from 55 to 50 percent, and that a subsidy
be granted only "after notice and hearing."’ Also, the
House Committee extended the period for the subsidy
from June 30, 1968, to June 30, 1969; and added an a-
mendment to Sec. 9 of the 1960 law which inserts lan-
guage that would give the Secretary flexibility to allow
the transfer of subsidized vessels under certain con-
ditions to another fishery after notice and hearing.

On June 30, 1964, the House Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries reported to the House, S. 1006,
with amendment (H. Rept. 1524); referred to the Com-
mittee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. 1524, Fishing Vessel Construction (June 30,
1964, report from the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, United States House of Representatives,
88th Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany S. 1006), 25
pp., printed. The Committee recommended passage
(with amendments) of S. 1006, to amend the act of June
12, 1960, for the correction of inequities in the construc -
|tion of fishing vessels, and for other purposes. Con-
tains the purpose, need, section-by-section analysis of
the bill, departmental reports, changes in existing law,
and minority views.

' VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHERIES: The House Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on June 23
favorably reported without amendment H.R. 6007, a bill
to permit the vessel SC-1473 to engage in the fisheries.

On June 25, 1964, the House passed by a voice vote
H.R. 6007, to document under the American flag, for
fishing purposes, a vessel (SC-1473) that was built dur-
ing World War II by the Navy through a subcontractor
in Canada and which is a derelict in the Charleston
Harbor.

WATER POLLUTION: On June 26, 1964, Senator
Muskie spoke to the Senate about the prevention, con-
trol, and abatement of water pollution. He mentioned
the massive fish kills which have taken place in the fall
and winter months of every year since 1960, in the lower
Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers and the Gulf of Mex-
cio. The Senator discussed the technical report of the

August 1964

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on
the fish kills in question, and the points at issue be-
tween the Government and industry (Congressional Rec-
ord, June 26, pp. 14680-14682). “ae

On July 2, 1964, Congressman Curtis spoke in the
House concerning the problem of water pollution and
the efforts of the American chemical industry on the
preservation of water quality. He pointed out that the
industry in June embarked upon an extensive research
program to determine how organic chemicals act in
streams, lakes, and rivers, and how treatment proc-
esses for sanitary sewage react upon those chemicals
(Congressional Record, July 2, 1964, pp. 15385-15386).

WATER RESOURC COUNCIL: Water Resources

Planning Act (Hearings before the Subcommittee on
rrigation and Reclamation of the Committee on Interior

and Insular Affiars, House of Representatives, 88th
Congress, 2nd Session), 241 pp., printed. Contains

dec

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

hearings held March 23, 24, 26, and April 20, 1964, on
S. 1111 and H. R. 3620, to provide for the optimum de-
velopment of the Nation's natural resources through
the coordinated planning of water and related land re-
sources, through the establishment of a Water Re-
sources Council and River Basin Commission, and by
providing financial assistance to the States in order to
increase state participation in such planning; contents
of the bills; reports from various departments, indi-
viduals; Senators, Congressmen, and Federal and State
officials.

On June 23, 1964, the Senate Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs'Subcommittee on Irrigation and
Reclamation met in executive session on S. 1111, to
provide for the optimum development of the Nation's
natural resources through the coordinated planning of
water and related land resources, through the estab-
lishment of a water resources council and river basin
commission. No action was taken.

JAPANESE RAFT CULTURE OF OYSTERS

Japan has made remarkable progress in raft oyster culture in recent years. The
Japanese usually anchor their oyster rafts 25 or 30 miles from population centers.

Wires to which scallop shells have
been affixed are suspended from the
rafts and oysters attach themselves to
the shells, providing a crop which is
easy to inventory and readily harvested.

The rafts with their burdens of oys-
ters may be moved from oneareato,
another in case of pollution.

This method now accounts for more
than 85 percent of Japan's oyster cul-
ture, a 70-percent increase within the
past 10 years. And overall production
through culture has more than doubled.

Total production ofone raft over a
period of approximately nine months

Oyster-culture rafts anchored in a deep protected bay.

may be as much as 200 bushels, or about one-half bushel per wire. (Australian Fisheries

Newsletter, June 1964.)

104

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING-
TON, D. C. 20402. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL-
LOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

MNL = REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

SSR.- FISH. - eae eal SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED
DISTRIBUTION).

Number Title
CFS-3438 - Fish Meal and Oil, January 1964, 2 pp.
CFS-3440 - Frozen Fishery Products, February 1964,
8 pp.
CFS-3451 - Frozen Fishery Products, 1963 Annual
Summary, 14 pp.
CFS-3470 - Frozen Fishery Products, March 1964, 8

Pp.

CFS-3475 - Maine Landings, 1963 Annual Summary,
15 pp.

CFS-3476 - Rhode Island Landings, 1963 Annual Sum-
mary, 8 pp.

CFS-3477 - South Carolina Landings, 1963 Annual
Summary, 6 pp.

CFS-3481 - North Carolina Landings, 1963 Annual
Summary, 9 pp.

CFS-3483 - New Jersey Landings, February 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3487 - Massachusetts Landings, December 1963,
8 pp.

CFS-3489 - Virginia Landings, February 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3491 - New York Landings, February 1964, 4 pp.

CFS-3492 - Wisconsin Landings, February 1964, 2 pp.

CFS-3493 - Louisiana Landings, February 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3494 - Shrimp Landings, December 1963, 8 pp.

CFS-3495 - Wisconsin Landings, 1963 Annual Sum-
mary, 3 pp.

CFS-3496 - Gulf Coast Shrimp Data, December 1963,
20 pp.

CFS-3498 - Rhode Island Landings, January 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3499 - Alabama Landings, 1963 Annual Summary,
7 pp.

CFS-3502 - Georgia Landings, 1963 Annual Summary,
9 pp.

CFS-3503 - California Landings, February 1964, 4 pp.

CFS-3504 - North Carolina Landings, March 1964, 4

Pp.
CFS-3506 - Florida Landings, March 1964, 8 pp.
CFS-3508 - Massachusetts Landings, by Ports, 1963
Annual Summary, 14 pp.
CFS-3510 - Michigan Landings, February 1964, 3 pp.
CFS-3511 - Mississippi Landings, 1963 Annual Sum-
mary, 6 pp.

FISHERY PUBLICATIO

EOS ATO ki a Als is Sh Bs Is a re 0p commas: Saba 4 BSE:

FL =

NS 3

Number Title
CFS-3512 - Fish Meal and Oil, February 1964, 2 pp.
CFS-3513 - Louisiana Landings, March 1964, 3 pp.
CFS-3514 - New York Landings, March 1964, 4 pp.
CFS-3516 - Maryland Landings, March 1964, 3 pp.
CFS-3518 - Fish Meal and Oil, March 1964, 2 pp.
CFS-3519 - North Carolina Landings, April 1964, 4 pp.
CFS-3520 - Shrimp Landings, 1963 Annual Summary,
16 pp.
CFS-3522 - Maine Landings, March 1964, 4 pp.
CFS-3524 - Florida Landings, April 1964, 8 pp.

Sep. No. 705 - Improved Rapid Method for Determining
Total Lipids in Fish Meal

Sep. No. 706 - Soviet Fishing Industry

SSR-Fish. No. 480 - Further Studies of Protein and
Calorie Levels of Meat-Meal, Vitamin-Supplemented
Salmon Diets, by Laurie G. Fowler, J. Howard
McCormick, Jr., and Allan E. Thomas, 15 pp., Feb-
ruary 1964.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLET IS AVAILABLE FROM THE

Number Title
MNL = 87 - Survey of the Dominant Conditions Affect-
ing the Development of the Cartagena
(Colombia) Fishery, 58 pp.
THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE

SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED,

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part | - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, April and May ) 14 pp. ea. (Market News
Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office
Bldg., San Pedro, Calif. 90731.) California cannery
receipts of tuna and tunalike fish and other species
used for canning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish,
mackerel, and anchovies; market fish receipts at
San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; Cali-
fornia and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen
shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish;
for the months indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale
Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re-
ceipts, Prices, and Trends, February, March, and
April 1964, 13, 14, and 14 pp., respectively. (Mar-

ket News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

U.S. Customs House, 610 S. Canal St., Rm. 1014,

August 1964

Chicago, Ill. 60607.) Receipts at Chicago by species
and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-wa-
ter fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices
for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the months
indicated.

Gulf Fisheries (Selected Areas) - 1963, by E.J. Barry,
42 pp., illus., June 1964. (Market News Service,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 600 South St., New
Orleans, La. 70130.) Summarizes the commercial
landings of fish and shellfish for selected areas of
the Gulf States of Florida (West Coast), Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The tables show
landings for only the specific areas designated and
cannot be interpreted as representing the total land-
ings for a given State. However, the data do give
an indication of general trends. Part I reports on
developments and conditions in Gulf Coast fisheries
during 1963 and gives a resume of the individual
fisheries. Discusses the shrimp fishery in detail;
production and market conditions for the oyster,
blue crab, and finfish fisheries; as well as imports
of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish. Part II in-
cludes statistical tables showing total fishery prod-
ucts landings; crab meat production by areas and
months; and menhaden landings and production of
fish meal, oil, and solubles. It also gives data on
fishery imports through the New Orleans and Mor-
gan City, La., Customs Districts, Port Isabel-
Brownsville and Houston, Tex., and Mobile, Ala.;
and LCL express shipments from New Orleans for
1963 by months and destination. Also included are
tables showing monthly range of wholesale prices of
fishery products on the New Orleans French Mar-
ket; Gulf States oyster and shrimp packs, 1962/63
season and packs by seasons 1958-63; and fishery
products market classifications in the Gulf Area.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-

ments of Fishery Products, Seen 1964, 8 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans, La. 70130.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab land-
ings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments
from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and
shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery
imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from
Mexico; Gulf menhaden landings and production of
meal, solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the
month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in

Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and

Maryland, May 1964, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hamp-
ton, Va. 23369.) Landings of food fish and shellfish
and production of crab meat and shucked oysters
for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chinco-
teague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern
Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge,
and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of
Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together
with cumulative and comparative data on fishery
products and shrimp production; for the month in-
dicated.

New England Fisheries--Annual

Summary, 1963, b
Robert A. Hall and Henry R. McAvoy, 52 pp., aaa
May 1964. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston,
Mass. 02210.) Reviews the fishery marketing trends
and conditions at the principal New England ports,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105

and highlights of the fisheries in other areas and
competitive foreign countries. The latest develop-
ments in the purse-seine tuna, swordfish long-line,
and offshore lobster fisheries are also reviewed.
The fishery industries at the principal ports produced
less food and industrial fish in 1963, but an excep-
tionally lucrative catch at New Bedford caused a
higher total ex-vessel value than in 1962. The sum-
mary covers food-fish landings by ports and species;
industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; fishing
vessel news; imports; frozen fishery products; the
fish-meal market; Canadian plans to extend Fishing
Limits to 12 miles; and other information. Also in-
cludes fishery landings and ex-vessel prices for
ports of Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province-
town, Portland, Rockland, Point Judith, and Stoning-
ton; highlights of the Maine sardine fishery; events
in the fisheries of Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Japan,
and Peru; and historical data of fisheries at princi-
pal New England ports. In addition, contains data on
monthly landings and ex-vessel prices, by species at
Boston and Atlantic Ave. fish piers.

~ 2i pp. (Market News Service, . Fish and Wild-
life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston, Mass.
02210.) Review of the principal New England fishery
ports. Presents data on fishery landings by ports
and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel
prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod-
ucts in New England warehouses; fishery landings
and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts
(Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown,
and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland),
Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stoning-
ton); frozen fishery products prices to primary whole-
salers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and
Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery land-
ings and ex-vessel prices by species; for the month
indicated.

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish-
eries, Monthly Summary, May 1964, 9 pp. (Market
News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706
Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash.
98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and
salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; land-
ings of halibut reported by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl vessels
as reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Associa-
tion of Washington; local landings by independent
vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by sched-
uled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways;
imports from British Columbia via rail, motortruck,
shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports
from other countries through Washington customs
district; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries --Monthl a April 1964,

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATION OR PUBLISHER
MENTIONED, DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

AMINO ACIDS:
"Chromatographic determination of amino acids in
fish stickwater," by Yu. A. Vorotnikov, article, Chem-

106

ical Abstracts, vol. 57, July 23, 1962, 2636f, printed.

The American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D.C.

"2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid in insoluble protein of
the sea anemone Metridium dianthus," by Louis D.
Quin, article, Science, vol. 144, no. 3622, May 29,
1964, pp. 1133-1134, printed, single copy 35 cents.
American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington,
D.C. 20005.

ANCHOVY:

"The ripening process of anchovy," by F. Alm, arti-
cle SIK-Rapport, no. 123, 1962, p. 41, printed in
Swedish. Svenska Institutet for Konserverings-
Forskning, Kalleback 1, Goteborg, Sweden.

AQUATIC PLANTS:

"Control of aquatic plants big problem," by Joe Lo-
gan, article, South Carolina Wildlife, vol. 11, no. 2,
Spring 1964, pp. 6-9; illus., printed. South Carolina
Wildlife Resources Department, Box 360, Columbia,
S.C.

ARGENTINA:

Establishing a Business in Argentina, by James M.
von StrockeL, OBR 64-33, 20 pp., printed, April 1964,

15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
During the period 1960-62 the Argentine Govern-
ment's economic policy was oriented toward the
stimulation of private participation in industry and
commerce, and of private foreign investment. This
report discusses that country's investment climate,
legislation governing investment, and business or-
ganization. Also covers patents, trademarks, and
copyright; employment conditions; and the taxation
picture.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Correlations between the mineral elements and pro-
tein levelinfish, by E. N. Vasil'eva, N. E. Dyubyuk,
and T. D. Lychnikova, article, Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 57, November 26, 1962, p. 14302b, printed. The
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D.C.

"Isolation of a substance with antithiamine activity
from carp intestines,'' by J.C. Somogyi and H. Ku-
endig-Hegedus, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 59,
November 11, 1963, 11938h, printed. The American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
D.C.

BRINE COOLING:

‘Cooling sprats in saline solutions," by L.G. Mikha-
ilova, article, Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, no. 2, 1964,

pp. 41-43, illus., printed in Russian, single copy 60
Kopecks (about 67 U.S. cents). Kholodil-naia Tek-
hnika, c/o Four Continent Book Corp., 822 Broad-

way, New York, N. Y. 10003.

CALIFORNIA:

Inshore Fishes of California, by John L. Baxter, 80
Pp-, illus., printed, 35 cents, revised 1963. Printing
Division, Documents Section, N. Seventh St. at Rich-
ards Blvd., Sacramento, Calif. 95814.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

CANADA:

"Canada's fisheries markets in 1963,"' by T. R. Kin-
sella, article, Foreign Trade, vol. 121, no. 10, May
16, 1964, pp. 2-8, illus.; printed. Queen's Printer,
Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada. Covers
briefly Canadian production, imports, and exports of
fishery products during 1963. Total exports reached
an all-time high of over C$172 million. This article
discusses exports and production of fresh and frozen
fish, salted and canned fish, molluscs and crusta-
ceans, andfish meal and oil. Mentions researchcon-
ducted by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
in perfecting a fish flour for human consumption.

Fisheries Statistics, Manitoba, 1962, Catalogue No.
24-210, 10 pp., processed in French and English,
March 1964, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printerand
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains
tables giving the value of fish landed in Manitoba,
1955-1962; quantity and value of landings by species
and fisheries districts, 1961-1962; quantity and value
of fishery products by species; capital equipment
used in the primary fishery operations; and the num-
ber of persons engaged in the fisheries.

Fisheries Statistics, Ontario, 1962, Catalogue No. 24-
209, 11 pp., illus., processed in French and English,
April 1964, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains
tables giving the value of fish landed in Ontario, 1955-
1962; quantity and value of landings by species and
fisheries districts, 1961-1962; capital equipment
used in the primary fisheries operations; number of
persons engaged in the fisheries; and new capital in-
vestment in the commercial fishery.

Fisheries Statistics, Saskatchewan, 1962, Catalogue
No. 24-211, 8 pp., processed in French and English,
April 1964, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Cont:ins
data on the value of fish landed in Saskatchewan,
1955-1962; quantity and value of landings by species,
1961-1962; quantity and value of landings by major
species and by lakes; capital equipment in primary ,
fisheries operations; and the number of persons en-
gaged in the primary fisheries.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

"The environment for chemical change in dried and
frozen foods," by R. B. Duckworth and G. M. Smith,
article, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 22,
no. 2, 1963, pp. 182-189, printed. Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

COLD STORAGE:

"Cold storage of cod fillets treated with polyphospates,"'
by Eiichi Tanikawa, Minoru Akiba, and Akira Shita-
mori, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, November
1963, pp. 87-92, printed. The Guerra Press, 510 N.
Hickory, Champaign, I1l.

COLOMBIA:

Basic Data on the Econom of Colombia, by Herbert A.
Lindow, OBR 64-35, 24 pp., illus., printed, April 1964,
15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
Although some declines in agricultural production and
high food prices may have a retarding effect, there

August 1964

are good possibilities that Colombian economic
growth in 1964 will exceed the 5 percent rate reg-
istered in 1963. The report discusses general fea-
tures of the country--geography, population, and
government; government representation between
Colombia and the United States; structure of the e-
conomy; agriculture; mineral resources; and manu-
facturing. Also covers power, transportation and
communications, labor force, finance, foreigntrade,
the government's role in the economy, and the Alli-
ance for Progress. A short section discusses the
Pacific Coast and Magdalena River fishery re-
sources, and exports of Colombian shrimp to the
United States.

COMMUNIST CHINA:
Sea Fisheries in Communist China, by Shigeaki Shindo,
~ Overseas Fisheries Series No. 2, 38 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese. Japan Fisheries Resources
Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.

CONSERVATION:

Conserving American Resources (Second Edition), by
Ruben L. Parson, 533 pp., illus., printed, 1964,
$8.95. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
07632. The population explosion is something that
we are continually reading about, and one of the re-
sulting problems is conservation of our natural re-
sources. Our major natural resources and the in-
terrelationship among all resources are discussed
very adequately in this book. In the preface the au-
thor emphasizes that more busy Americans canand
should become interested in the story of our nation-
al resources and the ways they can be conserved.
How resource conservation is the real connecting
link between natural and social sciences is explained
by the author. Not only facts and figures are to be
found in the book, but also concepts. Presented is
the latest thinking on such topics as Federal aid in
fish and wildlife rehabilitation, multiple use of for-
est land, the economic plight of the commercial fish-
eries, land reserves, wetlands for ducks, and man-
agement of public lands. The author very ably
points out: "What follows is largely an attempt to
acquaint thinking Americans with the broad catego-
ries of natural wealth upon which their well-being
depends. The treatment of each category includesa
brief statement of its usefulness, a quick glance at
its past history, and several suggestions for getting
greater benefit from it in the future. The entire
discussion is a development of concepts rather than
a recitation of facts; an exhortation to think and par-
ticipate rather than an exposition on statistics and
techniques." In commenting on the importance of
conservation to Americans, the author states that
each of us should have a "whistling knowledge" of
it. In discussing ''The Conservation Idea," the sub-
ject of the first chapter, the author says that con-
servation of natural resources means the fullest
possible use of them without abusing the ones ex-
ploited, without destroying any needlessly, and with-
out neglecting any that can be used. Also, natural
resources serve us every day of our lives in almost
everything we do, and they are essential to our ex-
istence. But more important, our continued pros-
perity depends upon the wisdom with which we use
them. The author takes the positive approach. Dis-
cussed in the book are the natural environment and
resources; water on the land, and its conservation;

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

our soils and their depreciation, and their conserva-
tion; spoilation and restoration of our dry grasslands;
our forests and their exploitation and conservation;
conservation patterns on the land; functions andabuses
of wildlife, and its conservation; resources for re-
creation, inspiration, and instruction; resources of
our bordering seas; mineral fuels and major metals,
and their conservation. The last chapter deals with
prospect and responsibility and points out that con-
servation is the key to future prosperity. Fish and
fishing, both sport and commercial, are adequately
covered in view of the wide scope of the book. For
example, with reference to fishery resources, the
book covers propagation, control of numbers, gear
and techniques, habitats, imports and exports, over-
fishing, restoration projects, international fisheries
agreements, fisheries regulation and standardization,
fish flour or fish protein concentrate, fish oil and
meal, packaging and transporation, species variety,
underutilization, agar, algin, fur seals, interstate
fishery commissions, and much more. This partial
listing shows that the author has really delved into
the subject of fisheries. He has done the same with
the other resources. Although an excellent book for
professionals, it is not too technical for any reader
interested in our Nation's resources, and who wants
to learn how he may help conserve them. This is a
serious subject, but the author has treated it ina
lively and readable manner. Those interested in
commercial fisheries will find many interesting ideas
and concepts regarding our fishery resources. The
appendix contains teaching aids and a good listing of
current literature. Because of its excellent index
and marginal notes, it is a good book to have on hand
for quick reference.

--Joseph Pileggi

CRABS:

"How crabs adjust themselves to changing salinity,"
article, New Scientist, vol. 16, October 11, 1962, p.
105, printed. Harrison, Raison and Co. Ltd., Crom-
well House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1,
England.

"N-ethylmaleimide inhibition of horseshoe crab hem-
ocyte agglutination,'' by F. T. Bryan and others, ar-
ticle, Science, vol. 144, no. 3622, May 29, 1964, pp.
1147-1148, illus., printed, single copy 35 cents. A-
merican Association for the Advancement of Science,
1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington, D.C.
20005.

CRAWFISH:

"Rice farmers raise crawfish in Louisiana paddies to
lift income," by Fred Zimmerman, article, Wall
Street Journal, vol. 69, December 10, 1963, p. 1,
printed. Dow, Jones & Co., Inc., 1540 Market St.,
San Francisco 19, Calif.

CRUSTACEANS:

Nombres vulgares y cientificos de las principales
especies comerciales de crustaceos de Cadiz (Com-
mon and scientific names of the principal commercial
species of crustaceans at Cadiz), by Julio Rodriguez -
Roda, 2 pp., printed in Spanish, 1964. (Reprinted
from Investigacion Pesquera, vol. 25, January 1964,
pp. 3-4.) Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras,
Paseo Nacional, s/n, Barcelona-3, Spain.

108

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

DAHOMEY:

Basic Data on the Economy of Dahomey, by Donald
M. Maclay, OBR 64-36, 12 pp., illus., printed, April
1964, 15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.) Presents information on Dahomey's geog-
raphy and climate, form of government, and popula-
tion; economic structure; agriculture and forestry;
mining; industry, and power supplies. Also covers
transportation, communications, finance, foreign
trade; a program for economic development, mar-
keting, and government representation between
Dahomey and the United States. A short section dis-
cusses the importance of the fishing industry and
potential for future development.

DOLPHIN:

"Visual problem-solving in a bottlenose dolphin," by
Winthrop N. Kellogg and Charles E. Rice, article,
Science, vol. 143, no. 3610, March 6, 1964, pp. 1052-

, illus., printed, single copy 35 cents. Ameri-
can Association of the Advancement of Science, 1515
Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington, D.C. 20005.
In the study here reported, a captive 8-year-old
dolphin, well adapted to contact with human beings,
was tested by the discrimination method for under-
water perception of visual forms or patterns. The
animal successfully discriminated 21 of the 25 pairs
of stimuli presented.

DRYING:

"New accelerated fish drying method," article, Food
Manufacture, vol. 38, December 1963, pp. 669-670,
printed. Leonard Hill Ltd., 9 Eden St., LondonNW1,
England.

ENZYMES:

"Zone electrophoretic separation of five phosphoglu-
comutase activities from fish muscle," by E. Rob-
erts and H. Tsuyuki, article, Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 59, October 28, 1963, 10389¢g, printed. The
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D.C.

FARM PONDS:
Construction and Management of Farm Ponds in
mtario, by H. D. Ayers, H. R. McCrimmon, and A.
H. Berst, Publication 515, 39 pp., printed. Ontario
Department of Agriculture, Parliament Bldgs.,
Toronto, Canada.

FATTY ACIDS:

"Component fatty acids of the blubber fat from the
common or harbor seal Phoca vitulina concolor de
Kay," by P. M. Jangaard, R.G. Ackman, and R.D.
Burgher, article, Canadian Journal of Biochemistr
and Physiology, vol. 41, December 1963, pp. 2543-
2546, ERC National Research Council, Ottawa,
Canada.

"Effect of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids on
measuring protein extractability from cod skeletal
muscle with the solubility test,” by Margaret L.

Anderson, Frederick J. King, and Maynard A. Stein-
berg, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 28, May-

June 1963, pp. 286-288, printed. Institute of Food
Technologists, 510-522 N. Hickory St., Champaign,
Ill.

"Gas-liquid chromatographic separation and determina -
tion of volatile fatty acids in fish meat during spoil-
age,'' by Shojiro Miyahara, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27,
January 1 > pp. 42-47, printed. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-
Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"The influence of dietary fatty acids and environmental
temperature on the fatty acid composition of Teleost
fish,'' by Raymond Reiser and others, article, Journal
of the American Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, Octo-
ber 1963, pp. 507, 513, printe printed! warner ied Oil Chem-
ists' Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.

FISH BEHAVIOR:

Fish Migration, by David Gunston, Wildlife Bulletin No.
33, 3 pp., illus., printed, 1962. (Reprinted from Lou-
isiana Conservationist, February 1959.) Louisiana
Wildlife Life and Fisheries Commission, Wildlife and

Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans 16, La.

FISH COOKERY:

Louisiana Cook-Out, by Percy Viosca, Jr., Wildlife
Education Bulletin No. 31, 15 pp., illus., printed, 1962.
Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Wild
Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans
16, La. "Why go to Gloucester to enjoy a clambake
at the beach? New England has no monopoly on that
delightful form of recreation," states the author.
This booklet describes the many types of shellfish
and fish in Louisiana which are suitable for outdoor
cooking. There are oysters, shrimp, river catfish,
spoonbill sturgeon, carp, and crabs. Included are
recipes for crab-meat stuffed peppers, smoked fish,
and a spicy seafood sauce.

FISH CULTURE:

"Sea fish breeding," article, Current Affairs Bulletin
of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, no. 37, August
1963, pp. 25-26, printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand.

FISHERY POLICIES:
Fishery Policies in the United Kingdom, The Federal
Republic of Germany and Norway, by A. Arimatsu
and B. Ikejiri, Overseas Fisheries Series No. 3, 42

pp., illus., printed in Japanese. Japan Fisheries Re-
sources Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH MUSCLE:

"Chemical change in fish muscle during storage,'' by
N.R. Jones, article, Proceedings of the Nutrition
Society, vol. 22, no. 2, 1963, pp. 172-176, printed.
Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., Lon-
don NW1, England.

"Extractives of fish muscle. 3--Amounts, sectional
distribution, and variations of fat, water-solubles,
protein and moisture in cod (Gadus morhua L.) fillets, "
by N. Dambergs, article, Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, July 1963, pp.
909-918, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

"Studies on muscle of aquatic animals. XXXIII--Sea-
sonal variation of nitrogenous extractives in squid
muscle," by Kinji Endo and others, article, Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol.

August 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

28, November 1962, pp. 1099-1103, printed. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigan-
dori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH OILS:

frontier for food;"' "Solution for malnourished mil-
lions ? ;" and "Thriving farms on the bottom of the
sea.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Freeze-drying: with or without vacuum," by John P.
O'Meara, article, Food Engineering, vol. 35, Septem-
ber 1963, pp. 55-56, SSeS Chilton Co., Chestnut
and 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.

"Autoxidation of fish oils. Il--Changes in the car-
bonyl distribution of autoxidizing salmon oils," by
C. Jane Wyatt and E. A. Day, article, Journal of
Food Science, vol. 28, May-June 1963, pp. 305-312,
printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510-522
N. Hickory St., Champaign, IL. "The truth about freeze drying," by Sam Martin, ar-
ticle, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 26, no. 10, May 1964,
pp. 29-32, illustrated, printed. E.W. Williams Pub-
lications, Inc., 1776 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y.
Discusses the practicality of freeze-dried foods.
This process offers limited competition to conven-
tional freezing processes. Its best uses will be for
instant coffee, ingredients for some dry mixes, and
military foods. The author believes it will supply
frozen food packers with additional markets and
broaden the use of freezing equipment.

"The effect of some marine oils and squalene on the
plasma cholesterol in chicks," by Olaf R. Braekkan,
Leif Rein Njaa, and Finn Utne, article, Fiskeridi-
rektoratets Skrifter, Serie Teknologiske Under-
sSokelser, vol. 4, no. 4, 1962, pp. I-12, printed. Fis-
Keridirektoratet, Bergen, Norway.

"Identification of the major polyunsaturated C,gacids
of marine oils by GLC separation factors on normal
and organosilicone polyesters," by R.G. Ackman
and P, M. Jangaard, article, Journal of the Ameri-
can Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, December 1963,
pp. 744-745, printed. American Oil Chemists! So-
ciety, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.

FREEZING:

"Freezing of crabmeat," by S. V. Gangal and N.G.
Magar, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, December
1963, pp. 101-106, printed. The Garrard Press, 510
N. Hickory St., Champaign, II.

FISH SAUSAGE:

"Change of the vitamin A concentration in enriched
fish sausage during storage in summer," by Akit-
sugu Kenmoku and Hiroyuki Iwao, article, Chemical
Abstracts, vol. 59, July 22, 1963, 2104d, printed.
The American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D.C.

FRESH FISH:

"Factors influencing the effectiveness of fresh fish
washing operations,’ by W. A. MacCallum, M. W.
Mullan, and Isabel N. Plaunt, article, Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, Sep-
tember 1963, pp. 1231-1244, printed. Queen's Printer

and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

"Diffusion of oxygen in packed sausage," by Akira
Kishimoto, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 29, August 1963, pp.
781-784, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

FROZEN FISH:

"Effect of processing on public health bacteria in fro-
zen seafoods," by H. Raj and J. Liston, article, Food
Technology, vol. 17, October 1963, pp. 83-89, printed.
The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill.

"Fish sausages," by Michael Lorant, article, Food "Plectronic defrosting of meat and fish at 35 and 2,450

Manufacture, vol. 38, August 1963, pp. 413-414,
printed. Leonard Hill Ltd., 9 Eden St., LondonNW1,
Engjand.

Mcs. A laboratory comparison," by N. Bengtsson,
article, Food Technology, vol. 17, October 1963, pp.
97-100, printed. The rand Press, 510 N. Hickory,
St., Champaign, Il.

FISHWAYS:
Evaluation of the Fish Passage Facilities at the Pel- | HERRING:

"Volatile acids in fish as an index of suitability for

ton Project on the Deschutes River in Oregon, by
Robert T. Gunsolus and George J. Eicher, 133 pp.,
illus., printed, 1962. Fish Commission of Oregon,
307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. 5th Ave., Portland,
Oreg. 97201.

FREEDOM FROM HUNGER:

Freedom from Hunger Campaign News, vol. 5, no.
31, May-June 1964, 33 pp., illus., printed. Co-Or-
dinator's Office, Freedom from Hunger Campaign,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,
Italy. This issue is dedicated to ''the men who har-
vest the sea.'' Contains, among others, articles on:
"The warning of the blue whale," by Donovan B.
Finn; "Detectives of the deep," by Peyton Johnson;
"Have whalers become too efficient?" by Mack
Laing; "Outboard motors power a 'revolution! in
fishing;"' ''From dugout to factoryship;" ''Tuna--the
question mark of the sea;"' "Inland fishing--new

consumption. I--Salted herrings,'' by Jozef Wier-
zchowski and Maria Severin, article, Chemical Ab-
stracts, vol. 57, November 26, 1962, 14248f, printed.
The American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D.C.

HORMONES:
"Isolation of hormone-containing particles from the

neurohypophysis of the cod (Gadus morhua), by K.
Lederis, article, Biochemical Journal, vol. 84, July
1962, pp. 27P-28P, printed. Cambridge University
Press, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

INDIA:
"Fishing off the west coast of India,"' by Kare Larssen,

article, Fishing News International, vol. 3, no. 2,
April-June 1964, pp. 128, 130-131, illus., printed,
single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents). Arthur J.
Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet

110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

St., London EC4, England. Discusses trawling off
the west coast of India, chiefly for shrimp, initiated
in 1954 by the Indo-Norwegian Project. At times
there is a great abundance of sardines, mackerel,
tuna, pomfret, and other fish, but these species do
not turn up regularly. This article covers weather
conditions, fishing seasons, problems of fish loca-
tion and landing, and charting of the fishing grounds
by two research vessels.

INDONESIA:

Foreign Trade Regulations of Indonesia, by Virginia

Webbert, OBR at-30, illus., printed, April 1964, 15

cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
2rnment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
Foreign trade controls operate mainly through a
licensing system requiring the surrender of ex-
change from exports and the issuance of combined
import-exchange licenses for imports which enable
the Government to link imports closely to exchange
availabilities. Discusses trade and foreign ex-
change policy; import tariff system; sales and other
internal taxes; documentation and fees; and labeling,
marking, and packing requirements. Also éovers
special customs provisions, nontariff import trade
controls, Indonesia's export controls, United States
controls, and government representation between
the two countries.

JAPAN:

"Fisheries research in Japan,'' by C.R.S. Manders,
article, Nature, vol. 202, no. 4934, May 23, 1964,
pp. 755-757, printed, single copy 4s. (about 56 U.S.
cents). St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Ave., New
York, N. Y. 10010. Discusses the evolution of the
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, its
activities, and its scientific publications.

Present Status of the Fisheries Extension Service
(Technological), Fisheries Administration Series
No. 2, 58 pp., illus., printed in Japanese. Japan
Fisheries Resources Protection Association, Tokyo,
Japan.

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF:

Foreign Trade Regulations of the Republic of Korea,
by Lois J. DeNauw, OBR 64-24, 8 pp., printed,
March 1964, 15 cents. Bureau of International Com-
merce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.) The government of the Republic of Korea
maintains strict controls over foreign trade and ex-
change transactions in order to conserve its limited
foreign exchange reserves and to provide protection
and encouragement to its local developing industry.
This report discusses Korea's import tariff system,
sales and other internal taxes, documentation and
fees, labeling and marking requirements, and spe-
cial customs provisions. Also covers nontariff im-
port trade controls, United States foreign trade con-
trols, Korea's export controls, and diplomatic rep-
resentation between the two countries.

LAVER:
On a Method of Making More Productive Fishery of
“the Lavers (PORPHYRA)--Engineering Ways sf

Improvement and Construction, by Takeo Kurakake,
Fisheries Agriculture Series No. 3, 54 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese. Japan Fisheries Resources
Protection Association, Tokyo, Japan.

MARINE MAMMALS:

"Observations of Odontocetes in central Californian
waters," by Robert L. Brownell, Jr., article, Norsk
Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette),
vol. 53, no. 3, March 1964, pp. 60-62, 64, 66, illus.,
printed. Hvalfangerforeningen, Sandefjord, Norway.
Reports observations of 8 different species of odonto-
cetes made during the summer of 1963.

MARINE OILS:

"The effects of marine animals oils and other marine
products on cholesterol metabolism. A review," by
Takashi Kaneda, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 29, April 1963, pp.
387-398, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

MOZAMBIQUE: .
Basic Data on the Economy of Mozambique, by Ellen
Gavrisheff, OBR 64-29, 8 pp., illus., printed, March
1964, 15 cents. Bureau of International Commerce,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
This Portuguese province has an extensive coastline
and the territorial waters abound in a large variety
of fish. A new large fishing company, formed in1963
with a capital of $2.8 million, expects annually to
freeze some 30,000 tons of fish for export. This re-
port discusses the form of government and popula-
tion, structure of the economy, agriculture, livestock
and forestry, and mining and industry. Also covers
Mozambique's power and transportation situation,
communications system, finance and foreign trade
problems, marketing set-up; and diplomatic repre-
sentation between Mozambique and the United States.

NETS:

Net Repair Manual, by Stacy V. Gebhards, 23 pp.,

“illus., processed, 1964. Idaho Fish and Game Dept.,
518 Front St., Boise, Idaho. Although most nets today
are machine-tied and are purchased readymade from
various companies, net repair must still be done by
hand. A properly mended net can mean the difference
between catching many fish or none at all. The intent
of this manual is merely to acquaint the beginner with
the proper procedure. Proficiency in mending can
come only through practice. The manual covers
trimming, weaving, section replacement, hanging, and
maintenance of nets.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION:

essed, January 1964. International Commission for
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, P.O. Box 638, Dartmouth, N.S., Can-
ada.

North Atlantic Fish Marking Symposium, Woods Hole,
Mass., May 1961, Special Publication No. 4, 370 pp.,
illus., printed, 1963. International Commission for
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, P. O. Box 638, Dartmouth, N.S., Can-
ada.

August 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

111

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

NORWAY:

"A industria de conservas de peixe Norueguesa em
1963" (The Norwegian fish canning industry in 1963),
article, Conservas de Peixe, vol 18, no. 216, March
1964, pp. 15-17, 28, printed in Portuguese. Socie-
dade da Revista Conservas de Peixe, Lda., Reguei-
rao dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

NORWAY LOBSTERS:

"Handling and processing Norway lobsters. Part 1--
Observations on handling and processing; Part 2--
Washing experiments," by P. Hovart and W. Vyncke,
article, Fishing News International, vol. 3, no. 2,
April-June 13e4, pp. 117, ; 121-122, 125, illus.,
printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents).
Arthur J. Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate
House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. The
work reported here was carried out as part of the
research program of the Committee for Applied
Scientific Research in Fisheries, Fisheries Re-
search Station, Ostend, Belgium. These are the
first two parts of a four-part article. The aim of
the work was a contribution to the improvement of
the handling and processing of Norway lobsters (a
shrimp-like crustacean) in commercial plants. In
the meantime, it was intended to study the possibili-
ties of cooking the lobsters on the vessels directly
after catching. To study the influence of some im-
portant factors on the washing effect, three series
of experiments were carried out, each being re-
peated three times on different dates and with differ-
ent samples. In particular, the influence of dipping
time, water temperature, soaking before washing
and hosing were studied.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Journal du Conseil, vol. 28, no. 3, March 1964, 127
pp., illus., printed, single copy Kr. 16 (about
US$2.35). Andr. Fred. Hédst & Son, Bredgade, Co-
penhagen, Denmark. Contains, among others, ar-
ticles on: ''A temperature-controlled salt-water
circulating apparatus for developing fish eggs and
larvae," by William E. Fahy; ''Age determination in
the whiting (Merlangius merlangius L.) by means of
otoliths,'' by R. Gambell and J. Messtorff; ''On the
influence of the fishery upon the population structure
of redfish (Sebastes marinus L. and Sebastes men-
tella Travin),” by V. P. Sorokin; ''The rational de-
cision process in salmon migration," by Bernard C.
Patten; '"A comparison among selected marine spe-
cies of an association between sea water tempera-
ture and relative abundance, "by Robert L. Dow; and
"Breeding and gonadial cycle of oysters in Loch
Ryan, Scotland," by R.H. Miller.

Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review,
vol. 1, edited by Harold Barnes, 478 pp., printed,

1963, 75s. (about US$10.50). George Allen and Un-
win, Ltd., 40 Museum St., London WC1, England.

U.S.S.R. Oceanographic and Marine Studies, OTS
~63-31798, 73 pp., printed, September 20, 1963, $2.
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230.

OREGON:
Biennial Report to the Governor and the Fifty-Second

Legislative Assembly, July 1, 1960-June 30, 1962,
34 pp., illus., erinent Toh waccaian of Oregon,

307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. Sth Ave., Portland

1, Oreg. How the Fish Commission is organized,
what it is doing to discharge its statutory responsi-
bilities to the resource and to the people of Oregon,
and the highlights of its operation during the biennium
from July 1, 1960, to June 30, 1962 form the basis of
this report. It contains information on: work of the
Administrative, Engineering, Research, and Fish
Culture Divisions; the Service Recognition Program;
Suggestion Awards Program; and other topics. Also
included are statistical tables giving data on: liber-
ations of salmon and steelhead trout into State wa-
ters; number of eggs taken at Fish Commission
hatcheries; landings of food fish and shellfish; com-
mercial fishing licenses issued; and fisheries law
enforcement.

OYSTERS:

"Winter hits the oyster industry," article, New Scien-
tist, vol. 20, October 3, 1963, pp. 10-11, printed.
Harrison, Raison and Co. Ltd., Cromwell House, Ful-
wood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, England.

PHYSIOLOGY:

"Measurements of swimming speeds of yellowfin tuna
and wahoo," by Vladimir Walters and Harry L. Fier-
stine, article, Nature, vol. 202, no. 4928, April 11, ///
1964, pp. 208-209, illus., printed, single copy 4s. (a- if
bout 60 U.S. cents). St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175
Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10010.

PLANKTON:

"The wonderful world of plankton,"' by Donald J. Hall,
article, The Conservationist, vol. 18, no. 5; April-
May 1964, pp. 22-25, illus., printed. The Conserva-
tionist, Rm. 335, State Campus, Albany, N. Y.

PORPOISES:

"On the experience gained in commercial fishing for
porpoises," by A.I. Petrenko, article, Rybnoe Khozi-
aistvo, vol. 38, no. 3, 1962, pp. 44-48, printed in Rus -
Sian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

PREDATOR CONTROL:

"A method for the analysis of chlorinated benzenes in
clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (Cras-
sostrea virginica), by N. Schwartz and others, ar-
ficle, Journal of the Association of the Official Agri-
cultural Chemists, vol. 46, October 1963, pp. BOS
898, printed. Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, P.O. Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station,
Washington 4, D.C.

PRESERVATION:

Handling and Preservation of Fish, Report on the Work
of Torry Research Station and Humber Laboratory,
24 pp., printed, 1962. Torry Research Station, Aber-
deen, Scotland. Reviews the history and work of the
Torry Research Station and its subsidiary, the Hum-
ber Laboratory, Hull, England. The Torry Station
conducts research mainly in the fields of fish handling,
processing, preservation, and transportation. The
Humber Laboratory handles problems related to the
distant-water fisheries and the Humber fishing ports.
The two stations are fully integrated. Reference to
work at Torry should be understood to include the
Humber Laboratory as well.

112 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

PROTEIN: Appendix 5--Suwannee Basin, 159 pp.; Appendix 6--
"Fish hydrolysates. IIf--Influence of degree of hy- Ochlockonee Basin, 183 pp.; Appendix 7--Apalachi-
drolysis onnutritive value," by N. V. Sripathy and cola-Chattahoochee-Flint Basins, 226 pp.; 4 endix |
others; 'IV--Microbiological evaluation," by M. A. 8--Choctawhatchee-Perdido Basins, 176 pp.; Tene
Krishnaswamy and N. L. Lahiry, articles, Journal dix 9--Economics, 243 pp.; Appendixes 10 & Ti-= ,
of Food Science, vol. 28, May-June 1963, pp. 358- drology; Engineering and Cost, 145 pp.; Appen-
369, printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510- dixes 12 & 13--Planning; History and Organization
522 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill. of the Commission, 276 pp.; ane, Hee 1963.
United States Study Commission, Southeast River
"Protein solubility as influenced by physiological con- Basins, Box 953, Atlanta 1, Ga.

ditions in the muscle," by R.N. Sayre and E. J.
Briskey, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 28, SALMON:

November-December 1963, pp. 675-679, printed. "Ri ghth progress report on salmon diet experiments,"

Institute of Food Technologists, 510-522 N. Hickory by Thomas B. McKee and others, article, Research

St., Champaign, Ill. Briefs, vol. 9, no. 1, May 1963, pp. 52-56, printed.
Fish Commission, 307 State Office Bldg., 1400 Sw.

"Proteins in fish muscle. 18--Sedimentation patterns 5th Ave., Portland, Oreg. 97201.

of myosin-B extracts of prerigor cod muscle," by

J.R. Dingle and others, article, Canadian Journal "Ninth progress report on salmon diet experiments,"

of Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 41, September by Wallace F.. Hublou and others, article, Research

1963, pp. 1915-1926, printed. National Research Briefs, vol. 9, no. 1, May 1963, pp. 57-62, printed.

Council, Sussex St., Ottawa, Canada. Fish Commission, 307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW.

Sth Ave., Portland, Oreg. 97201.
"Study of fish serum proteins by starch-gel electro-

phoresis,'' by Andree Drilhon, article, Chemical The Salmon King of Oregon (R. D. Hume and the Pa-
Abstracts, vol. 57, December 10, 1962, 15624d, cific Fisheries), by Gordon B. Dodds, 271 pp., illus.,
printed. The American Chemical Society, 1155 16th printed, 1959, $6. The University of North Carolina
St. NW., Washington, D.C. Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. This year (1964) marked
the designation of the site of the first Pacific Coast
QUALITY: salmon cannery (built in Sacramento, Calif., 100
"Significance of the variations in the content of nu- years ago) as a National Historic Landmark. Because
cleotides, free amino acids, and carbohydrates of of the renewed interest in the early history of the
the fish muscle in judging quality," by F. Bram- Pacific Northwest salmon canning industry, it is fit-
stedt, article, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel, vol. 64, ting that attention be called to this book even though
September 1962, pp. 820-825, printed in German. it was published several years ago. This is not really
Industrieverlag‘von Hernhaussen K.G., 24 Rodings- a full biography because, as the author points out, the
markt, Hamburg II, Germany. necessary records are missing. But it is an econ-
omic history of the salmon canning industry in Ore-
"Sulfhydryl groups as an index of changes in fish tis- gon. Hume was a salmon canner of prominence and
sue during refrigeration,'' by N. A. Golovkin and an early apostle of conservation. He was a member
L.I. Pershina, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 56, of the pioneer family in the salmon industry and an
June 25, 1962, 15894a, printed. The American Chem- innovator in developing the techniques of the trade.
ical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C. The author admits that the scale of Hume's opera-
tions was much smaller than that of his competitors
RADIATION PRESERVATION: on the Columbia River, but his problems were the
Low-Level Radiation Preservation of Fishery Prod- same as those of the larger cannery operators. It
ucts ,{ October 1960-October 1962, by Joseph W. seems that the vicissitudes facing the salmon canner
Slavin, Maynard A. Steinberg, and Thomas J. Con- today are still exactly the same as those facing Hume:
nors, TID-18285, 37 pp., printed, April 1963, $1. relentless competition; the search for larger domes-
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of tic and foreign markets; relations with distant com-
Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230. mission men; the supply of salmon; and securing of
labor. But Hume had one more problem which no
Study of Irradiated-Pasteurized Fishery Products, longer faces today's canner--the difficulty of manu-
ietober 1, 1962-September 30, 1963, by Joseph W. facturing reliable cans. You will find on reading this
Slavin and Louis J. Ronsivalli, 82 pp., illus., printed, book that Hume's solutions to the problems mentioned
November 1963, $2. Office of Technical Services, "were vigorous, imaginative and colorful.'’ What
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Hume lacked in scientific knowledge of salmon he
20230. made up with inventiveness. Some of the first exper-
iments in the artificial propagation of salmon were
REFRIGERATION: conducted in his own hatcheries. Hume erected an
Refrigeration in Fishing Vessels, by G.C. Eddie, economic complex on the Rogue River in southwest-
orry Memoir No. 58, 8 pp., printed, 1961. Torry ern Oregon based upon his control of fishing rights
Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. on the river. Hume's career is significant not only
because of what he himself accomplished, but also
RESOURCES: because it exemplifies so well the beliefs of his era
Plan for Development of the Land and Water Resources in mechanical inventiveness, economic monopoly,
of the Southeast River Basins, 183 pp.; Appendix 1-- progress, and the sanctity of wealth and business.
Savannah Basin, 211 pp.; Appendix 2--Qgeechee The chapters in the book deal with Hume's migration
Basin, 146 pp.; Appendix 3--Altamaha Basin, 177 from Maine to the Columbia, and to Oregon; the Rogue

pp.; Appendix 4--Satilla-St. Marys Basin, 170 pp.; River salmon; the monopoly Hume developed; Hume

August 1964

the politician; the trials of a hatcheryman; his at-
tempts to influence public opinion and to expand his
empire; and the last chapter discusses the man and
the times he lived in. Quite interesting is the appen-
dix which gives the salmon pack on the Rogue River
from 1877 through 1908. The book contains a good
bibliography, and an index. This study tries to fiil
some gaps in American economic history, more
specifically the activities of the frontier capitalist
and businessman-conservationist in developing the
salmon canning industry of the Pacific Northwest.
Here is a book that makes fascinating reading. It
is an excellent addition to the library of any one in-
terested in the early history of commercial salmon
fishing and canning.

--Joseph Pileggi

SALT FISH:

"Accelerated cooling of wet, heavily salted fish," by
A.L. Wood, article, Journal of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, vol. 20, July 1963, pp. 997-

, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

SANITATION:

"Bacteriological survey of filleting processes in the
Pacific Northwest. I--Comparison of methods of
sampling fish for bacterial counts," by Wayne I.
Tretsven, article, Journal of Milk and Food Tech-
nology, vol. 26, September 1963, pp. 302-306, print-
ed. International Association of Milk and Food San-
itation, Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind.

"Increase in resistant strains on fish container dur-
ing CTC-icing, and reduction of bacterial load on
wooden container with bactericides,'’ by Tetuo Tom-
iyama, Yasuo Yone, and Etsuko Shiraishi, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 28, October 1962, pp. 1028-1042, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kai-
gandori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SARDINES:

"Night-caught and day-caught larvae of the California
sardine," by John D. Isaacs, article, Science, vol.
144, no. 3622, May 29, 1964, pp. 1132-1133, illus.,
printed, single copy 35 cents. American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massa-
chusetts Ave. NW., Washington, D.C. 20005.

SAURY:

"Phototaxis of saury. I--Vitamin A of fish eye," by
Yarokuro Yamamura and Seiichiro Muto, article,
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 59, November 11, 1963,
11942f, printed. The American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C.

SEAWEED:

"Studies on soluble alginates. II--The pH of soluble
alginates including lithium alginate, sodiumalginate,
potassium alginate and ammonium alginate," by
Miki Oguro, article, Bulletin of the Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University, vol. 12, May 1961, pp.
88-92, printed. Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Uni-
versity, Kameda-Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

SHARKS:
"Composition and palatability of porbeagle flesh," by
W.J. Dyer and D.I. Fraser, article, Journal of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, Sep-

tember 1963, pp. 1153-1158, printed. Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

SHRIMP:

"Occurrence of two penaeid shrimps, Artemisia long-
inaris (Bate) and Hymenopenaeus mulleri (Bate), and
some lesser-known shrimps in coastal waters of
South America," by M.N. Mistakidis and G. de S.
Neiva, article, Nature, vol. 202, no. 4931, May 2,
1964, pp. 471-472, printed. St. Martin's Press, Inc.,
175 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10010.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Management Staffing in Small Business, by Howard V.
Finston and Karl Christman, Management Research
Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1964. Small Business
Administration, Washington, D.C. 20416. The study
reported in this summary examines the practices
followed in the selection, development, and retention
of executives by some rapidly growing small business -
es in New Mexico.

William M. Hoad and Peter Rosko, Management Re-
search Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1963. Small Busi-
ness Adminstration, Washington, D.C. 20416. Why
do some new manufacturers succeed while others
fail? The study reported in this summary sought
answers to this question in a 3-year study of 95 new
small manufacturing businesses. Successful firms
were often characterized by (1) two or more execu-
tives with different backgrounds; (2) experienced
management--five years or more in managerial func-
tions; (3) highly educated management; (4) consulta-
tions before and after starting the business; (5) use
of management tools such as budgets and controls;
and (6) establishment of definite, realistic objectives
before committing funds. Failure was often caused
by inadequate training, experience, or ability on the
part of the management.

Using Security to Get a Bank Loan, by Leonard J. Kon-
opa, Small Marketers' Aid No. 102, 4 pp., processed,
April 1964. Small Business Administration, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20416. Sometimes the small marketer's
signature is the only security the bank needs when
making a loan. At other times, the bank requires ad-
ditional assurance that the money will be repaid. The
kind and amount of security depends on the bank and
on the small business owner's situation. Among the
types of security discussed in this report are: en-
dorsers, comakers, and guarantors; assignment of
leases; trust receipts for floor planning; savings ac-
counts; and life insurance policies.

SPAIN:

Nombres vulgares y cientificos de las principales

especies comerciales de peces de la region sudatlan-
tica espanola (Common and Scientific names of the
principal commercial fish species of Spain's South
Atlantic coast), by Julio Rodriguez -Roda, 17 pp.,
illus., printed in Spanish, 1960. (Reprinted from In-
vestigacion Pesquera, vol. 22, November 1960, pp.
103-155.) Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras,
Paseo Nacional, s/n, Barcelona-3, Spain.

SPOILAGE:

"Bacteriology of spoilage of fish muscle. II--Incidence
of spoilers during spoilage," by R. Adams, L. Farber,

114

and P. Lerke, article, Applied Microbiology, vol. 12,
no. 3, May 1964, pp. 277-279, illus., Sane single

copy $3. The Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Pres-
ton St., Baltimore, Md. 21202.

"Factors influencing the keeping quality of fresh-wa-
ter fish in ice," by N. L. Lahiry, M. N. Moorjani,
and B.R. Baliga, article, Food

Technology, vol. 17,
September 1963, pp. 123-125, printed. The Garrard
Press, 510 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill.

STERN TRAWLERS:

"Fishing equipment and technique for a refrigerated
stern trawler,'' by F.W. Jenckel, article, Schiff-
bautechnik, vol. 12, 1962, pp. 540-555, printed in
German. VEB Verlag Technik, 13/14 Oranienbur-
gerstrasse, Berlin C2, Germany.

"Refrigerated stern trawler," article, Schiff und Haf-
fen, vol. 14, no. 10, 1962, pp. 867-888, printed in
German. C.D.C. Heydorns Buchdruckerei, Ueter-
sen bei Hamburg, Germany.

STRIPED BASS:

"Hopes high for striped bass hatchery," by Otho May,
article, South Carolina Wildlife, vol. 11, no. 2,
Spring 1964, pp. 14-15, illus., printed. South Caro-
lina Wildlife Resources Department, Box 360, Co-
lumbia, S.C.

TOXICITY:

"Separation and purification of toxic constituent of
swellfish,'' article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 56,
April 2, 1964, 7684a, printed. The American Chem-
ical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C.
20006.

"Source of paralytic shellfish toxin in the Bay of
Fundy," by A. Prakash, article, Journal of the Fish-
eries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, July 1963,
pp. 983-996, printed. Queen's Printer and Con-
troller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

"Studies on the food poisoning caused by aquatic foods.
I--Preliminary survey on toxic substance of octopus
which caused food poisoning,'' by Yoshihiro Sato,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 29, March 1963, pp. 263-266, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kai-
gandori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

TOXINS:

"Tarichatoxin-tetrodotoxin: A potent neurotoxin," by
H.S. Mosher and others, article, Science, vol. 144,
no. 3622, May 29, 1964, pp. 1100-1110, illus., print-
ed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts
Ave. NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. A nonprotein
substance isolated from the California newt is the
Same as the toxin from the puffer fish.

TRAWL NETS:
The Study of the Mesh Selection of Trawl Nets, with
Special Reference to the Mesh Regulation on the

Japan Fisheries Resources Protection Association,
Tokyo, Japan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 8

TROUT:

"Fat oxidation and storage life of iced trout. I--In-
fluence of gutting,"' by Poul Hansen, article, Journal
of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 14, Nov+
ember 1963, pp. 781-786, printed. The Society of
Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1,
England.

TUNA:

"Biochemical studies on tuna. IV--Effect of coldstor-
age on the base composition of testis deoxribonucleic
acid (DNA),"' by Yutaka Fuji, Koichi Mimoto, and
Shichiro Higasa, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol.
57, November 26, 1962, 14301a, printed. The Ameri-

can Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
D.C. 20006. ee

Biologia del Atun, THUNNUS THYNNUS (L.) de la costa
Sudatlantica de Espana (Biology of the bluefin tuna, _
Thunnus thynnus (L.), of Spain's South Atlantic coast),
by Julio Rodrigues Roda, 114 pp., illus., printed in
Spanish with English summary, 1964. (Reprinted
from Investigacion Pesquera, vol. 25, January 1964,
pp. 33-146.) Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras,
Paseo Nacional, s/n, Barcelona-3, Spain.

TUNALIKE FISH:

Japansk Bonito- og Tunafiske (Japanese Bonito and
Tuna Fishing), by Torolf Holme, Fiskeridirektoratets
Skrifter, Serie Fiskeri, vol. 5, no. 1, 1964, 77 pp.,
illus., printed in Norwegian with English summary.
A.S. John Griegs Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway.

U.S.S.R.:

Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 40, no. 4, April 1964, 95 pp.,
illus., printed in Russian, single copy 50 Kopecks
(about 56 U.S. cents). Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, B-140,
V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Includes,
among others, these articles: ''Basic trends of tech-
nical progress in the fishing industry during 1966-
1970;" "Biology and fisheries for basic fishes of
southern Atlantic," by S.O. Overko; ''Fishing areas
off eastern Greenland," by L.N. Pechenik and M. V.
Mina; ''Present condition and future development of
fishery ports," by I. A. Kunitskii; ''Ocean perch and
herring trawl operations of the SRTR Uliss," by G.
Grishchenko; ''Use of electric current in the harvest-
ing of seals," by B.I. Badamshin and others; ''Gleb
Uspenskii, a large stern trawler;"’ Agar from Black
Sea gelidium algae," by A.A. Kalugina; ''The fishing
industry of the U.S.," by A.B. Kuz'mychev; and ''Sec-
ond session of the Mixed Commission on Cooperation
in Marine Fisheries (Soviet Union, Poland, and East
Germany)."

--M. A. Kravanja

Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 40, no. 5, May 1964, 96 pp.,
illus., printed in Russian, single copy 50 Kopecks
(about 56 U.S. cents). Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, B-140,
V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Includes,
among others, these articles: ''The development of
a large chemical industry and technical progress in
the fishing industry,'' by V. P. Zaitsev; "Our first ex-

perience with new fishery regulations," by E. N. Ka-
zancheev; ''The characteristics of fishing for white
whales and regularity of their distribution in the
Arctic,'' by D. A. Butorin; 'Purse-seining for halibut
and other bottomfish in the waters off Kamchatka,"

August 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 115

by I. A. Polutov and others; "Selection of infrared
thermo-emanator in warm processing of fish,"' by
N. N. Sakharova and E.I. Mellekh; "Objective method
of determining the degree of fat acidity in salted
herring," by L.A. Liubavina; 'Chemical composi-
tion and possible processing techniques for Far
Eastern molluses,'' by D. Ia. Ertel'; ''Possibilities
of increasing the efficiency of operation of large
stern trawlers (BMRT)," by N.S. Iukhno and V.A.
Teplitskii; ''Soviet-Ghanaian agreement on coopera -
tion in marine fisheries;"' and ''Physical principles
of fish detection,"' by I. Kliukin.

--M, A, Kravanja

VIET -NAM:

Foreign Trade Regulations of Viet-Nam, by Nandor
J. Cheplo, OBR 64-49, 8 pp., printed, May 1964, 15
cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (Forsale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.)
Viet-Nam's chronic imbalances in foreign trade,
low level of exchange reserves, and need to stimu-
late industrialization are important factors in the
Government's restrictive trade policy. This report
contains information on the import tariff system,
salessand other internal taxes, documentation and
fees, labeling and marking requirements, and spe-
cial customs provisions. Also discusses nontariff
import trade controls, Viet-Nam's export controls,
United States foreign trade controls, and diplomatic
representation between the two countries.

VITAMIN A:

"Effect of processing on the vitamin A content of
some Nile fishes," by S.R. Norcos and M.K. Saleh,
article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 59, August 5, 1963,
3261b, printed. The American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C. 20006.

"Studies on the mechanism of consumption and ac-
cumulation of vitamin A in fish (Part II),'' by Yaro-
kuro Yamamura, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 28, January
1962, pp. 39-44, printed. Japanese Society of Sci-
entific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-Ku,
Tokyo, Japan

WHALE OIL:
"Food additives. Hydrogenated sperm oil," article,
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 57, December 10, 1962,
, printed. The American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C. 20006.

WHALES:

"Flavour of beef and whale meat,'' by Irwin Hornstein,
Patrick F. Crowe, and William L. Sulzbacher, ar-
ticle, Nature, vol. 199, September 28, 1963, pp.
1252-1254, printed. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175
Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. 10010.

"Movement of humpback whales marked in the South
West Pacific Ocean 1952 to 1962,'' by W.H. Dawbin,
article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian
Whaling Gazette), vol. 53, no. 3, March 1964, pp.
68, 70-74, 76-78, illus., printed. Hvalfangerforen-
ingen, Sandefjord, Norway.

"Properties of components of myoglobin of the sperm
whale," by M. Z. Atassi, article, Nature, vol. 202,
no. 4931, May 2, 1964, pp. 496-498, illus., printed.
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10010.

"Reprocessing of whale fat into edible hydrogenated
fat,'' by T. A. Khorin, article, Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 58, January 7, 1963, 876e, printed. The Ameri-
can Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
D.C. 20006.

WHALING:

"Antarctic season 1963/64,'' article, Norsk Hvalfangst-
Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 53,
no. 3, March 1964, pp. 78, 80-81, printed in Norwe-
gian and English. Hvalfangerforeningen, Sandefjord,
Norway. In the season 1963/64, 16 factoryships took
part in pelagic whaling operations in the Antarctic.
This was one less than in the previous season; the
British factoryship Southern Harvester, sold in 1963
to Japan, did not participate in the operations. The
International Whaling Commission had resolved at
its meeting in 1963 to give total protection to the blue
whale in all but one Antarctic area. The humpback
whale was totally protected. Further, the Commis-
sion fixed the maximum catch for season 1963/64 at
10,000 blue-whale units, where the ''ceiling" had been
15,000 units in the previous season. The season
lasted from December 12 to April 7 for fin and sei
whales, and from February 1 to April 7 for blue
whales. Included in this article are statistical tables
showing the Antarctic catch by country in the past 3
seasons; catch by blue-whale units, 1963/64; blue
whale catches for the past 3 seasons; and production
of whale and sperm oil by fleet.

YELLOWTAIL:
Notes on the Ecology and Fisheries of the Yellowtail)
“SERIOLA QUINQUERAD TA T. et S., of the Japa
nese Waters, by Fumio Mitani, Fisheries Research
Series No. 1, 43 pp., illus., printed in Japanese. Ja-
pan Fisheries Resources Protection Association,

Tokyo, Japan.

116 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 8

"RIVERS OF MUD" AT BOTTOM OF SEA

Aseries of mammoth ''sea channels" carved out of the bottom of the ocean by gigantic
"rivers of mud'' have been found by United States scientists. Their findings were made
public on July 26, 1964, by the Director of the Coast and Geodetic Survey (C. & G. Ss) We Se
Department of Commerce. He reported that the ''sea channels" were located in the Bay of
Bengal.

The findings resultedfroma study made by the C. & G.S. oceanographic research ves-
sel Pioneer. The 312-foot "floating laboratory" is participating ina 20-nation study of the
Indian Ocean, scientifically one of the least known areas of the world. Its 27,000-mile
cruise ended August 11 when it returned to its home base of Oakland, Calif., after an ab-
sence of six months.

The study was conducted by three oceanographers --2 from the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey, and 1 from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. They reported that at least a
score of the ''sea channels'' was discovered on the bottom of the Bay of Bengal off the south-
ern coast of India.

"These channels are of enormous dimensions," said one of the oceanographers. ''The
largest surveyed by our scientists, located about 2 miles below the surface of the sea, was
about 4 miles wide and 300 feet deep. We estimated that it carried a volume of water 25
times larger thanthat of the Mississippi River. We followed it for about 200 miles before
we lost it.'' The Mississippi Riveris about a mile wide and up to 50 feetdeep. The ocean-
ographer said the channels were apparently dug out of the sea bottom by "gigantic rivers
of mud.

"Over the years," he said, "the many rivers which pour into the Bay of Bengal, in-
cluding the Ganges, Iraquadi, and Brahmapoutra, deposit their mud on the continental she lves,
a connecting link with the ocean bottom which begins at the water's edge. Possibly about
once or twice eachcentury, this mud suddenly moves with compelling force from the shelves
across the bottom of the sea through these huge channels. What triggers these sudden ayv-
alanches of mud at the bottom of the sea is not known.

"But the mud is apparently funneled down submarine channels cut into the steep con-
tinental slopes, which link the continental shelves and the ocean bottom, and pours across
the almost flat sea floor for hundreds of miles. At some time in the distant past, the mud
avalanches cut these enormous channels out of the sea bottom.

"Fach time this unusual phenomenon occurs, it fills the sea channels to overflowing
with huge, massive, fluid rivers of mud. The volume is so great that in overflowing the
channels it builds its own levees or walls, just asthe Mississippi River does on land. These
mud rivers run along the bottom of the sea like a flood of mercury. We don't know how
long these avalanches last. We believe they travel at high speed and their volume is meas-
ured in millions of cubic yards of mud. They represent a truly remarkable phenomena of
the sea.

TheC.&G.S. oceanographer said the channels are to be found as faras 500 miles from
shore.

Scientists knew before that deep-sea floor channels existed, but the impression up to
now has been that they represented a series of structural faults in the ocean bottom. Only
a few had been located in the Bay of Bengal.

"Our study definitely established,’ declared the scientist, ''thatthese channels are not
structural faults, that they were caused by rivers of mud, that they represent a complex
system rather than the isolated 2 or 3 we believed existed before. These sea channels in
the Bay of Bengal represent the greatest network and the greatest display of these unusual
features found anywhere so far. This is undoubtedly one of the major discoveries of our
expedition."

The Pioneer spent two weeks studying the seachannels. (News Release, July 26, 1964,
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce.)

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Tips and Recipes on—

Available from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402

Fish and Shellfish Cookery

1 eee BASIC FISH COOKERY. Looking for ways to pre-
pare seafood? This booklet provides step-by-step
illustrations, taking you from the cleaning and preparation of
seafood through methods of cooking, to the final dish ready
to place on the table. It discusses the nutritive value of the
various types of seafood; presents a guide for buying fish and
shellfish; gives many basic recipes for frying, broiling, baking,
planking, boiling, and steaming seafood; and lists many
garnishes that may be used to enhance these dishes. 1956
26 p. il.
Catalog No. I 49.39:2/2 25¢

2yeee TIPS ON COOKING FISH AND SHELLFISH.
Fisherman's Surprise! Sea Reef Salad! Sound ex-
citing, don’t they? These are but 2 of 18 taste-tempting
recipes contained in this pamphlet. It also includes a pur-
chasing guide describing various forms and cuts of fish; and a
list of suggested vegetables that can be: used for garnishing
fish dishes. 1958. 10p
Catalog No. I 49.2:F 53/8 10¢

Ee SHRIMP TIPS FROM NEW ORLEANS. Contains
many mouth-watering and colorfully illustrated New
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and fancy—boiled, fried, breaded, broiled, or en casserole
1956. 16 p.il
Catalog No. 1 49.4:41 25¢

4 _.. TAKE A CAN OF SALMON. This colorfully illus-
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luncheon dishes. 1960. 17 p. il
Catalog No. I 49.4:60 25¢

HOW TO COOK FISH AND SHELLFISH. A series of help-
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various types of seafood, and appetizing recipes for broiling,
boiling, frying, and baking, for casseroles, chowders, soups,

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Catalog No. 1 49.39: (booklet number)

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7 .... 6. HOW TO COOK OCEAN PERCH. 1952.

12 p. il 20¢
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9 .... 8 HOW TOCOOKCLAMS. 1953. 16p.il. 20¢
10 _.. 9. HOW TO COOK HALIBUT. 1956.

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Ua 10. HOW TO COOK CRABS. 1956.

16 p. il 20¢
Wain 11. HOW TO COOK LOBSTERS. 1957.

16 p. il. 20¢
UE} oe 12. HOW TO COOK TUNA. 1957. 16p.il. 20¢
Lcd eee 13. HOW TO COOK SCALLOPS. 1°

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Sie FISH COOKERY FOR ONE HUNDRED. Designed
for those who prepare fishery products in large quan-
tities. this publication includes essential information on the
purchase and preparation of seafoods for organizations, insti-
tutions, clubs, schools, or other large quantity users. Most
of the recipes it contains are basic methods which can be ap-
plied to several species of fish. Although written primarily
for quantity users, the individual should also find valuable
information in this booklet—a brief description of the markei
forms of fish and frozen fishery products, illustrated instruc-
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suggestions for the preparation of other types of seafood.
1956. 44 p. il.
Catalog No. I 49.39:1/2 30¢

Prices subject to change without notice
All supplies limited

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SEPTEMBER 1964

VOL. 26, NO. 9

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Fish and Wildlife Service —
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
Ree tee te SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, ASST. DIRECTOR

CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

=) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVI IEW ®)

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 1, 1963.

5/31/68
CONTENTS
COVER: U.S.D.I. (U.S. Department of the Interior) fishery in-
spector in a Texas shrimp breading plant making final check of
breaded shrimp before it goes into the freezer. Some 62 part-
time and full-time U.S.D.I. fishery inspectors in 40 plants in
the United States now inspect fishery products to assure top-
quality products for the consumer. In 1963, a total of 215 mil-
lion pounds of fishery products were inspected by U.S.D.I.
inspectors.
Page
1 ..A Progress Report on the Development of International Food Standards, by Charles Butler
Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Alaska: California:
10 .. Foreign Fishing Activities in Bering Sea, 14 .. Commercial Shrimp Quota Off Crescent City-
June 1964 Eureka Area Increased
11 .. Kodiak Firm Processes Dungeness Crab 14 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued
11 .. Southeastern Alaska Salmon Purse-Seine Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products:
Season Opened July 1 14 ., January-May 1964
12... Halibut Prices Rise in June Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
12... Pink Salmon Off Southeast Alaska Coast 15 .. Trade Wind Zone Oceanographic Studies Con-
12 .. Butter Clam Digging Feasible Despite Earth- tinued
quake 16 .. Anton Bruun Participation in International
12 .. Dungeness Crab Reported Plentiful Off Cape Indian Ocean Expedition
Fairweather Chesapeake Bay:
Alaska Exploratory Fishery Program: 17 .. Chesapeake Research Council Organized
12... Underwater Television Used for Locating Clams:
King Crab 17... Research by University of Rhode Island
Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear Federal Aid:
Research: 18 .. Pacific Northwest States Receive Funds for
13... Shellfish Explorations Started by Research Fisheries Program
Vessel Paragon Fish Kills:
13... King Crab Tagging 18 .. More Fish Kills in Louisiana Investigated
Botulism Research: Flatfish:
13... Federal Government Committee Formed to 19 .. North Pacific Migrations of Halibut and Sole

Coordinate Research

Contents continued page II.

Page

31
32

33
34

35
35

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Fur Seals:
Processing Contract Negotiations by U.S.
Department of the Interior
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:
Schedule of Fishery Explorations in Lake
Superior
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Sea Lamprey Control as of June 1964
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
Trawling Survey Off the Caribbean Coast of
Colombia
Gulf Fishery Investigations:
Shrimp Distribution Studies
Halibut:
North Pacific Halibut Landings, 1964 Season
to July 20, 1964
Quality Evaluation of Ex-Vessel Pacific
Landings Continued
Industrial Fishery Products:
U.S. Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
Production by Areas, June 1964
Production by Areas, May 1964
Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, May 1964
Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, April 1964
Fish Oil Producers' Views on Market Trends
Raw Material Scarce in Maine
Fish Oils
Maine Sardines:
Canned Stocks, June 1, 1964
Maine Canned Sardines Served at National
Boy Scout Jamboree
Marlin:
Billfish Research Cruise by University of
Miami Vessel
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:
Tuna and Swordfish Distribution Studies in
Western North Atlantic
Electrical Fishing Gear in Operation Ob-
served by Television
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Bottomfish Trawling Survey Off Washington
Coast
Albacore Tuna Abundance and Distribution
Study
Nutrition:
Fishery Products Reaffirmed as Nutritious
and Healthful
Oceanography:
Indian Ocean Investigations by Research
Vessel Pioneer
University of Miami Research Vessel Re-
turns from Equatorial Atlantic Oceano-
graphic Investigations
Coast Guard Cutter Occupies Ocean Weather
Station
New Instrument Effective Aid in Ocean-
Bottom Studies
Ocean Perch:
Annual Check of Tagged Ocean Perch Off
Maine
Oysters:
Developments on MSX Disease Reported by
Scientists
Breeding Stock Resistant to Disease

38
39

43
44

45
45

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):

Pacific Northwest:
Japanese Fishery Observers Visit United
States
Pollution:
Pesticide Endrin Blamed in Mississippi
River Fish Kill
Salmon:
New Fish Behavorial Flume Built in Pacific
Northwest
Shrimp:
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, June
1964
Royal-Red Shrimp Fishing Off Florida East
Coast Good in June
Smoked Fish:
Status Report on Smoked Fish Processing
Studies in Great Lakes Region
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
South Atlantic Fishery Explorations Continued
by Research Vessel Oregon
Tagging:
Marlin and Sailfish Cooperative Tagging Pro-
gram in Hastern Pacific
Tuna:
Albacore Exploratory Cruise Conducted by
Oregon Fish Commission
Bluefin Tagged Off Baja California Recap-
tured Near Japan
United States Fisheries:
Fish Sticks and Portions, January-March
1964
U.S. Fishing Vessels:
Documentations Issued and Cancelled:
May 1964
April 1964
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Imports of Canned Tuna Under Quota
Processed Edible Fishery Products, May
1964
Value of U.S. Fishery Products Exports Up
Sharply in 1963
Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, Jan-
uary-March 1964
Wholesale Prices:
Edible Fish and Shellfish, July 1964

FOREIGN:

International:
Fishing Limits:

British-Norwegian Discussions

Fish Meal:
Production and Exports for Selected Coun-
tries, January-April 1963-1964
Fish Oil:
World Exports, 1963
Food and Agriculture Organization:

Tuna Research Meeting Held in Rome

Greater International Discipline Urged in
Harvesting World's Oceans

Gear:

Soviet and U.S. Delegations Discuss Fishing
Gear Conflicts in Northeastern Pacific
Ocean

Great Lakes Fishery Commission:
Annual Meeting Held at Ann Arbor, Michigan

Contents continued page III.

September 1964

Page:

54
54
55

56
56
57
57
58
58

58
59

59
60
60
60
60
61
62
64
64
65
66
66
66

67
68

68
69

@” enters fe

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):
International Atomic Energy Agency:
Recommendations Made on Radiation Con-
trol of Harmful Organisms in Foods and
Animal Feeds
International Whaling Commission:
16th Annual Meeting Held
Nordic Countries
Ninth Nordic Fisheries Conference
North Pacific Fisheries Convention:
Parties to the Convention Will Seek Agree-
ment at Meeting in Ottawa, September 9,
1964
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:
Fisheries Committee Meets
Shrimp:
International Shrimp Council Planned to
Promote Shrimp Consumption
Whaling:
Whale Distribution in Northeast Pacific
Shown on Soviet Map
Australia:
Tuna Fishery Has Good Season
Tuna Could Top Fish Catch
Duty on Shrimp Imports
Fisheries Landings, 1962/63
Tasmania Scallop Season Extended
Canada:
New Fish-Processing Plant Opens in Nova
Scotia
New Fisheries Research Vessel Planned
Spanish Trawler Convicted for Violation of
Territorial Waters
Bounty Payments on Pacific Harbor Seals
Discontinued
Chile:
Tuna Fleet to be Expanded
Developments on the Proposed Japanese-
Chilean King Crab Venture
Communist China:
Purchase of Large Trawlers Planned
Cuba:
Imports of Fishery Products from Japan,
January-April 1964
Denmark:
Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1964
Imports of Fishery Products, 1962-63 and
Early 1964
Meeting Planned on Structural Research for
Small Vessels
Ecuador:
Tuna Industry Trends, 1963
Shrimp Industry Trends, 1963
Spiny Lobster Industry Trends; 1963
Bottomfish Industry Development
Ghana:
Government Control of Two Private Fishing
Firms
Iceland:
Herring Fisheries Trends as of July 13,
1964
Exports of Fishery Products, January-
March 1964
Herring Prices, June 16-September 30, 1964
Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Jan-
uary-February 1964

Page

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Contents continued page

Iceland (Contd.):
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January-
February 1964
Ireland:
Fishing Industry Surveyed by United States
Fishery Scientists
Ivory Coast:
New Development in Sardine Fishery
Japan:
Export Validations for Frozen Tuna and Tuna
Loins to U.S., April-May 1964
Ex-Vessel Prices for Albacore Tuna Still
High in June 1964
Summer Albacore Tuna Fishery
South Pacific Tuna Mothership Fishery
Trends, June 1964
Japanese Tuna Exporters Seeking More
Trade with Spain and Cuba
Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to Cuba In-
creasing
Frozen Tuna Sales to Italy Slow in June 1964
Establishment of Overseas Tuna Base Coun-
cil Under Study
Japanese Negotiate with Portuguese Firm
for Tuna Base Off West African Coast
Pole-and-Line Skipjack Tuna Fishery Being
Studied
Tuna Behavior Near Driftwood Studied
Tuna Fishing Licenses Decline in Value
Fishing Company to Fly Replacements for
Tuna Long-Line Crews
Tanker Refuels Tuna Long-Liners at Sea
Tuna Mothership in Indian Ocean Confronted
with Labor Dispute at Sea
South Korea Asks Japan to Liberalize Vessel
Exports
North Pacific Salmon Catch as of Mid-June
1964
Mothership Salmon Catch in North Pacific
Reported Poor
Record Low Salmon Catch Expected for Area
B
Hokkaido Canners Hard Hit by Poor Salmon
Catch
Pack of Land-Based Salmon Canners Down
Mothership Bottomfish and Shrimp Fishery
in Eastern Bering Sea, June 1964
New Crab Fishery Developed in Japanese
Coastal Waters
Atlantic Trawl Fishery, 1963
Refrigerated Carriers Being Built for Atlan-
tic Trawl Fleet
Stern-Trawler Cannery Built for Shrimp
Fishery
Fishing Vessel Construction Permits Issued
June 16, 1964
Fishery Production in 1963
Status of 1963 Overseas-Based Fisheries to
be Studied
New Fishing Port in Osaka Prefecture
Frozen Fish Sales Promotion Planned
Fish Meal and Solubles Used in Mixed Feed,
1958-1963
Antarctic Whale Catch and Products Pro-
duced, 1963/64
Cultured Pearl Quality Improved by Use of
Antibiotic

Iv.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No 9

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

Page: Page:
FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.):
Republic of Korea: South Africa Republic (Contd.):
B2evets Negotiations for Additional Tuna Vessels B38) on Fish Meal Production for 1964 Sold or Com-
Liberia: mitted
B28 Fishing Industry Undergoing Modern Ex- Dare. Spiny Lobster Fishing Regulations Amended
pansion 95 .. Quality Specifications for Fishery Products
Mexico: — Oe) 44 New Vessel Equipped for Drum-Traw1 Fishing
84 ., "Pilot'’ Fishing Port at Alvarado Nears South and South-West Africa:
Completion 96 .. Fishery Landings Set Another Record in 1963
Netherlands: Republic of Togo:
Bo" Ae Reorganization of Fishing Industry Proposed Chie a Extends Territorial Waters to 12 Miles
New Zealand U.S.S.R.:
85 .. Local Sperm Whaling Promising in Early 97 .. New Variety of Sturgeon Developed
1964 United Arab Republic:
Nigeria: 98 .. Fishery Products Imports and Exports, Jan-
86 .. Shrimp Resources Promising uary-June 1963
Norway: United Kingdom:
THI 5 4 Exports of Canned Fish, January 1-April 13, OBI eee. Newest Addition to Freezer-Trawler Fleet
1964 Launched
87 .. Fisheries Trends, May 1964 FEDERAL ACTIONS:
87 .. Stern Trawler Design Produced by Com- Department of Commerce:
puter Bureau of the Census:
88 .. Fishing for Dogfish and Basking Shark Off TOOK. Time Extended for Comments on Changes
Great Britain To Be Continued in Export Classification
88 .. Sealing Expedition to the Antarctic Department of the Interior:
Panama: Fish and Wildlife Service:
88 .. Shrimp Fishery Trends, 1963 TOO. Regulations Proposed for Procedures on
89 .. Spiny Lobster and Scallop Fisheries Commercial Fisheries Research and De-
Poland: velopment Act
90 .. Fishery Trends in 1964 United States Court of Appeals:
90 .. Fisheries Trends and Exports in 1963 LOA Federal Maritime Commission Order for
(oy ee Fish Meal Production, 1963 Lower Alaska Water Transportation Rates
Portugal: Stayed
91... Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1964 104 ,. EHighty-Highth Congress (Second Session)
92 .. Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1964 RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
South Africa Republic: 108 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
92 .. Exploratory Fishing for Shrimp Off West 110 .. Miscellaneous Publications
Coast Hits
Ce aan Anchovy Resources Off Coast Explored

Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky

Compositors: Alma Greene, Donna K. Wallace, and Marjorie McGlone

ok ook Ok Kk ok

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P. 40--H. R. Bullis, Jr.; p. 61 (fig. 1)--Danish Foreign Ministry Press
Bureau and (fig. 2)--Turistforeningen, Denmark; p. 62--Norman D.
Jarvis; p. 76--R. C. Naab; p. 78 (fig. 2)--Consulate General of Japan,
N. Y.; p. 81--Arnie J. Suomela, American Embassy, Tokyo, Japan;
p. 89--Carlos A. Arosemena L., Panama City, Panama; p. 96 (fig. 1)--
American Studio; p. 96 (fig. 3) and p. 97 (fig. 5)--Albert C. Jensen,
Woods Hole, Mass.; p. 98 (fig. 1)--F. Harland, Selby, England; p. 98
(fig. 2) and p. 99 (fig. 3)--Peter Brady, Fleetwood, England.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $6.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

ce five. tuesii. £ PGizL LS REVIEW
September 1964 Washington, D. C. Vol. 26, No.9

A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL FOOD STANDARDS
By Charles Butler*

Among the first problems facing any country seeking to engage in international trade is
that of agreement with the buyer on the nature, characteristics, quality, quantity, and price of
the commodity to be traded. Once agreement is reached on those elements, the negotiation of
the other details can proceed in an orderly way and by accepted rules of commerce.

Many countries are actively engaged in the export and import of foods whether they be
raw, semiprocessed, or processed. However, that trade is hampered by lack of food stand-
ards acceptable to buyer and seller. A number
of international organizations had been work-
ing on standards for trade between countries.
For example, the need for agreement on food
standards was first recognized when the Codex
Alimentarius Europaeus was established to de-
velop standards for use among European na-
tions. The Organization for Economic Cooper-
ation and Development (OECD), of which the
United States is a member, also had a program
for food standards development.

Many people felt that the work was being
unnecessarily duplicated, too many organiza-
tions were engaged in it, and its cost was be-
coming prohibitive. This situation sparked the
adoption of a resolution at the FAO Conference
of 1961, endorsing the establishment of a Co-
dex Alimentarius (Food Standards) Commis-
sion to operate under joint Food and Agricul-
ture Organization/World Health Organization
(FAO/WHO) auspices. The excellent progress
made on food additives, milk hygiene, and the
Code of Principles for milk and milk products Fig. 1 - To assure a top-quality processed product for the con-
under this same joint auspices was the basis for sumer, U.S.D.1. (U.S. Department of the Interior) fishery in-
this further program. InOctober1962,there was _ spector checks quality of raw heads-off shrimp in Texas shrimp
convened, at Geneva, the First Joint FAO/WHO reading plant.

Conference on Food Standards to review the proposed program. The conference was mainly
concerned with the organization of the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. The at-
tendees set the principles, guidelines, purpose, and scope of the Commission.

The first working conference of that Commission, held in Rome June 25-July 3,963) re-
sulted in assignment of chairmanships of the various commodity and practices committees to
*Assistant Director for Industrial Research, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No. 709

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

member governments or international organizations. For example, the United States was
assigned chairmanships for the committees on food hygiene and processed fruits and vegeta-
bles; FAO was given the chairmanship for the committee on fish and fishery products.

The Joint FAO/WHO Program on Food Standards (Codex Alimentarius) has as its pur-
pose: simplifying and integrating food standards work now carried on by many international
organizations; providing an effective mechanism for obtaining Government acceptance of those
standards; and their publication in the Codex Alimentarius. Participation in the program is
open to all interested member nations of FAO and WHO. Primary task of the Commission is
the determination of priorities and the allocation of preparatory work on each standard to the
best qualified outside technical body. The group so selected would submit a draft to the Com-
mission for finalization at Government level as was so successfully done with the Code of
Principles for Milk and Milk Products. Work already under way onfood standards, suchas that

: ; 2 of FAO, would gradually be integrated with the
new Joint Program. Basis for the Joint Pro-
gram is (1) the rapidly growing importance of
internationally accepted food standards as a
means of protecting consumers and producers
in all countries, whatever their stage of de-
velopment, and of effectively reducing trade
barriers; and (2) the need to simplify and in-
tegrate international food standards work to
avoid duplication and conflicting standards and
to effect economies in effort and expense.

Types of foods to be included are princi-
eh : 3 pal foods entering international trade, whether
Fig. 2 - U.S.D.1. fishery inspectors at packing line of Texas processed, semiprocessed, or raw, for direct

shrimp breading plant. sale to the consumer or for manufacturing

purposes. Food additives, intentional or un-
intentional, are included because of their increasing importance (pesticides, ete.). Primary
responsibility for the work on food standards rests with FAO, while WHO is concerned with
health aspects of the program. Food hygiene is included because this element is essential to
insure a food standard that is both effective and acceptable, based on international food stand-
ards work already under way. Food hygiene rules will also be valuable for guidance of de-
veloping countries where full knowledge in this area cannot be taken for granted.

a 7%

Worldwide standards were agreed upon as the desirable type, because some foods are
international in trade. There are not excluded standards for foods that are regional or inter-
regional but the Codex, through incorporation of both types, will be a reference book of inter-
national food standards and a means for harmonizing the standards themselves.

The nature and type of standards to be included in the Codex is important. ''Nature"
means the category into which they fall. These are: international "trading" standards; inter-
national minimum standards, standards somewhat less rigorous, but a target at which nation-
al standards should aim. ''Type'' is aspect to be covered; composition, designation, labeling,
analysis, hygiene, etc.

The Commission recognizes the difficulty of attaining its objectives, even for closely
linked countries, but the aim must be attained by any group of countries seeking free inter-
change of foodstuffs ina common market. The trading standards can be only recommenda-
tions for use by any country at its option; or as in HEC, by international legislation they may
become law for that group. Less difficult is the recommendation of minimum standards which
if a government accepts them, merely undertakes to insure that corresponding national
standards shall not be less rigorous. This does not preclude national standards being more
rigorous.

A good example of minimum standards appeared in Code of Principles for Milk and Milk
Products, now accepted by about 50 countries. Standards for dried milk, elaborated there-
from, are already having international impact on trade in that commodity.

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Those food standards are aimed at insuring the marketing of a sound, wholesome prod-
uct, correctly labeled and presented. Those objectives are most important in international
standards. They are not intended to force a certain quality (or grade) of product upon the
consumer or otherwise to affect consumer preference.

All standards developed by the Commission would be submitted to governments with a
view to their acceptance. This is an essential element since there are detailed and diverse
governmental regulations to which every imported food must comply. Harmonization with
national standards, therefore, will enhance the weight of the Codex standard as a model.

For fish and fishery products, the Commission delegated to FAO the initial work on both
Codes of Principles and Standards. FAO called a meeting of a Committee of Experts which
met in Rome, February 18-20, 1964.

The Committee consisted of experts from the following 12 countries actively associated
with international trade in fish and fishery products: Canada, Denmark, Federal Republic of
Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, and
United States of America, together with observers from France, Poland, the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the European Economic Community
(EEC). The Committee elected as its Chairman H. V. Dempsey (Canada) andas its Rapporteur
C. Butler (U.S.A.)

The Committee's substantive agenda was as follows:

(1) Recommendation of priorities among fish and fishery products to be standardized.

(2) Preparation of a code of principles for fish and fishery products.

(3) Preparation of a draft model standard.
In handling this agenda, the Committee had before it a considerable documentation prepared
by the FAO Secretariat, containing information on regulations concerning fish and fishery
products in the principal countries, on the work of other international agencies (in particular
OECD) on a draft skeleton code of principles and, finally, material on international trade in
fish and fishery products to facilitate the selection of priorities among them for standardiza-

tion.

The Committee agreed that, in the selection of products for international standardization,
priority should be given to those products:

a. Which are important in international trade.

b. Which are of interest to a number of countries.

c. Where lack of standards have created trade difficulties.

d. For which raw material does not differ too much.

e. For which standardization would not be too difficult technically.

The list of products selected as suitable for international standardization at an early date
was:

(a) Canned Products:

Herring and sardine in tomato sauce
Herring and sardine in oils

Tuna, bonito and mackerel in brine or oils
Pacific salmon

Crab meat and shrimp

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

(b) Frozen Products:
Tuna as raw material for further processing
Herring W W W "W W W
Fillets of Atlantic cod, haddock, and ocean perch (Sebastes species)
Pacific salmon
Crustaceans
(c) Cured Products:

Salted herring
Salted cod

Instead of the Code of Principles which it was requested to draw up, the Committee felt
that it would be more descriptive to call it a Code of Practice, since what was wanted were
broad guidelines for practical application. On the basis of a draft submitted by the Secretar-
iat, the Committee considered in detail the various chapters which should be included and, as
a result, drew upthe skeleton Code of Practice which is outlined here:

I. HANDLING PRACTICES FOR RAW MATERIAL
1. Requirements for raw fish and fishery products
(a) Handling on board fishing vessels
(i) condition of fish at the time of catching
(ii) immediate handling of fish, including gutting and bleeding
(iii) washing
(iv) stowing and icing

(v) equipment and facilities available on board (boxes, freezing equipment,
cold-storage rooms, etc.)

(b) Handling ashore
(i) proper methods of unloading the catch
(ii) re-icing prior to sale as fresh fish
(iii) re-icing prior to processing
(iv) re-icing prior to auction
(v) handling of products frozen at sea

2. Requirements for plants and equipment
(a) sanitation
(b) disinfection

Il. PROCESSING PRACTICES
1. Freezing and storage of frozen products
2. Canning

3. Curing (salting, smoking, marinating)

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

Ill. PRACTICES OF QUALITY CONTROL
IV. STANDARDS
1. Standards of composition
(a) definition
(b) designation
(c) quality requirements
(d) permitted additions
(e) marking and labeling
2. Methods of sampling, analysis and examination needed for control of each standard
In general, the Committee felt that the Fisheries Division of FAO should be responsible
for elaborating the skeleton Code of Practice. However, in order to achieve that task, the
Committee felt that specified countries or or- gore ’
ganizations should be asked to help in the pre-

paration of the Code. The exceptions are as
follows:

a. With respect to antimicrobials and
other ice additives, the Committee requested
the Director-General to request the Codex
Alimentarius Expert Committee on Food Ad-
ditives, under the chairmanship of the Nether-
lands Government, to look into the whole ques-
tion of the use of antibiotics in ice for the pre-
servation of fish with a view to determining
whether the technological considerations are
sufficient to justify the establishment of a
tolerance for their use, subject to appropriate ‘i ae
toxicological examination by the Standing Joint Figs Seth S.D.f. Sider snepectonitet Texas tinip ending

FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Addi- plant checks package of breaded shrimp at weighing station of
tives. the production line.

b. With respect to requirements for plants and equipment, the Committee recommended
that the questions of sanitation and disinfection be considered by the Codex Alimentarius Ex-
pert Committee on Food Hygiene, under the chairmanship of the United States. The Commit-
tee, therefore, requested the Director-General to ask the Expert Committee on Food Hygiene
to include in its program problems of sanitation and disinfection for fish processing plants.

c. With respect to freezing and storage of frozen products, the Committee felt that the
International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) should be requested to develop that chapter of the
Code in collaboration with OECD.

d. With respect to processing practices for canning, the Committee noted the program
now in hand with OECD on this subject and felt that OECD should be asked to develop that
chapter of the Code.

e. With respect to curing, the Committee felt that this subject should be broken down in-
to the following subdivisions and the development work allocated as indicated:

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

Process Country
Salting Iceland
Smoking Netherlands
Marinating Germany

Regarding fermented products, it was agreed that this subject Should be referred to the
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council for consideration and the development of a Code if they felt
that sufficient material was available for a chapter.

The Committee considered in detail a skeleton model which had been drawn up by the FAO
Secretariat for the elaboration of international standards for fish and fishery products.
The model standard agreed upon is as follows:

I. STANDARD OF COMPOSITION

(The example taken is that of a canned product).

Definition

The fish shall be defined by the Latin name of the genus and species to which it belongs
(Binominal nomenclature), e.g. "canned tuna is the processed flesh of fish of the species
listed. . .

Designation

Name of product e. g., grated tuna in oil.

Quality requirements

Minimum requirements for content

(a) requirements concerning fish, e. g., appearance, freshness, color, etc.

(b) form of pack, e. g., solid pack, chunks, flakes, grated

Grades
e.g. Fancy Grade or Grade A
Standard Grade Grade B

Commercial Grade
Permitted additions

(a) substances added for other purposes (eventually food additives which will be in-
cluded in the Codex Permitted List now in preparation).

(b) packing media, e. g., type of oil used, brine, etc.

Marking and labeling

The outside of packages shall bear the following information clearly described:
(a) designation - e.g. chunks

(b) ingredients

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

II. METHODS OF SAMPLING, ANALYSIS AND EXAMINATION NEEDED FOR CONTROL
OF THIS STANDARD

(a) examination of cans - e.g. seaming

(b) bacteriological examination - e.g. routine incubation
(c) chemical examination - e.g. salt, fat, acidity

(d) organoleptic examination

(e) sampling

The Committee proposed that the following steps should be followed in drafting standards
on this model:

a. A first draft would be prepared by the "author" country or organization proposed in
the following table;against each standard (if the FAO Secretariat should be unable to make the
arrangements suggested with those countries or organizations, the Committee urged it to
make such other appropriate arrangements as might be necessary to expedite this work) and
sent to the FAO Fisheries Division which would then distribute it for comment to other in-
terested countries.

b. The comments of those countries would then be sent to the FAO Secretariat for con-
solidation and transmission to the ''author" country.

ec. The "author" country or organization would then prepare a revised draft in the light
of the comments and send it to the FAO Secretariat.

d. The second draft would then be distributed by the Secretariat to interested countries
for further comment.

e. This procedure would be continued until substantial agreement had been reached upon
the draft.

f. At that stage, the Committee felt that the draft could best be considered by a Codex
Alimentarius Expert Committee which the Codex Alimentarius Commission might wish to set

up.

g. The draft approved by that Committee of Experts would then be sent to the Codex Ali-
mentarius Commission and thereafter handled by the normal agreed procedures of that Com-
mission.

The countries or organizations which the Committee felt should be invited to undertake
the preparation of the preliminary draft of the standards (i.e. ''author''’ countries or organi-
zations) are as follows:

CANNED PRODUCTS "AUTHOR" COUNTRY
Herring in tomato sauce OECD
Sardine in tomato sauce OECD
Herring in oil OECD
Sardine in oil OECD
Tuna in brine or oil Japan

Bonito in brine or oil Peru

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CANNED PRODUCTS (Contd.)

Mackerel in brine or oil

Pacific salmon

Shrimp: (i) Paeneus
(ii) Crangon

FROZEN PRODUCTS

Frozen tuna as raw material
for further processing

Frozen herring as raw material
for further processing

Frozen fillets of Atlantic cod,

haddock, and ocean perch (Sebastes)

Frozen Pacific salmon
Frozen crustaceans

CURED PRODUCTS

Salted herring
Salted cod, etc.

Vol. 26, No. 9

"AUTHOR" COUNTRY (Contd.)

Portugal

Canada

U.S.A.

Federal Republic
of Germany

Japan
Norway
United Kingdom

Canada
France

Netherl nds
Canada

The Committee requested the Secretariat, when inviting countries or organizations to

draft those standards to seek as far as possible '

'trading" standards. Trading" standards

are fon purposes of aiding in orderly trade in the commodity as contras ‘ed to consumer-

Fig. 4 - U.S.D.1. fishery inspector in a Texas shrimp breading
plant checks the grade of breaded shrimp.

oriented standards. They aim at establishing

a norm for the commodity, but do not preclude
negotiation for sale of a below-the-norm com-
modity at a lesser price.

The United States Government has sup-
ported the Codex Alimentarius Commission
from its inception and has taken an active role.
In fact, Deputy Commissioner John Harvey of
the Food and Drug Administration chaired that
Commission's meeting at Geneva in February
1963, and at Rome in June of 1963. Since the
United States has a rather comprehensive pro-
gram of national food standards it is in a posi-
tion to provide a significant impact for the de-
velopment of international "trading" standards.
Those standards willhelp the United States in
its current program of trade expansion aboard,
and they will also provide guidelines for pro-
duction by developing countries of products

acceptable in world trade channels.

The fishing industry should be interested in the program in that it will have a bearing on

our export and import business in the future.

The procedures described provide ample op-

portunity for comment on the fishery products standards as they are developed. The accept-
ance of any standard published by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for use is entirely

voluntary and each country can elect to use it or not.

However, with these new international

tools there is reason to believe the goals set down by the Commission can be reached:

1. Promotion of trade in food.

2. Stimulation of food standards work in developing countries.

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

3. Protection of the consumer's health.

4. Promotion of fair practices in food trade.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1962. Report of Joint FAO/WHO Conference on Food Standards, 1964, Report of Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commis-
Geneva, October. sion Committee of Experts on International Standards for
Fish and Fishery Products, Rome, Italy, February 18-
1963. Report of First Session of Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimen- 20.

tarius Commission, Rome, Italy, July.

Sse

THE TRUE DOLPHIN KNOWN FOR SPEED AND FIGHTING SPIRIT

Two marine species in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico have the same name--
dolphin. One is the bottle-nosed mammal sometimes called porpoise. The other is
the true dolphin, a beautiful and spectacular game fish.

The dolphin, or dorado, is re-
splendently colored with hues of
lilac, sea greens andemerald
pastels mingled with purplish
golds. Leaping high into the air
when snared, this fish displays
those colors with each surge.
These repeated leaps of 10 to 20
feet are remarkable demonstra-
tions of the dolphin's fighting
spirit.

Dolphins are most often caught
by trolling slowly in rather deep
waters off reefs or in bays. The
young occur inshallow waters, but
the mature fish usually prefer the
openseas. These fish are noted
for their very great speed and
their streamlined body design.
The average size dolphinis about
2 or 3feet long, and they are said
to prey on flyingfish.

Dolphins are also famed for unusual and rapid change of color at death. Their
colors may change from yellow to green to blue to violet in a matter of minutes.
(Alabama Conservation, December-January 1964.)

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Alaska

FOREIGN FISHING ACTIVITIES IN
BERING SEA, JUNE 1964:

There was an increase in foreign fishing
activity off Alaska during June 1964. By the
end of that month, some 400 Soviet and Japa-
nese vessels were fishing in the area.

U.S.S.R.: KING CRAB FISHERY: A tan-
gle-net fishery for king crab was the only ma-
jor Soviet effort in the eastern Bering Sea
during June--an area of intense Soviet fish-
eries during the winter and early spring peri-
ods. The factoryships Pavel Chebotnyagin,
Konstantin Sukhanov, and Vasiliy Blyukher,
each accompanied by at least two tangle-net
setting trawlers, were concentrating on the
Continental Shelf north of the Alaska Penin-
sular from Unimak Pass to near Port Heiden.
The limited Soviet fishery for shrimp located
northwest of the Pribilof Islands during May
1964 had apparently been abandoned.

TRAWL FISHERY: The major Soviet fish-
ery off Alaska had their trawling fleet
fishing primarily for Pacific ocean perch in
the Gulf of Alaska. That fishery, which began
near Yakutat in March, shifted to the west
with the major concentration during June cen-
tered on Albatross Bank south of Kodiak Is-
land. About 90 trawlers, 15 freezerships, 3
factoryships, and associated support vessels
were included in the Albatross fleet. Asmall-
er Soviet trawling fleet of about 25 trawlers
and 4 freezerships was operating on Portlock
Bank east of Kodiak. Frequent observations
of the catches by the Soviet trawling fleet near
Kodiak continue to indicate they were taking
large quantities of Pacific ocean perch, with
very little incidental catches of other species
such as halibut and king crab.

WHALING: In mid-June, the massive
whale factoryship Sovetskaya Rossiya, ac-
companied by at least 11 whale killer vessels,
was observed actively engaged in whaling off
Cape Spencer in southeast Alaska. The Ros-

Fig. 1 - Soviet trawler operating in North Pacific and Bering Sea.
Vessel under way with all nets aboard.

siya was built in 1961, is over 700 feet long,
of 32,000 gross tons, and carries a helicopter
aboard. It was believed she was returning
from the whaling season in the Antarctic, tak-
ing additional whales en route to her home
port of Vladivostok.

Japan: SHRIMP FISHERY: The Japanese
factoryship Chichibu Maru, with 12 accom-

September 1964

panying trawlers, which was engaged ina
shrimp fishery generally north of the Pribilof
Islands throughout the year was reported to
have returned to Japan for repairs. She is
scheduled to return to the eastern Bering Sea
during August. A second shrimp factoryship,
the Einin Maru, also with 12 trawlers, was
still in the area generally north of the Prib-
ilofs during June.

KING CRAB FISHERY: King crab fishing
by the Japanese involving the factoryships
Tokei Maru and Tainichi Maru was centered
in the area off Port Moller during June. Each
of the factoryships was accompanied by 6
trawler-type vessels for handling the tangle
nets.

LONG-LINE FISHERY: The Japanese long-
line fishery, specifically for halibut in the
eastern Bering Sea, apparently was abandoned
due to disappointing catches. At last report
the Kotoshiro Maru No. 25 with one accom-
panying long-liner shifted its operations to
near the Siberian coast. The factoryship Fuji
Maru No. 3 was reported to have returned to
Japan. The 5 long-line fishing vessels ac-
companying the fae Maru No. 3 were to be

assigned to the Seifu Maru fleet.

Fig. 2 - Cleaning and packing compartment aboard a Japanese
factoryship.

FISH-MEAL FISHERY: A total of 4 Japa-
nese fish-meal and oil producing fleets were
operating in the eastern Bering Sea during
June. The factoryships Hoyo Maru and Gyo-
kuei Maru, with 30 trawlers assigned to each,
were operating on the "flats" of outer Bristol
Bay from Unimak Pass to the area east of the
Pribilof Islands. The factoryship Tenyo Maru
with 28 trawlers was joined by another fish-
meal and oil fleet of the factoryship Soyo
Maru, also with 28 trawlers. Throughout
most of June those 2 fleets have operated in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

the general vicinity of Unimak Pass on the
Bering Sea side. The factoryship Seifu Maru
licensed with 28 trawler vessels also appear-
ed near Unimak Pass in late May. Officials
aboard the Seifu told members of a United
States boarding party that their catches had
been poor and that they were moving to the
Siberian coast. The shift to other waters ap-
parently had been made as the Seifu fleet was
not sighted in the eastern Bering Sea during
June.

WHALING: Whaling operations were con-
ducted by 3 Japanese fleets near Alaska dur-
ing June. The factoryship Kyokuyo Maru was
believed to be operating near Amchitka Pass
in the mid-Aleutians with another fleet, pos-
sibly the Nitto Maru, further eastward near
Amukta Pass, west of Umnak Island. A whale
killer, which in 1963 was assigned to the Kinjo
Maru fleet, was sighted several times during
June off southeast Alaska in the region gen-
erally west of Baranof Island.

EXPLORATORY FISHING: The Japanese
trawlers Taiyo Maru No. 81 and Tenryu Maru
"exploratory fishing in the Gulf of Alaska
during the month were joined by 2 others, the
factory stern trawler Akebono Maru No. 51
and the smaller side trawler Kohoku Maru
No. 2. Those 4 of 6 such vessels to engage
in Gulf of Alaska "exploratory" fishing were
concentrated in the area east of the Trinity
Islands, southwest of Kodiak. The factory
trawlers Akebono No. 51 and Taiyo No. 81
were reported seeking Pacific ocean perch
primarily, while the side trawlers Tenryu and
Kohoku No. 2 were mainly looking for shrimp.

KODIAK FIRM PROCESSES
DUNGENESS CRAB:

It was reported that a cold-storage plantin
Kodiak would employ from 40 to 50 women to
help process Dungeness crab at that plant.
During June, 12 women were working at the
shaking tables. The firm has been shipping
large quantities of fresh cooked Dungeness
crab meat to other states where the supply is
limited.

ste tel he
KOK KOK OK

SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA SALMON
PURSE-SEINE SEASON OPENED JULY 1:
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game
announced in June that Districts 4, 12, and 14
were to be open for purse seining on July 1

for two days' fishing beginning at 6:00 a.m.,
July 1, and ending at 6:00 p.m., July 2. Test
fishing had indicated that southeastern Alaska
may-.have one of the best chum salmon sea-
sons in recent years. Chum were the domi-
nant species in almost all of the test fishing
areas from Ketchikan to Icy Strait.

OK OK OK A

HALIBUT PRICES RISE IN JUNE:

Halibut ex-vessel prices continued to rise
in June at Ketchikan. Late ex-vessel sales
were as high as 24.5 cents a pound for medi-
um and large fish, and 12 cents for chicken
halibut.

OK OK OK XK

PINK SALMON OFF SOUTHEAST
ALASKA COAST:

High-seas fishing and tagging by Canadian
and United States vessels indicated that a
large concentration of pink salmon were lying
off the coast of southeastern Alaska on June
10. Whether those fish were bound for south-
eastern Alaska or points farther south was
not known at the time.

OK KK

BUTTER CLAM DIGGING FEASIBLE
DESPITE EARTHQUAKE:

A 2-week survey of the effect of the March
27 earthquake on shellfish resources showed
in part that in spite of the beds subsiding 4
feet and a substantial reduction of exposed
clam beach, commercial digging for butter
clams was still feasible in Kasitsna Bay. In-
dications were that there was little harmful
effects generally upon king crab, Dungeness
crab, or shrimp. Although some crab pots
for both species were lost because of silta-
tion, razor clam beds on the Kenai Peninsula
and the Alaska Peninsula did not seem to be
severely damaged. The amount of loss of
razor clam beaches on the Copper River flats
caused by a 6-foot rise in land elevation had
not yet been accurately determined, but it was
not expected to be of major proportions.

OK OK OK OK

DUNGENESS CRAB REPORTED
PLENTIFUL OFF CAPE FAIRWEATHER:

A fishery firm in Douglas sent 5 vessels
to the Cape Fairweather area during June.
Heavy catches of large Dungeness crab were
taken throughout the month. It was reported

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

that by the end of the month, 200,000 pounds
of "prime" crab had been produced from that
area. One vessel reportedly landed over
50,000 pounds.

Alaska Exploratory Fishery Program

UNDERWATER TELEVISION USED
FOR LOCATING KING CRAB:

M/V “Paragon” Cruise 64-1 (May 25-June
15, 1964): eee television (UTV) equip-
ment was tested as a method for locating con-
centrations of king crab off Kodiak Island, A-
laska, during this cruise by the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries chartered explora-
tory fishing vessel Paragon. Specializede-
quipment included a compact (18-inch by 3-
inch diameter) UTV camera and 1,000-watt
mercury vapor light mounted within a protec-
tive frame, 500-feet of cable, and a 17-inch
monitor from which 16 millimeter movies
and still photos were taken.

To make observations, the UTV camera,
light, and cable were suspended from a trawl
wire and the vessel was allowed to drift. The
apparatus was lowered to within 3 to 6 feet of
the bottom at most stations. When visibility
through the water was good, the camera could
be raised to obtain an increased field of view.
At 6 feet, an area about 3 feet by 4 feet was
included in the field of view.

The length of time spent at each station
was determined by weather conditions, con-
figuration of the bottom, water clarity, and

Adult king crab as viewed on shipboard television monitor Quring
M/V Paragon Cruise 64-1 (May 25-June 15, 1964).

September 1964

number of crabs seen. At some locations,
up to 3 hours were spent viewing the bottom.
Although the speed of drift varied because of
tide and wind conditions, distances up to one
mile were surveyed between the starting and
ending points of individual stations. ‘

A variety of stations were observed with
bottom types ranging from mud.to large boul-
ders in depths from 4 to 60 fathoms. During
investigations at 44 individual locations ad-
jacent to Afognak, Raspberry, and Kodiak Is-
lands, significant quantities of king crabwere
observed at only 2 stations. On June 4, in
Raspberry Straits, numerous king crab were
observed at depths of 8 to 10 fathoms. An es-
timated concentration of 50 adult crabs was
seen on the screen at one time. Off Uganik
Cape, Kodiak Island, a concentration of adult
king crab was observed in 18 fathoms. One
group of at least 50 closely-packed individu-
als was seen as were lesser aggregations.
An estimated total of 200 king crab was seen
at that station.

At least one crab was seen at most of the
other stations and as many as 30 to 40 scat-
tered crabs were viewed at a station in the
Alitak Bay area.

Dungeness crab, shrimp, cod, flatfish and
other marine life were observed frequently
during the experiments. Plankton and sus-
pended matter in the water limited the effec-
tive field of view. Conditions during other
seasons with plankton less abundant would
enhance the potential of underwater television
in prospecting for crabs. Bottom resources
of wide areas of the continental shelf off A-
laska are only poorly known. The demon-
strated ability of UTV for locating king crab,
shrimp, and other marine life indicates its
possible application in future exploratory

surveys.

Alaska Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

SHELLFISH EXPLORATIONS STARTED BY
RESEARCH VESSEL ''PARAGON":

On June 16, the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries chartered exploratory fishing
vessel Paragon started shellfish explora-
tions from Kodiak westward. As a warm-up,
one haul of 1,200 pounds of 16-21 count

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(heads-on) sidestripe shrimp was taken in

Marmot Bay, off Kodiak. In addition, a near-
by drag with an 8-foot scallop dredge yielded
4 bushels of up to 73-inch scallops.

KOK OK oe 2k

KING CRAB TAGGING:

The king crab fishery began to operate in
June in the Kodiak area aftera 2-month period
of inactivity. The first researchcharter cruise
of the season by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries started in late May and continued
until June 15. Fishing for crab with trawls
and conventional crab pots at 11 locations in
the Portlock Bank area yielded 3,560 king
crab. Over 3,000 of those crabs were tagged
and released.

Botulism Research

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMITTEE
FORMED TO COORDINATE RESEARCH:

A permanent Federal Government commit-
tee, called the Interagency Botulism Research
Coordinating Committee (IBRCC), was formed
recently as a result of a meeting held in Feb-
ruary 1964 of officials of various Federal
Government agencies in Washington, D. C.
Members of IBRCC are from the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife, Public Health Service,
Atomic Energy Commission, and the Food and
Drug Administration.

The purpose of the committee is to (1) co-
ordinate exchange of information, (2) coordi-
nate to the degree possible interagency re-
search programs, and (3) to serve as consul-
tants in the field on current and projected
Government research programs on Cl. botu-
linum. Although the scope of interest of the
agencies represented are applicable to all
food products, priority attention was being
given to fishery products. The coordinated
reports of this committee will provide an up-
to-date review of the botulism research field
and its direct application to the fishing in-
dustry.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

California

COMMERCIAL SHRIMP QUOTA OFF
CRESCENT CITY-EUREKA
AREA INCREASED:

The shrimp quota in Area A, off the coast
of the Crescent City-Eureka area, Calif., was
raised to one million pounds at a special
meeting of the California Fish and Game
Commission in Sacramento July 13, 1964.
The quota, which affects landings, was raised
from the 500,000-pound limit set June 26 in
San Francisco, and was in accordance witha
survey of the Area A shrimp grounds made
by the Department of Fish and Game and rep-
resentatives of the commercial shrimp in-
dustry.

The survey showed there was about 2.2
million pounds of shrimp in the Area A
grounds, which is about 50 miles square. Al-
though the 2.2 million pounds is more than
was found during the preceding preseason sur-
vey, the Department pointed out that it is only
half the shrimp population of last year (1963).

The Commission asked the Department to
continue monitoring the shrimp population in
Area A and to report the latest findings to
the Commission at its August 28, 1964, meet-
ing scheduled in Sacramento. The Commis-
sion indicated that should the findings be dif-
ferent from those of the last survey, the quota
might be raised or lowered, depending on the
evidence presented. (California Department
of Fish and Game, July 18, 1964.)

3K Ok ok ok OK
PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 64-11-Pelagic
Fish (June 15-17, 1964): To determine the
inshore distribution and abundance of pelagic
fish schools, the inshore area from Point
Conception to the United States -Mexican Bor-
der was surveyed from the air by the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game Cessna
"182" N9042T. roe ae

On June 15 the area from Point Vicente
to Huntington Beach was scouted but visibil-
ity was very poor and no fish schools were
sighted. The following day, the area from
Point Vicente to the United States -Mexican
Border was covered. It was observed that
"red tide" conditions prevailed along the
shoreline from the western Los Angeles -
Long Beach harbor area to Dana Point. Only

Vol. 26, No. 9

Point Conception

Santa Barbara Point

Legend:
A - Anchovy school.

& - Red tide.

Pelagic fish survey Flight 64-11, June 15-17, 1964.

10 northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) schools
were Sighted.

On the last day of the survey the area from
Point Conception to Dana Point was scouted.
Large concentrations of anchovies (638 small
schools) were sighted between Point Dume and
Santa Barbara Point, mainly in the Ventura-
Port Hueneme area. From Santa Barbara
Point to Point Conception 89 small anchovy
schools were seen. ''Red tides'' prevailed be-
tween Dana Point and Point Dume. A total of
26 anchovy schools were sighted in that area.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 11.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products

January-May 1964: A total of 1,100,953
base boxes of steel and aluminum was con-
sumed to make cans shipped to fish and shell-
fish canning plants in January-May 1964, a
decrease of 8.7 percent from the 1,205,362
base boxes used during the same period in

September 1964

1963. The decline was due partially to a drop
in the canning of jack mackerel and Maine
sardines.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. A "base box" is an area 31, 360
square inches, equivalent to 112 sheets 14" x 20" in size. Ton-
nage figures for steel (tinplate) cans are derived by use of the
factor 23.5 base boxes per short ton of steel. (In the years 1962
and 1963, tonnage data were based on the factor 21.8 base box-
es per short ton of steel.) The use of aluminum cans for pack-
ing fishery products is small.

egtS

“Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

TRADE WIND ZONE OCEANOGRA PHIC
STUDIES CONTINUED:

M/V “Townsend Cromwell” Cruise 4 (May
14-June 5, 1964): This was the fourth ina
series of oceanographic cruises to determine
rates of change in the distribution of proper-
ties in the trade wind zone of the central

Legend:

a - Plankton tow.
---- - Subtropical convergence.
@ - Number of feeding bird flocks sighted.

Cruise track chart of M/V Townsend Cromwell Cruise 4 (May 14-
June 5, 1964) showing contours of 20° isotherm depth.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

North Pacific. The research vessel Town-
send Cromwell, of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Honolulu, Hawaii, operated in an area of the
Central North Pacific Ocean bounded by lati-
tudes 10° N., 27° N. and longitudes 148° W..,
158° W. during this cruise.

A total of 43 oceanographic stations were
occupied along the cruise track (chart) during
this cruise. At each station temperatures and
samples for salinity analysis were obtainedat
20 depths to 1,500 meters.

Bathythermograms (BT) were obtained at
30-mile intervals along the cruise track. Be-
tween stations 19 and 21, 26 and 28, 35 and 37,
BT casts were made at 10-mile intervals. The
BT data were coded and transmitted four
times daily to Fleet Numerical Weather Facil-
ity, Monterey, Calif. Surface bucket temper-
atures and water samples for salinity analysis
were obtained at each BT observation.

At station 33, subsurface currents were
measured at depths of 10, 25, 50 and 75 me-
ters, using an Ekman meter, while drifting
relative to a parachute drogue set at 1,200
meters.

Ten plastic enclosed drift cards were re-
leased at 30-mile intervals along the entire
cruise track. Drift cards also were released
hourly along the track between Kahului and
18°30! N. latitude and between oceanographic
station 42 and Honolulu.

Standard marine weather observations were
made and transmitted daily at 0000, 0600,
1200 and 1800 GMT.

Colored photographs of cloud formations
were taken each day. No solar radiation meas-
urements were taken because the pyrhelio-
meter was inoperative. One-half hour surface
plankton tows were made using a 1-meter net
at 2000 daily. Flyingfish collected from the
vessel's deck were preserved in formalin.

A standard watch for bird flocks and fish
schools was kept by vessel personnel during
daylight hours. In addition, observers aboard
the vessel from the Smithsonian Institution
kept their own watch for birds.

Preliminary inspection of the vertical tem-
perature profiles during this cruise indicated
that, in general, a relaxation of the current
flow and a warming of the surface waters had

been taking place shortly before the beginning
of this cruise. The eddies in the area were
less pronounced than in the previous cruises
and the general westward flow-pattern was
weaker and more regular as deduced from
geostropic interpretations of the 20° isotherm
depths. The warming effect was seen as a
gradual northward creeping of surface iso-
therm and a shallowing of the mixed layer
depth. Surface temperatures ranged from
27- C. (80.6° F.) in the southern portion of
the cruise area to 22° C. (71.6° F.) in the
northeastern portion.

A feature which became more pronounced
during this cruise was the rapid southward
rise in surface temperature of 0.5°C. (32.99
F.) or more per 30 miles beginning at 15° N.
latitude. Coresponding with that temperature
rise was the formation of a sharp near-sur-
face thermocline which deepened rapidly and
finally merged with the main thermocline.
Numerous feeding birds were seen in associ-

ation with those features.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 17.

ke oe Ok KE OK

"ANTON BRUUN" PARTICIPATION IN
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN

OCEAN EXPEDITION:

With the completion of Cruise 5 of the o-
ceanographic research vessel Anton Bruun
in June 1964, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Biological Laboratory in Hawaii
completed the field aspects of its participa-
tion in the International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion. The Laboratory's program was car-
ried out in conjunction with and as part of
the United States Program in Biology as
coordinated by the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution.

The Laboratory was responsible for the
planning and execution of four cruises of the
Anton Bruun that included studies of the de-
mersal fish and invertebrate resources in
the Bay of Bengal from March to May 1963
(Cruise 1), and in the Arabian Sea from Nov-
ember to December 1963 (Cruise 4B); and
studies of the pelagic fish resources in the
central and western Indian Ocean from May
to July 1963 (Cruise 2), and from January to
May 1964 (Cruise 5).

In the survey of the demersal fish and in-
vertebrate resources of the Bay of Bengal
(Cruise 4B), a total of 86 successful hauls
was made with the Gulf of Mexico shrimp

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

participating in the
International Indian Ocean Expedition, in Bombay Harbor, India.

trawl. On Cruise 2, long-line fishing was
carried out at 33 stations which were spaced
at intervals along longitude 70° BE. between
latitudes 18° N. to 37° S. and along longitude
80° E. from latitudes 30° S. to 029 N. On
Cruise 5, a total of 38 long-line fishing sta-
tions was occupied along longitude 55° E.
from latitudes 10° N. to 36° S. and along long-
itude 75° E. from latitudes 43° S. to 049 N.
An indication of the excellent performance of
the Anton Bruun in fishing was that on several
occasions the long-line gear was hauled in
successfully in rough seas (12 to 20 feet) and
strong winds (30 to 35 knots).

Cruise 5 gives an indication of the diver-
sity of the scientific program carried out on
board the vessel. A total of 26 fishermen,
technicians, and scientists participated on
that cruise. In addition to the Bureau's pro-
gram and the basic observations scheduled
by the Program in Biology, other interests
represented among the scientific party in-
cluded studies on marine birds, medusae,
parasitic copepods and helminths, plankton
and dinoflagellate physiology, plankton ecol-
ogy, and meteorology.

A typical work day during the cruise started
at 0500 hours when 50 baskets of long-line
gear were set. While the gear was ''soaking,'’
the following activities were carried out in
the vicinity of the drifting fishing gear:

1. A hydrographic cast down to 2,000 me-
ters (6,562 feet); measurements made of the
salinity, oxygen, phosphate, and silicates;

2. A vertical plankton net tow from 200
meters (656 feet) to the surface using the
standard Indian Ocean net;

3. A vertical 200 meters to the surface
micro-plankton net tow for phytoplankton studies.

September 1964

4. Water samples from various depths for
purposes of primary productivity studies and
phytoplankton pigment studies;

5. A multiple plankton net tow using the
Bé nets which permit sampling simultaneous -
ly the zooplankton fauna at various depths
ranging from the surface down to 2,000 me-
ters.

6. High-level weather observations made
with Radiosonde balloons.

The hauling-in of the long-line gear com-
menced at about 1300 hours. Depending on
the size of the catch, hauling took from 2 to
3 hours. Because of the high freeboard of
the Anton Bruun, the large fish were hoisted
on board ina 8 x 4-foot rectangular net.
Hoisting of the net was done with a hydraulic
boom. Each fish when landed was identified
and length and weight measurements taken.
The external body surfaces were examined
for parasitic copepods and parasitic trema-
todes. When present, those parasites were
preserved for later detailed studies.

Other biological material collected in-
cluded: (1) guts and gills of fish which were
preserved for later examination for trema-
tode parasites, (2) preservation of ovaries
for maturation studies, (3) preservation of
stomach contents of fish for food studies, and
(4) collection of blood samples from tuna for
Subpopulation studies. A number of whole
specimens were also preserved for taxono-
mic studies. After hauling had been com-
pleted, the Anton Bruun then commenced on
a run to the next station. Generally, an at-
tempt was made to cover 135 to 140 nautical
miles. During the course of the run, bathy-
thermograph casts were made at 3-hour in-
tervals to obtain temperature data and at
2000 hours the vessel was slowed down in
order to take a surface and an oblique plank-
ton haul.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 16.

ey. pet ok, rt
QT POH uF

ae
aire

Chesapeake Bay

CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH
COUNCIL ORGANIZED:

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory of the
University of Maryland, and the Chesapeake
Bay Institute of Johns Hopkins University

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

have organized the Chesapeake Research
Council. In discussing the purpose of the
Council, the Director of the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science said, ''This organization of
the three primary research institutions con-
cerned with the estuarine waters of Chesapeake
Bay and the ocean waters off the coast of Vir-
ginia and Maryland will allow for a coordinated
approach to common problems. It provides a
framework within which we can effectively
cooperate in programs concerning all three
agencies."

The Chesapeake Research Council will hold

‘its first full meeting in January 1965. At that

time staff members of the three research in-
stitutions will summarize their present re-
search programs and consider matters of mu-
tual interest. The Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory has been conducting research on Mar-
yland's marine resources since 1927, and the
Chesapeake Bay Institute has been engaged in
studies of marine waters throughout Maryland
and Virginia for the past 16 years. The pro-
gram of the Virginia Instititue of Marine Sci-
ence was started in 1940.

The three institutions have always worked
closely together on common problems in the
past. Scientists from the three institutions
established the Atlantic Estuarine Research
Society in 1949 for the express purpose of
exchanging ideas and reporting their research
programs. That organization, however, has
become so large, embracing members from
Maine to Florida, that it seemed wise tocreate
another smaller organization for specific work
around Chesapeake Bay. Because of the uni-
fied nature of the Chesapeake Bay and the Vir-
ginian sea portion of the Atlantic, and because
many of the problems in the area are ofa
long-term nature, scientists have sound rea-
sons for approaching their investigations ina
cooperative manner. (Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, July 21,
1964.)

Clams

RESEARCH BY UNIVERSITY
OF RHODE ISLAND:

Nine bushels of the world's most expensive
quahogs (clams), valued at about $1,750, have
been placed at the bottom of Narragansett
Bay, R.I., with a University of Rhode Island
"brand'' on them. In the middle of each of the

3,500 quahogs is a red plastic disk with the
notation on the perimeter: ''Narragansett
Marine Lab., Kingston, R.1."" The center of
the half-inch disk carries the word 'Reward"
and an identifying number. If returned to the
University of Rhode Island with the half of the
shell to which they are attached, the disks
will be worth 50 cents each.

Thus, the total value of the quahogs is
based on the return of each of the 3,500 spec-
imens with a 50-cent reward for each indivi-
dual return.

The recovered quahogs will help in devel-
oping some definite information about har-
vesting and growth rates of shellfish under
varying underwater conditions around Nar-
ragansett Bay. An Associate Professor of
Oceanography at the University urges the pub-
lic to return the shell-half with the tag on
it, but not to send the entire quahog through
the mail. (Source: University of Rhode Is-
land--reprinted from National Oceanographic
Data Center Newsletter, May 31, 1964.)

Federal Aid

PACIFIC NORTHWEST STATES
RECEIVE FUNDS FOR
FISHERIES PROGRAM:

Pacific Northwest States will receive
$1,915,900 in Federal aid funds for construc-
tion, operation, and maintenance of fishery
facilities, stream improvement, and opera-
tional studies in 1964/65 fiscal year under
the Columbia River Fishery Development
Program, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries announced July 17, 1964. The
States of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho will
share the Federal money as part of the pro-
gram aimed at improving anadromous fish
runs of the Columbia River and its tribu-
taries, said the Bureau's Regional Director
at Seattle, Wash.

The major portion of the total is an allo-
cation of $989,000 for operation and mainten-
ance of 8 salmon and steelhead hatcheries in
Washington and 7 in Oregon which were either
built or remodeled with Federal funds but are
operated by the states. This allotment in-
cludes $412,000 for 6 salmon hatcheries op-
erated by the Washington Department of Fish-
eries; $145,000 for 2 steelhead hatcheries
operated by the Washington Department of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Game; $380,000 for 6 salmon hatcheries op-
erated by the Oregon Fish Commission; and
$52,000 for the Oregon Game Commission's
Gnat Creek steelhead hatchery near Astoria.

Those three States also will receive $48,000
for stream improvement and $98,000 for fish
screen maintenance, plus $181,000 for their
work in cooperation with "Operation Fin Clip,"
the Bureau's massive appraisal program
which is being conducted over a 10-year per-
iod to evaluate the contribution of the hatch-
eries to the fish runs.

A total of $198,000 is allocated for con-
struction, of which $75,000 will be contracted
to Idaho for 26 fish screens on the Salmon
River and its tributaries; $67,000 to Oregon
for a new pipeline and rearing pond at Big
Creek hatchery near Astoria; and $28,000 each
to Oregon and Washington for facilities to re-
move log jams and debris from various
streams.

A sum of $300,000 is being earmarked by
the Bureau for operational studies by the fish-
ery agencies of the three States and their re-
spective universities. Included in that phase
of the program are a study on selective breed-
ing of salmon and steelhead by the University
of Washington, an investigation by Oregon
State University of factors involved in the
transition which takes place in young salmon
as they move from fresh to salt water, and re-
search by the University of Idaho on develop-
ment of a toxic material which would eliminate
trash fish and predators without harming salm-
on. The various State fishery agencies are
also planning a number of other research pro-
jects.

Fish Kills

MORE FISH KILLS IN
LOUISIANA INVESTIGATED: x
A series of new fish kills in Louisiana's sug-
ar-cane growing areas are being investigated,
announced the U.S. Public Health Service, De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare
(HEW) on July 10, 1964. The State of Louisi-
ana water-pollution control agency reported
fish kills in 5 bayous and canals in Southern
Louisiana during a single week this past June
and Public Health Service scientists were at-
tempting to determine the cause of those kills.

September 1964

State officials had previously requested
the Public Health Service to give technical
assistance in the lower Mississippi to locate,
identify, and abate all sources of pesticide
pollution. The team investigating the later
fish kills was operating under that agreement.
The request for technical assistance was
made in April 1964 after the Public Health
Service and the State of Louisiana announced
that toxic synthetic organic materials appear-
ed to have caused the large fish kills in the
lower Mississippi River.

A four-State water-pollution enforcement
conference called by the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, in New Orleans in
May found that the pesticide endrin was the
cause of the massive fish kills during the fall
and winter of 1963 and that industrial opera-
tions at Memphis, Tenn., were sources of
endrin discharge into the Mississippi River.

HEW officials pointed out that the water
from the bayous and canals involved in the
later Louisiana fish kills does not flow into
the Mississippi or the Atchafalaya Rivers
where the massive fish kills took place last
fall and winter.

The bayous and canals involved were:
Grand Bayou, Bayou Blach, Theriot Canal,
Bayou Chevreuil, and Company Canal. (Pub-
lic Health Service, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, July 10, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 74.

Flatfish

NORTH PACIFIC MIGRATIONS
OF HALIBUT AND SOLE:

A halibut tagged near Kodiak, Alaska, in
July 1951 was recovered over 1,400 miles
away off Tillamook Rock in northern Oregon
waters in August 1952, according to the Ore-
gon Fish Commission. Another halibut tag-
ged off Unalaska, Alaska, in May 1959 was
recovered off the southern Oregon coast in
the vicinity of Cape Arago in September 1961,
after traveling a minimum distance of 2,000
miles. That distance indicates an average
rate of movement of about 75 miles a month.

The 2 halibut are among the more than
100,000 that have been tagged since investiga -
tions were begun under the sponsorship of
the International Pacific Halibut Commission

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A dart tag in position on a North Pacific halibut.

in 1925. The movements of halibut and other
species have important implications in fish-
eries management.

Tag recoveries have also indicated exten-
sive migrations by other flatfish. In February
1960, the Oregon Fish Commission released
5,026 tagged petrale sole near Heceta Bank
off the central coast of Oregon. Through A-
pril 1964, a total of 340 of those fish had been
recovered. The fish were recaptured from
such widespread spots as southern Vancouver
Island (British Columbia), Canada, about 360
miles northward,.to Trinidad Head, Calif.,
approximately 215 miles south of the tagging
area. Slightly over half of the recoveries
were within 30 miles of the tagging area,
while the remainder were spread along 570
miles of the coastline of northern California,
Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.

English sole are also wanderers, accord-
ing to the Oregon Fish Commission, travel-
ling about the same distances as petrale sole,
but with an apparent tendency to move toward
northern waters.

Dover sole apparently have a more limited
range than English or petrale sole. In April
1955, for example, some 2,406 Dover sole
were tagged and released by the Oregon Fish
Commission west of Grays Harbor, Wash. Of
the 284 recoveries as of mid-1964, only 10
were picked up at distances greater than 30
miles from the point of tagging. The maxi-
mum migrations were by 2 fish captured off
Vancouver Island, a distance of from 110-140
miles, and 1 off northern California, a distance
of about 360 miles. (Source: Notes on Move-
ments of Tagged Sole and Halibut, Oregon Fish

Commission. Eee

Fur Seals

PROCESSING CONTRACT NEGOTIATIONS
BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR:

The U.S. Department of the Interior an-
nounced July 17, 1964, the start of negotia-
tions late in July 1964 with firms seeking a
contract for processing Alaska sealskins for
the United States Government. The three
firms invited to participate in negotiations
are: Superior Seal, Inc., Chicago, Ill., Pierre
Laclede Fur Company, St. Louis, Mo., and
Fouke Fur Company, Greenville, S.C.

Each of the companies has been required
to submit with its proposal to the Govern-
ment, samples of processed furs for use ina
three-phase evaluation program: (1) evalua-
tion of the sealskins by a panel of experts
from various Federal agencies, (2) physical
and chemical tests conducted by the National
Bureau of Standards, and (3) a marketability
study based on garments manufactured from
the sample sealskins.

Each year the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries harvests some 80,000 fur seals on
the Pribilof Islands in Alaska. The surplus
animals are taken from a herd of about
1,500,000 animals which is managed under
the terms of an international agreement with
Canada, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. The agree-
ment provides that Canada and Japan shall
each receive 15 percent of the sealskins har-
vested on the Pribilof Islands.

Following curing of the sealskins on the
Pribilofs by the Government, the skins are
shipped to a processor who dresses and dyes
them under contract. The furs are then sold
at semiannual auctions for the account of
the United States Government. At the last
auction held in April 1964, the 2 types offurs
into which Alaska seal are processed brought
average prices of $90.60 and $48.82 perskin.

Great Lakes Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

SCHEDULE OF FISHERY
EXPLORATIONS IN LAKE SUPERIOR:

The Lake Superior fisheries exploration
and gear research program of the U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries for Fiscal
Year 1965 will include basic seasonal fishing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Surveys timed to significant production peri-
ods. This is one phase of the ''Technical As-
sistance Project for Providing Assistance and
Other Services to the Commercial Fisheries
Sector of the Lake Superior Economy." This
is an Area Redevelopment Administration
Project and that agency provided funds to the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for an
18-month study involving technology, econom-
ics, marketing, and exploratory fishing.

U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
Kaho.

Lake Superior operations of the Bureau's
exploratory fishing vessel Kaho, based at
Saugatuck, Mich., willbe confined for the most
part east of Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Su-
perior and will consist of surveys to be made
during three critical production periods in
the Lake Superior commercial fishery. The
surveys will be confined to a limited area so
as to assure thorough enough coverage to per-
mit an accurate evaluation of methods used.

Cruise 18 by the Kaho (May 25-June 10,
1964) was made during the time of year when
the inshore smelt-spawning-run fishery had
just about finished and prices for chubs and
lake herring (cisco) were declining while chub
production in the lower lakes increased. The
objectives of that cruise were:

1. Assessing area bottom conditions for
suitability to otter (bottom) trawling.

2. Determining vertical and horizontal dis-
tribution of fish concentrations as shown on
depth sounder recordings.

September 1964

3. Determining practicability of using ot-
ter trawls for economical production of smelt,
chubs, and lake herring during that period.

4. Testing midwater trawl for capturing
midwater concentrations of fish if located.

M/V Kaho cruise scheduled for August 4-
24, 1964: At this time of year smelt report-
edly interfere with gill-net fisheries at 15-
fathom depths off the east shore of Keweenaw
Peninsula which may indicate smelt are avail-
able to otter trawls in significant quantities.
Objectives of this cruise will include:

1. Determining midsummer availability of
smelt, chubs, and lake herring to trawls.

2. Following through on leads in areas
west of Keweenaw Peninsula if time is avail-
able.

M/V Kaho cruise scheduled for November
6-25, 1964: At this time of year heavy pro-
duction of lake herring with traditional gear
is experienced. However, glut conditions soon
develop and human food markets are quickly
swamped. Although animal food markets will
accept lake herring, traditional fishing gear
cannot produce them profitably because of the
limited landed value of animal food fish. Ob-
jectives of this fishing survey will include:

1. Attempting to improve quality of lake
herring produced during spawning season by
catching with trawls or seines and utilizing
improved holding systems --in cooperation
with technological assistance.

2. Determining the practicability of uti-
lizing otter trawls, midwater trawls, or lam-
para seines for economical production of lake
herring for animal food markets.

Cruise reports on these surveys by the
Bureau's exploratory fishing vessel Kaho
will be published on completion of each.

lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 23.

2
Wr

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

SEA LAMPREY CONTROL
AS OF JUNE 1964:

The sea lamprey 1964 catch at Great Lakes
assessment barriers continued at a somewhat
higher level than in the previous 2 years. The

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

| to the river.

take of spawning-run lampreys was 10,664 by
June 26, 1964, compared to 9,948 in 1963 and
8,276 in 1962. The Brule River, Douglas
County, Wis., contributed 58 percent of the
total sea lampreys this season compared to
32 percent last year. The index barriers op-
erated on 3 Green Bay streams have captured
a total of 4,569 compared to 7,425 a yearear-
lier. The index barrier in Pere Marquette
River was shut down on June 14. The total
number of sea lampreys was 678 for the sea-
son. The Ocqueoc River barrier on Lake
Huron captured 2,671 lampreys compared to
4,673 in 1963.

SEA LAMPREY
(Petromyzon marinus)

“#@ MOUTH OF SEA LAMPREY

The successful treatment of the Big Man-
istee River, Manistee County, Mich., added
the largest river yet to the growing list of
streams to be treated in the United States.
The stream discharge was 1,844 cubic feet
per second (c.f.s.) and it required 31,392
pounds of lampricide (TFM) to complete the
treatment. During the latter part of June the
Ford River system, which drains into Green
Bay, was treated. Sea lamprey ammocetes
were distributed 90 miles upstream. How-
ever, flows in the main stream and tributar-
ies were sufficiently satisfactory to complete
the treatment successfully. Chemical treat-
ment of Cedar River, Menominee County,
Mich., had to be stopped after 4 days of treat-
ing in the headwaters when low-water dis-
charge and high storage capacity of the main
river pools prevented maintenance of lethal
concentrations of TFM between access points
It will be necessary to treat the
main river between 100 and 200 c.f.s. of
stream flow.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 62;
October 1963 p. 23; July 1963 p. 38.

——

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

TRAWLING SURVEY OFF THE
CARIBBEAN COAST OF COLOMBIA:

M/V Oregon Cruise 92 (May 4-June 17,
1964): An exploratory trawling survey off the
Caribbean coast of Colombia was the purpose
of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Or-
egon. This cruise completes the Bureau's —
preliminary survey of the outer Continental
Shelf and Slope zones of the Central Western
Atlantic mainland between Cape Hatteras,
N.C., and Fortaleza, Brazil--a linear dis-
tance of some 7,200 miles. During this cruise
shrimp trawling and dredging transects were
made in all major trawlable areas between
depths of 10 and 500 fathoms.

pueTepbey, |, \,
& ay

inn

ny
(COLOMBIA

Vol. 26, No. 9

The survey gear used was 40- and 65-foot
flat shrimp trawls fished on 6- and 8-foot
trawl doors, and 5- and 6-foot tumbler dredges.
Trolling lines were out during all daytime
running, and monofilament gill-net sets were
made on surface indications of Spanish mack-
erel and tuna.

Shrimp and other Crustaceans: Potential
fishing grounds for brown-grooved shrimp
(Penaeus aztecus) were located in the area
between Pta. San Bernardo and the Gulf of
Darien. An estimated 700 square miles of
good trawling bottom was found in depths of
10 to 40 fathoms and nighttime dragging yield-
ed varying catches of that species on alldrags.
Working time in that area was limited, but
two nights of double-rig trawling using a 40-

"al
H Hl Hi
Marta ie
i

NY bb i 4}
yanta Martaly MTT Ih

i = mie
y/

40-ft. shrimp trawl.
65-ft. shrimp trawl.
6-ft. tumbler dredge.
Gill net.

Areas investigated during Cruise 92 of the M/V Oregon (May 4-June 17, 1964).

September 1964

foot and 65-foot trawl simultaneously prod-
uced about 540 pounds of heads-on brown
shrimp with a few scattered Brazilianshrimp
(P. braziliensis) mixed in the shallower
catches. The 65-foot trawl yielded 350 pounds
compared with 190 pounds for the 40-foot
trawl. The shrimp were of mixed sizes,
ranging from a heads-off count of 20 to 60
per pound, and they averaged 36-40 count.

Royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenaeus robus-
tus) were found in light concentrations be-
tween 220 and 240 fathoms south of Santa
Marta. A single catch of 50 pounds of royal-
red off Cape la Vela indicateda potential fish-
ing ground in that area, but extremely ad-
verse sea conditions precluded further deep-
water work in the region. The shrimp size
was unusually large with the heads-off count
averaging about 22 shrimp to the pound.

Catches of lobsterette (Nephrops bing-
hami) during the cruise of about 15 pounds
per hour with the 40-foot trawl were made in
the 170-190 fathom depth range.

Snapper: Unusually large numbers of sev-
eral species of snapper were taken in the
shrimp trawling operation in depths less than
60 fathoms. Several commercially valuable
species were observed--principally Lutjanus
blackfordi and L. vivanus. Those observa-
tions indicated good fishtrawling possibilities
for snappers but no fish trawls were used on
this cruise.

Tuna and Mackerel: Heavy seas andstrong
winds were encountered during most of the
cruise and sea surface conditions were poor-
ly suited to surface sightings. During the
work off Colombia, only one day of ideal
weather conditions was encountered. During
the work in the area between Cape Aguja and
Cape la Vela, numerous schools of very small
blackfin tuna (estimated 3- to 2-pound size)
were observed. A one-hour set with a 1,500-
foot (by 60-foot deep) 6-inch mesh monofila-
ment gill net yielded nothing. All of the fish
observed were obviously too small for that
mesh size. A single 4-pound blackfin was
taken trolling. Several broadbill swordfish
and blue marlin sightings were made in the
same area.

En route to Pascagoula, one day each was
spent tuna scouting in the St. Andrews Island
and Yucatan Channel areas. A few small
schools were observed around St. Andrews,
but the trolling catch was limited to a single

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

wahoo. No schools were observed in the Yu-
catan Channel, but 30 blackfin (3 to 18 pounds
each), 10 little tuna (Euthynnus alleterattus),
and 20 runners (Elagatis bipinnulatus) were
caught on trolling lines over a few hours at
the south end of Arrowsmith Bank.

On this cruise, an apparently uncharted
flat-topped sea mount was discovered about
30 miles east of Cozumel Island. The top lev-
eled smoothly at 150 fathoms covering anarea
of more than 20 square miles. Extensive
sounding transects were made of the area.

In cooperation with the National Geographic
Society, a series of 500 on-bottom 35 milli-
meter color photographs were taken on this
cruise along the 100-fathom curve in the
northern Gulf of Mexico.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 25.

§ !

Gulf Fishery Investigations

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V “Gus III" Cruise GUS-18 (June 17-28,
1964): Catches of brown shrimp were pre-
dominant during this shrimp sampling cruise
in the Gulf of Mexico by the chartered research
vessel Gus III, operated by the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Galveston, Tex. Eight statistical areas from
off the Louisiana coast extending westward to
Texas were covered, and standard 3-hour tows
were made with a 45-foot shrimp trawl.

The best catches of large brown shrimp
counting 12-15 to the pound were from the
over 20-fathom depth of area 16 (46 pounds)
and area 18 (14 pounds). Area 18 also yielded

MEXICO

Station pattern for shrimp distribution studies by M/V Gus II,
Cruise GUS-18.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

18 pounds of 15-20 white shrimp from the un-
der 10-fathom depth, and 68 pounds of small
(over 68 count) brown shrimp from 10-20 fath-
oms.

Area 19 yielded 83 pounds of brown shrimp
(51-67 count) from 10-20 fathoms, and from
the under 10-fathom range the yield was 16
pounds of 15-20 white shrimp and a small
quantity of very small brown shrimp.

A total of 56 pounds of small brown shrimp
(51-67 count) was taken from area 20, most
of it from 10-20 fathoms, anda smaller quan-
tity of the same size from over 20 fathoms.

During this cruise, 34 tows with a 45-foot
flat trawl were made, 50 plankton tows, 45
bathythermograph, and 41 nansen casts. One
of the shrimp trawl tows was made in :50
fathoms, but no shrimp were caught at that
depth.

Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are
the number of heads-off shrimp per pound.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 28.

Halibut

NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT LANDINGS,
1964 SEASON TO JULY 20, 1964:

North Pacific halibut landings by United
States and Canadian vessels during the 1964
fishing season to July 20, 1964, inclusive,
totaled 13.1 million pounds in Area 2 and
22.2 million pounds in Area 3A, the Interna-
tional Pacific Halibut Commission announced
July 21, 1964.

Loading a large halibut in the hold of a fishing vessel in the
North Pacific. (Metal cans are used to save the livers.)

Vol. 26, No. 9

In Area 2, the halibut fishing season will
close at the time of the attainment of the catch
limit of 25 million pounds or on September 15,
1964, whichever is earlier. (The rate of land-
ings from Area 2 is expected to be lower dur-
ing the final months of the 1964 season due to
the diversion of part of the halibut fleet tothe
fisheries for salmon and sablefish.)

In Area 3A, the halibut fishing season will
close at the time of attainment of the catch
limit of 34 million pounds or on October 15,
1964, whichever is earlier. The closing date
of Area 3A will be announced 18 days in ad-
vance.

Oo AS SS Se SG

QUALITY EVALUATION OF EX-VESSEL
PACIFIC LANDINGS CONTINUED:

The second phase of an ex-vessel halibut
quality evaluation project was started in Seattle,
Wash., and Ketchikan, Alaska, in June 1964 by
the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
The quality evaluation project during the 1964
North Pacific halibut fishing season is based
on the following dual approach: (1) applica-
tion of a statistical sampling and quality eval-
uation system for landed halibut; and (2) ex-
perimental study of iced and frozen dressed
halibut to relate quality changes to the time
and temperature factors in commercial pres-
ervation practices. At the-end of the 1964
fishing season, the results from both quality
studies will be analyzed in economic terms
with the halibut industry to determine the fea-
sibility of applying a useful grade standard for
fresh and frozen dressed halibut.

The current quality evaluation study is a con-
tinuation of an investigation begun in 1963. Two
of the conclusions drawn as aresult of the 1963
halibut studies are: (1) dockside grading is
significantly influenced by economic, seasonal,
and industryfactors that maynotbe related to
actual quality; and (2) the small price differen-
tial between dockside grades and the fact that
grade lis averybroad quality designation
does not encourage quality improvement.

Those and other conclusions were discussed
informally at meetings of halibut vessel own-
ers, fishermen, buyers, and processors.
Buyers and processing firms recognize that
the present system does not adequately re-
flect quality and are interested in a guideline
that will eliminate prejudice and improve
quality at the grading table.

September 1964

Industrial Fishery Products

U.S. MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

Production by Areas Areas, June 1964: Prelim-
inary data on U.S. ~ production © of fish meal,
oil, and solubles for June 1964 as collected
by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
and submitted to the International Association
of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown inthe
table.

U.S. Production!/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles by Areas,
| —CSSunee 18 1964 ae with Comparisons

June 1964:
East & Gulf
Coasts. . . «
West Coast2/

41,537 | 39, 906 ipsa ee

Jan. -June 1964
Total. ... {| 81,899 | 74,574
w,1s6 | c,706| 6.645| 2,00 |

Jan. -June 1963
Total....

1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.

2/Includes American Samoa and Puerto Rico.

3/Includes condensed fish.

TK OK OOK OK ok

Production by Areas, May 1964:

U.S. Production!/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles by Areas,
May 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

TT eat [on Tobi

ee ew (Short Tons), o8 «

Homogenized3/

May 1964:
East & Gulf
ISoasts. v4
West Coaste/

[oral « « - [28,507 [29,22 [aa.s7s |=
tens May 1964
tale... {41,585
s,0s sass [5,056 | 2.500

a -May 1963
Total. . « .
1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
2 /Includes American Samoa and Puerto Rico.
Includes condensed fish.

2K OK OK OK 3K

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, May

1964: United States production of fish meal

Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, May 1964

(Short Tons) ,

Fish Meal:
Production:
May
January-Apr, 2/
Year 3/

27,304] 39,902] 40,504/ 34,446] 19,802
13, 2058 16, 7287 20, 2161) 13,657 16, 118

(Table continued on next column.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

[item and Period _| 4/1964] 1963 | 1962 | 1961 | 1960 |

pees] ssf ONS) 2 «ees oe

Imports:
May 59,543] 30,399] 25,269] 25,116) 9,496
January-Apr, 162,371/133,083 89, 164] 63,393 45, 701
Year - 383,107 252, 307|217,845|131,561

[Fish Solubles 4/::

Production:
May 11,736] 16,997) 16,786
January-Apr, 2/
January-Apr,
Year

a oe CARUOD OUR ot oth deo as
ish Oils:
Production:
May 29,426] 33,544] 33,436] 34,674] 16,339
January~Apr, 2/ 5,242| 7,853] 7,262] 4,666] 4,094
Year = 185,827|250,075|258,118)209,143
Exports:
May 9,329] 22,150 2,427
January-Apr. 46,693] 75,401] 51,593! 43,900] 34,764
Year = 262,342/123,050|122,486|143,659

Preliminary.

2/Data for 1964 based on reports which accounted for the following percentage of produc-
tion in 1963: Fish meal, 95 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 99 percent; and
fish oils, 99 percent,

3/Small amounts (10,000 to 25,000 pounds) of shellfish and marine animal meal and
Scrap not reported monthly are included in annual totals.

A/Includes homogenized fish.

in May 1964 was lower by 31.6 percent as
compared with May 1963. Production of fish
oil and fish solubles was down also by 12.3
percent and 31.0 percent, respectively.

7K OK OK OK

Supply, April
ae United States production of fish meal
n April 1964 was lower by 14.9 percent as
cone with April 1963. Production of fish
oil was down by 43.3 percent and that of fish
solubles decreased 39.5 percent.

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
ee ee en and , April 1964

Item and Period 1/1964 se Le 1962 Em

Fish Meal:
Production:
April
January-March 2/
Year 3/
Imports:
April
January-March
Year

Major Indicators for U.S.

Fish Solubles 4/:
Production:
April
January-March 2/

Imports:
April
January-March

Production:
April
January-March 2/
Year

(Table continued on next page.)

Item and Period

eee ee eo ejeoeceeeee

, YOO bs

Exports:
April 22,773] 28,480] 10,270] 7,351] 5,711
January-March 23,920) 46,921) 41,323) 36,549] 29,053
Year = 262,342) 123,050)122,486|143,659 |

2/Data for 1964 based on reports which accounted for the following percentage of produc-
tion in 1963: Fish meal, 95 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 99 percent; and
fish oils, 99 percent,

3/Small amounts (10,000 to 25,000 pounds) of shellfish and marine animal meal andscrap
not reported monthly are included in annual totals.

4/Includes homogenized fish.

OK OK KK

FISH OIL PRODUCERS' VIEWS
ON MARKET TRENDS:

A technologist of the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory,
Seattle, Wash., made a trip through the Mid-
west and Atlantic Coast Regions this past
Summer to collect ideas and suggestions on
fish oilresearch, exchange technical informa-
tion, and tostimulate old and new interest in fish
oil. Among his findings was anew trend in the
thinking of fish oil producers inthose regions.
In spite of fish oil selling at a high price--high-
er than soybean oil--the fish oil producers were
not apathetic about future markets for fish oil.
They were aware that the existing high prices
were due to the European demand and the dis-
appointing catches inthe domestic menhaden
fishery.

First among the research interests of both
fish oil producers and users who were con-
tacted by the Bureau's technologist was the
development of an economical commercial
method for production of fatty acids from fish
oil. Asecond interest was the development of
acommercial method of fractionation of fish oil
fatty acids or esters by separating saturates
from unsaturates. Some interest was indicated
in isolating individual fatty acids.

se ok ke te ok
Ste SUS

RAW MATERIAL SCARCE IN MAINE:

Fish meal producers in Maine reported
the demand for fish meal and oil this summer
was excellent, but with an almost total lack
of supply due to the scarcity in Maine of fish
fillet waste, as well as a scarcity of whole
fish. Because of the drop in price of fish
solubles, one Maine producer has been adding
his entire output back to fish scrap.

se se ke
KK OK OK OK Ok

FISH OILS:
U.S. Trends in Supply, Disposition, and Prices, 1946-1964:

SUMMARY: U.S. total supplies of marine oilshave increased
from a postwar low of 281 million pounds in 1947 to over 450

million pounds in recent years, mainly due to an uptrend in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

domestic production. But domestic output dropped sharply
in 1963 because of a lower yield from menhaden, the leadin
source of marine oil produced in the United States. r

U.S. marine oil exports have expanded greatly in the
postwar era (from 15 million pounds in 1946 to 274 million
pounds in 1963), Record U.S, exports in 1963 were attributed
to the sharp reduction in world output of marine oils coupled
with rising prices, Domestic use, which has fluctuated con-
siderably in the postwar period, fell off sharply in 1963, ap-
parently because of increased prices for menhaden oil,

DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND USE: U.S. marine oil pro-
duction inthe postwar period has ranged froma low of 124 mil-
lion pounds in 1952 to a high of 266 million pounds in 1961, Dur-
ing the 1950's, production increased rather steadily. How-
ever output in 1963 was cutback to only 186 million pounds.

U.S, domestic disappearance during the postwar period has
been irregular, ranging from 185 million pounds in 1947 toa
low of 83 million in 1954, Domestic use averaged 159 mil-
lion pounds in 1960-1962, but in 1963 it dropped to 104 mil-
lion pounds,

Thirty years ago, when sardine oil was more abundant,
marine oils were used domestically in shortening manufac-
ture, Use in nonfood products included paints, varnishes,
linoleum and other industrial commodities, Today, use in
surface coatings has become a major factor. Substantial
amounts are used also in lubricant production, in animal
feeds, fatty acids, and miscellaneous industrial purposes,

Manufacturers of exterior house paints use heat-bodied
marine oils mixed with raw linseed oil, Those marine oils
are used also in aluminum paints (exterior and interior), in
barn and roof paints, rustproof coatings, and undercoat paints,
In varnish manufacture, bodied fish oil is used in connection
with tung oil. That outlet probably has been gaining in im-
portance, since the varnish industry has been taking advantage
of the lower cost of fish oil to replace some of the high-priced
tung oil in varnish formulations.

FOREIGN TRADE: The United States accounts for around
10 percent of total world production of marine oils and ranks
as a major country in world trade in marine oils, Basically,
U.S. marine oil trade involves exporting menhaden oil and im-
porting the domestically-scarce marine items (mostly whale °
‘sperm oil, which is valuable as a lubricant for fine instru-
ments; because it has few economical substitutes, it is stock-
piled by the Government as a strategic commodity for defense
purposes),

In 1950, the United States reversed a long-term trend by
becoming a net exporter of marine oils for the first time.
Since then, exports have grown markedly. During 1950-1954,
exports averaged 85 million pounds or about 57 percent of
domestic production. In 1963, exports totaled almost 275 mil-
lion pounds, a record, Europe, the leading market, takes
around 90 percent of U.S. exports. The Netherlands, West
Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Canada have been the major
buyers. However, in 1963, exports to the United Kingdom to-
taled 87 million pounds, the largest for any single country
that year. A large part of the menhaden oil used abroad is
for margarine, shortening, and other edible products. In
those outlets the oils are refined, hydrogenated, and blended
with other fats. Hydrogenation removes certain characteris-
tics of guar ine oils, such as the odor and taste associated with
fish oils,

In 1950-1954, U.S, imports of marine oils averaged 72 mil-
lion pounds or equal to about one-half of U.S, production, Im-
ports in 1963 were 83 million pounds, Japan, Peru, the Nether-
lands, Norway, and Canada have been the major U.S, suppli-
ers in recent years,

PRICE TRENDS: Fish oil prices (menhaden, crude, tanks,
f.o.b., Baltimore) have declined sharply since the end of
World War II, from an average of 18.6 cents per pound in
1947 to 4.6 cents in 1962. At the lower level, they were one
of the lowest-priced oils on the world market. The relatively
low price of fish oil in 1962 gave it a comparative advantage

September 1964

Table 1 - U. S. Supply and Disposition of Marine Oils,
1946-1963

prpaaction ”
Stocks| Men-| Total pro- se Total|& ship-
Year | Jan. 1)/haden|duction1/ E}

4/1963) 5/182

|1/Includes menhaden, tuna and mackerel, herring, fish liver, whale, andsealoils.

2 /Includes fish livers, vitamins, and drugs derived from marine animals.

'3/Includes re-exports, fish livers, vitamins, and drugs. In 1947 and 1948, in-
cludes some exports under voluntary relief programs.

|4/Preliminary data.

$/Factory consumption used for years in which factory consumption exceeds com-
puted domestic disappearance.

}6/Includes Government stockpile.

|7/ Apparent stocks,

Table 2 - U. S, Domestic Utilization of Marine Oils, 1946-1963

Use in Nonfood Pr:

Use in Pain noe um | Other Tibricast Total
short-| drying|& mee sore Le Pee
ening Soap n pcaiey renee

] BA8S~ we we

over that of competing drying oils such as soybean, linseed,
and tung oils,

U.S. production of menhaden oil dropped sharply in 1963
and monthly prices have been moving up rapidly (from
4,0 cents per pound in January 1963 to 8.5 cents in April
1964). World output of marine oils declined sharply in
1963, due primarily to the reduced Antarctic whale catch,
and was at the lowest level since 1960, Production prob-
ably will be higher in 1964 than in 1963 and, if so, prices
should recede somewhat,

2/100 33-0z. cans equal one standard case.

Source: *U. S. Bureau of the Census, Canned Food Report, June 1, 1964.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

Table 3 - Wholesale Prices of Menhaden Fish Oil Compared with Prices of Linseed,
Soybean, Dehydrated Castor, Tung, and Oiticica Oils, 1961-1964 and Averages for
ie 1956-60, 1951-55, and 1947-50

oil, crude,| raw, tank frude, tanks,] castor oil, |mestic tanks, |Oiticica oil,
f.0.b. south- liquid, tanks,

carlots f.0,b. tanks,

Decatur New Fork}

Wisheym °c © oft o aie Y tates (Cents Per Pound). .

anks, f.0.b.
Year Baltimore|Minneapolis;

8.1 13.3 8.1 25.1 29, 32.0
8.3 13.3 8.0 25.1 27, 28.8
8.4 13.3 8.1 25.1 26, 19.0
8 13,3 1.9 25.1 25, 18,7
6.2 12.7 8.9 25.1 36. 28.4
4.6 14,2 9.0 25.1 36. 16.9
6,2 14,2 11,5 25,0 27
age:

7.9 13.5 10.7 25.9 22.4

8.8 15.5 13.0 28,5 30.3
13.2 25.2 17.6 26.2 23.8

OUTLOOK: The U.S. domestic marine oil industry
(basically menhaden fish oil) still possesses considerable
growth potential. Much depends upon research, both in
maintaining a continued high menhaden catch and in better
utilization of the oil and its derivatives. Utilization re-
search efforts at present are mainly concerned with long-
chained, polyunsaturated fatty acids in such areas as pro-
tective coatings, textile chemicals, lubricating oil addi-
tives, alkyd resins, plasticizers emulsifiers, aldehydes,
and fatty alcohols.

Demand for fish meal probably will outwei; h demand for
fish oil as a consideration for a profitable fishing opera-
tion, although a favorable export market for the oil should
exist, Domestic use of fish oil depends greatly upon main-
taining a price advantage over that of competing vegetable
oils, Finally, ‘‘new products’’ research offers possibilities
in such fields as human food products, animal feeds, and
other industrial uses, To a large degree, research ‘in in-
creased product utilization may hold the key to the future
course of the industry. (Fats and Oils Situation, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, May 1964.) __

Maine Sardines }

CANNED STOCKS, JUNE 1, 1964:

Canners’ stocks of Maine sardines on June
1, 1964, were 37,000 cases less than those on
hand June 1, 1963, but were 449,000 cases a-
bove stocks on hand two years ago on June 1,
1962 (the pack for the 1961 season was ex-
ceptionally small). On the other hand, dis-
tributors' stocks this June 1 were 39,000 cases
more than on the same date in 1963.

On April 15, 1964, carryover stocks at the
canners! level amounted to about 622,000
cases as compared with acarryover of 660,000
cases on April 15, 1963, and a carryover of
only 33,000 cases on April 15, 1962, which
was a Short-pack year.

Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors' and Canners' Stocks, June 1, 1964, with Comparisons 1/

| tyre | ume 1963/64 Season 1962/63 Season 1961/62 Season
j671764]471764/1/1/64(11/1/63|7/1/63[6/1/63)/4/1763} 2/4 /05)2/2/63] 11/1/64 7/1/62|6/1/o2f 4/1/62] 1/1762 |

Berivts 1,000 actual cases} 254 | 291 261 217 215 264 271 230] 134 148 193
anners aL "000 std. cases2/| 499 | 658 1,063 643 536 699 | 1,092} 1,348] 374 45 144

2 able aes marketing season from November 1-October 31.

This year's Maine sardine packing season
opened on April 15, 1964. Canners were get-
ting ready to start operations as soon as Sar-
dines were sighted and landed. Only several
hundred cases were reported packed as of
early June. By July 11, a total of 211,000
cases (100 No. + cans) had been packed, ac-
cording to the Maine Sardine Council. The
pack was much smaller than in the same per-
iod in 1963, when 445,000 standard cases
were packed. Ample carryover stocks from
the 1963 season caused a later start of in-
tense fishing for the 1964 season. As of mid-
July, fishing continued spotty with the heav-
iest sardine catches in the Rockland-Portland
area.

Hk OK OK

MAINE CANNED SARDINES SERVED AT
NATIONAL BOY SCOUT JAMBOREE:

Maine sardines were again served to
50,000 Boy Scouts at their National Jamboree
held at Valley Forge, Pa., during the week
of July 20, 1964. It was the third consecutive
time that they have been featured on the menu
of this event which takes place every 4 years.

The cost of the sardines was shared by the
Scout organization and the Maine Sardine
Council. The Council furnished a specially
designed can cover for the occasion.

The Council's Executive Secretary said,
"We consider this an outstanding opportunity
to sample Maine sardines to one of the larg-
est gatherings of youngsters in the worldand
are gratified that the National organization
again selected our product from the thousands
of items available."

The sardines were used as a quick lunch
item on both the day of arrival and departure
for the campers. (Maine Sardine Council,
Augusta, Me., July 15, 1964.)

Marlin

BILLFISH RESEARCH CRUISE BY
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI VESSEL:

o search the tropical Atlantic for the
spawning grounds of the blue marlin was the
objective of a group of about 10 scientists
from the Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami, when they left on the In-
stitute's research vessel John Elliott Pills-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

bury this past July. The biologists will work
in the Gulf Stream and northeast into the Sar-
gasso Sea surrounding Bermuda. Samples of
planktonic and other marine life will be taken
from the surface down to depths of two miles
or more by means of plankton tows, midwa-
ter trawls, deep-water trawls, bottom trawls,
and bottom dredges. Specimens will also be
captured by night-lighting (using a submerged
light to attract organisms which are dipped
out in nets).

The billfish research, part of a long-range
study of the distribution, migration, and growth
stages of marlin and sailfish, involves a
search for eggs, larvae, and juvenile fishes.
Stomach contents of various large fishspecies
are examined and other forms of marine life
including squid, octopi, flyingfish, and dol-
phin will be collected for various other Insti-
tute of Marine Science projects. The aims of
the cruise include the capture of missing size
stages of blue marlin, capture of larval white
marlin, and the discovery of centers of spawn-
ing activity. Investigators of the Institute's
Billfish Research Program have already ex-
amined over 600 specimens of young marlin
ranging to less than a quarter-inch in length.
(Institute of Marine Science, University of

Miami, July 19, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 36;
August 1963 p. 43.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

TUNA AND SWORDFISH DISTRIBUTION
STUDIES IN WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC:
M/V “Delaware Cruise 64-3 (Apri
June 4, 1964): The objectives of this cruise
were to (1) continue a systematic survey of
the seasonal distribution, abundance, and mi-
gration of tuna, and (2) investigate the occur-
rence of both tuna and swordfish in waters
contiguous to those in which the annual appear-
ances of those species support commercial
fisheries. The exploratory fishing and gear
research vessel Delaware of the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries operated in the west-
ern North Atlantic during this seven-week
cruise south of New England and east of the
Middle Atlantic States.

Night long-line sets were made at 13 sta-
tions, and day long-line sets at 26 stations

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Legend:

O - Day fishing station.
@*- Night fishing station.

Area of operations during M/V Delaware Cruise 64-3, April 17-June 4, 1964.

during the cruise, Surface trolling gearwas
used between stations when weather and sea
conditions permitted. Thermal transects
using bathythermograph and surface thermo-
graph data were coordinated with hydrographic
information from previous investigations to
determine positions of fishing stations.

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) catch-
es, both by the Delaware and commercial
swordfish long-line vessels in the area, sug-
gested a commercial abundance of that spe-
cies along the frontal edges of the Gulf
Stream from Cape Hatteras to east of Georges
Bank (65° west longitude). A catch rate of
19 fish per 100 hooks 80 miles northeast of
Cape Hatteras on May 19, 1964, is believed
to be the highest long-line catch rate for that
species in the western North Atlantic. In-
cidental catches by swordfish long-line ves -
sels in the Cape Hatteras area showed simi-
lar high rates. Sightings of small groups of

yellowfin tuna ''finning out" at the surface were
frequently seen and reported, and one 70-
pound fish was caught on the vessel's troll
gear. The average size of 147 yellowfintuna
examined during the cruise was 74.5 pounds.

Catches of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
were limited to very small numbers of medi-
um and large fish (160-515 pounds). The few
albacore (Thunnus alalunga) caught were also
large (33-58 pounds); one 55-pound fish was
caught on troll gear in 71° F. water. In ad-
dition, 27 big-eyed tuna (Thunnus obesus) (39-
200 pounds), and one 14-pound skipjack (Katsu-
wonus pelamis) were caught on long-line gear.

United States and Canadian swordfish long-
line fleets were fishing between the edges of
the Continental Shelf and the Gulf Stream dur-
ing much of the time. Swordfish catch rates
during night long-line sets, both north and
south of the Gulf Stream, were about the same

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

as commercial fishing vessel catch rates and
suggested that swordfish (Xiphias gladius)
distribution and commercial abundance may
extend much farther than waters presently
fished. The average size of 15 swordfish ex-
amined was 122.2 pounds.

Analysis of thermal data made at sea in-
dicated that surface water intrusions north-
ward from the Gulf Stream formed a con-
voluted pattern of warm water (60°-65° F.)
"fingers'' which were seldom over 20 fath-
oms in depth. Temperatures immediately be-
low those areas dropped to 509-459 F. Fish-
ing efforts by the Delaware and commercial
long-line vessels in the area had greatest
success along the edges of those "fingers"
where water color, bird activity, surface bait
Signs, and porpoise schools often gave good
indications of increased biological levels.

In cooperation with other agencies, 110
tuna, 4 marlin, and 62 sharks were tagged
and released with dart tags. Blood samples
of tuna and other species were collected for
serological analyses by the subpopulations
program at the Bureau's Biological Labora-
tory in Honolulu. Other data collected and
examined included lengths, weights, stomach
contents, and sexual condition of all fish tak-
en aboard the vessel. Dip net-night light col-
lections and drift plankton tows were made
as time allowed. Other long-line catches of
particular scientific note were one specimen
of the longbill spearfish (Tetrapturus pflue-
geri) and one specimen of the gempylid (Lepi-
docybium flavo-brunneum).

The Delaware's three-part cruise was
broken by port calls at Norfolk, Va., April
29 and May 14, to rebunker the vessel and
exchange visiting personnel.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Febmary 1964 p. 37;
August 1963 p. 36; June 1963 p. 38.
He OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

ELECTRICAL FISHING GEAR IN
OPERATION OBSERVED BY TELEVISION:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 64-4 (June 18-30,
1964): To observe electrical fishing gear in
operation was the primary objective of this
cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Dela-
ware. This was accomplished by means of
closed circuit television. The TV camera was
lowered along a trolley wire which was at-
tached to the net; the point of attachment for
the trolley wire was shifted to change the posi-
tion of the camera as desired.

Fishing operations during this cruise were
conducted in selected areas and at suitable
depths for light penetration: (1) in Cape Cod
Bay, (2) on the seaward side of Cape Cod, (3)
on Stellwagen Bank, and (4) in Ipswich Bay.
Difficulty was experienced, during most of the
cruise, in getting enough clarity to the picture
on the TV monitor screen to permit film re-
cording. All underwater film footage was tak-
en while operating in the Ipswich Bay area.

During the first part of the cruise, the ar-
rangement and number of the electrodes was
varied until best results were achieved. It
was the first time that the observable results
of such changes were possible and the infor-
mation gained will be put to good use during
future modifications to the experimental elec-
trical fishing gear.

A beginning was made on a Study film of
the electrical fishing method. Most of the fish

TV monitor and camera control unit used on M/V Delaware Cruise
64-4, A 16 mm. movie camera is positioned before monitor
screen to make kinescope recordings.

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

occurring in the depths and areas fishedwere
flat fish. Other commercially-valuable spe-
cies were either scarce or absent. Success-
ful efforts to film the action of other types of
groundfish are hoped for on the next electri-
cal fishing cruise. Adequate film footage of
those species will complete the requirements
for the study film. The film was taken with

a 16 millimeter camera; underwater scenes
were taken by filming the TV monitor screen.

Scientific observers aboard the Delaware
during this cruise included Doctor Conradin
Kreutzer, a well known German specialist on
electrical fishing.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 21.

—~ S=
rays

North Pacific Exploratory
Fishery Program

BOTTOMFISH TRAWLING SURVEY
OFF WASHINGTON COAST:

M/V "John N. Cobb” Cruise 65 (April 16-
May 28, 1964): The objectives of this six-
week bottomfish trawling cruise off the south-
ern coast of Washington State were to: (1)
locate trawlable bottom in areas presently
avoided by commercial trawlers, and (2)
evaluate the commercial potential of ground-
fish inhabiting any of those new grounds.

The general region surveyed by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
and gear research vessel John N. Cobb dur-
ing this cruise was along the Washington
coast from Destruction Island to Willapa Bay.
Within that region there are two areas that
are not extensively fished by commercial
otter trawlers due to the generally uneven or
rocky nature of bottom. One of the areas in-
cludes bottom at depths from 100 to 300 fath-
oms throughout the entire region, and the
other is located between Cape Elizabeth and
Grays Harbor in 25 to 50 fathoms of water.

Soundings were first made over the areas
with recording echo-sounding equipment to
determine the feasibility of trawling. When
even and soft bottom were found, test drags
were made with a snag chain or a net rigged
with a snag cable.

Four areas were surveyed on this cruise:
(1) south of Grays Canyon from 80 to 380
fathoms, (2) north of Grays Canyon from 80

—— - Successful tow\
—X - Tow that hung up\.,....<°°" /
Y- - Tow with net
damaged.

F) - Area surveyed. \ :
‘. onorN a, \ :
: = is ru

\ :

to 200 fathoms, (3) between Cape Elizabeth
and Grays Harbor in 25 to 50 fathoms, and (4)
west of Destruction Island from 100 to 360
fathoms.

The grounds surveyed south of the Grays
Canyon were trawlable in waters deeper than
280 fathoms. Catches were dominated by
sablefish which ranged from 364 to 612 pounds
of fish per hour of trawling. Between 80 and
280 fathoms, many snags were encountered
which resulted in badly torn nets. Two suc-
cessful one-hour tows were made in 110 fath-
oms with one of them yielding 3,300 pounds of
Pacific ocean perch.

Although the grounds north of Grays Can-
yon were mostly untrawlable as determined by
echo-soundings and exploratory tows, four suc-
cessful drags were made. The catches from
those grounds were small, ranging from 490
to 740 pounds of mixed species (mostly rock-
fish and flounder) per hour of trawling.

The grounds between Cape Elizabeth and
Grays Harbor were found to be flat with scat-

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

terings of small boulders and outcroppings of | and California. The explorations were to ex-
shale present which caused damage to nets on| tend from 409-48° N. latitude in an area about
most of the exploratory drags. Four success- | 30 miles off the coast seaward to 131° W.

ful one-hour tows were made in the southern longitude (see chart for trackline). Oceano-
portion in 25 to 36 fathoms of water. Catches graphic data, including salinity, oxygen, and
ranged from 530 to 680 pounds of mixed spe- | chlorophyl determinations were also to be ob-

cies, predominantly flounder and lingcod. tained during the survey.

Three one-hour drags were added during Trolling with tuna jigs was to be conducted
the present survey to the grounds west of along the trackline between oceanographic
Destruction Island where surveys were initi- | stations. When possible, captured albacore
ated by the Bureau in 1962. Two of those were to be tagged, measured, and released.
three drags yielded good catches of sablefish | Albacore unsuitable for tagging were to be
and Dover sole (2,900 and 550 pounds per prepared for biochemical and microbiological
hour, respectively). studies. Information on albacore catches were

to be broadcast by radio daily to the commer-
BS Th A ad cial fishing fleet.
ALBACORE TUNA ABUNDANCE Night-light stations were to be occupied for
AND DISTRIBUTION STUDY: observations of marine life and forage orga-

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 66 (July 13- nisms. In cooperation with personnel from
31, 1964): To obtain information on the rel- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla),
ative abundance and distribution of albacore standard oceanographic stations were to be
tuna (Thunnus germo) and other pelagic spe- | occupied daily along the trackline.
cies of fish was to be the primary objective
of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries exploratory and gear research
vessel John N. Cobb which departed Seattle,

Wash., July 13, 1964, for 3 weeks of high- Nutrition
seas investigations off Washington, Oregon,

FISHERY PRODUCTS REAFFIRMED AS
NUTRITIOUS AND HEALTHFUL:

A statement on fats and oils was issued by the American
Heart Assocation. It reaffirms that Association's stand on
the importance of polyunsaturated fats (such as found in fish)
in human foods.

The Association’s statement declared that reducing the
amount of calories in the diet by decreasing the consumption
of saturated fat will not only help prevent obesity but will ac-
tually lower blood cholesterol as well. This confirms state-
- ments such as those of Dr. Lawrence W, Kinsell, Institute for
ASHINGTON Metabolic Research, regarding ‘‘Fish Fats, Blood Fats and

cote Atherosclerosis:’’ He said, ‘‘Since men are more prone to
early development of the complications associated with ath-
erosclerosis, such as heart disease and strokes, it behooves
the good housewife, who wishes to help keep her husband’s ar-
teries in good condition, to plan new and intriguing ways of
preparing fish and to serve seafoods frequently in the weekly
diet.”’

Many factors influence the development of heart disease,
and the American Heart Association has emphasized that peo-
ple should seek medical guidance in making changes in the fat
content of their diet. On the other hand, the Association has
pointed out, ‘‘evidence from many countries suggest a rela-
tionship between the amount and type of fat consumed, the
amount of cholesterol in the blood and the reported incidence
of coronary artery disease,’’

As Dr. Fedrick Stare, Chairman of the Department of Nu-
trition, Harvard University, has emphasized, *‘Fish as com-
pared with most other high-quality protein foods are gener-
ally low in fats, ana the fat that is present in fish has a gener-
ous proportion of the polyunsaturated fats.’”

0° Ce) i Fish and seafoods have always been considered excellent
Shows scheduled trackline during Cruise 66 of the research vessel sources of complete and well-balanced protein and minerals--
John N. Cobb, July 1964. all of which are necessary to health and a feeling of well-

September 1964

being. It is becoming increasingly evident that the polyunsat-
urated fats in the foods from our oceans, rivers, and lakes
will lower blood cholesterol, the number one suspect in the
type of hardening of the arteries responsible for most heart
.attacks and strokes.

Oceanography

INDIAN OCEAN INVESTIGATIONS BY
RESEARCH VESSEL "PIONEER":

The world's steepest continental slope has
been discovered off the east coast of Ceylon
by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey re-
search vessel Pioneer, announced the Depart-
ment of Commerce on July 12, 1964. The
chief scientist aboard the research vessel re-
ported that the slope where Ceylon drops
down into the Bay of Bengal is over 45 de-
grees steep. The average continental slopes
vary between 5 degrees off the west coast of
Europe, 1 to 15 degrees off the Pacific Coast
of the United States, and 4 to 7 degrees off
the American east coast.

The Pioneer was completing asix-months,
27,000-mile voyage to the Indian Ocean, sci-
entifically one of the world's least knownocean
areas. The vessel, described as a complete-
ly equipped "floating laboratory," left San
Francisco, Calif., on February 11, 1964, to
participate in a 20-nation scientific explora-
tion of the Indian Ocean, Scientists from the
Philippines, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, and
8 United States scientific agencies were a-
board the vessel during the voyage.

The research vessel, which is manned by
104 officers and crew, was scheduled to reach
Honolulu, Hawaii, about the end of July on its
return trip to the United States and San Fran-
cisco-Oakland about mid-August. It will then
have completed the longest and farthest trip
ever made by a vessel of the Coast and Geo-
detic Survey in its 157-year history.

In addition to discovering the steep con-
tinental slope off Ceylon, other discoveries
and activities of the expedition included (1)
the finding of several previously unknown un-
dersea mountains; (2) explored for the first
time two giant submarine canyons off Ceylon
both of which are larger than the Grand Can-
yon; (3) sent SCUBA divers down to search
the top of another undersea mountain; and (4)
took thousands of color photos of the bottom
of the sea.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Coast and Geodetic Survey's chief o-
ceanographer, who headed the scientific ex-
pedition and flew back to report on its find-
ings, termed the continental slope off Ceylon
"truly spectacular.'' He said, ''The west
coast of Ceylon is connected with India by a
very shallow area. It was known that deepwa-
ter existed off the east coast, but no one re-
alized how precipitous was the drop from the
continental shelf (which begins at the water's
edge) to the ocean bottom." He explained that
the continental slope is the connecting link be-
tween the shelf and the bottom of the sea. He
continued, ''From about 6 miles off the coast,
where we began our soundings, the slope fell
from a depth of about 180 feet to about 12,000
feet in the short distance of 18 miles. Nearly
4,000 feet of this vertical drop to the sea bot-
tom off Ceylon was over 45 degrees." "The
steep slope is located about 20 miles south of
Trincomalee and is about 2 miles long", he
said.

The 2 submarine canyons which were ex-
plored off the Ceylonese coast were near Bat-
ticoloa. The larger, just north of Batticoloa,
was 7,800 feet deep and was named Mundeni
Canyon for the river closest to it. It was said
to be deeper and narrower than the Grand Can-
yon. The second undersea canyon is located
south of Batticoloa and is 2 miles wide at the
top and 4,570 feet deep.

According to the oceanographer, one of the
most unusual aspects of the trip, was their
exploration of an undersea mountain in the

| South China Sea about 36 to 40 feet below the

surface of the ocean. Millions of brightly col-
ored tropical fish swam around them as they
made their way over the white coral which
covered the top of the mountain. Rock was re-
covered from the top and sides of the moun-
tain and numerous color photos made of the
area with the expedition's underwater cameras.

During the remainder of the expedition; the
research vessel Pioneer was slated to explore
some of the Pacific's most mysterious phe-
nomena, the huge trenches, such as the Java,
Philippines, Marianna, Palau, and Yap Trench-
es, at the ocean bottom. ''They are all much
larger than the Grand Canyon,'' explained the
vessel's chiefoceanographer. ''They are large
narrow gashes in the bottom of the sea and
their origin is still in the realm of theory.
We do not know what caused them. There is
nothing like them anywhere on land, so wecan
only study them at sea. Very possibly they
represent areas where the earth's crust has

actually been pulled down by forces acting
deep within the earth. We hope the expedition
will be able to shed some light on the origin
of these tremendous sea-floor trenches.’

The great wealth of scientific material
collected on the expedition, which included a
study of the Indian Ocean's physical, chemi-
cal, meteorological, geological, biological,
and geophysical aspects, will take scientists
years to assimilate completely. A prelimi-
nary report of the expedition, is to be made
available in early 1965. (U.S. Coast and

Geodetic Survey, July 12, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 23.

He 3K OK Ok OK

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
RESEARCH VESSEL RETURNS
FROM EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC
OCEANOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS:
Extensive oceanograph investigations were
conducted by the research vessel John Elliott
Pillsbury of the Institute of Marine Science
(IMS), University of Miami, during the first
part of this year. The 176-foot vessel re-
turned to Miami in June 1964, from five months
at sea, after covering 18,600 miles during a
series of investigations along the equator and
along the west coast of Africa.

With a crew of 19 and a scientific com-
plement of 15, the vessel left Miami on Feb-
ruary 1, 1964, and sailed through the Baha-
mas and south to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands,
doing radiation studies. From St. Thomas
she crossed the Atlantic to Monrovia, Libe-
ria, arriving there on February 28. For the
next 23 months she participated in EQUA-
LANT ITI, a 10-nation oceanographic survey
of the tropical Atlantic. The vessel's work
was concerned with one of the major objec-
tives of the survey--an attempt to track the
equatorial undercurrent, a little-known cur-
rent that flows east along the Equator, be-
neath the westward-flowing equatorial cur-
rent. The scientists succeeded in tracking
the underwater current for a distance of
1,320 miles to an area where the current dis-
sipated itself along the African coast. The
existence of the current, which is located a-
bout 150 feet below the surface, has been
known to oceanographers for several years,
but little or nothing has been known of its
course, speed, or point of termination.

At the conclusion of the study of ocean
currents in April, the Pillsbury took on a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

new group of IMS scientists at Lagos, Nigeria.
A study was made of the Gulf of Guinea, a
unique ocean region where a combination of
currents produces an area of high primary
productivity near a fairly sterile region. The
chemistry of the water and its plankton were
studied--tiny plants, animals, and bacteria.
After all data have been analyzed the investi-
gators hope to reach conclusions concerning
the reasons for the extraordinary growth of
life in certain areas of ocean upwellings.

The next and last phase of the vessel's
African cruise was a deep-sea biological ex-
pedition. Using bottom trawls of various
kinds, midwater trawls, dredges, and grabs
in depths of from 90 to 12,000 feet, and using
over 6 miles of wire cable, thousands of spec-
imens of deep-ocean and continental-shelf life
were collected. Those will be studied to in-
vestigate the relationships of the fauna of the
eastern and western tropical Atlantic. Many
species were taken that are new to science.

Many unusual deep-water fish species were
collected, including a black swallower (which
can swallow another fish twice its size); the
famous fish with the ''tricycle landing gear"
which was photographed a few years ago from
a bathyscape; a barreleye (a fish with eyes in
tubes pointed forward like headlights); others
known as fang-tooth, snipe-eel, and viperfish.
Six rare gulper eel also were caught--more
than are found in all the world's museums.

Among the invertebrates collected were a
number of species of the rare vampire squid,
the poisonous pancake urchin of deep water,
numerous cuttlefish, squid and deep-water
gelatinous octopods, strange deep-sea crus-
taceans, brittlestars, sea cucumbers, deep-
water tooth shells, and other kinds of animals.
The results of the expedition are being pre-
pared and will be a valuable contribution to the
knowledge already at hand of tropical and deep-
water ocean life.

Commissioned in July 1963, the John Elli-
ott Pillsbury had logged 254 days and 36,000
miles at sea at the end of this equatorial At-
lantic trip. About mid-July, she was sched-
uled to depart on a cruise in the waters be-
tween Bermuda and the Bahamas. (News of
Institute of Marine Science, Miami, Fla., July
T, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 43.

September 1964

COAST GUARD CUTTER OCCUPIES
OCEAN WEATHER STATION:

The long-range program of the U.S. Coast
Guard for the full utilization of the oceano-
graphic potential offered by the weather sta-
tions moved one step further towards reali-
zation when the USCGC Ingham occupied O-
cean Station CHARLIE during June 13-July
3, 1964. The Ingham has been outfitted to
take routine oceanographic stations, and will
be the first of the 327-foot Secretary-Class
cutters to undertake a full-scale oceano-
graphic program. She was to be followed at
CHARLIE by her sistership the USCGC Spen-
cer in July and August 1964.

Ocean Station CHARLIE is located at 52°
45'N., 35930' W., or about 500 miles south-
east of Cape Farwell, Greenland, on the sum-
mer shipping lanes between Cape Race, New-
foundland, and Bishop's Rock, England. More
significantly from an oceanographic point of
view, it is located in the transition zone be-
tween the warm waters of the North Atlantic
Current and the cold outflow from the Arctic
region.

As in the case of the first project at Sta-
tion BRAVO, the first surveys will be large-
ly exploratory, since there is very little his-
torical data available on which to base a
sampling plan. The initial program will con-
sist of daily oceanographic casts to 1,500
meters, with a cast to the bottom (about 3,500
meters) about every 10 days.

The data will be processed by the Coast
Guard Oceanographic Unit, Washington, D.C.,
and the results published in the U.S. Coast
Guard Oceanographic Data Report Series.
The final data will be deposited with the Na-
tional Oceanographic Data Center, as are the
data from all Coast Guard cruises. (U.S.
Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit, Washington,
D.C., June 15, 1964.)

KOK OK OK ok

NEW INSTRUMENT EFFECTIVE AID
IN OCEAN-BOTTOM STUDIES:

A large bucket-type grab sampler is the
principal instrument used in collecting bot-
tom-dwelling animals and related bottom
sediments on the Continental Shelf off the
North Atlantic seaboard. It is used in that
area in a bottom-dwelling fauna study being
conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Mass., in cooperation with the Woods Hole

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Oceanographic Institution and the U.S. Geo-
logical Survey.

The instrument is made of thick steel
plate, measures over 3 feet in its greatest
dimension, weighs 550 pounds, and samplesa
6-square-foot bottom area. A unique feature
of the instrument is a camera and strobe light
mounted within the bucket which takes a photo-
graph of the bottom immediately before the
device touches bottom. The combination of
both photographs and bottom samples for the
same spot has aided immeasurably in deter-
mining the abundance of animal life on various
parts of the Continental Shelf, as well as map-
ping sediment types, and determining the liv-
ing habits of various deep-sea creatures.

Ocean Perch

ANNUAL CHECK OF TAGGED
OCEAN PERCH OFF MAINE:

total o ish were taken during the
annual checkup in June 1964 of tagged ocean
perch off Eastport, Me. The annual check is
part of the North Atlantic fisheries investiga-
tions program of the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries on the growth rate of ocean
perch. Of the 400 fish taken, 200 had been
tagged previously and 16 were tagged in Au-
gust 1956.

Some of the tagged fish taken in this year's
check have been recaptured in the same place
several times in past years. Out of the 16
fish tagged in August 1956, 15 were recaptured
at least twice before, and 1 fish was recap-
tured 5 times. The average growth of those
16 fish for the 8-year period was barely 1.5
inches.

This project by the Bureau started as an
investigation of the growth rate of oceanperch,
and has been successful in providing scientif-
ic knowledge on ocean perch longevity and

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

their lack of movement away from even a
very restricted locality.

es
WL

3
Oysters

DEVELOPMENTS ON MSX DISEASE
REPORTED BY SCIENTISTS:

Oyster grounds in the Chesapeake Bay area attacked by
MSX have not yet recovered, and oysters planted on infected
grounds continue to die. This is what the Senior Marine Sci-
entist in charge of oyster research at the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., told the members
of the Oyster Institute of North America at their annual con-
vention in New Orleans, July 10, 1964.-

The scientist said that ‘‘For 5 years the protozoan dis-
ease (MSX) has been epidemic in saltier waters of lower
Chesapeake Bay and our rivers, and it has not yet subsided,
We have marked the areas invaded by MSX and the disease
has not spread appreciably beyond the fringes of these
boundaries during several years.’’ He pointed out that MSX
is inhibited by low salinities and disappears each spring
from marginal areas due to freshening of the waters by run-
off of the spring rains, Although the boundaries of the dis-
ease have not been widened, no clear evidence of recovery
from the invasion can be detected.

Test plantings of seed oysters by Institute of Marine Sci-
ence scientists indicate that oysters planted on MXS-infest-
ed grounds during the winter or early spring will become
infected as the water warms up and will begin to die in late
summer and fall with a few deaths occurring throughout the
winter. Seed oysters planted in infested areas in late sum-
mer become infected immediately but do not begin to die un-
til the following summer. About 40 percent of the oysters
planted will die the first summer and 50 to 60 percént will
die the second summer. Only about 10 to 20 percent of the
original seed oysters planted will remain alive after 2 years.
According to the Director of the Institute, Virginia’s scien-
tists hope to make use of those survivors in developing re-
sistant strains.

Infections of James River seed oysters have never been
extensive, fortunately for the oyster planters. Infections de-
tected in the lower seed beds in the fall disappear by spring
as fresh water pushes the salt content lower than the dis-
ease organism can tolerate. Plantings of James River oy-
ster seed, even when carrying MSX, have not spread the dis-
ease to new areas Since those seed were usually planted in
rivers and bays where the water contains less salt than the
lower James, so the causative organism was killed.

The Institute’s scientist in charge of oyster research and
his co-workers are busy attempting to develop strains of oy-
sters which will be highly resistant to MSX and other dis-
eases, Oysters which have survived the ravages of MSX for
5 years are being artificially spawned in the Gloucester
Point Laboratory and if they show a resistance to the dis-
ease, they will eventually be made available to oyster farm-
ers, Testing for resistance to MSX will require a minimum
of 3 years even under present accelerated operations. (Vir-
ginia jdaden of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, July 14,
1964,

3K OK OK Ok

BREEDING STOCK
RESISTANT TO DISEASE:

Excellent progress is being made in spawn-
ing and raising oysters under controlled
conditions, announced the Director of the Vir-

Vol. 26, No. 9

ginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester
Point, Va., on July 20, 1964. He said, "This
is an important step in our efforts to produce
oysters resistant to disease. As further ca-
pabilities are developed, we can look to the
day when improved stock, not only of oysters
but also of clams, can be produced and man-
ageable mariculture for seafoods will be a
reality."

The oyster improvement program at the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science is aimed
specifically at breeding a special stock of
oysters which will survive the protozoan dis-
ease MSX. Parents of those oysters are |
males and females which have survived 5 years
in beds where 95 to 98 percent of their fellow
oysters succumbed to the disease.

The Senior Marine Scientist in charge of
oyster research at Gloucester Point obtained
large oysters which have lived most of their
lives in disease-infested waters to be the
parents of what he hopes will become brood
stock highly resistant to MSX. "During late
winter we hired a commercial dredge boat
and collected live oysters from Mobjack Bay
and Egg Island beds which are assumed to
have survived the ravages of MSX for 5 years,"
he related. "Perhaps 95 to 98 percent of the
oysters left on those grounds in 1959 have
died from MSX infections. We hope these
survivors have a natural immunity to the dis -
ease and we are testing to see if seed oysters
spawned from these survivors will have higher
natural resistance to MSX than James River
seed,"' he added.

Laboratory and field work necessary for
testing the survival value of these specially
selected oysters requires a team effort. One
of the Institute's oyster research scientists
has devoted many months to studying tech-
niques for caring for larval oysters and has
incorporated the principles he has learned
into the equipment of a new oyster research
laboratory completed in June of this year.
Even before completion of the new research
laboratory, he began to successfully spawn
oysters in early May and by mid-July hadcol-
lected spat from many spawnings.

Another group of laboratory scientists is
responsible for growing the algae (plankton)
necessary to feed the young laboratory-rear-
ed oysters. A scientist of the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy and Science has been
associated with the Institute this past sum-
mer in working out problems of the embryonic
development of oysters. He is a visiting sci-

September 1964

entist at the Virginia Institute of Marine Sci-
ence under the National Science Foundation
Research Participation for College Teachers
program.

About 20 lots of surviving oysters from
MSX and Dermocystidium epidemics have
been collected for breeding. Nine lots of lab-
oratory-bred progeny, about the size of a
small coin, were available for testing pur-
poses. It will require about 3 years to de-
termine whether or not this progeny is ofa
quality suitable fer commercial purposes. If
resistant stocks are obtained, breeding lots
of a few bushels will be available to private
commercial hatcheries for production. Se-
lection for size, growth rate, and fattness will
be made concurrently with resistant studies.
Native stocks should be given strong prefer-
ence in any breeding program, the Institute's
oyster research scientists state. (Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, July 20, 1964.)

Pacific Northwest|

JAPANESE FISHERY OBSERVERS
VISIT UNITED STATES:

A Japanese Fishing Industry Goodwill
Mission to the United States and Canada ar-
rived in Seattle, Wash., on July 17, 1964, for
a six-day tour of Pacific Northwest fishery
facilities. The 12 members of the grouprep-
resent both management and labor organiza-
tions in Japan's fishing industry.

The Regional Director, U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash., said
the Japanese group was scheduled to visit
Columbia River fishery facilities in Washing-
ton and Oregon, and commercial fish opera-
tions and other installations in the Seattle
area. After the United States visit, the Japa-
nese mission was scheduled to go to Vancou-
ver, British Columbia, Canada. Before com-
ing to Seattle, the group had visited several
places in Alaska. The group had left Japan
on July 1 and arrived in Anchorage, Alaska,
on the same day. They were scheduled to re-
turn to Japan on July 28.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Pollution

PESTICIDE ENDRIN BLAMED IN
MISSISSIPPI RIVER FISH KILL:

An official finding that the pesticide endrin
was the cause of a massive fish kill in the
lower Mississippi River last fall and winter.
and that industrial operations at Memphis,
Tenn., were sources of the pollution was an-
nounced June 26, 1964, by the Secretary of the
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. The finding took the form of the
Secretary's acceptance of the report of a con-
ference held at New Orleans, La., May 5-6,
1964, under the enforcement provisions of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

On the two principal points involved--the
specific cause of the fish kill and the source
of the pollution--the report of the New Orleans
conference stated:

"The conferees representing the States of
Louisiana and Mississippi and the U.S. De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare
concluded that the pesticide endrin was re-
sponsible for the fish kill in the Mississippi
and Atchafalaya Rivers, in Louisiana, during
the fall and winter of 1963-64. The conferee
representing Arkansas stated that endrin was
at least a contributing factor. The conferee
representing Tennessee stated that other fac-
tors might also be present.

"Industrial wastes and drainage from con-
taminated areas in and near Memphis, Tenn.,
are sources of the discharge of endrin into the
Mississippi.

"The available data demonstrate that
sources, not yet identified, other than those
in the Memphis area, may contribute to the
endrin found in the lower Mississippi drain-
age area. These other sources must be iden-
tified through further study."

The report stated that minute concentra-
tions of endrin had been found in the treated
water supplier of Vicksburg, Miss., and New
Orleans, La. "While acute effects on humans
of this pesticide in water have not been de-
tected," the report said, "the effects of con-
tinued ingestion of even these minute quantities
must be evaluated."

In transmitting the report to water pollu-
tion control officials of the four States in-
volved, the Secretary of the U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare endorsed

the recommendations of the conference that
action be taken to bring known sources of en-
drin discharges from industry, land drainage,
and mud deposits under control ''immediate-
ly" and that "other sources of endrin pollu-
tion be identified and brought under control
as soon as possible.'' The conferees also
called for the establishment of a technical
committee "'to direct and advise in the iden-
tification and abatement of all sources of
pollution affecting the main stem of the Lower
Mississippi'' and for a progress report to be
prepared within a year. (Public Health Serv-
ice, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, June 26, 1964.)

Bias

Salmon

NEW FISH BEHAVORIAL FLUME
BUILT IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST:

ish behavorial ilume on the Grande
Ronde River five miles upstream from Troy,
Oreg., was completed and operating success -
fully at the beginning of this past summer,
announced the Regional Director, U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle,
Wash., on July 1, 1964.

The flume was built by the Bureau as part
of its fish-passage research program in an
effort to preserve and enhance anadromous
fish runs in the Columbia River and its trib-
utaries. The program is being conducted in
cooperation with the State fishery agencies
of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Scientists
hope the flume will help them find new ways
to collect young salmon and steelhead head-
ing downstream to the ocean so they can be
passed around dams and other barriers.

The Grande Ronde flume is the largest of
several the Bureau either has built or is
building in the Pacific Northwest. Already
constructed are flumes at Carson National
Fish Hatchery in Washington State, Eagle
Creek (near Estacada), Oreg., and on an ir-
rigation diversion of the Umatilla River in
Oregon. The Grande Ronde flume cost
$378,000 to build and is a concrete and steel
structure placed in the river to test various
kinds of experimental fish guiding and col-
lecting devices.

The research biologist and project leader
for the research program in Portland said
one of the devices likely to be tested in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

flume is a velocity accelerator barriers. It
would consist of a series of concrete weirs

in the bottom of the flume which would cause
the water to accelerate as it passes over each
one, but also slow up in between each weir.
As the young fish migrating downstream en-
counter the accelerated flow, they seek to
avoid it. The weirs, placed ona long angle to
the direction of flow, create a velocity bar-
rier extending in the same direction. The
fish (on rejecting this speedup in flow) will,

it is hoped, be guided along the flow barrier
into a bypass situated on the far side of the
flume. There they can be collected for trans -
portation around any manmade obstruction.
This device was designed at the University of
Washington hydraulics laboratory and was to
be tested first at the smaller flume at Carson
Hatchery. If it showed promise there, it was
to be tested at Grande Ronde.

The research biologist at Portland said,
"What we are looking for is a method of col-
lecting fish that is less costly from the stand-
point of maintenance as well as capital outlay

than the traditional methods of louvers and
traveling screens. One of the problems is to
design a collecting device which will allow
debris in the river to pass through it, yet will
not harm the fish or allow them to escape. It
is hoped the Grande Ronde flume will help
provide an answer."

Also being tested in the flume were a lou-
ver structure and a perforated plate screen
to determine their efficiency in guiding young
migrant fish.

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP
SUPPLY INDICATORS, JUNE 1964:

[January-December| = | 28,468) 5,322 | 14,500]

(Table continued on next page.)

September 1964

Meet {toe ee]
- (1,000 Lbs. Heads-Off) .

Frozen inventories (as of end of each mo,)2/:
25754 | 12,728]

-(¢/1b., 26-30 Count, Heads-Off). .
Ex-vessel price, all SpeEIEs, So, Atl, and Gulf Ports:
59.0 83.6 66

73-82 {102-106} 93-95
Pons of beadlem shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by

2yRaw ineadless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.
3/lncludes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bu-
reau of the Census.
4/Rana je in Le asag at Tampa, Fla.; Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville,
‘exas, 01

Note: June 1964 landings and ity used for canning estimated from information pub-
lished daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to
heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

xk KOK XK

ROYAL-RED SHRIMP FISHING OFF
FLORIDA EAST COAST GOOD IN JUNE:

Fishing for royal-red shrimp off the Flor-
ida east coast during June 1964 and the early
part of July was reported to have averaged
about 50 boxes of shrimp a week per vessel.
One four-day trip by a commercial shrimp
fishing vessel was reported to have yielded
some 83 boxes of royal-red shrimp.

Smoked Fish

STATUS REPORT ON SMOKED FISH
PROCESSING STUDIES IN
GREAT LAKES REGION:

The progress on smoked fish processing
studies to test the effects of certain process
time/temperatures for the production of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

smoked fish is outlined in a report issued
May 12, 1964, by the Regional Director, U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ann Arbor,
Mich. The studies are being conducted at the
Bureau's Great Lakes Technological Labora-
tory in Ann Arbor.

It has been evident for some time that in-
dustry lacked technical knowledge of the vari-
ables of existing smoked fish processing meth-
ods and the devices necessary to measure
temperature of fish during smoking, as well
as the equipment which would permit close
control of the smoking operation. Data are
needed to determine whether smoked chub
processed and/or stored as specified by the
various regulatory agencies would be an ac-
ceptable product. Processing studies are,
therefore, being carried out to provide such
information. An interim report on experi-
mental smoking of chub has been released.
This report was limited to results of current
thermal processing studies. It did not include
microbiological evaluations. Such research is
in progress under contract and will be re-
ported separately. The following tentative
conclusions stemmed from current studies:

1. Chub can be heated to an internal tem-
perature of 180° F. for 30 minutes in a direct
smoking process and yield an acceptable prod-
uct of good texture.

2. A large heat capacity (greatly in excess
of existing commercial smokehouses in the
Great Lakes area) is required to bring the in-
ternal fish temperature to 180° F. within a
reasonable period of time. Rapid heating is
necessary to insure a good yield and to avoid
excessive drying of product.

3. Smokehouse temperature is not fish
temperature. If rapid heating of the product
is to be achieved (less than 3 hours), an initial
temperature differential of at least 70° to 100°
F. (of house over fish) is needed. This dif-
ferential should not decrease to less than 50°
to 60° F. at the end of a normal smoking peri-
od.

4. Slow, prolonged heating as a result of
inadequate heat input will significantly reduce
yield and result in an undesirable dry and
salty product. Predrying at low temperatures
does not appear to accomplish any useful pur-
pose and reduces final yield. Ifa relatively
high process temperature is required, e.g.,
180° F., optimum conditions would appear to
be rapid heating with simultaneous smoking,

instead of smoking separately as in past low-
temperature smoking operations. Total time
exposure to heat should be kept at a minimum
to maximize yield.

5. Special "point-sensitive" temperature
measuring devices (thermocouples) are ab-
solutely necessary to give true internal fish
temperatures, especially for small fish such
as chub. Large temperature sensitive bulbs
will probably give false readings, which may
be 50° to 70° F. higher than internal fish
temperatures.

6. Forced air circulation and baffling in
the smokehouse are essential in order to a-
void hot and cold spots. This should prove
of concernto the processor insofar as reg-
ulations are concerned, and also because this
problem will cause product nonuniformity and
low yield due to overprocessing. Similarly,
size grading should merit some considera-
tion.

7. Chub vary widely in composition and
in quality. Higher fat content is usually as-
sociated with the larger fish, although fish of
uniform size are also quite variable. Size,
quality, and composition of fish all affect salt
uptake and product behavior during smoking.

8. Salt uptake during brining depends
largely on time and concentration of brine.
Two- to three-percent salt in the smoked
product appears an acceptable range for
most consumers. Brining chub overnight (16
to 18 hours) in 20° to 25 salinometer brine
or for 2 hours in 40° to 50° salinometer brine
will usually yield a satisfactory salt level in
the smoked product.

9. A Significant lowering of the pH of the
smoked fish product by employing acetic,
phosphoric, or lactic acids during the brining
operation, was not found to be amenable to
product quality. Severe texture and flavor
changes were clearly evident, and product
yield was significantly lowered. Decreasing
pH of the smoked product to approximately
4.5 appears quite impractical.

10. Smoking of chub after packaging or
reprocessing of presmoked chub to internal
temperatures of 180° F’. for 30 minutes yields
inferior products.

11. The smoked product (chub) does not
stiffen noticeably (i.e., 'freeze'') at 23° F.,
probably due to its relatively high fat and salt

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

content. Thus, holding at 26° to 32° F. would
probably not harm quality (texture changes due
to freezing).

12. The finished smoked product should be
cooled and packaged rapidly to minimize fur-
ther loss of yield. Packaging should be fairly
loose to permit the product to "breathe" and
thus to avoid excessive surface moisture (re-

tarding molding or slime formation).

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 44.

ar
South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY
EXPLORATIONS CONTINUED BY
RESEARCH VESSEL "OREGON":

e U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel Oregon left Pasca-
goula, Miss., on July 1, 1964, for Brunswick,
Ga., to continue the Bureau's exploratory fish-
ing program initiated in 1960 along the South
Atlantic coast. Exploratory cruises in the
Caribbean Sea, conducted in the past by the
Oregon, will be made from Brunswick until
construction of a new Gulf of Mexico explora-
tory fishing vessel scheduled to start in1965,
is completed.

Pe en Shee

U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
Oregon.

September 1964

Under a Bureau program realignment, the
chartered exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay has been returned to its owners. The
Silver Bay participated in the Bureau's Gulf
of Mexico and South Atlantic exploratory fish-
ing and gear research programs over the past
seven years. That vessel was used in loca-
ting and assessing the deep-water shrimp,
scallop, and bottomfish resources in the Gulf
of Mexico and along the Atlantic coast.

Tagging
MARLIN AND SAILFISH COOPERATIVE

TAGGING PROGRAM IN EASTERN PACIFIC:

United States sport fishermen are achiev-
ing results ina game fish tagging program
in the eastern Pacific sponsored by the U.S.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,

REGIUA O-. PACIFICO
PROGRAMA COOPERATIVO DE MARCAR

PECIFIC ARES
COOPERATIVE TAGGING PROGRAM

Marlin-Marlin
and/y

ESTUDIO DE INVESTIGAGION MARINA DE PESCA DEPORTIVA
PROGRAMA DE MARCAR COOPERATIVO
Servicio de Pesce 7 Vide Sdvestre de EE. UU.
Ocenncgrifics de Woods Hale
Pence Depertive

‘SU PESCA UN PEZ CON ESTA IDENTIFICACION
CORTESELE CON CUIDADO LA MARCA ENTERA Y ENVIELA

se Sf premio
REWARD
U.S.

RETURN TO:
ENVIESE A:

crpremretans mas cwrease te le Anaciacion
Knterasvional de Peace Deperors, £3 R

Fig. 1 - Bilingual (English-Spanish) poster requesting tag returns
in the Pacific Area Cooperative Tagging Program.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

the International Game Fish Association, and
the Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Insti-
tution. Four tagged marlin have been recover-
ed within the past year by Japanese tuna long-
line vessels operating in the eastern Pacific.
The recoveries included 2 marlin tagged off
the east coast of Baja California, Mexico,
which were recaptured 150 and 1,150 miles
south of the point of tagging. In addition, a
marlin was tagged and recovered in the mouth
of the Gulf of California, and another tag was
recovered in the same area from a marlin
tagged off Acapulco, Mexico.

Within the past 2 years, over 1,500 striped
marlin have been tagged off southern Califor-
nia, and off the west coast of Mexico in the
area of southern Baja California, Mazatlan,
and Acapulco.

Increased fishing by Japanese tuna long-
liners in the eastern Pacific should increase

AF FR

+h FR RK AER
PACIFIC AREA

COOPERATIVE TAGGING PROGRAM

SARA RAAB ARM
ROBY RAARE

parmotR = RM
TRADES TRB RA
ri ALS Be Bi,

part af Coe back

PAIR ELE MERE ry ARR Ode

$09 ROR FPR Ee MM es
(mA Rear OE
CAG AVERT OR OSE REI ET)
MRE ORL CTEM,

IF YOU CATCH A MARKED FISH

LOMB Horne
5 Re WRLE t.

AR GK RERRKICA
ZitsFMEZcewrEt

SO THAT ENTIRE TAG CAN BE
REMOVED. SEND TAG WITH PLACE. DATE OF CAPTURE,

RETURN TO:

Fig. 2 - Bilingual (English-Japanese) poster requesting tag returns
in the Pacific Area Cooperative Tagging Program.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

< ALS, Degrasi Spres Fiohodigr and AIS
<- Sereonauinont aes Fi: Asotin,
Wiacale Hate Oreaangiephi ianincticn

Fig. 3 - Shows the type of tag and tagging pole provided sport
fishermen participating in the Pacific Area Cooperative Marine
Game Fish Tagging Program.

tag recoveries and provide additional infor-

mation on the migration of marlin and sail-

fish since long-line gear captures both those
species in addition to tuna.

Tuna

ALBACORE EXPLORATORY CRUISE
CONDUCTED BY OREGON
FISH COMMISSION:

An exploratory 10-day cruise planned pri-
marily to determine the movements of alba-
core tuna off the Oregon coast in early July
1964 was announced by the Oregon Fish Com-
mission. The fishing vessel Chelan was
chartered by the Commission for the cruise.
The commercial fishing fleet was to be kept
informed by radio of fishing success during
the cruise.

The cruise plan called for operations 40
to 140 miles offshore where investigators
were to collect basic oceanographic data, ex-
plore for albacore along a predetermined
cruise track, obtain albacore for tagging as
an aid in studying distribution and migratory
habits of the species, and attempt to deter-
mine what relationship exists between ocean-
ographic conditions and albacore occurrence.
(Oregon Fish Commission, June 24, 1964.)

ORK KOK

BLUEFIN TAGGED OFF BAJA
CALIFORNIA RECAPTURED NEAR JAPAN:
A bluefin tuna tagged and released 70
miles northeast of Guadalupe Island, Baja
California, was recovered 22 months later

Vol. 26, No. 9

in the Sea of Japan off the northwestern cor-
ner of the island of Honshu.

The tuna was tagged and released on Au-
gust 15, 1962, by a U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries-California Department of Fish
and Game research team, operating from the
chartered purse-seiner West Point. The fish
was recaptured on June 18, 1964, in a fixed
trap net operated by Japanese fishermen near
the coastal town of Fukaura, Nishi-Tsugaru
County, Aomori Prefecture, Honshu. The
bluefin traveled an estimated minimum Great
Circle distance of 4,820 miles, growing from
an estimated 23 pounds at the time it was tag-
ged to 53 pounds at capture.

Fishery scientists of the Federal Govern-
ment and California Department of Fish and
Game initiated a cooperative bluefin tuna tag-
ging program August 13-23, 1962. A total of
960 fish were then released. As of this past
summer, a total of 168 tags had been recover-
ed by California fishermen. This tag from
the recaptured bluefin is the first to be re-
turned from Japan.

One other tagged bluefin tuna has made a
trans-Pacific migration. That fish was tagged
by Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
personnel in 1958 near Guadalupe Island, Baja
California. It was recovered 5 years and 2
months later north of the Bonin Islands and
had grown in weight from 30-35 pounds attag-
ging to about 265-267 pounds when captured.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 53.

United States Fisheries

FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

United States production of fish sticks and fish portions
amounted to 46.8 million pounds during the first quarter of
1964, according to preliminary data. Compared with the

Table 1 - U.S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
January-March 19641/
Monts | Cooked | Raw | Total |

.... (1,000 Lbs.)....

74,132 | 5,163 | 79,295
Prelim 5

September 1964

Million
Pounds
20

Hg®

YEN TEEN

\ FAS aN

4 os, \* a ‘eo a
3 er es NOAT EY 4s ary)
: a) v \ “°° :
om Senses. \ J <
. See ee : \
S : 3

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Table 2 - U.S, Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
January-March 1964 and 1963

Atlantic Coast States...
Inland & Gulf States ...
Pacific Coast States ...

Table 3 - U.S, Production of Fish Sticks by Months, 1960-64
Pans ——_-| anosaTznsca [ x06 | x01 [ 100 |

rie meee ors ra

Table 4- U.S, Production of Fish Portions by Months and
iT ype, January-March, 19641/ March, 19641/

Breaded
‘Month Coaked| Raw Total pore Total

rot at ir 10882) 4130 [io,aie [22,555] me |
frotat1e632/ 6,623 [74,070 [1,503 | 3,054 [04,647]

iecvesds: .

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Table 5 - U. S, Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
January-March, 1964 and 1963

Table 6 - U. S, Production of Fish Portions by Months,
1960- LgG4.+——

1/Preliminary
Biavaeder

en eee

same quarter of 1963, this was a decrease of 1.5 million
pounds or 3,0 percent. Fish portions (25,5 million pounds)
were up 1,1 million pounds or 4.7 percent, while fish sticks
(21,3 million pounds) were down 2.6 million pounds or 10,9
percent,

Cooked fish sticks (19.7 million pounds) made up 92.8
percent of the January- March 1964 fish stick total, There
were 24,7 million pounds of breaded fish portions produced,
of which 19.3 million pounds were raw. Unbreaded fish por-
tions amounted to 856,000 pounds,

The Atlantic States remained the principal area in the pro-
duction of both fish sticks and fish portions, with 16.7 and
15.9 million pounds, respectively. The Inland and Gulf States
ranked second with 2.3 million pounds of fish sticks and 9.0
million pounds of fish portions, The remaining 2.8 million
pounds of fish sticks and fish portions were produced by
firms in the Pacific States,

Total production of fish sticks and fish portions during
1963 (173.9 million pounds) was 23,0 million pounds or 15,3
percent above 1962, Fish sticks (79,3 million pounds) were
up 7,1 million pounds or 9.8 percent; and fish portions (94.6
million pounds) increased 16.0 million pounds or 20,3 per-

U.S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED
AND CANCELLED:

May 1964: During May 1964, a total of 78
vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued
first documents as fishing craft, as compared
with 86 in May 1963. There were 30 docu-
ments cancelled for fishing vessels in May
1964, as compared with 42 in May 1963.

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - U.S. Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, May 1964 with Comparisons

[ay | Jan.-May_| Total
[1364 [1963 1963

.......(Number).......

Area
(Home Port)

Issued first documents 2/:
New England
Middle Atlantic .
Chesapeake. ...
South Atlantic ..
Gulf

Great Lakes...
Puerto Rico ......

Removed from documenta-
tion 3/:
New England. .
Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake ..
South Atlantic ..

Pacific. ...;.
Great Lakes
Hawaii.....

be ala einer

Note: For explanation of footnotes, see table 4.

Table 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents yaeoe by
Vessel Length and Area, May 1964 2/

135 - 135, 9
168 - 168.9

Vol. 26, No. 9

Table 3 - U.S. Fishing SRE ee har Issued by
Tonnage and Area, May 1964 2/
Gross New Middle |Chesa-} South
Tonnage |England| Atlantic] peake }Atlantid

-
Ree re NOWN UND

ote: For explanation of footnote, see table 4.

Table 4 - U.S. Fishing Vessels-- Documents Issued by
Vessel Horsepower and Area, May 1964 2/

Horse- New Middle }Chesa-} South |Gulf | Pacific| Total
power England |Atlantic | peake | Atlanti

. (Nun ber)....

WNNNN Neer

qdnAo0o0onndoot nw)
QAindooood ona

a
er el a ar er On ee

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft of 5
net tons and over,

sek ose kK
Se Tes sas Gis

April 1964: During April 1964, a total of
35 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued
first documents as fishing craft, as compared
with 71 in April 1963. There were 47 docu-
ments cancelled for fishing vessels in April
1964, as compared with 56 in April 1963.

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Table 4 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued by
Vessel Horsepower and Area, April 1964 2/

New Middle Chesa- South Pacific. Total
England | Atlantic peake | Atlantic

Table 1 - U.S. Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, |_and Cancelled, by Areas, Al Areas, April 1964 with Comparisons __ 1964 with Comparisons

Area Total
Home Port) ass] 1964 [1963] 1963

ssued first documents 2/:
New England

Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake

South Atlantic

Gulf

Pacific

Great Lakes

Puerto Rico

Siewancland
Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake
South Atlantic
Gulf

Pacific

Great Lakes
Hawaii

Re NWR EN RONNE ENON ROR ee

vese! asac B
peil 1964 previously removed from the reconis. Veme! pa
craft were built: 27 in 1964; 2 in 1963; 1 in 1962; 1 in 1954; and 4

abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, et

is Moutily Supslemeat 0 Merchant Vowels of the United Staten, Bureau of Customs, U.S, Tress-
ury Department.

Note: For explanation of footnotes, see table 4, ab

Table 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents We by
Vessel Length and Area, April 19642:

U. S. Foreign Trade

Length
—— IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-July 4, 1964, amounted
to 17,793,706 pounds (about 847,300 standard
cases), according to preliminary data com-
piled by the U.S. Bureau of Customs. This
was substantially less (20.7 percent) than the
22,414,914 pounds (about 1,067,400 standard
cases) imported during January 1-June 29,
1963.

Stale = oz. cans). Any imports in excess of that quota
3 will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

ODE EEE EEE POWWWWWW NN DD
SNOSBNDGNESOSAAROE OSA
OCOWOHDHODOHODVOHOHDDONHDWONDMHHHODOO

Table 3 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued by Be oeaaks tek pee

___ Tonnage and Area, April 19642

“Gross Middle | crega-] Sots, Jour [Pace 7 PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY
onnage nglan tic Atlantic .
PRODUCTS, MAY 1964:

. United States imports of processed edible fishery products
in May 1964 were down 7,7 percent in quantity and 7,4 percent
in value from those in the previous month, [There was an in-
crease in imports of frozen fish blocks this May, and those for
frozen wolffish fillets (sea catfish) and fresh and frozen sword-
fish were up substantially. The May 1964 imports of all
groundfish fillets were down from the previous month, as were
those for fresh and frozen tuna, canned tuna in brine, canned
sardines not-in-oil, and canned crab meat,

7
9
4
3
2
2
3
4
1

Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in May
1964 also were down 7.7 percent, Imports were generally low-

Note: For explanation of footnote, see table 4.”

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

er for most of the leading items, including frozen groundfish
fillets and fish blocks, lobster and spiny lobster, frozen shrimp,
fresh and frozen swordfish, canned sardines, and canned crab
meat, These were offset partly by some gain in imports of
fresh and frozen tuna, mostly albacore.

In the first 5 months of 1964, imports were about unchanged
in quantity from those in the same period a year earlier, but
the value was up 2.7 percent. During January- May 1964 there
were larger imports of frozen fish blocks and fresh and frozen
tuna, but imports of canned tuna were lower as were canned
sardines and canned crab meat,

U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products,
May 1964 with Comparisons

[Suanty —_[Vaue
EMay | Tan -May | Mayan. May

i964 [1963 |1964[1963/1964] 1963 |
e (Millions of Lbs.) .|. « (Millions of $) . »

Fish & Shellfish:
‘Imports 37.2)48. 3/205.5)205.6)11.3)12.1)60.7|59.1
Exports2/ . 2.6] 2.0] 17.5] 14.6] 1.2] 0.7| 7.6] 5.6
1/Includes uli, those fishery products classified by the U. S. Bu-
teau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs.'' Included
are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only
fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving
substantial processing, i. e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil-
lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen
shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish
processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not
otherwise processed).
2/Excludes fresh and frozen.

eee

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the
United States in May 1964 were down 13 percent in quantity
and 30 percent in value from those in the previous month.
In May there were fairly sharp decreases in exports of
canned salmon (down 37 percent), canned mackerel (down
43 percent), and canned sardines (down 54 percent). The
declines were partly offset by increased shipments of
canned squid (up 342 percent), mostly all to Greece.

Compared with the same month of the previous year, the
exports in May 1964 were up 30 percent in quantity and 71
percent in value. This May there were larger shipments of
most of the leading canned fish export items except canned
squid and canned sardines not-in-oil, Exports of canned
salmon to the United Kingdom this May increased 282 per-
cent from those in the same month a year earlier.

Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 5 months of
1964 were up 20 percent in quantity and 36 percent in value
from those in the same period of 1963. In January-May 1964
there were much larger shipments of canned mackerel (up 227
percent) and shipments of canned salmon and canned shrimp
were also higher, but exports of canned sardines not-in-oil

and canned squid were down sharply.

Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown above were included in news articles
on "U.S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products."' Before October 1963, data
showing "U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufactured and
crude products. At Present, a monthly summary of U.S. imports of crude or nonproc-
essed fishery products is not available; therefore, only imports of manufactured or
processed edible fishery products are reported above. The above import data cre,
therefore, not comparable to previous reports of "U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Prod-
ucts."

The export data shown are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible
Fishery Products." The export data in this series of articles have always been limited
to manufactured or processed products.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 43.

OK OK 7

VALUE OF U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS

EXPORTS UP SHARPLY IN 1963:

The total value of United States exports of fishery prod-
ucts (edible and inedible) was up sharply in 1963--58 percent
higher than in 1962. The export value of edible fishery prod-
ucts increased 35 percent from the previous year and the
value of inedible products was double that of 1962.

Vol. 26, No. 9

Value of United States Exports of Edible and Inedible
Fishery Products, 1962-63

Product
(U.S. Dollars)...
Edible:
Salmon, fresh or frozen 2,530,062 871,806
Other fish, fresh or frozen 1,858,082 1,135,191
Shrimp, fresh or frozen 7,748,434 3,299,105
Salmon, canned 8,238,970 7,292,239
Shrimp, canned 3,053,650 2,572,187
Squid, canned 742,394 728,816
Shellfish, canned 1,263,009 1,506,680
Mackerel, canned 681,283 671,120
Sardines, canned 715,801 1,503,287
Salmon, salted, pickled or
dry-cured 509,334 528,142
Other fish and shellfish 3,037,590 2,362,322
=e
Total Edible 30,378,609 22,470,895
Inedible:
Fish and fish-liver oils 15,636,141 6,046,852
Seal furs, dressed or dyed 5,876,523 3,850,958
Shells, unmanufactured 2,136,534 1,284,666
Fish, shellfish, and other
marine-animal products 1,845,609 1,506,736
Other inedible 732,743 568,370
Total Inedible 26,227,550 13,257,582

56,606,159 35,728,477
: U.S. Exports of Domestic and Foreiqn Merchandise, FT 110, years 1962 and

Principal items accounting for substantial increases in
the edible fishery products group included shrimp (fresh,
frozen, and canned) and salmon (fresh, frozen, and canned).

Among the inedible products, the export value of fish and
fish-liver oils was up 159 percent from a year earlier. The
1963 export value of all other items in the inedible products
igroup was much higher than in 1962.

se Kk ok) kK

AIRBORNE IMPORTS OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS, JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

Airborne fishery imports into the United
States in March 1964 amounted to 485,100
pounds valued at
$233, 800, down
21.6 percent in
quantity and 26.7
percent in value
from those in the
previous month.

Total airborne
imports in Janu-
ary-March 1964
were down 28.2 percent in quantity and 34.9 per-
cent in value from those in the same period of
1963.

The data as issued do not show the state of
all products--fresh, frozen, or canned--but it
is believed that the bulk of the airborne im-
ports consists of fresh and frozen products.

September 1964

Table 1 - U. s.1/ Airborne Imports of Fishery Products,
January, February, and March 1964

Janua Februar March

Product and
Origin 2/

ish:
Portugal....... 5
Mexico... .. ¥
British Honduras .

United Kingdom. .

rei proorSe
#

Dwwnrer
ort roooore
Nowonw ar
uno

Denmark .......
Canadas. . siereye s «
TESLANO i fancgaye ©: o

MeO noose :

aon

El Sauredact micliov el»
Nicaragua ..
Costa Rica... e
Panama |. 2). 3 ss lo/>

Total shrimp... . 5
Shellfish other than shrimp:

MesIea Ee asia.
British Honduras, .
Honduras .......
Nicaragua.......
Costa Rica ..
Jamaica...

British Guiana .
Canada. ...+s-+--
Dominican Republic

4awau3d&

iS]
pert EC Minnow
i<)

=
pret tet wornows

~
oro

—

a oO ic

ono

rao! 'oworwn
wot! Ooortron
S'rorwmiainn

Rann
S
a

1/For Stents of footmmotes, see table 2.

Table 2 - U. S.1/ Airborne Imports of Fishery Products,
January-March 1964 with Comparative Data

Product and Jan.-Mar. 1964 Jan.-Mar. 1963 |
eyeing! SS

Fish:
Portugal, -)<isijs) «eye oe
IMGXIC O's oxey atone i09 bps

British Honduras...
Honduras 0) 0) s0se1 ste
MADAN Lacan ane obaitale

United Kingdom » says
EPO canis ites sy tte « °

som ww

PIBAYECE ele ate) cial ate -< °
REPSOL iy Ss taxehe pane Fi
Venezuela........
Treland M255 'hs eos 6

Denmark

Nor

Guatemala ....... - 85.9 45.5
El Salvador......". 50.9 127.6 89.2
Honduras. 37. 642". 3 - 5.8 3.3
Nicaragua ....... 4.1 73.3 21.7
CostaiRica sy .) 6 ac. 77.8 246.8 118.5
(PRMATIIA s.r o/s elcs). osss-6) 145.2 488.3 259.9
Venezuela si) sieetss 466.6 1,108.6 538.0
MCUAGOR’. 6 seme aust - 42.7 15.0

Bie whe = 2.6 0.9

(Table continued on next column.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

Product and

Origi

Shellfish other than shrimp:
MexXIGO ls . Sate.s ote
British Honduras...
El Salvador.......
Honduras .......-.
Nicaragua. ....+-++
Costa Rica, os. veisy.
JAMAICA os) s. <\eleyevei ale
Netherlands Antilles
Colombia jepe a + «aia
TNCUAGON, « iss) one! a ial ave
Tunisia’. Ss cs. we
British Guiana

On
HOR DRDWanon

FOOnmnwoarwonm

No) 0

Venezuela......

Dominican Republic . .
Bahamas ...%....
Haiti Seelekeustere

mre
nw

-Total shellfish

(excl. shrimp)... 186.0 | 134.1. Faas | 268.7

Wen:

1/imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be fates impo u
and are included, But United States trade with Puerto Rico and at untied States pos-
sessions and trade between United States possessions are not included.

2/When the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown,

3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and
moisture content.

4/F.0.b. point of shipment. Does not include U.S, import duties, air freight, or insur-

ance.
Note: These data are included in the overall import figures for total imports, i, e., these
imports are not to be added to other import data published,
Source: United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, January, Febru-
and March 1964, U. S. Bureau of the Census,

Wholesale Prices

EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH,
JULY 1964:

The July 1964 wholesale price index for edible fish and
shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) moved up only 0,9 per-
cent from the previous month. Substantial price increases
this July for most fresh or frozen salt-water and fresh-water
fishery products were offset by price declines in the proc-
essed fresh fish and shellfish group. But prices for proc-
essed frozen fishery products were all higher than in June
1964, At 106.6 percent of the 1957-59 average, the index this
July was 3.1 percent lower than for the same month a year
earlier, Prices this July were generally below those in July
1963 except for several fresh and frozen salt-water fishery
products and a number of the canned fish items,

Considerably higher prices prevailed this July than in the
previous month for ex-vessel large haddock (up 17.8 percent)
at Boston and for western fresh halibut (up 5.6 percent) at
New York City because of lighter-than-normal seasonal land-
ings. July 1964 prices also were above those for June for
western fresh king salmon (up 3.6 percent), Great Lakes drawn
whitefish (up 23.5 percent), and fresh round yellow pike (up
20.0 percent), Those higher prices were responsible for the 8,1
percent increase from June to July in the subgroup index for
drawn, dressed, or whole finfish, As compared with July 1963,
the subgroup index this July was up 4.5 percent because of high-
er prices for all items except fresh-water fish.

Much lower prices from June to July for South Atlantic
fresh shrimp (down 16,0 percent) at New York City were di-
rectly responsible for the 8.1 percent decline in the subgroup
index for processed fresh fish and shellfish. The steep price
drop for shrimp was partly offset by higher prices for small
haddock fillets (up 7.9 percent) at Boston as a result of the
higher ex-vessel prices for fresh haddock, Compared with Ju-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, July 1964 with Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices 1/
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($)

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned), .........-

Products:
, or Whole shs

Fresh & Frozen
Drawn, D:

Haddock, Ige., oftshore, drawn,

Boston
Halibut, West., 20/80 ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. [New York

Processed, frozen (Fish & Shellfish); .... .
Fillets; Flounder, skinless, 1=Ib. pies
Haddock, smi., skins on, 1=1b. pkg.
Ocean perch, Ige., skins on 1=Ib. pkg.
Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), brown, 5=b, pkg.

Canned Fishery Productss .....+.. ss.
Salmon, sae No. J tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs.
Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.),

48 cans/cs.
Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (15 0z.),
48 cans/cs.
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
3/4 0Z.), 100 cans/cs.

Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices.

Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. |New York

Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh Chicago

Yellow pike, L-Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh |New York
Process resh (Fish & Shellfish; ..........«-+--.-
Fillets, | ee Patent eae skins on, 20-Ib. tins [Boston

Shrimp, lge. (26=30 count), headless, fresh New York

Oysters, shucked, standards Norfolk

i/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the wee C I
~ prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service “‘Fishery

Indexes
(1957-59=100)

July | June | May
1964 | 1964 | 1964
106.6 | 105.6 | 105.4

sk esnikee 8 RNe . | 109.3

Ib,

Ib.

bb.

gal.

0; le month occurs,

2/Replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under revised pro=

> cedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics.

ly 1963, price. in the subgroup this July were down for all
products anc the index was lower by 12,7 percent,

All products in the subgroup for processed frozen fish and
shellfish were higher-priced this July and the index rose 3.9
percent from the previous month, Prices for haddock fillets
at Boston were up 7.3 percent from June to July, and were
higher by 5.8 percent as compared with July 1963. Prices this
July were higher for other species of fillets in the subgroup
and wholesale prices for frozen shrimp at Chicago rose 2
cents a pound from the previous month. The subgroup index
this July was lower than for the same month a year earlier by
5.0 percent--prices were lower for all products but haddock
fillets (up 5.8 percent),

The July 1964 subgroup index for canned fishery products
at 102.2 percent of the 1957-59 average was unchanged from
the previous month, Prices for each of the canned fish items
were at about the same price level as the previous two months
except for California canned jack mackerel which increased
slightly from May to June as a result of low inventories,

Prices for canned Maine sardines were steady during July
with a reported new season pack of some 300,000 cases to-
ward the end of that month--less than half the pack for the
Same period in 1963. As compared with July 1963, the sub-
group index this July was lower by 0.6 percent because of a
decline in prices for canned pink salmon (down 7.3 percent)
due to large inventories as the new season got under way.
Prices for other canned fishery products this July were high-

er than in July 1963,

Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior—a department of conservation--is concerned with the
Management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park
and recreational resources. Jt also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs.

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable

resources are developed and used wisely, that park and

recreational resources are conserved for the future,

and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the

United States--now and in the future.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International

FISHING LIMITS

BRITISH-NORWEGIAN DISCUSSIONS:

An account of discussions between the
United Kingdom and Norway on fishing limits
appeared in the British Hansard (Parliamen-
tary Debates), volume 697, no. 134, of July 2,
1964, as follows:

"Officials of the United Kingdom and Nor-
way met in London from 17th to 23rd June to
discuss the arrangements to be made, in ac-
cordance with the Note supplementary to the
Anglo-Norwegian Fishery Agreement of 17th
November, 1960, when the New United King-
dom fishery limits are introduced. In that
Note Her Majesty's Government undertook to
make for Norwegian vessels off the United
Kingdom arrangements corresponding to those
made under the Agreement for British vessels
off Norway.

"Subject to the conclusion of a formal A-
greement between their Governments in this
matter, officials recommended that until 31st
December, 1984, Norwegian vessels which
would otherwise be excluded from the new
fishery limits might continue to fish in the
zone between six and twelve miles from the
baselines of the territorial sea of the United
Kingdom (a) for dogfish, in the area extend-
ing from a line due west of Ard an Runair
(North Uist) northwards to a line due east of
Start Point (Orkney) including the areas a-
round the Flannan Islands, the Shetland Is-
lands and Fair Isle and the off-lying islands
of the St. Kilda Group, North Rona and
Sulisker, Sule Skerry and Stack Skerry;
and (b) for basking sharks, in the same
area as for dogfish and also in the area
between a line due west of the Mul of Oa (Is-
lay) and a line due west of Ard an Runair.

Norwegian vessels might also continue to
fish for dogfish and basking sharks in these
areas up to a limit of three miles from Unit-
ed Kingdom baselines until 31st December
1965, or, where straight baselines or bay

closing lines more than ten miles long are
drawn, until 31st December, 1966.

"Tf any fundamental change were to take
place inthe character of Norwegian fishing in
these areas, Her Majesty's Government would
review the position with the Norwegian Govern-
ment. Any right to fish for dogfish or basking
sharks inthese areas extended toa third coun-
try would also be extendedto Norway. The Gov-
ernment of the United Kingdom would enforce
for Norwegian vessels fishing in these areas
rules of conduct which for the time being
would be those of the North Sea Fisheries
Convention, 1882; the Government of the
United Kingdom would not require Norwegian
vessels to observe any conservation meas-
ures which might have the effect of abridging
their right to fish for dogfish or basking
sharks, unless such measures were accepted
by the Government of Norway.' (United States
Embassy, London, July 8, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 70;
March 1964 p. 35; February 1964 p, 59.

FISH MEAL

PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR
SELECTED COUNTRIES,
JANUARY-APRIL 1963-1964:

Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza-
tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of
fish meal. The FEO countries are Chile, Angola, Iceland,
Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa. Produc-
tion and exports of fish meal by FEO countries during Janu-
ary-April 1964 were up substantially from that same period
of the previous year.

Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries
i of the FEO, January-April 1963-1964
Apri

Country

So, Africa (including .
S.W. Africa)

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries
of the FEO, January-April 1963-1964

246.4 177.7| 917.8 | 577.8 |1,734.9 |

D
1/Data not available. Chile became a member of FEO at the end of 1963.
2/Data not reported. January 1964 exports were 4, 800 tons; January 1964 production
was 5,600 tons.

During the first 4 months of 1964, Peru accounted for 69.4
percent of total fish-meal exports reported by FEO countries,
followed by Norway with 10.2 percent, South Africa with 8.2
percent, Chile with 6.9 percent, and Iceland with 5.3 percent.
(Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, July 15, 1964.)

FISH OIL

WORLD EXPORTS, 1963:

World gross exports of fish oil (including
fish-liver oil) reached a record 480,500 short
tons in 1963, reflecting the expansion in fish-
oil shipments from the United States. World
_fish-oil exports in 1963 were up about 5 per-
cent from those in 1962 and were more than
twice the 1955-1959 average.

Peru, the United States, Iceland, and the
South Africa Republic are the most important
world suppliers of fish oil, accounting for
nearly 75 percent of the world's gross ex-
ports and about 95 percent of the world's net
exports of fish oil in 1963. Although several
European countries export sizable quantities
of fish oil, the area as a whole is a net im-
porter and takes most of the world's exports
of fish oil. Much of the domestic production
of fish oil in Europe is retained for domestic
consumption, normally in the country of ori-
gin, or exported to other European countries
as in the case of Iceland, Portugal, Western
Germany, and Denmark, In addition, Norway,
Western Germany, and the Netherlands im-
port large quantities of fish oil for further
processing and export largely to other Euro-
pean countries.

Exports from the United States reached a
record 131,200 tons in 1963, more than double
the exports of 1962. The increase enabled
the United States to surpass Peru and become

Vol. 26, No. 9

World Gross Exports of Fish Oil (Including Fish-Liver Oil)1/
Annual 1958-1963 and 5-Year Average 1955-1959

by 963] 1962

Continent and

Country 1961
-(1,000 Short Tons).
North America:
United States ale
Total No, America {137.8 65.0} 66.4
South America:
Argentina....... “5 «4 6
(CHM ose Bo oe We | 12.0 5.1
Peru: , Aga ce.) ees 121.3 | 166.0)112.8
Total So. America __|134.5 | 178.4/118.5 -2| 19.4 2.6
Europe: I
Denmark. ... 22.9 | 16.8] 10.5 7.4] 16.1) 12.6 2.5
France 4.0 2.8) 2.7 2.4 1.6 4 11
Germany, West 19.7 22,9) 25.3 26.2) 31.6] 17.9 7.9
Iceland 71.2 ; 72.5) 35.2 | 54.5] 18.9] 27.4 1.1
Netherlands 5/6/. . 2.8 2.6 5.2 7.8] 16.0] 13.0 0.4
Norway 6/....... 21.2 | 18.6] 24.0} 18.4] 21.8) 19.8 1.3
Pontupaleee esas 10.5 6.7] 7.4 4.9 aA) BEE) 5.1
Sweden .......- 3.4 2.0 3.4 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.5
United Kingdom.. . 2.7 2.6] 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.8
Other countries (incl.
USSR) 7... . 256 ||) 2.9]| 2:8) |) 2:0 A
Total Europe... . {161.0 | 150.4] 119.7 | 129.8
Africa:
INV Sb O00 S65 0 3.4 2.9] 3.3 7.3
Morocco .,..4.. 5.7 4.9 4.5 5.7
So. Africa Republic 8/ 35.3 50.4) 50.3 | 37.4
Total Africa .... 44.4 | 58.2] 58.1 | 50.4
[Asia and Oceania:
Japan ene aces a ners 2.7 3.8
Other countries 7/ . 8 1.0
Total Asia and
Oceania...... 3.5 4.8 5.3 7.8
a
World total....... -9| 366.2 319.2 |269,6| 200.1
‘1/Hardened fish oils have been included wherever separately classified in export statistics,
2/Prelim inary.
4/1959 only.

5/May include some whale oil prior to 1960.

6/Excludes sizable quantities of hardened fish oils exported annually which are not separately classified
in trade returns,

7/Includes estimates for minor exporting countries.

8/Including the territory of South-West Africa.

the leading world supplier. Exports from the
other major suppliers, except Iceland, de-
clined substantially. (World Agricultural Pro-
duction and Trade, June 1964, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural
Service.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

TUNA RESEARCH MEETING
HELD IN ROME:

A meeting of the Expert Panel for the Fa-
cilitation of Tuna Research of the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held for
the first time on June 8-12, 1964, in Rome.

The Panel, which was set up in 1963 by
FAO's former Director-General, is made up
of 11 tuna research scientists from 9 coun-
tries. The scientists are appointed in their
individual capacities and not as representa-
tives of organizations or governments.

One of the Panel's principal tasks will be
to stimulate governments to implement rec-

September 1964

International (Contd.):

ommendations passed at the World Scientific
Meeting on the Biology of Tunas and Related
Species held in La Jolla, Calif., in 1962. The
recommendations, most of them technical,
have already been transmitted to member
countries.

The Panel will seek to develop internation-
al standards for collection, collation, and pub-
lication of data, as well as cooperative pro-
grams for tuna research. While the tuna is
the most important fish species in interna-
tional commerce, there are still many factors
concerning it which are unknown. The Panel,
was formed for the purpose of bringing those
unknown factors to light. (Food and Agricul-
ture Organization, Rome, June 3, 1964.)

se ok ok
He OK OOK OK OOK

GREATER INTERNATIONAL DISCIPLINE
URGED IN HARVESTING WORLD'S OCEANS:
Governments have been called on to try

harder to work out an international code of
discipline for harvesting the world's oceans.
The call came from the former head of the
Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO)
Fisheries Division. Writing in the May/June
issue of the Freedom-From-Hunger Cam-
es (FFHC) News, he says: ‘Any appeal
or the establishment of such a code should
not be directed to men's sentiments or to
their fears, but to their enlightened self-in-
terest, or even selfishness if you like."

The title of the article by the former FAO
official is ''The Warning of the Blue Whale."
It is one of 9 articles, all concerned with
world fishing, that appear in the May/June
issue of the FFHC News.

According to the article, the blue whale,
the largest mammal known to have appeared
on earth, is now commercially extinct. ''It
has all but vanished from the seas because
the nations that hunted it were unable toagree
on a common and enlightened conservation
policy for the world's whale resources," he
writes.

Other articles in this issue of FFHC News
cover modern methods of finding and catching
fish, whaling, inland water fishing in Syria,
mechanization of small fishing craft with out-
board motors, fishing boat design, tuna fish-
ing, preservation of fish and fish products,
and pearl farming.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

The article on the blue whale refers to the
inability of the whaling nations to agree a few
years ago to limit their catches of that whale
species. The article says, ''In the future, if
we are to protect the sea's natural resources
intelligently, we must have better treaties
than the one that governed the hunting of the
blue whale.’ (Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion, Rome, June 8, 1964.)

GEAR

SOVIET AND U.S. DELEGATIONS DISCUSS
FISHING GEAR CONFLICTS IN
NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN:

Delegations of the United States of Ameri-
ca and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
concluded a two-week meeting in Juneau, A-
laska, June 24, 1964, on fishery problems of
mutual interest. The meeting was convened
in accordance with an agreement between the
two Governments, the basis for which was es-
tablished in a meeting in Moscow in early
March 1964,

The purpose of the meeting in Juneau was
to work out detailed arrangements for pre-
venting or diminishing conflicts between Unit-
ed States and Soviet fishing gear in the north-
eastern Pacific Ocean.

The United States Delegation was headed
by William C. Herrington, Special Assistant
to the Under Secretary of State; Governor
William A. Egan was a member of the United
States Delegation, together with Admiral
George Synon, Commandant, 17th Coast Guard
District, and representatives of the Depart-
ment of the Interior, the Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, and representatives of the
United States fishing industry.

The Soviet Delegation was headed by A. S.
Babaev, Chief Specialist of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics State Production Commit-
tee of the Fishing Industry, and included Dr.
V. G. Lafitsky, Senior Expert of this Commit-
tee, Viktor Novasb, Third Secretary of the So-
viet Embassy in the United States of America,
and a number of experts from the Soviet fish-
ing industry.

The meeting resulted in the development
of a draft agreement which the two Delegations
recommended their Governments conclude
through appropriate channels. The agreement
provides for the establishment of a number of
areas in the vicinity of Kodiak Island in which
mobile gear will not operate during the period

International (Contd.):

July-October, inclusive, and establishes the
procedures for amending (by mutual agree-
ment between the Chief of the Soviet Fleet
and local United States fishery officials) the
boundaries of those areas or the periods dur -
ing which they are reserved for fixed gear.

It also provides for establishing new areas
by mutual agreement.

The draft agreement establishes, in addi-
tion, a system of direct radio communication
between the Soviet fleet and fishery officials
in Alaska. This system can be used for re-
porting to the Soviet fleet the positions of the
United States king crab vessels outside of the
areas mentioned above in order that special
precautionary measures can be taken to avoid
damage to the vessels.

Under the provisions of the agreement the
United States will undertake special research
in cooperation with the Union of Soviet Social-
ist Republics in order to develop more effec-
tive means of marking and detecting fixed
gear of various types.

The agreement would not prejudice exist-
ing rights of either Government.

During the meeting the representative of
the United States raised the question of pre-
cautionary measures to avoid possible dam-
age to fishing gear when the United States
long-line fleet and the Soviet trawl fleet are
operating in the same areas at the same time.
The United States representative noted the
urgency of the problem.

Because of technical difficulties and be-
cause the meeting was not prepared to deal
definitively with this problem, the represen-
tatives of the United States of America and
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics agreed
that the problem should be referred to the
two Governments for their consideration by
appropriate means.

The report of the meeting, including the
recommendations, was signed by the two rep-
resentatives in the office of Governor William
A. Egan on June 24, 1964.

GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION

ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN:
The Great Lakes Fishery Commission

held its annual meeting at Ann Arbor, Mich.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

June 17-18, 1964. The Commission is an in-
ternational body (United States and Canada)
formed to find means of protecting, and in the
case of some species, rehabilitating the com-
mercial stocks of the Great Lakes.

Under the chairmanship of Dr. D. L. Prit-
chard, Canadian Department of Fisheries, the
Commission reviewed current sea lamprey
control and lake trout rehabilitation programs,
and held discussions on future use of Great
Lakes fishery resources.

At the meeting, continued low levels were
reported in Lake Superior barrier catches of
the sea lamprey, a predator that has deci-
mated lake trout populations in the upper
Great Lakes since it moved into them short-
ly before World War II. As of June 12, 1964,
a totalof 9,184 lampreys had been trapped at 30
barriers in United States and Canadian spawn-
ing streams as compared with7,246 lampreys
taken by the same date a year earlier. Both
figures are a great reduction from the 52,477
lampreys taken in 1961, when chemical treat-
ment of spawning streams had not been com-
pleted. It was reported that the spawning run
also appeared to have started earlier this
year.

In reviewing the program of chemical
treatment of Lake Superior spawning streams,
the Commission's Chairman said, ''Last year
two new lamprey-producing streams in north-
ern Lake Superior were treated and a number
of treated streams on both shores containing
ammocetes (lamprey larvae) were re-treated.
We cannot be sure, at the moment, that those
treatments have caused a further overall re-
duction in the lamprey population because
their effect will not be evident until next
spring (when the lamprey again come into the
streams to spawn).

"A question which we must consider is--
what level must lamprey be reduced for the
program to be successful? Canlake trout be
expected to recover and provide a Significant
fishery if the population is not reduced further
than is presently indicated by the barrier
catches? The questions cannot be answered
properly at this time, since we do not know
enough about the relationship between lamprey
abundance and the loss of lake trout. We are,
therefore, at a point in our program where,
while we continue to see improvement in Lake
Superior, we cannot predict without qualifica-
tion the final result."

September 1964

International (Contd.):

The Chairman said programs of treatment
are being continued in Lake Michigan streams,
and 90 Lake Huron streams have been located
for possible future treatment.

The Commission's Lake Trout Rehabilita-
tion Committee again reported favorable find-
ings on lake trout survival in Lake Superior.
Some 10.7 million hatchery-reared fish have
been planted there since 1958 in an organized
effort to re-establish an adequate breeding
population.

The Chairman of the Rehabilitation Com-
mittee reported that information obtained from
inshore waters indicated a further increase in
the size and abundance of marketable lake
trout on both sides of the lake in 1963. ''Pro-
gressive increases in the abundance of the
larger and older trout has apparently resulted
from a continuation of the improved survival
noted in 1962,"' he said. ''On the other hand,
reduction in the numbers of native fish.in the
smaller and mid-size range has continued due
to the progressive decline of natural spawning
after 1959. The scarcity of young native fish
in many of the inshore areas of the lake, how-
ever, has been offset by the introduction of
substantial numbers of hatchery-reared fish."

The incidence of lamprey-wounded lake
trout in catches on both sides of the lake re-
mained generally close to the low levels es-
tablished in 1963, the report added.

An increase in the proportion of hatchery -
reared fish in the 1963 catches was reported.
In both Wisconsin and Michigan waters planted
lake trout provided about 50 percent of the
legal portion of the catch and 90 percent or
more of the undersized portion. The contribu-
tion of hatchery-reared trout to the Canadian
catches rose from 33 percent in 1962 to 58
percent in 1963. In 1963, a total of 2,311,000
marked lake trout were planted into Lake Su-
perior, an increase of nearly a half million
over 1962. The 1964 stocking consisted of a
planting of some 2.6 million yearling lake
trout--about 472,000 fish for release in Ca-
nadian waters and over 2.1 million in United
States waters.

At an election of new officers, D. L. Mc-
Kernan (Director of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries) was elected chairman of
the Commission for the next two years and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

Dr. D. L. Pritchard was elected vice-Chair-
man,
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 62.

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

RECOMMENDATIONS MADE ON
RADIATION CONTROL OF HARMFUL
ORGANISMS IN FOODS AND ANIMAL FEEDS:
The following recommendations were made
by a Panel of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) on ''Radiation Control of Harm-
ful Organisms Transmitted by Food and Feed
Products with Particular Reference to Salm-
onellae:"'

A. As international trade with food and feed prod-
ucts increases, the transmittance of pests and diseases
by such commodities tends to become an ever increas-
ing problem. Concern has already been felt for some
time about the spread of salmonellae and other patho-
genic microorganisms, partly due to the international
distribution of food and feeds produced in areas where
it is difficult to maintain satisfactory sanitary condi-
tions. However, even where good sanitary conditions
are maintained contamination by harmful organisms re-
mains a problem.

The Panel thoroughly reviewed various control meas-
ures, with particular attention to the use of ionizing
radiation. Control was considered in the light of the
present situation concerning the epidemiology of salm-
onellosis and a detailed assessment was made of the
products that are known or potential sources of salm-
onellae and other harmful microbes.

B. It was the unanimous opinion of the Panel that
salmonellosis constitutes a serious problem and that
conventional methods such as heat treatment, the use
of chemicals, and improved hygiene are not always
satisfactory in dealing with this problem. It was also
the unanimous opinion of the Panel that radiation treat-
ment of some infected products is a promising alterna-
tive and in some cases the most practical way of free-
ing such products of salmonellae and similar organ-
isms. It was pointed out that irradiation or any other
treatment of the final product is supplementary to and
does not replace good hygiene and that the best possible
sanitary conditions should always be maintained.

C. The Panel drew attention to the lack of informa-
tion regarding contamination of fish meal and other
meals and that more detailed knowledge is needed with
regard to number and types of microorganisms present
in those products from different countries. It was rec-
ommended that IAEA should inform the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization (FAO) about the situation and ask them ‘to
stimulate research on this problem in their Member
States.

D. It was also recommended that IAEA should call
the attention of WHO to the need to investigate and set
up international standard methods for sampling and for
detecting salmonellae and other harmful organisms
present in foods and feeds.

E. The Panel unanimously agreed that additional
research, both of a fundamental and applied nature, is

International (Contd.):

still. needed and that the best way in which IAEA can
further the field of radiation control is to provide fi-
nancial support for such research via its research con-
tract program. More specifically, the Panel recom-
mended research along the following lines:

(1) In Microbiology:

(a) Study of radiation resistance of additional
serotypes of Salmonella;

(b) Study of the effects of water activity and
of the lipid content of the irradiated products on radia-
tion resistance of Salmonella;

(c) Effect of media and temperature on recov-
ery of irradiated salmonellae with special reference to
the use of Salmonella selective media.

This is an initial program for basic information.
When a particular product is being studied it would be
desirable to investigate also radiation inactivation of
other pathogens, e.g. Bacillus anthracis.

(2) In Wholesomeness:

(a) More direct experiments should be made
on the effect of radiation on the nutritive value of pro-
tein with particular reference to animal feeds. Animal
tests as well as chemical and microbiological estimates
of protein value should be made.

(b) More attention should be given to the effect
of the dose levels being considered here (0.5 - 1 Mrad)
on vitamin destruction in the individual foods where
vitamin content might be important.

The Panel wishes to draw the attention of the ''Ex-
pert Committee on Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food''
being set up by FAO/WHO/IAEFA to the problem of the
possible toxicity of irradiated animal feeds and to its
Suggestion that the use of such feeds should be permit-
ted.

(3) In Technology:

(a) When dose requirements for particular
products have been fixed, detailed cost studies should
be made in te: mc of a particular situation so that the
best way of treatment can be established.

(b) A detailed on-the-spot analysis should al-
ways be made in each situation before deciding on lo-
cation of an irradiation plant at import or export.

F. The Panel also recommended that IAEA support
requests for the training of scientists from countries
where radiation control of salmonellae and other patho-
gens might be considered. Long-term training as well
as shorter study periods in laboratories where active
research in this field is underway is highly desirable.
It is essential that such training should be linked with
the possibility for the trained scientist to perform re-
search work on return to his home country.

G. The Panel finally recommended that the lectures
presented at the meeting, as well as an edited version
of the discussions should be published by IABA in its
Technical Bulletin Series. The publication should be
given as wide a distribution as possible in order to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

draw international attention to the problem of transmit-
tance of pests and diseases by food and feed products
and to the potential use of atomic energy for its control.
(Irradiation des Aliments--Food Irradiation, January -
March 1964.)

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION

16TH ANNUAL MEETING HELD:

The 16th Annual Meeting of the Internation-
al Whaling Commission was held at Sandefjord,
Norway, June 22-26, 1964. The Commission
(established in 1948 to preserve dwindling
whale stocks through scientific study and reg-
ulation of catches) at this meeting reviewed
progress in the program of scientific studies
of whale resources which is intended to serve
as an objective basis for effective conservation
measures. Atthe17-nation meeting, noagree-
ment was reached on the Nineteenth Antarctic
whale catch quota. After the meeting, the four
whaling nations--Japan, U.S.5.R., Norway, and
the Netherlands --informally agreed ona catch
quota of 8,000 blue-whale units for the 1964/65
Antarctic pelagic whaling season. That quota
was a reduction of 2,000 units from the 1963/64
season catch limit of 10,000 units.

This further reduction in the catch limit
demonstrates the concern felt over the dimin-
ishing whale stocks in the Antarctic. Out of
the total 10,000 blue-whale units allocated
the four countries in the 1963/64 season, only
8,425 units were caught. In the 1962/63 sea-
son, the pelagic expeditions caught 11,306 blue-
whale units out of a total quota of 15,000 units.

Under the quota for the coming season, Ja-
pan's share is 3,680 blue-whale units; Norway
2,240 units; U.S.S.R. 1,600 units; and the Neth-
erlands 480 units.

Japan's share is based on 46 percent of the
international whale catch quota. Japanese
whaling firms were reported to have begun
organizing their whaling fleets. Negotiations
had been pending for the purchase by 3 Japa-
nese firms of the Dutch whaling factoryship
Willem Barendsz (26,830 gross tons), but in
view of developments it appeared that the ne-

gotiations might be terminated.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 78.
NORDIC COUNTRIES

NINTH NORDIC FISHERIES CONFERENCE:
At the Ninth Nordic Fisheries Conference

held in Reykjavik this past summer, Norway's

Director of Fisheries stressed the necessity

September 1964

International (Contd.):

of regulating total fishing operations in the
North Atlantic to insure good and constant
fishing in the future. He said that if coopera-
tion cannot be obtained among the parties con-
cerned, then individual countries will have to
take their own measures,

The conference was attended by the fish-
eries committees of the respective govern-
ments and representatives of the various
branches of the fishing industry of each coun-
try (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and
Iceland).

The opinion of Norway's Director of Fish-
eries was that trawl fishing is the major cause
of the lower stocks of fish in all age groups.
European fishing nations, he said, must find
ways to guard the fish stocks. He said that
international measures taken in that field have
not been effective because the preliminary
preparations for implementing them took too
long. This state of affairs, he claimed, is
especially true in the North Atlantic where a
period of 9 years of no rules at all was fol-
lowed by 9 years of unsatisfactory rules. He
recommended regulations regarding the size
of the mesh of nets and the necessity for in-
ternational supervision of fishing vessels,
restrictions on the number of fishing boats,

a special quota to be allowed for each kind of
fish for all fishing areas, and individual coun-
try quotas. He recalled the demands made by
coastal nations at the Geneva Conference in
1958 and 1961.

According to the chief of the Icelandic
Fisheries Institute, the major purpose of the
fisheries conference was to provide a meet-
ing place for the Nordic fisheries specialists
to get together and exchange ideas, views,
and experiences on common problems. His
address to the conference stressed the impor-
tance and wealth of fishing to Icelanders. He
described it as a ''rich natural resource" and
remarked that Iceland's fishery catch has in-
creased 19 times in the past 50 years. Ice-
land's share in the total fish catch in her wa-
ters has also grown (presently about 60 per-
cent) since few other nations fish in Icelandic
waters. The only countries in Europe that
have larger fish catches at the present time
are the U.S.S.R., Norway, Spain, and Great
Britain. But while Iceland's fishery catch is
larger in quantity than that of many other
countries, in value it is not as great because
so much of Iceland's catch goes into reduc-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

tion or into Semiprocessed stages which are
used by other nations as raw material to pro-
duce the more valuable finished food products.
He suggested that perhaps Iceland concen-
trates too much on building the size of her
fishing fleet so as to increase the catch in-
stead of concentrating on the construction of
fish-processing facilities and thus increase
the value of the existing catch.

The Fisheries Institute chief conceded
that this raises the problem of ever-increas-
ing tariff restrictions of consumer nations
placed on finished fish-food products which
prevent Iceland from finding adequate mar-
kets and from competing with domestic pro-
duction. Iceland has often asked those coun-
tries to help Iceland solve this problem and
in turn Iceland will buy industrial products
from those countries. Iceland also is becom-
ing increasingly worried about the direct
subsidies being paid by many countries to
their fishing industries which fosters an "un-
natural development" of fish marketing and
hinders the natural development of fishing,
such as in Iceland. Iceland's position among
fishing nations will depend on the development
of such trends in the future.

Other speakers at the conference included
Sweden's Director of Fisheries who spoke on
the Swedish Salmon Research Institute, and a
representative from Denmark who spoke on
international standardization of fish and fish
products. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
July 14, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1962 p. 41;
June 1962 p. 46.

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES CONVENTION

PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION WILL
SEEK AGREEMENT AT MEETING IN
OTTAWA, SEPTEMBER 9, 1964:

Talks begun in Washington and continued
in Tokyo last year for revision of the Inter-
national Convention for the High Seas Fisher-
ies of the North Pacific Ocean will reopen in
Ottawa, Canada, September 9, 1964. The Par-
ties to the Convention (Canada, Japan, and
the United States) are seeking agreement on
modification of the treaty under which the In-
ternational North Pacific Fisheries Commis-
sion was established in 1953 and charged with
developing recommendations for the conser-
vation of the high-seas fisheries of the North
Pacific.

The treaty had a guaranteed minimum life
of 10 years and thereafter until 1 year from

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

the date on which any member country should
give notice of termination. No such notice
has been given, but in 1963, at the request of
Japan, two rounds of negotiations took place
among the Contracting Parties. The first
round was held in Washington in June and the
second in Tokyo during September and Octo-
ber. Progress toward an agreement was
made at those meetings but further negotia-
tions are required. (Canadian Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, June 25, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1964 p. 64, Jan.
1964 p. 41, Dec. 1963 pp. 52 and 71.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

FISHERIES COMMITTEE MEETS:

The Fisheries Committee of the Organi-
zation for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment (OFCD) met at Paris, France, June
29-30, 1964. At the meeting, the Committee
considered a Report on Subsidies and other
financial support to the fishing industries of
member countries. Other topics on the agen-
da were: (1) country notes on study of price
systems, (2) a note on the influence of recent
changes in custom duties for fish fillets, and
(3) a progress report on the execution of the
Committee's programs.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1963 p. 76;
May 1963 p. 54; Feb. 1963 p. 62.

SHRIMP

INTERNATIONAL SHRIMP COUNCIL
PLANNED TO PROMOTE
SHRIMP CONSUMPTION:

A resolution authorizing the creation of
an International Shrimp Council was adopted
in May 1964 by the Board of Directors of the
Shrimp Association of the Americas. Chas.
E. Jackson, Fisheries Consultant of Washing-
ton, D.C., has been employed by the Associa-
tion to direct the Council's development.

The new Council is intended to be a world-
wide organization with a membership which
will consist of the countries which produce
Shrimp. Its major objective will be the pro-
motion and expansion of the shrimp market
and the increased consumption of shrimp in
the United States and elsewhere through ad-
vertising and publicity. Something similar
to the international institute that was organ-
ized by the world-wide coffee producers sev-
eral years ago is contemplated in the crea-

Vol. 26, No. 9

tion of the International Shrimp Council.
(Shrimp Tales, Bulletin No. 294, Shrimp As-
sociation of the Americas.)

WHALING

WHALE DISTRIBUTION IN NORTHEAST
PACIFIC SHOWN ON SOVIET MAP:

A map showing the distribution of whales
in the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the Bering
Sea was on show at one of the sessions in
Viadivostok, U.S.S.R., of the scientific council
of the Pacific Fishing and Oceanography Re-
search Institute. It sums up results of the
North Pacific expedition of the Institute from
1958 to this year.

The map marks main areas of distribution
of sperm, humpback, and finback whales, and
also their Summer and winter habitats. It
shows the northern boundary of the distribu-
tion of sperm whales which has been deter-
mined for the first time.

The map is considered important for organ-
izing rational whaling, and Soviet expeditions
use it as an aid to safeguarding stocks and
fulfilling international conventions restricting
whaling. (The Fishing News, March 26, 1964.) —

Australia

TUNA FISHERY HAS GOOD SEASON:

Late in May 1964, South Australia's rec-
ord-breaking tuna season was still going
strong. Up to May 20 total landings at Port
Lincoln were 6,059 short tons, pushing the
Australian catch for 1963/64 (July-June) up
to 8,974 tons. This was 3,475 tons more than
in 1962/63, thus making tuna the leader in the
Commonwealth's annual finfish catch.

A record single day's landing at Port Lin-
coln was 430 tons on February 22, 1964, which
would have been greater had not a sudden
storm resulted in 40 tons of tuna being lost
overboard by the fleet of 20 vessels. (Aus-
tralian Fisheries Newsletter, June 1964.)

TUNA COULD TOP FISH CATCH:

Tuna appears certain to head the list in the
Australian finfish catch by weight for fiscal
year 1963/64. By April 24, the Australian
tuna catch was a record 8,215 short tons, and

September 1964

Australia (Contd.):

had exceeded the 1962/63 year's total by
2,716 tons.

If past seasons! trends are maintained, it
is estimated that the 1963/64 tuna catch will
total 8,670 tons (17,340,000 lbs.). It will be
worth an estimated £500,000 (US$1.1 million)
ex-vessel,

The New South Wales tuna season ended
in January with a record catch of 2,915 short
tons while in South Australia the total was a
record 5,300 tons by April 24, 1964.

Except for 1956/57, when Australian salm-
on held top place, mullet has been the leader
in the annual finfish catch by weight for the
past 10 years, and production has remained
steady at between 12.0 to 13.0 million pounds.
The 1962/63 mullet catch was 13,734,696 lbs.,
worth an estimated £572,279 (US$1.3 million)
ex-vessel.,

A total of 600 short tons of frozen whole
bluefin tuna caught off the South Australia
coast was exported to the west coast of the
United States in March 1964. (Australian
Fisheries Newsletter, May 1964.

HK Ok Ok OK x

DUTY ON SHRIMP IMPORTS:

A duty of 1s. (about 11 U.S. cents) a pound
on imports of frozen shrimp and prawn, and
prawn meat from both British preferential
and most-favored nation sources came into
force on April 24, 1964. Previous duty was
1d. (about 0.9 cent) a pound. Frozen shrimp
and prawn of New Zealand origin will be sub-
ject to a duty of 4d. (about 3.6 cents) a
pound.

Announcing the new tariff, the Minister
representing the Minister for Customs and
Excise said the protection afforded was ap-
proximately at the level enjoyed by the indus-~-
try prior to the removal of the sales tax in
August 1963.

Queensland Gold Coast trawlers reported
locating king-size shrimp more than a foot
long and upto halfa pound each on a reef 14
miles offshore. (Australian Fisheries News-
letter, May 1964,

* OK KOK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962/63:

Australia's fish and shellfish landings of
153.8 million pounds in fiscal year 1962/63
(July 1-June 30) set another record, announced
the Australian Minister for Primary Industry.
Exports and imports of fishery products rose
slightly, and home consumption was at 11
pounds per capita annually. The larger land-
ings for the year were attributed to a 26-per-
cent increase in shrimp landings, a spiny lob-
ster catch that was 6 percent above the previ-
ous year, and a small increase in finfish land-
ings.

In the past 8 years, Australia's fishery
landings climbed steadily from 104 million
pounds in fiscal year 1955/56 to where they
reached the much larger amount in 1962/63--
an increase of 48 percent. At the same time,
Australia's per capita consumption of fishery
products kept pace with the growing popula-
tion and rose from 10 to 11 pounds annually.

The leading species in the 1962/63 finfish
landings was mullet with 13.7 million pounds,
followed by tuna with 11 million pounds (an
increase of 400,000 pounds from the previous
year). The increase in tuna landings was con-
sidered only moderate because of the relative-
ly small tuna catch in New South Whales. In
the past 8 years, however, Australia's tuna
landings have increased by more than one mil-
lion pounds.

Australia's shark catch is growing in im-
portance having increased 17 percent from
the previous year to 10.5 million pounds in
1962/63. Victoria was again the leading shark
producer, although New South Wales and South
Australia both increased their shark landings
significantly.

Australia (Contd.):

Australian salmon and barracouta landings
dropped 32 percent and 29 percent, respec-
tively, fromthe previous year.

The Minister said fishery products exports
had increased in the past 8 years from 5.4
million pounds to 13.6 million pounds, or by
more than 150 percent and imports had
moved up from 52.5 million pounds to 64.3
million pounds, an increase of 23 percent.

Commenting on the fact that Australians
are gradually increasing their per capita con-
sumption of fishery products, he added, ''Con-
sumption in Australia is now the same as in
the United States, but only half the United
Kingdom figure and less than a quarter that
of Japan. I feel sure, however, that as and
when supplies of fish can be made more read-
ily available to a wider domestic market--and
in forms which are in demand--we shall see
a further improvement in consumption. The
steep rise in tuna consumption is proof of
what can happen.

In recent years, the Commonwealth Gov-
ernment has done a considerable amount to
help the Australian fishing industry by way of
surveys, the encouragement of new techniques,
improved fisheries management, and research
into the habits of important species. This
work will continue.'' (The Fishing News,
March 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 41.

SK Ok OK ox OK

TASMANIA SCALLOP SEASON EXTENDED:
On the recommendation of the Sea Fisher-
ies Advisory Board, the 1964 Tasmanian
scallop season on all beds opened on May 14,
1964. The ban on Sputnik (Baird) dredges re-
mains, but night fishing will be allowed.

The Tasmanian Minister for Fisheries
said that it was intended to leave the season
open for as long as possible to encourage and
maintain a stable industry. (Australian Fish-
eries Newsletter, May 1964.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Canada

NEW FISH-PROCESSING PLANT :
OPENS IN NOVA SCOTIA: ;

A new Canadian fish-processing plant,
built at a cost of US$8 million, was opened at
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, on June 24, 1964.
The plant covers an area of 53 acres. With
an estimated production capacity of over 80
million pounds of fishery products and by-
products a year, the plant will require more
than 20 trawlers to keep it supplied with raw
material. About 400 persons will be employ-
ed on shore, and nearly 500 more at sea.

The plant is capable of handling up to
50,000 pounds of fish an hour, and will have
a maximum filleting rate of 35,000 to 45,000
pounds an hour. Smoked fish production ca-
pacity is 30,000 pounds in 12 hours, and fish
meal production of 150 long tons each 24
hours.

The plant's cold-storage holding capacity
is 6 million pounds and it can make 180 tons
of ice a day. A wharf fish-holding room can
accommodate 300,000 pounds of fish.

Ok Kk ok

NEW FISHERIES RESEARCH
VESSEL PLANNED:

A 130-foot fisheries research vessel equip-
ped with a number of unusual features is tobe
added to the Atlantic Coast research vessel
fleet of the Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, announced Canada's Fisheries Minister
on July 3, 1964. This will aid Canada's De-
partment of Fisheries in the national develop-
ment program and in fulfilling its internation-
al commitments in fisheries conservation.

The Canadian Department of Transport
has invited bids for a pelagic fisheries re-
search vessel to be equipped for stern trawl-
ing and scallop dragging, with a range of
3,000 miles at a cruising speed of 11 knots.
She will have a 27-foot beam, a draft of 10
feet 9 inches, and a complement of 21 (in-
cluding scientific personnel and crew).

The vessel will be equipped with a pas-
sive antirolling ''flume stabilization'' system
to provide a steady platform while in opera-
tion at sea, and a bow-thruster will be in-
stalled well below the low-water line for slow-
speed maneuvering. The design is the first
of its kind to have a "flume stabilization" sys-

September 1964

Canada (Contd.):

tem, a bow water jet-thrust system, and the
absence of bilge keels.

The vessel specifications call for all-
welded construction witha steel hull strength-
ened for navigation in ice, and an aluminum
deckhouse and wheelhouse amidships. Anex-
tended foc's'le, raked stem, and reverse tran-
som will enhance the appearance of the ves-
sel. Provision is made for fish pounds and
fishing equipment and gear to be located on
the upper deck aft. One of the unusual fea-
tures will be the installation of specially-de-
signed hinged gallows for lowering and re-
trieving trawls. The propulsion machinery
will be amidships.

The steering gear will be of the electro-
hydraulic rotary vane type with emergency
hand-hydraulic operation. An electro-hy-
draulic anchor windlass capable of a one-half-
ton pull at 110 feet per minute will be fitted
on the forward deck. Two hydraulic trawl
winches, each capable of exerting a pull of 4
tons at 240 feet per minute will be fitted to
operate in synchronization or independently
as required. An oceanographic winch is to be
fitted to permit the taking of samples which
will be processed in the vessel's laboratories.

The most modern navigational aids avail-
able are to be installed and will include 2
radars, gyro-compass, automatic pilot, 3
echo-sounders, Loran, navigator, and radio-
telephones. The propulsion machinery will
consist of a nonreversing, two-stroke direct
drive Diesel engine rated 600 b. hp. cont. at
310 r.p.m. and coupled to a four-bladed, con-
trollable, pitch, stainless steel propellor.
Electric power will be provided by 3 Diesel
driven generators.

The vessel is expected to be put into serv-
ice in the spring of 1966. (Canadian Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Ottawa, July 3, 1964.)

KKK KX

SPANISH TRAWLER CONVICTED FOR
VIOLATION OF TERRITORIAL WATERS:
Two Spanish fishing trawlers were arrest-
ed by the Canadian Government at St. John's,
Newfoundland, in October 1963, for fishing in-
side Canadian territorial waters at Trepassey
Bay in southeastern Newfoudland. On July15,
1964, one of those two trawlers was convicted
by a St. John's Magistrate Court. The cap-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tain of the trawler Estornino was sentenced

to one month in jail or $200 fine for unlaw-
fully fishing inside Canadian waters. Both
trawlers had been arrested at the same time
and place--45°35' N, latitude, 53°22'5" W.
longitude, 6 miles from Cape Pine at the west-
ern tip of Trepassey Bay.

The St. John's Magistrate based his deci-
sion on these points: (1) Trepassey Bay is
defined as a bay under international law; (2)
the headland to headland rule for measuring
territorial waters is applicable.

The outcome of the second case, involving
the companion trawler Esturion also from
Vigo, Spain, was expected to produce a simi-
lar conclusion.

The Court's ruling followed a 10-months
postponement of both cases, with the vessels
under $1,000 bond each. Both cases were
prosecuted by the Federal Department of
Fisheries, and defended by an attorney hired
by the local Spanish Vice Consul.

It was not known when the second court
case was to be decided, or whether the ad-
verse ruling would be appealed by the defend-
ants or by the Spanish Government. (United
States Consulate, St. John's Newfoundland,
July 21, 1964.)

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BOUNTY PAYMENTS ON PACIFIC
HARBOR SEALS DISCONTINUED:

The discontinuance of bounty payments on
harbor seals on Canada's Pacific Coast be-
came effective July 31, 1964, announced the
Canadian Minister of Fisheries on July 17.
As a means of control of the predatory har-
bor seal population, the Canadian Govern-
ment has, for many years, paid a bounty of
C$5.00 on each proven kill.

The recent introduction of new processes
in preservation and treatment of harbor seal
skins has contributed to the development of
markets for the skins, particularly in Europe.
The demand has grown steadily and prime
harbor seal skins have been bringing more
than $50.00 each on the local market.

The commercial production of harbor
seals has now reached a point where popula-
tion control by the: bounty payment method no
longer is necessary. The decision to cease
bounty payments follows a careful study of

Canada (Contd.):

all factors involved by personnel of the De-
partment of Fisheries and scientists of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada. (Ca-
nadian Department of Fisheries, Vancouver,
July 17, 1964.)

Chile

TUNA FLEET TO BE EXPANDED:

Chile is planning to progressively expand
her tuna fishing fleet, according to informa-
tion received by the Japan Frozen Tuna Pro-
ducers Association. Of the 3 Chilean fishing
firms presently operating 4 tuna vessels from
bases in that country, one firm is said to be
planning on increasing its tuna fleet to a total
of 10 vessels by the end of 1965. Many Chi-

Brasilis @

BOLIVIA

Rio de Janeiro

lean ''surrounding net'' or purse-seine fishing
vessels (170-180 gross tons in size), which
are fishing for anchoveta, reportedly can be
converted into tuna vessels. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, July 11, 1964.)

wok ok ok ok

DEVELOPMENTS ON THE PROPOSED
JAPANESE-CHILEAN
KING CRAB VENTURE:

A Japanese fishing company, which plans
to establish a joint king crab fishing venture
with Chilean interests, is studying the results
of the experimental crab operations conduct-
ed off the Chilean coast December 1963-April

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

1964. Its findings so far indicate the need to
conduct another series of exploratory opera-
tions before full-scale commercial operations
can be started. Therefore, indications are
that the proposed joint venture may not be-
come an established commercial enterprise
until the fall of 1965. (Suisan Tsushin, July
13, 1964.)

Communist China

PURCHASE OF LARGE
TRAWLERS PLANNED:

The Central Trust Corporation of Mainland
(Communist) China planned to accept bids on
September 4, 1964, for the construction of
three 1,000-ton trawlers. The Corporation

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plans to use the trawlers in the Yellow Sea
fishery and hoped to purchase the vessels from
Japan. (Suisancho Nippo, July 4, 1964.)

Cuba

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
FROM JAPAN, JANUARY-APRIL 1964:
Japan exported 586 metric tons of frozen
tuna and swordfish to Cuba during January-
April 1964, with an f.o.b. value of US$180,000
(65,276,000 yen). The principal product was
535 tons of yellowfin tuna with a value of
$166,000 (average of $310 a-ton), followed by
20 tons of albacore valued at $6,500 (average
$325 a ton), 6 tons of unclassified tuna valued
at $1,700 (average $238 a ton), and 25 tons of

September 1964

Cuba (Contd.):

swordfish (excluding broadbill) valued at
$6,000 (average of $240 a ton). (Customs
Division of Japanese Ministry of Finance.)

Denmark

FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1964:

Landings: Danish fisheries landings in home ports during
January-March 1964 were about 9 percent below those in the
same period of 1963 due to a sharp drop in landings of indus-
trial fish which more than offset increased landings of most
food fish items. On the other hand, foreign vessels increased
their landings in Danish ports in early 1964, (Danish imports
of fishery products consist mostly of fresh fish, mainly her-
ring, landed by Swedish fishing craft in the Danish ports of
Skagen and Hirtshals.) The limited landings of Danish vessels
in foreign ports (mainly England) consisted mostly of cod.

Table 1 - Danish Fisheries Landings, January-March
1963 and 1964

Species

Landings in Denmark by Danish vessels:
Platfish ...5. 2 20. . 3

Brisling...
Mackerel ..
GIS yeh are scwre
Pond trout 5
Other fish 2/
Mussels ... 5
Starfish ... .
Shrimp, lobst

& other shellfish . . .

139,403

| Landings in Denmark by foreign vessels.

Danish landings in foreign ports of United
Kingdom, Sweden, and the Netherlands .

1/Preliminary.
2/Mostly industrial fish.
Soufce: Danish Ministry of Fisheries.

50,374

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

Processing: Danish production of processed fishery prod-
ucts in January-March 1964 was reported by the Danish Min-
istry of Fisheries as follows:

Canned products: 1,395 metric tons of herring and sprats,
74 tons of mackerel, 184 tons of mussels, 175 tons of other
shellfish, and 1,960 tons of other fish products,

Semipreserved products: 1,225 tons of herring and sprats,
103 tons of other fish products, and 108 tons of mussels.

Fresh and frozen fillets: 7,281 tons of cod, 292 tons of
‘tcod-like’’ (haddock, coalfish, hake, ling, etc.) fish, 2,738 tons
of plaice, 254 tons of other flatfish, 10,175 tons of herring, and
35 tons of other fish.

Smoked products: 229 tons of herring and sprats, 114 tons
of mackerel, 169 tons of eels, 105 tons of salmon and trout,
and 62 tons of other fish.

Industrial products: 14,511 tons of fish meal, 5,316 tons of
fish oil, 1,405 tons of fish solubles, and 1,214 tons of ensilage
(chemically treated raw fish).

roducts: 391 tons of ‘‘force meat’’
with milk and flour) and 280 tons of other

Miscellaneous
(ground fish mixe

miscellaneous fishery products.

Fig. 1 - Fishing cutter docked at Kalundborg, one of the smaller
Danish fishing ports.

Fig. 2 - Plaice hung out for drying--dried plaice is a specialty
known all over Jutland.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

Exports--General: Danish exports of fishery products in
the first quarter of 1964 were down about 2 percent in quantity
but up 12 percent in value from those in the same period of
1963. Higher prices for fresh and frozen fishery products ac-
counted for the gain in value in spite of declining shipments.
(Exports of fresh fishery products were down 8 percent in
quantity, but up 11 percent in value.)

In January-March 1964, shipments to the European Eco-
nomic Community accounted for about 46 percent of the value
of Danish fishery exports, shipments to the European Free
Trade Association accounted for 39 percent, shipments to the
Communist Bloc countries accounted for 4 percent, and ship-
ments to other countries accounted for the remaining 11 per-
cent. West Germany was the leading buyer of Danish fishery
products in the first quarter of 1964 with receipts valued at
Kr. 47.2 million (US$6.8 million), followed by the United King-
dom with receipts valued at Kr. 23.5 million ($3.4 million),
Sweden with Kr. 21.0 million ($3.0 million), Italy withKr. 11.3
million ($1.6 million), Switzerland withKr. 10.7 million ($1.5
million), France with Kr. 6.9 million ($1.0 million), and the
United States with Kr. 6.8 million ($1.0 million).

Table 2 - Danish Exports of Fishery Products,
Jan,-March 1963 and 1964
1/1964 1963

Metric] US$

Product

To all countries:
Fresh products
Frozen products
Processed fishery products .
Fish meal & solubles 2/ Bo

12,323]58,500}11,138
5,864/11,600| 4,808

1,673} 9,300] 1,246

Total exports to
all countries

To the United States:

“Fresh & frozen products:
“Fillets: =

Other fillets . Good
Pond trout
Norway lobster
Others
Cured prod. — & salted)

Semipreserved products -.- -
Fish solubles

1/Preliminary.

2/Does not include marine oils.

Syinglndeds in "other canned products" classification.
4/Includes canned shrimp.
te: Values reported in Danish kroner and converted to U. S. dollars. Data for 1964
were converted at rate of Kr. 6.908 equals US$1.00; data for 1963 were converted at
rate of Kr. 6.906 equals US$1.00.

Exports to the United States: Danish shipments of fishery
products to the United States in the first quarter of 1964 were
down 43 percent in quantity and 38 percent in value from those
in the same period of 1963. Declines were especially large in

items which have a good European market (such as pond trout).

Shipments of cod fillets in the form of blocks decreased be-
Cause of an early lack of interest by United States importers.
Later, a renewed United States demand could not be met be-
cause stocks had been committed to British and Continental
buyers: Norway lobster shipments are becoming more sig-
nificant.

*® On June 17 and 18, 1964, the Danish Fisheries Minister in-
itiated a campaign in New York City to sell more fish from

Vol. 26, No. 9

Denmark and Greenland in the United States. Luncheons were
held for importers and food editors at the Danish Pavilion at
the World’s Fair. Denmark expects to continue the drive for
greater sales of fishery products in the United States. (United
States Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States

Embassy, Copenhagen, June 24, 1964.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 73.

1K Ok OK OK OOK

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS,
1962-63 AND EARLY 1964:

Danish imports of fishery products con-
sist mostly of fresh fish (mainly herring)
landed by Swedish fishing craft in the Danish
ports of Skagen and Hirtshals. Much of the
herring is filleted and reexported, especially
to West Germany.

Canned fishery imports consist mainly of
sardines from Portugal; salmon from Japan,
Canada, and Alaska; tuna from Peru, Yugo-
slavia, and Malaysia; shrimp from Sweden;
crabs from the United States and the U.S.S.R.;
and lobster meat from Canada.

ae
Fish meal is imported mainly from Iceland

and Norway, and fish oil from Peru and the
United States.

The value of edible fishery products im-
ported by Denmark from all countries during
January-April 1964 totaled 44.9 millionkroner
(US$6.5 million), an increase of 18 percent as
compared with the same period in 1963. Dan-
ish imports of edible fishery products from
the United States for the similar period were
valued at 1.5 million kroner ($213,000), up 83
percent from the same period in 1963.

Imports From United States--1963: Dan-
ish imports of fishery products from the Unit-
ed States in 1963 totaled 1,524 metric tons val-
ued at US$618,400. The value was more than
double that of 1962. In that year, imports were
largely canned fish and did not include any in-
dustrial fishery products. Caned fish and in-
dustrial products accounted for about 90 per-
cent of the total value of the 1963 imports.

Denmark's fishery products imports from
the United States are diversified and are not
generally significant except for fish oil, fro-
zen and canned crab meat, canned shrimp, and

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Denmark (Contd.):

Table 1 - Danish Imports of Fishery Products from the United States, 1962-1963
1963 1962

Product

Fresh and frozen:
Salmon, fresh or chilled . .
Salmon, frozen ......
Grabimeat . 20. .
Mussels . . 2 « ©
Other molluscs ...
Other’.s 56s ee eee ee

opi atest ant fO7en 566 - ss © 0 8 sa

Canned:

Sanson. ss.
WE as 6, te
Shrimp .....

.
cee . .
. see . ee
eee eee » we lS ete e he
. eee . oad
. eee . “-*

Crab meat
Lobster meat .
Other

Total canned

Salmon ....e.

Semipreserved:
Caviar, etc. ..

Industrial products:
REV OUNTAW Dis lets st wal leans eleva e este se 6s
IA CAUNCLE NS Jiu Onset a felsic, eres 6 ee 60 6
Rasbiqhie is 15 \cire ee ele!s

Ae
Total industrial products 2,900.6 1,402.4 | 203.3 | if ka0237) J}
Greil totaly ao ieee ete 3,359.7 4,266.6 618.4 | 296.0 | 1,935.4 | 280.5 |

1/Less than 100 kilos and $100.
Note: One kroner equals US$0. 145.

frozen and canned salmon. A potential mar- | from Italy at about $400 a tondelivered Skagen.
ket may exist in Denmark for frozen bluefin Frozen tuna from New England might be ship-
tuna from the New England fishery. Danish ped to Denmark onthe smallrefrigerator ves-
canners this past summer bought Japanese sels whichtransport cod blocks to Gloucester,

yellowfin or big-eyed tuna (headed and gutted)| Mass. There is alsosome interest in Denmark

Table 2 - Danish Imports of Fishery Products by Commodities, 1961-1963
VALUE

103,723 102,771 eg Aah
391 2, 836 309

121 7 525 33

ine 33 4 445
Herring, spiced 4,511 | 3,767 | 4,074 9, 124 1,0
Cod, wet and dry ; 12530 498 863 4, 194 35

113 126 156 318
1,479 | 1,331 | 1,247 11, 126
26 29

54 32
?

5
10,344 | 6,818 | 3,883 | 1,500 |
202,885 | 163,544 | 126,343 | 167,754 | 166,811 | 123,919 | 24, 305 |

Note: Products originating in Greenland and the Faroe Islands not included. Seaweed and agar not included,

24, 187 | 17,969

Denmark (Contd.):

in importing live lobsters from Maine. Den-
mark's lobster catch is only about 150,000
pounds a year, but in 1963 lobster ex-vessel
prices were high--an average of about $1.10
a pound.

Frozen industrial fish or fillet waste is
in demand in Denmark and could be exported
from New England for animal feeding on Den-
mark's mink farms. The f.o.b. price in New
England would have to be about 1.8 cents a
pound.

Imports from All Countries--1963: Den-
mark's fishery products imports from all
countries in 1963 totaled 202,885 metric tons
valued at 167.8 million kroner ($24.3 million).

Danish imports of seaweed and agar (not
included with fishery products) in 1963 a-
mounted to 403 metric tons valued at 721,100
kroner ($105,000). Portugal, Canada, and
Malaysia were the largest shippers of those
products--seaweed mostly from Portugal and
Canada, and agar from Portugal and Japan.
(Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Unit-
ed States Embassy, Copenhagen, June 24, 1964.)

KOK OK

MEETING PLANNED ON STRUCTURAL
RESEARCH FOR SMALL VESSELS:

A meeting on Structural Research for Small Vessels is
planned to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 15-
18, 1964, by the Danish Wood Council (Traeraadet) in cooper-
ation with the Fishing Boat Section of the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO). Preliminary response by member Gov-
ernments of FAO to such a meeting was reported to be favor-
able.

A paper on the construction of fishing boats presented at
FAO’s Second World Fishing Boat Congress in 1959 stimu-
lated considerable discussion among the delegates when it was
discovered that wide differences existed between building
rules of nearly all member nations. As a result, the need for
more investigations in the matter was expressed by nearly all
delegates.

In December 1962, the Danish Wood Council undertook work
along those lines in the light of further information on the Dan-
ish building rules, The purpose of the work of the Danish
Wood Council is to propose more suitable use of the material
than the present rules prescribe, and in this way liberalize the
rules to the extent possible. FAO has been interested in the
work and has asked the Wood Council to arrange a special
scantlings (timber measurements) meeting this year so that
construction problems can be taken up in a smaller group be-
fore the Third Fishing Boat Congress is held in 1965 in Gote-
borg, Sweden.

Papers on the following subjects will be read and discussed
at the September meeting on Structural Research for Small
Vessels:

September 15; (a) Functional demands for small ships.
(b) Principles of design, especially fishing-
boat constructions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

September 16: (c) Properties of materials, especially
wooden materials.
(d) Methods of construction of wooden fish-
ing boats.

September 17: (e) Can functional demands be decided
through analysis of existing rules?
(f) Utilization of existing rules and meth-
ods of construction in developed areas, for use in devel-
oping countries.

September 18: Visits to Danish wooden shipyards, manu-
facturing plants for glued-laminated elements, etc.

It was felt that the United States should be interested in
this meeting because it has no rules for scantlings of fishing
vessels under 150 feet long. (Regional Fisheries Attache for
Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, June 24, 1964.)

Ecuador

TUNA INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1963:

Ecuador's tuna industry continues to expand. A fleet of
over 40 vessels with a combined gross registered tonnage of
1,500 tons now fishes for tuna from local ports. Ecuador's tuna
and tuna-like landings in1962 were estimated at 21,050 metric
tons (landed weight) of which 13,260 tons were distributed fresh
or frozen and 7,790 tons were absorbed by the canning indus -
try. Skipjack made up about 80 percent of the catch and the
remainder was yellowfin tuna. Most of Ecuador's tuna ves-
sels are centered Manta, but some hail from Santa Rosa-
Salinas. Generally, the vessels make one-day trips and
fish with live bait. Twosmall purse-seine vessels have joined
the Ecuadoran tuna fleet. One of the purse-seiners is a Pe-
ruvian ‘‘bolichero'’ (formerly used in the Peruvian anchovy
fishery) and the other is a power-block seiner with an 80-ton
capacity. The purse-seiners should substantially increase
Ecuadoran tuna landings. Both of the new vessels will deliver
their catch to a subsidiary of a United States firm which oper-
ates the only large tuna cannery in Ecuador. The cannery
completed a $178,500 expansion program in mid-April 1964,
which increased freezing capacity to 200 tons a day. The com-
pany has a cold-storage holding capacity of 2,000 tons. It buys
tuna from private vessels at about $65 a ton. The cannery re-
ported domestic sales in Ecuador in 1963 of almost 200,000
cases, an increase of 35,000 cases over 1962. Data on domes-
tic consumption of fresh and frozen tuna are not available.

Exports of canned tuna from Ecuador in 1963 were down
11 percent in quantity, but only 2 percent in value from the
previous year. The United States received about 92 percent of
the Ecuadoran canned tuna exports in 1963 with most of the re-
mainder going to the United Kingdom, Sweden, France, and
Jamaica,

Exports of frozen tuna from Ecuador in 1963 were down 36
percent in quantity and 21 percent in value from the previous
year. The United States (including Puerto Rico) received 98
percent of the frozen tuna exports from Ecuador in 1963 with
the remainder going to Costa Rica.

The tuna industry in Ecuador expects to benefit from the

action of the Ecuadoran Ministry of Development which au-
thorized a Puerto Rican fisheries company to purchase tuna

Ecuador’s Tuna Exports, 1961-1963

1/1963 1/1962 - 1961

Item

ay: wy.

September 1964

Ecuador (Contd.):

rey. OUT

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

General view of the port of Manta, Ecuador.

from Ecuadoran fishermen for shipment to Puerto Rico
aboard the company's 700-ton freezership Western King.
For its part, the Puerto Rican company has pledged to make
US$32,000 available for Ecuadoran fishing cooperatives and
to construct a land-based freezing plant in Ecuador within 5
years. The firm has already financed the construction of at
least 5 small bait boats to help guarantee supply. The Puerto
Rican firm pays fishermen about $65 a ton for tuna. Ecua-
doran Government charges for a license and matricula in-
crease the Puerto Rican company’s tuna buying costs by an
additional $5 a ton. A Government Decree relieved the com-
pany from payment of export taxes.

Several other companies have been incorporated to fish for
tuna off Ecuador but no actual investment has yet been made.

A clash between foreign tuna fishermen and the Govern-
ment of Ecuador occurred in mid-1963 over Ecuadoran
claims to extensive territorial waters and Ecuadoran licens-
ing procedures, Foreign-flag fishing vessels have been re-
quired to purchase an Ecuadoran matricula and license before
entering Ecuadoran fishing waters. (United States Consulate,
Guayaquil, May 5, 1964.)

ROK A OK

SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1963:

Exports of frozen shrimp from Ecuador
in 1963 amounted to 2,583 metric tons valued
at US$1.7 million as compared to shrimp ex-
ports in 1962 of 2,330 tons valued at $3.0
million, according to preliminary data. The
sharp drop in the value of the shrimp exports
in 1963 was due to declining prices in the
United States which absorbed 99 percent of
Ecuador's shrimp exports. The only other
buyer in 1963 was Japan which took about 16
tons. The export market is the most impor-
tant factor in the Ecuadoran shrimp industry.
In 1962, production of fresh and frozenshrimp
in Ecuador amounted to 3,200 tons, but only
870 tons of that supply was consumed locally.

Shrimp freezing and processing in Ecuador
are done by 7 firms, most of which are lo-
cated in the Guayaquil area. The largest
firm can process 80 tons of shrimpa month.
Total direct shrimp industry employment is
about 3,000 persons. In spite of the United
States price decline, all the firms processing
shrimp for export seem to have survived.

No major investments were made in the
shrimp industry during 1963. A fleet of 150
shrimp vessels, most of which work in the
Gulf of Guayaquil, has overcrowded the prime
fishing grounds for the white, striped, and
brown shrimp found near the surface. Accord-
ing to the Ecuadoran National Fishing Institute,
between 70-80 percent of the catch is white
shrimp (Penaeus occidentalis). Some of the
shrimp vessels have moved up the coast to
ports such as Manta. In 1963, the gross reg-
istered tonnage of the Ecuadoran shrimp fleet
totaled 7,150 metric tons. Inadequate refrig-
eration equipment and underpowered winches
keep the fleet from seeking red shrimp off the
coast in deeper water. However, red shrimp
explorations will be conducted by the Ecua-
doran National Fishing Institute research ves-
sel Huayaipe. The 73-foot vessel underwent
its final sea trials late in February 1964, and
began its first research trip, to the Galapagos,
shortly thereafter.

The Huayaipe will also be used to chart the
little understood changes which occur when
the major ocean currents (which bathe the con-
tinent and the Galapagos periodically) change

Ecuador (Contd.):

course. The vessel is participating in an in-
ternational effort, involving operations in
Chile, Panama, and Costa Rica, which is
scheduled to last until 1966. The Fishing In-
stitute hopes to develop information which
will be useful in charting the migratory pat-
terns of fish. (United States Consulate, Gua-
yaquil, May 5, 1964.)

Ka gh go oe se
Be oh Ge oe BS

SPINY LOBSTER INDUSTRY
TRENDS, 1963:

Spiny lobster exports from Ecuador have
shown a consistent and rapid rise (from 33
metric tons valued at US$47,000 in 1961 to
an estimated 123 tons valued at $185,000 in
1963), although both in quantity and dollar
value they continue to lag far behind shrimp
and tuna exports. In 1963, spiny lobsters ac-
counted for about 5 percent of Ecuadoran fish-
ery exports by value. The total 1963 spiny
lobster catch in Ecuador has been estimated
at about 500 tons (landed weight).

Ecuadoran spiny lobsters are caught off
the Santa Elena Peninsula and the Galapagos
Islands, Fishing is done by net or by primi-
tive hand methods. Satisfactory lobster traps
for Ecuadoran waters have not yet been de-
vised. Fishermen receive between $0.30 and
$0.50 for each lobster, depending upon its
size. On the Galapagos the going price is
$0.40. Several persons have said that the
Santa Elena area has been damaged by over-
fishing.

Ecuador's ''mechanized" lobster fleet, in-
cluding fishing and freezer vessels, consists
of 6 vessels totaling 542 gross registered
tons.

Most of the spiny lobster catch is exported
as frozen lobster tails. Freezing and packing
generally take place in local shrimp plants.

A small freezing plant in the Galapagos proc-
esses up to 3 tons a month of spiny lobster
tails. At least one exporter ships live spiny
lobsters to Peru. Live spiny lobster ship-
ments totaled 5 metric tons in 1963. (United
States Consulate, Guayaquil, May 5, 1964.)

le cle Sle she
HK OK OK oK

BOTTOMFISH INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT:
Domestic landings of bottomfish in Ecua-
dor are estimated at about 25,000 metric tons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

a year with a value of about US$4 million.
Fishing for bottomfish is still done mainly by
small boats and canoes which fish a fewmiles
offshore with hand lines. An almost complete
absence of shore facilities in the past has
hampered distribution along the coast and
hampered the marketing of bottomfish in the
mountainous interior of Ecuador.

With the aid of the Ecuadoran Government
the local industry is beginning to attract in-
vestment which will help provide needed proc-
essing facilities. A freezing plant constructed
and organized with the aid of the Ecuadoran
Ministry of Development has begun marketing
frozen bottomfish through distribution centers
in Quito and Ambato. Domestic consumption
of frozen bottomfish now averages about 7,000
pounds a week and should increase rapidly.
The freezing plant can store 80 tons of frozen
bottomfish. Fish are supplied by local fisher-
men organized into a cooperative. A 17- to
18-ounce plastic package of white fish retails
in Ecuador at 4.60 sucres (approximately 25
U. S. cents).

Trucks without special refrigeration equip-
ment carry loads of frozen fish to Quito. Re-
portedly, there is little deterioration during
the 10-hour trip. The distribution system is
to be expanded to other cities in the mountains
during 1964, and eventually the Government
plans to finance freezing cooperatives in sev-
eral other coastal villages.

A group of Ecuadoran and United States
businessmen plan to invest about $280,000 in
a company located at Manglaralto, Ecuador,
which will construct facilities to prepare fro-
zen bottomfish fillets for export to the United
States. Later the company may expand to
process canned tuna and frozen shrimp. The
company plans to conduct a feasibility study
to determine the extent of the white fishstocks
and to examine the industrial problems in-
volved in the project. (United States Consu-
late, Guayaquil, May 5, 1964.)

Ghana

GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF TWO
PRIVATE FISHING FIRMS:

Two private fishing companies in Ghana
announced in April 1964, a reorganization of
their activities which results in placing them
under substantial Government control. The

September 1964

Ghana (Contd.):

actions stem from a Government announce-
ment in late 1963 that all fishing activities in
Ghana were to be consolidated into one of
three sectors~-State, cooperative, and small
ybeasant'' fishermen.

VOLTA

One of the two private Ghanaian-owned fish-
ing companies has sold 40 percent ofits shares
to the Ghana Government. Twenty-five per-
cent of the remaining shares are to be held
in trust for the workers of the company; 10
percent of the shares are to be held in trust
for the people of Mankoadze village in the
central region of Ghana. A new board of di-
rectors is to be appointed by the Government.
The other private firm, formerly owned by
Ghanaians, began to trade on March 31 under
a different name in line withthe Government's
consolidation plans.

It was reported that the changes brought
about by the reorganizations appear to rep-
resent a loss of control by private ownership.
(United States Embassy, Accra, April15, 1964.)

LS.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

Iceland

HERRING FISHERIES TRENDS
AS OF JULY 13, 1964:

Iceland’s summer herring catch as of July 13, 1964, was
about 153,057 metric tons, an increase of 135 percent com-
pared with the catch of 65,392 tons in the same period of 1963.
If fishing were to continue good until the end of the season
(about mid-September), the summer herring catch will be
considerably better than last season.

The main summer herring fishing grounds are along the
northeast and east coasts of Iceland (from Glettingarnes-
grunni to Gerpisflaki). Unloading facilities at those ports
are not adequate to handle the seasonal peak loads and the
fishing vessels either have to wait their turn or take the her-
ring to more distant ports. Some transport ships are taking
herring from the fishing vessels for transport from the east
coast to less congested harbors on the north coast, Herring
factories now pay 3 kronur or 7 U.S, cents per mal (about
330 pounds) into a special fund used to compensate boats for
transporting herring for unloading in less congested harbors.
When a harbor in a congested area is ‘‘closed,’’ the transport
to herring factories in less congested harbors brings the
seller a higher price--about 37 cents more per mal, Part of
this higher price (about 23 cents) is paid out of the special
fund and the balance of the extra amount is paid by the buying
factory.

The prices of herring meal and oil are much better than
last year (1963). The mainbuyers are, as formerly, the United
Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands, West Germany, and Swe-
den. A considerable amount of herring oil has been sold
ahead at £70 (US$196) a metric ton compared with 45 ($126)
last year. Market conditions also are better for herring meal
for which presales have been made at between 15 shillings 9
pence ($2.20) and 16 shillings 6 pence ($2.31) per protein unit.
The 1963 prices ranged from 14 shillings to 14 shillings 6
pence ($1.96-2.03) a protein unit.

Advance sales of Icelandic salted herring by country as of
July 13, 1964, were estimated as: Sweden 213,000 barrels;
Finland 60,000; United States 22,000; Denmark 13,000; Nor-
way 11,000; and West Germany 10,000; for a total of 329,000
barrels of about 220 pounds each.

The Soviet Union had not yet agreed to pay the prices which
the Icelandic negotiators claim are the prices paid by other
buyers of their herring, and the negotiations were being con-
tinued in Reykjavik. Government officials concerned with the
negotiations, however, indicated they expected an agreement
would be reached at existing world market prices. The cur-
rent protocol between Iceland and the U.S.S.R. specifies a
maximum quantity of 15,000 metric tons of salted herring.

Iceland's Catch and Utilization of

Summer Herringas of July 13, 1964
How

Utilized 1963 | 1962

. (Metric Tons) .
Freezing . : sp!
Reduction (meal &
oil)

This year salting was
begun late in the season
partly because advance
sales were delayed for
price agreement and be-
cause the fat content of
the herring, while high
enough, was not firm
enough for salting and
such herring had to be
used for reduction. (Her-
\ring is only sent to salt-
ing in quantities covered
by advance sales.) Those factors, in addition to the greatly
increased catch, account for the much larger quantity used
for reduction during the first part of the 1964 season than
in the same period of 1963. (United States Embassy, Rey-
kjavik, July 15, 1964.)

Note: Values converted at rate of I. Kr. 43.06 equal US$1; 1 mal equals 150 kilos;
barrel of salted herring 220 pounds; barrel of herring for salting 135 kilos; barrel of
herring for freezing 120 kilos; barrel of herring for reduction 150 kilos.

eo ok OK ok

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

Iceland (Contd.):

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

During January-March 1964, there was a
considerable increase in exports of frozen
fish fillets, fish meal, and herring meal as
compared with the same period in 1963, ac-

Icelandic Fishery Exports, January-March 1964 with Comparisons |

—
Jan,- Mar, 1964 Jan.~ Mar. 1963
2 | Value f.o.b. | Qty. Value f.o0.b.

Product

1,000 | uss [metric 1,000 ]

Tons kr, {1,000} Tons kr,

Salted fish, dried..... aad 535 | 13,714] 318) 1,084) 21,649 502
Salted fish, uncured .... | 2,067 | 32,976) 765] 2,003) 26,252 609
Salted fish fillets 463 6,703] 156 293 4,313 100
Wings, salted .. = 2,937 68 100 1,215 28
IStockfish ...... m0 68,820|1,597| 2,258] 60,553 | 1,405
Herring onice ........ 140 3] 6,608] 21,880 508

Other fish on ice
Herring, frozen

Other frozen fish, whole . 792 8,773| 204) 1,077] 13,382 310
Frozen fish fillets ..... 11,832 | 252,282/5,853| 9,797 |190,934 | 4,430
Shrimp and lobster, frozen 165 16,022] 372 124] 12,040 279
moes, frozen .......... 316 6,831} 158 123 2,383 55
(Canned fish .......... 45 2,235) 52 93) 5,716] 133
Cod-liver oil ......... 1,351 | 12,536) 291) 1,917] 14,213 330
Lumpfish roes, salted ... 3 81 2 24 335 8
Other roes for food, salted 981 15,195] 353] 1,005) 14,077 327
Roes for bait, salted ..._ = = = > = =

Herring, salted ........ 13,905 | 138,314/3,209/14,180 | 135,257 | 3,138
Herring oil ........... 4,807 | 38,233) 887|11,044| 42,276 981
Ocean perch oil ,....... 28 188 4 64 207 5
Whale oil ............ 2,101 | 18,675) 433 985 3,658 85
Fish meal ............. 5,486 |. 29,429] 683] 2,344] 14,515 337
Herring meal.......... 26,564 | 149,237/3,462| 20,970 | 130,084 | 3,018
Ocean perch meal ...... 109 621 14 = = -

Wastes of fish, frozen ... 257 1,081 25 347 1,072. 25

Liver meal ........... 143 943 22 130 908 21
346 S 3

is 3,514 = = Fig. 3 - Cod fillets are skinned by machine.
a 378 9 6 46 y

ae 32 2 ge oe

HERRING PRICES, JUNE 16-
SEPTEMBER 30, 1964:

The Icelandic State Fisheries Pricing Board has announced
prices to be paid for south and west coast and north and east
coast herring from June 16 to September 30, 1964. Prices
are based on the quantity going into production. 1/ ~

Kilo | Lb.

South and West Coast Herring
(from Hornafjordur west to Rit):
Herring for salting
Iced herring for export 2/
Herring for filleting (pickling,
freezing or salting) 2/
Herring fodder 7
Frozen herring, 10 percent mini-
mum fat content (3-6 herring
per kilo) 1/
Herring for reduction:

Less than [2 percent fat content
More than 12 percent fat content
|1/Quantity going into production is the weighed herring less quantity going into re-
duction. Sellers receive lower prices for that quantity going into reduction.
'2/Weighed quantity.
|3/Seller delivers herring to factory for 1.Kr. 0.03 per kg.

fis gD, ain

ia)

Fig. 1 - Fishing vessels alongside the main fishing pier in
the Westman Islands (off southwest coast of Iceland).

cording to the Statistical Bureau of Iceland's
Statistical Bulletin, May 1964. Exports of
herring on ice, frozen herring, and herring Prices for June 16-September 30, 1964, are the same as

oil showed a i - those paid March 1-June 15, 1964, except that herring for
first 3 ws considerable decrease in the reduction has been separated into 2 types. (United States
irs months of 1964, Embassy, Reykjavik, July 7, 1964.)

September 1964

Iceland (Contd.):

Tike,

North and East Coast Herring
(from Rit north to Hornafjordur):
For each ‘‘mal’’ or barrel (150 li-
ters or 298 lbs.) for reduction -
(Price is based on delivery into
the factory's loading equipment
or in loading equipment on spe-
cial herring transport ships) 1/

Each measured barrel (120 liters
or 32 gals.) for salting as un-
loaded from boats 2/

Each salted barrel (with three
layers around) (average weight
135 kgs. or 298 lbs.) 2/

Herring for freezing (barrel con-
taining 120 liters or 32 gals.)

1fin addition, the State Herring Factories pay I. Kr, 3.00 per "mal" into a spe-
cial fund used to compensate boats for unloading herring in distant harbors
when main harbors cannot accept the herring owing to full capacity.

2fPrice is based on delivery into salting boxes.

1K OK OK OK Ok

FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL
SPECIES, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1964:

Fives [1963 | i964 [1963 _|

ore we ene (Metric tons)! . «aire
31,077
10,615
2, 656
1, 834

Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are
drawn weight.

se ose ok oe
*K K KK &

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS,
JANUARY -FEBRUARY 1964:

[January |
1964 | 1963 1963

shots) epes(Metric fons) 2. ch..<)s\s

How Utilized

Herring!/ for:
Oil and meal...
Freezing. <<< 50
Salting) »,.<,0:».s.»
Fresh on wee rset

oe ee

Freshomice 5...
Freezing and filleting. .
Salting . 22.00.
Stockfish (dried unsalted
Home consumption. . «
Oil and meal. . ....
Capelin for:

Freezinge sjeie ahoveve
Oil and meal... ....

(Table continued on next column)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

|__January _| January-February _|
| 1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963

+ + « « « (Metric Tons). .

How Utilized

Shrimp for:
Freezings «oe «0 0 ©
Canning. zee eee ee -

9 ts
Total production. . . [50,692] 69, 882] 119, 877 | 108,057
1/Whole fish.
2/Drawn fish,
Source: Aegir, May 1 and 15, 1964,

Ireland

FISHING INDUSTRY SURVEYED BY
UNITED STATES FISHERY SCIENTISTS:

A survey of the Irish fishing industry was
made during April-June 1964, by a team of
fishery scientists from the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. An independent ap-
praisal of the fishing industry in that country
was requested by the Government of Ireland
in order to determine its potential for future
growth. A draft report prepared by the Bu-
reau's scientists was submitted to the Prime
Minister of Ireland.

- International boundary.
- Provincial boundaries,
- County boundaries.

== SCALE - MILES ae

* 50 10 2030 40 SO

SS SS See

The Bureau's team members reported that
excellent cooperation was received in the con-
duct of their survey and are optimistic about
the future development and expansion of the

Ireland (Contd.):

Irish commercial fishing industry. Ireland
has a relatively young industry. Most of the
fishing vessels are less than 65 feet long,
and the fishermen usually make trips of only
one day. Larger vessels would increase
production efficiency and stimulate trip fish-
ing. Ireland's domestic markets are limited
because of the relatively small population of
2.8 million people, but they can be expanded
considerably by development of new prod-
ucts, introduction of improved marketing
practices, and market promotion. In the past
two years, the sales of newly introduced fish-
ery products such as ''fish fingers (fish
sticks) have tripled in the Irish market.

The team felt that shellfish production,
catching, and processing methods could be
improved so that Ireland could produce more
fishery products for export to markets on
the European continent, and that a fish-proc-
essing industry could be established to pro-
vide processed fishery products for domestic
and foreign markets. One of the major rec-
ommendations made by the United States
team was the establishment of a complete
quality program that would provide for grad-
ing into sizes on the vessel and inspection of

fish during all phases of the marketing chain.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 46.

Ivory Coast

NEW DEVELOPMENT IN
SARDINE FISHERY:

A new development in the sardine fishery
of the Ivory Coast was indicated with the ar-
rival on July 7, 1964, of the purse seiner Cap
Lopez with a full load of 130 tons of sardinel-
la. This 107-foot (550 hp.) vessel built in
La Rochelle, France, in 1958, was rigged for
purse seining and is equipped with a ring net
of 750 meters (about 810 yards) in length, 65
meters (about 70 yards) in depth, with mesh
of a stretched length of 28 millimeters (a-
bout 1.1 inches). She is the first vessel in
this fishery to be equipped with brine-cool-
ing facilities, and this maiden voyage was in
the nature of an experiment to determine the
feasibility of that method of holding fish for
a considerable number of days. Due to sea-
sonal movements of the Gulf of Guinea sar-
dinella, it was necessary to go as far as the
waters off Dakar, Senegal, for this catch, a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

distance of some 5 days. The fish were in
brine a matter of 7 to 12 days on this trip,
and the results were considered excellent. A
negligible number of fish were bruised or
chafed, but for all practical purposes the en-
tire catch was in good condition and readily
marketable.

The catch was sold by the 40-kilogram box
(about 88 pounds) to eager 'mammy" buyers
for distribution in the Abidjan area, for dry-
ing and smoking by the many small fish-smok-
ing houses in the area, and for overnight truck
distribution to a distance of about 200 miles
in the country's interior. Due to the relative
scarcity of sardines at this season, the fish
sold at wholesale for 2,500 CFA francs (about
US$10) a box. It was estimated there were
between 3,000 and 3,500 boxes, for a gross
value of some 7 million CFA francs (about
$28,000). This is a top price, however, and
with the entry of more vessels into the fish-
ery it is expected that a more normal price
will be about 1,200 CFA francs (about $4.80)
a box. The price has been known to drop to
800 CFA francs (about $3.20) a box during glut
periods.

Improvements planned by the owners ofthe
Cap Lopez, a Franco-Ivoirien company, in-
clude the installation of a power block (which
will permit reduction of the vessel crew from
its present 4 Europeans and 17 Africans to 4
Europeans and 10 Africans), and use of a fish
pump for loading and unloading the vessel.

Fishing circles in the Ivory Coast are en-
thusiastic about the success of this venture--
both the results obtained by the use of an off-
shore purse Seiner in the sardine fishery, and
the success of the brine-cooling method of
holding the fish over a relatively long period
of time. It is expected that additional vessels

September 1964

Ivory Coast (Contd.):

similarly rigged will follow shortly. (Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Abi-
djan, July 7, 1964.)

Japan

EXPORT VALIDATIONS FOR FROZEN
TUNA AND TUNA LOINS
TO U.S., APRIL-MAY 1964:

Japan's export validations of frozen tuna and tuna loins to
the United States for April-May 1964 totaled 14,047 short tons,
valued at US$5,046,945 as compared with shipments of 9,348
short tons valued at $3,039,039 for the same period in 1963,
an increase of 51 percent in quantity and 129 percent in value.
Frozen tuna and tuna loins authorized to be shipped directly
from Japan during April and May 1964 were 31 percent above
the level exported during the same period in 1963; authorized
transshipments were 5 percent less than those of the previous

and Trans-
shipped

Total] April

. (Short Tons) .

Direct Shipment
April Total

2,068/ 4,259 1,579 | 1,181] 2,760|3,769

3,249} 7,020

Round

Gilled and gutted:
20/100 lbs,
100 Ibs. up

Dressed with
tai

206,

146 | 60)

1,478)
194

1,081/ 2,664
280

780 1,966
194 = 86

Dressed with
tail
Fillets

Total

Skipjack;
Round

Loins:
Albacore
Yellowfin

Grand Total

April-May
1963 Ex-
ports

Percent in-
crease or
decrease

Source: Japan Frozen Food Exporters Amociation.

year. Albacore and yellowfin accounted for 83 percent of the
total validated exports of frozen tuna and loins, of which

50 percent were albacore and 33 percent yellowfin. (Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, June 29, 1964.)

KK OK OK OX

EX-VESSEL PRICES FOR ALBACORE
TUNA STILL HIGH IN JUNE 1964:

At Ishinomaki and Nakaminato, Japan, ex-
vessel prices of 120 yena kilogram (US$302
a short ton) were being paid for 22-pound al-
bacore. At Yaizu ex-vessel prices of 140
yen a kilogram ($353 a ton) were being offer-
ed for 33-pound albacore.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

q(t

But Japanese frozen albacore export trade
with the United States began to show signs of
activityin June 1964, with offers from United
States buyers coming in at $380 a tonc.i.f.
However, export trade in albacore was still
at a low level because of the high ex-vessel
prices offered in Japan. (Suisan Tsushin,
June 26, 1964.)

KOK OK OK OK

SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA FISHERY:

The Japanese summer albacore fishery
was virtually over by mid-July 1964, with
practically all fishing vessels either getting
ready to return or already en route home.
This year's (1964) summer albacore fishing
conditions followed a very unusual pattern.
Fishing was very slow at the outset of the
season, but an unusually heavy run developed
toward the end of the season. In early July,
a sizable albacore run suddenly developed
350-400 miles off the Sanriku (northeastern
Honshu) coast, where water temperatures
measured 179-18° C. (62.6°-64.4°9 F.). This
resulted in record catches for albacore ves-
sels operating out of Kesennuma, Onagawa,
and Ishinomaki.

Ex-vessel albacore prices in Japan for 22-
pound fish were reported in mid-July at 116-
120 yen a kilogram (US$292-302 a short ton)
at Shimizu and Yaizu; 115-118 a yena kilo-
gram ($290-297 a ton) at Kesennuma and Is-
hinomaki; and 110-116 a yena kilogram ($277-
292 a ton) at Nakaminato. Prices of summer
albacore contracted for export to the United?
States averaged $375 a tonc.&f.). (Suisan

Tsushin, July 15, 1964.)

KOK KOK

SOUTH PACIFIC TUNA MOTHERSHIP
FISHERY TRENDS, JUNE 1964:

The Japanese Yuyo Maru (5, gross
tons) and Nojima Maru (8,800 tons) tuna
snothership fleets fishing in the South Pacific
were operating profitably as of late June 1964.
Catches consisted largely of albacore and
yellowfin tuna, but fishing was slowing down
in late June.

The Yuyo Maru fleet, operating in the vi-
cinity of the Fiji Islands, in early June was
catching an average of about 5 metric tons a
day per catcher vessel. In late June, she was
averaging between 2.1-2.5 metric tons. The
Nojima Maru fleet, operating in the fishing
grounds south of Tahiti, averaged close to 3
metric tons a day in early June. In late June

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

it was taking an average of 2.5 tons a day per
catcher vessel. (Suisancho Nippo, June 20,
1964.)

HK oe ok ok ook

JAPANESE TUNA EXPORTERS SEEKING
MORE TRADE WITH SPAIN AND CUBA:
Japanese frozen tuna exporters, who are
presently confronted with marketing problems
owing to the sluggish export trade with Eu-
ropean countries (particularly Italy), are dis-
cussing the possibility of expanding the tuna
markets in Spain and Cuba. Tuna exports to
Spain are presently restricted under a quota
system enforced by that country, but the Jap-
anese tuna exporters hope to seek greater
trade through diplomatic negotiations. Tuna
exports to Cuba are presently handled by only
two Japanese fishing firms, but due to de-
pressed tuna sales to other countries in re-
cent months, other Japanese trading firms
reportedly are showing interest in the Cuban
market. However, because Cuba is a Com-
munist country, some observers in Japan
foresee difficulties in expanding trade with
that country in view of the adverse effect it
may have on the trade with the United States.
(Nihon Suisan Shimbun, July 10, 1964.)

ok OK Ok SK ok

JAPANESE FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS
TO CUBA INCREASING:

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Producers
Association, at a meeting held on June 30,
1964, to develop measures to overcome the
slump in the sales of Atlantic-caught tuna,
reported that tuna exports to Cuba have
sharply increased in recent months. Sales
to that country contracted during April-June
1964, totaled about 3,000 metric tons. Dur-
ing the same period, exports of Atlantic tuna
to the United States amounted to 7,397 short
tons, to Italy 5,225 metric tons, Yugoslavia
4,509 metric tons, and Czechoslovakia 940
metric tons. (Suisan Tsushin, July 2 & 4,
1964.)

TK OS Ok OK OK

FROZEN TUNA SALES TO ITALY
SLOW IN JUNE 1964:

Japanese frozen tuna sales to Italy were
extremely slow in June 1964 due to the tight
money situation existing in Italy, coupled with
the Italian packers' insistence upon yellowfin

Vol. 26, No. 9

tuna. Italian packers were reluctant to buy
big-eyed and bluefin tuna. This situation is
said to be presenting marketing difficulties
for Japanese tuna suppliers, particularly since
Japanese Atlantic tuna catches have been pre-
dominantly big-eyed and bluefin tuna.

Export prices paid for yellowfin (gilled-
and-gutted) deliveries to Italy in June were
at US$395 a metric ton c.i.f., compared with
$410 offered early this year. Dressed big-
eyed tuna, which earlier this year sold for
$360 a metric ton in the Italian market, has
declined to around $270 a ton, with very few
offers being made even at that price. Bluefin
price was $330 a metric ton c.i.f. in June
compared with $380 offered early this year.
(Suisancho Nippo, June 29, 1964, and other
Sources.)

OK 3K OK oe Ok

ESTABLISHMENT OF OVERSEAS TUNA
BASE COUNCIL UNDER STUDY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency is study-
ing the possibility of establishing an overseas
tuna base council to assure the stable opera-
tion of overseas-based fisheries. The plan
under study is aimed at organizing, under the
Agency's guidance, a council consisting of
overseas -based fishery operators to promote
liaison among the operating firms and to re-
solve problems related to fish prices, labor,
and other problems of common interest.

Reportedly, the Japanese overseas tuna
bases at American Samoa, Espiritu Santo
(New Hebrides), Noumea (New Caledonia),
Levuka (Fiji Islands), and Penang (Malaysia)
are faced with growing economic difficulties
resulting from declining hook catch rates,
rising labor demands, unsatisfactory price
agreements, and unfavorable arrangements
for settling claims arising from green-meat
tuna deliveries. Those problems are said to
be imposing difficulties in managing overseas
base-operated tuna fisheries. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, June 28, 1964.)

ok ok ok oe ok

JAPANESE NEGOTIATE WITH
PORTUGUESE FIRM FOR TUNA BASE
OFF WEST AFRICAN COAST:

A Japanese fishery company announced its
plans to export tuna caught by Japanese ves-
sels in the Atlantic Ocean under a business
agreement with a firm in Portugal and witha
United States tuna packer.

September 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Under the plan, the Portuguese Territory
of Cabo Verde, a group of islands off the west
coast of Africa, will be used as an operating
base from which frozen tuna will be shipped
to Europe, the United States, and Japan.

As of mid-June 1964, the Japanese fishery
company was operating 2 tuna vessels in the
Atlantic Ocean. Under an arrangement with
the Kanagawa Tuna-Bonito Fisheries Feder-
ation in Africa, 10 additional tuna vessels
were to be added to the fleet. As of June
1964, those vessels were en route to the At-
lantic Ocean area.

The annual catch of the Japanese fishing
fleet is expected to total 10,000 tons. Of the
total, 6,000 tons will be shipped to the United
States tuna-packingfirm's cannery in Puerto
Rico, 2,000 tons to European markets, and
the remaining 2,000 tons to Japan.

The Japanese firm has sent its represent-
ative to Sao Vicente Island of the Cabo Verde
group to handle the fisheries business there.
On the basis of the business negotiations, the
Portuguese will provide refrigeration and
land facilities at the fishing base at Sao Vi-
cente as well as act as agent for the Japanese
fishing vessels. The Japanese firm will pro-
vide the fishing vessels and handle the sale
of tuna to the United States, Europe, and Ja-
pan. The United States firm will supply ships
to transport the tuna to its cannery at Puerto
Rico.

Until now, most of the Japanese fishing
vessels in the Atlantic Ocean area have op-
erated mainly from bases in the Canary and
Las Palmas Islands. (Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Tokyo, June 16,
1964.)

OK OK KOK

POLE-AND-LINE SKIPJACK
TUNA FISHERY BEING STUDIED:

Major Japanese fishing companies, which
are confronted with the problem of declining
hook catch rates in the tuna long-line fishery,
are looking into the possibility of expanding
the pole-and-line skipjack fishery. In view
of the abundance of the skipjack resource
and the stability of skipjack prices, several
fishing firms see unlimited possibilities of
expanding the pole-and-line skipjack fishery
through improvement in gear and fishing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

methods. One possibility they are consider-
ing is to replace the pole-and line fishing
method with purse-seining. (Suisan Keizai.
Shimbun, July 5, 1964.)

TUNA BEHAVIOR NEAR
DRIFTWOOD STUDIED:

The Tokai University Fisheries Research
Laboratory, which has for some time been
studying the behavior pattern of tuna associ-
ated with driftwood, was planning to release
300 manmade small yellow-colored planks
and logs east of the Philippine Islands in late
June 1964. Commercial tuna fishing vessels
(which have been cooperating in the study
were on their way to the Indian Ocean) to re-
lease the manmade driftwood. The pieces of
driftwood are expected to drift off the Japa-
nese mainland between late July and Decem-
ber. The study is being financed by research
funds from the Ministry of Education. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 16, 1964.)

Bae eee
ook ook ok ok

TUNA FISHING LICENSES
DECLINE IN VALUE:

Tuna fishing licenses in Japan in early
June 1964 were selling at a premium of
350,000-360,000 yen (US$972 to $1,000) per
vessel (gross) ton, or about 70,000-100,000
yen ($194-278) less than a year earlier.

The decline in market value of fishing li-
censes is attributed to the less promising out-
look for the tuna fishery. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, June 2, 1964.)

Note: The entry of fishing vessels in the Japanese tuna fishery is
closely regulated by the Japanese Government and fishing li-
censes (or "rights'' as they are commonly referred to) are openly
traded on the open market. The premium that a license fetches
depends on demand and supply.

Kk KK OK

FISHING COMPANY TO FLY
REPLACEMENTS FOR TUNA
LONG-LINE CREWS:

A Japanese fishing company, which is op-
erating five 112-ton tuna long-liners in the
Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea from
the base at Trinidad, is planning to fly crew
replacements from Japan for its Atlantic tuna
vessels. Negotiations with an airline for spe-
cial rates were said to be under way, and the
fishing company may start flying replace-
ments before the end of this year.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

The fishing company estimated that air
transportation of replacements would result
in additional earnings of about 10 million yen
(US$27,778) per vessel. This is because each
vessel would, under the plan, be able to make
3 more fishing trips for additional landings
worth 15 to 16 million yen ($41,667-44,445).
Deducting 6 million yen ($16,667) for round-
trip flight expense for replacements (22 per
vessel), the vessel would net around 10 million
yen ($27,778). Moreover, air transportation
would benefit the fishermen, who would be
spared the discomfort of along sea journey.

Under asimilar arrangement, another Ja-
panese fishing company, inthe summer of 1963,
flew 51 fishermen to the Canary Islands as re-
placements for crew members aboard its
trawler operating in the Atlantic Ocean. (Sui-
sancho Nippo, July 2, 1964, and other sources.)

HR OK OK OK OK

TANKER REFUELS TUNA
LONG-LINERS AT SEA:
The Japanese oil tanker Tofuku Maru
(1,983 gross tons), which departed Japan on.
May 13, 1964, asof mid-June had refueled on
the high seas a total of 23 tuna long-line ves -
sels. The tanker is supplying to each fishing
vessel about 50-100 kiloliters of oil, 10 tons
of drinking water, and provisions. She was
scheduled to refuel 20 more tuna vessels at
sea before proceeding to Balboa, Panama, on
July 13, for fuel and provisions. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 16, 1964.)

% OK OK OK

TUNA MOTHERSHIP IN
INDIAN OCEAN CONFRONTED
WITH LABOR DISPUTE AT SEA:

The Japanese portable-boat-carrying tuna
mothership Showa Maru No. 1 (1,076 gross
tons), which had been fishing in the Indian
Ocean on a six-months trip schedule, was
compelled to terminate her operations one
month earlier due to a labor dispute which
broke out between the crew members and
vessel owners. The vessel, upon returning
to Shimizu, Japan, on June 25, 1964, was be-
ing investigated by the Shimizu Maritime
Safety Regional Headquarters. Investigations
thus far indicate the possibility of low wages
and overworking of crew members as having
led to the labor dispute at sea.

Vol. 26, No. 9

Under a labor agreement concluded be-
tween the owners of the mothership and the
Japan Seamen's Union, crew members of the
Showa Maru No. 1 were guaranteed a mini-
mum wage of 300,000 yen (US$833.30) a trip,
plus a share of the catch, with adjustments to
be made if earlier withdrawal of operations
became necessary or if the catch was poor.
One crew member aboard the vessel express -
ed strong discontent over the wages paid. He
felt they averaged below those paid by other
smaller vessels when considering the greater
output of labor demanded by large mother-
ships.

The Japanese Ministry of Transportation,
concerned over this development and other
occurrences of wage disputes in the distant-
water tuna fishery, directed the Maritime
Transportation Bureau to develop appropriate
administrative measures to ensure harmoni-
ous labor-management relations and discipline
aboard fishing vessels. (Suisancho Nippo,
June 29; Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 21,
1964.)

rg ee
SOUTH KOREA ASKS JAPAN TO
LIBERALIZE VESSEL EXPORTS:

At an informal conference held between
the Republic of South Korea and Japan on June
24, 1964, at Tokyo, the Korean Government
delegation submitted to the Japanese delega-
tion a plan for economic cooperation between
the two governments. The Korean proposal
called for the liberalization of regulations
governing exports of fishing vessels to South
Korea, and for an increase in the Japanese
import quota for Korean marine products.

Japan is reported to have taken the posi-
tion that the export of vessels will not be lib-
eralized as long as South Korea continues to
seize Japanese fishing vessels. As for in-
ereasing the quota for Korean imports, Ja-
pan plans to further study the matter.

Concerning the matter of fishing vessel ex-
ports, Japan is reported as having adopted a
basic policy to (1) first discuss the matter
with concerned governmental agencies; (2)
limit exports to wooden vessels over five years
old; and (3) restrict exports to vessels which
will not create an adverse effect on Japan's
fishery; but South Korea must first stop seiz-
ing Japanese fishing vessels.

September 1964

Japan (Contd.):

The Republic of Korea is said to be inter-
ested in purchasing from Japan over 30 tuna
vessels, not to mention other types of fishing
vessels, as part of the economic trade agree-
ment. (Suisan Tsushin, June 26 & July 1,
1964.)

se sk se ok
RR KK

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON CATCH
AS OF MID-JUNE 1964:
The Japanese salmon catch in the north-

ern waters (North Pacific, Bering Sea, etc.)
by motherships as well as by land-based gill-

* - i
amare * ;
ai . ~*~ 3
os Se -
Soatetonends 2 fen So
hae

Part of a catch aboard a Japanese high-seas salmon mothership
in the North Pacific area.

net and long-line fleets was as of mid-June
1964 below the catch for the same period
last year. The catch, as of June 15, totaled
14,000 metric tons for motherships, 15,000
metric tons for land-based gill-netters, and
6,000 metric tons for land-based long-liners.
The mothership catch was running about 50
percent red salmon, followed in order by
chums and pinks. (Suisancho Nippo, June 22,
1964.)
MOTHERSHIP SALMON CATCH IN

NORTH PACIFIC REPORTED POOR:

The salmon catch by the 11 Japanese
salmon motherships operating in Area A
(north of 45° N. latitude) in the North Pacific
Ocean was reported poor. Landings up to
early July 1964 amounted to about 24,000
metric tons as compared with the catch quota

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of 44,665 metric tons allotted to the mother-
ship-type fishery. The catch is said to be
running about 40 percent red salmon and 50
percent chum. At that rate, the Japanese
salmon industry fears the red salmon catch
for the season may be more than 10 percent
below that for 1963, when red comprised a-
bout 40 percent of the total mothership salm-
on catch. (Shin Suisan Shimbun; Sokuho; July
9, 1964.)

sk se sk ok ox
ow OK OOK OK OK

RECORD LOW SALMON CATCH
EXPECTED FOR AREA B:

The 1964 Japanese land-based gill-net and
long-line salmon fishing in Area B (south of
45° N. latitude) of the Northwest Pacific was
brought to a close on June 30, 1964, in accord-
ance with the agreement under the Japan-
U.S.S.R. Fisheries Treaty. There is a pos-
sibility that this season's catches will be at
a record low for that area. Based on 31,000
metric tons of salmon taken in Area B as of
June 25, the Japanese Fisheries Agency es-
timates the salmon catch for that area to to-
tal about 40,000 metric tons. The estimated
catch is far behind the 55,000-ton quota es-
tablished for that area, and also below the
1962 poor pink salmon catch. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, July 1, 1964.)

OK KOK x
HOKKAIDO CANNERS HARD HIT
BY POOR SALMON CATCH:

Hokkaido, Japan, salmon canners are said
to be extremely hard hit by the unprecedented
poor salmon catches taken from Area B(south
of 45° N. latitude) in the North Pacific this
year. Of the 8 salmon packing plants located
in Kushiro, Hokkaido, all but 1 had suspended
operations as of June 20, 1964. Normally
Hokkaido canneries are operating at full ca-
pacity in June-July, packing the "dollar-earn-
ing" pink salmon, but this year, with the scar-
city of raw material pushing up pink salmon
prices as high as 245 yen per kilogram (30
cents a pound), the Kushiro canners could no
longer continue their operations without large
losses. (Minato Shimbun, July 9, 1964.)

Ses eS Fae
Be SS ES ER SS

PACK OF LAND-BASED
SALMON CANNERS DOWN:

The canned salmon pack (for export) of the
land-based salmon canners in Japan as of
early July 1964 was estimated to total 200,000

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

cases of ¢-lb. pack and 50,000-60,000 cases
of $-lb. pack. For the 1964 season, the pack
of z-lb. cans was expected to total 225,000
eases and for $-lb. cans, 100,000 cases. In
1963; the pack of export canned salmon to-
taled 370,000 cases. (Suisan Tsushin, July
6, 1964.)

2K OK OK Ok

MOTHERSHIP BOTTOMFISH AND
SHRIMP FISHERY IN EASTERN
BERING SEA, JUNE 1964:

The 14 Japanese mothership-type bottom-
fish fishery fleets operating in the eastern
Bering Sea had landed from 120,000-130,000
metric tons of fish as of early June 1964, ex-
ceeding last year's catch for the same period
by 25 percent. The vessels operating trawl
gear were doing well, but some of those fish-
ing with long-line gear were not. Alaska

pollock, cod, rockfish, and flatfish were the
principal finfish landed.

Japanese factoryship Einin Maru.

The factoryships fishing for shrimp were
having good fishing as of mid-June 1964. The
Chichibu Maru (7,421 gross tons) arrived in
Hakodate on June 16 with about 62,000 cases
of canned shrimp and 7,000 metric tons of
frozen Shrimp. She was scheduled to return
to the eastern Bering Sea in August. The
Einin Maru (7,482 gross tons) had canned
90,000 cases of shrimp, or one-third of its
production target as of that date. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 16, and Suisan Tsushin,

June 18, 1964.)

SIcue Cie Cen CEG)

NEW CRAB FISHERY DEVELOPED IN
JAPANESE COASTAL WATERS:

In mid-December 1963, commercial con-
centrations of a crab known as ibara-gani
(Lithodes species of the family Lithodidae)
were discovered 40-50 miles off the north-
east coast of Japan. During January-March

Vol. 26, No. 9

1964, a total of 12 Japanese vessels fished the
newly discovered grounds from base ports in
Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures. Opera-
tions were centered 30-50 miles off Shioyazaki
in depths ranging from 480-500 meters (1,574-
1,640 feet). Complete catch data are not a-
vailable, but it has been reported that during
January-March 1964, 7 vessels (ranging from
37 to 97 gross tons) of the fleet landed at Ona-
hama Port, Fukushima Prefecture, a total of
45,482 ibara-gani crabs with a total ex-ves-
sel value of US$17,126. Wholesale prices
ranged from 100 yen ($0.28) per crab for those
weighing less than 1 kilo (2.2 pounds) to 150-
160 yen ($0.42-0.44) per crab for those weigh-
ing over 1 kilo.

runk Line (16.67 mm. or about 0.65 in. diam.,
1,329 m., or 4,331 feet long)

Pot Line (9 mm. or 0.35 in. diam.,
1 m. or 3.28 feet long)

‘Access Tunnel
(40 cm, or
15.7 in, diam)

mesh webbing)

Opening for Removal
of Crabs

Crab pot used in ibara-gani fishery. The truncated-cone-shaped
pot is 60 centimeters (23.6 inches) high, with a base diameter
of 160 centimeters (63 inches), and a top diameter of 75 centi-
meters (29.5 inches). Framework is constructed of iron rods 9
mm. (0.35 inch) in diameter with the rod in the base ring 12
centimeters (4.7 inches) in diameter. The top ring is made of
vinyl chloride tubing 15 mm. (0.59 inch) in diameter,

Crab pot gear is used in the ibara-gani
fishery. The pots are fished in units of 30-
40 pots to a string. A string of pots is fished
using round bottles 12 inches in diameter fitted
with bamboo poles 18 feet long as marker
buoys. The buoys are equipped with radio
transmitters as an aid in locating the gear. A
single buoy serves as a marker for one string
of pots. Rope 16.67 millimeters (0.65 inch)
in diameter is used for the trunk and buoy
lines. The length of the trunk line for asingle
string of pots is approximately 1,320 meters
long. The pots are fastened to the trunk lines

September 1964

Japan (Contd.):

at 30-to 35-meter (98-118 feet) intervals with
rope 1 meter (3.28 feet) in length and 9 mil-
limeters (0.35 inch) in diameter. Two an-
chors, either of iron or stone, secure the
ends of the trunk lines to the seabed. The
gear is hauled on deck amidship and, after
removal of the catch, the pots are resetfrom
the afterdeck. The total cost of rigging 4
strings of pots (40 pots per string), including
replacement pots, trunk and buoy lines, buoys,
and anchors, is estimated at 2-2.5 million
yen ($5,555-6,944). Vessels in the fishery
leave port early in the morning and return
the same day. The time required for hauling
and resetting 100-160 pots is approximately
10 to 12 hours. It is reported that the larger
vessels in the fishery carry 12 to 13 crew
members.

At first, 3 or 4 saury were hung in the
pots as bait but because of the loss of bait to
invertebrates and other sea animals, this
method of baiting was discontinued. A per-
forated polyethylene cylinder (with screw
cap) was later devised to protect cut-up
pieces of bait consisting of frozen saury or
squid. Two such baited cylinders are hung
in each pot from a point near the access tun-
nel.

On February 29, 1964, ibara-gani fisher-
men of Fukishima Prefecture organized the
Fukushima Crab Pot Fisheries Association
for the purpose of protecting the stocks of
crabs in the area. The following regulations
were adopted:

1. Female crabs shall be released. How-
ever, female crabs may be retained if not in
excess of 5 percent of the total catch.

2. Vessels are required to shift opera-
tions when female crabs exceed 30 percent
of the total catch per string of pots.

3. Regulations 1 and 2 above are applica-
ble to the catch of male crabs having a car-
apace of less than 10 centimeters (3.9 inches).

4. The number of crab pots fished per
vessel shall not exceed 160.

5. The maximum tonnage of a vessel en-
gaged in the fishery shall not exceed 100
gross tons.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

6. Fishing shall be conducted in waters
outside the range of the trawl fishery.

The production potential of the new fishery
cannot be determined from the limited data
now available. (Fisheries Attache, United
States Embassy, Tokyo, July 13, 1964.)

ATLANTIC TRAWL FISHERY, 1963:

In calendar year 1963, 34 Japanese trawl-
ers operated in the Atlantic Ocean off West
Africa. They produced a total of 92,000 metric
tons of bottomfish, consisting of 39,000 tons
of sea bream, 18,000 tons of ''monko" squid,
7,000 tons of octopus, and 28,000 tons of mis-
cellaneous fish (including mackerel and 'mer-
luza"'). Of that total 38,300 metric tons were
exported to European and African countries,
as follows (in metric tons): Ghana 11,500,
Italy 5,500, Nigeria 5,500, Greece 4,000,
Spain 3,500, others (including Rumania, Li-
beria, and Sierra Leone) 8,300. These data
were reported by the Japanese Fisheries
Agency. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, June 22, 1964.)

KK KOK

REFRIGERATED CARRIERS BEING
BUILT FOR ATLANTIC TRAWL FLEET:

A large Japanese fishing company as of
early July 1964 had under construction two
1,800-ton refrigerated fishery carrier ves-
sels, scheduled to be employed for transport-
ing Atlantic trawl catches back to Japan. The
same firm is also planning to build two more
Similar carrier vessels for the Atlantic run.
Upon completion of those 4 vessels, the firm
will have a total of 6 refrigerated carrier
vessels serving its Atlantic trawl fleet, in-
cluding the two 1,800-ton carrier vessels
(Banshu Maru Nos. 11 & 12), built earlier this
year and now assigned to the Atlantic Ocean
fishery. (Minato Shimbun, July 8, 1964.)

STERN-TRAWLER CANNERY
BUILT FOR SHRIMP FISHERY:

Another Japanese fishing firm is building
a 3,500-ton stern trawler equipped with acan-
ning plant, the first Japanese trawler to be
equipped with canning facilities. The trawler,
which was scheduled to be launched on July
23, 1964, will have a daily production capacity
of 500 cases (24 8-oz. cans) of canned shrimp.
Unlike factoryships which require a fleet of
catcher vessels, the new vessel will be capa-

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

ble of operating independently. The firm
plans to assign the trawler to the shrimp
fishery in northern waters (Bering Sea, North
Pacifie Ocean, Okhotsk Sea) where factory-

ship-type shrimp operations have often proved

to be unprofitable due to the high operating
costs of factoryship-type fleet operations.
(Minato Shimbun, July 4, 1964.)

Se cena cmere:

FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION
PERMITS ISSUED JUNE 16, 1964:

On June 16, 1964, the Japanese Fisheries
Agency issued permits for the construction
of 21 fishing vessels: 8 wooden vessels (to-
taling 378 gross tons) and 11 steel vessels
(totaling 6,931 gross tons). Included were
permits for a 999-ton steel trawler, two
2,930-ton fish carriers, two 99-ton tuna long-
liners, a 499-ton portable-boat-carrying tuna
mothership and a 19-ton portable boat. (Sui-
san Keizai Shimbun, June 17, 1964.) pane

OSS Gk SH SK

FISHERY PRODUCTION IN 1963:

The 1963 Japanese fishery production to-
taled 6,697,000 metric tons (excluding whale
production), according to data released by
the Fisheries Statistics Section, Japanese
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The
1963 production was down about 160,000 metric
tons from 1962 landings (which totaled
6,860,000 metric tons). For the first time
since 1955, fishery production in Japan failed
to maintain the steady annual growth that had
been recorded until 1962.

Tuna long-line catches in 1963 totaled
532,000 metric tons, a 0.6-percent decrease
from 1962. Pole-and-line tuna fishery pro-
duction in 1963 with 158,000 metric tons de-
clined 16 percent below 1962.

The distant-water trawl fishery with
793,000 metric tons of landings in 1963,
showed a 14-percent decrease from 1962.
This decline was primarily ascribed to re-
duced mothership fleet operations in the
“northern waters'' (North Pacific, Bering
Sea, etc.) bottom trawl fishery in 1963.
Catches of 113,000 metric tons from distant-
water trawl operations in the Atlantic Ocean
and in waters off New Zealand and Australia,
on the other hand, were reported to have al-
most doubled those for 1962.

Fig. 1 - A 30-foot long-liner bringing the morning's catch of
marlin and tuna to the mothership. Note skates of line forward.

A review of Japanese fishery production
trends shows that from 1957 to 1961, the dis-
tant-water fisheries (pole-and-line and long-
line tuna fisheries, bottom trawl fishery, and
mothership-type salmon and crab fisheries)

Fig. 2 - Washing and packing mackerel aboard a Japanese fishing
vessel.

September 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Fig. 4 - Repairing nets aboard a Japanese mothership.

primarily accounted for Japan's yearly pro-
duction growth. Those fisheries combined
showed an annual average increase of 14 per-
cent as compared with only 5.4 percent for
inshore fisheries and 2.7 percent for offshore
fisheries. However, the distant-water fish-
ery production after 1961 began to decline at
a rate of 13 percent each year, and in 1963,
the production of 1,520,000 metric tons was

9 percent below 1962. (Suisan Keizai Shim -
bun, sae 4; Nihon Keizai Shimbun, July ly 4,
1964

KKK KK

STATUS OF 1963 OVERSEAS-BASED
FISHERIES TO BE STUDIED:

The Finance Committee of the Japanese
House of Councilors (Upper House) is ex-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

pected to begin a study of the status of the Jap-
anese overseas-based fisheries in connection
with tariff and labor problems. The Commit-
tee has called on the Japanese Fisheries Agen-
cy to furnish data on those fisheries, and the
Agency has supplied the following data to that
Committee:

Status of Japan's Overseas-Based ed Fisheries, 1963 | 1963

Farce | Vesels [Fishermen] Catch | Value

The amount of foreign exchange earned by
the overseas-based fisheries is reported to

be: Pacific Ocean 1,850 million yen (US$5.1
million); Indian Ocean 230 million yen (US$0.6
million); Atlantic Ocean (tuna) 11,380 million
yen (US$31.6 million); and Atlantic Ocean
(trawl) 2,640 million yen (US$7.3 million).
(Minato Shimbun, June 5, 1964.)

xk XX
NEW FISHING PORT IN
OSAKA PREFECTURE:

The relatively minor port city of IZumisano
in Osaka Prefecture will become one of Japan's
largest fishing ports if plans under consider-
ation are developed. With the intention of re-
ducing the transportation costs for fresh fish
consumed in the Kobe-Osaka area, Osaka Pre-
fecture has begun building a completely new
fishing port at Izumisano City just south of
Sakai. That area's supply of fresh fish now
comes from such distant ports as Shizuoka
and Shimonoseki with the result that transpor-
tation costs are high. Following the comple-
tion of Izumisano Port, fishing vessels would
be able to deliver their catches practically to
Osaka's doorstep.

In December 1963, Osaka Prefecture be-
gan to reclaim about 300 acres of land from
the sea. It is planned that the land will be
used by about 5 private fishing companies for
their processing plants, refrigeration facili-
ties, and ship maintenance buildings. The
Japanese Government also plans to build a
large refrigerated storage facility. Four
large refrigeration factoryships of 15,000
gross tons each and 10 fishing vessels in the
3,000-ton class would be able to dock in the
port at one time. Prefectural officials esti-
mate that 170,000 metric tons of fish would

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

pass through the port annually. Railway and
road connections will be constructed to con-
nect the port with Osaka City and the rest of
the Kinki.

It was reported that Japan's five largest
fishing companies have informally agreed to
establish plants in Izumisano, but final nego-
tiations cannot be undertaken until the Pre-
fecture determines the cost of the land. Such
a determination is to be made upon comple-
tion of the reclamation work in about four
years. Prefectural officials say the project
is certain to be a success.

The cost of the reclamation project is es-
timated at 800 million yen (US$2.2 million) of
which about $425,000 is to be financed by the
national Government and the balance covered
by public bonds.

Concern for the high cost of transportation
and distribution of food products is reported
to be growing in Japan and the Izumisano
project would doubtless be a forerunner for
other moves to centralize food production
nearer the centers of consumption. Such de-
velopments should favorably affect prices,
but they will also have the effect of bringing
more people and industries into the already
congested metropolitan centers.

Izumisano Port, with its centralized mod-
ern facilities, would be a further contribution,
to the productivity of the already highly effi-
cient Japanese fishing industry. This pro-
posed project is seen as further evidence of
Osaka's strong push to develop new seaboard
industrial complexes and renew the area’s
economic strength by diversification. (United
States Consulate, Kobe-Osaka, June 24, 1964.)

4 OK OK ok

FROZEN FISH SALES
PROMOTION PLANNED:

The Japan Frozen Fish Association, whose
objective is to promote domestic sales of fro-
zen fishery products, held its first inaugural
meeting at Tokyo on June 1, 1964. The Asso-
ciation plans to employ the mass media for
promotional purposes and seek to improve the
quality of frozen fishery products. It also
plans to establish 20 model frozen fish stores
in Tokyo.

The Association members include the six
largest fishing companies in Japan and the

Vol. 26, No. 9

National Federation of Fishermen's Cooper -
ative Associations (ZENGYOREN). The Jap-
anese Government is subsidizing one-half of
the Association's Fiscal Year 1964 (April
1964-March 1965) budget of 40 million yen
(US$111,000). (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June
2, 1964.)

mk ke
HK OOK ook ok OK

FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES
USED IN MIXED FEED, 1958-1963:

Japan's use of protein concentrates (all
sources) in the production of mixed feed for
livestock has increased almost fivefold in the
last six years. Fish meal accounted for 35.2
percent of the total protein concentrates used
in mixed feed in 1958, but only 27.9 percent
of the total in 1963. However, fish solubles
were used as an ingredient in mixed feed for
the first time in 1963 and accounted for 5.8
percent of the total (see table).

Japan's Consumption of Protein Concentrate
in the Mixed Feed Industry

Commodity

ish meal and cake
[Fish solubles .. .
(Vegetable oil

seedmeals ... 680.1 |526.5| 435.9 | 292.0 |187.2)134.6

The increase in usage of protein concen-
trates reflects the sharp upward trend that
has occurred in Japan's mixed feed industry
as a result of increased demands by the fast=
growing livestock industry. (Foreign Agri-
culture, June 29, 1964, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.)

ok KK

ANTARCTIC WHALE CATCH
AND PRODUCTS PRODUCED, 1963/64:
Japan's Seven whaling fleets caught 4,599.83
blue-whale units during the 1963/64 Antarctic
whaling season, reported the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency this past July. Japan thus at-
tained its quota of 4,600 units of the 10,000
blue-whale units set by the International Whal-
ing Commission.

The baleen whale catch yielded 12 percent
more oil than the target set. Other products
exceeding the target were frozen whale meat
(up 4 percent), salted meat (up 1 percent), and
sperm whale oil (up 19 percent). (Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, July
15, 1964.)

September 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

Japan (Contd.):

Japan's Antarctic Baleen Whale Catch, Products Produced, and Sperm Whale Oil Output, 1963/64 Season
(Figures in Parentheses Indicate Targets of Catch and Production)
Fleet Froducs: Preduced Yield of Sperm
Baleen Oi Salted Meat Whale Oi

Blue-Whale Units Pounds

onan Maru ..eeceece 706.00 17,017

(706. 10) = (14,786)
onan Maru No.2 ... 715,33 15,218 25,709 1,270 120 15,957
706,11 12,708 (21, 180 1,151) - 14,786
isshi 787.50 17,480 23, 196 1,194 531 21,098
(761. 66) (14, 471) (21, 438) (1, 164) (410) (16, 790)

746.66 21,525 1,178 1,625 21,281

(761.66 (21, 438) (1, 164) (1,582) (16, 790)

67 70 i

110,00 3,790 4,464

111,15 3, 128 52 64 2,449
848. 18 18,210 23,584 668 1, 343 33,510
761.66) 14,091 20, 184) 800 (1, 249 18, 470
686.16 13, 650 20,424 559 1,268 8, 320
(761. 66) (14,091) (20, 184) (692) (1, 249) (18, 470)
4,599.83 95, 376 144,418 6,243 5,077 121, 647
(4, 600.00) (84, 921) (138,734) (6, 174) = (102,541)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 62; Jan-
uary 1964 p. 60. antibiotic boosted production of top-quality
pearls by as much as 30 percent. These are

the brilliant 'hanadama" or ''moon tear"
pearls, perfect in shape and without a stain,
and which over the past 70 years have been
hardly 5 percent of the total yield, the scien-

CULTURED PEARL QUALITY IMPROVED
BY USE OF ANTIBIOTIC:
Modern science has come to the aid of Ja-

pan's 500-year old cultured pear! industry, see

and the result is healthier oysters and bigger The special aureomycin formulation, de-
and better pearls. The key to increased pearl] veloped by an internationally known drug firm,
production is a new technique using the anti- | also led to an important increase in total pearl
biotic aureomycin chlortetracycline. yield, a decrease in the percentage of value-

less blemished pearls, and lowered the ''death
rate'' among weak pearl oysters.

In the new technique, both oysters and the
instruments used to insert the nucleus are
dipped in a solution composed of 10 parts aure--
omycin to one million parts of sea water. The
mantle piece is dyed with 2 percent mercuro-
chrome solution which has been diluted by sea
water containing 20 parts per million of the
antibiotic.

The Japanese scientist attributed the im-
proved rate of pearl production and the higher
quality of pearls harvested from treated oys-
ters to the broad-spectrum. action of aureo-
mycin against bacteria. He decided that bac-
teria, which enter the oyster at the time of im-
pregnation with the nucleus and mantle piece,
adversely affect pearl formation. (Australian
Fisheries Newsletter, March, 1964.)

Pearl oyster rafts in Kaskiojima Ago Bay, Japan.

A scientist on the staff of the Fisheries
School of Mie Prefecture in south central
Japan, in an article in the Japanese publica-
tion Fishery Science Monthly, described
tests extending over 4 years in which the

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

Republic of Korea

NEGOTIATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL
TUNA VESSELS:

On May 28, 1964, the Economic Ministers of the Korean
Government approved an arrangement for a newly established
company in Seoul, Korea, to import ten 300-ton tuna fishing
vessels from a Japanese firm. Since the Korean Govern-
ment decided in February 1964 not to issue repayment guar-
anties for private commercial loans, Cabinet approval of the
transaction will be required, The value of the contract was
cited as US$2.7 million in principal; terms are repayment
in 10 years (after a grace period of a year and a half); with
interest of 6 percent per year.

On June 2, 1964, the Foreign Investment Promotion Com-
mittee of the Korean;|Government approved an arrangement
whereby a shipbuilding firm in Pusan, Korea, is to obtain a
loan of $380,000 from a Japanese firm which will be used
for the construction of 10 vessels, Two of the vessels are
to be freighters of 500 tons each, while 4 are to be 140-ton
long-line tuna vessels, and 4 are to be 100-ton trawlers.
The Japanese loan for the Pusan shipbuilding firm must be
approved by the Economic Ministers as well as the Cabinet
of the Korean Government, It is understood that the Korean
shipbuilding firm plans to import some components from
the Japanese firm and to construct the vessels in Pusan
yards. Terms call for the Japanese firm to meet its obliga-
tion within seven months after final approval of the loan by
the Korean Government. Payment is to be in annual install-
ments in the 5 years following the approval of the imported
materials,

By July 1964, the Korean shipbuilder in Pusan was sched-
uled to complete six 145-ton tuna vessels which the com-
pany has been constructing for a Korean company under a
loan from a United States tuna canning company.

The current reluctance of the Korean Government to
guarantee repayment may prevent conclusion of the tentative
agreements described above. The proposed new vessels
would be a significant addition to the 40 vessels (totaling
5,855 tons) which private Korean companies have undertaken
to procure and for which the fxorean Government has guar-
anteed loans in the past year, Also, initial deliveries are
due early in 1965 of the 91 vessels covered under the first
phase of the contract with the Italian- French Consortium,
(United States Embassy, Seoul, June 16, 1964.)

Liberia

FISHING INDUSTRY UNDERGOING
MODERN EXPANSION:

The Liberian commercial fishing industry
has experienced a spectacular development
Since mid-1963, the impact of which is being
felt throughout the country. Liberia's largest
fishing company recognized the need for. in-

creased quantities of low-priced fishery prod-
ucts, as well as the need for modern distribu-

tion methods in order to reach the country's
inland areas. That fishing company and its
affiliates is made up of Liberian interests,
some members of the Liberian Government,
and Danish interests. Affiliated companies
in other countries include firms in Sierra
Leone and Nigeria. To achieve its goals, the
Liberian fishing company has taken the fol-
lowing major steps:

1. Contracted with about 11 foreign-flag
offshore trawlers (mostly Japanese) to de-
liver fish that is frozen at sea to Monrovia.
The frozen fish will be in boxes of 20 kilo-
grams (44 pounds) each. Species will include
mackerel, red snapper, black snapper, her-
ting (sardinella), and sole. Monthly landings
in May 1964 reached an average of close to
700 metric tons. The landings are expected
to reach 1,000 tons by the end of 1964.

2. Invested in a fleet of insulated and, in
some cases, refrigerated trucks for delivery
of frozen fishery products in good condition
to inland areas.

3. Built a new and modern freezing, cold-
storage and ice plant at Monrovia capable of
storing up to 1,500 tons of frozen fishery prod-
ucts, freezing up to 100 tons of fish a day and
producing 30 tons of block ice a day. The cold-
storage plant was to be expanded to a capacity
of 4,000 tons.

4, Built 6 inland cold-storage depots (a
seventh is planned) at strategic locations
throughout Liberia, with storage capacities of
from 20 to 120 tons each (mostly 20 to 25 tons),
Those are located at the population centers and
cover all of the interior of Liberia with the ex-
ception of parts of the Eastern Province, which
are inaccessible until the road construction
project being planned is completed.

The Liberian fishing company is trying
hard to maintain the retail price level of its
fish within reach of the population as a whole.
As of June 1964, wholesale prices ranged from
US$4.50 to $7.00 a carton of 20 kilos (10 to 16
U.S. cents a pound), with average retail prices
between 15 cents and 20 cents. The demand
for fishery products has been very strong, and
the quantity distributed inland from the cold-
storage depots was climbing steadily. Some
50 percent of the total was being distributed
inland and the remaining 50 percent was con-
sumed in the Monrovia area (containing about
one-third of the nation's population of about 1
million).

Fishery landings of 700 tons in May, or
8,400 tons a year, compares with only 795
tons for all of 1963, which was a poor year,
and about 1,700 tons for each of 1962 and
1961. One of the reasons for the low 1963
landings was that all of the fishing vessels of
Liberia's foremost fishing company, which
landed the bulk of the local catches, were
transferred to Sierre Leone for repairs and
servicing. Another reason was that the Libe-

September 1964

Liberia (Contd.):

SIERRA

MANO RIVER yee i LY ov"
(Wotonat iron Ore Co) s rs aa
Ps it} -
/ , Teen veo
ad i we?
ot Bendoya Tokpoima Ae
5 ” AR D we —“Belie Kpomu J
au on
Ji : Bopolu yer
ay w i) 1
ay a MODY eomi-nins of 53
RS i

Sowito\d <I 3 Meco J

Free Por QU

a
MONROVIA SSS

——-
Schiefel

LIBERIA

Herd surfaced (bituminous) °

Railway

meme Railway under construction

Harbors

Airfields q

Alratrips

°
=
i=]
@. sak

erian fisheries were undergoing a transition
and that the formerly higher landings sudden-
ly dropped due to a number of factors inher-
ent to a transition period.

As of mid-1964, three smaller inshore
trawlers were operating in nearby waters
and landing their catches fresh. Those land-
ings and those from the local canoe fisheries
are marketed almost entirely in the Monro-
via area.

Another aspect of the Liberian fisheries
that was about ready to start was the landing
and transshipment of tuna at the new freezer-
storage plant in Monrovia. In cooperation

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

EO NEOs St GA Fisedy
~— /
/ :
é

o Location of
Liberia

o Korione\ )

with a United States tuna packer, the freezer
plant will handle frozen tunalandedby vessels
of the Republic of China (Nationalist Chinese)
and Spain which are under contract to
the United States tuna packer. The first of
such landings were to start early in June.
While most of the tuna will be frozen at sea,
provision has been made to brine-freeze up to
100 tons a day in the plant to handle tuna that
may be landed iced but not frozen. It was ex-
pected that most of the tuna landed there would
be by bait boats.

In its Annual Report for 1963, the Liberian
Bureau of Fisheries stated that there is an in-
tense desire by local fishermen to increase

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Liberia (Contd.):

their skill and knowledge so that they could
increase their catches. This was evidenced
in their mechanization of canoes with out-
board motors. Recommendations made by
the Liberian Bureau of Fisheries in its An-
nual Report were:

1. That the indigenous canoe fishery be
maintained and developed because it could be
a source from which fish could be obtained
cheaper. This fishery has practically gone
out of business since the trawlers began their
operations. A means could also be found to
better equip them by: (a) Putting synthetic
materials--nylon, orlon and other synthetic
lines and netting--at their disposal through
the aid of the Government. (b) Introduce out-
board motors in the local Liberian fisheries.
(c) Set areservation for this small canoe fish-
eries near the coastal area within the three-
mile limit and prohibit all trawlers from
trawling there. (d) Organize fishermen's co-
operatives. (e) Organize the marketing and
distribution system.

2. That the Liberian Bureau of Fisheries
be equipped to instruct local fishermen in the
greater variety of fishing techniques. The
Bureau should have several different types of
gear to demonstrate to interested fishermen
who are keen to obtain the benefits of the new
fishing methods. Such gear will include drift
and set gill nets of different sizes, set and
drift long lines, commercial trolling with
poles and power gurdies, etc.

3. That the Government should purchase
at least 6 semi-Diesel engines ranging from
25 hp. to 50 hp., have boats built locally and
install 3 engines in them and sell them to
Liberian fishermen on ahired, purchase sys-
tem basis.

4, That local fishing boat-building proj-
ects be encouraged in Liberia. To effect this
important project a foreign ship builder
should be employed by the Government either
in the Bureau of Fisheries or elsewhere to
teach Liberians how to build seaworthy fish-
ing boats. Also to obtain scholarships for
Liberians to study in Europe or in some for-
eign parts.

It should be noted that the Liberian Gov-
ernment has been operating on an 'austerity"
basis because of limited funds. Government
finances are expected to be much improved

Vol. 26, No. 9

in about two years and the Liberian Bureau
of Fisheries will receive additional funds at
that time for properly carrying out its work.
(Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy,
Abidjan, June 5, 1964.)

Mexico

"PILOT FISHING PORT AT ALVARADO
NEARS COMPLETION:

The ‘‘pilot’’ fishing port project at Alvarado on the Gulf
of Mexico is scheduled to open in early September 1964. It
will be administered by the Mexican National Development
Bank for Cooperatives. The project is expected to expand
and modernize the Mexican fishing industry. It was fi-
nanced by a loan from the Netherlands Government to the
Mexican Government. It has been stated that the amount of
the loan now exceeds 100 million pesos (US$8 million).

The project includes several activities. A major dredg-
ing operation begun in late 1962 at the edge of Laguna Al-
varado has opened a channel for larger vessels and pro-
vided fill dirt for a port area of about 20-25 acres. A mod-
ern dock area has been built, and construction work is
nearly completed on buildings to house cold-storage ware-
houses, a wholesale market area, and plants to freeze, can,
and smoke fish and to manufacture fish meal. The port
area will include dormitory space for fishermen, gupply
storage areas, and a small dry dock and repair area.

The major remaining task is installation of machinery.
A number of large freezing units from England are the only
items presently installed. It is believed that the remaining
machinery is coming from the Netherlands. To bring added
electrical power to the project, a new power line from the
Dos Bocas power station near Veracruz is being installed.

The project also involves the construction of five modern
trawlers in the Netherlands for the Alvarado fishing fleet.
The first of the vessels, the Alvarado I, has been delivered
and has been in use for several months. The vessels can
be adapted to various methods of fishing, and are highly au-
tomated. Plans for further expansion of the Alvarado fleet
will depend on the success of the first five vessels from the
Netherlands. The facilities of the port will also be avail-
able to the many fishermen in the area who have their own
vessels.

A third phase of the program is an exploratory survey of
the fish potential of the area and a study of the best means
of exploiting it. The trawler Alvarado I, which acts as a
training vessel for local fishermen, has been making a sur-
vey of the fish stocks in various areas of the Gulf of Mexico,
and has experimented with various fishing methods. The ex-
ploratory program has succeeded in locating commercial
quantities of fish, including tuna, which were not previously
sold on the local market. Various techniques of fishing
which are useful elsewhere have been tried and modifica-
tions have been adopted. Exploratory work will continue
for some time after the new port is opened.

Relatively few new permanent jobs will be created di-
rectly by the port project, as the new trawlers will have
crews of only six, and the port will be highly automated. It
is claimed, however, that the indirect effects will be of con-
siderable importance. Fishermen in the area were formerly
dependent on the demands of the immediate market for a
limited variety of fresh fish. They now will have a means
of disposing of their catch.even during periods of reduced
demand. Many fish caught but not previously used, such as
sardines, can now be canned and marketed. Thus, even with
no change in fishing techniques, the individual fisherman
can improve his earnings. Proponents-of the project claim

September 1964

Mexico (Contd.):

that such improvement will lead vessel owners to upgrade
their equipment and thus gradually improve the fleet.

The people of Alvarado have high hopes for the project.
One construction firm has plans to build 200 homes in the
area. Other people are thinking in terms of secondary in-
dustries for the port, such as a company to produce tin
cans, and small boat construction enterprises. Secondary
developments, however, will depend on the success of the
primary port project. (United States Consulate, Veracruz,
June 1964.)

Netherlands

REORGANIZATION OF FISHING
INDUSTRY PROPOSED:

The Netherlands must land some 250,000
metric tons of fishery products annually dur-
ing 1968-1970, in order to meet that country's
anticipated growing demand. This is the be-
lief of a Government-appointed committee of
representatives of employers and workers in
the Dutch marine fishing industry. The need-
ed landings represent an increase of from 20
to 25 percent over the present quantity of fish-
ery products auctioned or handled in Dutch
fishing ports.

“ 2 Nar SS ee i)

——s

The committee was set up in 1959 tostudy
and report on the Dutch fishing industry. The

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

committee's report, submitted to the Nether --
lands Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
in February 1964, included the following rec-
ommendations:

1. A Government premium of F1.350
(US$97) per gross registered ton for the con-
struction of 25 new trawlers to replace ob-
solete vessels in 4 years at a total cost of
F1.20 million ($5.5 million).

2. A Government premium of F1.500 ($139)
per gross registered ton for the construction
of 100 shrimp vessels, also replacing obsolete
units, at a total cost of Fl.12 million ($3.3 mil-
lion).

3. A Government subsidy of 10 percent of
the auction price of certain types of fish so as
to give the Dutch fishing industry a competi-
tive chance in the European Economic Com-
munity.

4. Credit facilities of F1.12 million ($3.3
million) for the Dutch fishing industry.

5. (a) Credit facilities of Fl. 7 million
($1.9 million) annually for replacement of
obsolete fishing vessels.

(b) A thorough investigation into the
prospects of fishing in other than the tradi-
tional Dutch fishing waters and protection
of fish stocks in the traditional Dutch fish-
ing waters.

The Dutch Government has already decided
to carry out the last point of the recommenda-
tions. (United States Embassy, The Hague,
March 7, 1964.)

New Zealand

LOCAL SPERM WHALING
PROMISING IN EARLY 1964:

Sperm whaling in New Zealand appeared
promising, announced New Zealand's Marine
Minister early this year. Since an experi-
mental season under special license began in
mid-January, a firm of the Whekenur whaling
station in Queen Charlotte Sound, had taken
45 sperm whales in the first few months of
1964. The whale catch had totaled 168 since
the taking of sperm whales started in May
1963.

New Zealand (Contd.):

"The development of this industry and the
investigations to determine the most appro-
priate time for an open season, are coopera-
tive ventures by the Marine Department and
the private fishing firm. The Navy and Air
departments and the Royal New Zealand Air
Force have helped by providing sperm whale
spotting services,’ the Minister said.

The development of the sperm whaling in-
dustry had been forced on New Zealand be-
cause of the collapse of the humpback whale
population as a result of excessive whaling
in the Antarctic regions.

In 1963, the International Whaling Commis -
sion to which New Zealand belonged, prohib-
ited the taking of humpback in the Southern
Hemisphere. The New Zealand Government
proposed to amend current legislation to pro-
vide for this prohibition. The only other
known whaling stock around the New Zealand
coast was a relatively small population of
bryde or sei whales off the Hauraki Gulf. The
prospects of further expansion beyond the
area of exploitation could be based only on
sperm whales of a different population to that
being caught--from another land station. (The
Fishing News, March 26, 1964.)

Nigeria

SHRIMP RESOURCES PROMISING:

Shrimp landings from Nigerian waters dur-
ing June 1964 have indicated that the coastal
waters of Nigeria may contain substantial
shrimp resources which could be profitably
exploited by experienced shrimp fishermen
using efficient gear and vessels. The pres-
ence of commercial quantities of shrimp in
those waters had not previously been demon-
strated.

A fishing cooperative in Lagos, assisted
by a fisheries adviser of the U. S. Agency
for International Development (USAID), tried
an American-built shrimp net for the first
time in waters 12 to 20 miles south to south-
east of Lagos harbor. The vessel used was
an 80-foot trawler (180 hp.) towing a 60-foot
Biloxi semi-balloon shrimpnet. A Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) gear spe-
cialist was aboard the vessel. The first trip
in 3 days of fishing netted about 1,000 pounds

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

of shrimp (probably white Penaeus setiferus)
averaging 21-25 count (heads-off). A tickler
chain'' was added and production increased to
2,000 pounds in 3 days, representing about 15
two-hour tows. It is probable that a more ex-
perienced crew, and a vessel using two nets,
could increase this catch substantially. The
depth of water in the area covered was 14 to
16 fathoms. Fishing was conducted both day
and night, with catches by day somewhat better
than those at night. Substantial quantities of
mixed fish (including sole, croaker, and sardi-
nella) were caught along with the shrimp.
More than 75 percent of the shrimp caught
have been 21-25 count (heads-off), withsmall-
er quantities of 16-20 and 26-30 count.

The cooperative is marketing the shrimp
in the Lagos and the western Nigeria area
through Nigerian market traders, major food
distributing companies, and its own refriger-
ated trucks. Small quantities are deheaded,
deveined, and packaged in one-pound packages
for the department store trade. Samples have
been flown to Barcelona, Spain, and success-
fully marketed there. In the Lagos market,
the cooperative's current selling price is a-
bout 7 shillings (98 U.S. cents) a pound for the
peeled and deveined product.

Plans are under way for further work with
two shrimp nets of larger size, also ordered
from the United States. Although the Conti-
nental Shelf is narrow along the Nigerian coast,
the coast line is some 500 miles long. (U.S.
Embassy, Lagos, July 11, 1964.)

Norway

EXPORTS OF CANNED FISH,
JANUARY 1-APRIL 13, 1964:

Norway's total exports of canned fish dur-
ing January 1-April 11, 1964, were down 5.8
percent from those in the same period of 1963.
Shipments of canned small sild dropped 17.7
percent and those of kippered herring were
down 16.6 percent. But shipments of canned
brisling increased 10.7 percent from the same
period a year earlier, and there were Some
increases in the exports of several other can-
ned fish products.

The packing of sild started in early May.
Small sild ran to relatively large fish this
year and were suitable for packing only as
sild-sardine. Packing of brisling started on

September 1964

Norway (Contd.):

Norwegian Exports of Canned Fish

Product

is Ae ea
=e « «) (Metric Tons)/ 2) ey...
1,757 1,587
4,287
986
104
121
210
408

DAS) GL AoA
Small sild, smoked
IKippered herring
Soft herring roe

Sild delicatessen

Clemie Nene, ey «

June 1.
ermen had reached an agreement on the bris-
ling price for the 1964 season. (Norwegian
Canners Export Journal, May 1964.)

Norwegian canners and brisling fish-

se ose ok ok
ToT oF

FISHERIES TRENDS, MAY 1964:

Fisheries Price Supports: Negotiators for
the Norwegian Government and representa-
tives of the Norwegian Fishermen's Associa-
tion have agreed on increased Government sup-
ports for the fishing industry during the next two
years. Theagreement, if approved by the Nor-
wegian Parliament, willraise direct fishery
price support funds from Kr.85 million (US$11.9
million) to Kr.90 million ($12.6 million) per
year; grant alump sum of Kr.10 million ($1.4
million) to anew social fund that will partly cov-
er the costs of social insurance plans for fish-

ermen; and provide Kr.5 million ($0.7 million) |

per year to assist in modernization of fishing
fleets. In addition, thenew agreement would
increase the annual costs of the fisheries sub-
sidy program (excluding some smallboat and
equipment subsidies) byKr.20 million ($2.8
million), or about 23.5 percent ayear. The fish-
eries support increases, if approvedby Parlia-

ment, willresult in about the same income gain |

for fishermen as was granted wage earners in
May 1964 by the Norwegian State Arbitration
Board.

Norway to Participate in Indian Fisheries
Institute: On the request of the United Na-
tions Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), Norway will participate in establish-
ing and operating a fisheries training insti-
tute in Bombay, India. The Institute is de-
signed to train university graduates in fish-
eries administration. It will take qualified
candidates from various countries in South-
east Asia as well as from India. The Nor-
wegian Agency for International Development
has concluded a contract to take over FAO's

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

responsibilities in the project. Norway will
provide an advisor to the Indian-appointed di-
rector of the Institute, a professor in fishery
technology, and a professor in fishery econo-
my. Norway will also supply a 40-foot fishing
vessel, fully equipped, as well as scientific
and other equipment for laboratories, work-
shops, and a library. Norway's contribution
will be supplemented by financing from the
Indian Government and the United Nations
Special Fund. (United States Embassy, Oslo,
June 9, 1964.)

OK OK Kk
STERN TRAWLER DESIGN
PRODUCED BY COMPUTER:

By feeding a computer with relevant facts
about fishing vessel operation, a stern trawl-
er design was produced. According to the
facts revealed by the computer, 14 vessels
built according to the design would be able to
outfish 18 trawlers and 10 or 12 long-liners.

This was the conclusion reached by a Nor-
wegian firm which was asked in August 1964
by a Hammerfest, Norway, fish-freezing firm
to design a trawler to suit the freezing com-
pany's requirements.

The design consultants fed an electronic
data handling machine with a series of facts,
including catch results, weather conditions,
the occurrences of fish on the grounds and
during which seasons, and comparative figures
on processing on shore and at sea. With this,
and other information, it was able to deduce
from the machine the average value per pound
of catch landed over a year of 330 working
days. Three designs (for a 300-, 400-, and
500-gross-ton vessel) were produced, and the
machine calculated that the 400-ton vessel
would produce fish slightly cheaper than the
500-ton one. However, it was decided that the
500-ton vessel would prove most suitable as
it would produce more fish in the slack season
and would land the greatest total during the
year.

A director of the firm of consultants said
that 14 of the 500-ton stern trawlers would
supply the fish-freezing firm's present de-
mands. At present that firm uses 18 trawlers
and 10 or 12 long-liners to achieve the results
forecast for the 14 stern trawlers.

Other facts produced by the computer in-
cluded the speed of the vessel--12 knots; a 24-
hour tie-up between trips; and a cargo capaci-
ty of 116 tons of boxed fish.

Norway (Contd.):

The computer also produced statistics
which indicated the best grounds on which the
vessels should work at given times of the
year. They will operate most profitably if
they work off Western Finnmark in January
and February, off Hastern Finnmark in March,
at Bear Island during the following 4 or 5
months, and in Spitzbergen waters during the
remaining part of the year. The daily income
of each vessel was electronically calculated
at 1,814.11 kroner (about US$254) for fish and
500 kroner ($70) for meal and oil.

The machine's findings were checked with
available statistics which had been obtained
in practice and were found to be accurate.
(World Fishing, April 1964.)

2 ook ok ok Ok

FISHING FOR DOGFISH AND
BASKING SHARK OFF GREAT
BRITAIN TO BE CONTINUED:

Norwegian fishermen will be permitted to continue fishing
for traditional dogfish (Acantis vulgaris) and basking shark
(Cethorinus maximus) in certain defined area between 6 and
12 miles off the coast of Scotland until January 1, 1965. This
will be in accordance with a proposal signed by the Nor-
wegian and British delegations in the recent negotiations in
London concerning the Norwegian fishery within the new
12-mile fishery boundary of Great Britain. The proposal will
have to be approved by the two governments before coming
into effect.

Until January 1, 1985, the Norwegian dogfish fishery may
take place in the areas between 6 and 12 miles off the coasts
of the Flannan Islands, the Shetland Islands, the Fair Isle,
the St. Kilda Group, North Rona, Sulisker, Sule Skerry, and
Stack Skerry. The basking shark fishery may be carried on
in the same areas and, in addition, in the area between Runair
in the Hebrides and Mull of Oa on the Islay Island.

Norwegian fishermen will further be permitted to carry
on their dogfish and basking shark fisheries between 3 and 6
miles off the coasts of the defined islands until January 1,
1966.

At the London negotiations the delegations further agreed
to include a most-favored-nation clause in the treaty secur-
ing Norway the same rights to fish for dogfish and basking
shark in the defined areas as might be extended to third
countries,

Jurisdiction over the fisheries in the period of transition
will be based on the North Sea Convention of 1882 or on pos-
sible other international agreements signed by Norway and
Great Britain during the period. As far as fish conservation
measures are concerned, Great Britain cannot impose any
regulations limiting the Norwegian rights in the period cov-
ered by the agreement without the consent of the Norwegian
Government,

Judged by the reaction voiced through the press, it was
considered that the Norwegian delegation obtained satisfac-
tory results for the fishing interests of its country. Norwe-
gian fishing off the coast of Great Britain has traditionally
largely been limited to dogfish and basking shark in the areas
covered by the agreement. To compensate for the rights
granted to Great Britain for fishing in the areas between
-6 and 12 miles off the entire coast of Norway for 10 years,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

the corresponding Norwegian rights in the waters of Great
Britain have been extended to 20 years. (United States Em-
-bassy, Oslo, July 19, 1964.)

phe aay
KOK kok ok

SEALING EXPEDITION
TO THE ANTARCTIC:

A sealing expedition to the Antarctic left
Bergen, Norway, July 18, 1964. The main pur-
pose of the expedition, the first Norway has
sent to the Antarctic in this century, is to sur-
vey the possibility of large-scale sealing in
those waters. The expedition which is spon-
sored by a Bergen manufacturing and trading
firm, consists of the sealing vessel Polarhav
and one helicopter. Studies of the Antarctic
seal herds will be conducted by a scientist
from the Norwegian Ocean Research Institute
in Bergen.

The search for new hunting grounds for
Norwegian sealing is a reflection of the di-
minishing stocks of seals in traditional hunt-
ing areas in the Northern Hemisphere, accord-
ing to the Norwegian firm sponsoring the ex-
pedition. (United States s PERE Oslo, July
21, 1964.)

Panama

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, 1963:

Panama’s shrimp production in 1963 fell almost one mil-
lion pounds short of the record 1962 mark, despite the fact
that there was a greater number of vessels operating. The
Fisheries Office reports a total catch of 12,309,714 pounds,
compared with 13,284,031 pounds in 1962. The 1963 produc-
tion compares more favorably with production prior to 1962,
and actually exceeding the previous peak year of 1961 by al-
most 200,000 pounds.

(1,000 Lbs.)

4,558
3,402
4,814

510

12,116

Production of the small titi and tiger shrimp rose during
1963 by 473,209 pounds and 148,737 pounds, respectively.
Those gains were more than offset by a drop of 500,966
pounds in the pink shrimp catch and a more serious decrease
of 1,095,297 pounds in the catch of the premium-priced white
shrimp, Industry sources believe that the normal rise and
ebb of the shrimp supply can account for some of the decline
in production, but also contend that there have been too many
vessels operating in recent years, which has resulted in over-
fishing.

September 1964

Panama (Contd.)

Fig. 2 - Unloading a shrimp trawler at a pier in
Panama City.

Despite the existence of legislation restricting the number
of shrimp vessels to 160, there were as many as 210 vessels
operating in 1963, The source of illegal licensing has appar-
ently been uncovered, however, and the Fisheries Office has
stated that the practice has stopped,

The shrimp industry, although set back by a combination
of lower production and falling prices in 1963, remains fi-
nancially strong, and the outlook for 1964 is optimistic. Mod-
ernization of vessels and equipment is continuing, Produc~-
tion in the early months of 1964 was reported ahead of 1963,

As in the past, the entire shrimp catch, with the exception
of minor local sales, was exported to the United States. A
combination of lower prices and the considerable decline in
the premium-priced white shrimp catch resulted in the f.o.b.

value of Panama’s 1963 shrimp exports tumbling more than

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

23 percent from the record mark of 1962, Total f.o.b, value
for 1963 exports was US$6.08 million as compared to $7.94
million for 1962 exports.
able 2 - Value (f.o.b.) of Panama's The bulk of Panama’s
Shrimp Exports, 1958-1963 __| Shrimp catch is trans-
a ——==aa ported by sea, Process-
- | ing is limited to peeling,
removing the sand vein,
and then packing for ship-
ment, The more than ad-
equate sea transportation
facilities are a positive
factor for Panama’s
shrimp industry, One firm, located in Chiriqui Province
near the Costa Rican border, does fly its production to Mi-
ami, (United States Embassy, Panama, June 2, 1964.)

KKK KX

SPINY LOBSTER AND
SCALLOP FISHERIES:

A small number of spiny lobsters are taken in Panamag
each year in the Bocas del Toro area on the Atlantic Coast,
but no expansion of that operation is contemplated, Optimism
for a much larger spiny lobster industry and for the develop-
ment of a scallop industry, that blossomed for a time in 1963,
seems to have disappeared completely,

The Bocas del Toro spiny lobster production in 1963
amounted to about 75,000 pounds, according to an unofficial
estimate from the Fisheries Office. Some of that production
was flown in small shipments to the United States, with the
balance marketed in Panama,

Beginning in June of 1962, an exploratory program was
undertaken, with USAID financing, to determine the potential
for commercial exploitation of spiny lobsters in Panama’s
coastal waters, The program was extended in June 1963,
but finally cancelled in December 1963, In the opinion of
USAID, there was not sufficient interest shown by the Pana-
manian fish industry to justify further research,

The survey did produce a few promising signs, A few in-
dividuals have since made some limited, but as yet unsuccess-
ful, attempts to further explore the commercial possibilities
of spiny lobster fishing in the Gulf of Panama, It is the con-
tention of at least one authoritative source in the industry,
however, that, while there might be some possibilities for suc-
cessful exploitation on a very small scale, there was nothing
in the survey’s findings to justify any hopes for a large-scale
operation,

One unexpected development of the spiny lobster survey
was the discovery, in September 1963, of large beds of scal-
lops in the Gulf of Panama, One of Panama’s largest shrimp
firms attempted to capitalize on that finding and met with
some initial success, harvesting 50,000 pounds in the period
of a few months, Sharply dropping prices rendered further
efforts unprofitable, however, and no further attempts have
been made to exploit that fishery. The scallops taken were
small by comparison with United States scallops, From an
original price of 65 cents a pound, f,o,b, Panama, the price
dropped in a few months to a point where the wholesale price
in New York was 52 cents a pound, Attempts to open Euro-
pean markets were unsuccessful, In the opinion of the firm's
manager, there is no doubt that the beds discovered are ex-
tremely extensive; but, based on the firm’s experience, he
does not believe that commercial exploitation is feasible, at
least not if shrimp vessels with their expensive overhead are
used to harvest the scallops, (United States Embassy, Pana-
ma, June 2, 1964.)

Poland

FISHERY TRENDS IN 1964:

Gryf Deep-Sea Fishery of Szczecin start-
ed operating its first ''B-23''-type freezer
stern-trawler, the Barwena, at the beginning
of April.

By the end of April 1964, the sprat fishing
season in the Baltic had commenced. This
year's season (different from former seasons)
saw dense sprat shoals in the open waters of
the South Baltic, and none in the Bay of
Gdansk.

In the years 1966-1970, fisheries will re-
ceive from Gdansk Shipyard more vessels
than it was assumed. One enterprise will re-
ceive 19 factory-trawlers of the ''B-15''-type
as against the planned 15 units.

In the years 1966-1970, the funds to be
spent for the extension of cold-storage plants,
ports, fish meal factories, ice factories, etc.
will total 1,148 million zloty, whereas only
about 600 million zloty were allotted for this
purpose in the years 1961-1965. (Polish
Maritime News, June 1964.)

KOK OK OK OK

FISHERIES TRENDS AND EXPORTS IN 1963:
Poland's fishing industry and processing
of fishery products were expanded in 1963 as
a result of new investments which boosted
that country's fishery economy. Poland,
formerly an importer of fishery products, has
become an exporting country. One large Pol-
ish import-export firm traded with a growing
number of foreign countries in 1963, and has
been increasing both its foreign trade and
variety of fishery products for export.

In 1963, Poland exported 1,700 metric tons
of fresh, frozen, or live fish, 390 tons of
smoked fish, 3,500 tons of canned fish, and a
smaller quantity of salted fish.

Exports of fresh-water fish, most of which
are live, wet, or frozen, consisted mainly of
eels, carp, perch, and pike. Eels from Poland
have become especially popular in foreign mar -
kets. Poland's eel production has increased
considerably because of its stocking program
in reservoirs. In 1963, a total of more than
600 tons was exported.

Despite the abundance of carpfound in most
European markets, the foreigndemand for Pol-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

ish carp is very good because of its high quali--
ty and the fine texture of the meat. This is re-
ported probably due to the care exercised in
the rearing of carp in Poland and the supple-
ments added to their natural food.

The leading and most valuable item in fro-
zen fish exports is salmon, which is sold eith-
er for direct consumption or for further proc-
essing (smoking). Polish salmon, in particular,
the so-called ''Vistula'' salmon, are highly re-
garded inforeign markets because of its excel-
lent flavor and good preparation. Poland's ex-
ports of smoked fish are relatively new. Initi-
atedin1961, exports of twice cold-smoked her -

A Polish fish-canning plant in Gdynia. Preparing herring for
hot smoking.

ring and herring fillets reached 390 tons in1963.
The production of smoked fish by fish-process -
ing plants in Gdynia and Koszalinis done with
modern techniques consisting of a tunnel system
for drying soaked salted herring and for their
smoking afterwards in large chambers or tower
ovens. Twice cold-smoked herring are deliver -
ed to receivers in wooden cases (contents of each
being 6.8 kilos or about 15 pounds). Herring fil-
lets are packed in plastic bags (contents 140
grams or about 5 ounces) containing 30 bags each.

Canned fish is the leading item in Poland's
fishery products exports. They are packed by
special state-owned and cooperative factories
located at the sea fisheries ports of Gdynia,
Gdansk Leba, Ustka, Szczecin, Swinoujscie,
and other ports, as well as in the lakes re-
gions or in pond fish-breeding centers such as
Gizycko, Chojnice and Krakow. In 1963, tech-
nical-organizational improvements were made
in Several canning factories with a view to in-
creasing the quantity and enlarging the variety
of species packed, as well as to attaining uni-
form standards of high quality.

Special stress has been laid on the problem
of mechanizing production, modernizing the

September 1964

Poland (Contd.):

machines, and introducing the latest methods
of production technology. As a result of pro-
viding the factories with such up-to-date ar-
rangements as tunnels for continuous mechan-
ical evaporating of fish, heaters, sauce ho-
mogenizers, colloidal sauce and pie mills,
mechanical sprat sorters and automatic sprat
wire threading machines (for smoking), it was
possible to arrange special production lines
in those canning factories. This resulted in
greater production capacities and the attain-
ment of a more uniform and larger variety of
canned fishery products suitable for trans-
porting and storing even under tropical con-
ditions.

Poland's most outstanding modernizing
work was completed in 1963 at a fish process-
ing plant in Gdansk. As a result, the produc-
tion of canned fish there rose by nearly 100
percent, up to 3,000 tons a year. Moderniza-
tion was also initiated in Poland's largest
fish-processing factory at Gdynia. After its
completion, that factory's output is expected
to increase by nearly 70 percent to 5,000 tons
of canned fish a year. There will also be a
corresponding growth in that plant's produc-
tion for export.

A wide variety of fishery products offered
and supplied by Polish fish canneries to nearly
30 countries throughout the world include
such products as sprats in oil, brisling inoil,
sild sardines, fish-liver paste, herring in oil,
cod liver (in own sauce), mackerel in toma-
toes, herring in tomatoes, flounder in toma-
toes, stuffed carp, sprats in spicy oil, bream
in tomatoes, herring and mackerel fillets in
various sauces, eel in oil, and various other
fishery specialties of the hors d'oeuvre type.
They are packed in various size cans (round,
oval, rectangular, etc.) with net weight of the
contents ranging from about 3 ounces to near-'
ly 1 pound.

Polish fish-processing plants adjust their
production to the actual requirements of their
customers and try to fill their export orders
to exact specifications.

In 1963, Poland started selling and deliv-
ering fish to West African ports by vessels
operating in central Atlantic fishing grounds.
Polish fishing units operating in that region
found a good market potential in Nigeria and
Ghana. In 1963, the Polish Board of Fishing
Industry delivered several thousand tons of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

fish, both frozen and wet, to markets in West
Africa. Species included red snapper, horse
mackerel, and mackerel. The demand for fish
in West African countries is considered very
good and the Polish fishing industry believes

it is possible to increase such exports con-
siderably.

The Polish fishing economy in 1963, with
respect to production and exports was con-
sidered, on the whole, as prosperous and
profitable. The Polish fishing industry was
believed to have made good progress during
1963 in meeting its long-range goal of placing
Poland among the leading European producers
of fishery products. In addition to increased
fishery landings and greater output of proc-
essed fishery products in 1963, progress was
seen in the improved quality of products of-
fered for export. (Polish Maritime News,
June 7-12, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 55, March
1964 p. 66, February 1963 p. 86.

x * * 4X
FISH MEAL PRODUCTION, 1963:

Polish factory-trawlers in 1963 produced
2,257 tons of fish meal, while factories ashore
manufactured 4,720 tons of fish meal and 2,851
tons of fish "pulp."

According to this year's target, factory-
trawlers are to produce 3,930 tons of fish
meal, factories ashore to manufacture 3,770
tons of fish meal and 3,020 tons of fish "pulp."
(Polish Maritime News, June 1964.)

Portugal

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

Portugal's total exports of canned fish in
oil or sauce during the first quarter of 1964
were at the same quantity level as in the same
period of 1963. Sardines accounted for 81 per-
cent of the total canned fish exports in the
first quarter of 1964, followed by anchovy fil-
lets with 7 percent, mackerel 5 percent, and
chinchards 4 percent.

The canned sardine exports in January-
March 1964 were up 3 percent from the same
quarter in 1963 and exports of chinchards were
double those of a year earlier. Exports of can-
ned mackerel for the period were 36 percent

Portugal (Contd.):

lower than in 1963 and those for anchovy fil-
lets dropped 24 percent from the same period
a year earlier.

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1963-64

January -March =

Product

Tuna and Eanaelaked
Anchovy fillets. . .
Others «2 ee eee

ic re

Portugal's principal canned fish buyers
during the first quarter of 1964 were Ger-
many with 3,238 metric tons, followed by the
United Kingdom with 2,333 tons, France 2,316
tons, the United States 1,788 tons, Italy 1,497
tons, and Belgium-Luxembourg 1,280 tons.
Germany's 1964 purchases of canned fish
from Portugal increased 25 percent from
those in the same period of 1963, the United
Kingdom up 21 percent, and France up 40 per-
cent. Purchases by the United States and
Italy were down 19 and 42 percent, respec-
tively, from the same period in 1963. (Con-
servas de Peixe, May 1964.)

OK OK OK OK

CANNED FISH PACK,
JANUARY -MARCH 1964:

Portugal's total pack of canned fish in oil
or sauce for the first quarter of 1964 was up
123 percent as compared with the same peri-
od in 1963. The substantially increased pack
over the same quarter in 1963 was mostly due
to the large pack of sardines which accounted
for 56 percent of the total January-March
1964 canned fish pack. The canned tuna pack
was nearly five times greater than in the

Portuguese Canned Fish Backs. January-March 1963-64

January -March
cua, AGG] 1963

Product

In Oil or Sauce:
PAGHTETTO 55600
Chinchards
Mackerel .....
Tuna and tuna-like
Anchovy fillets ..
Othersieualen lena

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Same period a year earlier, and the chinchard
pack was up sharply from the same period in
1963. (Conservas de Peixe, May 1964.)

South Africa Republic

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR SHRIMP
OFF WEST COAST:

Since December 1963, the Fisheries De-
velopment Corporation of South Africa, in co-
operation with the trawling industry, has car-
ried out experimental fishing for shrimp off
the Cape west coast and on the Agulhas Bank,
The vessel used is the 67-foot stern trawler
Keurbooms, owned by a South African fishery
firm.

A 75-foot shrimp trawl was imported spe-
cially for this operation; a 100-foot trawl was
ordered; and a 15-foot reversible beam trawl
has also been tested.

Early results indicate that night fishing has
produced the best catches of shrimp. Three
species have been taken in the nets, and while
initial catches have been small, the results
are reported to be encouraging. (The South

African Shipping News and Fishing Industry

Review, May 1964.)

OK KK OK

ANCHOVY RESOURCES OFF
COAST EXPLORED:

Because of the need to vary the South African fishing ef-
fort and thus reduce the dangerous dependence on a few
species, a carefully planned experiment in anchovy fishing
was initiated late last year by the Fisheries Development
Corporation in association with the Division of Sea Fisheries
and the fish meal industry. Six special purse-seine nets
were imported and were supplied to six vessels provided by
the industry.

Fishing started in October and early November 1963 and
the work was coordinated by a Corporation technologist.

Until the end of December the following vessels fished
the shoals of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus):

Between Lambert's Bay and Dassen Island-Groenveld II
and Leerdam; between Dassen Island and Cape Hangklip--
Kruger and Brand; from Cape Hangklip east--Vleigans and
Seegans. All of them are large modern pilchard vessels in
the charge of experienced skippers. They used (in conjunc-
tion with power blocks) knotless nets of synthetic fiber each
about 200 fathoms long and 25 fathoms deep with a half-inch
mesh (stretched).

Numerous technical problems weré encountered, and it
was only in December that fish were taken in any quantity.
The total catch in that test period was 1,050 short tons,
made up cf 410 tons of anchovy, 465 tons of pilchards, 132
tons of rcund herring, and 45 tons of maasbanker. Four-
fifths of the anchovy were caught in December and nine-

September 1964

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

tenths of the 410-ton catch were obtained off the coast of the
Cape Peninsula between about Llandudno and Cape Point.
The remaining one-tenth was obtained mainly in the area
between Saldanha Bay and Lambert's Bay. The length of the
anchovy was between 3 and 5-1/2 inches with an average of
4 inches.

At the start of the seven-months’ Cape pilchard season in
January the six vessels resumed normal fishing for their
factories. Five of the nets were distributed to factories
along the coast to be used whenever possible. The sixth net
was taken by the 61-foot vessel Karin, which was made
available to the Corporation. The vessel was prepared for
anchovy fishing. Again, technical problems disrupted fish-
ing and by the end of March the tests, while they revealed
the presence of anchovy, had yet to show whether the fish

could be caught in quantities sufficient to support an industry.

Then one of the fishing firms which had one of the anchovy
nets made some modifications to it. Reports from other
factories had mentioned the difficulty of retrieving the deep
net once it had been cast. The company had also heard from
fishermen that anchovy could be seen near the surface. This
gave them the idea that the special net might be too deep and
it was, therefore, adjusted to about 20 fathoms.

Carrying this net with an unbraided nylon rope as a purse
line, one of the firm's skippers sailed at about 11 a.m. on
April 9 in the 67-foot pilchard vessel Silver Bonita. After
80 minutes’ sailing north of the factory, anchovy shoals were
seen on the echo-recorder. The first cast was successfully
brought in with 60 tons of anchovy of a very small size.

On April 10 the Silver Bonita set out at 10 a.m. and
proceeded north for two hours before the echo-recorder
revealed fish. The first cast yielded 60 tons of anchovy at
about 12 noon. A second cast at about 5 p.m. gave 100 tons.
The fish were slightly larger than those caught the previous
day.

On April 12 the boat left the factory in the evening and
found fish in about the same position as before. This was
the first attempt at night fishing and, although the vessel re-
turned early next morning with 120 tons of anchovy, five
casts had to be made.

On April 13 the vessel set out at 11 a.m. and returned at
6 p.m., because of bad weather, with 70 tons of anchovy
taken in one cast,

By the third week of April the Silver Bonita had taken
just over 800 tons. All her catches were satisfactorily proc-
essed in the firm’s fish meal plant. Oil yield was high and
the meal, slightly darker than that obtained from pilchards,
was of good quality.

While the Silver Bonita was taking her catches, other
boats had joined in the search. This was necessarily lim-
ited in scope because of the small number of anchovy nets
available. One of those was used by the 70-foot vessel
Groenveld II, fishing for a canning company. In three
days this large vessel caught 300 tons of anchovy. By the
third week in April she had brought in 540 tons.

Operating for still another firm, the Renosterko
brought in 390 tons. The Kruger andthe Brand, oper-
ating for a Hout Bay firm, caught about 350 tons.

In less than three weeks in April, therefore, more than
2,000 tons of anchovy were caught.

Encouraged by this success and its implications, the Cor-
poration and the industry have decided to move into the sec-
ond stage of the experiment. It was agreed last year that, if
the signs were favorable, fishing would be extended by the
purchase of more nets. These are now being ordered and
the first was to arrive in June 1964.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

Twenty-three more nets are to be bought at a cost of
about R8,000 (US$11,160) each, and, with the Karin, 29
vessels were expected to be engaged in anchovy fishing within
the next 3 or 4 months.

According to the general manager of the Corporation, the
vessels will be allowed by the Director of Sea Fisheries to
continue fishing after the close of the pilchard season at the
end of July. This will be an industry venture controlled and
coordinated by the Corporation. (The South African Shipping
News and Fishing Industry, May 1964.

OK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION FOR
1964 SOLD OR COMMITTED:

Prospects for South African fish meal ap-
pear very good, according to the Chairman of
the South African Fish Meal Producers! Asso-
ciation. He made this statement when he vis-
ited Walvis Bay the last week of March 1964
with a 13-man Japanese delegation on a world
tour.

About 75 percent of the total South African
fish meal production (which includes South-
West Africa) had been sold. The balance, for
which the industry was already committed,
would be sold later in the year.

The estimated South and South-West Afri-
can production this year is about 300,000
short tons. The main markets for South Afri-
can fish meal continue to be the United King-
dom, the Continent, the United States, and
Japan.

Japan, he said, had signed a contract for
30,000 tons this season, the first shipment of
which was scheduled in April 1964.

Speaking about the Japanese delegation, he

said that its members represented the main
feed buyers in their country.

"As a result of the talks we have had with

the delegation,"' he said, "it is quite possible
that Japan will purchase substantially more
fish meal in 1965... ."
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
May 1, 1964.)

(The South African

KOK OK OK

SPINY LOBSTER FISHING

REGULATIONS AMENDED:

The regulations for fishing spiny lobster

in South African waters were amended on
March 13, 1964, under Section 11 of the Sea
Fisheries Act of 1940, as follows:

"No person shall land or bring ashore any

Cape rock lobster or any part of any Cape

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

rock lobster at any point along the coast of

the Cape Peninsula in the area between, as
northern limit, a white concrete beacon mark-
ed TBN1 situated near the mouth of the Sec-
ond Salt River (also known as Diep River)

and, as southern limit, a similar beaconmark-
ed H1 situated near 'Die Josie! at the south-
ern extremity of Hout Bay:

"Provided that this regulation shall not
apply to the landing or bringing ashore of
Cape rock lobster at the fishing harbour,
Table Bay Docks, as defined in Government
Notice No. R290 of March 2, 1962 (regulations
for the Harbours of the Republic of South
Africa and South West Africa), or at the main
landing quay at Hout Bay fishing harbour."

Police stations along the coast were noti-
fied of the new regulation and fishermen oper-
ating from Three Anchor Bay, a favorite land-
ing place for spiny lobsters, were warned
that they will be prosecuted if they continue
to do so.

The new regulation was described as the
latest blow to rock lobster poachers. Apart
from that measure, no lobsters may be
caught in the permanent sanctuary between
Hout Bay and Salt River, which extends 12
miles seaward--the recently defined limit of
South Africa's sea-fishing zone.

During the closed season (September 1 to
October 31) there is a total ban on lobster
fishing along the coast and at all times there
is a limit to the size and condition of lobsters
that may be caught.

According to the Director of Sea Fisheries,
the sanctuary is most important from the
point of view of conservation, situated as it
is at the southernmost region of the total dis-
tribution of the species along the West Coast.
He said: "It plays an extremely important
role in restocking other areas along the West
Coastae.e)

The new regulation seemed to stop the
fishermen for a few days, but they were quick
to see a loophole inthe law. It was reported
that men, manning boats equipped with out-
board motors, which are not allowed in Table
Bay Harbour and for which the distance to
Hout Bay is too great, were transferring
their lobsters to "mother" craft while still
at sea and receiving cash on the spot. This,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No.. 9

however, may be a technical infringement of
the new rule.

The following are some of the main regu-
lations governing the catching of spiny lobster
in Cape waters:

1. The body must be at least 33 inches
measured down the upper side of the shell
from between the eyes to the rear end of the
shell.

2. No one shall sell, expose for sale, pur-
chase, possess, or be in possession of any
spiny lobster tail which has been severed from
the body, if the second segment of the tail from
where it joined the body is less than 15/16th
of an inch long when measured from edge to
edge down the middle line of the upper side of
the tail.

3. It is illegal to catch, sell, expose for
sale, purchase, or be in possession of female
spiny lobster in berry (carrying eggs) or
which show signs of having been stripped of
the berry; or any spiny lobster which is about
to or which has recently cast its shell or is
"soft."

4, Spiny lobster must be landed whole and
if inadvertently caught undersized, ''soft,'' or
in berry, shall be returned immediately to the
sea.

5. The return of spiny lobster offal, or of
any part of a spiny. lobster to the sea, is pro-
hibited except in a part of Table Bay to the
northwest of a line drawn from the end of the
breakwater to the beacon opposite Rietvlei;
and the part of the territorial waters bounded
by the coastline from York Point (or the Punt-
jie) to the mouth of Hourt Bay River, and by
a straight line drawn from the Hout Bay River
mouth to York Point.

6. No one may, for commercial purposes,
eatch spiny lobster by diving or swimming
underwater andno skipper or boat owner en-
gaged in catching spiny lobster may carry or
allow to be carried diving equipment of any
description.

7. Any spiny lobster found on a boat carry-
ing such equipment shall be deemed to have
been caught by divers--until the contrary is
proved.

Diving for spiny lobster not for commer=
cial purposes is permissible subject to the
following conditions:

September 1964

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

(a) For his own use, a diver may not take
more than five spiny lobster a day--a permit
not being necessary.

(b) A diver who wishes to collect spiny
lobster on behalf of others for their own use
must apply to the Director of Sea Fisheries
for a permit, which will be for a quantity not
exceeding 15 a day.

(c) No spiny lobster undersized, in berry,
or ''soft'' may be taken and no diving may be
done in any sanctuary or during the closed
season.

(d) The spiny lobster caught may not be
sold or offered for sale.

(e) A diver without a permit found with
more than five spiny lobster, or one witha
permit found with more than the authorized
quantity shown on the permit, will be deemed
to have contravened the law.

There are 5 spiny lobster sanctuaries off
the Cape coast--Hout Bay, Table Bay, Robben
Island, Saldanha, and St. Helena. The regula-
tions listed apply only in the Cape and not
in Natal, where diving for fish is controlled
by the Natal Provincial Administration.

The penalty for a conviction under the Sea
Fisheries Act is a fine not exceeding 200
Rand (about US$279) or jail for a period not
exceeding a year, or both. A further fine
equivalent to the assessed monetary gain in
consequence of the offense'may be imposed.
Fishing gear may be confiscated and in the
case of a second or further conviction the
boat used in committing the offense may be
confiscated and the license cancelled. (The
South African Shipping News and Fishing In-
dustry Review, April 1964.)

2K OK OK OK

QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FISHERY PRODUCTS:

The South African Bureau of Standards has
been requested to prepare a specification for
the oyster industry in South Africa. Although
cultivation of oysters is one of the lesser
known activities of the South African fishing
industry, that industry envisions some meas-
ure of growth and development and is prepar-
ing to produce a quality product under the re-
quirements of the Bureau of Standards.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The scope of the specification for oysters
is expected to deal with good ''farming" of the
product, hygienic handling, treatment, size and
weight grading, packaging, storage, and trans-
portation. An important public safeguard will
be the requirements dealing with pollution and
contamination of the oyster beds as well as the
oysters themselves. This will include the
treatment necessary, and the exercise of con-
trol to protect the consumer by inspection and
microbiological examination.

Quick frozen fishery products sold in South
Africa are produced to the requirements of a
standard specification of the South African Bu-
reau of Standards. The emphasis is on hy-
giene--in the plant, the production line, em-
ployee working conditions, and for the employ-
ees themselves. Quality requirements for the
raw product are strict and the characteristics
that indicate absolute freshness are clearly
defined in the specifications. (The South Afri-
can Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re-
view, March 1964.)

OK Kk ok

NEW VESSEL EQUIPPED
FOR DRUM-TRAWL FISHING:

In May 1964, the new stern-trawler Scotia
joined the Port Nolloth fleet of a South African
fishing company. The 75-foot vessel does not
have a Stern ramp. It was designed, instead,
to use the drum-trawl method of fishing which
is widely practiced in the Pacific Northwest
area of the United States. On the Scotia, a
large drum has been fitted just over the stern
between the legs of the gantry on the upper
deck. The drum acts as a reel for the trawl
net which is simply wound on to the drum or
wound off for shooting. The cod end is lifted
to the head of the gantry and then carried a-
cross by a derrick until it is over the fish
storage hold. The trawl drum on the Scotia
is cable-driven from the main trawl winch.
The drum will be modified for hydraulic op-
eration if it proves successful off South Afri
ca. Drum trawling leaves a clear working
deck at all times and the wheelhouse of the
new vessel has been placed forward so there
is ample working deck space.

Built in Durban, South Africa, the Scotia is
equipped with a 3-cylinder, 2-stroke Diesel
engine driving a single controllable-pitch pro-
peller. During trials, top speed was 93 knots.
The vessel has a fuel capacity of 12 tons of
Diesel oil and an operating range of 2,340
miles when traveling at a cruising speed of 63

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

knots. It has a hold capacity of 30 tons of
fish and an equal quantity of ice. The hold is
completely insulated with polyurethane foam.

Although intended primarily for bottom
trawling, the Scotia was designed as a multi-
purpose vessel and will also be used for spiny
lobster fishing and for tuna long-lining. The
vessel carries radar, radiotelephone, and
echo-seunding equipment.

As the Scotia prepared to enter service in
the spring of 1964, a sistership, the Dunscore,
was nearing completion in a Durban shipyard.
The design of both trawlers was planned with
the aid of technicians who had observed Huro-
pean and United States fishing methods. (The
South African Shipping News and Fishing In-
dustry Review, May 1964.)

FISHERY LANDINGS SET
ANOTHER RECORD IN 1963:

The fishing industry of South and South-
West Africa had its third million ton year in
1963, and for the sixth year in succession to-
tal landings set a new record. The fishing
fleet of 1,000 powered boats and some 3,000
dinghies, operating from Durban to north of
Walvis Bay, caught 1,248,230 short tons of
pilchards, massabanker, mackerel, hake and
other trawl fish, snoek and other line fish,
and spiny lobster. It was the third year ina
row that landings were over one million tons,
nearly 100,000 tons above the record landings
in 1962.

Fig. 1 = A 51=foot Walvis Bay, South-West Africa, vessel with
a full catch of pilchards.

Since 1958, the South and South-West Afri-|
can fishing industry has enjoyed an unbroken
succession of record landings. In 1958, total
landings were 724,000 tons; in 1959--824,000;

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

1960--956,000; 1961--1,113,000; and in 1962--
1,154,226 tons.

The new record in landings was achieved
despite a drop in the Cape landings of pelagic
shoal fish and a further slight decline in land-
ings of trawl fish. But the difference was
more than made up by a very large increase
in the pilchard quota allowed the 6 factories at
Walvis Bay.

Fig. 2 = A pilchard-maasbanker cannery and reduction plant on
the St. Helena Bay coast.

In the seven-months pilchard fishing sea-
son from January to the end of July, Cape fish-
ing boats caught 441,943 short tons. In the
same period in 1962, pilchard landings totaled
452,735 tons.

During the seven months, Cape boats also
fished for maasbanker and mackerel. They
were permitted another short season for those
fish in November and December which brought
the totals to 26,400 tons of maasbanker and
14,824 tons of mackerel, both well below the
1962 landings. The total pelagic shoal fish
landings for the Cape in 1963 eventually reach-
ed 483,167 tons as compared with 550,233 tons
in 1962 and 545,081 tons in 1961.

—

Fig. 3 = Part of the Cape Town fleet engaged in the South African
spiny lobster fishery.

September 1964

South and South-West Africa (Contd.):

In Walvis Bay the pilchard quota was raised
again, this time from 435,000 tons in 1962 to
540,000 tons and later to 600,000 tons. The
final landings of 602,639 tons compared with
435,068 tons in 1962 and with 377,281 tons in
1961. Added to the figure for Cape shoal fish,

this increased catch at Walvis Bay raised the
total for shoal fish in South and South-West
Africa from 986,301 tons in 1962 to1,085,806
tons in 1963.

Fig. 4 - A spiny lobster plant at Hout Bay, near Cape Town,
which processes and exports frozen spiny lobster tails to
the United States.

With a seventh factory scheduled to go in- |
to operation at Walvis Bay in mid-1964 anda
new fish meal factory going up at Luderitz,
the permitted limit for South-West African
pilchards has been raised to 720,000 tons in
1964. If the Cape catch fulfills its early
promise, the increase in South-West Africa
may combine with it to set a further new rec-
ord for shoal fish in 1964.

For the South African trawling industry,
1963 was an average year with the total land-

Fig. 5 = A large otter trawler at Cape Town, typical of the fleet
that fishes for stockfish.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ings slightly below those of 1962. According
to the Division of Sea Fisheries, those land-
ings totaled 224.9 million pounds valued at
US$7.2 million. In 1962, landings by the South
African trawling industry were 117,925 tons.

No statistics are kept by the South African
Government of spiny lobsters caught for local
sale or of line fish landed at the numerous
harbors, large and small, along the South
African coast. The Division of Sea Fisheries
estimates, however, that the Cape spiny lob-
ster catch was about 9,000 tons and the Cape
and Natal line fish catch was about 30,000
tons.

In South-West Africa a catch of 6,500 tons
of spiny lobster was estimated, together with
3,000 tons of white fish and 1,500 tons of snoek.
(The South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review, March 1964.)

Republic of Togo

EXTENDS TERRITORIAL
WATERS TO 12 MILES:

A law regulating commercial fishing in the
Republic of Togo, also extends Togolese terri-
torial waters to a limit of 12 nautical miles
(measured from extreme low tide). The law
was passed on July 2, 1964, by the Togolese
National Assembly. The law regulates com-
mercial fishing in Togo's inland waters as
well as ocean waters, and reserves fishing in
territorial waters to Togolese citizens with
no provision made for exceptions or licenses.

Fishing within the 12-mile limit is pro-
hibited to foreign vessels, and the law pro-
vides severe penalties for violations, includ-
ing confinement for up to 5 years and possible
seizure of vessels and catch. The conditions
of the law do not affect the free circulation of
foreign fishing vessels navigating or anchor-
ing in Togolese territorial waters. (United
States Embassy, Lome, July 14, 1964.)

U.S.S.R.

NEW VARIETY OF STURGEON DEVELOPED:
A new variety of sturgeon which does not

leave for the sea after spawning has been de-

veloped by Soviet scientists. One of the

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U.S.S.R. (Contd.):

U.S.S.R. scientists believes that in 10 to 15
years time it will be possible to keep large
sturgeon shoals in any reservoir. This is
considered an important development in view
of the construction of powerful hydroelectric
stations on the Soviet Union's biggest rivers.

At a conference held in Moscow to discuss
theoretical problems of fisheries, in addition
to the problems connected with the acclimati-
zation of sturgeon varieties, emphasis was
laid on problems of artificial reproduction of
fish. (The Fishing News, March 26, 1964.)

ex x
United Arab Republic

FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS AND
EXPORTS, JANUARY -JUNE 1963:

Fishery products imports by the United
Arab Republic (UAR) in the first half of 1963
(January-June) were 2,858 metric tons valued
at BE382,858 (US$880,600). Canned and pre-
served fishery products (including anchovies
and herring) accounted for about 85 percent
of the total imports and about 90 percent of
the value.

UAR fishery products exports in the same
period of 1963 totaled 1,229 tons valued at
BE535,010 ($1,231,000). Fresh and frozen
shrimp was the principal export item for a
total of 898 tons valued at BE479,873
($1,104,000). Of that total, 684,000 pounds
(310 metric tons) was exported to the United
States market at a time when shrimp prices
had risen substantially from those of a year
earlier. Ona per-pound basis, the average
export price of shrimp in the UAR during that
period was 56 U. S. cents a pound as com-
pared with an average of 41 cents in 1962.

In 1962 (January-December) the UAR ex-
ported 1,545 tons of shrimp valued at
BE607,598 ($1,397,475). United States shrimp
imports from that country during 1962 a-
mounted to 1,783,000 pounds, or 809 metric
tons. (United States Embassy, Cairo, April
1, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 80.

Vol. 26, No. 9

United Kingdom

NEWEST ADDITION TO FREEZER-
TRAWLER FLEET LAUNCHED:

A new British freezer stern trawler, the
Cape Kennedy, was launched at a Selby ship-
yard in England on June 12, 1964. It is the
second trawler of that type to join the trawl-
ing fleet of a large British fishing company.

NS o

Fig. 1 = Launching of British freezer stern trawler Cape Kennedy
at Selby, England, June 12, 1964.

The Cape Kennedy is driven by a Diesel-
electric power system, has an identical hull
formation, and is of the same size (226 feet
6 inches long overall) as the stern trawler
Ross Valiant built by the same shipyard and
launched in January 1964.

Fig. 2 - Freezer stern trawler Cape Kennedy, sistership to Ross
Valiant, after launching.

September 1964

United Kingdom (Contd.)

The vessel is to be built to Lloyds stand-
ards (*100 A.1.) for a single screw stern
trawler. She has a bar keel and a well raked
radius stem above the load waterline with cut-
away forefoot for working in ice. There are

two continuous decks-~-the upper one being the
weatherdeck, and the lower the freeboard
deck. Space between the decks provides ac-
commodation for a crew of 28 and space for
factory work. Space beneath the lower deck
is for ballast, Diesel oil, fish livers, fresh-
water tanks, and chain lockers.

Fig. 3 - Stern view of Cape Kennedy showing stem ramp.

A prominent feature of the vessel is the
wheelhouse topped by the navigating bridge.
On the port side is the chartroom and the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

completely equipped wireless room is on the
starboard side. Two tall gallows span the
vessel to carry and work the fishing gear;
one some 20 feet behind the wheelhouse boat-
deck carries the trawl warps from the winch;
the other is positioned across the end of the
sternramp to lift the cod end onto the fishdeck.

A cold-storage room of 22,000 cubic feet
is insulated and can be refrigerated to a
temperature of -20° F,, and accommodate
up to 400 tons of 100-pound fish blocks. The
fish blocks are produced by a battery of 10
vertical plate freezers which have a maxi-
mum potential daily (24 hours) output of near-
ly 35 tons.

The new vessel is expected to enter serv-
ice early in 1965. The machinery specifica-
tion is similar to that of Ross Valiant except
for the Diesel-electric propulsion machinery
which consists of three 8-cylinder 925 b.hp.
700 r.p.m. turbo-charged marine propulsion
engines each coupled to generators in tan-
dem--and the trawl winch, which is of a dif-
ferent type.

The owners say that fish from the Cape
Kennedy will help to meet the increasing de-
mand for fish sold under their same un-
changed price contract as fish produced by
the Ross Valiant, which has helped to keep

———

fish prices steady the year-round,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 76.

PORTION OF UNITED STATES SHRIMP FLEET MIGRATES
TO CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

During 1963, a portion of the United States Gulf andSouth Atlantic shrimp
fleet migrated to Central andSouth American countries. Severalof the larger
shrimpfirms set upcompanies in Latin American countries and moveda part

or all of their fleets to those countries.

The development pointed to the in-

creasing trend for fishing fleets to become international in operation.

The possibilities of shrimp fishing off Central and South America were
first made known by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service exploratory work in
1941-43. Subsequent work in recent years by vessels of the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Exploratory and Gear Research Stationat Pascagoula,

Miss., corroborated the earlier findings.

Fishing by vessels engaged in the

fishery is now centered between Trinidad and the mouth of the Amazon River.

"Fisheries of the United States 1963"
C.F.S. No. 3500
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Washington, D. C

100

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Department of Commerce

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

TIME EXTENDED FOR COMMENTS ON
CHANGES IN EXPORT CLASSIFICATION:

An extension of 15 days, from July 31 to
August 15, 1964, was announced by the U. S.
Bureau of the Census for receiving comments
and recommendations on Public Bulletin B-8,
"Proposed Changes in Schedule B--Statistical
Classification of Domestic and Foreign Com-
modities Exported from the United States."

The time was extended following a meeting
of spokesmen for business and trade organi-
zations with officials of the Bureau of the Budg-
et and the Census Bureau, and was inrecog-
nition of the fact that the mailing of the Bul-
letin had been unavoidably delayed.

The Bureau of the Census in anannounce-
ment on June 12, 1964, invited comments on
the proposed classification which will enable
it to issue monthly and annual reports interms
of the Standard International Trade Classifica-
tion (SITC), in order that United States exports
may be compared with data of other trading
nations, Statistics on product classes based
on the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) will be reported annually, to permit com-
parisons with domestic production.

Details of the proposed revision are con-
tained in Public Bulletin B-8, which has been
sent to about 35,000 manufacturing and ex-
porting firms.

Census officials pointed out that if some or
most of the recommendations were submitted
in advance of the deadline of August 15, 1964,
it would expedite their proper consideration
and the preparation of the new reporting sys-
tem, to be effective in January 1965.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

REGULATIONS PROPOSED FOR
PROCEDURESON COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT:

“— Proposed regulations setting up procedures
to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in
giving financial aid to state agencies for re-
search and development of the commercial
fisheries resources of the Nation were an-
nounced by the U.S. Department of the Inte-
rior on July 8, 1964. The Notice of Proposed
Rule Making was published in the Federal
Register of July 10, 1964. The proposedreg-
ulations are to be issued under 50 CFR Part
253, pursuant to the authority granted the
Secretary of the Interior by section 8 of the
Commercial Fisheries Research and Devel-
opment Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-309).

The new law, passed by Congress this year
and signed by President Johnson May 20, 1964,
provides for payment of $5 million annually
to States for commercial fishery research and
development over a five-year period. The
States will be required to provide matching
funds equal to at least 25 percent of project
costs.

The Act also authorizes the allocation of
$400,000 annually for two years and $650,000
for each of the following three years toStates
where there is a commercial fishery failure
resulting from natural or undetermined
causes.

A third provision of the law authorizes the
allocation of $100,000 a year to States for de-
veloping new commercial fisheries,

A fourth provision provides for loan funds
to Alaska's fishermen for charter of fishing
vessels for temporary replacement pending
the repair or permanent replacement of ves-

September 1964

sels lost or damaged in the March 27, 1964,
Alaska earthquake disaster, Repayment of
those loans is to be made only from the net
profits of the operation of the chartered ves-
sels after deducting a reasonable amount for
the salary of the fishermen chartering the
vessels. (Regulations covering this provision
of the act were published in the May 23, 1964,

Federal Register.)

Interested persons were given until Au-
gust 9, 1964, to submit written comments,
suggestions, or objections on the proposed
regulations to the Director, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C. But written comments,
suggestions, or objections to Section 253.4 of
50 CFR Part 253 dealing with ''Use of resource
disaster funds" had to be submitted by July 20,
1964,

The proposed regulations as published cov-
er definitions, interpretation of the authoriza-
tion, use of research and development funds,
use of resource disaster funds, use of new
commercial fishery funds, financial responsi-
bility, reporting, record retention, audit and
inspection, patents and inventions, etc.

The proposed regulations as published in
the Federal Register of July 10, 1964, follow:

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
[50 CFR Part 253]

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT

Notice of Proposed Rule Making

Notice is hereby given that pursuant
to the authority vested in the Secretary
of the Interior by section 8 of the Com-
mercial Fisheries Research and Devel-
opment Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-309),
it is proposed to adopt 50 CFR part 253
as set forth below. The purpose of these
regulations is to provide for procedures
to be used by the Secretary in providing
financial assistance to State Agencies for
research and development of the Com-
mercial fisheries resources of the Nation
and, in cooperation with State Agencies,
directly to the commercial fisheries in
cases where he has determined that there
is a commercial fishery failure due to a
resource disaster arising from natural
or undetermined causes.

This proposed regulation relates to
matters which are exempt from the rule
making requirements of the Administra-
tive Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. 1003) ; how-
ever, it is the policy of the Department
of the Interior that, whenever practi-
cable, the rule making requirements be
observed voluntarily. Accordingly, in-
terested persons may submit in triplicate

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

written comments, suggestions, or ob-
jections with respect to the proposed
amendments to the Director, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Department of
the Interior, Washington, D.C., 20240,
within 30 days of the date of publication
of this notice in the FepEraL REGISTER,
except that comments with respect to
section 253.4 must be submitted within
10 days.

Sec.

253.1 Definitions.

253.2 Interpretation of the authorization.

253.3 Use of research and development
funds.

253.4 Use of resource disaster funds.

253.5 Use of new commercial fishery funds.

253.6 Financial responsibility.

253.7 Reporting.

253.8 Record retention.

253.9 Audit and inspection.

253.10 Officials not to benefit.

253.11 Patents and inventions.

253.12 Convict labor.

AvurHoriry: The provisions of this part
253 issued under sec. 8, Public Law 88-309.

§ 253.1 Definitions.

As used in this part, terms shall have
the meanings ascribed in this section.

(a) Secretary. The Secretary of the
oe or his authorized representa-

ive.

(b) Act. Public Law 88-309.

(d) Resource disaster funds. Funds,
the appropriation of which, were author-
ized by subsection 4(b) of the Act.

(e) New commercial fishery funds.
Funds, the appropriation of which, were
authorized by subsection 4(c) of the Act.

(f) Person. Individual, association,
Partnership or corporation, any one or
all as the context requires.

(g) Primary producer. A _ person
owning or having a beneficial interest in
and managing a vessel or gear engaged
in harvesting raw fish.

(h) Net profits. The net profit, be-
fore taxes, as computed in accordance
with generally accepted accounting
standards with due regard to the prac-
tices in the locality in which the fishing
operation is conducted.

(i) Reasonable amount as determined
by the Secretary for the salary of the
fisherman. A computed amount equal
to the average income of the applicant
from fishing operations during the 3 pre-
ceding calendar years, with a maximum
of $3,000, computed from applicant’s in-
come tax returns for those years,

G) Contractor. A person, agency or
institution performing services, under
contract with the State Agency, in car-
rying out the provisions of a project
agreement.

§ 253.2 Interpretation of the authori-
zation.

The terms used in the Act to describe
the authorization to the Secretary are
construed to be limited to the meanings
ascribed in this section.

(a) Supplement, and, to the extent
Practicable, increase the amounts of
State funds. The words “supplement,
and, to the extent practicable, increase
the amounts of State funds” mean that
State funds, to be used for at least 25
percent of the cost of a project financed
with research and development funds,

102

will be additional funds provided for that
project and will not represent funds
diverted from some other fishery project
except that during fiscal years 1965 and
1966, the fact that a State Legislature
did not meet after approval of this Act
will be considered evidence that it is not
practicable for the State Agency to fur-
nish funds that have not been previously
used for other fishery projects.

(b) Resource disaster arising from
natural or undetermined causes. The
words “resource disaster arising from
natural or undetermined causes’ mean
a serious disruption of the harvest:
of raw fish, caused by inability to catch
the raw fish, or inability to sell the catch,
because of a natural or undetermined
cause. It does not include inability to
sell the catch because of competition
from imported or other competitive
products.

(c) Developing a new commercial
fishery. The words “developing a new
commercial fishery’ mean the develop-
ment of a fishery for species of fish not
common to the commercial fishery in the
State in which the development is an-
ticipated, or on stocks of fish not then
being utilized commercially.

(d) Manufactured or processed fishery
merchandise. The words “manufac-
tured or processed fishery merchandise”
mean fishery products which are in-
cluded in the tables entitled Manufac-
tured Fishery Products appearing in the
annual Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Statistical Digests, Fishery Statistics of
the United States. Data on new prod-
ucts, or the collection of statistics on
products not formerly covered in these
tabulations, will only be included in the
subsequent year’s determination of the
apportionments.

§ 253.3 Use of research and develop-
ment funds.

(a) Apportionment and obligation.
On July 1 of each year, or as soon there-
after as practicable, the Secretary shall
certify to the respective State agencies
and the Secretary of the Treasury the
amount of the respective apportionments
of funds appropriated pursuant to sec-
tion 4(a) of the Act. The Governor of
each State shall notify the Secretary
which agency of the State government
is the agency authorized under its laws
to regulate commercial fisheries and a
duly authorized official of the State shall
certify as to the duly appointed official
authorized in accordance with State law
to commit the State to participation
under the provision of the Act, to sign
project documents, and to receive pay-
ments. The Secretary shall be advised
promptly of any change made in such au-
thorizations. No funds may be obligated
until aforesaid certification has been
received. Proposed projects may be sub-
mitted at any time after the apportion-
ment is made, but must be submitted at
least 120 days prior to the end of the
fiscal year following the year in which
the apportionment to be charged was
made. Notice of obligation of the funds
will be furnished the applicable State
agency as soon as possible after approval
of the project by the Secretary.

(b) Preliminary project statement. A
preliminary project statement shall be
submitted for each proposed project
which shall contain such fundamental

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

information as the Secretary may re-
quire, in order to determine if the proj-
ect should be approved. ‘The prelimi-

nary project statement shall include

plans, specifications, duration, experi-
mental design, personnel and cost esti-
mates, as well as the source of funding.

(ce) Project agreement. After the
Secretary shall have approved a pre-
liminary project statement, mutual ob-
ligations to be undertaken by the co-
operating agencies shall be evidenced by
@ project agreement to be executed be-
tween the State agency and the Secre-
tary for each such project.

(d) Prosecution of work. (1) The
State Agency shall carry all approved
projects through to a stage of comple-
tion acceptable to the Secretary with
reasonable promptness. Failure to com-
plete the project to the satisfaction of
the Secretary shall be cause for the Sec-
retary to withhold further payments
until the project is satisfactorily com-
pleted. Projects may be terminated
upon determination by the Secretary
that satisfactory progress has not been
Maintained. The Secretary shall have
the right to inspect and review work
being done at any time.

(2) All construction work will be per-
formed by contract awarded to the low-
est responsible bidder as the result of
free and open competitive bidding.

(3) Research work shall be continu-
ously coordinated by the State Agency
with other studies conducted by the
State and other agencies in order to
avoid unnecessary duplication.

(4) All work shall be performed in
accordance with applicable State laws,
except when contradictory to Federal
laws or regulations, in which case Fed-
eral law or regulations will prevail.

(e) Economy and efficiency. No
project shall be approved until the State
has shown to the satisfaction of the
Secretary that appropriate and adequate
means shall be employed to achieve
economy and efficiency in the completion
of the project.

(f) Contracts. Supply, service, equip-
ment and construction contracts involv-
ing an expenditure of $2,500 or more
entered into by a State Agency for the
execution of approved project activities
shall be based upon free and open com-
petitive bids. If a contract is awarded
to other than the lowest responsible bid-
der, the payment of the Federal portion
of the cost of the project shall be based
on the lowest responsible bid, unless it
is satisfactorily shown that it was ad-
vantageous to the project to accept a
higher bid. Upon request, the State
Agency shall certify and promptly fur-
nish to the Secretary a copy of each
contract executed and copies of all bids
received concerning the contract.

(g) Form of vouchers. Wouchers on
forms provided by the Secretary and
certified as therein prescribed, showing
amounts expended on each project and
the Federal portion claimed to be due
on account thereof shall be submitted
to the Secretary by the State Agency
either after completion of each project
or as the work progresses.

(th) Safety and accident prevention.
In the performance of each project,
the State shall comply with all applica-
ble Federal, State, and local laws gov-
erning safety, health, and sanitation.
The State shall be responsible that all
safeguards, safety devices, and protec-

Vol. 26, No. 9

tive equipment are provided and will
take other needed actions reasonably
necessary to protect the life and health
of employees on the job and the safety
of the public and to protect property in
connection with the performance of
work on the project.

(i) Personnel. The State agency or
the contractor shall maintain an ade-
quate and competent force of employees
to initiate and carry approved projects
through to satisfactory completion.
Personnel employed on approved proj-
ects by the State Agency shall be se-
lected on the basis of their competence
to perform the services required and
shall conduct their duties in a manner
acceptable to the Secretary.

(j) Nondiscrimination. Each project
agreement shall contain the applicable
sections of Executive Order No. 10925,
dated March 6, 1961, as amended, per-
taining to nondiscrimination and shall
also be subject to Public Law 88-352 and
any regulations promulgated thereunder.

§ 253.4 Use of resource disaster funds.

(a) Determination. The Secretary
shall cause to be published in the Fep-
ERAL REGISTER @ notice of finding that a
commercial fishery failure due to a re-
source disaster arising from natural or
undetermined causes when such a find-
is made. After such publication, re-
source disaster funds may be used for-
the following purposes with the cooper-
ation of the respective State Agencies:

(1) Payments causing the removal
from the usual markets of stocks of fish
or shellfish of the species listed in the
said finding which are preventing normal
trade operations. No payments will be
made under this paragraph unless the
Secretary deems such action necessary to
aid in restoring normal trade opera-
tions; the person receiving such pay-
ment, if not the primary producer, pro-
vides evidence that he has paid the
primary producer, or such other person
from whom the raw fish was purchased,
the entire purchase price of the fish; the
person receiving such payments has
furnished the Secretary with such in-
formation regarding purchases, costs,
sales, etc., as the Secretary may require;
and satisfactory evidence of removal of
the products from channels of distribu-
tion, including storage, shall be provided
to the Secretary. No payments may be
made for any product which was re-
moved from storage or other channels
of distribution prior to the approval of
this Act.

(2) Payments to primary producers of
the species of fish listed in the said find-
ing to assist them in obtaining gear or
equipment necessary to operate in the
same or a different fishery than that af-
fected by the said resource disaster. No
payments will be made under this para-
graph unless the Secretary deems such
action necessary to aid in restoring
primary producers adversely affected by
the said commercial fishery failure to a
condition where they can operate profit-
ably; the person receiving such pay-
ments furnishes the Secretary with such
information regarding catches, sales and
costs as the Secretary may require; and
the person receiving such payments
agrees to operate the gear purchased
with the assistancé of such payment in
@ manner satisfactory to the Secretary.

(3) Short-term loans for operating
expenses of primary producers. When

September 1964

loans are made under this paragraph,
the interest rate shall be 3 percent and
repayment will be required only from net
profits of the fishing operation, which
net profit shall be reduced by such rea-
sonable amount as determined by the
Secretary for the salary of the fisher-
man. No such loans will be made unless
the Secretary deems such action neces-
sary to aid in restoring primary pro-
ducers adversely affected by the said
commercial fishery failure to a condi-
tion that will permit them to resume
operations; the funds are not otherwise
available on reasonable terms; and the
past earning and credit record of the ap-
plicant is such that it provides reason-
able assurance of repayment.

(4) Payments to State Agencies for
projects directly related to the restora-
tion of the fishery affected by the said
resource disaster or to prevent a similar
failure of the fishery in the future. Such
preliminary project proposals and their
processing will be subject to all regula-
tions relating thereto in this Part, except
that these projects will be given prefer-
ence over other proposed projects with
reference to the use of funds obtained
under subsection 4(b) of the Act, and
Federal funds may be used for 100 per-
cent of the cost of the project if all of
the funds are obtained from appropria-
tions authorized under subsection 4(b)
of the Act.

(b) Non-determination. At any time
when there is no finding of a commercial
fishery failure as described in subsection
(a) of this section, the Secretary may, if
he deems such action to be in further-
ance of the purposes of the Act, approved
preliminary project proposals for fund-
ing under subsection 4(b) of the Act
from funds carried over from previous
fiscal years; provided however, that no
preliminary project proposal from any
State will be funded under this subsec-
tion until that State has had all of its
available apportioned funds, if any, ob-
tained from appropriations authorized
under subsection 4(a) of the Act,
obligated.

§ 253.5 Use of new commercial fishery
funds.

Preliminary project proposals leading
to the establishment of a new commer-
cial fishery may be approved for funding
under this section when the Secretary
finds that the proposal, if approved and
carried out, will reasonably assure the
establishment of a new commercial
fishery within the State submitting the
proposal. All proposals under this sec-
tion will be subject to all applicable reg-
ulations of this Part, except. that 100
percent of the project costs may be paid
from Federal funds and, if the Secretary
deems that the proposal will further the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

purposes of the Act, these proposals may
be approved without the requirement
that the State submitting the proposal
first have obligated all of its apportioned
funds, if any.

§ 253.6 Financial responsibility.

(a) State Agencies are required to
account for each approved project.
Cost accounting records, consistent with
generally accepted accounting standards,
shall be maintained for each project
separately.

(b) State Agencies are responsible for
the financial management of the project.
Appropriate internal controls will, there-
fore, be adopted and installed to insure
that the project is accomplished in the
most efficient and economical manner.

§ 253.7 Reporting.

(a) Quarterly progress reports on ap-
proved projects will be furnished by
State Agencies. These reports will be
compiled on forms approved by the Sec-
retary. Progress payments or other
disbursements will not be made unless
reporting requirements are met.

(b) Completion reports, on forms ap-
proved by the Secretary, are required
when the project is completed pursuant
to the project agreement. Final prog-
ress payments to State Agencies on indi-
vidual projects will not be made until a
completion report has been rendered
and accepted by the Secretary. Com-
pletion reports with respect to research
and development projects will contain
a certification that the State Agency has
contributed at least 25 percent of the
total project cost.

(c) A mutual release will be executed
by the State Agency and the Secretary,
or his authorized representative, when
both parties have fulfilled their respec-
tive obligations under the agreement or
contract.

(da) Copies of audit reports on audits
of projects made by State auditors or
imspectors shall be furnished the Secre-
tary and will not be returned to State
Agencies.

§ 253.8 Record retention.

(a) All records of accounts, reporting
and supporting documentation thereto
will be retained by the State or State
Agency for a period of 3 years after the
project is completed.

(b) Loan applicants, to whom a loan
has been granted pursuant to section 9
of Public Law 88-309 or § 253.4(a) (3),
shall retain all records incident to the
fishing operation for a period of 3 years
after the Note has been satisfied.

§ 253.9 Audit and inspection.

(a) Authorized representatives of the
United States Government and the
United States General Accounting Office

Ee ee ee ee
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 95.

103

shall have the right to audit, examine or
imspect accounts, books, documents and
other pertinent records involving opera-
tions and transaetions under these reg-
ulations.

(b) State Agencies are expected to
provide for a system of periodic internal
review or audit by State employees.

(c) Periodic audits will be performed
on projects with State Agencies and
other operations provided for in Public
Law 88-309 by authorized representa-
tives of the United States Government.
Audits may be performed on active proj-
ects and within 3 years after the project
is completed.

(d) Audit exceptions involving adjust-
ments in payment to any State Agency
on any project, whether active or com-
pleted, may be applied to other approved
projects or to applicable apportionments
of funds to State Agencies.

§ 253.10 Officials not to benefit.

No member of or delegate to Congress
or resident commissioner, shall be admit-
ted to any share or any part of an agree-
ment, or to any benefit that may arise
therefrom; but this provision shall not
be construed to extend to this agreement
if made with a corporation for its gen-
eral benefit.

§ 253.11 Patents and inventions.

It is understood and agreed that in-
ventions or discoveries of processes, de-
vices and methods of application con-
ceived and developed as a result of a
contract and all rights therein shall be
the property of the Goyernment. In
furtherance of a contract, the State
Agency shall agree to assign unto the
Government any and all rights, title and
interest which it may have or claim to
have in any patentable invention or dis-
coveries of processes, devices and meth-
ods of application arising out of activi-
ties under this contract. The State
Agency shall further agree that all its
employees who shall perform work under
a contract shall assign any patent rights
which they may have or claim to have
in discoveries or inventions resulting
from work therefrom unto the Govern-
ment. With respect to any subcontract,
the State Agency’s obligation under this
section will be discharged upon its in-
eluding in such subcontract a patent
rights article not less favorable to the
Government than as provided herein.

§ 253.12 Convict labor.

In connection with the performance of
work, the State Agency agrees not to
employ any person undergoing sentence
of imprisonment at hard labor.

Secretary of the Interior.
Stewart L. UDALL,

104

United States Court of Appeals

FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION
ORDER FOR LOWER ALASKA WATER
TRANSPORTATION RATES STAYED:

The United States Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit, San Francisco, Calif., on June 1,
1964, stayed the May 13, 1964, order of the
Federal Maritime Commission to the Alaska
Steamship Company requiring it to reduce tar-
iffs to the extent that the rates do not produce
a rate of return exceeding 10 percent. Those
rates affect canned salmon traffic southbound
from Alaska and cannery supplies northbound
to Alaska. The Court's injunction willremain
in effect until a final decision is made by the
Court on the merits of the Alaska Steamship
Company's petition for a review. The Court
could uphold the Commission's decision, could
allow the tariffs to remain in effect, or could
remand the matter to the Federal Maritime
Commission for further review.

Eighty-Eighth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolu-
tions which may directly or
indirectly affect the fisher-
ies and allied industries are
reported upon, Introduction,
referral to committees, per-
tinent legislative actions by
the House and Senate, as
well as signature into law or other final dis-
position are covered.

INTERIM ADJOURNMENT: On August 20, 1964, the
House adopted H. Con. Res. 359,\to provide that when
the House adjourns on August 21, it will stand adjourn-
ed until August 31. The Senate concurred in H. Con.
Res. 359, to provide that when the House and Senate ad-
journ on August 21, they will stand adjourned until Au-
gust 31.

ALASKA OMNIBUS ACT AMENDMENT: On July 21,
1964, the House passed H. R. 11438, to amend the Alas-
ka Omnibus Act to provide assistance to Alaska for re-
construction of areas damaged by the earthquake of
March 1964 and subsequent seismic waves. On the
Same day, the House considered S. 2881 (passed by the
Senate on June 30). The House amended S. 2881 by
striking out all affer the enacting clause and inserted
the provisions of H.R. 11438 as passed, and H. R. 11438
was laid on the’table. S. 2881 as amended was Sent to
the Senate. oa"

On July 24, 1964, the Presiding Officer laid before
the Senate the amendment of the House of Representa -

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

tives to S. 2881, which was to strike out all after the
enacting clause and insert: ''That this Act nfay be cited
as the '1964 Amendments to the Alaska Omnibus Act!."'
Senate disagreed to House amendment, asked for con-
ference with the House, and appointed conferees.

On July 28, the House insisted on its amendment to
S. 2881, disagreed to by the Senate. The House agreed
to a conference and appointed conferees. On July 28,
House and Senate conferees met in executive sessionto
resolve the differences between the Senate- and House-
passed versions of S. 2881. Conferees reached agree-
ment in principle and instructed the staff to draft lan-
guage embodying the principles as agreed upon.

On August 4, 1964, conferees, in executive session
agreed to file a conference report on the differences be-
tween the Senate- and House-passed versions of S. 2881,
providing assistance to Alaska for reconstruction of
damage from the recent earthquake.

On August 6, 1964, Congressman Aspinall submitted
to the House the conference report (H. Rept. 1710) on
S. 2881. aa

On August 7, 1964, the House by a voice vote adopted
the conference report on S. 2881, and sent the legisla-
tion to the Senate. The Senate on August 8, 1964, adopt-
ed the conference report on S. 2881, and cleared the bill
for the President. ie

On August 19, 1964, the President signed into law S.
2881 (P. L. 88-451). Authorizes a little over $50 mil=
lion for highway repair and reconstruction, the restora-
tion of certain public facilities, urban renewal, harbor
reconstruction, and housing and financial programs.
This is in addition to S. 2772 (P. L. 88-311) which au-
thorized $23.5 million in transitional grants to Alaska;
and H. J. Res. 976 (P. L. 88-296) which appropriated
$50 million to provide emergency financial assistance
to areas determined by the President to have suffered
major natural disasters (principally intended for Alas -
ka's earthquake damage).

ANADROMOUS FISH CONSERVATION: Anadromous
Fish (Hearings before the Subcommittee on Fisheries
and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, 88th
Congress, 2nd Session), Serial No. 88-22, 109 pp.,
printed. Contains hearings held May 26 and 27, 1964,
on H.R. 2392, H.R. 3195, H.R. 3314, H.R. 3697,H. R.
3779, H.R. 3995, H.R. 4225, H.R. 6856, H.R. 11160,
and H.R. 11398, to authorize the Secretary of the In-
terior to initiate a program for the conservation, de-
velopment, and enhancement of the Nation's anadromous
fish in cooperation with the several states. Included
are contents of the bills; reports from various Federal
agencies; statements of Congressmen, and Federal,
state, association, and industry officials. Purpose is to
carry out a positive and comprehensive program of
conserving and developing the Nation's anadromous
fishery resources that are subject to depletion from
Federal, state, and private water-resource develop-
ments and for other causes, or, with respect to which
this country has international commitments.

On August 4, 1964, the House Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries ordered favorably reported (H.
Rept. 1768) H.R. 2392, authorizing the Secretary of the
Interior to initiate a program for the conservation, de-
velopment, and enhancement of the nation's anadromous
fish in cooperation with the several states. The bill
also authorizes the Federal Government to cooperate

September 1964

with state agencies in conducting research; in construc-
ting, installing, and maintaining fish passage devices
and spawning conditions for anadromous fish; operating
fish hatcheries, etc. The bill applies to species of
anadromous fish--those such as salmon which spawn in
fresh water but live much of their lives in the sea--on
all coasts of the United States. H. R. 2392 was amend-
edextensively. Section 4 was amended to limit the au-
thorizationfor appropriations to $25 million over afive-
year period and no state could receive more than 20 per-
cent of the total funds. Section 5 now requires a 50
percent cost-sharing ratio between the Federal and
state governments. A new section 7 provides that
pollution of estuarine areas will be reported imme-
diately to proper authorities for appropriate action.
The Senate Committee on Commerce as of early Au-
gust 1964 had not conducted hearings on this proposal.

On August 17, 1964, the House was scheduled to take
up H.R. 2392. Unfortunately, lack of time prevented
its consideration at that time. The bill will again be
scheduled after the recess. In the Congressional Rec-
ord (p. 20046) of August 20, Congressman Keith, in an
extension of his remarks, supported H. R. 2392, point-
ing out to his colleagues the necessity of its considera-
tion as soon as possible. Would enable the Secretary
of the Interior, in cooperation with the states, to im-
prove the conservation and development of anadromous
fish resources.

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION: On July
24, 1964, Senator Ribicoff announced that the Subcom-
mittee on Reorganization and International Organiza-
tion of the Senate Committee on Government Operations
was to resume its hearings on the role of Government
in pesticide use, regulation, and research. Senator
Ribicoff in the Senate made some remarks onthe "work-
ings of the various Government agencies responsible
for pesticide regulation and research" (Congressional
Record, July 24, 1964, p. 16331).

Testimony presented during a two-day hearing in
Washington, D. C., on July 28-29 led Senator Ribicoff to
point to endrin as a "long-distance killer that silently
makes its way'' down the Mississippi to cause massive
fish kills in Louisiana. His comment came as officials
of the Velsicol Chemical Corporation appeared before
the Subcommittee on Reorganization and International
Organizations of the Senate Committee on Government
Operations to contest Public Health Service claims that
the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide is the probable
fish-killer. There was also further testimony on the
fish kill in the Mississippi River.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RESOURCES SURVEY:
On August 4, 1964, the Senate Committee on Commerce,
in executive session, ordered favorably reported with
amendments S.J. Res. 174, authorizing the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries to conduct a survey of the ma-
rine and fresh-water commercial fishery resources of
the United States, its territories and possessions.

On August 18, 1964, the Senate Committee on Com-
merce favorably reported (S. Rept. 1469) with amend-
ments S.J. Res. 174.

On August 19, 1964, the Senate passed, amended,
S.J. Res. 174. Bill was cleared for House action.

EXPORT CONTROL OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: In-
troduced in the House on July 27, 1964, H.R: 12071
(Pelly), H. R. 12073 (Stinson), and H. R. 12074 (Tollef-

son), to control the exportation from the United States,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

its territories and possessions of fish andfishery prod-
ucts; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries.

On August 5, 1964, Congressman Pelly spoke in the
House inserting in that day's Conon Record an
editorial from the July 24 issue of the Seattle Post In-
jenigence concerning the invitation of the Governor of

aska to the Japanese fishing industry to buy salmon
in Prince William Sound.

On August 15, 1964, Congressman Pelly under an ex-
tension of remarks, inserted in the Congressional Rec-
ord (pp. A4340-4341) a resolution by the Maritime _
Trades Department, Puget Sound district, to the Mari-
time Trades Department, AFL-CIO, meeting in Chicago,
July 30 and 31, concerning the Governor of Alaska's
action in inviting the Japanese fishing industry to buy
part of the Alaska salmon catch.

FISHERMEN'S ORGANIZATION AND COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING: On July 23, 1964 (Magnuson--for himself
and Senator Bartlett) introduced in the Senate S. 3026,
a bill to provide that for a two-year period certainfish-
ermen's organizations regardless of their technical
legal status, shall have a voice in the ex-vessel sale of
fish or other aquatic products on which the livelihood
of their members depends; referred to the Committee
on Commerce. Senator Magnuson, in his remarks in
the Senate stated that S. 3026 is similar to S. 1135,a
bill which he introduced in the 1st session of the 88th
Congress, and which had the purpose of establishing a
sound economic relationship between fishermen, fish
dealers, and canners, except that S. 3026 would provide
for a two-year trial basis. (Congressional Record, p.
16125.)

FISH PRICES IN ALASKA: On July 22, 1964, Con-
gressman Pelly spoke in the House on the dispute over
the price of fish in Prince William Sound area, Alaska
(Congressional Record, July 22, 1964, p. 15957).

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE: On August 10,
1964, Senator Bartlett spoke in the Senate concerning
the hearings to be held on August 14 by the Subcommittee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries of the Senate Com-
mittee on Commerce on fish protein concentrate. In
his remarks Senator Bartlett mentioned that the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries has been conducting experi-
ments aimed at the development of a high-grade fish
protein concentrate which would be inexpensively pro-
duced. (Congressional Record, p. 18255.)

The Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee
of the Senate Committee on Commerce on August 14,
1964, held hearings on the potential of fish protein con-
centrate to the United States fisheries industry. Testi-
mony was received from the Director of the U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries and from a representa-
tive of the National Academy of Sciences Scientific Ad-
visory Committee on Marine Protein Concentrate. The
hearings were recessed subject to call.

On August 15, 1964, Senator Douglas spoke in the
Senate inserting in that day's Congressional Record
(p. 19116) an article from that morning's issue of the
New York Times concerning fish protein concentrate.

FISHING INDUSTRY PROBLEMS: On July 23, 1964,
Senator Pell spoke in the Senate and inserted in that
day's Congressional Record (p. 16130) anarticle which
appeared in a journal entitled Maritimes, published by
the Oceanography Department of the University of

106

Rhode Island. The article (''An Antiquated and Frag-
mented U.S. Fishing Industry Faces Many Problems")
gives an appraisal of the problems of the fishing in-
dustry.

FOOD MARKETING NATIONAL COMMISSION: On
July 31, 1964, Senator Hart inserted in the Congres>
sional Record (p. 16928) a magazine editorial on the
newly formed National Commission on Food Marketing.

FOREIGN VESSELS! PROCESSING OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS IN U.S. TERRITORIAL WATERS BANNED:
On August 6, 1964, H.R. 12275 (Pelly) was introduced
in the House, referred to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries; and S. 3086 (Magnuson, for him-
self and Senator Jackson) was introduced in the Senate,
referred to the Committee on Commerce; bills to a-
mend the Act prohibiting fishing in the territorial wa-
ters of the United States by vessels other than vessels
of the United States in order to expand the definition of
the term "fisheries," to ban freezing, packing, or other
processing within the territorial waters of the United
States by foreign commercial fishermen or vessels.
Each of the sponsors of the bills made remarks upon

introducing them (Congressional Record, August 6,
1964, pp. 17747, 17761);

Introduced in the House August 11, 1964, H. R.
12316 (Tollefson), similar to H.R. 12275.

INDIAN FISHING RIGHTS: On August 5-6, 1964,
the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs of the Senate Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs conducted hear-
ings on problems relating to Indian fishing on the West
Coast, particularly the State of Washington. Under
consideration were: S.J. Res. 170, which would au-
thorize the states to regulate off-reservation fishing
by Indians; and §. J. Res. 171, which would authorize
the purchase and extinguishment of Indian treaty fish-
ing rights. The problem revolves around Indian fish-
ing rights. Several Indian treaties, adopted more than
100 years ago, gave Indians the right to take fish at all
usual and accustomed places. As a result, some In-
dians believe their treaty rights are not subject to reg-
ulation by the states and they use manners and methods
illegal for other citizens to take fish. Conflicting court
actions have resulted. The committee received testi-
mony from officials of the Oregon Fish Commission,
Columbia River Salmon & Tuna Packers Association,
Astoria, ‘Oreg., and numerous witnesses representing
the following Indian tribes: Yakima, Makah, Puyallup,
Quinault, Tulalip, and Warm Springs, as well as the
Assistant Secretary of the Interior and the Commis -
sioner of Fish and Wildlife.

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL OWNERS: On July
28, 1964, the House by a vote of 202 yeas to 170 nays
passed H.R. 3973, to permit-certain owners of fishing
boats to receive medical care and hospitalization with-
out charge at hospitals of the Public Health Service.
This passage was subsequently vacated and S. 978
(passed by Senate May 28, 1963), a similar bill, was
passed in lieu after being amended to contain the House-
approved text. H. Res. 799, the open rule under which
the legislation was considered, had been adopted ear-
lier by a voice vote.

On July 31, 1964, the Senate concurred in House
amendment to S. 978, clearing the bill for the Presi-
dent.

On August 13, 1964, the President signed into law

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

NAVIGABLE WATERS OBSTRUCTION MARKING:
introduced in the Senate on July 9, 1964, S-2997 (Mag-
nuson), to clarify the responsibility for marking of ob-
structions in navigable waters. Recommended by the
Secretary of the Treasury, the bill would eliminate du.l
responsibilities by the Department of the Army and the
Coast Guard for marking of wrecks. It would vest sole
responsibility for marking wrecks in the Coast Guard.
Referred to the Senate Committee on Commerce. Also
introduced in the House on July 21, 1964, H.R. 11964
(Bonner), identical to S. 2991; referred to the Commit-
tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

OCEANOGRAPHIC COUNCIL: Introduced in the
Senate on July 9, 1964, S. 2990 (Magnuson), to establish
in the Executive Office of the President, the National
Oceanographic Council. It would be composed of the
Vice-President (Chairman); Secretaries of Treasury,
Defense, Interior, Commerce, and Health, Education,
and Welfare; director of the Office of Science and Tech-
nology; chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission;
and director of the National Science Foundation. The
Council would survey all oceanographic and marine sci-
ence activities and develop a comprehensive program,
resolving any differences. A civilian staff would be
authorized. Up to $500,000 a year would be authorized
for the program. Referred to the Senate Committee on
Commerce.

On August 18, 1964, Congressman Garmatz, under
an extension of remarks, inserted in the Congressional
Record (p. A4386) the remarks of the Chief Counsel of
the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
before the Governor's conference on the National O-
ceanographic Program, Annapolis, Md., Aug. 13, 1964.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: National
Oceanographic Program--1965 (Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Oceanography of the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representa-
tives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), Serial No. 88-23,
722 pp., printed. Contains hearings held on June 23,
24, 25, and 30, 1964, to examine the national oceano-
graphic program for fiscal year 1965; presents state-
ments given by various Federal government officials,
and information supplied by various officials and agen-
cies.

Speaking from the floor of the Senate on August 14,
1964, Senator Beall discussed the purpose of the First
Annual Governors! Conference on the National Oceano-
graphic Program which was held at the U.S. Naval A-
cademy, Annapolis, Md., August 13, 1964. The program
and summation of the conference were inserted in the
Congressional Record, pages 18922-18923.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS: On July
28, 1964, the Senate Committee on Commerce, in exec-
utive session, ordered favorably reported, S. 2552, a
bill to exempt oceanographic research vessels from the
applications of certain vessel inspection laws (amended).
An amendment by the Committee would broaden the
definition of oceanographic research vessels to include
all vessels operated for oceanographic research in the
public interest as determined by the Secretary of the
Treasury.

On July 31, 1964, S. 2552, was reported to the Sen-
ate, with amendment, by the Senate Committee on Com-
merce (S. Rept. 1276). The Senate passed the bill, with
amendment, on August 1, 1964.

September 1964

The House on August 3, 1964, referred to its Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries S. 2552.

PACIFIC ISLAND TRUST TERRITORY DEVELOP-
MENT: On July 29, 1964, the Senate Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs favorably reported (H.
Rept. 605) with amendment H.R. 3198, to promote the
economic and social development of the Trust Terri-
tory of the Pacific Islands. The Senate Committee en-
tirely deleted Section 2 of the bill. This Section would
have amended the Tariff Act of 1930 to permit the
duty-free entry of Trust Territory goods into the U.S.
Under that Section, fishery products would have been
eligible for duty-free entry only if the fish were landed
from U.S. or Trust Territory-flag vessels, manned by
crews ty o-thirds of which are nationals of the United
States. .. or citizens of the Trust Territory. Section
2 was included in the bill when it was passed by the
House on August 5, 1963. The amendment by the Sen-
ate Committee means that the Trust Territory would
retain its current status as a ''foreign area'' for the
purposes of the Tariff Act. H.R. 3198 passed by the
House on August 5, 1963. ~~

On July 31, 1964, the Senate passed with amend-
ments H. R. 3198. The Senate deleted from the bill a sec-
tion which would have extended to the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands the benefits of Section 301 of the
Tariff Act of 1930, providing that articles may be ad-
mitted free of duty into the United States from areas
under its flag or administration where the articles ''do
not contain foreign materials to the value of more than
50 percent of their total value."’ The bill was sent to
the House.

On August 12, 1964, H.R. 3198, was cleared for the
President by House concurrence in Senate amendments
thereto.

PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT: On
August 12, 1964, the Subcommittee on Flood Control--
Rivers and Harbors--of the Senate Committee on Pub-
lic Works held hearings on S. 2573, authorizing the In-
ternational Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project, in-
cluding hydroelectric power development of the Upper
St. John River, with testimony from the Secretary of
the Interior and the Secretary of the Army. The hear-
ings were adjourned subject to call.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY 1965:
On August 17, 1964, the House and Senate adopted the
conference report (H. Rept. 1817) on H. R. 11134, mak-
ing appropriations for the Department of State for FY
1965, clearing the legislation for the President. In-
cluded in the compromise bill is $2,025,000 for Inter-
national Fisheries Commissions, an increase of
$25,000 over the House-passed bill, but $75,000 less
than the amount recommended by the Senate. The 1965
appropriation is $25,000 more than the amount appro-
priated for FY 1964, but $114,000 less than the amount
requested in the Department's FY 1965 budget esti-
mate. H.R. 11134 passed by House May 6, 1964, and
passed by Senate, amended, August 13, 1964.

TRADE EXPANSION ACT: Introduced in the House
on July 27, 1964, H. R. 12068 (Johansen); July 28, H.R.
12081 (Betts); July 28, H.R. 12081 (Reid) and H.R.
12200 (Clausen); and August 7, 1964, H.R. 12286 (Bar-
rett), to amend the Trade Expansion Act of 1962; all

referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY AMENDMENT:
On July 28, 1964, H. Res. , to provide for consideration
of and 2 hours of debate onS. 1006 (to provide for the cor-
rection of inequities in the construction of fishing ves -
sels) was reported favorably to the House (H. Rept.
1614). The Committee on Rules previously granted an
open rule, with two hours of debate, on s. 1006.

On August 14, 1964, by a record vote of 198 yeas to
124 nays, the House passed with amendments S. 1006.

On August 15, 1964, Congressman Gill under an ex-
tension of remarks stated his support of S. 1006. (Con-
gressional Record, p. A4340.) -

On August 18, 1964, the Senate agreed to the House
amendments to Ss. 1006, clearing the bill for the Presi-
dent.

VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHERIES: H.R. 6007, to
permit the vessel SC-1473 to engage in the fisheries,
was reported favorably to the Senate by the Committee
on Commerce, without amendment (S. Rept. 1266), on
July 29, 1964. 7

S. Rept. 1266, Permitting the Vessel SC-1473 to En-
age in the Fisheries (July 25, 196d. report from the
ommittee on Commerce, United States Senate, 88th

Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany H. R. 6007), 5 pp.,

printed. The Committee recommended passage (with-

out amendment) of H. R. 6007, to permit the vessel SC-

1473 to engage in the fisheries and the foreign and __

coastwise trade of the United States. Contains the pur-

pose of and need for the bill, and departmental reports.

The Senate on July 31, 1964, passed and cleared for
the President, without amendment, H.R. 6007. It was
signed by the President on August 13, 1964 (P. L. 88-
282). ara ia

Introduced in the House on August 4, 1964, H.R.
12248 (Gibbons), to permit the vessel Janice Vee to be
documented for use in the fisheries and coastwise trade;
referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AMENDMENT: On
August 5-6, 1964, the Committee on Public Works met
in executive session to consider S. 649, to amend the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The Committee
continued executive consideration of the measure on
August 6. The Committee adjourned on August 6, sub-

ject to call of the chair.

WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL: Introduced in the
Senate July 28, 1964, Ss. 3 Jackson), to provide for
the optimum development of the Nation's natural re-
sources through the coordinated planning of water and
related land resources through the establishment of a
Water Resources Council and river basin commissions,
and provide financial assistance to the states in order
to increase state participation in such planning; refer-
red to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

On August 20, 1964, the Subcommittee on Irrigation
and Reclamation of the House Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs met in executive session and ordered
favorably reported to the full committee S. 1111.

108

he Tao
aaa

= Fae

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING-
TON, D. C. 20240, TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL-
LOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED
DISTRIBUTION) .

Number Title

CFS-3505 - Fish Sticks and Fish Portions, January-
March 1964, 2 pp.

- Frozen Fishery Products, April 1964, 8pp.

- Fish Meal and Oil, 1963 Annual Summary,
4 pp.

CFS-3521 - Fish Meal and Oil, April 1964, 2 pp.

CFS-3525 - Wisconsin Landings, March 1964, 2 pp.

CFS-3526 - California Landings, March 1964, 4 pp.

CFS-3527 - New Jersey Landings, March 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3528 - Virginia Landings, March 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3529 - New Jersey Landings, April 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3530 - Michigan Landings, March 1964, 3 pp.

CFS-3507
CFS-3517

CFS-3531 - New York Landings, April 1964, 4 pp.

CFS-3532 - Manufactured Fishery Products, 1962 An-
nual Summary, 8 pp.

CFS-3533 - California Landings, April 1964, 4 pp.

CFS-3535 - North Carolina Landings, May 1964, 4 pp.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1963 (Revised):
L- 1 - Maine, 8 pp.

SL- 2 - New Hampshire, 1 p.

SL- 3 - Massachusetts, 11 pp.

SL- 5 - Connecticut, 1 p.

SL- 9 - Delaware, 1 p.

SL-10 - Maryland, 9 pp.

SL-11 - Washington, D. C., 1 p.
SL-12 - Virginia, 11 pp.

SL-14 - South Carolina, 3 pp.

SL-15 - Georgia, 2 pp.

SL-41 - eae nace (Mississippi River and Tributaries),
SL-42 - ence (Mississippi River and Tributaries),
SL-43 - Alabama (Mississippi River and Tributaries),

SL-44 - Nebraska (Mississippi River and Tributaries),
SL-45 - Migsiegned (Mississippi River and Tribu-

taries), 1p.
SL-48 - Indiana (Mississippi River and Tributaries), 1p.
SL-49 - South Dakota (Mississippi River and Tribu-
taries), 1 p.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

Sep. No. 707 - The Guinean Trawling Survey.

Sep. No, 708 - Changes in Abundance of the Marine
Worm, Glycera dibranchiata, Associated withSeawa-
ter Temperature Fluctuations.

FL-558 - Index of Publications by the Branch of Tech-
nology, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1955-59
inclusive, by F. Bruce Sanford and Helen E. Plastino,
33 pp., April 1964. Includes publications of Branch
of Technology and its personnel, both Government
and privately published.

SSR-Fish. No, 454 - Fur Seal Investigations, Pribilof
Islands, Alaska, 1962, by Alton Y. Roppel and others,
107 pp., illus., December 1963.

SSR-Fish, No. 466 - Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico Com-
mercial Sponges and its Relation to the Fishery, by
John F. Storr, 79 pp., illus., March 1964, Discusses
commercial sponges, reproduction, growth, cultiva-
tion, distribution, ecological relationships, and dis-
ease. Information on the present status of the sponge
industry, commercial sponge production, and the
structure of the ocean bottom in sponging areas is
also included,

America Goes Fishing, Conservation Note 14, 7 pp.,
“Sills, April 1364.—

Annual Report of the Commissioner, Fish and Wildlife
Service, to the Secretary of the Interior, 1963, 72 pp.,
illus., printed, 1964, eprinted from the 1963 An-
nual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the
Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1963, pp. 281-348.)

Summarizes the various activites of the Service. De-

seribes the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-

search and development programs, participation in
international oceanographic studies, developments in
foreign fisheries and trade, services to industry,

Columbia River development program, educational

activities, fur-seal operations, commissioning of

the Albatross IV, and construction of an oceano-
graphic laboratory at La Jolla, Calif. Also covers
activities of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life, including the management of wildlife and sport
fishery resources, wildlife and fishery research,

and pesticides studies,

Commercial Fisheries of the Pacific Coast, Conserva-
tion Note 15, 8 pp., illus., April 1964. Describes the
fisheries for salmon, pelagic fish, groundfish, and
shellfish. Discusses ''market fish” sold fresh on
the Pacific Coast,

Extent of Acid Mine Pollution in the United States Af-
fecting Fish and Wildlife, by Edward C. Kinney, Cir-
cular ist. 32 pp., illus., June 1964.

September 1964

Fishery Research Biological Laboratory, Galveston,
Fiscal Year 1963, Circular 183, IIpp.,

illus., proc-
essed, 1964, Research at the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory in Galveston
concerns shrimp, estuaries, and industrial bottom-
fish, It is conducted under four broad programs:
(1) shrimp fishery (which includes four research
contracts); (2) estuarine; (3) physiology and behav-
ior; and (4) industrial fishery, Each of those pro-
grams is subdivided into projects. This report deals
with progress in project research during fiscal year
1963, Since this is a progress report, the findings
recorded are preliminary in nature,

Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1963, Circular
8. 188 pp., illus., March 1964, Discusses the work

during 1963 of the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife disease laboratories, fish nutrition lab-
oratories, California-Nevada sport fishery investi-
gations, Arkansas Fish Farming Experimental Sta-
tion, fish-pesticide laboratory, and marine labora-
tories; also reservoir investigations.

Some Chronic Effects of DDT on Cutthroat Trout, by
Don Allison and others, Research Report 64, 30 pp.,
1964.

ThE FOLLOWING REPRINTS FROM FISHERY INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, VOL.

2, NO. 2, 1963, ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U.S,
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C, 20240,

Economic Factors Related to Lake Trout Quotas on
Lake Superior, by Keith D, Brouillard, pp. 1-4, illus.,
1964, In some fisheries, a quota on catch as a
method of management has proved successful inso-
far as physical yield is concerned, This method,
however, has been based primarily on biological
concepts, with little concern for the economic as-
pects. The philosophy of management should include
a consideration of economic rent, This rent can be
obtained by limiting costs--that is, effort--as well
as by limiting production. The combination of a quo-
ta on catch and a limitation on amount of gear will
produce both biological and economic benefits, The
lake trout fishery on Lake Superior presents an op-
portunity to apply economic as well as biological
principles to the management of an entire body of
water, If both of these factors are considered in the
regulation of the fishery, the industry will be strong-
ey in its long-term operations.

Effect of Storage in Refrigerated Sea Water on Amino
Acids and Other Components of Whiting (MERLUCCIUS
BILINEARIS), by Edward H. Cohen and John A, Pe-
ters, pp. 5-11, illus., 1964.

List of Publications--Division of Industrial Research,

by Branch, Year, and Author, 1955-61 Inclusive, by
Virginia Whorley, pp. 43-84, 1964,
2-~ Quality

Storage of Fish in Refrigerated Sea Water, 2
Changes in Whiting as Determined by Organoleptic
and Chemical Analyses, by Edward H. Cohen and

John A, Peters, pp. 21-27, illus., 1964,

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE, U. S, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISH-
ERIES, RM, 510, 1815 N, FORT MYER DRIVE, ARLINGTON, VA. 22209.

Number Title
MNL- 5 - Denmark's Fisheries, 1963, and 1964 Trends,

20 pp.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

MNL-23 - Fisheries of Chile - Part II and Part III (Sup-
plement)--Central and South Chile, 1961-
1963, 21 pp.

MNL-44 - Iceland's Fishing Industry, 1963, 31 pp.

MNL-88 - Japan's Imports and Exports of Fisheries
Products, 1961/1962, 62 pp.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH, TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ARTICLE IS AVAILABLE FOR REFERENCE ONLY FROM THE LIBRARY, U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON, D. Ce 20240,

Studies of the Redfish (SEBASTES MARINUS L,) from
the Ecological and Fishery Research Standpoints.
J--The Economic Importance of the Redfish; II--
Determination of Age in the Redfish, by Adolf Kot-
thaus, 11 pp., processed. (Translated from the Ger-
man, Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen
Kommission fur Meeresforschung, vol, , no, 4,
1952.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE ARTI -
CLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE REGIONAL OFFICE, U. S. BUREAU OF
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, TOT SEASIDE AVE., TERMINAL ISLAND, CALIF.
90731.

Comparison between Japanese and United States Can
Prices, Translation Series No. 10, 4 pp., processed,
June 1964, (Translated from the Japanese, Nihon
Suisan Shimbun, May 29, 1964.)

Fishing Grounds by Research Vessels Operated b
Prefectural Governments, 5 pp., illus., processed,
May 1964. (Translated from Official Japanese Gov-
ernment document.) Objectives of the First Three-
Year Plan are to collect (1) scientific data and ma-
terials on the tuna and spearfish of the Atlantic, (2)
samples for systematic study, and (3) oceanographic
data; study the distribution of the Atlantic Ocean tuna
and spearfish based on data obtained on (a) oceano-
graphic structure and on (b) spawning and early life
history, growth, age, and food habits; and ultimately
contribute to the analysis on resource fluctuations.
This report outlines each year's plan of investigation.

First Three-Year Plan to Investigate the Atlantic Ocean

Studies on the Race of GRYPHAEA GIGAS (Thunberg).
T--Local Variation in the Size of Prodissoconch, by
Yataro Tanaka, Translation Series No. 8, 4pp., illus.,
processed, M>y 1964, (Translated from the Japa-
nese, The \enus, Japan Journal of Malacology, vol.
18, no. 2, November 1954.) A study of the size of an
oyster found in Japan,

Symposium on Tuna Resource and Oceanography, Trans-
Tation Series No. 9, 33 pp., processed, oe To64.

. (Translated from the Japanese, Maguro Gyogyo, no.
15, October 1963.) Covers Japanese views with ne
gard to declining tuna hook catch rates, international
regulation of the tuna fishery, management and re-
search problems faced by the Japanese tuna fisher -
men and researchers, the Japanese Government's
role, and the relationship of oceanography to tuna
research,

CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED,

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part Il - Fishing Information, May and June 1584,
12 and 8 pp. each, illus. .5. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 6121, Pt.
Loma Station, San Diego, Calif. 92100.) Contains
sea-surface temperatures, fishing and research in-

110

formation of interest to the West Coast tuna-fishing in-
dustry and marine scientists; for the months indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale

~ Market Freshand Frozen Fishery Products Receipts,
Prices, and Trends, May 1964, 18 pp. (Market News
Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Cus-
toms House, 610 S. Canal St., Rm. 1014, Chicago, II.
60607.) Receipts at Chicago by species andby states
and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices for fresh and
frozen fishery products; for the month indicated.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-
“ments of Fishery Products, May > 8pp. (Market
News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rm.
609, 600 South St., New Orleans, La. 70130.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab land-
ings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments

from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and
shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery
imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from
Mexico; Gulf menhaden landings and production of
meal, solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the
month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, May 1964,

” 25 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston, Mass.
02210.) Review of the principal New England fishery
ports. Presents data on fishery landings by ports
and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel
prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod-
ucts in New England warehouses; fishery landings
and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts
(Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown,
and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland),
Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Ston-
ington); frozen fishery products prices to primary
wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bed-
ford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fish-
ery landings and ex-vessel prices by species; for the
month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishe Trade --Monthly
Summary--April 1964, 18 pp. (itarket News Serv-
ice, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St.,
New York, N.Y. 10038.) Includes summaries and
analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton
Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh-wa-
ter sections; imports entered at New York customs
district; primary wholesalers! selling prices for
fresh, frozen, and selected canned fishery products;
marketing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Mar-
ket docks and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indi-
cated.

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areasrand Fish-
eries, Monthly Summary, June 1964, 8 pp. (Market
News Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First
Ave., Seattle, Wash. 98104.) Includes Seattle's land-
ings by the halibut and salmon fleets reported through
the exchanges; landings of halibut reported by the
International Pacific Halibut Commission; landings
of otter-trawl vessels as reported by the Fishermen's
Marketing Association of Washington; local landings
by independent vessels; coastwise shipments from
Alaska by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines
and airways; imports from British Columbia via rail,
motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings;
and imports from other countries through Washington
customs district; for the month indicated.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOV-
ERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 20402.

"An aid in the preparation of blood samples from fish,"
by S. F. Snieszko, article, Progressive Fish Culturist,
vol, 25, no. 4, 1963, p. 174, printed.

"Evolution of recovery nets used in tests on fish passage
through hydraulic turbines, “by Frederick K, Cramer,
article, Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 26, no. 1,
1964, pp. 36-41, printed.

"A survey of licensed commercial trout hatcheries in
Ontario," by Hugh R. McCrimmon and A. H. Berst,

1963, or TBfeISo Seine, vol, 25, no. 4,
MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

ISSUING THEM,
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGAN! ZATIONS OR PUBLISHER
MENTIONED, DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

AIRCRAFT SPOTTING:

"La détectiondes bancs de poissons par hélicoptére"
(The detection of fish schools by helicopter), article,
France Péche, no, 83, April 1964, pp. 49-51, 53-54,
illus., printed in French, single copy 2.50 F. (about
52 U.S. cents), France Péche, Boite Postale 179,
Lorient, France,

ALABAMA:

"Seafood industry brings wealth to Alabama," by George
Allen, article, Alabama Conservation, vol. 34, no. 2,
February-March 1964, pp. 25-27, illus., printed,
Alabama Department of Conservation, 64 No. Union
St., Montgomery, Ala, 36104, Discusses work of the
State of Alabama in development of the oyster and
shrimp industries.

ALASKA:

Alaska Commercial Fishery Operators, 1963, Statisti-
Cal Leaflet No, 6, 22 pp., processed, April 1964, De-
partment of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau,
Alaska,

Further Studies of the Afo k Lake System, by Eugene
W. Roelofs, Taian mationat Leaflet No. 41, 20 pp., illus.,
processed, May 27, 1964. Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau, Alaska.

ALEWIFES:

"A critique of the scale method for determining the
age of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson),"
by Brian J. Rothschild, article, Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society, vol, , no, 4, 963, pp.
409-413, printed, American Fisheries Society, 1404
New York Ave. NW., Washington, D.C. 20005.

ALGAE:

"Extractive compounds of marine algae (review),"' by
Kiichi Murata, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol, 29, February 1963,
pp. 169-197, printed in Japanese. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-
ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ALLIGATORS:
The Sun Worshiper, by Percy Viosca, Jr., Wildlife Ed-
ucation Bulletin No. 25, 7 pp., illus., printed 1962.

September 1964

(Reprinted from Louisiana Conservationist, April
1960.) Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis-
sion, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St.,
New Orleans 16, La. Discusses the differences be-
tween crocodiles and alligators, life history of the
alligator, and commercial uses for its hide.

ANGOLA:

Relatorio e Contas do Banco de Angola, Exercicio de
1963 (Report and Accounts of the Bank of Angola,
1963 edition), 254 pp., printed in Portuguese, Im-
presso na Grafica Monumental, Limitada, Rua
Neves Ferreira, 13,1°, Lisbon, Portugal. Includes
chapters on fishery landings and products produced,
export data, and details on exports of fish meal and
other fishery products.

ANTIDUMPING ACT:

"Treasury proposes changes in investigation proce-
dures under Antidumping Act of 1921," by Harry
Bodansky, article, International Commerce, vol. 70,
no, 20, May 18, 1964, pp. 12-13, printed, single copy
35 cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D, C. 20402.)
Proposed changes in Treasury Department_regula-
tions for conducting investigations under the Anti-
dumping Act of 1921, as amended, were published in
the Federal Register of April 23, 1964, Until June 22,
interested parties were invited to comment in writ-
ing to the Commissioner of Customs.

AQUATIC WEEDS:

"Chemical control of aquatic vegetation in relation to
the conservation of fish and wildlife," by G. E, Bur-
dick, article, Weed Abstracts, vol, 12, no. 2, 1963,
514, printed. British Weed Control Council, 58 Mark
Lane, London, England,

"Control of aquatic weeds," by C. M. Switzer, article,
Weed Abstracts, vol. 12, no. 1, 1963, 167, printed.
British Weed Control Council, 58 Mark Lane, Lon-
don, England.

"Control of Eurasian milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum,
in Lake Hopatoong, New Jersey, = 7 W. Horrocks

and R, F. Smith, article, Weed Abstracts, vol, 12,
no, 2, 1963, 516, printed. British Weed Control
Council, 58 Mark Lane, London, England,

"Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in
the Tennessee Valley,” by G. Snith, article, Weed
Abstracts, vol. 12, no, 1, 1963, 171, printed. British

Weed Control Council, 58 Mark Lane, London, Eng-
land,

"Feasibility of controlling aquatic weeds with snails,"
by D. E. Seaman and W.A. Porterfield, article, Weed
Abstracts, vol, 12, no. 1, 1963, 176, printed. British
Weed Control Council, 58 Mark Lane, London, Eng-
land,

"Progress report on the field testing of various her-
bicides for aquatic weed control," by J. M. Cortell,
article, Weed Abstracts, vol. 12, no. 2, 1963, 510,
printed, British Weed Control Council, 58 Mark
Lane, London, England.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

111

Report on the Results Obtained by a New Method of
Fertilization Tried out in the Marine Bay Mijetsko
Jezera,” by Miljenko Buljan, ‘Srauglation Series No.
326, 30 pp., printed, 1960. (Translated from the
Serbo-Croatian, Acta Adriatica, vol. 6, no, 6, 1957,
46 pp.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Sir
Charles Tupper Bldg., Riverside Dr., Ottawa, Canada.

"Results of experimental weed control experiments in
Georgia farm ponds using simplified gravity flow
techniques," by W. W. Thomaston, article, Weed Ab-
stracts, vol. 12, no. 1, 1963, 175, printed, British
Weed Control Council, 58 Mark Lane, London, Eng-
land.

"The status and prospects in aquatic weed control," by
F, L. Timmons, article, Weed Abstracts, vol, 12, no.
3, 1963, 757, printed. British Weed Control Council,
58 Mark Lane, London, England,

ARGENTINA:
Produccion Pesquera de la Republica Argentina, 1963
(Fishery Production in the Republic of Saree

1963), 114 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, Direc-
cion General de Pesca y Conservacion de la Fauna,
Departamento de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Secre-
taria de Estado de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Buenos

Aires, Argentina,

BALTIC SEA:

"Izmeneniya zapasov promyslovyk ryb Baltiiskogo
morya pod vliyaniem okeanologicheskikh faktorov
(po dannym Sovetskikh issledovatelei)" (Changes in
the Baltic Sea populations of commercially valuable
fish under the influence of oceanological factors--
based on data of Soviet scientists), by T. F. Dement!-
eva, article, Okeanologiya, vol. 3, no. 5, 1963, pp.
875-876, illus., Seed in Russian, Okeanologiya,
Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
A Partial Bibliography on the Economic Evaluation of
Pee canane at Fisheries Resources, by William
. Dill, F. Fisheries Circular No. 8, 8 pp., printed,
1963. Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unit-
ed Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,
Italy.

World List of Periodicals for Aquatic Sciences and
Fisheries, FB/1T19.1-Suppl. I, 59 pp., processed in
Spanish, French, and English, 1963. Biology Branch,
Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Ca-
racalla, Rome, Italy. This is one of a series of
bibliographic Technical Papers listing titles of pub-
lications on aquatic sciences and fisheries subjects.

BOTULISM:

"Botulism outbreak from smoked whitefish," article,
Food Technology, vol. 18, January 1964, pp. 71-72,
printed, The eas Press, 510 N. Hickory, Cham-
paign, Ill.

"Radio-resistance of five strains of Clostridium botu-
linum in selected food products," by E. Wheaton, _
G.B. Pratt, and J. M. Jackson, article, Journal of
Food Science, vol. 26, 1961, pp. 345-350, printed.
Institute of Food Technologists, 510-522 N. Hickory
St., Champaign, Il.

112

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
BRACKFISH-WATER FISHERIES:
Marshes and Men, by W. McFadden Duffy, Wildlife
“Education Bulletin No. 41, 15 pp., illus., printed 1962.
Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Wild
Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans,
La. 70130.

BRAZIL: 53
Consideracoes sobre Amostragem de Peixes Marinhos
onsiderations on the Sampling of Marine Fish--

II), by H. Nomura, 26 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese
with English summary, 1962. (Reprinted from Bole-
tim do Instituto Oceanografico, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 7-32.)
Instituto Oceanogrdfico, Universidade de Sao Paulo,
Sado Paulo, Brazil. Sampling of 'pescada-foguete,"'
Macrodon ancylodon (weakfish) landed at Santos, Sao
Paulo, to determine length distribution.

Consideracoes sobre Amostragem de Peixes Marinhos
Onsiderations on the Samplingof Marine Fish--
Ill), by H. Nomura, 7 pp., printed in Portuguese with
English summary. (Reprinted from Revista Brasi-
leira de Biologia, vol. 23, no. 1, June 1963, pp. 95-
TOI.) Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Sfo Paulo, Brazil, Sampling of 'corvina" or

croaker (Micropogon furnieri) landed at Santos, Sao
Paulo, to determine Tength distribution,

Length-Weight Tables of Some Fish Species from
outhern Brazil, by H. Nomura, Oceanografia Bio-
Togica 1962 No. 2, 6 pp., printed in English with
Portuguese summary. Instituto Oceanografico, Uni-
versidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

BRINE SHRIMP:

Brine Shrimp Fishery, Little Manitou Lake, Saskat-
Chewan, by Georges H. Imbeault, 30 pp., illus.,
printed, 1963. Canadian Department of Fisheries,
Ottawa, Canada.

CALIFORNIA:

Statistical Report of Fresh, Canned, Curedand Man-
ufactured Fishery Products for 1963, Circular No.
38, 15 pp., arinfed 1964, Biostatistical Section,
Marine Resources Operations, Department of Fish
and Game, Sacramento, Calif. The published record
of California's 1963 fresh and canned fishery prod-
ucts. Tables cover landings, imports of tuna, canned
fish pack, receipts of sardines for canning, and oth-
er similar topics.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics, Alberta and Northwest Terri-
tories, 1962, Catalogue No. 24-212, 10 pp., proc-
essed in French and English, May 1964, 50 Canadian
cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada. Contains tables giving the value of
fish landed in Alberta, 1955-62; and the quantity and
value of fishery landings by lakes, 1961-62. Also
presents tables showing value of fish landings in the
Northwest Territories, 1955-61; quantity and value
of fishery products by species, 1961-62; capital
equipment used in the primary fishery operations;
and the number of persons engaged in the fisheries.

Fisheries Statistics, Newfoundland, 1962, Catalogue
No. 24=202, 26 pp., illus., processed in French and
English, April 1964, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's

Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.
Contains tables giving the value of fish and shellfish
landed in Newfoundland, 1958-62; quantity and value
of landings by species and fisheries areas, 1961/62;
capital equipment used in the primary fishery opera-
tions; the number of persons engaged in the fish-
eries; and classification of fishing craft over, and
under, 10 tons.

Fisheries Statistics, Prince EdwardIsland, 1962, Cat-
alogue No, 24- , 24pp., illus., printed in French and
English, May 1964, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.
Consists of tables giving the quantity and value of
fish landed on Prince Edward Island in 1961 and 1962;
classification of fishing vessels by tonnage, type of
gear used, length, and fisheries districts of Prince
Edward Island, 1961/62; new capital investment in
the commercial fishery of the Island during those
years; number of fishermen; and persons engaged in
the major fisheries,

Quebec and Atlantic Coast Fisheries; Main Problems
and Prospects, by John Proskie, 9 pp., printed, 1964.
Canadian Depieient of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada,
A paper presented at a symposium of fisheries at
Laval University, Quebec, January 14, 1964,

Report of the Fisheries Development Committee, 178
pp., printed, ; Fisheries Devsicnuent Commit-

tee, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada,

Whales and Dolphins of the West Coast of Canada, by
.C. Pike = L. Giovando, Circular No. 68, illus.,

printed, March 14, 1963. Biological Station, Fish-

eries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo, B.C.,

Canada,

CARIBBEAN:

Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Proceedings of

the 16th Annual Session, Miami, Florida, iecccee

1963, edited by James B. Higman, pp., illus.,
printed, May 1964, Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami,
Fla, 33149, Contains papers presented at the 1963
Annual Session of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries
Institute. The papers are grouped according to sub-
ject: the challenge to U.S. fisheries; shrimp research
results; seafood and public health; current fisheries
research; and Caribbean fisheries. ''Why we need a
12-mile limit" is discusssed in the paper presented
at the first day's meeting.

CARP:

_ "Hybridization experiments in cyprinid fishes, 3--
Reciprocal crosses between Pseudorasbora parva
umila and Gnathopogon elongatus elongatus, "by R.
uzuki, article, Nihon Suisan CATIEOIE vol, 29, no.
5, May 1963, pp. 421-423, Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo,
Japan,

"Vliyanie razrezhennykh posadok na pitanie i rost mo-
lodi karpa" (Effect of low stocking densities on the food
and growth of carp), by V.L. Grimal'skii and S.N.
Tyutyunik, article, Trudy Kishinevsk, vol. 25, 1961,
pp. 121-132, printed in Russian, Akademii Nauk
S.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R,.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

"Variations in chemical composition in some com-
mercial fishes from the south of Brazil," by K. Wa-
tanabe, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29,
no, 5, May 1963, pp. 469-474, Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan,

CISCO:

"Status of the deepwater cisco population of Lake
Michigan," by Stanford H. Smith, article, Transac-
tions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 93, no.
2, 1964, pp. -163, printed. American Fisheries
Society, 1404 New York Ave. NW., Washington, D.C.
20005.

CLAMS:
Survey of Eel River Cove, N.B., Softshell Clam (MYA
AREN aif, IT pp.,

ARIA) Population, by J. S, MacPh
illus., printed, roe Biological Station, Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, St. Andrews, N.B., Can-
ada,

COD:

"O parazitofaune molodi treski v Barentsevom more"
(Parasites of young cod in the Barents Sea), by Yu.
I, Polyanskii and I, V. Kulemina, article, Vestnik
Leningradsk, Univ. Ser. Biol., vol. 18, no. 15:3, 1963,
pp. 13-21, illus., printed in Russian with English
summary. Vestnik Leningradsk. Univ. Ser. Biol.,
Leningrad University, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.

COLD STORAGE:

Khranenie Zamorozhenoi Ryby (Storage of Frozen
Fish), edited by D. G. stews 56 pp., illus., printed
in Russian, 1963, 24 Kopecks (about 27 U.S. cents).
Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Torgovoi Literatury,
Moscow, U.S.S.R. Discusses characteristics of
changes in stored fish; and indexes of quality analy-
ses and methods for obtaining them. Also covers in
detail the storage of sturgeon, herring (Clupeidae),
cod, and other species such as ocean perch and horse
mackerel,

--Milan A. Kravanja

CONSUMER PREFERENCES:

"Consumer survey of fish preferences," article, Trade
News, vol, 16, no. 10, April 1964, pp. 6-8, illus.,
processed, Information and Consumer Service, De-
partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses a
survey of preferences for fish made by a Canadian
magazine, Fish buying and serving habits were elic-
ited by a questionnaire. Results of the study showed
that the most popular method of cooking was pan fry-
ing and generally "butter coated and breaded'' was
the favorite preparation. The preferred package size
was 1-13 pounds.

CRABS:

"Histamine content of tissues from the crab Carcinus
maenas," by G.A. Kerkut and M.A. Price, article,
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 56, April 2, 1962, 7807h,
printed, The American Chemical Society, 1155 16th
St., NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"Limb loss and recovery in the young king crab, Pa-
ralithodes camtschatica," by H. Kurata, article, _
Suisan-cho Hokkaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenk
Hokoku, vol. 26, March 1963, pp. 75-50. printed in

Japanese with English abstract. Hokkaido Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido,
Japan,

CUTTLEFISH:

"Studies on the viscera enzymes of cuttle-fish, Om-
mastrephes sloani pacificus, by T, Takahanshi, arti-
Cle, Mie-kenritsu Daigaku Suisan-gakubu Kiyo, vol. 5,
no, 3, March 1963, pp. 34-411. printed in Japanese

with English abstract. Faculty of Fisheries, Pre-

fectural University of Mie, Tsu, Japan.

DENMARK: :

"Danmarks fiskeeksport i 1963" (Denmark's fishery
exports in 1963), article, Fiskeribladet, vol. 55, no,
12, March 1964, pp. 183-186, printed in Danish, sin-
gle copy (foreign mailing) Kr. 8.00 (about US$1.15).
Fiskeribladet, W. Bamberger, K¢ébenhavns Fisketorv,

Copenhagen V, Denmark,

DIRECTORIES:

Directorio de Servicios e Instituciones de Pesca en
America Latina. Volumen I--Argentina-Brasil-
Chile-Uruguay (Directory of Fisteries Institutions
and services in Latin America. Volume I--Argen-
tina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), December 1963, 220
pp., processed, limited distribution Regional Office
for Latin America, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Cano y Aponte 995, Casil-
la 10095, Santiago, Chile. Apart from this Volume lI,
the Directory will include other volumes listing the
other Latin American countries not in this first vol-
ume, Processed in looseleaf form, information will
be kept up to date by supplying corrected pages an-
nually for insertion,

DOLPHIN:

"Studies on fishing conditions of the dolphin, Cory-
haena hippurus L., in the western region of the Sea
of Japan, elationship between the stomach con-
tents and the pelagic fauna of juveniles," by S. Kojima,
article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol, 29, no. 5, May
1963, pp. 407-414, printed in Japanese with English
‘abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

EELS:

"Take Ontario eel catches declining rapidly," article,
Canadian Fisherman, vol, 51, March 1964, p. 27,
printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Gar-
denvale, Que., Canada.

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:
.EFTA Markets, 49 pp., printed, March 1964, 7s. 6d.

(about US$1.05). Chamber of Commerce Publica-
tions, 68 Queen St,, London EC4, England, The EFTA
area (Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Norway,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and associate mem-
ber-country Finland) is an immense market of near-
ly 100 million people, It is also a market with high
standards of living and great purchasing power. This
booklet discusses the economies of each country; the
EFTA and the European Economic Community (Com-
mon Market); and transport in those countries.

EXPORTS:

United States Exports of Domestic and Foreign Mer-
Chandise, Commodity by Country of Destination, 1963
Annual, FT 410, 571 pp., processed, May 1964, sin-

114

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM.
gle copy $2.00. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.) Pre-
sents data of United States exports during 1963 by
SITC (Standard International Trade Classification)
section and by SITC group. Commodity detail shown
is that of Schedule B arranged within 3-digit groups
of the SITC, Includes data on fresh, processed, and
preserved fish.

FARM PONDS:

"Farm pond management," by Sammy Stokes, article,
Louisiana Conservationist, vol, 14, nos. 7 and 8,
July-August, 1964, pp. 16-18, illus., printed, Louisi-
ana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, 400 Royal
St., New Orleans, La. 70130. Covers the beginning
steps in building a pond for fish cultivation, In-
cludes suggestions for selecting a good site, con-
struction of a dam, stocking the area with the best
suited species, improvement through use of fertiliz-
er, and weed extermination,

Managing Louisiana Fish Ponds, by Max W. Summers,
pp., illus., printed, 1963. Louisiana Wild Life
and Fisheries Commission, Wild Life and Fisheries
Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans, La. 70130. Discus-
ses choosing the proper location, constructing the pond,

reconditioning old ponds, and management for fish
production, Also covers manipulating fish popula-
tions, additional management problems and solutions,
and fish for stocking.

"Survival of fish in deep water of farm ponds during
the summer,'' by Otto W. Tiemeier, article, Trans-
actions of the Kansas Academy of Science, vol. 65,
no. 4, 1962, pp. 463-466, printed. Library of Kan-
sas State University College of Agriculture and Ap-
plied Science, Lawrence, Kans.

FAROE ISLANDS:

Faroes in Figures, no. 26, June 1964, 6 pp., illus.,
printed, grasa Fiskasdla, Torshavn, ae Islands.
This issue contains an article, ''The fishery of the
Faroes in 1963,'' which discusses the decline in the
total catch; catches off the Faroe Islands, Iceland,
Greenland, and Newfoundland; landings of demersal
species and herring; and disposition of the catch by
salting, filleting, or drying. Also includes statistical
tables on export and production of salt fish and ex-
port of dried cod,

FILMS:

Films on Oceanography (Catalog Series), Publication
C-4, 29 pp., processed, December 1963, 25 cents,
National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington,
D.C, 20390, Contains brief reviews of 26 films and
film strips dealing with some aspects of marine sci-
ences. Each review includes running time, type of
audience, and organization from which film is ob-
tainable.

List of Films and Filmstrips on Fisheries and Re-
“lated Subjects, 187 pp., processed, 1963, Fourth Edi-
tion. Technology Branch, Fisheries Division, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. This
list contains titles of films and filmstrips, together

with producers, distributors, and prices (where

given). It includes films in various languages and at
least one produced as far back as 1936. A short de-
scription of the subject matter is included.

FISH ANOMALIES:

"A bibliography of anomalies of fishes,'' by C. E, Daw-
son, article, Gulf Research Reports, vol. 1, no. 6,
April 1964, pp. 308-399, Srited: Gulf Coast Re-
search Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Miss. Deals with
the literature on fish teratology (science of biological
abnormalities) in respect to both particular anoma-
lies and their previous recognition in a species.

FISH BEHAVIOR:

"Metodika eksperimental'nogo izucheniya a povedeniya
ryb' (Methods of experimental studies of fish be-
havior), by L.G. Voronin and Yu. A. Kholodov, arti-
cle, Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1962, no. 1160,
printed in Russian. Akademiia NaukSSSR, Institut
Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"The reaction of fish to moving backgrounds,''by F. R.
Harden Jones, article, The Journal of Experimental
Biology, vol. 40, no. 3, 1963, pp. 437-446, printed.
Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., Lon-
don NW1, England.

"Sposobnost! nekotorykh ryb chernogo morya orien-
tirovat'cya na istochnik zvuka"’ (The ability of some
black sea fishes to orientate towards the source of a
sound), by Yu. D. Podlipalin, article, Voprosy Ikh-
tiologii, vol. 2, no. 4, 1962, pp. 721-724, printed in
Russian, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia
Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FISH COOKERY:

Delicacies from Louisiana Waters, 11 pp., illus., print-
ed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission,
Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New
Orleans, La. 70130. Describes, with zest, Louisiana's
salt-water fish, oysters, shrimp, crawfish, crabs,
and fresh-water fish. Red snapper and catfish are
among the favorite finfish in that State.

FISH CULTURE:

"Ekologiya vyrashchivaniya ryby na zalivnykhrisovykh
polyakh" (Ecology of fish cultivation rearing in flood-
ed rice fields), by V.A. Movchan, article, Biological
Abstracts, vol. 43, no. 3, 1963, 8712, printed. Bio-
logical Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4,
Pa.

"Studies on the fish-culture food, 12--On the effect of
dry liver powder upon the growth of carp yearlings.
13--On the effect of fish meal, made of marine prod-
ucts from northern Pacific Ocean, upon the growth
of carp," by T. Terao, article, Suisan Fukajo Kenk
Hokoku, vol, 17, December 1962, pp. 69-81, printe
in Japanese. Hokkaido Fish Hatchery, Fisheries
Agency, Nakanoshima, Outskirt of Sapporo, Hokkaido,
Japan,

FISH DISEASES:

Disease in Marine Populations, by Carl J. Sindermann,
pp., illus., arin (Reprinted from Transactions
of the Twenty-Eighth North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference, March 4, 5 and 6,
1963, pp. 336-356), Wildlife Management Institute,
Wire Bldg., Washington, D. C. 20005.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

FISH FINDING:

"Interrelationship between natural resources, marine
research, and fishing operations. II,"'by Birger Ras-
mussen, article, Norwegian Fishin and Maritime
News, vol, 10, no, 4, 1963, pp. ay. Ee printed, Nor-
wegian Fishing and Maritime News, P.O. Box 740,
Slottsgt 3, Bergen, Norway.

FISH FOOD:
Sposoby obespecheniya zhivymi kormami molodiryb
na rybovodnykh zavodakh"' (Methods of providing live
food for young fish in fish hatcheries), by M. M.
Briskina, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 36, 1960,
pp. 133-142, Seed in Russian, Rybnoe Khoziastvo,
V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, B-140, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FISH HANDLING:
An Air-Lift Pump for Elevating Salmon, Herring and
“Other Fish of Similar Size, Sy S.W. Roach, F. G.
Claggett, and J.5.M. Harrison, Circular No. 29, 6
pp., illus., printed, 1963, Technological Research
Laboratory, Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vancouver 1, B, C., Canada,

"A practical method for cleaning and dressing fish,"
by A.W, Lantz, article, Trade News, vol, 16, no, 11,
May 1964, pp. 6-8, illus., processed. Director of
Information and Educational Service, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Lists in brief precise
terms, the 11 steps in preparation of fish for cooking,
For each step there is an explanatory photograph or
diagram,

FISH KILLS:

Report on Investigations of Fish Kills in Lower Mis-
Sissippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Gulf of Mexico,
82 pp., illus., processed, TK pril 6, 1964, Division of
Water Supply and Water Pollution Control, Public
Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Washington, D, C, 20201.

FISH MEAL:

"Analytical tests on fish meal. IV--pepsin digestibili-
ty," by J.A. Lovern, article, News Summary, Inter-
national Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, no,
T0, 1962; pp. 32-39, printed in English with French,
German, and Spanish summaries. International As-
sociation of Fish Meal Manufacturers, 70 Wigmore
St., London W1, England.

"Increased use of fish meal in South seen; layer, pet
food use adds to consumption," article, Feedstuffs,
vol. 36, January 25, 1964, pp, 63-64, printed, Miller
Publishing Co., 2501 Wayzata Blvd,, Minneapolis 5,
Minn,

FISH OILS:

"The composition of the component fatty acids of sev-
eral fish oils," by S. Ito and K, Fukuzumi, article,
Yukagalu, vol, 12, no. 5, May 1963, pp. 278-281,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. JapanOil
Chemists' Society, Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Moto-
fujicho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

"Isolation and structure of the eicosenoic, docosenoic,
octadecatetraenoic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahex-
aenoic acid in skipper oil," by S, ItoandK, Fukuzumi,
article, Yukagaku, vol, 12, no, 5, May 1963, pp. 272-

277, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Ja-
pan Oil Chemists' Society, Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Tokyo, Motofujicho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

FISH PASTE:

"Manufacture of ready-to-serve /cook fish paste," by
M. A. Krishnaswamy, K.R, Subbarao, and N.L,
Lahiry, article, Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research, vol. 21D, no. 8, , pp. 303-304, printed,
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Old
Mill Rd., New Delhi 2, India.

FISH POPULATIONS:

"The application of mathematical models to fish popu-
lations," by J, A. Gulland, article, The Exploitation
of Natural Animal Populations. A Symposium, 1960,
pp. 204-220, printed, 1962, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
605 3rd Ave., New York, N.Y.

"Izmeneniya biologicheskikh svoistv populyatsii ryb i
znachenie etikh izmenenii pri raschete promyslovogo
prognoza' (Changes in biological characteristics of
fish populations and significance of these changes in
forecasting catches), by T. F. Dement'eva, article,
Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1962, no, 23141, print-
ed in Russian, Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, Aka-
demiia Nauk SSSR, Institut Nauchnoi-Informatsii,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Primenenie variatsionnostatisticheskikh pokazatelei
vissledovanii nekotorykh voprosov izmenchivosti v
populyatsiyakh ryb" (Application of statistical indices
of variation to the study of problems of variability of
fish populations), by F. A. Turdakov, article, Biolog-
ical Abstracts, vol. 43, no, 3, 1963, 8757, printed,
Biological Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4,
Pa,

"O zakonomernostyakh rosta ryb i ikh znachenii v di-
namike populyatsii'' (Patterns of growth in fishes and
their role in population dynamics), by N.I. Chugu-
nova, article, Trudy Soveschchaniia Komissiia Aka-
demiia Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, > pp. 94-107, printed
in Russian. Izdatel'stvo Akademiia Nauk SSSR.,
Podsosenskii per d. 21, Moscow B-64, U.S.S.R.

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE:

"Fish flour," article, Report of the Fourth Inter-Afri-
can Conference on Food and Nutrition, Douala, Ca=
meroun, 4- eptember 1961, p. 13, printed, 1963.
Food and Aetotare Organization of the United Na-
tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

FISH PUMPS:

"Studies on practical use of fish-pump. (1)," by H.
Soeda, article, Sogo-Kaiyokagaku, vol. 5, March 1963,
pp. 13-31, printed in Japanese. Muaruzen Co., Ex-
port Department, P.O. Box 605, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH SCALES:

"A method for making fish scale impressions in the
field or laboratory, by Robert C. Courtright, arti-
cle, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,
vol, 93, no. 2, 1964, pp. 200-201, printed. American
Fisheries Society, 1404 New York Ave. NW., Wash-
ington, D, C, 20005,

116

FISH: SOUNDS:

The Live Sounds of the Sea (Zhivyye Zvuki Morya), by
TW. f Tarasov, Trans-152, 89 pp., illus., processed,
1963. (Translated from the Russian, Akademiya
Nauk SSSR, Nauchno, Populyarnaye Seriya, 1360, 88
pp.) U.S. Naval Oceanographic ice, Washington,

D. C. 20390.

FISHERY STOCKS:

Tables of the Incomplete Beta Function for the Calcu-
lation of Fish Population Yield, by N.J. Wilimovsky
and , C. Wicklund, 291 pp., printed, 1963. Institute
of Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver 8, B.C., Canada.

"Vplyv regulacie obsadok na ich dalsie formovanie"
(The effect of regulation of a stock upon its further
development), by Jan Sedlar and others, article, Bio-
logical Abstracts, vol. 43, no. 3, 1963, 8741, printed.

iological Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4,
Pa,

FISHERY VOCATIONS:

Careers: Commercial Fishing in Louisiana, 20 pp.,
illus., printed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries
Commission, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400
Royal St., New Orleans, La. 70130. Discusses oppor -
tunities in Louisiana for fisheries careers; occupa-
tions connected with obtaining the product--biologist,
chemist and biochemist, biological technician, sea-
food trawler owner, oyster fisherman, and boat cap-
tain; and occupations in processing fish--mechanical
engineer, home economist, menhaden processor, and
seafood handler. Also covers careers closely re-
lated to the industry--taxidermist, biological speci-
men supplier, saleman or marketer, shell processor,
pet food manufacturer, supplier of fishing equipment,
technical and sports writer, and other occupations.

FISHWAYS:
"Ob ispol'zovanii sudokhodhykh shlyuzov ges dyla

propuska ryby iz nizhnego b'efa v vodokhranilishche" |

(Use of navigation locks at hydroelectric stations for
the passage of fish from downstream into the reser-
voir), by Z.M. Kipper, article, Biological Abstracts,
vol. 42, no. 6, 1963, 20619, printed, Biological Ab-
stracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, vol. 3--Catches in the
North-East Atlantic, 1962, 71 pp., processed, 1963.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.
This Bulletin shows, as an advance release, the 1962
nominal catch data, by country and by species, ac-
cording to fishing areas of the International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Statistical
Area, The summary tables cover the 14 principal
fish species for which ICES collects monthly data.

Proceedings of the World Scientific Meeting on the Bi-
ology of eee and Related Species, F Fisheries
Reports No. 6, vol. 2, 975 pp., processed, 1963.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has pub-
lished reports describing that Agency's activities un-
der the Expanded Program for Technical Assistance

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

for developing the fisheries of many countries. These
reports have been processd only for limited distribu-
tion to governments, libraries, and universities. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

ment of the Marine Fisheries Research Program, by
John G, Simpson, FAO Report No, 1606, 63 pp., illus.,
May 1963.

Report to the Government of Aden on the Crawfish Re-
sources of Eastern Aden Protectorate, by R.W.
George, FAO Report No. 1696, 26pp., illus., June 1963.

First Report to the Government of Nigeria on Fishing
Boats for Lake Chad, by Roland Anderssonand Curt

S. Ohlsson, FAO Report No. 1711, 62 pp., illus., 1963.
Covers the work of a boatbuilder during 1963/64 and
a preliminary survey team, assigned by the FAO to
find the most suitable approach to the problem of
boatbuilding for harvesting fish from Lake: Chad.
Largely composed of excellent black and white photos
made during the survey.

(Guatemala) Informe al Gobierno de Guatemala sobre
Recursos de Camarones (Report to the Government
of Guatemala on Shrimp Resources), by Harold C,
Loesch, FAO Report No, 1721, 9 pp.. processed in
Spanish, 1963.

FRANCE;

"Douze mois de peche A Boulogne'' (Twelve months of
fishing at Boulogne), article, France Péche, no, 82,
March 1964, pp. 15-21, illus., printed in French, sin-
gle copy 2.50 F, (about 52 U.S. cents), France Peche,
Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France,

"Rapport moral sur l'activite du Comite Central des
Péches Maritimes pendant l'anriee 1963, presente par
J.S. Parquic, President du Comité Central des Péches
Maritimes" (Comprehensive report on the activities
of the Comité Central des Peches Maritimes during
the year 1963, presented by J.R. Parquic, President
of the Committee), by J.S. Parquic, article, France
Péche, no, 84, May 1964, pp. 49-54, 57-58, 61-67, 69,
71-81, 85-87, 88, 91-92, illus., printed in French,
single copy 2.50 F. (about 52 U.S. cents). France
Péche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France.

"Les résultats compares de la péche en France en
1963 (Data on France's fishing industry for 1963),"'
article, France Péche, no. 82, March 1964, pp. 23-
24, printed in French, single copy 2.50 F. (about 52
U.S. cents). France Péche, Boite Postale 179, Lo-
rient, France.

FREEZE-DRYING;

"Studies on the storage of dehydrated food by freeze-
drying. 3--Changes of carotenoid and fat in freeze-
dryed tomato, carrot, and oyster,'' by S. Kimura and
K. Shioda, article, Nihon Shokuhin-kogyo Gakkai-shi,
vol. 10, no. 5, May 1963, pp. 169-174, printed in Ja-
panese. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Sublimatsionnaia Sushka Pishchevikh Produktov
(Freeze-Drying of Food Products), by A. K. Kami-
narskaia, S.A. Livshits, and Y. A. Olenev, 52 pp., ,

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW wily

illus., printed in Russian, 1963, 22 Kopecks (about
25 U.S. cents). Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tor-
govoi Literatury, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Discusses pres-
ent status of the freeze-drying process; construc-
tion of the apparatus used; raw materials, quality
control of products, research methods; and drying
of meat and fish. Also covers in detail drying of
fish preparations, storage of freeze-dried fish and
fish preparations, and other related topics.

--Milan A. Kravanja

FRESH-WATER FISHERIES:

"Nekotorye voprosy theorii akklimatizatsii presnovod-
nykh ryb'’ (Some aspects of the theory of acclimati-
zation of fresh-water fish), by E. V. Burmakin, arti-
cle, Zoologicheski Zhurnal, vol. +0, no, 9, 1961, pp.
1385-1394, printed in Russian. Redaktsiia Zoologic-
heskogo Zhurnala, Podsosenskii per. d. 21, Moscow
B-64, U.S.S.R.

"Osnovnye zadachi razvitiya ozernogo rybnogo khoz-
yaistva v SSSR" (The development of the lake fishing
industry in the U.S.S.R.), article Biological Ab-
stracts, vol, 44, no, 2, 1963, 4907, printed. Biologi-
cal Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

FROGS:

"Bull frogging in Louisiana," article, Louisiana Con-
servationist, vol. 14, nos. 7 and 8, July-August 1964,
pp. 14-15, illus., printed. Louisiana Wild Life and
Fisheries Commission, 400 Royal St., New Orleans,
La, 70130. Covers the significance of the Louisiana
bullfrog to the gourmet, to the commercial frogger,
to the student of zoology, and to the sportsman, Dis-
cusses the methods of catch, frog metamorphosis,
and the gradual disappearance of the once ideal Lou-
isiana frog habitat because of drainage, flood con-
trol, and lake building,

FROZEN FISH:

"Basic quality changes in frozen seafood," by W. J.
Dyer, article, ASHRAE Journal, vol. 6, January 1964,
pp. 77-78, printed. American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air -Conditioning Engineers, 62
Meri St., New York, N, Y, 10013.

Individually frozen fish fillets,'' by W. R. Lang, arti-
cle, Food Manufacture, vol. 38, December 1963, pp.
667-669, printed. Leonard Hill, Ltd., Stratford
House, 9 Eden St., London NW1, England,

"Time-temperature tolerance of frozen seafood," by
John A, Peters, article, ASHRAE Journal, vol. 6,
January 1964, p. 77, printed. American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-
neers, 62 Worth St., New York, N, Y. 19013,

"Water-thawing of frozen cod blocks,'' by W. A. Mac-
Callum and D.G, Ellis, article, Journal of the Fish-
1964, pp. 115-131, printed, Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

GEAR:

"An acoustically telemetering depth gauge," by M. J.
Tucker and others, article, Deep-Sea Research, vol,
10, no, 4, 1963, pp. 471-478, illus., printed. Per-
gamon Press, 122 E, 55th St., New York, N. Y. 10022,

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

Die Bedeutung der Fishwirtschaft fur die Volkswirt-

~schaft der Entwicklungslander und deren Forderun
durch die Bundesre abn Deutschland (The Signifi-
cance of the Fish industry in the Economies of De-
veloping Nations and their Assistance from the Fed-
eral Republic of Germany), by Dr. Werner Becker,
30 pp., illus., printed in German, (Reprinted from
Berichte Uber Landwirtschaft, vol. 42, 1964, pp. 119-
148.) Verlag Paul Parey, Spitalerstrasse 12, 2000
Hamburg 1, Germany.

"A Cuxhaven second port de péche allemand: 90% du
poisson frais fileté et un prix plancher" (At Cux-
haven, Germany's second fishing port: 90 percent of
the fresh fish is filleted and a floor price), article,
France Péche, no, 84, May 1964, pp, 123-126, illus.,
printed in French, single copy 2.50 F, (about 52 U.S.
cents), France Péche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient,
France,

GRAYLING:

Life History and Migratory Patterns of Arctic Gray-
ling, Research Report No, 2, processed, 1963. De-
partment of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau,
Alaska,

GREAT SLAVE LAKE;

Description of Great Slave Lake Commercial Fishing
Vessels in 1963, by J.J. Keleher, Manuscript Re-
ports of the Great Slave Lake Investigation No, 32,
39 pp., printed, 1964. Biological Station, Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, London, Ont., Canada.

GUATEMALA:

Foreign Trade Regulations of Guatemala, by Rodney D,
nderson, OBR £ 1-50, 8 pp., printed, May 1964, 15
cents, Bureau of International Commerce, U.S, De-

partment of Commerce, Washington, D.C. (For

sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.)
The report discusses trade policy, import tariff sys-
tem, sales and other internal taxes, documentation
and fees, and labeling and marking requirements.
Also covers special customs provisions, nontariff im-
port controls, the country's export controls, United
States foreign trade controls, and Government rep-
resentation between the two countries,

HAKE;

Estadistica de la Pesca de la Merluza en el Ano 1962,
Segun Areas de Captura (Fishery Statistics of the —
Hake. 1962, by Catch Area), 15 pp., illus., processed
in Spanish, 1964, Direccion General de Pesca y Con-
servacion de la Fauna, Departamento de Investiga-
ciones Pesqueras, Secretaria de Estado de Agricul-
tura y Ganaderia, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

GAR:

The Alligator Gar, by Victor W. Lambou, Wildlife Ed- HALIBUT:
ucation Bulletin No, 30, 7 pp., illus., printed, 1962, Regulation and Investigation of the Pacific Halibut Fish-
(Reprinted from Louisiana Conservationist, January ery in 1963, Report = the International Pacific Hali-
1956.) Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis- yo ssae No, 34, 24 pp., illus., printed, 1964.

sion, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St..
New Orleans, La, 70130.

International Pacific Halibut Commission, Fisheries

118

Hall No. 2, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.
A report of the accomplishments of the Commission
during 1963 including historical background, activi-
ties during the year, 1963 regulations, and statis-
tics of the fishery. Also covers composition of the
catches, tagging experiments, studies of halibut be-
low commercial size, and trawl survey of demersal
species off the southern coast of central and western
Alaska.

HERRING:

"Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus).
VIlI--Further observations on the production of car-
bonyls in heat-processed herring,’ by R. B, Hughes,
article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul-
ture, vol. 14, December 1963, pp. 893-901, printed.
Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., Lon-
don SW1, England.

Selected Articles on Herring, OTS 63-11108, 45 pp.,
illus., processed, 1963, cents. (Translated from

the Russian, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Okeanografi-
vol. 1, no. 4, 1932, pp. 3-66.) Of-

cheskogo Instituta,
fice of Eechnicel Services, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D. C. 20230.

“Sootnoshenie rosta i polovogo sozrevaniya vesennene-
réstuyushchei salaki’' (Correlation of growth and sex-
ual maturation in spring-spawning herring (Clupea
harengus membras), by L.A. Rannak, article, Trud

oveschchaniia Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissii Akademi-
ia Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, tet, pp. 337-343, printed in
Russian. Izdatel'stvo Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Pod-
sosenskii per. d. 21, Moscow B-64, U.S.S.R.

"A study on the method of prediction of the Hokkaido
spring herring resources," by N. Hanamura, article,
Suisan-cho Hokkaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenkyu
Hokoku, vol. 26, March 1963, pp ae GLI printed in Ja-
panese with English abstract. Hokkaido Regional

| Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido,
Japan,

HORMONES:

A Convenient Technique for Obtaining Pituitary Glands
from Fish, By otiaoas Suyuki, P, J. Schmidt, an ee
Smith, Reprint No. 768, 3 pp., illus., printed. (Re-

printed from Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, vol. 21, no, 3, 1964, pp. 635-637.)

Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada,

HUNGARY:

“Production drive in Hungary," article, Fishing News
International, vol. 3, no. 2, April-June 1964, pp. 113+
114, 116, illus., printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about
90 U.S. cents), Arthur J. Heighway Publications,
Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, Eng-
land,

ICHTHYOLOGY:

Copeia, no. 2, June 30, 1964, 212 pp., illus., printed.
Ponenican Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetolo-
gists, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif. In-
cludes, among others, articles on: ‘Mass spawning
behavior of sockeye salmon in Brooks River, Alas-
ka," by Wilbur L. Hartman, Theodore R. Merrell,
Jr., and Richard Painter; Carcharhinus floridanus,

the silky shark, a synonym of C. falciformis, by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

J.A.F. Garrick, Richard H. Bachus, and Robert H.
Gibbs, Jr.; "An experimental study of the effect of
temperature on the incubation time, development,
and growth of Pacific sardine embryos and larvae,"
by Reuben Lasker; "Instrumental conditioning of
young sharks," by Timothy Wright and Robert Jack-
son; 'The pelagic eggs and early larval stages of the
black drum from Chesapeake Bay," by Edwin B.
Joseph, William H. Massmann, and John J. Norcross;
"Observations on dolphins (Coryphaena sp.) in the
central Pacific Ocean," by Brian J. Rothschild; and
"Occurrence of the Pacific bonito in coastal Alaskan
waters,'' by Jay C, Quast.

INDIAN OCEAN:

"Kratkie itogi rabot vtoroi Indookeanskoi ekspeditsii
AZchERNIRO" (Brief notes on activities of the sec-
ond expedition of the Azov-Black Sea Marine Fish-
ery Research Institute in the Indian Ocean), by B.S.
Solov'ev, article, Okeanologiya, vol. 3, no. 5, 1963,
pp. 936-938, illus., printed. Gheansissae Akademi-
ia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Oreanceraphie Stations Taken in the Indian Ocean b
U.S.C.G.C, EASTWIND (WAGB-279) in 1967, by Willis
L. Tressler, N.O.O, Tr. 141, 84 pp., printed, July

1963, 75 cents, Naval Oceanographic Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Report of
the First Meeting, September 1963, 16 pp., processed
in French and English, 1964. North-East Atlantic
Fisheries Commission, Rm. 617, East Block, White-
hall Pl., London SW1, England. Contains a report of
the proceedings of the first meeting of the newly
formed North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission,
London, September 18-20, 1963. Commissioners
were present from all Contracting States: Belgium,
Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Ice-
land, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portu-
gal, Spain, Sweden, U.S.S.R., and the United Kingdom.
The Commission elected officers, adopted Rules of
Procedure, appointed an Infractions Committee and a
Finance Committee, approved a budget for the cur-
rent financial year, and established Regional Com-
mittees for each of the three regions into which the
Convention area is divided. The Commission made
plans to hold its second meeting in The Hague, May 12,
1964,

Proces-Verbal de la Reunion, 1963 (Report on the 1963
eeting), pp., illus., processed, 1964, Conseil

International pour 1'Exploration de la Mer (I.C.E.S.),
Charlottenlund Slot, Charlottenlund, Denmark. Con-
tains information on the 51st Meeting of the Council at
Madrid, September-October 1963. Report gives lists
of participants and committees; agenda, general
meetings, resolutions passed; budget for 1963/1964;
and recommendations of consultative committee. In
addition, included are the reports of the various com-
mittees: Editorial; District Northern Seas; Near
Northern Seas; Baltic-Belt Seas; Comité Atlantique;
Comparative Fishing (and appendix, ''Report of Sym-
posium on the Measurement of Fish Stocks"); Gadoid
Fish; Herring (and appendix, 'Interim Report of the
Working Group on the Assessment of Herring Fish-
eries in Near Northern Seas"); Comite de la Sar-
dine; Salmon and Trout; Shellfish; Statistical; and
others.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

119

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

JAPAN:

"Aquatic products industry," article, Japanese Indus -

try 1963, pp. 143-146, illus, printed. Phe Foreign
apital Research Society, c/o The Bank of Japan,

Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,
Fish and marine products in 1962 in Japan increased
2 percent over the previous year to 6.86 milliontons
(exclusive of the whaling branch), setting a new rec-
ord, Yet the fisheries accounted for only 2.3-2.5
percent of gross national income in 1961, Neverthe-
less, the fishery production index in 1962, taking
1950-52 averages as 100, showed a remarkable rise
to 205.7. Exports of perishable fish and shellfish in
1962 totaled $83 million, a broad increase of 36 percent
over the previous year. Pearl exports for the same year
increased 17 percent over those of the previous year
to $41.8 million. This article, besides reviewing the
history of the Japanese fishing and related industries,
includes statistical tables showing landings of fish,
shellfish, and aquatic plants; the whale catch; num-
bers of powered fishing vessels; ice plants, cold
storage, and refrigeration plants; and exports of a-
quatic products.

LAKE ERIE:

Limnological Survey of Lake Erie, 1959 and 1960, by
Alfred M, Beeton, 1 echnical Report No. 6, 32 pp.,
printed, 1963. Great Lakes Fishery Commissio1.,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

LAKE TROUT:

"The accumulation of DDT in lake trout and the effect
of reproduction," by G.E. Burdick and others, arti-
cle, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,
vol, 93, no, 2, 1964, pp. 127-136, printed. American
Fisheries Society, 1404 New York Ave, NW., Wash-
ington, D. C. 20005.

LIGHT ATTRACTION:

"O prirode i mekhanizme reaktsii ryb na iskusstvennyi
svet (predvarit. soobshchenie)" (The nature and
mechanism of fish reactions to artifical light--(pre-
liminary report), by V.R. Protasov and Yu. P. Al-
tukhov, article, Trudy Karadagsk., vol. 17, 1961, pp.
3-6, printed in Russian. iological Station, Aka-
demii Nauk, Ukrainian S.S.S.R.

LIPIDS:

"The change of the lipid system in fish meat at several
treating and manufacturing courses," by K. Miwa,
article, Suisan-cho Hokkaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo
Kenkyu Hokoku, vol. 26, March 1963, pp. [DOC TS4,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. Hokkaido
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoichi,
Hokkaido, Japan.

MACKEREL:
"A study on the migration of the mackerels (Scomber

japonicus and S. tapeinocephalus) based on tagging
experiments in the East China Sea," by N. Ogawa and
others, article, Seikai-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenk:
Hokoku, vol, 28, March 1963, pp. 5-47, printed in
Japanese with English abstract. Seikai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Suisan-cho Seikai-

ku, Suisan Kenkyusho, Marvo-Machi, Nagasaki-shi,
Japan,

"Studies on the movement of shoals of mackerel and
its environmental factors. 2--The relationship be-

tween the floating-up of mackerel shoals in the bay
of Ishikari, Hokkaido and the evnironmental factors,"
by T. Kawakami, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi,
vol. 29, no. 5, May 1963, pp. 415-420, printed in Ja-
panese with English abstract. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan,

MALAYSIA:

Preliminary Bibliography of Fish and Fisheries for
Malyasia, compiled by A, Soulier, Occasional Paper
S373. 33 pp., printed, 1963. Indo-Pacific Fisheries,
Regional Office for Asia and the Far East, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ma-

liwan Masion, Phra Atit Rd., Bangkok, Thailand.

MAPS:

Ocean Fishing Map of Monterey and San Luis Obispo
Counties, 2 pp., illus., sure 1964, Department of
Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, Calif.
95814, A summary of ocean sport fishing, including

a listing of fishing areas, kinds of fish caught, best
times of year to fish, and gear and bait to use.

MARINE FOULING:
Marine Fouling of Seagoin

On the Methods of Studyin

“Ships and H entccumeal Structures, by N.I. Tarasov
and N. A, Rudyakova, 5 pp., princed. (Translated
from the Russian, Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, vol.
49, 1961, pp. 60-64.) U.S. Naval Oceanographic Of-
fice, Washingtan 25, D. C.

MEXICO:

"El mar y las industrias maritimas, factor primor-
dial de desarrollo en el gran futuro economico de
Mexico" (The sea and the marine industries, primary
development factor in the great economic future of
Mexico), article, Novedades, March 15, 1964, Mexi-
co en la Cultura section, pp. 1-4, illus., printed in
Spanish, ''Novedades,"' Mexico, D. F., Mexico,

MONTANA:
"A preliminary list of Montana fishes," by C. J.D.
‘Brown, article, Proceedings of the Montana Academ
of Sciences, vol. 22, > pp. 21-26, printed. Mon-
tana Academy of Sciences, Montana State University,
Missoula, Mont,

NETS:

"The fishing of trawls and seines. 2," by A. R. Mar-
getts, article, World Fishing, vol. 13, January 1964,
pp. 48-49, printed. John Trundell & Partners Ltd.,
St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London, NW1,
England,

"Mechanical gill net hauler," by Frank Dopplinger, ar-
ticle, Trade News, vol. 16, no, 11, May 1964, pp. 4-5,
illus., processed. Director of Information and Edu-
cational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. Reports primarily on Canada's Department
of Fisheries recently developed mechanical gill-net
hauler designed to meet the needs of the ever-increas -
ing number of small inshore fishing vessels.

"Methods of preservation of cotton net twines," by
G.K. Kuriyan and S. G, Nayar, article, IPFC Current
Affairs Bulletin, no. 38, December 1963, pp. 6-8,
printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and

120

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ma-
liwan Mansion, Phra Atit Rd., Bangkok, Thailand.

"A small towed net for ocean surface sampling," by
R.P. Willis, article, New Zealand Journal of Science,
vol. 6, no. 1, 1963, pp. 120-126, printed. Depart-
ment of Science and Industrial Research, Box 8018,
Wellington, New Zealand,

NEW JERSEY:

Annual Report of the Division of Fish and Game for
the F goal Year Commencing July 1, 1962 and End-
ing June 30, 1963, 63 pp., printed, 1963. Depart-
ment of Conservation and Economic Development,
Trenton, N. J.

NIGERIA:
Basic Data on the Economy of Nigeria, by A. A. Wil-

“ken, OBR 64-47, 30, aoeeiices printed, April 1964,
15 cents, Bureau of International Commerce, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For
sale by the Superintendeng of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402.)
Nigeria is located on the west coast of Africa facing
southward on the Gulf of Guinea and is roughly equal
in size to California, Oregon, and Nevada combined.
She is the most populous country in Africa, having
an estimated population of 40 million people in mid-
1963, The report contains information on Nigeria's
Government, structure of the economy, industrial sec-
tors, andthe laborforce. Also covers finance, foreign
trade, Government role in the economy; and outlook
for the economy. The potential for development of
the fishing industry seems strong, according to this
report. The 6-Year Plan includes several projects
aimed at developing the fishing industry both along
the coast and in inland areas, Rivers contain Niger
perch which sometimes weigh as much as 50 pounds,

NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC:

Management of the High Seas Fisheries of the North-
ones Pacific, by Richard Van Cleve, Publications
in Fisheries, New Series, vol. 2, no. 2, 63 pp., print-
ed, 1963, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

NORHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION:

The Selectivity of Fishing Gear, Special Publication

“No.5, pp., illus., printed, 1963. International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 638,
Dartmouth, N.S., Canada. This is Volume 2 of Pro-
ceedings of Joint I.C.N.A.F./I.C.E.S./F.A.O. Special
Scientific Meeting held at Lisbon, 1957. Contains
papers and abstracts of papers given at that meeting.
Includes, among others, the following: "The influ-
ence of behaviour on the capture of fish with baits,"'
by K.R. Allen; ''The selective action of nets made of
manila, hemp and nylon,"' by J. Ancellin and P, Des-
brosses; ''Escape of fish through different parts of
a cod-end,"' by R.J.H. Beverton; "A method for de-
termining gear selectivity and its application," by
S.J. Holt; "An illustration of differing selectivities
in two trawls,'' by A. R. Margetts; ''Results on the
effects of using small-mesh covers; effects on the
catches of the escape sizes of fish,"' by B.B. Parrish
and J. A. Pope; ''Sampling catches at sea," by J. A.
Pope; ''Selectivity of long lines,"' by G. Saetersdal;
"The stretch on net meshes," by W. Strzyzewski and
J. Zaucha; and ''On the selectivity of trawls and
driftnets,'"' by A. Treschev.

NORWAY:

"La industria Noruega de conservas de pescado en
1963" (Norway's fish canning industry in 1963), arti-
cle, Industria Conservera, vol. 30, no. 297, March
1964, printed in Spanish. Industria Conservera,
Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

OCEANOGRAPHIC GEAR:

"An expendable bathythermograph," by Robert A. Ras-
mussen, article, Journal of Marine Research, vol, 21,
no. 3, 1963, pp. 304-316, illus., printed. Sears Foun-
dation for Marine Research, Bingham Oceanographic
Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

"Compilacion bibliografica sobre la oceanografia de
las aguas litorales de Colombia, Ecuador y Peru,
con especial referencia al fenomeno 'El Nino!"
(Bibliographic compilation on the oceanography of the
coastal waters of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, with
special reference to the ''E] Nino" phenomenon), by
Malvern Gilmartin, article, Boletin Cientifico y Tec-
nico, vol. 1, no. 1, January 1964, pp. 1-15, printed in

Spanish and English. Instituto Nacional de Pesca del

Ecuador, Ministerio de Fomento, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

The first issue of a new periodical published by the

National Fisheries Institute of Ecuador and dedicated

to scientific papers concerning the western coast of

South America.

Contributions of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
1962, 1515 spmansinters 1963. Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

"Drift bottle modifications for air drops,"' by Gerald
B. Talbot, article, Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society, vol. 93, no. 2, 1964, pp, 203-204,
printed. American Fisheries Society, 1404 New York
Ave. NW., Washington, D. C. 20005.

The D mic Method in Oceanography, by L. M, Fomin,
224 pp., illus., printed, 1964, a Hise Publish-
ing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017.

This Great and Wide Sea; an Introduction to Oceanog-
raphy and Marine Biology, by Robert ©. Coker, EG
pp., illus., printed, 196s 1962, Harper and Bros., 49 E.
33rd St., New York, N.Y. 10016,

Oceanographic Cruise USCGC "Northwind," Bering and
Chakeht Se Jul: ~Sept., 1962, United States Coast
Guard Oceanographic Report No. 1 (CG-373-1), 111
pp., illus., printed, 1964, $1.50. United States Coast
Guard, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D. C, 20402.)

"Veroeffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung
in Bremerhaven, Sonderband--Drittes Meresbiologi-
sche Symposion 23, bis 25. Oktober 1962 in Bremer-
haven" (Publications of the Institute of Oceanology in
Bremerhaven, Supplement--Third Marine Biological
Symposium, October 23-25th, 1962, in Bremerhaven),
edited by W. Hohnk, article, Biological Abstracts, vol.
44, no. 1, 1963, 525, printed. Biological Abstracts,
3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

OCEAN PERCH:

ICES/ICNAF Redfish Symposium, Special Publication

oO. 3, pp., printed, » C$11,.25, International

September 1964

Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P,O, Box 638,
Dartmouth, N.S., Canada. The report of the Inter-
national Redfish Symposium, Copenhagen, October
1959, Contains 34 complete papers, 10 abstracted
papers, and a comprehensive bibliography of litera-
ture on Sebastes in addition to summary reports of
the chairman and reports by the discussion leaders
for each of the five sections.

OTOLITHS:

"Determining the age of young herring from their
otoliths," by John E, Watson, article, Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, vol, 93, no, 1,
1964, pp. 11-20, illus., printed.
Society, 1404 New York Ave, NW., Washington, D. C.
20005,

OYSTERS:

Investigations of the Oyster Beds in Loch Ryan, by
R. H. Millar, Marine Research 1963 No. 5, 27 pp.,
illus., printed, 1963, 7s. 6d. (about US$1.05). Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St,, Edin-
burgh 2, Scotland.

The Louisiana Oyster Story, by Ednard Waldo, Wild-
“life Education Bulletin No. 32, 11 pp., illus., printed,
1962, Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis-
sion, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St.,

New Orleans, La. 70130, "The innocuous oyster
which can neither fight nor run has somehow taken
its place with the great in the recorded pages of
history ...'' states the author. This pamphlet cov-
ers the oyster's history as a food, its biological
functions, and some ways to cook it.

"L'Ostreiculture Charentaise A un tournant de son
histoire" (The oyster culture industry of Charente
at a turning-point in its history), article, France
Péche, no, 83, April 1964, pp. 15-22, 60, illus.,
printed in French, single copy 2.50 F. (about 52 U.S,
cents), France Péche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient,
France,

PELAGIC FISH:

"Nekotorye osobennosti raspredelniya massovykh
pelagichéskikh ryb v zone ekvatorial'nykh techenii
Tikhogo okeana (Po materialam 34-go reisa e/s
Vityaz')" (Some features of the distribution of com-
mon pelagic fishes in the region of the equatorial
currents of the Pacific Ocean--according to data
gathered during the 34th cruise of the expedition
ship Vityaz'), by N. V. Parin, article, Referativnii
Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1963, No. 15137 (translation),
printed. Referativnii Zhurnal-Bilogiia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Institut Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

"Rezul'taty izucheniya pelagicheskoi ikhtiofauny Tik-
hogo i Indiiskogo okeanov pri pomoshchi elektri-
cheskogo sveta" (Data on the pelagic fish fauna of the

Pacific and Indian Oceans obtained by the use of elec-

tric lights), by N.V. Parin, article, Referativnii
Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1963, No. 15136 (translation),
printed. Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Institut Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

merican Fisheries

121

PERU:
Las Exportaciones de Productos Pesqueros (Exports
~of Fishery Products), by Javier Iparraguirre Cortez,
Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica 21, 62 pp., illus.,
printed in Spanish, July 1963. Servicio de Pesqueria,
Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, Peru, Data are
mostly for 1962 with comparisons for previous years,

"A survey of Peruvian fishing communities," E. A,
Hammel and Ynez D, Haase, article, Anthropological
Records, vol. 21, no, 2, 1962, pp. 211-229, eee
printed. University of California Press, Berkeley,
Calif.

PESTICIDES:

"Persistence of DDT and its metabolites in a farm
pond," by W.R. Bridges, B,J. Kallman, and A.K.
Andrews, article, Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 92, no. 4, 1963, pp. -427, print-
ed. American Fisheries Society, 1404 New York Ave.
NW., Washington, D. C. 20005.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY:

"Studies on the physiological chemistry of phosphorus
compounds in fish muscle, XI--Effect of loading on
the activity of myosin-B ATP-ASE in Gibel," by To-
moo Nakano and Tsuchiya Yasuhiko, article, Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol.
28; December 1962, pp. 1184-1187, printed. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigan-
dori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

PHYSIOLOGY: ‘

"The biology of sound-producing fishes," by N. B,
Marshall, article, Symposia of the Zoological Societ
of London, vol. 7, ites’ pp. 45-60, See Zoologi-
cal Society of London, Regent's Park, London, Eng-
land.

"The speed of swimming fish as related to size and to
the frequency and amplitude of the tail beat,"' by R.
Bainbridge, article, Journal of Experimental Biology,
vol. 35, 1958, pp. 109-133, illus., printed. Cam-
bridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., London
NW1, England.

Techniques for the Investigation of Fish Physiology
(Rukovodstvo po Metodike Issledovaniya Fiziologii
Ryb), edited by E.N. Pavlovskii, OTS 64-11001, 317
pp., illus., processed, 1964, $3.25, (Translatedfrom
the Russian; Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologiches-
kaya Komissiya, Moscow, 1962.) Office of Technical
Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton, D, C. 20230.

POLAND:

Zootechnika, zeszyt 2, rybactwo 1, 1960, 115 pp., illus.,
printed in Polish, Zeszyty Naukowe, Szkoly Glownej
Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie, Warsaw, Po-
land. Contains articles on ichthyology.

POLLOCK:
"Changes in muscle protein of Alaska pollack during
storage in ice," by T. Tokunaga, article, Suisan-cho

Hokkaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku, vol. 26,
March 1963, pp. 135-142, printed in Japanese with

English abstract, Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

122

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
POLLUTION:

"The biological effects of synthetic detergents in the
river Lee, Hertfordshire, : by H. B.N. Hyndes, arti-
cle, Biological Abstracts, vol. 42, no. 6, 1963,
20536, printed. Biological Abstracts, 3815 Walnut
St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Development of water quality criteria for aquatic
life," by C.M. Tarzwell, article, Journal of Water
Pollution Control Federation, vol. 34, no. 11, 1962,
pp. 1178-1185, printed. Water Pollution Control
Federation, 4435 Wisconsin Ave., Washington, D. C.

Service Publication No. 847, 31 pp., printed, 1964,
25 cents. Public Health Service, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C,
20402.) Presents data on pollution-caused fish kills
by State, source of pollution, type of water, month,
severity of damage, and others; and cumulative list-
ing of reports by river or lake affected,

"Pollution effects of agricultural insecticides and
synthetic detergents, by Tom D. Reynolds, article,
Biological Abstracts, vol. 42, no. 5, 1963, 18833,
SSS Biological Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Phil-
adelphia 4, Pa.

Water Pollution--in the Past and in the Sixties, by
Kenneth E, Biglane, Wildlife Education Bulletin No.
24, 7 pp., illus., printed, 1962. Louisiana Wild Life
and Fisheries Commission, Wild Life and Fisheries
Bldg.; 400 Royal St., New Orleans, La. 70130. Re-
views the history of water pollution and efforts to-
wards its control. Most authorities agree that those

deeds accomplished in the pollution control field dur-

ing the 1960's will have far reaching effects on the
health and welfare of our country for the next 20
years, states the author.

POLLUTION CONTROL:
The Position of the Food and Agriculture Organization
"with Respect to Water Pollution Control, by William
A. Dill, FAO Fisheries Biology Technical Paper No.
34, 24 pp., processed, June 1963, distribution re-
stricted. Biology Branch, Fisheries Division, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

PORTUGAL:

Comercio Externo. Volume I--Comércio por Merca-
dorias e Paises, 1963 (Foreign Commerce, Volume
I--By Commodity and Country), 577 pp., illus., print-
edin Portugueseand French, 1964, 130 Escudos (a-
bout US$4.52). Instituto Nacional de Estatistica,
Lisbon, Portugal. Contains details, among other
commodities, on imports and exports of fishery prod-
ucts,

Grémio dos Armadores da Pesca da Baleia, Relatério
e Contas do Exercicio de 1963 e Orcamento para
1964 (Whaling Vessel Owners! Guide, Report of Op-
erations in 1963 and Budget for 1964), 37 pp., print-
edin Portuguese, February 1964. Comissao Revisora
de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal.

Statistica das Pescas Maritimas no Continente e Ilhas

Adjacentes no Ano de 1962 (Statistics of Marine Fish-

eries on the Continent and Adjacent Islands, 1962),
143 pp., printed in Portuguese, 1963. Direccao das
Pescarias, Ministerio da Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal.

PRESERVATION:

"Studies on the preservation of marine products, 7
and 8--Microbiological survey of frozen 'surimi',"'
by M. Sasajima and others, article, Suisan-cho Hok-
kaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku, vol. 26, _
March 1963, pp. T18-155, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

"O zamene obzharki ryby v masle obrabotkoi gorya-
chim vozdukhom pered konservirovaniem™ (On the
replacement of frying in oil by treatment with hotair
before preserving), by B, E, Akimova, article, Iz-
vestia Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Pishchevaya
Tekhnologiia, vol. 3, 1963, pp. 92-95, illus., printed
in Russian. Izdatel' Krasnodarskogo Instituta Tish-

chevoi Promyshlennosti, Ul. Krasnaya, 135, Kras-
nodar, U.S.S.R. }

PROTEIN:

"Fish muscle proteins,'' by J.J. Connell, article, Re-
cent Advances in Food Science, pp. 136-146, printed,
1962. Butterworth & Co, Ltd., Bell Yard, Temple
Bar, London WC2, England.

QUALITY:

"Rancidity of fresh and frozen fish,’ by F. Bramsnaes
and P. Hansen, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol, 59,
September 2, 1963, 5695g, printed. The American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
D.C, 20006.

"Some aspects of the problem of quality control in the
fish industry," by C. L. Cutting and G, H.O. Burgess,
article, Society of Chemical Industr ee No.
8, pp. 59-77, printed. Society of Chemical Industry,
14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England.

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES:

"Izuchenie biologicheskoi produktivnosti vodoemov pri
pomoshchi radioizotopov' (A study of the biological
productivity of bodies of water using radioactive
isotopes), by V.I, Zhadin, A. G, Rodina and A.S.
Troshin, article, Biological Abstracts, vol. 44, no. 3,
1963, 9328, printed, Biological Abstracts, 3815 Wal-
nut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

RED TIDE:
"Mass mortality of marine organisms attributed to
the 'Red Tide! in Southern California," by Donald J.
Reish, article, California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no.
4, 1963, pp. 265-270, printed. Printing Division,
Documents Section, No, Seventh St. at Richards Blvd.,
Sacramento, Calif. 95814,

"The red tide,"’ by Arthur H. Bryan, article, American
Biology Teacher, vol. 25, no. 1, 1963, pp. 53-04,
printed, National Association of Biology Teachers,
Bryan, Ohio.

REFRIGERATION:

"Refrigeration in the fisheries industry," by Harden
F. Taylor, article, ASHRAE Journal, vol, 6, January
1964, p. 76, printed. American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 62
Worth St., New York, N, Y. 10013.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

123

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
ROCKFISH:

"A contribution to the biology of the black rockfish,
Sebastes inermis Cuvier et Valenciennes," by E.
Harada, article, Publications of the Seto Marine Bi-
ological Laboratory, vol, 10, no, 2, December 1962,
pp. SOT . veto Marine Biological Laboratory,
Kyoto University, Seto, Japan,

“Growth and maturity of the commonrockfish, Sebas-
tiscus marmoratus Cuvier et Valenciennes," by T.
Shiokawa, article, Records of Oceanographic Works
in Japan, Spec. vol, 6, December 1988, pp. 91-102.
Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, 4-3
Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ROUGH FISH:

"Three seasons of rough fish removal at Norris Res-
ervoir, Tennessee," by Billy B. Carroll and Gordon
E, Hall, article, Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 92, no. 4, 1963, pp. 356-364, print-
ed. American Fisheries Society, 1404 New YorkAve.
NW., Washington, D. C, 20005,

SALMON:

"Ob adaptivnom znachenii stroeniya nerestovykh bug-
rov lososei roda Oncorhynchus" (The adaptive sig-
nificance of the structure of spawning redds in salm-
on of the genus Oncorhynchus), by I.S. Vasil'ev,
article, Biological Abstracts, vol, 44, no, 3, 1963,
9320, printed, Biological Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St.,
Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Biokhimicheskie izmemeniya organizma molodi loso-
sya pri perekhode v pokatnoe sostoyanie' (Biochem-
ical changes in the bodies of young salmon--Pisces--
during their downstream migration), by E. M. Mali-
kova, article, Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1962,
no. 20179, printed in Russian, Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Institut Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow, U.S,S.R,

"O biologii primorskoi gorbushi Oncorhynchus gor-
buscha (Walbaum)" (On the biology of the pink salmon

of the Maritime Province, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Walbaum), by O. V. Vasilenko-Lukina, article, Vop-
rosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 2, no, 4, 1962, pp. 604-608,
printed in Russian, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiolog-
icheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Blood types in Pacific salmon," by George J. Ridg-
way and George W. Klontz, article, Bulletin of the
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission,
no. 5, pp. 49-55, printed, 1961, International North
Pacific Fisheries Commission, 6640 N,W, Marine
Dr., Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada.

Bristol Bay Red Salmon Forecast of Run for 1964,
edited by Frank J. Ossiander, Informational Leaflet
39, 43 pp., illus., processed, April 29, 1964, Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau,
Alaska, Discusses forecasts by rivers based on par-
ent cycle escapements and smolt abundance; abun-
dance of young salmon at sea; multiple regression
prediction; and 1964 Bristol Bay forecast based on
mathematical analyses, Data from enough years
from both high-seas and fresh-water research are
accumulating so that a multiple regression analysis
now seems reasonable for separately predicting re-
turning numbers of red salmon after 2-ocean and 3-
ocean years,

"Chromosome morphology and species evolution in the
five North American species of Pacific salmon (On-
rhynchus)," by Raymond C, Simon, article, Journal

co
of Morphology, vol, 112, no, 1, 1963, pp. 77-97, print-
ed. Wistar ature of Anatomy and Biology, 36th St,

and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

"Consideration on the differences in body length, sex
ratio and body weight in the pink salmon catches of
long-line and gill-net of the Japanese land-based fish-
eries, with special reference to mesh selectivity," by
T. Ishida, article, Suisan-cho Hokkaido-ku Suisan
Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku, vol. 26, March 1963, pp.
ee printed in Japanese with English abstract.

Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,

Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan,

"Decline of the Alaska salmon. A case study in re-
source « onservation policy," by Richard Allen Cooley,
article, Dissertation Abstracts, vol. 23, no. 2, 1962,
pp. 686-687, printed. University Microfilms, Uni-
versity of Michigan, 313 N, lst St., Ann Arbor, Mich,

"Ecological distribution of spawning sockeye salmon
(Oncorhynchus nerka) in three lateral streams,
Brooks Lake, Alaska,'' by David Townsend Hoopes,
article, Dissertation Abstracts, vol. 42, no. 6, 20609,
printed. University Microfilms, University of Michi-
gan, 313 N. lst St., Ann Arbor, Mich,

"Ecological studies on the land-locked Masu salmon,
Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoot), (1) Ecological sur-
cession on the limnological conditions and feedin
habit on the lake-locked form at Uryu reservoir,

M. Osanai, article, Suisan Fukajo Kenkyu Hokoku,

vol, 17, December 1962, pp. 31-59" printed in Japa-
nese. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery, Fisheries Agency,
Nakanoshima, Outskirt of Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.

The Exploitation, Scientific Investigation and Manage-

“ment of Salmon (Genus ONCORHYNCHUS) Stocks on
the Pacific Coast of the United States in Relation to
the Abstention Provisions of the North Pacific Fish-
eries Convention, Bulletin No, 10, 160 pp., printed,
1962. International North Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission, 6640 NW. Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C.
Canada,

Forecast of the Chignik River Red Salmon Run in 1964,
by M. L. Dahlberg and others, Informational Leaflet
No. 38, 4 pp., illus., processed, April 20, 1964. Alas-
ka Department of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg.,
Juneau, Alaska.

"Formennye elementy krovi v razvitii lososya'' (The
formed blood elements in the development of the salm-
on), by I. N. Ostroumova, article, Trudy Soveshchaniia
Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, vol, 8, 1958, pp. 380-
386, printed, Four Continent Book Corporation, 156
5th Ave., New York, N.Y.

High-Seas Salmon Fishing by Canadian Vessels in 1962,
by F. Neave and others, Manuscript Report Series
(Biological) No. 759, 59 pp., printed, 1963. Biological
Station, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo,
B.C., Canada.

"Todine metabolism in adult king salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha, Walbaum)," by Gilles La Roche =a oth-

124

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
ers, article, Proceedings of The XVI International
Congress of Zoology, vol. 2, 1963, p. 154, printed.
Permanent Committee of International Zoological
Congresses, Secretary (Pierre Grasse), 105 Blvd.
Raspail, Paris 6, France,

"Method used to distinguishbetween immature and ma-
turing sockeye and chum salmon taken by Canadian
exploratory fishing vessels.inthe Gulf of Alaska," by
H. Godfrey, article, Bulletin of the International
North Pacific Fisheries Commission, no. 5, pp. 17-
25, printed, 1961. International North Pacific Fish-
eries Commission, 6640 NW. Marine Dr., Vancouver

8, B.C., Canada.

"The morphology of the olfactory organ of the Pacific
salmon (Oncorhynchus),"' by ‘Wolfgang Pfeiffer, arti-
cle, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 41, no, 7, 1963,
pp. 1233-1236, printed. Division of Administration,
National Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa 52,
Canada. :

"Opyt otsenki nekotorykh diet, primenyayushchikhya
dyla molodi baltiiskogo lososya, po dannym gistofi-
ziologicheskogo analiza pecheni'' (Evaluation of some
diets used for Baltic salmon fry by means of histo-
physiological examination of the liver), by K, A.
Faktorovich, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, 1960, pp.
103-112, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, V.
Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, B-140, U.S.S.R.

"Opyt prudovogo vyrashchivaniya molodi semgi, Bal-
tiiskogo i Ozerfogo lososei do pokatnogo sostoya-
niya"’ (Experience in the pqnd breeding of the young
of Atlantic, Baltic, and lake salmon until the migra-
tory state), by N. V. Evropeitseva, article, Refera-
tivnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1962, no, 20187, printed in
Russian, Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Institute Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

"Regular fluctuations in the annual abundance of Adams
River race s;ockeye salmon and the operation of pos-
sible causal agents," by Fredrick James Ward, arti-
cle, Dissertation Abstracts, vol. 23, no. 6, 1962,
2265, printed. University Microfilms, University of
Michigan, 313 N. 1st St., Ann Arbor, Mich,

"On the reproduction curves and optimum escapements
for the sockeye salmon stocks of the Skeena River,
the Fraser River and Bristol Bay and the pink salm-
on stocks of Alaska," by Takayuki Doi, article, Bul-
letin of the International North Pacific Fisheries _
Commission, no. 10, pp. 155-160, printed, 1962. In-
ternational North Pacific Tisheries Commission,
6640 NW. Maine Dr., Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada.

Salmon Fact Book, 42 pp., illus., processed. Canned
Salmon Institute, 302 Colman Bldg., Seattle 4, Wash.
This booklet traces the history of the salmon and
describes both the catching and packing of "'the king
of canned fish,"' Also included are several pages of
recipes for the preparation of salmon dishes, salads,
and sandwiches,

"Some factors having effects on the behavior of salm-
on in the time of gill-netting,'' by K. Taguchi, arti-
cle, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, no. 5, May
1963, pp. 434-440, printed in Japanese with English

abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Spawning Ground Survey of Red Salmon Eggs and Lar-
vae in Sasi ay, 3, by Michael L- Nelson, In-
formational Leaflet No. 40, 7 pp., illus., processed,
May 8, 1964, Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Subport Bldg., Juneau, Alaska.

"Two biological stains as markers for sockeye salmon
fry," by F.J. Ward and L.A. Verhoeven, article,
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol.

, no, 4, 1963, pp. 379-383, printed. American

Fisheries Society, 1404 New York Ave. NW., Wash-

ington, D. C. 20005.

"Vliyanie gidrosooruzhenii na zapasy fsennykh promy-
slovykh ryb i zadachi rybovodstva v novykh usloviy-
akh" (Effects of hydro-electric installations on com-
mercially important fish stocks and objectives of fish
management under the new conditions), by I. A. Ba-
rannikova, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 36, 1960,
pp. 92-103, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, B-140, U.S.S.R.

SANITATION:

"Ultraviolet irradiation of circulating refrigerated
fish storage brines,"' by J. W. Boyd and B.A. South-
cott, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, vol. 21, January 1964, pp. 37-43, printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada,

SARDINES:

The Pilchard of South West Africa (SARDINOPS OCEL-

LATA), Sexual Development, Condition Factor and
Reproduction TST = 1500, by J.P. Mathews, Investi-
gational Report No. 10, 95 pp., illus., printed. Ma-
rine Research Laboratory, Administration of South
West Africa, Windhoek, South West Africa.

"Preliminary report on the Marquesan sardine, Ha-
rengula vittata, in Hawaii," by Thomas S. Hida and
Robert A. Morris, article, Pacific Science, vol, 17,
no. 4, 1963, pp. 431-437, illus., printed, Pacific Sci-
ence, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii.

SCALLOPS:

"Bay scallops as vigorous living filters,'' by Nelson
Marshall, article, Maritimes, vol. 8, no. 2, Spring
1964, pp. 11-13, illus., printed. Graduate School of
Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston,
R.1.

SEA TROUT:

"'Vield and proximate composition of sea-trout from
southern Brazil,"' by K. Watanabe, article, Nihon
Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, May 1963, pp. 475-481.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-
Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SEAWEEDS:

"Some comments on the moveme=nt of the floating sea-
weeds," by S. Segawa and others, article, Records of
Oceanographic Works in Japan, Spec. vol. 6, Decem-
ber Tat, pp. 153-159. Japanese National Commis-
sion for UNESCO, 4-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

125

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
SENSORY ORGANS:

"Bkologo-fizionlogicheskie osobennosti organov chu-
vstv nekotorykh ryb v svyazi s ikh pishchevymi re-
aktsiyami" (The ecological-physiological features of
the sense organs of certain fish in relation to their
reactions), by M. P. Aronov, article, Biological Ab-
stracts, vol, 43, no, 1, 1963, 462, printed. “Biol ogical
Abstracts, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Izuchenie zreniya ryb" (Study of vision in fish), by
V.R. Protasov, article, Referativnii Zhurnal-Bio-
logiia, 1962, no, 1162, printed in Russian. Refera-
tivnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, In-
stitut Nauchnoi-Informatsii, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Metody issledovaniya slukha ryb" (Methods of study-
ing hearing in fish), by G, A. Malyukina, article, Re-
ferativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, 1962, no, 1163, printed
in Russian, Referativnii Zhurnal-Biologiia, Akademi-
ia Nauk SSSR, Institut Nauchno-Informatsii, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

SHRIMP:

"Ecology of shrimps on the eel-grass bed. (1) Spiron-
tocaris propugnatrix, (2) Leander macrodact ge
and others. Hy Shrimps in relation to their environ-
ment," by H. Kurata, article, Suisan-cho Hokkaido-
ku Suisan Ke jo Kenkyu Hokoku, vol, 26, March
T9063, pp. 81-96, printed in Japanese with English
abstract. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan,

The Louisiana Shrimp Story, by Percy Viosca, Jr.,
ildlife Education Bulletin No, 40, 15 pp., illus.,
printed, 1962. uisiana Wild Life and Fisheries
Commission, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400
Royal St., New Orleans, La. 70130, Describes types
of shrimp found in Louisiana waters and their bio-
logical characteristics.

Osmoregulation in Two Species of PALAEMONETES
(Crustacea: Decapoda) from Florida, by Sheldon
Dobkin and Raymond B. Manning, Contribution No.
522, 9 pp., illus., printed, 1964. (Reprinted from
Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,
vol. 14, no. 1, March 1964, pp. 149-157.) The Ma-

rine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, Uni-

versity of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Mi-

ami 49, Fla,

"Preservation of shrimp," by Arthur F. Novak, arti-
cle, ASHRAE Journal, vol, 6, January 1964, p. 76,
printed. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 62 Worth St., New
York, N.Y,

"Studies on the proteinases of prawn (Penaeus orien-
talis Kishinouye), (1) Division and activites of pro-
teinases contained in the internal organs of prawn,"
by M, Fujii and others, article, Suisan Daigakko
Kenyu Hokoku, vol. 12, no, 1, February T3¢3, pp. 7-
11, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Min-
istry of Agriculture and Forestry, Marine Products
Training Center, Shimonoseki, Japan,

"Studies on the tyrosinase of prawn (Penaeus orientalis
Kishinouye), (1) Several enzymatic and chemical
properties, distribution and activities of tyrosinase,
with special reference to determination of the activity
by colorimetry of the tyrosine using of a-nitroso-B-

naphthol as indicator," by M, Fujii and others, arti-
cle, Suisan Daigakko Kenkyu Hokoku, vol, 12, no, 1,
February 1963, pp. 1-6, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Ministry of Agriculture and For-
estry, Marine Products Training Center, Shimono-
seki, Japan.

SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC:

Marine Research at the University of Cape Town, 1959-
, by J. H. Day, 16 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Uni-

versity of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South
Africa. Discusses world-wide interest in marine re-
search, history of marine biological and oceanograph-
ic research at the University of Cape Town, objec-
tives of oceanographic investigations, achievements
in that field at Cape Town during 1959-62, and needs
of the Institute of Oceanography for vessels and e-
quipment,

SOUTHEAST ASIA:

Preliminary Bibliography of Fish and Fisheries for
Cambodia, Laos and renin compiled by A, Soulier,
Occasional Paper 63/11, 80 pp., printed, 1963. Indo-

Pacific Fisheries Council, Regional Office for Asia

and the Far East, Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand,

SPAIN:

Foren Trade Regulations of Spain, by Arley T, Cau-

ill, OBR 64-51, ean nese, May 1964, 15 cents,
Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S, Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402.) The report dis-
cusses trade policy, import tariff system, sales and
other internal taxes, documentation and fees, and
labeling and marking requirements, Also covers
special customs provisions, nontariff import con-
trols, the country's export controls, United States
foreign trade controls, and Government representa-
tion between the two countries.

Pesca y Conservas (Fishing and Canning), by Gaspar
Masso; Itinerarios Turistico-Gastronomicos de la
Provincia de Pontevedra (Itineraries of Gastronomic
Tours of the Province of Pontevedra), by Alvaro
Cunqueiro, Series, Nuestra Futuro Alimenticio (Our
Future Food), 52 pp., printed, April 1964, Talleres
de Artes Graficas de Faro de Vigo, S. A., Vigo, Spain,
Contains speeches given at a festival, ''Three Weeks
in Pontevedra," celebrated in Madrid in May 1963,

"Pesqueros construidos en la region Levantina"’ (Fish-
ing boats built on the east coast of Spain), by R. Diez
Davo, article, Ingenieria Naval, vol. 30, no, 328,

1962, pp. 361-370, illus., printed in Spanish. Escuela
Especial de Ingenieros Navales, Ciudad Universitaria,
Apartado de Correos 457, Madrid, Spain,

"Plan de desarrollo economico para la pesca" (Planof
economic development for fisheries), article, Boletin
de Informacion, no, 65, February 1964, pp. 3-14,
printed in Spanish, Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca,
Paseo del Prado, 18-20, ao planta, Madrid, Spain,

Publicaciones Tecnicas de la Junta de Estudios de
esca (Technical Publications of the Fishery Re-
search Committee), Publication No. 3, 403 pp.,, illus.,
printed in Spanish, 1964, Direccion General de Pes-
ca Maritima, Subsecretaria de la Marina Mercante,

126

Direccion General de Pesca Maritima, Madrid, Spain.
Includes, among others, thesearticles: ''Experi-
encias sobre 'selectividad' de artes de arrastre en
el Golfo de Vizcaya, 20 al 30 de abril de 1963" (Ex-
periments with the 'selectivity' of trawls in the Gulf
of Vizcaya, April 20-30, 1963); ''Plan experimental
de pesca de arrastre enla Provincia de Castellon"
(Experimental plan for trawl fishing in the Province
of Castellon); and ''Movimientos migratorios del
atun, Thunnus thynnus (L.), deducidos por nuestras
propias 'marcaciones' en aguas Espanolas" (Migra-
tory movements of the tuna, Thunnus thynnus L.,
deduced from our tags in Spanish waters), by Julio~
Rodriguez-Roda,

SPINY LOBSTER:

"Spiny lobster industry in southern Africa," article,
Nature, vol, 202, no, 4937, June 13, 1964, p. 1067,
printed, single copy 4s.(about 55 U.S, cents).° St.
Martin's Press, Inc,, 175 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y.
10010, Discusses the spiny lobster fishery and ex-
port industry in the Republic of South Africa, South-
West Africa, Mozambique, and Tristan da Cunha, In
1960, known lobster exports from Africa consisted
of 10 million pounds of frozen tails, more than
800,000 pounds of canned meat, and about 2.25 mil-
lion pounds of fresh or frozen whole lobsters.

"Sponge as shelter for young spiny lobsters," by N.
Alam Khandker, article, Transactions of the Ameri-
can Fisheries Society, vol. 93, no. 2, 1964, p. 205,
printed. American Fisheries Society, 1404 New York
Ave., NW., Washington, D. C, 20005,

SPRAT:

Synopsis of Biological Data on Sprat SPRATTUS
ae Mediterranean and Adjacent Seas),
by M,. Demir, FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 27, 41 pp.,
illus., processed, February 1963, distribution re-
stricted. Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

SQUID:

"Biochemical studies on squid, 18--Glycogen inmus-
cle, ,19--On the glucosamin content in the pen. 20--
On tHe cloudiness of the extracts obtained from squid
muscle," by K. Kitabayashi and others, article, Sui-
san-cho Hokkaido-ku Suisan Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokokn,
vol, 26, March 1963, pp. 97-110, printed in Japanese
with English abstract. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

"On the red and yellow discoloration of squid," by
Eiichi Tanikawa, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol.
56, June 11, 1962, 14676h, printed. The American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D.C.
20006.

STARFISH:

"Variations in time and intensity ofsetting of the star-
fish, Asterias forbesi, in Long Island Sound during
a twenty-five-year period," by Victor L. Loosanoff,
article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 126,no. 3, Feb-
ruary to June 1964, pp. 423-439, illus., printed, sin-
gle copy $3.75. Lancaster Press, Inc., Prince and
Lemon Sts., Lancaster, Pa.

ST, PIERRE AND MIQUELON:
"A propos de la construction d'une nouvelle usine
frigorifique a Saint Pierre-et-Miquelon" (The con-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 9

struction of a new freezing plant at St, Pierre and
Miquelon), article, France Péche, no. 84, May 1964,
pp. 135-137, 139-140, 160, 162, illus., printed in
French, single copy 2.50 F. (about 52 U.S. cents).
France Péche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France.

SUBMARINES FOR FISHERY RESEARCH:

"The sea beneath us," article, Business Week, no, 1811,
May 16, 1964, pp. 48, 50, 52, illus., printed, single
copy 50 cents. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St.,
New York, N. Y. 10036. "Oceanographers come into
their own, as Navy and industry look for new worlds
to conquer, Some weird-looking vessels will be going
down to the bottom this summer," states this article.
Discusses the Navy's interest in developing new
types of submarines; a new vessel, the Alvin, built
for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; the
Deepstar, built to do underwater research for a pri-
vate corporation; and the Turtle, still in the planning
stage.

TAGGING> :
"On the tagging experiments for fisheries research in
Japan," by K, Kurogane, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-
shi, vol. 29, no. 5, May 1963, pp. 482-496, printed in
Japanese, Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

TAIWAN:
Fisheries of Taiwan, 1963, 33 pp., printed, 1963. Fish-
eries Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan.

TASMANIA:
Report for the Year Ended June 30th, 1963, 9 pp.,
printed, 1963. Inland Fisheries Commission, Hobart,
Tasmania.

TEXAS:

Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, vol. 8,
November 1962, 420 pp., illus., printed, single copy
$4.15. Institute of Marine Science, The University
of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas. This volume includes,
among others, articles on: "Institute of Marine Sci-
ence, staff and students for 1960/1961;"' "Fish pro-
duction and biomass studies in relation to photosyn-
thesis in the Laguna Madre of Texas,'' by Thomas R.
Hellier, Jr.; ''Some aspects of osmotic and ionic reg-
ulations in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and
the ghost crab, Ocypode albicans,” by Saniee A.
Gifford; "Osmotic and ionic concentrations in the
mantis shrimp, Squilla empusa Say,'’ by Byung Don
Lee and William N, Merantand: "Phosphorus content
of some fishes and shrimp in the Gulf Coast of Mexi-
co,'' by Kenneth T, Marvin and Larence M. Lansford;
"A study of redfish, Sciaenops ocellata Linnaeus and
black drum, Pogonias cromis Linnaeus,'' by Ernest
G. Simmons and Joseph P, Breuer; "Shrimp landings
and production of the State of Texas for the period
1956-1959, with a comparison with other Gulf States,"
by Gordon Gunter; 'Marine algae from the Gulf Coast
of Texas and Mexico,'' by H. J. Humm and H. H, Hil-
debrand; ''Fishes of Rio Tamesi and related coastal
lagoons in east central Mexico, with notes on their
distribution, ecology, and zoogeographic relations,"
by Rezneat M. Darnell; and ''Mollusks of Alacran
Reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico,'' by Winnie H. Rice and
Louis S. Kornicker,

Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, vol: 9,

September 1964

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 127

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

$4.15, Institute of Marine Science, The University
of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas. This volume in-
cludes, among others, these articles: "Institute of
Marine Science, staff and students for 1962;"' "Heli-
copter borne purse net for population sampling of
shallow marine bays," by Robert S, Jones and others;
"Seasonal change inthe number and the biomass of
fishes from the surf at Mustang Island, Texas,'' by
William N. McFarland; "Oxygen metabolism of four
Oklahoma farm ponds," by B. J. Copeland and W.R.
Whitworth; and “Experiments with engineering of
marine ecosystems," by Howard T, Odum and others,

THAILAND:

Preliminary Bibliography of Fish and Fisheries of
ailand (up to Bat t5Ci) by A. Soulier, Occasional
Paper 63/8, 63 pp., printed, 1963, Indo-Pacific

Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand,

cific Ocean," by James Joseph, article, Inter-Ameri-
can Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 4,
1963, pp. 1-36, printed, Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif,

"Phospholipids of tuna white muscle," by C. Yvonne
Shuster, J. R. Froines, and H.S, Olcott, article,
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, vol.
41, January 1964, pp. 36-41, printed. American Oil
Chemists! Society, 35 E, Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Il,

"Predicting green meat of tuna based on the relation
between trimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, and
myoglobin of tuna meat," by Tadajiro Nagaoka and
Naotafsu Suzuki, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 59,
September 16, 1963, 6905e, printed. The American

Chemical Society, 1155 16th St, NW., Washington,

D. C, 20006.

TURKEY:
Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol, 12, no, 5,
1964, 35 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English

TILAPIA:
"The effects of temperature, light and high frequency

radio waves upon the embryonic development of
Tilapia macrocephala (Bleeker),'' by Sanford Herbert

ernick, article, Biological Abstracts, vol, 42, no, 5,
1963, 18251, printed. Biclogical Abstracts, 3815 Wal-
nut St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

TRAWLERS:

"Aprés les essais en peche du 'Sera!: le chalutage ar-
riere est applicable a tous les bateaux quel que soit leur
tonnage" (Since the attempts of the 'Sera', stern
trawling is possible for all vessels, regardless of
their tonnage), article, France Péche, no. 83, April
1964, pp. 31-36, illus., printed in French, single
copy 2.50 F, (about 52 U.S, cents), France Péche,
Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France,

table of contents, Et ve Balik Kurumu G,.M., Balik-
cilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey, Con-
tains, among others, these articles: ''The Sponge
(Part IV);"" and "Basic researches on the develop-
ment of fishery in Turkish waters, lakes, and dams
(Part Iv),"

Foreign Trade Regulations of Turkey, OBR 64-52, 8pp.,
arinten: May ioed, 15 cents, Bureau of International

Commerce, U.S, Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton, D, C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D. C, 20402.) The report discusses trade policy,
import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes,

documentation and fees, and labeling and marking
requirements. Also covers special customs provisions,
nontariff import controls, the country's export con-
trols, United States foreign trade controls, and Gov-
ernment representation between the two countries.

Development of Equipment for Trawlers, by J. J. Wa-
terman, 7 pp., printed, 1963. (Reprinted from En-
ineering, October 1963.) Torry Research Station,
iverdcer, Scotland,
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION:

Ultraviolet Irradiation of Civculating Refrigerated
Fish Storage Brines, by J. W. Boyd an . A, South-
cott, Reprint No. , 7 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, vol. 21, no. 1, 1964, pp. 37-43.)

jueen’s Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada. Irradiation of refrigerated brines with ul-
traviolet radiation was effective in controlling bac-
terial development in the brine during the poets ,
mortem storage of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) an
sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). The bacteri-
ological and organoleptic quality of the fish was not
improved by continuous or intermittent exposure of
brines to ultraviolet radiation, Irradiation of highly
contaminated turbid brines resulted in the killing of
a large percentage of the initial bacterial population,
Intermittent or continuous irradiation of brines pro-
duced off-odors in the brine and in the stored fish.
Discoloration developed in the irradiated brine and
on exposed surfaces of the stored fish.

"Freezing plant in distant water, side trawlers, The
conversion of the Icelandic motor trawler Narfi," by
M. B. F. Ranken, article, Modern Refrigeration, vol.
66, May 1963, pp. 445-448, 489- printes. Refrigera-
tion Press Ltd., MacLaren House, 131 Great Suffolk
St., London SE1, England,

TROUT:

"Trout hatchery operation below a high dam," by P. G.
Barnikol, article, U.S. Trout News, vol. 8, no, 6,
March-April 1964, pp. 4-5, 16-17, illus., printed.

U.S. Trout Farmers Association, 110 Social Hall
Ave., Salt Lake City 11, Utah.

TUNA:

"An examination of fluctuations in the 'concentration
index' of purse-seiners and bait boats in the fishery
for tropical tunas in the eastern Pacific, 1951-1961,"
by Thomas P, Calkins, article, Bulletin of the Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, vol. 8, no. 5,
1963, 59 pp., printed in Spanish and English, Inter-
ener Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla,

alif,

UNITED KINGDOM:

Fish Stock Record, 1962, 53 pp., illus., processed,
1963. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for
Scotland, St. Andrew's House, Edinburgh 1, Scotland.
Discusses the English and Scottish demersal and

"Fecundity of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and
skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) from the Eastern Pa-

128 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

pelagic fisheries. Presents a number of statistical
tables showing fishing effort and cod catches from
the North Sea in 1961/62; fishing effort and cod and
haddock catches landed by British vessels from
Faroes, 1961/62; herring fishery, catch per unit of
effort; catch data for the sprat fishery; and other
similar data.

Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, 1962, 51 pp.,
printed, 1963, 5s. od. (about 76 U.S. cents). Her Majes-
ty's Stationery Office, 13a Castle St., Edinburgh 2,
Scotland. Contains 27 statistical tables showing
quantity and value of fish landed and processed, num-
ber of vessels and fishermen, and creek returns.

UNITED STATES FISHING INDUSTRY:

"An antiquated and fragmented U.S. fishing industry
faces many problems," by Harlan C. Lampe, arti-
cle, Maritimes, vol. 8, no. 2, Spring 1964, pp. 1-3,
illus., printed. Graduate School of Oceanography,
University of Rhode Island;Kingston, R.I, ''Few
countries in the world other than us can afford the
luxury of a decliningfishing industry... . Insum,
the fishing industry is a collection of people and
firms, buying, selling and producing fish. The in-
terest of the groups in this collection are not com-
mon, and important economic forces tend to tear the
industry into its component parts. Only in the area
of market development and quality improvement does
one find reasonable common cause. However, with-
out cooperative effort among all groups in the indus-
try, even this will only slowly be achieved," states
the author,

U.S.S.R.

Soviet Fisheries Investigations in the Northwest At-
‘lantic, edited by Yu. Yu. Marti, OTS 63-11102, 377
pp., illus., processed, 1963, $3.75. (Translated from
the Russian, Sovetskie Rybokhozyaistvennye Issle-
dovaniya v_ Suyenoszanednal Chasti Atlanticheskogo
Okeana.) Office of Technical Services, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20230.

VIET-NAM:

Marine Fisheries Statistics of Vietnam, 1962, com-
‘piled by Z. Tokagi and K. Torikai, 51 pp., illus.,
printed in Vietnamese and English. Division of Ag-
riculture & Natural Resources, United States Opera-
tions Mission to Vietnam, U.S. Embassy, Saigon,
Vietnam. This booklet presents tables onfisheries
of that country's 20 coastal provinces, based on data
for 1960 plus results of subsequent on-the-spot sur-
veys. Included are tables and graphs on number of
fishermen's households and population by province;
fishing boats by year, tonnage, and province; fish
catch by year, province, and fishing method; and oth-
er topics. Photos and maps add interest to this re-
port,

WALLEYED PIKE:

"The movements of walleyes tagged as yearlings in
Lake Erie," by David R. Wolfert, article, Transac-
tions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no.
4, 1963, pp. 414-420, printed. American Fisheries
Society, 1404 New York Ave., NW. Washington, D.C.
20005,

WASHINGTON:
Fisheries Research Papers, vol. 2, no, 3, March 1964,
pp., illus., printed. Washington Department of

Fisheries, Rm. 115, General Administration Bldg.,
Olympia, Wash. Contains, these articles: ''The dis-
tribution, size, time and current preferences of sea-
ward migrant chinook salmon in the Columbia and
Snake Rivers,"’ by Edward M. Mains and John M.
Smith; "The relationship of age to length in Puget
Sound resident chinook salmon," by J.E. Lasater and
Frank Haw; ''Maturation, gestation, and birth of rock-
fish (Sebastodes) from Washington and adjacent wa-
ters,” by Allan C. Delacy, Charles R. Hitz, and
Robert L. Dryfoos; Notable migrations of sablefish
tagged in Puget Sound," by Nicholas Pasquale; and
"Growth and ring formation of Washington razor
clams," by Herb C. Tegelberg.

Washington State Shellfish, 15 pp., illus., printed, April
1964, Washington State Department of Fisheries, Rm.
115, General Administration Bldg., Olympia, Wash.
Contains sections describing oysters, Pacific razor
clams, hardshell clams, shrimp, Dungeness crabs,
public beaches in Washington, and digging techniques
for obtaining shellfish. Also included is a statement
of regulations governing the digging of shellfish in
the State.

WATER RESOURCES:
Is the Sea Inexhaustible?, by Percy Viosca, Jr., 7 pp.,
“printed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis-
sion, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St.,
New Orleans, La. 70130.

WEST AFRICA:

Problemes et perspectives de l'organisation des
economies de ae Maritime dans les etats de
Afrique a eeidertale en 1962 (Problems and Obser-
vations of the Economic Organization of Marine Fish-
eries in West African Countries, 1962), by F. Dou-
menge, 66 pp., illus., printed in French, 1963. (Re-
printed from Bulletin de la Section de Geéographie,
vol. 75, 1962, pp. 219-284.) Section de Géographie,
Comité des Trayaux Historiques et Scientifiques,
Ministére de 1'Education Nationale, Paris, France.

WHALE-MEAT MEAL:
"Whale meat meal," by G, Ahman, article, Vara Palsd-
jur, vol. 33, 1962, pp. 97-98, printed in Swedish.
verigas Palsdjur Suppfodares Rikssorbund, Pors-
gaten 4, Stockholm, Sweden.

WHALES:

"A Review of Japanese whale marking in the North Pa-
cific to the end of 1962, with some information on
marking in the Antarctic,'' by Hideo Omura and Seiji
Ohsumi, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Nor-
wegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 3a no. 4, April 1964,
pp. 90, 92-112, illus., printed. Hvalfangerforeningen,
Sandefjord, Norway. Reviews Japanese whale mak-
ing in the North Pacific since 1949, and in the Antarc-
tic during the 1955/56-1961/62 seasons. Includes
several statistical tables showing number of whales
marked, recovery of marks, and recapture of whales.

WORLD PRODUCTION:

"Marine fish production: A world-wide view," by C. P.
Idyll, article, Proceedings of the International Con-
gress of Zoology, vol. 16, no. 4, 1963, pp. 330-335,
printed. Secretary, Permanent Committee of Inter-
national Zoological Congresses, 105 Blvd. Raspail,
Paris 6, France.

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SAVORY SALMON SALAD

Canned salmon makes balancing the budg-
et bearable and feeding the, family fun during
summer months. For the busy homemaker,
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Test
Kitchen economists have developed several
serving tips with an easy-to-do Savory Salm-
on Salad. Generous portions of this salmon
salad heaped oncrusty hard rolls or buns will
fill the bill with eager eaters. Crisp garden-
fresh vegetables also add eye appeal.

Stuffed tomatoes take on new interest when
cut horizontally and topped with Savory Salm-
on Salad or cut vertically into a fan shape and
filled with this protein-rich summer delight.

Savory Salmon Salad
1 can (1 pound) salmon
1 cup chopped celery
2 hard-cooked eggs, chopped
$ cup mayonnaise or salad dressing
2 tablespoons chopped onion

2 tablespoons chopped sweet pickle
or drained pickle relish

Lettuce

Drain and flake salmon. Combine all ingredients ex-
cept lettuce. Serve on lettuce. Serves 6.

Right foreground, Salmon Pineapple Dip; center, Savory Salmon
Salad on rolls or buns; left background, tomatoes topped with
Savory Salmon Salad; upper left background, Salmona La King.|

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Take a Can of Salmon is the title of a colorful recipe booklet with imag-
inative ways to serve salmon; offered free by the Canned Salmon Institute in
cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. For other inter-
esting salmon recipes, write to the Institute for a copy of the booklet.

Gee 3X Fishes

COMMERCIALBEW IEMA
FISHERIES ues € ces be

VOL. 26, NO. 10 OCTOBER 1964

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY
ALL, A DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, ASST. DIRECTOR

CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

a) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW &

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 1, 1963.

5/31/68

CONTENTS

COVER: The Canadian schooner Bluenose II (with her sails down) docked at Glouces-
ter's State Fish Pier on July 2, 1964, for a 4-day visit. Bluenose IJ is a replica,
only a year old, of Canada's famous racing schooner. Her predecessor, made
famous in international fishermen's races years ago, is pictured on the Canadi-
an dime. Bluenose II made her first United States port call in Gloucester incon-
nection with the International Dory Races, and then sailed to Boston and on tothe
World's Fair in New York City where she was ondisplay for 10 days. (See outside
back cover of this issue for photograph of vessel with her sails up.)

Page
1 . .Comparison of Salmon Catches in Monofilament and Multifilament Gill Nets--Part I, by Herbert A. Larkins
8 . .Weights and Measures Activities in the USDI Fishery Products Standard and Inspection Programs, by J. R.
Brooker
Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Alaska: 21 .. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, Jami-
12... Foreign Fishing Activity off Alaska, July 1964 ary-June 1964
13... Bristol Bay Red Salmon Run Fails Caroline Islands:
13... Salmon Waste Utilization 21... U.S. Tuna Fishing Base in Palau Islands Planned
13 .. Filing of Fishery Disaster Loan Applications Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
Ended September 30, 1964 22 .. Trade Wind Zone Oceanographic Studies Con-
Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear Re- tinued
search: Clams:
13... Exploratory Fishing for Shrimp and Scallops 23 .. Sanitation Quality Study in the Middle Atlantic
Alaska Fisheries Investigations: Area
14 .. Pink Salmon Nursery Areas Discovered Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference: Department of Defense Purchases:
14 .. Meeting on October 11-14, 1964 earn. January-July 1964
California: 24) 5) January-June 1964
14 .. Growth Studies of English Sole in Monterey Great Lakes:
Bay 25 .. Aid Under New Fisheries Law Given Great
15 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued Lakes Area "
18 .. Survey of Shrinip Resources in Northern and 25 .. Commercial Fishery Landings, 1963
Central Coastal Waters Continued Gulf Fishery Investigations:

26 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies
Contents continued page II.

Page

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No.10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Industrial Fishery Products:
U. S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
Production by Areas, July 1964
Production, May and June 1964
Major Indicators for U. S. Supply, June 1964
U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles:
Production and Imports, January-June 1964
Inventions:
Float for Fishing Line Patented

, Lobsters:

New Tagging Method Aids Population Studies

” Maine Sardines:

Canned Stocks, July 1, 1964
Marketing:
Edible Fishery Products, January-June 1964
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Blackback Flounder Studies Aided by Dis-
covery of Distinctive Group on Georges
Bank
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Hake Distribution Study
Pelagic Trawl Development Program
Oceanography:
Gulf of Guinea Investigations by Research
Vessel Geronimo
New Oceanographic Research Vessels Launch-
ed by U. S. Navy
Oregon:
Salmon Escapement Aided by Brief Industrial
Plant Shutdown at Willamette Falls
Oysters:
Maryland Observations for 1964
Radiation Preservation:
Packaging Requirements for Irradiated Prod-
ucts
Massachusetts Fishery Products Irradiator
Near Completion
Salmon:
Marking Program on the Columbia River
Reveals Migration Patterns
North Pacific Migration Study off Western
Aleutians
School-Lunch Program:
National School Lunch Week
Shellfish:
Fifth National Shellfish Sanitation Workshop
to be Held
North Pacific Industry Affected by Recent
Disasters
Maine Conducts [Research on Sanitation
Reclamation Project in New York State

*” Shrimp:

United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, July
1964
Trout:
Rainbow Trout Eggs from Australia Help Ex-
pand Idaho Fish Farm Production
United States Fisheries:
Commercial Fisheries Landings, January-
July 1964
Fish Sticks and Portions Production, April-
June 1964
U. S. Foreign Trade:
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
Processed Edible Fishery Products, June
1964

Page

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):

U. S. Foreign Trade (Contd.):
Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, Janu-
ary~April 1964
Wholesale Prices:
\Edible Fish and Shellfish, August 1964

FOREIGN:

4a". .

44
44
45
46

48
48
49

50
50
50
51
51
52

o @ us

International:
Fish Meal:

Production and Exports for Selected Coun-
tries, January-May 1963-1964

World Production, April-May 1964 and Janu-
ary-May 1964

World Trade, 1958-1963

International Association of Fish Meal Manu-
facturers' Fifth Annual Conference

Marine Oil:
World Production, 1963
International Pacific Halibut Commission:

North Pacific Halibut Fishing in Area 3A

Ended August 19, 1964
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative

Organization:

Panel of Experts on Stability of Fishing Ves-
sels Holds First Session in London, July
13-17, 1964

Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development:

Position Adopted on Fishing Industry Sub-
sidies

Fish Promotional Materials Planned

United Nations:

Convention on the Territorial Sea and the

Contiguous Zone Enters into Force
Whaling:
Antarctic Whale Oil and Sperm Oil Produc-
tion, 1962/63 and 1963/64 Season

Aden:

Fisheries Development Project
Australia:

Scallop Catch on New Grounds off Victoria

New Scallop Bed Shows Promise

Fishery Exports Increase

New South Wales Plans Chain of Safe Fishing

Ports

Brazil:

Whaling Operations off Brazil

: Canada:

Extended Fishing Limits do not Apply to Unit-
ed States Fishing Vessels
Chile:
Fish Meal Industry Trends, Second Quarter
1964
Denmark:
Fishery Products Exports, January-June 1964
Fisheries Trends, January-June 1964 and
July-August 1964 (Preliminary)
Freezership-Trawlers Built for Soviet Union
Tests Indicate Artificial 'Seaweed'' May Help
Protect Shoreline
Fiji Islands:
Joint Japanese-British Tuna Base in Fiji Is-
lands Completed
Ghana:
Technical Fishery Service Agreement Made
with Japan

Contents continued page M1,

October 1964

Page

58
58

58
58
59

59
60

61
62
62
63
63
64
64

64
65

65
66

66
66
67
67

67
68

68
68
69
69
69
70
70

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Ill

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Greenland:
Faroese Fishing Rights in Greenland Waters
to be Renegotiated
Guatemala:
Shrimp Fishing Investment Opportunity
Joint Japanese-Guatemalan Shrimp Opera-
tions
Iceland:
Salmon Farm Investment Opportunity
Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Janu-
ary-March 1964
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January-
March 1964
India: :
Joint Japanese-Indian Fishing Firm Concen-
trates on Shrimp
Italy:
Japanese Frozen Tuna Sales to Italy Improv-
ing
Joint Japanese-Italian Tuna Venture
Marine Oil Foreign Trade, 1962-1963
Ivory Coast:
Plans for Fishery Development
Japan:
Export Validations for Frozen Tuna and Tuna
Loins to U. S.:
January-July 1963-64
January-June 1963-64
Atlantic Tuna Exports, January-June 1964
Tuna Canners and Exporters Discuss Drop
in Exports of Canned Tuna to U.S.
Reductions Proposed for Canned Tuna Export
Quota and Prices
Slow Sales of Canned Tuna Studied by Japa-
nese Packers and Exporters
Canned-Tuna-in-Oil Export Prices to Cana-
da, 1964
Albacore Tuna Catch in Atlantic Improving
Japanese Government to Explore for Atlantic
Tuna
Atlantic Tuna Fishery Trends, 1957-1964
Tuna Mothership Fishing Trends in the South
Pacific
Good Tuna Landings at Cape Verde Base off
West African Coast
Tuna Research Council to be Formed
Two New Tuna Purse Seiners on Trial Runs
Japanese Tuna Mothership Crew Dismissed
for Disturbance Aboard
Japan Buys Salmon from Alaska
Salmon Purchases from Alaska as of August
7, 1964
Alaskan Salmon Sale to Japan Completed
Salmon, Crab, and Bottomfish Mothership
Fisheries in North Pacific Find Poor Fish-
ing
Salmon Mothership Fishery for 1964 Closes
with Catches Slightly Under Target
North Pacific Mothership Salmon Prices
Adjusted
Experimental Northwest Atlantic Trawl Op-
erations
Atlantic Bottomfish Resources to be Surveyed
by Japanese Fisheries Agency
Japanese to Fish Swordfish in Northwest At-
lantic

Page

70
71
71
72
72
72
72
72

72
73

73
73
73
74
74

74
75

76
77
ut
78
79
80
80

80
81

82
82

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):

. Exports of Canned Saury, August 1963-June
1964 and Estimates for Following Business
Year

Fisheries Agency Budget for Fiscal Year 1965
Compensation Law for Loss of Fishing Gear
and Catch Revised

.. Fisheries Agency Studying Measures to Cope

with OECD Recommendations
Extension of Private Kelp Agreement with
Japan Recognized by Soviets
- Additional Foreign Currency Sought for South
Korean Fishery Imports

.. Ministerial Conference with Canada Convened

in Tokyo
Japanese Fisheries Agency Authorizes Pur-
chase of Dutch Whaling Factoryship

.. Trawler Sold to Greek Firm
.. Experimental Suction-Pump Fishing

Netherlands:
. Whaling Factoryship Sold to Japan
New Caledonia:

.. Japanese Fishing Firm Withdraws from Tuna

Base at Noumea
New Zealand:

.. South Coast Bluefin Tuna Explorations

Trend to Small Stern Trawlers
Norway:

.. Exports of Canned Fish, January 1-May 25,

1964
Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1964

, : International Fisheries Fair at Trondheim

Peru:
. Exports of Principal Marine Products, Janu-
ary-March 1963-64
Portugal:
- Refrigeration Equipment to Modernize Fish-
ing Industry Supplied by British
South Africa Republic:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery:

Ry April 1964

March 1964

: : Exports of Fishery Products, 1963

Spain:

4 Fishery Trends at Vigo, April>June 1964

Surinam:

.. Japanese Shrimp Fishing Operations

U.S.S.R.:

- New Deep-Water Trawling Gear Developed
United Kingdom:

. Danger to Fisheries from Oil Explorations

in North Sea Discussed

. Marine Oil Imports, 1962-1963

. New Freezer-Trawler Sails on Maiden Voyage
Yugoslavia:

.+ Tuna Market to be Surveyed by Japanese

FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Commerce:
Area Redevelopment Administration:

‘ Industrial Loan to Tuna Firm in Puerto Rico

3 Industrial Loan to Help Establish New Fish
Meal and Oil Plant in Wisconsin

. Technical Assistance Project to Study Pro-
posed Deep-Water Port Facility at Rock-
land Harbor, Maine

- Clam Research Project in Maryland to be

Continued

Contents continued page IV.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):

Federal Trade Commission: Small Business Administration:

83 .. Restraint of Trade by Crab Fishermen's 86 .. Loans to New England Commercial Fisheries
Organization in Washington State Barred Firms in July 1964
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 86 .. Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session)
Food and Drug Administration: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:

84 .. New Food Additive Regulation Concerning 90 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

Packaging Materials for Foods Preserved 92 .. Miscellaneous Publications
by Irradiation
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
85 .. Regulations for Use of Fishery Resource .
Disaster Funds Announced

FISH SWIMMING SPEEDS

Two University of California (at Los Angeles) scientists, using a
magnetic 'speedometer"' attached to a fishing rod, measured the speed
of a yellowfin tuna at about 45 miles per hour. A wahoo, a mackerel-
like fish, swamupto 48miles perhour. Zoologists previously have been
of the opinion that fish seldom ever swam faster than 27 m.p.h, (Pacific
Marine Fisheries Commission Newsletter, July 1, 1964.)

Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky

Compositors: Alma Greene, Donna K. Wallace, and Marjorie McGlone

BS Ee EM Ea ENS

Cover--U, S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Exploratory Fish and Gear Research Base, State Fish Pier,
Gloucester, Mass.; p. 26--D. Patlan, Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas; p. 29--Andrew L,
Pinto; p. 33--MSTS Sealift Magazine; p. 38--J. J. Murray; p. 39 (fig. 2)--Fishery Technological
Laboratory, Gloucester, Mass., and (fig. 4)--Jack W. Schott, Calif. Dept, of Fish and Game; p.
53--E. R. Pariser; p. 56--Burmeister and Wain, Denmark; p. 67--Jim Kelly, The Seattle Times;
p. 81--R. Haynes, Ross Group Limited, Grimsby, England; Outside back cover=-Maurice Crosby,
Photography Ltd., Canada.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $6.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

COMMERRIA: PIGii® iL & REVIEW
es fs i522 Fuesifzi. 2 2esiZL LIL RL = iL FF
October 1964 Washington, D.C. Vol. 26, No. 10

COMPARISON OF SALMON CATCHES IN
MONOFILAMENT AND MULTIFILAMENT GILL NETS-- Part Il

By Herbert A. Larkins*
ABSTRACT

The second phase of a monofilament-multifilament gill-net study was completed
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the 1963 summer field season.
Salmon catches in standard multifilament nets were compared with those in an all-
monofilament net unit, Results of a 1962 study, in which multifilament nets were
compared with altemate monofilament-multifilament nets, are also examined in an
analysis of efficiency and cost of three gill-net combinations.

Sockeye catches in all-monofilament nets were greater than in allemultifilament,
but chum and pink catches were the same in both gear types, as were the lengths of
all species. In terms of cost and efficiency, the alternated combination appeared su=
perior for the capture of high=seas salmon followed by all-multifilament and all-mono-

filament.
CONTENTS
Page Page
AMENOUUCEIONINs (si (> = hells) sleiye! @leijel es sie » s) sie ss, s 1 Biscussion’ (. << = 0.0 « «) 0 2 6.0 0 0 © 8 sje »s\* = \e 6
MethadsranaNViAteriainme ete veltcl cole cc 6 oe a 6s a's 2 COMIC LINTON aie newaleliar al é/iaiis) alce 6 lekeielre)eleliaira 7
RESTS tas) cto mk MeAMe_Gtetve..o .@ Tal a: ete! otis, ©: .es mus 4 PtevatreCited Nellalciialie ns) ©) 6) as) e1.c «) eletietal ele) = ie 7
INTRODUCTION

In the salmon research program in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, one facet of the work has been an investigation into more
efficient sampling gear. Much of the Bureau's research, in support of the United States Sec-
tion of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, has required relatively large
numbers of salmon specimens for racial analysis and relative abundance and distribution
studies.

The capture of pelagic salmon on the high seas has been accomplished with surface gill
nets. To provide adequate samples of each species and age group, the length of the net string
has gradually been increased to over 13 = miles. Increasing the length of the string has re-
sulted in an increase in manpower as wellas gear damage and loss from sudden changes in weath-
er, whales, and shipping. In addition, inshore fishing stations in the Aleutian Island chain, an
area of considerable interest, are difficult to sample with a long gill-net string because of its
susceptibility to tangling in the severe tidal currents near the islands.

The apparent success reported by the Japanese high-seas commercial salmon fishery
with monofilament gill nets stimulated Bureau scientists to investigate the relative efficiency
of monofilament netting and its potential as a research-sampling tool.

In the first phase of the study, conducted during the 1962 summer field season (reported
in the May 1963 Commercial Fisheries Review), the catches in standard multifilament nets
were compared with with those in the monofilament nets of an experimental unit of alternate mono-
** Fishery Biologist (Research), U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. 98102.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No.710

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

filament-multifilament nets of like mesh size and construction. The results of that phase in-
dicated a significantly larger catch in the monofilament nets and, in general, provided samples
directly comparable to those of the
multifilament nets in terms of age and
length of the fish (Larkins 1963), |

The results of the second phase of
f b the study, in which the standard multi-

| filament nets were tested against an ex-
perimental unit of all-monofilament
nets, are reported here. This experi-
ment, completed during the 1963 sum-
mer cruise of the Bureau's research
vessel George B. Kelez (fig. 1), was al-
so designed to permit a three-way com-
parison between all-multifilament, al-

: = easy -s.- ternate multifilament-monofilament, and
Fig. 1 - The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel! George 8. Kelez. all-monofilament net combinations.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The multifilament nets, each 50 fathoms long and 4 fathoms deep, were made of type 330
nylon. The mesh sizes used were the same as in past years: 55, 45, 3, and 25 inches
(stretched measure). The webbing, dyed dark green, was ‘hung in''’ 50 percent on the cork and
lead lines.

CONNECTS

BASIC PORTION, USED IN ALL YEARS

STANDARD DISTAL PORTION, USED 1957-62
24-4,4-5,4-3,4-2" TOTAL 36 NETS @ afalalafafalalalatafafa

DISTAL PORTION, USED BY BERTHA ANN 1962

16-4; 4-5" 8-3), 4-2", 2-4"M, 2-3'M | Pie i eae
TOTAL 36 NETS fa fats [3 IB [4 [al Ye ae

CONTROL——! L——EXPERIMENTAL—————

DISTAL PORTION, USED BY KELEZ 1963

L_ EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL——
ACTUAL MESH SIZES NET DIMENSIONS
4=4(|/2" 4M =41/2" MONO LENGTH - 50 FATHOMS
5 = 51/4" 3M= 31/4" MONO DEPTH - 4 FATHOMS
eerie “HOLE"- 5 FATHOM SPACE BETWEEN NETS

"RAG'— OLD DISCARDED NET

Fig. 2 = Composition of high-seas salmon gill nets used by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries from 1957 through 1963.

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Comparison of Gross Catches in Monofilament and Multifilament Gill Nets, 1963

--3y-Inch Multifilament 3-Inch Monofilament
Set Catch Per Net Catch Per Net
Date |No. of| No. Total | No, of| No. | No. Total
Num Sock- of (Number) Catch | Sock-| of of ee os Catch
eye | Chur Pink ee eye |Chum|Pink ‘ q Seve. |Chum| Pink Per N Net
1 6 i 0.3 By 1.3 1 1 0 2 2 0.5 0.5 0 1.0
2 b) 6] 0.8 0.7 0 1.5 2 5 0 7 2 1.0 2,5 0 3.5
3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
4 16 6] 1.0 1.7 0 2.7 5 it) 0 15 2 7.5 0 0 7.5
5 13) 6] 1.3 0.8 0 2.2 2 2 0 4 2 1.0 1.0 0 2.0
6 30 6] 1.8 3.2 0 5.0 4 0 1 15 2 2.0 5.0 ; 0.5 7.5
7 10 6 | 0.8 0.8 0 1.7 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
8 15 6| 2.3 0} 0.2 2.5 1 0 0 1 2 0.5 0 0 0.5
9 11 6] 1.0 0.8 0 1.8 1 1 0 2 2 0.5 0.5 0 1.0
10 52 6] 7.5 1.2 i} 8.7 2 0 18 2 8.0 1.0 0 9.0
85 6 [13.3 0.8 0 4.2 1 0 37 2] 18.0 0.5 0} 18.5
22 6] 3.5 0.2 0 3.7 0 0 8 2 4.0 it) 0 4.0
103 6 |15.7 1.5 0 17.2 1 0 42 2] 20.5 0.5 0} 21.0
113 6 | 18.2 0.5 | 0.2 18.8 0 0 65 2| 32.5 0 0} 32.5
432 6 |71.0 1.0 0 72.0 2 0| 237 2 (117.5 1.0 0 }118.5
6 .0 0.3 0 8.3 3 1 31 2) 13.5 1.5 | 0.5] 15.5
6 8 0.8 0 7.7 a4 0 35 2] 17.0 0.5 0] 17.5
6 att 0.8 0 1.5 3 0 3 2 0 1.5 0 1.5
6 8 0.7 tt) M 3 i} 40 2 8.5 5 0} 20,0
6 2 0.3 0 0} 103 2] 50.0 1.5 0} 51.5
No monofilament
23. | 8/11 | No monofilament
24 8/12 39 4 0 6.0 3.0 0 9.0
25 8/13 35 10 i} 5.5 1.5 0 7.0
8/14 11 3 0 1.0 | 2.0 0| 3.0
8/15 | Net string rolled
8/18 | No monofilament
No monofilament

No monofilament
No monofilament
No monofilament
No monofilament

22 10 0 0
41 22 0 0
26] 81 1 0
19 17 0 0
23 9 Ut) 0
Net string rolled
19 1 0 0
16 0 0 0

No monofilament
No monofilament

[4 $-Inch Monofilament z-Inch Monofilament

1 2 2 4 8 2 1.0 0 0 4,
4 6 2 2 1 5 2 1.0 0 5 2.
0 0 it} 0 0 0 2 0 it) 0
0.7 1 5 0 0 5 2 2.5 0 0 2.
1.9 3 9 3 3 15 2 4.5 5 5 Tis
at wl 7 4 1} 32] 2) 3.5 .0 -5 | 16.
0.2 6 0 1 1 2 2 0 a) 5 3\F
1.4 BE 4 1 3 8 2 0 a} 5 4.
0.1 6 1 3 1 5| 2 5 5 5 2.
4.9 4 17 2 2].21 | 2 5 0 0 | 10.
22 1.6 6 41 aq 0; 4 R .0 0 r
14 0.6 -0 3 3 0 2 5 5 tt)
16 4.6 oh 9 2 0 2 5 0 0
3.0 1 20 3 0 2 0 5 0
27 5.2 9 37 3 2 2 5 5 /1.0
6.7 2.4 2 0 2 5 0 0
6.4 2.9 5 i) 2 -0 5 0
1.2 6.0 5 0 2 0 5 0
6.8 1.4 5 oO 2 -0 5 0)
5.8 4.8 0 2 0 0 0
No monofilament
No monofilament
48 23 0 3.4 1.6 0 9 0
48 | 40 0 3.4 2.9 0 9 tt)
11 52 0 0.8 3.7 0 13 0
Net string rolled
No monofilament
No monofilament
No monofilament
No monofilament

No monofilament
No monofilament

ll 38 0 0
31 72 2 0
15 64 0 0

4 54 0 0
31 42 0 0

Net string rolled

16 a lies 0 o
17 0

No er titacabet
No monofilament

oo eccoce
~
~
Ooo BOnw

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

The experimental monofilament nets, dyed light grey, were constructed identically with
the multifilament nets; only the 43- and 34-inch mesh sizes were used. The webbing, of Japa-
nese manufacture, was very strain to the German Perlon used in 1962.

The vessel's net string (fig. 2) was composed of a standard 24 net portion of all-multifila-
ment webbing with varying mesh sizes, an experimental portion consisting of two 34- and two
44 -inch monofilament nets, and a control portion of two 3z- and two 43-inch multifilament
ne All nets within each portion were laced together to form a continuous unit and a five-
fathom opening was left between each portion so fish could not lead from one unit to another.
An old, discarded net "rag'' was attached to the end of the string to prevent bunching of the
last net.

The 32 net string, equipped with two lighted flag poles and radio buoys, was set shortly
after dark, allowed to drift freely through the night, and hauled after dawn. Setting took about
45 minutes, the nets fished for an average of 12 hours, and hauling time varied from 13 to 3
hours.

The nets were repaired daily and replaced when necessary. Through the season, as the
nets became worn, their efficiency was probably somewhat reduced, but the state of repair of
the two types of webbing is believed to have been equal at any one time.

Both the basic and control portions of the net strings in 1962 and 1963 were identical, ex-
cept for the position of the control portion, and from the basis for comparison between the
alternated monofilament-multifilament unit in 1962 and the all-monofilament unit in 1963.

RESULTS

The 1963 salmon catches by net type for the 37- and 43-inch nets are shown in table 1.
Preliminary tests between the total salmon catch per net oF the multifilament nets in ans asic
and control portions of the string over the entire season show no significant differencesl/,
Therefore, all of the 3i- and 4t -inch multifilament nets have been used in the comparison with
monofilament catches.

In 73 percent of the 34-inch and 57 percent of the 43-inch comparisons, the total catch per
unit of effort of the monofilament exceeded that of the multifilament nets; over the season, the
34-inch monofilament caught 1.5 and the 43-inch monofilament 1.3 times as many salmon per
ae as the multifilament.

In the comparison of individual species taken in the two net types, a very interesting dif-
ference is apparent. While the relative efficiency of the monofilament nets (table 2) for sock-
eye and pink salmon was considerably higher than that of the multifilament, the catch per net
of chum salmon in the two net types was almost identical. Sree pack only the difference in
catch of sockeye salmon between the two net types was Significant='. This difference in rela-
tive efficiency of monofilament netting for three species indicates that the species composi-
tion of catches in the monofilament and multifilament nets was also different.

Table 2 - Catch Per Unit of Effort for All 34- and 454Inch Nets and Relative Efficiency of Monofilament, 1963

Catch Per Net (Number Relative Efficiency of

1.4 8.96 12.2 1.4 13.65 1.6 1.52
1.9 5.43 4.6 1.7 6.95 1.4 1,28

1/Paired "t" tests: 3g-inch mesh nets: t = 1.04 with 29 d.f.
43-inch mesh nets: t= 0.48 with 29 d.f,

2/Paired "'t" tests: 34-inch mesh nets: sockeye, t = «2.3 with 29 d.f.; chum, t= -0.02 with 29 d.f.

4f-inch mesh nets: sockeye, t= -2.1 with 28 d.f.; chum, t= 0.8 with 28 d.f.; pink, t = -1.6 with 14d.f.

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

The relationship between the individual sockeye catches in the two net types was linear3/,
at least over the range of abundance encountered in 1963.

Length frequency curves of sockeye and
chum salmon taken in the two net types are
similar (fig. 3) and their mean eee (table
3) are not significantly different4/ indicating
that the monofilament and multifilament gill
nets had the same intraspecies selection prop-
erties. These results also infer that, length
being a function of ocean-age (Larkins 1963),
both net types captured similar proportions
of the available ocean-age groups.

Table 3 - Mean Lengths of Salmon Captured in Monofilament
and Multifilament Gill Nets, 1963

| Species | Mesh Size | Monofilament | Multifilament

oo » » » « (Centimeters) ~ ... . 2 «
37.59
giao

49.40
1,531

CHUM SALMON

34-INCH MESH SOCKEYE SALMON

LEGEND:
35-INCH MESH
MONOFILAMENT
MULTIFILAMENT
LEGEND:
MONOFILAMENT
MULTIFILAMENT

FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY
n
°
i=)

43-INCH MESH

44-INCH MESH

Dd
So
(2)

\
‘
‘
‘
ry
‘
\
‘
nN
.

FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY

40
LENGTH (cm.) LENGTH (cm.)

Fig. 3 - Comparison of salmon length-frequencies from monofilament and multifilament gill nets.
3/3}-inch meshnets: r=0,97; test forb=0, t= 19.25 with 27 d.f.
43-inch mesh nets: r= 0.86; test forb=0, t = 58,52 with 27 d.f.

4/Sockeye: 34-inch mesh nets: F = <1.0 with 1, 2,886 d.f. Chum: 34-inch mesh nets: F= <1.0 with 1, 875 d.f.
ps , z

44-inch mesh nets: F= <1.0 with 1, 1,798 d.f. 4$-inch mesh nets: F= <1.0 with 1, 1,374 d.f.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

DISCUSSION

To summarize the preceding section, it was shown that the sockeye catches in an all-
monofilament gill-net section were Significantly greater than in an all-multifilament string,
although the catches of chum and pink salmon were, apparently, the same in both net types.
The length and age compositions of monofilament catches were the same as those of multi-
filament catches.

Results of the 1962 study (Larkins 1963), in which alternate monofilament -multifilament
nets were used, also showed no difference in age and length comparisons between the net
types; however, the catches of all three species were considerably larger inthe monofilament
nets than in the multifilament. It was also shown that the salmon catches in the multifilament
nets adjacent to the monofilament were Significantly lower than in the other multifilament nets
of the net string; however, additional analysis has indicated that the total catch per unit of al-
ternate monofilament-multifilament nets was still much greater than in an equal section of all-
multifilament netting (table 4).

Table 4 = Salmon Catch Per Net in Alternate Monofilament=Multifilament and All=Multifilament Gill Nets, 1962

Catch Per Net (Number
Relative Efficiency
Sockeye

Alternate Unit
a
Monofilament Multifilament Alternate Unit Multifilament of Alternate Unit
Chum

19,41 4.72 12.07 6.44 1.87

5.22 1.28 3.25 1,21 2.69

Pink 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.05 1.80
3.62
1.36
1.02

Sockeye 10.45 7.04 4.60 1.53
Chum 3.22 2.29 1.36 1.68
Pink 1,92 1,47 0.74 1.99

15ST [GGT core 5.70

In the two phases of the experiment, three combinations of the two gear types were tried;
all-multifilament in 1962 and 1963, alternated monofilament in 1962, and all-monofilament in
1963, By relating the catch per unit of effort of the two experimental types to that of the all-
multifilament portion for each year, all three types of gear may be ranked by their relative
efficiency. This proportional comparison is independent of changes in salmon abundance with-
in or between years.

Table 5 ~ Relative Efficiency and Relative Costof Multifilament, Monofilament, and Alternate Multifilament=Monofilament Gill Nets

Multifilament | Alternate Nets Monofilament
Symbol Species 4in i
= AO ites

(B)Relative cost! sy espa cnere cieacmnenciere
(C)iRelativenlite2/ at iene iene nee
(d) Relative cost/year (x/y) 2. 2 2202s. os
(e) Relative cost year/fish

Bee
eee

PoP
dees
O;anwo

COSOOCOl]Olwoo

FOOrFOF|N

(f) Relative length of string necessary to catch N fish
(1/w) CuOP ONO! C8 ONO" Ge0-0. GrOwONO

1/Based on 55 percent higher initial cost for monofilament.
2/Based on 50 percent shorter life for monofilament,

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Table 5 (a) portrays the relative efficiency of the three gear units and it is apparent that,
regardless of species or mesh size, the alternate monofilament-multifilament string had the
highest catch per unit of effort, the all-monofilament moderate, and the all-multifilament the
lowest.

Our limited experience with monofilament netting has shown that the initial cost ofa
finished net is about 55 percent greater than multifilament and, because of the difficulty in
repairing monofilament webbing, its life is approximately 50 percent that of multifilament.
By combining those factors (table 5 (b), (c)) with the relative efficiency of the three net types,
an index of the cost per year per fish has been determined (table 5 (e)). The reciprocal of
the relative efficiency (table 5 (f)) is a measure of the relative amount of gear necessary to
capture an equivalent number of fish in the three types of gill-net strings.

A comparison of the relative cost per year per fish with the length of a net string neces-
sary to catch equivalent numbers of fish (table 5(e), (f)), allows a final determination of effi-
ciency versus cost. Alternate multifilament-monofilament nets provided the same number of
salmon as all-multifilament with about one-half (3}-inch mesh 0.5, 43-inch mesh 0.6) of the
effort and at almost the same relative cost per fish (33-inch mesh 0.9, 43-inch mesh 1.1).
Although the all-monofilament gear caught equal numbers of fish with only about three quar-
ters (3z-inch mesh 0.7, 43-inch mesh 0.8) of the amount of gear, the relative cost per sample
was over twice that of all-multifilament nets (3;-inch mesh 2.1, 43-inch mesh 2.5).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of both the 1962 and 1963 phases of this study, the use of monofila-
ment gill nets, either alone or alternated with multifilament nets, provided salmon samples of
identical length and age composition as multifilament nets of the same mesh size; however,
different proportions of sockeye, chum and pink salmon were taken in the two net types.

Monofilament nets captured more salmonthan multifilament, especially whenused as alter-
nate monofilament-multifilament gear (alternated with multifilament nets). The relative ef-
ficiency of the three gear types tested was highest for alternate monofilament-multifilament,
moderate for all-monofilament, and lowest for all-multifilament. Because of the higher ini-
tial cost and shorter life of the monofilament webbing, the cost per fish was highest for all-
monofilament, moderate for all-multifilament, and lowest for alternate monofilament-multi-
filament. Therefore, in terms of cost and numbers of salmon captured, the alternate combi-
nation appears to have been the superior of the three tested for high-seas salmon fishing.

LITERATURE CITED
LARKINS, HERBERT A.

1963. Comparison of Salmon Catches in Monofilament and Multifilament Gill Nets. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 25,
no. 5 (May), pp. 1-11. (Sep. No. 675.)

CORRECTION

In the August 1964 issue, page 7, the heading should have
read: ''CHANGES in Abundance of the Marine Worm, GLYCERA
DIBRANCHIATA, Associated with Seawater Temperature Fluctu-
ations.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ACTIVITIES IN THE USDI
FISHERY PRODUCTS STANDARDS AND INSPECTION PROGRAMS
By J. R. Brooker*

BACKGROUND

The complexities of today's processing and distribution of food demand that there be some
acceptable document between buyer and seller to facilitate orderly marketing. Standards are
a yardstick to measure the quality of a product. They thus constitute the needed common
measuring device upon which buyer and seller can base their contracts.

Those standards are composed of two or more levels of product quality designated by
grades, and are also composed of other related factors--such as class, style, or condition--
that may affect the economical use and the desirability of the product. Accordingly, national
quality standards tend to improve the overall quality and uniformity of the products being
standardized. The consumer thus gains by getting better quality, and the industry in turn
gains by creating greater demand for its products.

United States Standards for Grades of Quality for Fish and Fishery Products help to de-
fine the level of quality for those food products. The standards are voluntary and reflect the
desire of the fishing industry to improve its product quality. The Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eriesof the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI) has developed and promulgated U.S. Stand-
ards for Grades for 14 fishery products in the past 6 years. Those standards were developed
with the aid of the fishing industry.

U.S. Standards for Grades of Fishery Products Developed and
Promulgated by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

Frozen fried fish sticks . Raw headless shrimp
Raw breaded shrimp . Raw breaded fish portions
Fish blocks . Ocean perch fillets
Haddock fillets . Fried scallops

Halibut steaks . Fried fish portions

Cod fillets . Breaded fish sticks
Salmon steaks . Flounder andsole fillets

ie
2.
3:
4.
D.
6.
Us

The standards, of course, would have no value as acceptable documents between buyer
and seller unless the grading of the products according to the standards were done by a neu-
tral party. Since 1958 the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has therefore operated a Volun-
tary Inspection Service for fishery products. This service has grown steadily. In 1963, for
example, over 215 million pounds of fishery products were inspected and certified. That
quantity of inspected products represents about one-third of all the domestically processed
fishery products for human consumption, exclusive of canned fish.

Proper labeling of packaged fishery products not only is required by law but also is es-
sential in marketing them. As part of the inspection program, the USDI accordingly reviews
labels for fishery products that are to bear the USDI shield.

To show the role of weights and measures activities in the USDI Fishery Products Stand-
ards and Voluntary Inspection programs, the following three main subjects must be consider-
ed:

*¥Chief, Fishery Products Inspection and Certification Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.
Note: A paper presented at the 49th National Conference on Weights and Measures, Washington, D.C. June 17, 1964.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
Sep. No. 711

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

1. Relation of weights and measures to the development of the Quality Standards.
2. Relation of weights and measures to the Voluntary Inspection Service.
3. Relation of weights and measures to label approval.

RELATION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES TO
QUALITY STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT

The Bureau's program of standards development goes beyond product standardization of
such aspects as quality and wholesomeness because two additional important aspects arealso
considered: (a) the packaged product with regard to size, volume, net weight, amount de-
livered, or the number of units per measure, and (b) the amount of fish or shellfish ingredi-
ents contained in certain fabricated or processed products. In our consideration of those two
aspects, we encountered problems relating to glaze and breading.

PROBLEM OF GLAZE: Four fishery products for which U.S. standards were developed
presented a problem of ice glaze. Those products were halibut steaks, salmon steaks, sole
and flounder fillets, and raw headless shrimp.

In the usual market form, those products are protected by a surface glaze of ice in addi-
tion to the packaging materials in which they are contained. To determine how much product
is actually present, we had to develop and incorporate into the standards a specific procedure
for determining the net weight. A slightly different procedure was required for each of the
four products because of inherent differences.

In the standard for frozen halibut steaks, the consideration of glaze is unique in that ex-
cessive glaze is treated as a factor of quality. The maximum allowable amount of glaze to
protect the product was established at 6 percent of the net weight. Beyond that percentage,
it is considered to be excessive glaze, and the product is downgraded for quality.

PROBLEM OF BREADING: Another fishery-products category that required special
consideration was breaded and precooked products. That group includes breaded fish sticks,
breaded shrimp, breaded fish portions, fried fish sticks, and fried fish portions. A
problem of the "utility'’ of the packaged contents was
encountered in developing those standards. This
problem involved two factors: (1) loose breading,
and (2) excessive breading.

Loose Breading: During the processing of bread-
ed and precooked products, any loosely adhering bread-
ing is usually removed by passing the products over a
vibrating large-mesh stainless-steel wire belt. When,
however, samples of those products were obtained at
the distribution level for evaluation during the early
stages of developing the standards, substantial a-
mounts of loose breading were, in some instances,
found in the package. This indicated either that good
commercial practices had not been exercised in the
processing of the product by eliminating the loose
breading, or that loose breading was being added to
meet the net-weight requirements when the weight of
the contents were slightly under the declared net

, USDI Inspector debreading shrimp to determine the
weight. percentage of shrimp material.

This problem was resolved in the Standards for Breaded and Precooked Products by cat-
egorizing large amounts of loose breading as a factor of quality. Those standards deduct
points, depending upon the amount of loose breading remaining in the package. | The unit of
measure used for determining excessive breading is the teaspoon. Less than 3 teaspoon of

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

loose breading is considered to be a ''small amount"'; and over 3 teaspoon is considered to be
a "large amount."

Excessive Breading: USDI Standards of Quality establish levels for the amount of fish
meat required in breaded and precooked fishery products. The Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries believes that it has a responsibility to the consumer to see that he gets a proportionate -
ly large amount of fish or shellfish ingredient in the breaded-type products.

In establishing the level of fish or shellfish content for a given product, we take a num-
ber of factors into consideration. The factors most frequently evaluated are flavor, appear-

ance in both the raw and cooked states, tex-
ture, and the industry's capability evidenced Amounts of Fish or Shellfish Required in Breaded Products by
USDI Standards
Relative Amount of Fish
Breaded Product or Shellfish Required

by what has been marketed in the past.
Percent
7

When standards are developed for bread-
ed products, a technique is also developed for
determining the amount of the fish or shellfish
ingredient that is present. This method, in-
corporated into the standard, involves the re-
moval of the breading and a determination of
the percentage of fish or shellfish ingredient by
weight. The levels of the principal ingredient established in USDI Standards are given in the
table.

Fish portions e » « «
Fish sticks » . « « »
Fried fish portions . » «
Fried fish sticks . . .
Fried scallops . 2...
Shrimps 6 s)s 6 «+ + =

RELATION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES TO VOLUNTARY INSPECTION SERVICE

Continuous inspection of processing operations is the major type of inspection services
performed by the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI). Under this type of service, the
principal duties of the USDI inspector include (a) inspecting for plant sanitation, (b) examin-
ing the raw material for quality, (c) checking the processing technique, (d) determining the
quality of the end product, and (e) certifying the product.

In the execution of all but the first of those duties, the USDI inspector is concerned with
some aspect of weight or measurement. A review of the pertinent duties (b through e) will
illustrate the degree of involvement of the inspector in weighing or measuring.

EXAMINING THE RAW MATERIAL: If we visit the breaded shrimp industry for a spe-
cific example of how the inspector examines incoming raw material, we find that the raw
material usually comes to the plant in the form of 5-pound cartons of block-frozen raw head-
less shrimp. When those shipments arrive at the processing plant and before a settlement
is made, the firm is interested in the quality of the shrimp and whether or not each 5-pound
carton will actually deliver 5 pounds. The USDI inspector samples the shipment, examines
the product, and determines the net weights of the selected packages, using the official meth-
od defined in the Quality Standard. The information he thus obtains is then provided to the
firm and is used as a basis for a decision by the firm to accept or reject the shipment.

CHECKING THE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE: During the processing of products such as
fish sticks and fish portions, the inspector frequently conducts line checks of the weight of a
Specific number of raw sticks or portions. This information is used as a guide to continuous
product control in determining whether the amount of fish meat is adequate. To produce, for
example, a 1-pound package of fish portions containing four 4-ounce pieces, the 4 unbreaded
pieces of fish must weigh a minimum of 12 ounces in order for the final product to conform
to the requirement of 75 percent of fishmeat. Frequent weighing of 4 random pieces pro-
vides the information that the input weight of raw material is adequate and that the net weight
will probably be adequate, since the batter and breading can be controlled very closely.

DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF END PRODUCT: End-product examination for quality
by the inspector includes a determination of the amount of the product in the package. Sam-
ples for examination are drawn randomly during production in accordance with a sampling

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

plan so as to be representative of the lot. The net contents of each package is determined
using the method defined in the U.S. Standard for the product being examined. The net con-
tent of each package is reported on the inspector's work sheet along with the other pertinent
information found during the examination. An average calculated from the net weight of the
individual packages indicates whether or not the lot complies with the net weight declared on
the label.

CERTIFYING THE PRODUCT: In the certification procedure for fishery products, the
pertinent information about the examined lot is recorded on an official inspection certificate.
Those certificates of findings are admissible in all courts of the country as prima facie evi-
dence. Two types of information about the contents of the packaged product are always given
when fishery products are certified: (a) the net content as declared on the label, and (b) the
determined average net content of the examined packages as observed by the inspector. When
the net contents of one or more packages are found to deviate beyond the range of good com-
mercial practice, such deviations are noted on the certificate for the benefit of the processor
or buyer of the lot.

RELATION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES TO LABLE APPROVAL

Fishery product labels that are to bear inspection marks of the USDI must be reviewed
and approved by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries prior to use. The primary reason for
reviewing the labels is to ensure that whatever reference is made to USDI inspection--either
through a grade shield, inspection shield, or statement of inspection--is accurate and in ac-
cordance with USDI regulations.

The second reason for reviewing the labels is to ensure that USDI inspection marks will
not be affixed to a label that is in violation of the mandatory requirements of the U.S. Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The presence of a statement of net contents is one of several items
that we ensure is on the label. However, it should not be construed that the USDI is deter-
mining that labels comply with the U.S. Food and Drug Act. Rather, it should be considered
that this thorough label review is a service to the industry.

Although the USDI review program includes verification that the label bears a quantity
statement, guidelines as to the prominence and placement of the quantity statement on the
label have not been developed. This is a regulatory matter and is beyond the Bureau's au-
thority. We believe, however, that this question of prominence and placement should be na-
tionally coordinated with the various industry groups having an interest in it and that a single
set of guidelines or regulations should be developed and adopted at all levels of government
that regulate this activity.

In the past, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has cooperated fully with other govern-
mental agencies and with industrial organizations where common interest exist. The Bureau
plans to continue this policy of cooperation in the future. When difficulties or inconsistencies
of any nature are encountered with fishery products, we suggest that the matter be brought to
our attention.

Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior~a department of conservation-is concerned with the
management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park
and recreational resources. Jt also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

. DEVELO PMENTS !

Alaska’

FOREIGN FISHING ACTIVITY
OFF ALASKA, JULY 1964:

Soviet fishing activity decreased substan-
tially in the waters off Alaska during July
1964. The same period in 1963 saw a gener-
al reduction in Soviet fishing efforts on A-
laskan fishing grounds. However, while only
about 50 Soviet vessels were active in 1964,
nearly 200 Soviet vessels were in the same
area a year earlier.

Japanese activity in the eastern Bering
Sea was down to 4 factoryships and their
catcher vessels. With the sale of Prince
William Sound salmon to Japanese fishing
companies, a number of vessels (including
5 stern trawlers) were diverted to that area
to load fish.

U.S.S.R.: The major Soviet fishery off
Alaska in July was the trawl fleet operating
alternately between Albatross and Portlock
Banks near Kodiak. That fleet was harvest-
ing primarily Pacific ocean perch, with vir-
tually no incidental species taken. Fleet

gradually decreased and in July consisted of
about 50 vessels of all types.

Fig. 1 - Soviet fishery transport vessel surrounded by factoryship
and fishing vessels in the Bering Sea during early spring.

Three Soviet whale factory vessels and
their accompanying killer vessels continued
to operate in the Alaska area during the

ENDSS

Vol. 26, No. 10

eS SSS

month. Their operations were farther off-
shore than in previous years and hence out-
side United States patrol areas.

Japan: Eastern Bering Sea fishing activi-
ties by the Japanese were also reduced during
July, as one of the remaining fish meal fac-
toryships moved progressively northwest to-
ward Siberia. The remaining fish meal and
freezer vessel, with 28 trawlers, was last re-
ported fishing in the vicinity of the Pribilof
Islands.

The Japanese shrimp factoryship Hinin
Maru, accompanied by 12 trawlers, continued
operations north of the Pribilofs during July.

Fig. 2 - Catch aboard a Japanese trawler operating in North Pa-
cific and Bering Sea.

Three Japanese whaling fleets were oper-
ating from the vicinity of the Shumagin Islands
westward along the Aleutian Chain during the
month.

Only two Japanese vessels continued to
fish in the Gulf of Alaska during July. The
Tenryu Maru andthe Kohoku Maru No. 2 were
fishing for shrimp off Sitkalidak Island while
the other vessels fishing in that area were
diverted to Cordova to load salmon.

October 1964

BRISTOL BAY RED SALMON RUN FAILS:

The 1964 Bristol Bay red salmon fishery
was officially labeled a disaster by the Alas-
ka Department of Fish and Game. It was re-
ported that the Naknek-Kvichak district had
‘absolutely failed.'' Preliminary data in-
dicated that the Naknek segment was up to
expectations and that the Kvichak River sys-
tem accounted for the failure. All other ma-
jor systems in the Bay produced reasonably
close to the return forecast.

The predicted run for Bristol Bay had
been placed at 17.4 million reds. Prelimi-
nary figures showed the run was slightly less
than 11 million fish and was about equally
divided between catch and escapement.

The 1963 Bristol Bay catch of 2.5 million
red salmon was the lowest ever previously
recorded for that area, and was also declar-
ed a complete failure.

1 OK OK OK OK

SALMON WASTE UTILIZATION:

Over the past few years increasing use
has been made of salmon waste for food,
pharmaceutical, and bait purposes. Salmon
eggs were processed at several Alaska can-
neries this year as redcaviar under Japanese
technical supervision and for export to Ja-
pan. For that product, eggs are removed
after the fish are headed, then transported in
open mesh baskets to the packing plant where
they are salt-cured. The eggs are first wash-
ed in salt water to remove most blood and
slime. They are then placed ina saturated
brine solution (containing mild-cure salt
plus certain color additives) and agitated
mechanically for 20 minutes. Egg skeinsare
then sorted, trimmed, and graded for packing
under very close Japanese supervision. A
solid pack is made by layering individual
skeins of eggs in polyethylene-lined wooden
boxes with a modest sprinkling of salt be-
tween layers. Apparently the salt at that
stage is not measured. Each box holds 10
kilos (22 pounds). After packing, the boxes
are cured at room temperature for about one
week, again inspected, and then placed in
storage at 40° F. for shipment to Japan.

At some plants milts are separated at the
Same time that eggs are removed from the
salmon. Those are placed in 55-gallon
drums and treated with 7 gallons of caustic
soda solution (5 pounds per gallon) as a pre-
servative and as a first step in their proc-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

essing. These are used in the production of
certain pharmaceutical products.

Significant amounts of salmon heads and
tails are also set aside and sold for halibut
bait in locations where the halibut fleet sells
or takes on bait. The traditional preparation
of salmon eggs for sport fishing bait continues
to expand each year.

While some Alaska canneries do not pre-
pare any of those byproducts, it is estimated
that ¢ to $ of the salmon waste in Alaska will
be processed and sold this year.

2K Ok ok 3K

FILING OF FISHERY DISASTER

LOAN APPLICATIONS ENDED

SEPTEMBER 30, 1964:

~ The last date for the acceptance of applica-
tions using the Alaskan disaster criteria for
fishery loans from the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries was September 30, 1964.
Those special loans were made at 3 percent
interest toeligible applicants for the repair or
replacement of commercial fishing vessels or
fishing gear damaged or lost as a result of the
March 27, 1964, Alaskan earthquake or tidal
wave.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 8.

Alaska Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR
SHRIMP AND SCALLOPS:

Exploratory fishing for shrimp was contin-
ued by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries chartered exploratory vessel Paragon
with coverage as of July 1964 extending from
Kodiak Island west to Unimak Pass and in-
cluding the Shumagin Islands. Catches of over
2,000 pounds in a half-hour trawl drag have
been recorded. Both flat and semiballoon 40-
foot Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawls were used.
Pink shrimp accounted for about 80 to 85 per-
cent of the catches with varying amounts of
side-stripe and coon-stripe showing on occa-
sion. Exploratory drags using an eight-foot
scallop dredge were made in numerous bays
and channels in the Shumagin Islands area.
Only a few scattered scallops were located;
the largest catch being 16 medium scallop in
a half-hour tow in Pavlof Bay. The vessel

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Paragon was scheduled to move into the Ber-
ing Sea and Bristol so during August and

September.

——
Alaska Fisheries Investigations

PINK SALMON NURSERY
AREAS DISCOVERED:
The M/V Heron, accompanied by the 20-

foot reconnaissance-catcher vessel Blue Boat,

completed an 11-day cruise (July 7-17, 1964)
through all major channels in northern South-
east Alaska and West Sumner Strait. The
eruise was the second of a series to trace
seaward migrations of juvenile salmon as
they move through summer nursery areas to
the Gulf of Alaska. The cruise was highly
successful as weather conditions were ideal
and all gear worked perfectly. Four major
summer nursery areas were discovered and
all observed salmon populations were easily
sampled by round haul seine from Blue Boat.
Catches ranged from several hundred to
many thousands per set. The success of this
project in observing and capturing samples
from major populations of migrating pink
salmon represents an important breakthrough
in Alaskan pink salmon research, and will
lead to a much better understanding of mor-
tality after leaving the stream.

Major concentrations of juvenile pink,
chum, and coho salmon were discovered in:

(1) West Kuiu Island from Saginaw Bay to
Gedney Harbor, with the population centered
in Pillar Bay;

(2) Central Chatham Strait from Takatz
Harbor to east Peril Strait, centered in Kelp
Bay;

(3) West Icy Strait from Lisianski Inlet to
Idaho Inlet, centered around Inian Islands;

(4) West Summer Strait from south Kelp
Strait to Louise Cove, centered around Port
Beauclerc.

Length-frequency measurements of pink
and chum salmon from various locations
showed that there are significant differences
between size of fish from different areas.
Those differences will be useful in later i-
dentifying populations in catches by the M/V
Commander, a Fisheries Research Institute

Vol. 26, No. 10

vessel which was scheduled to begin sampling
for juvenile salmon along the outside coast

of Baranof Island about August 1. Icy Strait
and central Chatham Strait juvenile pink salm-
on were the smallest, ranging in body length
from 79 to 88 millimeters (3.1-3.5 inches);
West Kuiu Island pinks ranged from 91 to 106
millimeters (3.6-4.2 inches); and West Sum-
ner Strait pinks were from 112 to 136 milli-
meters (4.4-5.4 inches).

Atlantic Fisheries
Technological Conference

MEETING ON OCTOBER 11-14, 1964:

The eighth annual Atlantic Fisheries Tech-
nological Conference was held at Martha's
Vineyard, Mass., on October 11-14, 1964.

The meeting was attended by United States
and Canadian fishery scientists from industry,
research institutes, universities, and Govern-
ment agencies.

More than 50 papers were offered; topics
included sanitation problems in fisheries,
preservation techniques, research programs
and applications, quality measurements, and
economics.

California

GROWTH STUDIES OF ENGLISH
SOLE IN MONTEREY BAY:

M/V Nautilus Cruises 64-N-la (February
4-7, 1964), 64-N-lb (April 7-10), 64-N-lc
(June g= 12)F To collect adult and juvenile
English sole (Parophrys vetulus) in Monterey
Bay in the vicinity of Moss Landing for use
in a growth analysis study was the objective
of these cruises by the California Department
of Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus.

A 13-inch mesh Gulf of Mexico shrimp otter
trawl with a 1-inch mesh cod-end was used.
Trawling was conducted on both sides of the
Monterey Canyon in depths of 3 to 50 fathoms
with each tow lasting about 20 minutes.

A total of 34 tows was made during the
three cruises. Of the fish taken, the sex of
593 English sole was determined and they
were also measured. These fish ranged from

October 1964

Santa Cruz

Monterey Bay

E 7,
fe

S ;
= - Areas of trawling.
=>
>
>
x

- Trawling stations.

Shows trawling areas of Nautilus Cruise 64-N-laeb-c.

96 to 456 millimeters in length (about 3.8 to
18.0 inches). An interopercle bone was taken
from two fish of each sex in each centimeter
group to be used for age determinations.

A sex determination was also made on
samples of petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani)
and Dover sole (Microstomus ae
during these cruises, together with their
measurements.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 12.

KOK OK KX

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska™ Cruise 64-A-3-Pelagic
Fish (May 4-24, 1964): This cruise by the
California Department of Fish and Game re-
search vessel Alaska was conducted in the
coastal waters of northern and central Cali-
fornia between Crescent City and Monterey,
and in the vicinity of Avila. The main ob-
jectives of the cruise were to:

1. Survey the pelagic environment in the
northern parts of the present northern an-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Crescent City

anhkhr ®
hk hr

al®
> e) Trinidad Head

@ ) Fort Bragg

Point Arena

Legend:
t=) - Trawl station.
hr - Herring.
hk - Hake.
sal - Salmon.
an - Anchovy.
rf - Rockfish.

sal
Point Reyes

Fig. 1 «Fishing area of Alaska during Cruise 64-A-3-Pelagic
Fish.

chovy (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sardine
(Sardinops caeruleus) ranges.

2. Assess the density, age, and size com-
position of the anchovy population in Monterey
Bay.

3. Collect anchovies for subpopulation
studies.

4. Collect juvenile salmon for the Ocean
Salmon Project.

Sampling was accomplished with a large
midwater trawl fished from the surface toa
depth of 20 fathoms, with each tow lasting
from 20 to 40 minutes. The effectiveness of
the survey was substantially reduced by the
large concentrations of jellyfish (Chrysaora
gilbert) which clogged the net, and by the
weather which permitted trawling only during
daylight hours.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Legend:
i=) - Trawl station.
hr - Herring.
hk - Hake.
sal - Salmon. Rin = r4 Drakes Bay
an - Anchovy. 3 aa . ;
rf - Rockfish. a sal @ ag
3 hk 2e e
rf San Francisco
rf @
1
4 hr
rig © Monterey Bay
Monterey
Cape San Martin
Avila
rf an ©
Point Arguello

Fig. 2 - Fishing area of Alaska during Crise 64-A-3-Pelagic Fish.

A total of 45 tows was completed between
Crescent City and Monterey and 3 off Avila.
The species commonly appearing in the catch
with the number of trawls in which they oc-
curred were: Pacific herring (Clupea pal-
lasi) 14 fish, Pacific hake (Merluccius pro-
ductus) 9, jacksmelt (Atherinopsis californi-
ensis) 9, juvenile king samon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) 8, northern anchovy 8, starry
flounder (Platichthys stellatus) 7, juvenile
rockfish (Sebastodes sp.) 7, juvenile lingcod
(Ophiodon elongatus) 6, and surf smelt (Hy-
pomesus pretiosus) 5. Other species occur-
ring less frequently included stickleback
(Gasterosteus aculeatus), northern midship-
man (Porichthys notatus), sand lance (Am-
modytes hexapterus), wolf-eel (Anarrhich-
thys ocellatus), medusafish (Icichthys lock-
ingtoni), cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmora-
tus), whitebait smelt (Allosmerus elongatus),
night smelt (Spirinchus starksi), and steel-
head trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Vol. 26, No. 10

Pacific herring were caught in the greatest
number and occurred most frequently in the
catches. They were present in 29 percent of
the trawls in numbers ranging from 1 to
15,000. The best catches were made within
2 miles of shore in very turbid water. The
areas off the mouth of San Francisco Bay and
along the inner part of Monterey Bay were
the most productive. Sizes ranged from 37 to
230 millimeters (1.5 to 9.1 inches) standard
length with most fish between 55 and 160 mil-
limeters (2.2 to 6.3 inches). The largest
catch, however, was comprised of small ju-
veniles 37 to 70 millimeters (1.5 to 2.8 inches).

An adequate survey of the anchovy popula-
tion was not possible during this cruise be-
cause of the necessity of trawling only during
daylight hours. Previous experience has in-
dicated that trawling at night is much more
effective in sampling anchovies. Small a-
mounts of juvenile anchovies were caught in
3 trawls between Crescent City and Eureka,
while adults were caught in 3 trawls near San
Francisco, 1 trawl in Monterey Bay, and 1
trawl near Avila. The adults were very large
ranging from 135 to 163 millimeters (5.3 to
6.4 inches) long. Samples of the Monterey
Bay catch were collected for blood genetic
and electrophoretic studies.

Hake catches were spread over most of the
survey area. Numbers were quite low, how-
ever, with over half of the catches amounting
to a Single fish; the best catch was 42 fish.
Juvenile king salmon were taken off Cape
Mendocino, Trinidad Head, and San Francisco.
They ranged from 76 to 485 millimeters (3.0
to 19.1 inches) long, with up to 24 fish ina
Single trawl. Juvenile rockfish of several
species were taken in quantity in 2 trawls,
with catches of 500 and 4,700 fish, 43-65 mil-
limeters (1.7 to 2.6 inches) long.

Large concentrations of jellyfish were
present inshore from Drakes Bay to Monterey
Bay. They seriously hampered trawl opera-
tions by clogging the net, causing heavy dam-
age to the net and doors. Squid were caught
in 7 trawls, with catches of up to 5,600 of
them taken in Monterey Bay.

x kK KX

Airplane Spotting Flight 64-8-Pelagic Fish
(May 4-6, 1964): To determine the inshore
distribution and abundance of pelagic fish
schools, the inshore area from Point Reyes,
Marin County, to the United States-Mexican

October 1964

Border was surveyed from the air by the
California Department of Fish and Game's
Cessna ''182'' 9042T.

On May 4, the area from Point Reyes to
Morro Bay was scouted but water and air
visibility were fair to poor. A heavy, brown
phytoplankton bloom, in the waters north of
Pigeon Point, severely restricted water visi-
bility. In the Monterey Bay area and south,
the water was clear but low broken clouds
hampered visibility. A total of 8 northern
anchovy (Engraulis mordax) schools were
sighted near the harbor entrance at Half
Moon Bay. A Pacific pilot whale (Globice-
phala scammoni) and 2 unidentified fish
schools were seen near Point Sur. At Mon-
terey 3 purse seiners were setting on a large
school of squid (Loligo opalescens) several
hundred yards off Cannery Row.

On May 5, the area from Half Moon Bay to
Santa Monica was scouted. The sky was over-
cast and a strong northwest wind was blow-
ing. Water visibility was poor. One uniden-
tified fish school was seen in Monterey Bay
actively being worked on by sea birds.

On the last day of the survey the area from
from Jalama Park to the United States -Mexi-
can Border was scouted. Rain squalls were
encountered near Jalama Park and the Bor-
der. Red tide was noted from Redondo Beach
to La Jolla--the first big concentration this
year. Five anchovy schools were seen in
Fish Harbor, a part of the Los Angeles -

Long Beach Harbor.

Airplane Spotting Flight 64-10-Pelagic
Fish (May 18-21, 1964): To determine the
inshore and offshore distribution and abun-
dance of pelagic fish schools, the waters off
southern California and Baja California were
surveyed from the air by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game's Beechcraft
N5614D. The survey covered the offshore
waters of southern California in the San Pedro
Channel; the inshore waters from Long Beach,
Calif., to Boca Flor de Malva, Baja Cali-
fornia; and the waters of the Gulf of Califor-
nia from Coyote Point, La Paz Bay to Con-
ception Bay.

This flight by the Beechcraft N5614D was
the second of four experimental flights plan-
ned for this year along the Baja California
coastline. The flights have been scheduled
on a quarterly basis.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Legend
A = Anchovy school.
~ Sardine school
- Porpoise school
~ Pelagic red crab school,
~ Unidentified school
~ Black skipjack school

Long Beach

Gulf of California

San Carlos An, 6A @
w

1
Pt. Eugenio ¢'Scammong Lagoon
San Pablo PO
205 8
is =~ Ballenas Bay 7
3P Palos Verdes Pent
| San i
Gregorio
Bay XL

San Pedro Channel

i
Santa Sa Island |

Pelagic fish survey Flight 64-10, May 18-21, 1964,

SR |
Boco Flor de Malva

The area from San Pedro Channel and San-
ta Monica Bay was surveyed on May 18. On
that day the offshore waters of southern Cali-
fornia were covered by fog except for the San
Pedro Channel and Santa Monica Bay. School
groups of northern anchovies (Engraulis mor-
dax) and two Pacific sardine (Sardinops cae-
ruleus) schools were sighted in Santa Monica
Bay and off the Palos Verdes Peninsula. They
were the first sardines seen by air spotters
in that area since February 1962.

On May 19, the area from Long Beach to
Ballenas Bay, Baja California, was surveyed.
A low, dense fog prevailed over most of the
coastline from Long Beach to Punta Eugenio
but south of Punta Eugenio visibility was ex-
cellent. A total of 20 sardine schools were
sighted near San Pablo Point and 7 anchovy
schools were seen in Ballenas Bay.

Punta San Juanico to Boca Flor de Malva,
Coyote Point, La Paz Bay to Conception Bay,
Gulf of California, were scouted on May 20.
Intermittent fog was encountered from Punta
San Juanico to Cabo San Lazaro. Visibility was
good at Magdalena Bay and throughout the
area flown in the Gulf of California. Anchovy
schools were seen in San Gregorio Bay and
outside Magdalena Bay. A large school of
pelagic red crabs (Pleuroncodes planipes),
covering an estimated five acres, was Sighted
in Magdalena Bay.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Many unidentified clupeoid schools were
seen in the Gulf of California, and more than
1,000 schools inConception Bay alone were
seen that day. Those fish may have been
round herring (Etrumeus sp.), thread herring
(Opisthonema sp.), or flatiron herring (Har-
engula sp. ). AL of those species were found
in quantities by the California Department of
Fish and Game research vessel Alaska dur-
ing a cruise in April. Also sighted were one
black skipjack (Euthynnus lineatus) and two
unidentified porpoise schools.

On the last day of the survey the area
from Scammons Lagoon to Long Beach was
scouted. Fog persisted over the inshore wa-
ters from the lagoon to the United States-
Mexican Border except at San Carlos anchor-
age where 6 anchovy schools were counted.
The air was hazy north of the border to Long
Beach.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1964 p. 11.

se sk ok ose oe
ES ood oo Bs

SURVEY OF SHRIMP RESOURCES
IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL
COASTAL WATERS CONTINUED:

M/V "N.B. Scofield” Cruise 63-S-2-
Shrimp (March 29-May 1, 1964): The objec-
tives of this cruise by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel N. B.
Scofield were to: Sra

1. Locate concentrations of pink shrimp
(Pandalus jordani) in Areas A, B-1, B-2, and
C for population estimates.

2. Determine sizes, sex ratios, and
weight of shrimp in each area.

3. Determine escapement of commercial
size shrimp through 1z-inch mesh cod-end of
net.

4. Make bathythermograph and Nansen
bottle casts for bottom temperatures and
salinity samples in shrimp areas.

5. Identify, count, and weigh incidentally-
caught fish species.

6. Collect specimens of cephalopods for
special study.

A total of 139 tows were made in the com-
bined survey areas in the coastal waters
from Cape Ferrelo, Oreg., to Pt. Sal, Santa
Barbara County, Calif. A 41-foot headrope

Vol. 26, No. 10

O - Survey area.

W/} - 40-176 lbs. /hr.
& - 180-480 lbs. /hr.

- George

Fig. 1 -M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 64-S-2, Area A,

Gulf of Mexico otter trawl having 13-inch

stretch mesh in the cod-end was used. Of'the
59 tows made in Area A, 39 were made with
a $-inch stretched mesh liner on the cod-end
to catch shrimp escaping from the main net.
Preliminary analysis of data showed that few
commercial size shrimp were lost.

AREA A: Between Cape Ferrelo, Oreg., and
Trinidad Head, Calif. (fig. 1), atotal of 59 tows of
15 minutes duration each was made in depths of
40 to94fathoms. Shrimp were caught at an ay-
erage rate of 73 pounds an hour, ranging from
none to 480 pounds an hour. The population of
Area A is estimated to contain 530,000 to 750,000
pounds. Shrimp sizes (heads-on) ranged from
55 to 169 apound with an average of 125.

The year-class composition was:
Percentage by

Group Weight

1 (1963) 24
11 (1962) 75
111 (1963) bes

October 1964

Scale

5 Miles

Legend:
—? - Location of drags.

Fig. 2- M/V N.B. Scofield Cruise 64-S-2, Area B-1.

Only 9 percent of the female shrimp exam-
inedwere gravid. The incidental fish catchwas
light, consisting mostly of eulachon(Thaleich-

thys pacificus), slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis),
and rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus). Bot-
tom water samples were obtained at 11 sta-
tions for salinity determinations. A total of 29
bathythermograph(BT) casts were made. Bot-
tom temperatures ranged from 7.2° to 8.59
C. (45.0° to 47.3° F.); surface temperatures
from 8.8° to 10.5° C. (47.8° to 50.99 F.).

An evaluation of the 1964 Area A fishery,
made in the fall of 1963 (N. B. Scofield Cruise
63-S-6 and Ocean Shrimp Report for the 1963
season) was accurate. The evaluation fore-
cast a poor season due to weak 1962 and1963
year-classes. The heavy 1962 landings
caused an extreme reduction in the spawning
stock. This, it is believed, accounts for the
small 1963 year-class.

AREA B-1: A total of 25 tows made from
Big Flat to Westport (fig. 2) in 43 to 82 fath-
oms did not take shrimp in commercial quan-
tities. The best tow yielded 100 pounds an

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

hour. The shrimp ranged from 70 to 110 to
the pound and averaged 81 shrimp. Only 1 tow
yielded more than 1 pound of shrimp. Surface
temperatures ranged from 7.8° to 9.0° C.
(46.0° to 48.2° F.) and bottom temperatures
ranged from 6.9° to 7.89 C. (44.4° to 46.0°F.).
Thirteen BT casts were made and 10 water
samples were obtained. Fish catches were
light with rex sole, sanddab (Citharichthys
sordidus), and slender sole dominant.

AREA B-2: Shrimp were not found incom-
mercial quantities in Area B-2. A total of
46 tows lasting 15-minutes each from Stewarts
Point to Bodega Head (fig. 3) in 26 to 72 fath-
oms failed to locate shrimp in quantity. The
best two tows yielded 25 pounds in 15 minutes
in the depth range of 44 to 47 fathoms off
Duncan's Landing

The year-class composition was:
Age Percentage by Percentage by
Group No. Weight
1 (1963) 26 15
11 (1962) 74 85
Scale

=<Swmise oot

Legend:

— J - Location of drags.
><> - Best tows.

tewartes Pt.

Horseshoe

Ducan's

Fig. 3 - M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 64-S-2, Area B-2.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Scale
5 Miles .

t. Buchon

Legend:
—> ~ Location of drags.

Fig. 4 - N.B. Scofield Cruise 64-S-2, Area C.

None of the female shrimp examined was
gravid. Fish catches were light with rex
sole, sanddab, slender sole, and hake (Mer-
luccius productus) taken at most stations.

A total of 25 (BT) casts were made; sur-
face temperatures ranged from 8.8° to 10.3°
C. (47.8° to 50.6° F.) and bottom tempera-

tures from 7.5° to 8.5° C. (45.5° to 47.39 F.).

Water samples for salinity determinations
were collected at 14 stations.

AREA C: A total of 9 tows was made in
this area (fig. 4). Four BT casts were made
and 2 water samples were taken. Only 42
shrimp were caught, but a large part of the
shrimp-habitable grounds was unexplored
because rough seas cut down activities.

Some squid and octopus taken on this
cruise were delivered to the California De-
partment of Fish and Game Laboratory at
Terminal Island. Skates (Raja sp.) were col-

Vol. 26, No. 10

lected during this cruise for the Los Angeles
County Museum.

Note: See Commercial] Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 14;

December 1963 p. 21.
Ok Ok ok OK

M/V "Joseph Alioto'' Cruise 64-C-1-
Shrimp (July 1-3, 1964): The objectives of
this cruise by the California Department Fish
and Game chartered research vessel Joseph
Alioto in the coastal waters off northern Cal-
ifornia from Rocky Point to Crescent City

were to:

(1) Locate concentrations of pink shrimp
(Pandalus jordani) for population estimates
and determining natural mortality rates.

(2) Determine sex ratio and year-class
composition of shrimp.

(3) Count and weigh incidentally-caught
fish.

AREA A: A total of 22 3)-minute tows and
one 120-minute tow was made with a commer-

Legend:
@) - Survey area A, 300-1,200 pounds per hour.

& - Commercial fishery Area A.
S) - Shrimp traces,

Klamath Rive

fa)
Redding RK

Big Lagoon
Fishing area of Joseph Alioto during Cruise 64-C-1, July 1-3, 1964,

October 1964

cial Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl with a head-
rope 80 feet long, and 13-inch mesh in the
cod-end. The estimated width of the opening
of the net when fishing was 45 feet. The tows
were made in the same locations as the tows
made by the vessel N. B. Scofield during
Cruise 63-S-2 (March 29-May I, 1964), with
the exception that no tows were made in the
area being fished by the commercial shrimp
fleet.

To estimate the shrimp population in the
commercial fishing area, 32 tows made by
the commercial fleet were used. All tows
were in the 49-to90-fathom depth range. The
total area of the shrimp bed is estimated to
cover 50.2 square miles, and to containa
little more than 2.2 million pounds of shrimp.
Some 450,000 pounds had already been har-
vested by California commercial fishing ves -
sels since the season opened on May 1, 1964.
About 100,000 pounds were taken by vessels
operating out of Brookings, Oreg.

45.3
52.0
2.7

The year-class
composition was:

Shrimp sizes
ranged from 70 to
128 to the pound heads-on. Hake (Merluccius
productus) and rockfish (Sebastodes sp.) dom-
inated the fish catch. Stomachs of the hake

were full of young-of-the-year shrimp.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery
Products, January-June 1964

The amount of steel and aluminum con-
sumed to make cans shipped to fish and shell-
fish canning plants during January-June 1964
was down 6.4 percent from that used during
the same period in 1963. The decline was
due partially to a drop in the canning of jack
mackerel and Maine sardines.

Receiving

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

In January-June 1964, shipments to the
Pacific or Western Area accounted for 69.2
percent of total shipments;
shipments to the Eastern
Area accounted for 26.8 per-
cent; and shipments to the
Southern Area accounted for
most of the remaining 4.0
percent. Most of the fish-canning facilities
are located in the Pacific Area.

Notes: (1) Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants
known to be producing metal cans. A "base box" is an area
31, 360 square inches, equivalent to 112 sheets 14" x 20" size.
Tonnage figures for steel (tinplate) cans are derived by use of
the factor 23.5 base boxes per short ton of steel. (In the years
1962 and 1963, tonnage data were based on the factor 21.8 base
boxes per short ton of steel.) The use of aluminum cans for
packing fishery products is small.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1964 p. 14;

July 1964 p. 9. i

Caroline Islands

U.S. TUNA FISHING BASE
IN PALAU ISLANDS PLANNED:

A United States west coast tuna-canning
firm, which plans a tuna fishing and freezing
base at Koror, Palau Islands, chartered the
M/S Jaglaxmi (17,000-ton freighter) to deliver
610 tons of machinery and supplies to the base
this past spring. The equipment arrived in
April 1964.

PALGIR EUG

Ol GIET AGN:

Second Quarter January -June

U.S. Domestic Shipments of Metal Cans for Fishery Products, January-June 1963 and 1964
(Base Boxes of Metal Consumed in the Manufacture of Cans for Fishery Products)
pS Eee

187,707

24,761
492

371,738

59, 207
34

Total all areas. « « 572, 907 558, 588 776, 587 383, 502 1, 349, 494

1/Includes Puerto Rico.
2/Includes Alaska and Hawaii.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The firm's construction engineer arrived
in Palau at about the same time to build a
1,500-ton cold-storage and freezer facility,
ice-making machines, water-storage tanks,
and offices for the new plant which was ex-
pected to be operating by July 1964.

Six 25-ton tuna vessels were to begin op-
erating from Koror's main port with 72
Okinawans and 48 Palauans as crew and fish-
ermen.

Under the provisions of the contract signed

by Trust Territory officials and the United
States firm, Palauans or other Micronesians
will be trained as tuna fishermen. Eventual-
ly, all of the vessels are to be manned by
Micronesians. The Palau Islands are part of
the Caroline Islands group in the United
States Trust Territory of the Pacific. (Pa-
cific Islands Monthly, May 1964.) a

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

TRADE WIND ZONE OCEANOGRAPHIC
STUDIES CONTINUED:

M/V “Townsend Cromwell” Cruise 5(June
15-July 5, 1964): To determine the rate of
change in the distribution of properties in
the trade wind zone of the central North Pa-
cific was the objective of this cruise by the
U.S..-Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Townsend Cromwell. The
cruise was the fifth in a Series of oceano-
graphic cruises designed to investigate the
relationship between wind and ocean cur-
rents.

The area of operations in the central
North Pacific was bounded by latitudes 10°
N., 27° N., and longitudes 148° W., 158° W.
During this cruise, a total of 43 oceanograph-
ic stations were occupied along the cruise
track (chart), Temperatures and samples
for salinity analysis were obtained at 20
depths to 1,500 meters at each station.

Bathythermograms (BT's) were obtained
at 30-mile intervals along the cruise track.
Between stations 19 and 21, 26 and 28, 35
and 37, BT casts were made at 10-mile in-
tervals.

At 24°00! N., 147954! W., between stations
35 and 36, subsurface current measurements
with a current meter were attempted while

Vol. 26, No. 10

Track chart of the research vessel Townsend Cromwell Cruise 5
(June 15-July 5, 1964), showing depth contours of the 20° C.
isotherm in meters.

drifting relative to a parachute drogue

set at 1,200 meters. But after only one low-
ering, the meter became inoperative and the
station was abandoned.

During the cruise, a total of 10 plastic-
enclosed drift cards were released at 30-mile
intervals along the entire cruise track and at
1-hour intervals during the first and last 12
hours of the cruise. Radiation from sun and
sky was measured and recorded daily with a
pyrheliometer. Colored photographs of cloud
formations were made daily.

A standard watch for bird flocks and fish
schools was maintained by vessel personnel
during daylight hours. In addition, observers
aboard the vessel from the Smithsonian In-
stitution maintained their own watch forbirds.

October 1964

In addition to the cruise track, the chart
shows the current pattern within the survey
region as inferred from the uncorrected field
plots of the distribution of the depth of the
20° C. isotherm. The flow pattern is similar
to that obtained from the Townsend Crom-
well's cruise 4 (May 14-June 5, 1964); how-
ever, between stations 12 and 13 the counter-
clockwise eddy noted during cruise 4 was re-
placed by a large clockwise eddy. To the
east of this feature counterclockwise flow
exists, suggesting that those eddies are mov-
ing through the region, which would explain
the reversal of flow between stations 12 and
ibsip

A total of 26 unidentified fish schools and
5 skipjack tuna schools were sighted during
the cruise. No apparent relation was found
between the occurrence of fish schools and
the features of the circulation patternshown
on the track chart.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1964 p. 15;
August 1964 p. 17.

Clams

SANITATION QUALITY STUDY IN
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC AREA:
A joint study by New York, New Jersey,
and the U.S. Public Health Service to inves-
tigate the effect of harvesting, processing,

Cents/Pound

Shrimp:

raw headless, . . «eee
peeled and deveined
breaded, .. cvcevcec
molded and breaded...

88, 900
103, 568

84,1
107.2

Gisters:
asteMn. 2 2 o «
BACITIC s..0. sy ss
Total oysters .
ORC oNoEe
Fillets:
Odie je ‘a © \hajis
Flounder and sole
Haddock. < . s
Ocean perch...
Steaks:
Halibut...

i/Breakdown not available.
2/ Revised.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and marketing upon the bacteriological quality
of the surf clam was started on July 13, 1964.
At that time, personnel from the U.S. Public
Health Service Northeast Shellfish Sanitation
Research Center, Narragansett, R.I., boarded
a clam dredging vessel at Point Pleasant,
N.J., for a week to observe harvesting prac-
tices and to establish a working routine for
standardized field procedures.

oe ee
Ne
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENSE PURCHASES:

January-July 1964: FRESH AND FROZEN:
For the use of the Armed Forces under the
Department of Defense, less fresh and frozen
fishery products were purchased by the De-
fense Subsistence Supply Centers in July 1964
than in the previous month. The decline was
19.7 percent in quantity and 19.9 percent in
value. Compared with the same month in the
previous year, purchases in July 1964 were
up 9.0 percent in quantity and 17.6 percent in
value.

able 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Supply Centers, July 1964 with Comparisons

VALUE

QUANTITY

2,128] 1,953 | 15,514 13,831 | 1,170| 99

Pounds

798, 450
608, 714
2/2, 518, 900
274,770

1
3, 684, 492
| 1, 650, 365 _|

511, 630 1/
172, 472 1

684, 102 661,989
181, 809 161, 682

281, 666 421, 321
2,037,766 | 1,985,134
1,265,104 | 1, 388,433
2,123,920 | 2, 303,532

760,072
125,225
8, 430

812, 177
114, 181
19,730

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Total purchases in the first 7 months of
1964 were up 12.2 percent in quantity and 5.7
percent in value from those in the same pe-
riod of 1963. In January-July 1964, there
were larger purchases of shrimp and scallops,
but noticeably lower purchases of cod fillets,
haddock fillets, ocean perch fillets, halibut
steaks, and swordfish steaks.

Table 3 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Supply Centers, ———— 1964 with Comparisons

| _ quantity

Product [__July |

a= 1963 1963 | 1964 | “1963

ess than 500 pounds,
Less than $500.

CANNED: In the first 7 months of 1964,
total purchases of the 3 principal canned
fishery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines)
were up 46.3 percent in quantity and 50.3
percent in value from those in the same pe-
riod of 1963. The increase was due to larger
purchases of tuna and salmon. The gain was
partly offset by smaller purchases of can-
ned sardines.

January-June 1964: FRESH AND FRO-
ZEN: For the use of the Armed Forces un-

Table 4 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense}
Subsistence Supply Centers, June 1964 with Comparisons

at ouamiiy vA
SS EP
| 1964] 1963 | 1964 | 1963 | 1964 [| 1963 | 1964 | 1963 |
298 SL Spates revel(G1s000)ieenebene
2,651] 2,024 |13, 386 |11, 878 |1, 462 |1,078|7, 043 | 6,773

| Table 5 - Purchases of Principal Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, June 1964 with Comparisons! 5 - Purchases of Principal Fresh and Frozen Fishe

Vol. 26, No. 10

der the Department of Defense, more fresh
and frozen fishery products were purchased
by the Defense Subsistence Supply Centers

in June 1964 than in the previous month. The
increase was 19.9 percent in quantity and
30.2 percent in value. Compared with the
same month in the previous year, purchases
in June 1964 were up 31.0 percent in quantity
and 35.6 percent in value due mainly to larg-
er purchases of shrimp, oysters, flounder and
sole fillets, and ocean perch fillets. Average
prices were somewhat lower for most of the
items purchased in larger quantity in June
1964. On the other land, a decline in scallop
purchases corresponded with an increase in
average scallop prices this June.

Total purchases in the first 6 months of
1964 were up 12.7 percent in quantity and 4.0
percent in value from those in the same pe-
riod of 1963. In January-June 1964, there
were larger purchases of shrimp, scallops,
oysters, and clams, but noticeably lower pur-
chases of cod fillets, haddock fillets, halibut
steaks, and swordfish steaks.

CANNED: Tuna was the most important
item among the canned purchases in June 1964.

Table 6 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense
Subsistence Supply Centers, June 1964 with Comparisons

Product [| fen. June | tine | den tune
1964 | 1963 [i963 6s [1965 Tso T1863

Tuna
Salmon
Sardine

1/Less than 500 pounds.

i2/Less than $500.

Product [ee Se
| —Suantity_| Cost | Geant | ed

Pounds

185, 200
127; 676
592, 420

STROM es eae
peeled and deveined. o » » ose
breaded. . «

Cents/Pound

709, S50

505, 146
2s 445, 970

905, 296 a 894 = 3,660,666 | 3, a, 863

Scallops. 2.2 eececececccece

ee
Te ee coe ee eee eee

Pacific, «see ccc ee eee ee
Clams. ss. ee
Fillets:

CEG soood Ss 6
Flounder and sole.

Haddock. . ee o
Ocean perch. . .
Steaks:

ARAN 5 oo
Salmon, . «ee
Swordfish. . o »

1/Breakdown not available.

I2/Not available.

103, 050
18, 296
1, 110

411, 060

1,741, 200 1, 356, 879

465, 786
157, 272
——

623, 058 543, 560
171,573 129, 892

375, 603
1,776, 404
1, 218, 427
1

241, 466
1, 805, 166
1,024, 604
1,947, 120

631,772
108, 925
7,930

October 1964

FREEZE-DRIED: Fishery purchases for
the Armed Forces in June 1964 included 849
pounds of freeze-dried shrimp with an aver-

age value of $10.40 a pound.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1964 p. 20.

RAT
= ood

Great Lakes

AID UNDER NEW FISHERIES LAW
GIVEN GREAT LAKES AREA:

To assist the Great Lakes area fishing in-
dustry recover from economic losses suffer-
ed in 1963, the Secretary of the Interior has
taken action under provisions of a new law.

Section 4(b) of Public Law 88-309 (Com-
mercial Fisheries Research and Development
Act) signed by the President on May 20, 1964,
provides that the Secretary may make avail-
able up to $400,000 to aid a fishing industry
when he determined that a commercial fish-
ery failure due to a resource disaster has
occurred.

The Secretary has determined that the
Great Lakes fishing industry, as well as
processors and distributors of smoked fish
from the Great Lakes area, incurred sub-
stantial economic injury in October 1963 as
a result of a temporary loss of market for
smoked fish. About 2 million pounds of fro-
zen fish on hand at the time of the incident
were still in storage. Because of the length
of storage, the fish, even though frozen, de-
teriorated to a point where they could not be
used for human food, or, for the most part,
even for pet food. Those stocks were to be
removed from normal trade channels and
couldbe used only for fish meal or destroyed.
The applicable section of the new law pro-
vides that funds available in fiscal year1965
be used to alleviate the serious situation in
the Great Lakes area.

In subsequent years, such funds will be
available to other segments of the industry
suffering fishery failures arising from re-
source disasters.

Note: See pp. 85-86 of this issue.

MeO OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS, 1963:
nited States Great Lakes commercial fish-
ery landings in 1963 totaled 55.8 million
pounds (valued at $5.1 million ex-vessel), a
decline of 9.7 percent in quantity (the value
was down about $234,000) from 1962. The
1963 landings were lower in all of the lakes
except Lake Ontario (fished mostly by Canada).

a 7

5 THE GREAT LAKES }

AND THEIR
CONNECTING
(CHANNELS

Fig. 1 - The Great Lakes showing connecting channels.

Lake Michigan was the largest producer
for United States fishermen in 1963 with 21
million pounds or nearly 38 percent of the to-
tal United States Great Lakes landings, but
the catch from that lake was down 10.5 per-
cent from the previous year. Chub was the
leading species for a total of 7.5 million
pounds --down about 3.7 million pounds from
1962 as a result of adverse economic condi-
tions in the smoked fish industry during the
latter part of the year when fishing for chubs
virtually ceased. (The Great Lakes chub is
used exclusively by the smoked fish industry.)

Lake Erie landings in 1963 amounted to
17.2 million pounds, down 12.3 percent from
the previous year principally because of a
decline in catches of yellow perch and carp.
The 1963 landings of 12.1 million pounds from
Lake Superior were down 4 percent from 1962

—— —* x
Fig. 2 - Great Lakes fishing village with fishing ves-
sels at anchor,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and those from Lake Huron of 5.2 million
pounds declined 11 percent from the previous
year.

Canada's 1963 Great Lakes commercial
fishery landings of 44.8 million pounds (pre-
liminary data) were 17.9 percent lower than
the previous year, but the ex-vessel value of
$4.2 million was about 3 percent higher than
in 1962. Lake Erie accounted for about 80
percent of the total Canadian Great Lakes
commercial fish landings in 1963, but the
Canadian fish catch from that lake was about
9 million pounds below 1962. The smelt
catch was down sharply in 1963 (from 19.1
million pounds in 1963 to 10.6 million pounds
in 1962) and the Canadian yellow perch catch
of 18 million pounds was 2.9 million pounds

less than 1962.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

V Gus Il ruise GUS-19 (July 9-19,
1964): Shrimp sampling in the northwest
Gulf of Mexico was continued during this
cruise by the chartered research vessel Gus
Ill, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Gal-
veston, Tex. Shrimp sampling was conducted
_in 8 statistical areas from off the coast of

Trawler Gus II (85 feet) is chartered by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries and used by the Bureau's Galveston (Tex.)
Biological Laboratory scientists for shrimp studies in the north-
erm Gulf of Mexico.

Vol. 26, No. 10

Louisiana to Texas with standard 3-hour tows
using a 45-foot shrimp trawl.

During this cruise, the scientists made a
total of 35 tows with the flat trawl, 50 plankton
tows, and 44 bathythermograph and 41 nansen
bottle casts.

Areas 18, 19, and 20 yielded the largest
catches of brown shrimp (31-40 count) from
the 10- to 20-fathom depth range. The most
productive tow was from area 18 with a total
of 91 pounds of that size brown shrimp. Those
areas combined also yielded 23 pounds of
large white shrimp (ranging from 12-20 count)
from the under 10-fathom depth, and a smaller
quantity of medium size (12-40 count) pink
shrimp.

LOUISIANA

Shows station pattern of Gus II during Cruise GUS-19, July 9-19,
1964.

Large brown shrimp (20 pounds of 15-20
count) were caught in the over 20-fathom depth
of area 13. Other depths in that area yielded
only fair amounts of smaller brown shrimp
and a few pounds of large white shrimp from
the under 10-fathom depth.

A total of 67 pounds of shrimp was taken
from area 16 with large (12 to 20 count) brown
and white shrimp predominating. These were
from depth ranges of up to 10 fathoms and
over 20 fathoms. The10- to20-fathom depth
in that area yielded less than one pound of
shrimp.

The smallest yield during the cruise was
from area 14--about 11 pounds of brown
shrimp, mostly 51-67 count.

Note: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are
the number of heads-off shrimp per pound.
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1964 p. 23.

October 1964

Industrial Fishery Products
U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

Production by Areas, July 1964: Prelim-
inary data on U.S. production of fish meal,
oil, and solubles for July 1964 as collected
by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
and submitted to the International Associa-
tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown
in the table.

U.S. Production!/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles by Areas,
July 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

Solubles
T, 000

July 1964:
East & Gulf
Coasts. .« 5 «

West Coast2/;

[ Total... .. | 44,073] 31,843] 17,638 [ - +d

Jan. -July 1964
Total. . . . | 125,039 |106,740| 52,003
Total... 99,688] 50, 133

Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
ncludes American Samoa and Puerto Rico.
}/Includes condensed fish.

7 OK OK

Production, June 1964: During June 1964, a total of 43, 604
tons of fish meal and scrap and 40.2 million pounds of marine
animal oils was produced in the United States. Compared with
June 1963 this was an increase of 8,741 tons in meal, and over

~ June =
Product

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Herring

Menhaden 2/

Tuna and mackerel
Unclassified

Shellfish, marine-animal
meal and scrap 3/

Grand total meal and scrap 3/

Fish Solubles:
Menhaden
Other

Pounds) .

Oil, body:
Herring

Menhaden 2/

Tuna and mackerel

Other (including whale)

‘1/Preliminary data.
2/Includes a small quantity of thread herring.
3/Not available on a monthly basis.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

12.0 million pounds in oil production. Fish solubles production
amounted to 16,791 tons--an increase of 2,702 tons compared
with June 1963.

Menhaden meal production for June 1964 amounted to 37,035
tons--an increase of 7, 853 tons compared with June 1963, and
menhaden oil totaled 37.2 million pounds--an increase of 10.5
million pounds over June 1963, Tuna and mackerel meal pro-
duction amounted to 1, 870 tons--an increase of 931 tons com-
pared with June 1963. Oil produced from tuna and mackerel a-
mounted to 424,000 pounds--an increase of 155,000 pounds
compared with June 1963. Herring meal production (1, 256 tons)
showed an increase of 957 tons, and herring oil production a-
mounted to about 2.0 million pounds.

7 OK OK OK OK

Production, May 1964: During May 1964, a total of 27,304
tons of fish meal and scrap and 29.4 million pounds of ma-
rine-animal oils was produced in the United States. Com-
pared with May 1963, this was a decrease of 12,598 tons in
meal, and a decrease of 4,1 million pounds in oil. Fish sol-
ubles amounted to 11,736 tons--a decrease of 4,011 tons.

Menhaden meal production for May 1964 amounted to
22,664 tons--a decrease of 11,760 tons as compared with May
1963. The menhaden oil production amounted to 28.5 million
pounds--a decrease of 4.0 million pounds. Tuna and mack-
erel meal production amounted to 1,389 tons for May 1964--
a decrease of 874 tons, while oil (222,000 pounds) produced
from tuna and mackerel showed a slight increase of 9,000
pounds over May 1963,

A total of 59,543 tons of fish meal was imported during
May 1964--an increase of 29,144 tons as compared with May
1963, Imports of fish meal for the first 5 months in 1964
amounted to 221,914 tons--an increase of 58,432 tons as
compared with the same period in 1963. Imports from Peru
for January through May 1964 amounted to 181,196 tons--an
increase of 55,198 tons as compared with the same period in
1963,

U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
May 19641/ with Comparisons

[May __—| Jan.- Ma: Total
Product ju/ise4 | 1963|1/1964 | 1963 1963

Meal and Scrap:
Herring
Menhaden 3/
Sardine, Pacific
Tuna and mackerel
Unclassified

Shellfish, marine-animal
meal and scrap

Fish solubles:
Menhaden
Other 2,416) 2,865)

Menhaden 3/
Tuna and mackerel
Other (including whale)

1/Preliminary data,

2/Included in "other" or "unclassified."
3/Includes a small quantity of thread herring.
4/Not available.

* KOK OK

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, June 1964: United States pro- .
duction of fish meal in 1964 was higher by 25.1 percent as compared
with June 1963. Production of fish oil was up by 42.7 percent
and that of fish solubles increased 8.8 percent.

Major Indicators for U.S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, June 1964

1963 | 1962 | 1961 1960

=
1/1964

Item and Period

(Short Tons) .

Production:

June 43,604) 34,863) 61,171] 54,399] 44,311
January-May 2/ 40,362) 56,189) 60,665) 48,103) 35,920
Year 3/ z= = 253,452] 312,259] 311,265/290,137
Imports:
June 34,515) 18,452) 26,453) 19,317) 11,178
January-May 221,914/163,482)114,433) 88,509) 55,197
Year : = 383,107) 252,307) 217,845)131,561
= a ————— —— =:
Fish Solubles 4/:
Production:
June 16,791} 15,430] 24,745) 17,772] 20,735
January-May 2/ 17,574] 27,395) 26,762) 22,428] 16,211
Year zw = 107,402) 124,334/112,241| 98,929
Imports;
June 249 323 872 207 149
January-May 1,802} 2,116 3,418] 1,012) 2,369
Year = 6,773} 6,308} 6,739) 3,174
o & eyes (LFOOOMEDSS)\0m see ee
Fish Oils:

Production:
June
January-May 2/

40,230) 28,193) 54,924) 49,686] 35,907
74,897] 41,396) 40,698] 39,340) 20,433
= 185,827/250,075/258,118|209,143

Year
Exports:

June 117

21,035) 15,629
47,092} 37,191
122,486 |143,659

56,139] 97,806] 58,084

January-May
262,342)123,050
ic

Year =
1/Preliminary. f
2/Data for 1964 based on reports which accounted for the following percentage of production

in 1963: Fish meal, 95 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 99 percent; and fish oils,

99 percent.
3/Smail amounts (10,000 to 25,000 pounds) of shellfish and marine animal meal and scrap

not reported monthly are included in annual totals.

4/Includes homogenized fish.

He He Ke Ae Ok

U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES:

Production and Imports, January-June 1964. Based on do-
mestic production and imports, the United States available sup-
ply of fish meal for January-June 1964 amounted to 340,395
short tons--67,409 tons (or 24.7 percent) more than during
January-June 1963. Domestic production was 7,086 tons (or
7.8 percent) less, but imports were 74,495 tons (or 40.9 per-
cent) higher than in January-June 1963. Peru continued to
lead other countries with shipments of 205,135 tons.

The United States supply of fish solubles (including homog-
enized fish) during January-June 1964 amounted to 36,416
tons--a decrease of 19.5 percent as compared with the same

f U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January-June 1964 with Comparisons

Item

ish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:

Jan,-June

1/1964 | 1963

. . . (Short Tons).

IMenhiadentan pn iveme: ennai
Tuna and mackerel........
Herring ..... hota aS O76 0
OVE 54s Slolo als oS ole Sold

(Table continued on next column.)

Vol. 26, No. 10

30,015

Peru cy DoS Kilo Siaca oe. 5 205,135} 136,051
OMA thode sean toad ts 6 10,036
INGIAVEN, (Sielalcio co G5, OF CWO, 0.0 yo =

So. Africa Republic........ 9,538

Other countries.......... 1,705

oats 256,429/181,934) 383,107
5 340,395) 272,986 | 636,559]

2/107,402

Fish Solubles:
Domestic production . .

So. Africa Republic. ..
Other countries.....

DOIG KE ONO O meee 2,051) 2,439
Available fish solubles supply 36,416 45,264
1/Preliminary.

2/50-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized condensed fish.

period in 1963. Domestic production and imports dropped
19.8 percent and 15.9 percent, respectively.

Inventions

FLOAT FOR FISHING LINE PATENTED:
The inventor of a float for fishing states
that the device stays in the direction of the
angler, loose on the line, allowing ease in
casting and pulling. The float, which is e-
quipped with a clamp, is loosely connected
with the fishing line when the angler makes a
cast. The float can be held in position by an
adhesive which weakens upon contact with
water. This allows the float to grip the line
in an advantageous position on the surface of
the water while the bait is always at the bot-
tom, according to the inventor. (Patent No.
3,087,275, SIC No. 3949, granted Ernst Svo-
boda, Meiselstr. 65, Vienna 14, Austria.)

Lobsters

NEW TAGGING METHOD AIDS
POPULATION STUDIES:

Success in permanently marking lobsters with internal
tags has been reported by a University of Rhode Island ocean-
ographer in the first phase of a study to learn more of the
life and habits of the northern lobster.

The first known successful molt of an internally-tagged
North Atlantic lobster took place July 15, 1964, in the lobster
pound of a Rhode Island shellfish company when a lobster
crawled out of its external skeleton still retaining a numbered,

October 1964

plastic-coated slug in its body. That development removes
one of the major technical barriers to a study that could play
a significant role in shaping lobster fishing legislation in the
various States,

In recent years a disagreement has arisen involving the
offshore lobstermen who fish with otter trawls on the conti-
nental shelf and the inshore lobstermen who use baited traps
or pots in shallower waters. In dispute is whether the in-
shore and offshore lobsters are separate populations that
should be controlled by different rules and standards or
whether the offshore group is the major breeding stock for
the entire population.

In planning studies to answer those and other questions,
the new internal-tagging method for lobsters may represent
a major breakthrough. Half-inch tags, weighing 0.16 grams
or about 15 times less than a dime, are inserted behind the
eye socket of lobsters, using a needle-sharp, stainless-steel,
hollow plunger. Insertion takes only a matter of seconds and
does not impair or affect a lobster's sight or other body func-
tions. The cavity where the tag lodges has no ‘‘meat’’ and is
not eaten by humans,

Since the tag contains a small amount of iron, it can be
spotted by a very sensitive and sophisticated metal detector.
For that purpose an electrical engineer has developed two
Opposing copper coils encased in a single plastic case which
create a magnetic flux when energized. Shaped in the form
of a hollow pipe about a foot long and a foot in diameter, the
coils are hooked into an amplifier. The passage of a tagged
lobster through the pipe creates a pulse which can be used to
close a relay and activate a light, buzzer, or other warning
signal,

With an investment of about $5,000, it is thought that 10 ad-
ditional and more compact detectors could be built and placed
aboard commercial lobster vessels. Since lobsters have to
be culled and handled individually to detect the presence of
egg-bearing females, researchers believe it may be feasible
to ask that commercial catches be funneled through a detector
and that marked lobsters be put aside for further study.

In the past, scientists attempting to tag lobsters have used
various external devices which are lost when the crustacean
molts--about every year for adult males and every two years
for adult females. The younger lobsters shed their skeletons
even more frequently.

By tagging lobsters and returning them to their natural
habitat to be caught by commercial fishermen, scientists hope
to learn more about rates of growth, molting frequency, nat-
ural mortality rates, migratory patterns, and rates of har-
vesting--all on a long-term basis. In addition, the offshore
catch is subject to seasonal variations. Do lobsters merely
disperse over wide areas or do they travel to some other par-
ticular location? Such knowledge could be used to increase
catches and the new internal-tagging technique may help pro-
vide answers. The developer of the new tagging method has
cautioned, however, that more research is needed on the long-
term effects of the tags on lobsters. (University of Rhode Is-
land, August 23, 1964.)

Maine Sardines
CANNED STOCKS, JULY 1, 1964:

anners' stocks of Maine sardines on July 1, 1964, were
129,000 cases less than those on hand July 1, 1963, but were
140,000 cases above stocks on hand two years earlier on
July 1, 1962 (the pack for the 1961 season was exception-
ally small).

Carryover stocks at the canners’ level amounted to
about 622,000 cases on April 15, 1964, which is the tradi-
tional opening date of the Maine sardine packing season,
Carryover stocks amounted to 660,000 cases on April 15,
1963, but only 33,000 cases on April 15, 1962, following the
short-pack year.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors’
and Canners’ Stocks, July 1, 1964, with Comparisons

134,000
374,000

During April 15-July 25, 1964, the Maine sardine pack
totaled 315,750 standard cases, according to the Maine
Sardine Council. That was much less than the 728,988
cases packed during the same period of 1963, but consid-
erably larger than the 179,000 cases packed in the same
period in 1961 when fishing was extremely poor.

7/1/63

217,000
643,000

July 1, 1964.

In late July 1964, fishing conditions for Maine sardines
were favorable and the pack was expected to improve during
August,

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-JUNE 1964:

upplies of edible fishery products during
the first 6 months of 1964 were larger than in
the same period a year earlier. United States
holdings of fishery products in cold-storage
at the beginning of the year, together with in-
creased fishery products imports, more than
offset the lower fishery landings of the first
6 months in 1964. With retail prices some-
what lower than in the corresponding period
a year earlier, the domestic consumption of
fishery products rose slightly.

At midyear, stocks of edible frozen fishery
products were about 5 percent lower than for

Retailers waiting for their purchases in loading area in the salt-
water section of New York City's Fulton Fish Market.

the same period a year earlier. Cold-stor-
age holdings of fish sticks and portions, hali-
but and cod fillets, and steaks were down
considerably. But stocks of haddock fillets,
crabs (including crab meat), and raw head-
less shrimp were larger than on June 30,
1963.

United States consumption of fishery prod-
ucts will likely continue above a year earlier
throughout the summer and fall months. Al-
though present conditions point to lower do-
meStic fishery landings of some major spe-
cies--scallops, halibut, and ocean perch, in
particular--increasing imports are likely to
more than compensate for the decline. Mark-
ed increases over 1963 are anticipated in
the 1964 United States imports of tuna, scal-
lops, ocean perch, and cod fillets.

Retail prices for the balance of 1964, it is
believed, will continue at least as favorable
for consumers as last year. The retail food
price index for fishery products is expected
to average slightly below a year earlier dur-
ing the latter half of this year. Some slight
seasonal increase in prices may be expected
toward the end of the year.

Note: This analysis was prepared by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U.S. Department of the Interior, and published in
U.S. Department of Agriculture's August 1964 issue of the
National Food Situation (NFS-109).

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

BLACKBACK FLOUNDER STUDIES
AIDED BY DISCOVERY OF
DISTINCTIVE GROUP ON GEORGES BANK:
Blackback flounder do not usually migrate
great distances as many tagging experiments
have shown. How little they move about even
on offshore fishing banks was recently in-
dicated when one small area on Georges
Bank was discovered to harbor a substantial
percentage of abnormally pigmented black-
backs. When it turned out that almost all
were exactly the same age, 5 years, it was
even more apparent that the fish tend to stay
in one place. Current opinion is that color
abnormalities are the result of external fac-
tors and are not genetic. Oceanographic
data for 1959 are being carefully examined
for clues that may help explain the unusual
markings. The location of the isolated and
distinctive group of fish is considered a
timely discovery by the U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Woods Hole (Mass.) Bio-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

logical Laboratory which is attempting to de-
termine the origin of blackbacks on Georges
Bank.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 34.

North Pacific Exploratory
Fishery Program

HAKE DISTRIBUTION STUDY:

M/V “John N. Cobb™ Cruise 67 (August 10-
October 9, 1964): To study hake resources
off the Washington, Oregon, and northern Cali-
fornia coasts in depths from 35 to 100 fath-
oms was the purpose of this cruise by the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel John N. Cobb which left Seattle,
August 10, 1964, for 8 weeks of exploratory
fishing.

(ohn N. Cobb
ishing vessel,

U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
this past summer was studying the hake resources
off Washington, Oregon, and northern California.

The main objective of the cruise was to
investigate the bathymetric and geographic
distributions of the hake populations from
Cape Flattery, Wash., to northern California.
Secondary objectives were to attempt to as-
sess the magnitude of the hake resources in
those waters, and to collect pertinent data on
the environmental factors influencing the dis-
tribution and abundance patterns.

The method of operation included echo-
sounding transects to locate concentrations
of hake, and the use of various trawls to sam-
ple the density of the hake population when
located.

October 1964

PELAGIC TRAWL
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM:

M/V "St. Michael” Cruise 3: To evaluate
and modify a newly-designed multipurpose
pelagic trawl having very long wings ina con-
figuration similar to a lampara seine was the
purpose of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries chartered gear re-
search vessel St. Michael.

The vessel left Seattle, Wash., on August
17, 1964, for 4 weeks of operations in bay
and coastal waters. The cruise plan called
for underwater and surface observations and
measurements of the new trawl which is to
be developed for off-bottom, midwater, and
surface fishing. Actual fishing trials of the
net will be conducted during subsequent
cruises.

Oceanography

GULF OF GUINEA INVESTIGATIONS BY
RESEARCH VESSEL ''GERONIMO":

M/V ''Geronimo™ Cruise 4 (July 10-Nov-
ember 4, 1964): To continue oceanographic
studies in the Gulf of Guinea is the purpose
of this 118-day cruise by the research ves-
sel Geronimo, operated by the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, Washington, D.C. The studies to be
undertaken on this cruise will be along the
same lines as those conducted during Geron-
imo cruise 3 (January 15-May 15, 1964),
when she participated in EQUALANT III of
the International Cooperative Investigations
of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA).

Cruise 4 started on July 10, 1964, when
the vessel departed Norfolk, Va., with Dakar,
Senegal, scheduled as the first port of call
on July 27. The vessel's operational sched-
ule lists Abidjan, Ivory Coast, as the last
port of call on October 14, and return there-
after to the United States with arrival at
Washington, D.C., on November 4, 1964.

The objectives of this cruise are:

1. Extension of the current measurement
program in conjunction with biological and
environmental studies in the Gulf of Guinea.

2. Surveys of the distribution of schools
of tuna in surface waters of the Gulf of Guinea
and of related environmental parameters.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

3. Field training for staff technicians and
personnel detached from other activities.

4. Evaluation of new analytical instru-
ments and various anti-ocidants as stabilizers
of biological color in preserved plankton stud-
ies.

Schedule of Observations:
1. Norfolk, Va., to Dakar (July 10-27):

a. Equipment shakedown station will be occu-
pied in 1,000 fathoms of water east of Cape
Henry. Work will include bathythermograph
(BT) cast, 18 bottle hydrographic cast to
1,000 meters, current meter observation,
Neuston net haul, Clarke Bumpus haul.

b. A BT cast and surface salinity sample every
3 hours. An ASWEPS BT message will be
transmitted every 6 hours.

c. Weather observations every 6 hours, at 0000,
0600, 1200, 1800 GMT. All messages will
be transmitted as synoptically as practica-
ble.

d. While under way and during daylight hours, a
record will be maintained of the occurrence
of fish schools, birds, and mammals ob-
served at the sea surface.

e. A productivity station will be made at local
noon daily. Measurements will be made at
depths of 100, 50, 25, 10, 1 percent of in-
cident solar radiation. Phosphate and sa-
linity samples will be analyzed at each depth
sampled.

f. A 30-minute surface plankton tow with a one-
meter net to be made each midnight.

g. A 15-minute Neuston haul to be made just
preceding the productivity station at LAN
and each midnight following the meter-net
haul.

h. A two-hour nightlight station following the
plankton tows each midnight while in the
Sargasso Sea.

2. Dakar, Senegal, to Lagos, Nigeria--Tuna Survey
I (July 30-August 25):

a. Baiting: Search for suitable bait will begin
in the evening off the coast of Senegal. Lo-
cal sources of bait information will be uti-
lized. After adequate bait supplies have
been obtained, a 12-hour "settling down"
period will be allowed before proceeding to
survey area. If bait is not found the search
will be continued off the coast of Sierra
Leone. Surface water temperature and sa-
linity observations will be made wherever
bait is obtained.

b. Tuna surveys: These surveys will be con-
ducted during daylight hours, about 0600-
1800 each day. The search will follow an
‘in-out" pattern with lines extending south

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

from the 100-fathom curve for a distance of
about 90 miles, the transects beginning at
7°30" west longitude, being spaced at 30-
minute intervals and terminating at 3°30!
east. If bait is completely unavailable,
survey transects will be run using either
jigs or long line gear.

Samples of tuna from a maximum number of
schools are desired. Pole-and-line fishing
will be attempted on each school encounter-
ed. Jigs will be trolled continuously dur-
ing the tuna surveys. If the fish bite, fish-
ing will be broken off after 25 fish of each
species in the school are aboard. If thefish
do not cqme up to the vessel and start biting
after 2 passes, chumming will be broken off
and the survey résumed. It is not known at
what point in the survey that the initial sup-
ply of live bait may become exhausted. In
the event that this does occur, an attempt
will be made to replenish the supply of bait,
after which the survey will be. resumed.

Observations to be made upon successful
sampling of tuna schools will include:

(a) Fork length, sex, weight.

(b) Preserve 10 ovaries from among the
25 caught from each school sampled.

Supplemental observations during the tuna surveys:
(1) 0500-0600 BT and Nansen bottle cast.

(2) BT's every hour and at each fishing
station.

(3) Productivity station, hydrographic cast
and meter-net haul at local noon daily.

(4) BT cast, Nansen bottle cast, and meter
net haul 1800-1900 daily.

(5) Weather observations every 6 hours.

(6) At midnight a }-hour meter-net haul at
the surface.

(7) After the meter-net haul, two 15-minute
hauls. with the Neuston net.

(8) A two-hour nightlight station following
the net tows.

(9) Bathymetry. The EDO will be operated
at all times while under way. A time-
reference notation will be made on the
fathogram every half hour.

3. Lagos to Freetown, Sierra Leone (August 28-
Sembee 17):

a. A total of 30 stations will be occupied:

(1) BT casts before and after Nansen bottle
casts.

(2) 18-bottle hydrographic cast to 1,000
meters.

Vol. 26, No. 10

(3) At 13 of the hydrographic stations a cur-
rent meter will be lowered from the
vessel to 500 meters using an anchored
buoy as a reference.

(4) A one-half hour meter-net haul at the
surface.

(5) A 15-minute Neuston haul.

b. Between stations, BT casts and surface sa-
linity samples every hour.

(1) Weather observations every 6 hours.

(2) A productivity station daily at local ap-
parent noon.

(3) Bathymetry observations throughout.
(4) Nightlighting as opportunity affords.

(5) A transect of 6 depth Clarke Bumpus
hauls crossing the equator on a line
between 3° N. and 3° S.

(6) A 24-hour Clarke Bumpus station will
be occupied at a suitable location in
equatorial waters. C-B hauls at 6
depths will alternate with BT casts
throughout the period.

c. Additional shallow drogue observations will
be carried out as required to properly im-
plement the current meter observations.

4. Freetown to Abidjan (September 20-October 16):
Tuna Survey II will be a repeat of Tuna Surveyl.

5. Abidjan to Washington, D.C. (October 16-Novem-
ber ay

The same observational schedule will be fol-
lowed as during passage from Washington, D. C.,

to Dakar.
fote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 24; April
1964 p. 46.

* OK K KK

NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
VESSELS LAUNCHED BY U.S. NAVY:

The oceanographic research vessel Thomas
G. Thompson (AGOR-9) was launched July 18;
7964, at Marinette, Wis., bythe U.S. Navy. The
vessel is designed to be a floating laboratory to
be used in support of the National Oceanographic
Research Program. It willbe operated by the
University of Washington. The new vesselis
209 feet in overall length and displaces 1,370
tons.

KK KOK

The USNS Silas Bent was launched May 16,
1964, as the first of a series of five inter-
mediate-sized oceanographic vessels for the
U.S. Navy. The Silas Bent was designed pri-
marily to do surveying work programmed by
the United States Naval Oceanographic Office

October 1964

in both Arctic and tropical waters. The fore-
section of the vessel is sufficiently ice-
strengthened to navigate Arctic waters and
the vessel is air-conditioned throughout. The
principal dimensions of the vesselare: length
overall 285 feet; beam, maximum moulded,
48 feet; depth, moulded to main deck, 233
feet; and displacement, full load, 2,550 long
tons. Accommodations are provided for 12
officers, 32 crewmen, and 34 scientists.

The Silas Bent is powered by a single-
screw Diesel-electric propulsion system,
providing a sustained service speed of 15
knots, and an endurance of 12,000 miles at
12 knots. The principal machinery consists

of two 1,260 kw. Diesel generators coupled
to a single shaft through a 3,000-hp. motor.
The vessel also has a trainable and retract-
able bow propulsion unit that is capable of
moving or maintaining the vessel's position
in any desired direction while it is engaged
in oceanographic operations.

Launching of the Silas Bent at Loraine, Ohio.

Other features include a 15,000-pound
hydraulic anchor windlass, 12 electric winches
for handling scientific equipment, and an
articulated crane with a 2,500-pound capacity
at a radial outreach of 57 feet.

The Silas Bent has been named in honor
of a United States Naval officer who was a
pioneer in oceanographic work. As a lieu-
tenant, Silas Bent (1820-1887) was active in
survey work and served under Commodore
Matthew Perry on expeditions to Japan.

In charge of hydrographic surveying on
these expeditions, Lieutenant Bent's most
Significant achievement was to establish the
delineation and description of the Kuro Siwo
or Black Tide, the great northward-flowing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

stream in the Pacific Ocean, comparable to
the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic.

The Silas Bent is scheduled for completion
by July 1965. The vessel will be under the
operational control of the Military Sea Trans -
portation Service and under the technical con-
trol of the Naval Oceanographic Office. (Sea-
lift Magazine, August 1964.) a

Oregon

SALMON ESCAPEMENT AIDED BY
BRIEF INDUSTRIAL PLANT
SHUTDOWN AT WILLAMETTE FALLS:
-hour shutdown of operations at 2 in-
dustrial plants at Willamette Falls, Oreg., on
June 18, 1964, resulted in the escapement of
a substantial number of adult spring chinook
salmon that had been trapped in a cul-de-sac
on the west side of the river. An Oregon Fish
Commission biologist reported that 841 chi-
nook successfully negotiated the fish ladder
at the Falls following the shutdown on that day
as contrasted with only 39 fish passing the
previous day. The fishery scientist commend-
ed the industries for their cooperation in the
conservation effort. He said the companies
involved have agreed to the temporary shut-
down each season for many years despite the
considerable cost to them.

The cul-de-sac is a deep pocket or cove
located on the west side of the river just be-
low the falls. It has long been a problemarea
since water flowing into the pocket from in-
dustrial operations at the site creates a cur-
rent which attracts upstream migrating fish.
Many of the fish that are drawn there mill a-
bout endlessly, apparently unwilling to leave
the attractive current flowing from the in-
dustrial plants.

Shutting down the plants for a period of
time eliminates the cul-de-sac attraction thus
encouraging the fish to move out of the blind
alley. Much of the water that normally flows
through the plants and into the cul-de-sac is
diverted to the fish ladder or over the falls
in the immediate vicinity of the ladder during
a shutdown. This creates a stronger than
usual attraction flow that enables the fish to
much more readily locate the entrance to the
passage facility.

A tabulation of this season's spring chi-
nook run showed that 36,370 chinook had pass -

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ed over the ladder at Willamette Falls by
late June 1964. During the same period, the
sport chinook catch in the Willamette, from
the mouth of the Falls, andinthe lower Clack-
amas River totaled about 18,600 fish. The
total Willamette-Clackamas spring chinook
run was about 58,000 fish, including 3,000
escapement tabulated onthe Clackamas River.
The average run for the past 17 years has
been 50,000 spring chinook. (Oregon Fish
Commission, June 22, 1964.)

ect Za

EL) y
i ia ) f
x7 y Fendt aes

Oysters.

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS FOR 1964:

Information on oyster growth and related
data will again be issued this year in aseries
of reports by the Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory (Solomons, Md.) of the University of
Maryland Natural Resources Institute. In-
formation on spatfall, fouling of shells, oyster
growthand condition, oyster mortality, hydro-
graphic conditions, and general biological
information will be included. Following are
excerpts from Bulletin No. 1 of July 23,
1964:

The 1964 Spatfall: The program of con-
tinuous spatfall monitoring has been some-
what modified this year to increase its ef-
ficiency. With the cooperation and assist-
ance of the Department of Chesapeake Bay
Affairs, the Biological Laboratory is making
weekly collections of test cultch from select-
ed actual or potential seed areas. Whereas
in the past 25 test shells in a chicken wire
bag have been used as cultch, this year the

Oyster spat (magnified many times) on small pebble.

Vol. 26, No. 10

shells have been replaced by 43-inch square
plates of an asbestos composition board. Two
plates of that kind are exposed in specially-
designed wooden holders hung just above the
bottom at each station. Previous tests have
shown that the plates are attractive to the
Same organisms as oyster shells.

Each week the holders are changed and the
plates are brought to the Laboratory and ex-
amined under a microscope. Spat, as wellas
barnacles, blisters, and other associated
fouling organisms are counted, and tallied in
a systematic manner, thus showing when the
potential set reaches a peak in any given
area. With the use of the plates, it is possible
to count spat faster and with more accuracy
than before. Investigations have the addition-
al advantage of examining a precisely known
area of cultch.

Setting began late this spring, since the
water temperature took longer than usual to
reach the sustained high level required for
spawning. As of late July 1964, the set had
not reached the level of last season.

The 1963 Spatfall: The 1963 spatfall was
well above average in both intensity and range,
and proved to be the best general set in over
15 years. Most of the shell plantings were
highly successful and the seed areas produced
valuable seed. A few areas, such as Holland
Straits, were spotty and irregular. The St.
Marys River and the Wicomico tributary of
the Potomac River were both high producing
areas. Parts of Eastern Bay, Harris Creek,
Broad Creek, the Little Choptank River, and
Kedges Straits also exhibited high counts, as
did the Honga River. In the Potomac River,
the Jones Shore-Cornfield area was the site
of the highest set. Further up the Bay, even
the South River had a good strike, most of
which caught on mussel shells.

fotes: (1) For more detailed data write to the Chesapeake Biologi-
cal Laboratory, Natural Resources Institute, University of Mary-
land, Solomons, Md. ("Report of Maryland Oyster Observations

for 1964," Bulletin No. 1, July 23, 1964.)
(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1964 p. 33.

Radiation Preservation

PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
FOR IRRADIATED PRODUCTS:

major consideration in using radiation
to preserve fishery products is a selection of
suitable packaging materials in which the
product can be irradiated and marketed. Such

October 1964

materials must be nontoxic, must not be af-
fected by irradiation, and must protect the
product from oxidation and bacterial contam-
ination. In addition, the materials should be
relatively strong so that they will withstand
moderate to severe handling, must be easily
and effectively sealed and despite rough
handling must retain an effective seal, should
be inexpensive, and should be lightweight to
minimize shipping costs.

In view of those requirements, tests on
various types of plastic films are being con-
ducted by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Technological Laboratory at
Gloucester, Mass. Eight plastic films have
been investigated. The results indicate that
4 of the films--nylon 11, "'saran"' (coated
nylon 11), and 2 different polyolefin films
(coated polyesters)--are suitable in that they
meet the requirements described above.

Three films--polyethylene, polypropylene,
and nylon 6--were found to be poor oxygen
barriers. Those films allowed increased
bacterial multiplication during storage. That
was probably due to oxygen permeability.
Cellophane was found to be a good oxygen

barrier, but had poor sealing characteristics.

OK OK KK

MASSACHUSETTS FISHERY PRODUCTS
IRRADIATOR NEAR COMPLETION:

The Marine Products Development Irra-
diator being built adjacent to the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Technologi-
cal Laboratory at Gloucester, Mass., is ex-
pected to be ready for dedication about the
end of September. The facility will be oper-
ated as part of the research and development
program conducted in cooperation with the
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) by the
Bureau's Technological Laboratory at
Gloucester. When completed, the plant is
expected to operate on a near-commercial
scale, processing marine products at a rate
of up to one ton an hour using a 250,000-
curie cobalt-60 radiation source.

The plant will be the second largest co-
balt-60 food irradiator in the world with
special operating features enabling it to have
a production greater than any food irradiator
in operation elsewhere--or any known to be
in the planning stage. The largest is the
U.S. Army's irradiator at Natick, Mass.

The fishery products irradiator is being
built to demonstrate the feasibility of ex-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

tending the refrigerated storage life of fresh
fishery products as a part of the AEC radia-
tion-pasteurized food program.

The Bureau's Gloucester Laboratory has
been developing plans for consumer acceptance
tests of irradiated fishery products.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1963 p. 33.

Salmon

MARKING PROGRAM ON THE COLUMBIA
RIVER REVEALS MIGRATION PATTERNS:

Significant information on the Pacific mi-
grating habits of Columbia Rivér salmon is
being obtained by ''Operation Fin Clip," the
gigantic fish-marking program of the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Cooperating
State and Canadian fishery agencies report
that large numbers of the marked fish have
been taken by commercial and sport fisher-
men in the North Pacific.

"Operation Fin Clip," is designed to de-
termine the contribution made by Columbia
River hatcheries to the commercial and sport
catch of fall chinook salmon. It involves the
marking of approximately 32 million fish over
a 4-year period. The Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, which provides about $2 million a
year for the operation and maintenance of 22
State and Federal hatcheries on the Columbia
River and its tributaries, wants to find out
how much they contribute to the total fish
catch in order to decide whether it should
continue spending money on them.

A summary of the program to mid-1964
showed that a total of 2,223 three-year olds
had been recovered from the first 7.5 million
marked baby salmon which were released into
the River in 1962. The heaviest recoveries
were made off the west coast of Vancouver
Island, British Columbia. Large concentra-
tions of marked fish were also recaptured off
the Oregon and Washington coasts, while rel-
atively small returns were noted in California
and Alaskan waters. State and Canadian
agencies have stationed trained observers at
key spots to tabulate the marked fish as they
are brought in by sport and commercial fish-
ermen.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries plans
to expand the program this year by placing
recovery crews on all tributaries of the Co-
lumbia below the fish hatcheries. In addition,

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

efforts will be made to sample Indian catches
for marked fish. The crews expected to be-
gin their surveys late in the summer of 1964
when fall chinook start returning from the
ocean and begin running upstream to Spawn.
Other streams also will be surveyed to find
out whether there is any straying by the
hatchery-bred chinooks from the streams
where they were spawned.

To assess sport fishing intensity, anaerial
observer in a chartered plane will aid in
counting the number of sport fishermen on
the main Columbia River between the Dalles
Dam and Tongue Point near the mouth of the
River. There will also be a pole-count of
fishermen on the ground as well as a postal-
card survey.

Reports in early August 1964 indicated
that hatchery-marked fall chinook salmon
had begun entering the Columbia River.

KOK OK OK OK

NORTH PACIFIC MIGRATION STUDY
OFF WESTERN ALEUTIANS:

In a continuing Study on high-seas salmon
distribution and abundance in the North Pa-
cific, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries research vessel George B. Kelez left
Seattle in late Aguust 1964 for a 2-months
cruise off the western Aleutian Islands. The
main objectives of the cruise are: (1) to de-
termine the western extent and migration
routes of immature salmon known to pass
through the central Aleutian area each sum-
mer; (2) to compare catch rates and selec-
tion qualities of surface gill nets and floating
long lines; and (3) to test two sound (sonar)
systems for detecting salmon. Salmon speci-
mens taken during the cruise will also pro-
vide data for studies on the continental origin
of North Pacific salmon.

Primary interest during this cruise will
center on the area between longitudes 175° E.
to 165° E. (Attu Island to Komandorski Is -
land) and between latitudes 50° N. and 54°N.
This marks the first attempt of United States
research vessels to determine distributional
patterns and migration routes of salmon in
the central Aleutian area in the late summer
and early fall seasons.

Vol. 26, No. 10

School Lunch Program

NATIONAL SCHOOL LUNCH WEEK:

The week of October 11-17 was set aside
as National School Lunch Week by Presiden-
tial proclamation. Providing a lunch for 17
million youngsters every school day requires
a tremendous amount of food. Last year the
food bill totaled $876 million. Approximately
$688 million of that amount was spent in local
food markets.

School-lunch cafeteria serving fish.

For the year ending July 1963, school-
lunch purchases of fishery products amounted
to 44.9 million pounds valued at $21.8 mil-
lion, according to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture.

Shellfish

FIFTH NATIONAL SHELLFISH SANITATION
WORKSHOP TO BE HELD:

The U.S. Public Health Service will hold
the fifth National Shellfish Sanitation Work-
shop November 17-19, 1964, in Washington,
D.C. The meeting will bring together mem-
bers of industry and Government officials
who are concerned with shellfish sanitation.

The Workshop will open with a program
status report by the Director of the Oyster
Institute of North America and a report by a
representative of the U.S. Public Health
Service. Subjects to be presented and dis-
cussed at the Workshop include depuration
(cleansing), advances in shellfish culture,
imports, bacteriological standards, the use
of chemicals on or near shellfish growing
areas, a study of a hot dip process, and pro-

October 1964

posed changes in Parts I, II, and III of the
Shellfish Sanitation Manual. The Workshop
will conclude with a status report on shell-
fish sanitation research centers.

2K OK ok ok

NORTH PACIFIC INDUSTRY AFFECTED
BY RECENT DISASTERS:

The West Coast shellfish industry was af-
fected by 2 recent disasters--1naturalandthe
other manmade. Damage to 2 Washington
State commercial oyster beds as a result of
the tidal wave following the Alaskan earth-
quake is reported to be over $400,000. Sub-
stantial oyster seed plantings in California
waters a few weeks prior to the quake were
also reported swept away by the tidal action.

The Washington State razor clam industry
was adversely affected when a fuel barge
loaded with 56,000 barrels of Diesel oil and
gasoline ran aground at Moclips, Wash.,
March 12, 1964, during a coastal storm. Fuel
oil leakage destroyed the entire razor clam
population along an 8- to 10-mile strip of
beach.

OK OK OK

MAINE CONDUCTS RESEARCH
ON SANITATION:

n $11,988 research contract on shellfish
depuration (cleansing) has been negotiated
between the U.S. Public Health Service and
the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fish-
eries. The contract extends from April 15,
1964, through April 14, 1965, with research
to be performed at Boothbay Harbor and
Biddeford Pool, Maine. Studies of the flow
rate to determine the optimum water flow for
depuration of soft clams; the keeping quality
of shellfish that have undergone depuration;
and salinity acclimatization and its influence
on shellfish depuration are some of the pro-
jects that will be undertaken.

The Maine Department of Sea and Shore
Fisheries has also announced approval of the
construction of the first commercially- and
privately-operated clam depuration plant 1 in
Maine.

KOK OK XK

RECLAMATION PROJECT
IN NEW YORK STATE:

The New York Legislature has appropri-
ated a $50,000 revolving fund to the State

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Conservation Department for the purpose of
reclaiming shellfish from closed shellfish
areas. Initial harvesting operations were be-
gun in Flanders Bay (east end of Long Island)
on May 11, 1964, and by July 1964 some 6,000
bushels of clams had been harvested and sold
to various Long Island townships for redis-
tribution. The Marine Fisheries Sanitarian
in the New York Conservation Department
stated that the project has been highly suc-
cessful and that township officials welcome
this means of increasing their shellfish re-
sources.

In related action, the New York Legisla-
ture increased penalties for persons taking
shellfish from condemned areas. Maximum
fines are now $1,500 and confiscation of
equipment and/or 1 year imprisonment.

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP
SUPPLY INDICATORS, JULY 1964:

Item and Period | 1964 | 1963 1962 1961 [ 1960

. {1,000 Lbs, Heads-Off) .

Total landings, So, Atl. and Gulf States:

September = 18,045; 13,012) 9,691] 18,832
August 5 19,769) 12,340) 10,944| 20,441
July 15,000} 16,291] 12,294] 10,500) 21,746
June 11,197] 13,134] 11,309] 8,233] 12,427
January- May 27,790) 26,249) 20,838] 22,797| 24,348

January-December = 138,254/105,839] 91,395/141,035

+
Quantity canned, Gulf Sues is
September _ 3,697] 1,759 598| 2,222
August = 3,121] 1,355) 1,090] 4,427
July 2,080} 3,726) 3,551) 2,793) 5,802
June 4,170} 5,234] 4,913] 3,438] 6,920
January- May a 4,778| 2,625) 1,525) 2,114
January-December = 29,468] 23,322] 14,500] 26,394
yi | , A »
Frozen inventories (as of end of each mo,) 2/

September 30 = 27,356 13,361
August 31 = 24,803) 12,754) 12,728
July 31 - 25,460| 13,677] 14,849
June 30 25,546] 24,047) 13,796| 19,416
May 31 28,082| 24,053| 13,904| 24,696
April 30 28,524) 24,954] 15,637| 27,492
March 31 31,428] 27,970] 16,607) 31,345
Imports 3/:

September

August

July

June .
January- May
January~December

Bantam “57.9 90,9 701 1
August = 59.0 83.6 66.1
July 4/58-69 | 63.5 82,1 55.8
June 4/60- az 77.0 84,4 53.7
May 4/59- 69 80.9 83.7 52.8
April 4/57- 61 83.6 82,2 55.4
March 59.6 85.5 80,9 56.0

(Table SEs on next page. )

Item and Period | 1964 | 1963 1962 1961 1960

. .(¢/lb,, 26-30 Count, Heads-Off). .

Wholesale price, froz. brown (5-1b. pkg.), Chicago, Il.:
September = 73-77 |113-118) 87-90

65-70

August 7 75-81 |110-112| 76-91] 64-67
July 80-85 | 77-97 os 70-75] 72-77
June 80-85 | 95-102] 102-104] 67-72] 76-77
May 72-83 |100-103| 96-103] 67-69) 74-77
April 72-74 |100-105| 94-97 | 69-70] 74-75
March 72-75 |102-106| 94-95 | 69-71] 65-68

T/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by 30.3.
2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.
3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bureau
of the Census.
4/Range in prices at Tampa, Fla., Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville,
Tex., only.
Note: July 1964 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information pub-
lished daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to
head-on weight multiply by 1,68.

Trout,

RAINBOW TROUT EGGS FROM
AUSTRALIA HELP EXPAND
IDAHO FISH FARM PRODUCTION:

arge United States commercial trout
farm in Idaho imported 500,000 rainbow trout
eggs from Australia in 1963 to provide new
stock during that period of the year when
native American rainbow trout are not spawn-
ing.

An Australian consignment of 150,000eggs
and another of 117,000 eggs arrived in ex-
cellent condition from the Victorian Fisher-
ies and Wildlife Department, and the hatching
and survival rate was as high as 90 percent.
However, there was a 50-percent mortality
rate in the third shipment of 233,000 eggs in
October 1963. The losses were caused by
the heat and early hatching resulting from a
3-day delay in transit.

The trout hatched from the Australian
eggs were reared under the advanced methods
developed by the owner of the Idaho farm.
The 90 ponds at the farm are fed with flow-
ing water by an extensive underground lake
which gushes 250,000 gallons a minute at a
temperature of 58° F. all year. Trout at the
farm reach market size about a year after
hatching. They are fed a diet of fish meal,
yeast, whey, Soybeans, and alfalfa. The trout
are said to grow an inch a month on that diet.
Biologists at the farm regularly take blood
tests and samples to see that the fish are
free of disease and growing properly. After
harvesting, the trout are processed by an
eviscerating machine capable of cleaning

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

1,000 fish an hour. The farm also markets
live trout.

New breeding methods have been develop-
ed at the farm. A stock of rainbow trout has
been developed which spawn at the age of 2
years rather than 3 years, and the spawning
period is said to have been expanded from 3
to 9 months. The resources of the farm
should be further expanded by the addition of
the Australian trout. The farm has also de-
veloped a special strain of trout--a mutation--
and has engaged a computer specialist to
assess the prospects of line breeding the new
strain. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
May 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1964 p. 40.

United States Fisheries

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS,
JANUARY-JULY 1964:

e Unite ates catch of fish and shellfish in 1964,
mostly for the first 7 months (in some instances various
periods through August 9), was down about 42 million pounds
as compared with the same period in 1963. The decline

Fig. 1 - Baiting a lobster pot aboard a New England lobster
boat.

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

United States Commercial Fishery Landings of Certain
Species for Periods Shown, 1964 and 1963

Total
Species Period 1/1964 1963 1963

ae (200NTIGbs:). .0).= =) «
1,500 2,062 3,774
Cod:
Maine - 1,960
; 31,475
33,435
1,216
91,876
Total flounder........ 52,300 52,953 93,092
Haddock:
eM eater ol apes oe te 6 mos. 1,300 1,146 2,878
Mass. 3/....... OH tater 70,606] 106,075
Total haddock ........ 79,600 71,752] 108,953
Halibut: 4/ ae
TENS 2 gee 7 mos. 12,700 17,956 22,372
Wash. & Oreg. ... |7 "’ 6,200 8,268 11,871
atalihalibiitiod we. b snes 18,900 26,224 34,243
Herring, Maine.... 152,317
Industrial fish,
47,897
98,078
36,974
1,779,500
MARINE Toi a ence whom 63,905
oe Tae eS 28,954 44,387
<=
- Pe 59,070} 108,292
= oo Se es as 13,216
= 9,791 15,941
Shrimp (heads-on),
So. Atl. & Gulf , 7 mos. 84,800 88,522] 219,900
quid, Calif. 2/..... |6 mos. 5,700 6,676 7,942
Tuna, Calif. |. . to August 8
as 5.060 0 0 @ S 15,942

ee ork Ae a ; 64,571

Total whiting......... 28,617 38,716] 80,513]
Total all above
“Dy Seer, 1,726,917| 1,772,103] 3,327,352

249,983 247,224] 1,422,793]

Grandstotal”. 2 «co's 5s 1,976,900} 2,019,327) 4,750,145

G/Includes landings for species not listed.
Note: Finfish generally converted to round weight, crustaceans to weight in the shell,
and mollusks reported in meats only.

occurred principally in landings of menhaden, ocean perch,
Maine herring, jack and Pacific mackerel, and whiting. As
of August 21, the New England whiting catch was up sharply.
Menhaden landings to July 31, 1964, totaled 924.5 million
pounds--a drop of 40 million pounds as compared with the
Same period in 1963. The decline in menhaden landings was
limited to the Middle Atlantic area where the catch was only
one-third as large as in the same period the previous year.

vat

Fig. 2 - At Gloucester, Mass.,
iced ocean perch into a truck.

Pier.

Fig. 4 - Unloading tuna at a southern California dock.

Increased landings were reported principally for salmon
in Alaska, tuna, and haddock. On the basis of the reported
pack of canned salmon and fresh salmon sales to Japanese
freezerships, it was estimated that the catch of salmon to
August 9, 1964, totaled 217 million pounds--a gain of 46
million pounds as compared with the same period in 1963.

KKK KX

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS
PRODUCTION, APRIL-JUNE 1964;

United States production of fish sticks and fish portions
amounted to 39.9 million pounds during the second quarter
of 1964, according to preliminary data. Compared with the
same quarter of 1963, this was a decrease of 2,5 million
pounds or 5.9 percent. Fish portions (24.5 million pounds)

able 1 - U.S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
April-June 1964 1/

Total 2nd
Total 2nd G
Total 1st 6 months 1964 1/

1,242
975

33,940 2,766

Total 1st 6 months 1963 40,129 | 2,140 | 42.269
Total Jan.-Dec, 1963 74,132 5,163 79,29

./Preliminary.

Table 2 - U.S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,

2/ 1963

April-June 1964 and 1963
1/ 1964

[ie eT)
ini .

Preliminary
2/Revised.

Atlantic Coast States
Inland & Gulf States
Pacific Coast States

1/Preliminary.
2/Revised.

1/Preliminary.

Vol. 26, No. 10

Table 5 - U.S. Production of Fish Portions by Months and
Type, April-June 1964 1/

Breaded

Total 1st 6 mos,
1963

Total Jan-Dec,.
1963

Table 6 - U.S, Production of Fish Portions by Months,
1960-1964

. (1,000 Lbs.) .

| Table 4 - U.S. Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
April-June 1964 and 1963

| roti |S | 2aa57 | a2 [2,986]

Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
U.S. production, 1962-64.

were up 0.5 million pounds or 2.1 percent, while fish sticks
(15.4 million pounds) were down 3.0 million pounds or 16.3
percent,

Cooked fish sticks (14.2 million pounds) made up 92,0
percent of the April-June 1964 fish stick total. There were
24,1 million pounds of breaded fish portions produced, of
which 19,0 million pounds were raw. Unbreaded fish por-
tions amounted to 403,000 pounds.

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

The Atlantic States remained the principal area in the U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products,
June 1964 with Comparisons

production of both fish sticks and fish portions, with 11.3
and 15,6 million pounds, respectively. The Inland and Gulf
States ranked second with 2.4 million pounds of fish sticks
and 8,3 million pounds of fish portions, The remaining

2.4 million pounds of fish sticks and fish portions were pro-

duced by firms in the Pacific States, + «(Millions of Lbs.). .]. » (Millions of $). .
Fish & Shellfish:
aed Impo + « « | 38.4/35.21243,9/240.8]12.7)10.6/73.4|/69.7
: 3 Exports¢/. .. | 3.3] 2.0] 20.8] 16.6] 1.4] 1.0] 9.0
== 1/Includes only those fishery products classified by the U.S, Bu-
ons reau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs." Included are}
- canned, smoked, and salted fishery products, The only fresh
U.S. Foreign Tr ade and frozen fishery products included are those involving sub-
stantial processing, i. e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fillets,
and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp,
IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed
BRINE UNDER QUOTA: only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not otherwise
nited States imports of tuna canned in Pompe
. ‘ cludes fresh and frozen.
brine during January-August 1, 1964, amount-

ed to 21,726,482 pounds (about 1,034,600 on (principally to the United Kingdom) showed little change

A cet Soa from the previous month, There was a modest decline in ex-
standard cases), according to preliminary ports of canned squid due to smaller shipments to Greece,
data compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Customs.

This was substantially less (25.2 percent) Compared with the same month of the previous year, the
exports in June 1964 were up 65 percent in quantity and 40
than the 29,036,028 pounds (about 1,382,700 percent in value, This June there were larger shipments of
standard cases) imported during January 1- most of the leading canned fish export items except canned
August 3.1963 squid, Exports of canned salmon to the United Kingdom this
f A

June increased 319 percent from those in the same month a
year earlier,

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which

can be imported into the United States during Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 6

i months of 1964 were up 25 percent in quantity and 36 percent
the calendar year 1964 at the 123-percent in value from those in the same period of 1963, In January-
rate of duty is limited to 60,911,870 pounds June 1964 there were much larger shipments of canned mack-

e rel, Shipments of canned salmon, canned sardines in oil, and
(or about 2,900,565 standard cases of 48 7 canned shrimp were also higher, ‘but exports of canned sar-
oz. cans). Any imports in excess of that dines not-in-oil and canned squid were down sharply.

quota will be dutiable at 25 percent advalorem. | Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown were included in articles on "U, S. Im-
ports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products." Before October 1963, data showing "U, S.
Imports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufactured and crude products.
ke ok ok ok OK At present, a monthly summary of U.S. imports of crude or nonprocessed fishery prod=
? ucts is not a@ailable; therefore, only imports of manufactured or processed fishery prod=
ucts are reported, The import data are, therefore, not comparable to previous reports
of "U.S, Imports of Edible Fishery Products,"

eos eta “ia ems a ox ISHERY Fiery Products, The export data Es Sus alos Of mustolo tara vag tail Aart
" * manufactured or processe: ucts,

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1964 p. 45.

United States imports of processed edible fishery products
in June 1964 were up 3,2 percent in quantity and 12,4 percent
in value from those in the previous month, In June there were
larger imports of canned sardines not in oil, fresh and frozen ae ie oe oe ok
groundfish fillets, and most other fish fillet items (except sea
catfish fillets), The increase was almost offset by smaller

shipments of fish blocks and slabs, sea catfish fillets, and AIRBORNE IMPORTS OF FISHERY
canned albacore tuna in brine, PRODUCTS, JANUARY-APRIL 1964:

Airborne fishery imports into the United States in April
1964 were up 37,0 percent in quantity and 46,4 percent in val-
ue from those in the previous month due mainly to larger
shipments of shrimp, particularly from Venezuela,

Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in June
1964 were up 9,1 percent in quantity and 19.8 percent in val-
ue, This June there were larger imports of flounder fillets,
halibut steaks, swordfish steaks, yellow pike fillets, canned
oysters, and canned sardines in oil and not in oil, But there
was a considerable decline in arrivals of groundfish fillets
and blocks and slabs as a result of smaller shipments from
countries in Western Europe,

Total airborne shrimp imports in April 1964 consisted of
544,100 pounds of fresh and frozen raw headless and 34,247
pounds of unclassified shrimp, About 97 percent of the air-
| borne shrimp arrivals in April 1964 entered through the Cus-
toms District of Florida, The remainder entered through
the Customs Districts of New Orleans (La,) and Los Angeles
(Calif,).

In the first 6 months of 1964, imports were up 1,3 percent
in quantity and 5,3 percent in value from those in the same
period of 1963, During January-June 1964, there was a sharp
increase in imports of fish blocks and slabs, flounder fillets,
and yellow pike fillets, But there was a considerable decline
in imports of canned tuna, canned sardines, and canned crab
meat,

Airborne imports of shellfish other than shrimp in April
1964 included Caribbean shipments of 30,446 pounds of spiny
lobster products most of which entered through the Customs
District of Florida, with the remainder going to Puerto Rico,

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the
United States in June 1964 were up 27 percent in quantity
and 17 percent in value from those in the previous month due
to larger shipments of canned shrimp (increase mostly to
Canada and the United Kingdom), canned mackerel, and
canned sardines in oil and not in oil, Exports of canned salm-

Airborne finfish imports in April 1964 consisted mainly of
fish fillets from Mexico,

Total airborne fishery imports in January-April 1964 were
down 25,1 percent in quantity and 28,9 percent in value from

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW
U. S. 1/Airborne Imports of Fishery Products,
January-April 1964 with Comparative Data
=
| 1964 1964 | 1963
Product and April Jan.-Apr. Jan.-Apr.
Origin 2/ Oty + Qry.3/ | ValueS/
=
1,000 “ 1,000 US$
Lbs. Lbs. {1,000 Lbs, | 1,000
Fish:
Portugal = a 0.1 0.1 2 =
Mexico 23 8.0 108.8 30,4 99.2 31.1
British Honduras = = 1.8 0.4 30.6 7.6
Honduras = = 5 = 15.5 4.0
Japan 5 = = - 2.0 8.2
United Kingdom z z 1,7 3.2 1.1 2.7
Iran 5 2 = = 1,2 7.4
France 0,4 0.6 4,3 7.8 0.4 0.3
Israel a te 1.3 0.8 c =
Venezuela = oe 4.6 1.7 S =
Ireland 4 - = = 0.8 0.3
Denmark - = 0,2 0.1 — >
Canada = = 13.2 4,3 = =
Iceland = = 1.8) 1,2 = e
Spain 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 = =
== a= i
Total fish 30.5 9.2 138.6 50.6) 150.8 61.6
=|
Shrimp:
Guatemala =) o s = 101.5 53.9
El Salvador 57.0] 35.5 144.1 86.4) 145.2) 101.7
Honduras S : 5 ed 5.8 3.3
Nicaragua 24,5) 13.9 31.1 18,0] 193.4 61.6
Costa Rica 9.3 4.6 149.2 82,4) 284.0) 137.3
Panama 85.6] 51,7 335.2) 196.9} 607.7) 326.4
Venezuela 391.4] 194.7 |1,529.4) 661.3)1,464.8| 715.4
Ecuador = = = = 72,4 23.1
France 2 cl = = 2.6 0.9
British Guiana | 10.5 5.2 10.5 5.2 = =
Total shrimp 578.3| 305.6 |2,199,5|1,050,2| 2,877.4 |1,423.6
as st
Shellfish other than shrimp: [
Mexico eS 2 9,0 4.8 70.9 41.5
British Honduras 15.2 3.4 82.8 50.4 98,2 76.4
El Salvador = = < = 5.0 3.6
Honduras = > 8.4 8.6 1.6 0.8
Nicaragua 10,3 9.1 50.5 40.0 47.8 37.9
Costa Rica = = 9.3 9.5 73.8 60,1
Jamaica 11.6] 10.0 43.6 36.2 44,3 33.4
Netherlands Antilles > ° o = 29,1 18.3
Colombia = = 2 = 2.9 4.5
Ecuador = > = = 2.2 1.8
Tunisia > - = = 0.5 0.6
British Guiana 2 = 8.6 1.6 1.7 0.3
Canada = e 1,2 0.9 1.8 0.7
Venezuela Fs = = = 13.7 6.0
Dominican Republic 3.1 0.5 3.6 0.6 6.2 5.0
Bahamas 4.1 3.7 10.6 6.8 = S
Haiti 1,3 0.7 4,0 2,1 = =
| Other countries 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.5
Total shellfish i
(excl, shrimp) 45.8] 27.6 231.8] 161,7| 401.3) 291.4] °
Grand total 654.6| 342.4 | 2,569.911,262.5) 3,429.5/1,776.6)
fmports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and are
included. But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade
between United States possessions are not included,
2/When the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown. :
3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture con-
a/Fio.b. point of shipment. Does not include U. S. import duties, air freight, or insurance.
5/Less than 50 pounds. 4
te: These data are included in the overall import figures for total imports, i.e., these imports
are not to be added to other import data published.
Source: United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, April 1964, U. S. tee |
of the Census.

——

those in the same period of 1963, The decline was due to
smaller shipments of shrimp and spiny lobster tails.

The data as issued do not show the state of all products--
fresh, frozen, or canned--but it is believed that the bulk of
the airborne imports consists of fresh and frozen products,

Vol. 26, No. 10

Wholesale Prices

EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH,
AUGUST 1964:

The wholesale price index for edible fish and shellfish
(fresh, frozen, and canned) dropped 1.1 percent from July to
August 1964 mainly because of lower fresh and frozen shrimp
prices. August prices for other fresh fishery products and
canned fish were invariably higher or remained at the same
level as in July except for lower prices on ex-vessel large
haddock and frozen ocean perch fillets. At 105.4 percent of
the 1957-59 average, the index this August was lower by
only 0.1 percent from the same month a year earlier. Lower
prices for a number of fresh and frozen fishery products
this August than in August 1963 were offset by higher prices
for fresh and frozen shrimp, fresh halibut, and most of the
canned fish items.

A decline of 0.3 percent from July to August in the sub-
group index for drawn, dressed, or whole finfish was the
direct result of lower ex-vessel prices at Boston for large
haddock (down 6.0 percent). August prices for western fresh
halibut at New York City rose 3.7 percent from the previous
month because of a drop in seasonal Pacific Northwest hali-
but landings, and those prices were up 7.8 percent as com-
pared with August 1963. Prices this August were higher than
in July for Great Lakes fresh yellow pike (up 5.9 percent),
but were unchanged for other items in the subgroup. As com-
pared with August 1963, all items in the subgroup except hali-
but were lower-priced this August and the subgroup index
was down by 1.2 percent.

The subgroup index for processed fresh fish and shellfish
in August 1964 was down 4.2 percent from the previous month.
Lower prices for South Atlantic fresh shrimp (down 8.9 per-
cent) at New York City were largely responsible, but prices
for fresh haddock fillets at Boston rose (up 2.9 percent). As
compared with the same month a year earlier, the subgroup
index this August was lower by 3.3 percent because of lower
prices for haddock fillets and shucked standard oysters,
while fresh shrimp prices were 9.3 percent higher than in
August 1963.

From July to August, prices dropped for ocean perch
fillets (down 1.7 percent) at Boston and frozen shrimp (down
4.1 percent) at Chicago, and the subgroup index for frozen
fish and shellfish dropped 2.4 percent. Prices for other fish
fillets in the subgroup were unchanged from the previous
month. As compared with August 1963, the subgroup index
this August was higher by 1.1 percent because of higher
prices for frozen shrimp and haddock fillets.

The subgroup index for canned fishery products was up
0.9 percent from July to August as a result of price increases
for canned tuna (up 0.5 percent) and canned Maine sardines
(up 5.7 percent). Because of intensive acne demand
for tuna was up but price increases in August were nominal
and confined only to certain packers’ brands. But canned tuna
prices in the aggregate were 6.2 percent higher this August
than in the same month of 1963. Higher prices for canned
Maine sardines generally stemmed from the relatively light
1964 season pack. As of August 29, the new pack was 525,000
cases--substantially less than the pack of 1.3 million cases
for the same period in 1963. Prices for canned pink salmon
this August were unchanged from the previous month, but
supplies will continue liberal. The total Alaska salmon pack
this year was about 3.4 million cases as of the end of August,
with pink salmon accounting for more than half of the total.
The subgroup index this August was lower than in August 1963
by 1.5 percent. Prices for all items in the subgroup were
above those of a year earlier, but canned pink salmon prices
were 7.3 percent lower because of liberal supplies.

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, August 1964 with Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices1/ Indexes
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit (2) as (1957-59=100)
Aug. | July Aug. June 13s
1964 1964 19 1964 | 19
ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). . 2... ee eet ee ee es 105.4 | 106.6 105.6| 105.5
Fresh & Frozen PROGUCtS sie fs Tvs, ciis! Wi Nc ie wove si ee we «+--+ | 106.9 | 109.3 | 107.8] 108,0
rawn, OF Ea Ty a a Pe al oe 114,6 | 114.9 | 106.3] 16,0 _)
H , ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... . . Boston 5 1 aa R 84.6
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. |New York FE A2 A0
Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. |New York 4 93 +93
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh. .... - Chicago b 53 53
Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh ie 54 51

Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh
Oysters, Simcked, standards. ......--

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish. eC ine Cig ik a ee ee |
Fillets, heldceh, sml., skins on, 20-Ib. tins . .[Bo 3

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfishy. .........+.+......+.-+...
Fillets: Flounder, ess, L-Ib. pkg.
Haddock, smi., skins on, 1-1b, pkg.
Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1-Ib, pkg.
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5=lb. pkg.. .

Canned Lai Rb ee wwe eter eile temas eelee cel Mote Se Binterre ice etek e Vad Me
Salmon, » No. (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, . . .[Seattle cs. | 22.25 | 22.25
Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 0z.),
ARICANS(ES Ma. WkGch «| Meidisd ooetisys ol «2 6 Los Angeles} cs. | 11,66 | 11.50 | 102.6 | 102.1 | 102.1] 96.6
Mackerel, jack, Calif., No.1 tall (15 oz.),
A8icans/sc.'. 2... « Riis Petees otc ies Me LosAngeles| cs. | 6.25 | 6.25 | 105.9 | 105.9 | 105.9] 97.5
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
MS0/4'ORs), MOURNS CR as 6 lems te cl es ae ew York cs. |_ 9,31 | 8.81 119.4 | 113.0 | 113.0{ 104.0

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 16th of the month occurs, These
~ prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices.

ED
SHRIMP FARMING

The idea of shrimp farming, or cultivation of shrimp under controlled conditions in
salt- or brackish-water ponds, has aroused much interest in the United States in recent
years. Shrimp appear particularly desirable forartificial cultivation because of their rap-
id growth andhigh market value. In addition to their worth as human food, shrimp are in
great demand seasonally as live bait for sport fishing.

Methods used in shrimp farming take advantage of the ability of certainshrimp tosur-
vive and grow rapidly in shallow estuarine waters. By constructing ponds, the shrimp
farmeralters the natural environment so thatthe poundage of shrimp normally harvested

from the estuarine areas is greatly increased. It is anticipated that by proper timing, a
shrimp farmer may control the development of his stocks, so that abundant live-bait shrimp
of appropriate size can be harvested at the peak of demand.

The culture of shrimp and other marine animals is an important industry in certain
maritime countries of Southeast Asia. Shrimp farming in the United States is still in its
infancy, however, and extensive research is required to determine its biological and ec-
onomic feasibility.

Note: Shrimp culture as it is practiced in Southeast Asia and possible application of techniques developed there to shrimp farming
= = United States are discussed in Fishery Leaflet 551, "Shrimp Farming," U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington,

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 10

International

FISH MEAL

PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR
SELECTED COUNTRIES,
JANUARY -MAY 1963-1964:

Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza-
tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of
fish meal. The FEO countries are Chile, Angola, Iceland,
Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa, Produc-
tion and exports of fish meal by FEO countries during Janu-
ary- May 1964 were up substantially from that same period
of the previous year.

Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries
of the FEO, January- May 1963-1964

(Country

WARIO, Gubooo soos

So. Africa (including

S.-W. Africa) .....

Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries
of the FEO, January- May 1963-1964

Country

So. Africa (including |
S.-W. Africa) .....

1/Data not available. Chile became a Sembee of FEO at the = of 1963.
2/Data not reported. January 1964 exports were 4, 800 tons; January 1964 production was|
5, 600 tons.

During the first 5 months of 1964, Peru accounted for 69.2
percent of total fish-meal exports reported by FEO countries,
followed by Norway with 9.9 percent, South Africa with 9.4
percent, Chile with 6.5 percent, and Iceland with 5.0 percent.
(Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, July 15, 1964.)

Kk KK *

WORLD PRODUCTION, APRIL-MAY 1964

AND JANUARY -MAY 1964:

World fish meal production in April 1964 held steady at
about the same level as in the previous month and then moved
somewhat lower in May 1964, according to preliminary data
from the International Association of Fish Meal Manufac-
facturers, The modest decline in May 1964 was due mainly to
a drop in output in Peru, Norway, and Iceland, which was
partly offset by rising production in the United States.

World Fish Meal Production by Countries,
January- May 1963-1964

RRS

33,812| 32,193
2/36,612|2/50,970

1/Data not available.

2/Revised.

3/Data available only for January 1964.

Note: Japan does not report fish meal production to the International Association of Fish
Meal Manufacturers at present. Chile and Morocco did not report production prior to
1963.

World fish meal production in the first.5 months of 1964
was considerably above that in the same period of 1963, The
increase was due largely to expanded production in Peru
which accounted for about 61 percent of world output during
January- May 1964. There was also a noticeable increase in
Norwegian and South African production in January- May 1964,
The gain was offset partly by a sharp drop in Canadian and
United States output,

Most of the principal countries producing fish meal sub-
mit data to the Association monthly (see table),

KOK KKK

WORLD TRADE, 1958-1963:
World exports of fish meal, including fish solubles and
similar products, reached a record level in 1963, reflecting
increased shipments from all major suppliers except Angola

(table 1).

October 1964

International (Contd.):

Table 1 - Fish Meal L/ Exports from Specified Countries,

1958-1963 and Average 1955-59
Average
Country 2/1963 1962 1961 1960 | 1959 1955-59
hele s'6 oFe,s ss ste (1,000 Short Tons) ...........
Canada 3/ 56.7 48.2 40.6 35.5] 46.9] 29.3) 44.3
Argentina 3.5 1.7 3 atl es ey E 1.9
Chile 95.7 80.3 45.8 26.6) 19.1 = 10.0
Peru 1,278.4) 1,175.0} 838.4] 571.3/306. -4) 109.1
Belgium 3.4 6.4 4.2 4.7 3 " 2.4
Denmark 3/ 74.5 68.0 47.1 35.4 rd 54.8
Faroe Islands 1.9 2.2 1.2 oi) Art 2 6
France 2.0 17 3.7 4.6 8 fs 4/1.1
West Germany 6.0 9.5 9 Gr, 18:0] 8:5] 956.8
Iceland 114.8 76.8 78.0 60.5] 48.7] 60. 42.1
Netherlands 3.9 6.6 5.2 6.2} 9.2) 6. 6.7
Norway 113.9 65.9] 141.6] 112.4) 98.3)118. 148.0
Portugal 8 2.9 5.0 2.5 6 Me 1.3
weden 3 3 6 Pg tee a “S)
U.S.S.R. 5/4.0 4.1 5.4 4.4) 5.3) 4. 4.1
ngola 30.8 35.9 55.5 49.7] 56.5) 89. 72.8
IMorocco 21.9 17.6 20.9 15.3] 16.0) 18. 13.0
o, Africa Re-
public 3/6/ 235.8 228.7 186.7 139.7/110.1
Pana ts 4.0 20.0 5.3 6.9] 26.5 im c
2,052.3 | 1,851.8 | 1,486.4 | 1,083.3/836.6 664.7] 614.2 |
V solubles and similar products.
2/Preliminary.

3/Includes fish solub.es.

4/1957 -59 average.

S/Estimate.

G/Includes the production of South-West Africa.

Table 2 - Fish Meal Imports into Specified Countries, 1958-1963 and
Average 1955-59

regi Average
1962 1961 1960 | 1959] 1958/1955-59

cL etanag a pikes chete 6 (1,000 Short Tons)......see->
3.0 4 5 By = = =
30.7 22.1 13.6 16.8] 10.4) 4.0 3.9
386.5 255.8 221.4 133.5]147.3}109.0} 107.7
2.8 1.8 6 6 = = Zz
16.6 14.6 12.9 4.8) 5.0] 2.8 2.9
33.4 30.9 26.5 24.0) 14.1) 16.1 12.7
56.6 62.8 44.0 54.8] 32.9) 31.0 24.7
13.6 Lvs 30.6 20.8] 14.8] 12.0 12.8
8.0 17.8 UK Biri 7.2) 3.9) 3.8 3.3
84.3 90.9 66.4 35.1] 43.9) 46.5 30.5
332.4 365.8 295.3 212.6/166.1)137.0) 128.1
8.2 5.8 4.8 4.4) 4.3] 5.0 3.4
67.5 53.6 34.3 33.7) 14.6) 15.9 10.7
193.7 190.2 178.9 150.3}110.1) 92.5 88.0
33.1 17.3 11.8 Mell) wee) eee 2.1
84.1 41.5 14.6 10.2) = 2.7 1.4
33.0 26.1 24.5 19.3] 20.6) 12.6 13.7
32.0 31.4 27.4 30.5] 17.0] 14.6 14.0
United Kingdo: 310.5 305.0 186.3}164.7|127.0) 127.2
Yugoslavia 3/24.7 ae 13.9] 8.1] - 1.8
Rhodesia/ -

Nyasaland 5.4 4.7] 5.3} 5.4) 4/4.9
5/11.0 17.7} 13.3} 22.3) ~14.3
~ 42.4 21.4) = = -

16.8 11.6] 6.8) 5.0 3.6
6.9 3.3] 5.4] 3.8 3.8
|2/Includes small amounts of meat meal.

|3/January -September.
4/Estimated.
'S/January-June.

Fish meal is a high-protein concentrate that contains the
amino acids necessary to good animal nutrition. As animal
feed, it is usually incorporated in balanced mixtures of veg-
etable substances to which minerals and vitamins are added.
The bulk of fish meal production is used in poultry and hog
rations and, when prices are competitive with other protein
concentrates, in other livestock rations.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

In general, exports of fish meal follow the pattern of pro-
duction as the greater part of the output is exported in major
producing countries such as Peru, South Africa Republic,
Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Angola, and Morocco. The main
exceptions are the United States, Japan, and the Soviet Union
where virtually all the production is retained for domestic
use.

There has been a marked change in the regional pattern of
world exports. Prior to 1959, Europe was the leading export-
ing region but with the rapid development in the productive
capacity for fish meal in other parts of the world, South
America has become the leading exporting region and Africa
has emerged as an important source of supply. Exports from
North America continue, as in the past, almost entirely from
Canada. Asian exports are insignificant compared with those
from other regions.

Peru continued as the leading fish meal supplier in 1963.
By areas of destination the percentage distribution of Peruvian
fish-meal shipments in 1963 was as follows: Western Eu-
rope 61.2 percent; North and South America 25.0; Eastern
Europe 7.0; Asia 6.4; and Oceania 0.4 percent.

Record quantities of fish meal were shipped from the
South Africa Republic in 1963. Western Europe absorbed
56 percent of South African fish-meal exports in 1963, fol-
lowed by Asia with 18 percent, Eastern Europe with 14 per-
cent, North and South America with 5 percent, Africa with
3 percent, and Oceania with 2 percent.

Exports of fish meal from Norway and Iceland increased
significantly in 1963. Virtually all shipments from both those
countries in 1963 went to other Western European countries,
except for small quantities (about 14 percent in 1963) which
were sold to Eastern Europe.

Chile's experts of fish meal, which have been increasing
steadily in recent years, totaled a record 95,700 tons in 1963.
Chilean fish-meal exports in 1963 were mainly to Western
Europe which took 60 percent of the total. Of the remainder,
North and South America accounted for 37 percent, Eastern
Europe 2 percent, and Asia 1 percent.

The greater part of the fish-meal shipments from Den-
mark, Angola, and Morocco goes to Western Europe except
for small quantities (about 12 percent in 1963) going to East-
ern Europe. Over 80 percent of Canadian exports of fish
meal in 1963 went to the United States, and most of the re-
mainder went to the United Kingdom.

Most of the increase in world supplies of fish meal since
1959 has been absorbed by Western European countries and
oy the United States, now the world’s leading fish-meal im-
porter. Increased imports have also been recorded by coun-
tries in South and Central America, Asia, and Eastern Europe.

Combined imports in 1963 by leading fish-meal buyers in-
creased considerably over 1962 (table 2). Purchases by the
United States rose 130,700 tons, and those by Japan, Spain,
Yugoslavia, Italy, and Poland rose collectively by 144,400
tons. Those increases more than offset reduced purchases
by West Germany, Finland, France, Belgium, and Denmark.

In Eastern Europe, estimated purchases of fish meal by
East Germany fell to 80,000 tons in 1963 from 102,000 in
1962. Imports into Czechoslovakia and Hungary, however,
increased in 1963 to an estimated 17,500 and 20,500 tons,
respectively, from an estimated 17,000 and 16,500 tons in
1962. (World Agriculture Production and Trade, July 1964.)

3K OK OK OK

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS'
FIFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE:

The Fifth Annual Conference of the International Associa-
tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers will be held in Vienna, Aus-
tria, September 29-October 2, 1964,

International (Contd.):

The Association, which was formed in 1959, is arecognized
international body representing the world fish meal industry as
a whole, and is designed to promote cooperation among all man-
ufacturers. It thus provides a forum for discussions between
producers, many of whom are also engaged in foreign trade,
and experts who are concerned with the many commercial
promotional, scientific, and technical problems affecting the
industry.

Over 100 delegates from the 17 member countries, as well
as official observers from Japan, Mexico, and Argentina, were
expected to attend the Vienna Conference. In addition, agents,
importers, and brokers who are interested in fish meal mar-
keting were invited to attend the opening and closing sessions,
and to be present as observers ata special working session,

Member countries, all of whom were expected to send dele-
gates to the Conference, are: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Den-
mark, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Iceland, Mo-
rocco, Norway, Peru, Portugal, So, Africa Republic, Spain,
Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Organizations and agencies which were tobe represented at
the Conference include the Fishmeal Exporters Organization
(FEO), with which the Association cooperates on promotional
and similar matters; the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, which is actively engaged in research on fish protein
concentrate for human nutrition; and the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

Fish meal is easily incorporated as a high-grade protein
ingredient in animal feeds, particularly for intensively reared
stock such as poultry and pigs, Fish flour or fish protein con-
trate for human consumption may become an important factor
in combating malnutrition. In those and other activities the
Association cooperates with FAO; the Unitea Nations Children's
Fund (UNICEF); and the Freedom from Hunger Campaign.
The Association also cooperates with groups such as the Eu-
ropean Federation for Animal Technology (FEZ) and other
regional bodies such as the Expert Committee in the Euro-
pean Economic Community. (International Association of
Fish Meal Manufacturers, July 1964.)

MARINE OIL

WORLD PRODUCTION, 1963:

In 1963, world production of marine oils
(excluding seal oil) totaled an estimated
1,071,500 short tons, 16 percent below that
of the previous year. Production of baleen
whale oil and fish oil declined by an estimated
109,700 and 94,200 tons, respectively. Sperm
oil production, however, rose 5 percent in
1963.

World Marine Oil Production, 1961=63
i eee

. . « «(1,000 Short Tons). ....

1/Preliminary.

The production of seal oil in 1963 is esti-
mated at 3,600 tons, compared with an esti-
mated 4,600 tons produced in 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHING IN
AREA 3A ENDED AUGUST 19, 1964:

Fishing in Pacific halibut Area 3A ended
at 6 p.m. (P.S.T.) on August 19, 1964. The
International Pacific Halibut Commission an-
nounced the closure on July 31, 1964, since it
estimated that by August 19 the catch limit of
34 million pounds for Area 3A would be reach-
ed. Area 3A includes waters off the coast of
Alaska between Cape Spencer and Kupreanof
Point (near the Shumagin Islands). There will
be no halibut fishing in Area 3A after August
19, 1964, until the area is reopened in 1965.

This year Area 3A was open to fishing for
110 days--18 days more than the 92-day sea-
son in 1963. In 1962, the area was open to
fishing for 94 days, in 1961 for 105 days, in
1960 for 85 days, in 1959 for 92 days, and in
1958 for 119 days.

North Pacific halibut landings by United
States and Canadian vessels for 1964 through
July 31, 1964, were: 14.4 million pounds in
Area 2; 26.3 million pounds in Area 3A; 2.1
million pounds in Area 3B South; 359,000 pounds
in Area 3B North; and 1.5 million pounds in
Area 3B North Triangle. Total United States
and Canadian landings as of July 31, 1964, to-
taled 44.7 million pounds as compared with
56.7 million pounds for the same period of
1963.

There has been no announcement concern-
ing the closure of any of the other North Pa-
cific halibut fishing areas which are subject
to quota limitation. The North Pacific halibut
fishing regulations for 1964 provide that the
season in Area 2 shall terminate at the time
of the attainment of a catch limit of 25 million
pounds or on September 15, whichever is ear-
lier; fishing in Area 3B South shall terminate
at the time of the attainment of a catch limit
of 4 million pounds or on October 15, which-
ever is earlier; fishing in Area 3B North (with-
out catch limit) shall terminate on October 15;
and the season in Area 3B North Triangle shall
terminate at the time of the attainment of a
catch limit of 6,393,340 pounds or on October
15, whichever is earlier (the catch limit in
Area 3B North Triangle is to be shared be-
tween the United States, Canada, and Japan).

The halibut catch during the 1964 season in
Area 2 and the Bering Sea areas has been sub-
stantially below that during the previous sea-

October 1964

International (Contd.):

son. Those developments were considered
at a special meeting of the International Pa-
cific Halibut Commission on June 4, 1964.
Following the meeting it was announced that
the catch-limit area of the Bering Sea was
tentatively scheduled for complete closure
during 1965 and that North Pacific halibut
fishing off the United States and Canadian
coasts would be closely surveyed to deter-
mine if further restrictions would be re-
uired,.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1964 p. 49.

INTER-GOVERNMENTAL MARITIME
CONSULTATIVE ORGANIZATION

PANEL OF EXPERTS ON STABILITY
OF FISHING VESSELS HOLDS FIRST
SESSION IN LONDON, JULY 13-17, 1964:

A Panel of Experts on Stability of Fishing Vessels has been
established by the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO). The action was taken following the third
IMCO Assembly, which resolved that '"IMCO should continue
its studies on the stability of fishing vessels with all possible
speed.'' The Panel will serve as a Subsidiary body to the
Working Group on Intact Stability of Ships, which is already
concerned with stability studies of all types of ships including
fishing vessels.

The object of the Panel as defined at its first session, July
13-17, 1964, in London is "to collect and study data, instigate
further research, and disseminate information and recom-
mendations on the stability of fishing vessels of different types
and dimensions, with the ultimate object of establishing cri-
teria for judgement of stability, and to insure that the master
is furnished with adequate and understandable information for
his guidance."

The first session of the Panel of Experts was attended by
representatives of Denmark, West Germany, Finland, France,
Iceland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden,
U.S.S. R., United Kingdom, United States, and bya representa -
tive of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations.

The Panel agreed upon the following terms of reference:

1. To classify fishing vessels without limitation of size
in different groups with regard to dimensions, type,
fishing methods, and operating areas for the purpose
of the studies to be carried out by the Panel.

2. To study and analyze casualty records of fishing ves-
sels from different groups which have foundered or
suffered dangerous heeling.

3. To collect, analyze, and compare existing national
stability requirements, recommendations, and cri-
teria for fishing vessels together with supporting in-
formation about the principles involved.

4. To compile on a uniform basis intact stability calcu-
lations (with curves) for different groups of fishing
vessels, using parameters already established by the
Working Group on Intact Stability of Ships, and using
actual conditions of loading as practiced in specific
fisheries.

5. To formulate recommendations with regard to stabil-
ity criteria to be used for fishing vessels of the dif-
ferent groups.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

6. To investigate the possibility of establishing simple
methods to be used in judging the stability of small
fishing vessels.

7. To investigate the desirability of establishing mini-
mum freeboard requirements for fishing vessels.

8. To formulate recommendations with regard to water-
tight integrity and constructional details of fishing
vessels which affect stability such as hatches, super-
structures, binboards, freeing ports, safety releases,
etc.

9. To investigate the possibility of standardizing assump-
tions with regard to wind and wave forces applicable
to fishing vessels and to cooperate with the Working
Group on Intact Stability of Ships in the researchnec-
essary to verify those assumptions.

10. To develop proposals for appropriate simple operating
guidance to fishing crews regarding stability, avoid-
ing as far as possible the necessity of making calcu-
lations at sea.

11. To collect information on present theoretical inves -
tigations and research work regarding the stability
of fishing vessels and their general behavior at sea
insofar as this affects stability.

12. To establish a long-range research program on the
stability of fishing vessels and their general behav-
ior at sea insofar as this affects stability.

13. To consider operational practices which have an un-
favorable effect on the intact stability of fishing ves-
sels and to recommend reasonable and practicable
precautions which would prevent the reduction in
stability or to keep it within acceptable limits.

At the London meeting, the Panel of Experts considered
what work could be started immediately under those terms
of reference. As a result, some members volunteered to
carry out certain studies and report to the Panel at its next
session. The Panel also prepared the following preliminary
Suggestions concerning fishing vessel stability:

1. All doorways and other openings through which water
can enter into the hull or deck houses, forecastle,
etc. should be suitably closed in adverse weather con-
ditions, and accordingly all appliances for that purpose
should be kept on board in good condition.

2. Hatchcovers and flush deck scuttles should be kept
properly secured when not in use during fishing.

3. All porthole deadlights should be maintained in good
condition and securely closed in bad weather.

4. All fishing gear and other large weights should be
properly stowed and placed as low as possible.

5. Particular care should be taken when pull from fishing
gear might have a bad effect on stability--for example,
when nets are hauled by powerblock or when a trawl
net snags on the bottom.

6. Gear for releasing the deck loadin fishing vessels
carrying their catch on deck should be kept in good
working condition for use when necessary.

7. Freeing ports provided with closing appliances should
always be capable of functioning and should not be
locked, especially in bad weather.

8. When the main deck is prepared for a deck load by
setting up pound boards, there should be slots of suit-
able size between the pound boards to allow easy flow
of water to freeing ports in order to prevent the trap-
ping of water.

9. Never carry fish in bulk without first being sure that
the portable divisions in the holds are properly in-
stalled.

International (Contd.):

10. At any one time keep the number of partially filled
tanks to a minimum.

11. Observe any instructions given regarding filling of
water-ballast tanks, but always remember that slack
tanks can be dangerous.

12. Any closing devices provided for vent pipes to fuel
tanks should be secured in bad weather.

13. Reliance on automatic or fixed steering can be dan-
gerous as it prevents quick maneuvers which may be
needed in bad weather,

14. Be alert to all the dangers of following or quartering
seas, If excessive heeling or yawing occurs, reduce
speed as a first precaution.

15. In all conditions of loading, necessary care should be
taken to maintain a seaworthy freeboard.

16. Pay special attention to icing of a vessel and reduce

it by all possible means.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

POSITION ADOPTED ON
FISHING INDUSTRY SUBSIDIES:

The Fisheries Committee of the Organization for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) met in Paris,
June 29-30, 1964, and considered a report on subsidies and
other financial support to the fishing industries of member
countries. The Fisheries Committee then issued recom-
mendations making distinctions between justifiable subsidies
and those which should be eliminated. The conclusions of
the Fisheries Committee were endorsed by the Council of
OECD in a statement to the press, July 21, 1964, the text of
which follows:

‘The Council of OECD recommends the Governments of
member countries, when they determine their fishery policies,
to take into consideration the conclusions of a study carried
out by the Fisheries Committee on subsidies and other fi-
nancial support to the fishing industries.

“The Report by the Fisheries Committee makes a distinc-
tion between subsidies which are likely to create difficulties
at international level by creating or perpetuating abnormal
conditions for the fishing industry, and those which ‘may be
necessary for developing the fishing industry and raising its
productivity or for facilitating the alternative employment of
fishermen.’

‘“‘These (subsidies which may be necessary) include gov-
ernment regulations for landing prices or sales and other
nondiscriminatory systems drawn up and applied by the gov-
ernments in order to fix or to regulate the prices. These
systems involve no financial grant, however, other than the
payment of the administrative costs or at least only a subsidy
low enough to have no practical effect on the general level of
prices,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

‘In the same way, social and economic motives may jus-
tify subsidies and other financial aids designed to encourage
investment by small firms or individuals who have not the fi-:
nancial means needed to improve their equipment. These
technical improvements, however, must result in profitable
modernization likely to raise the fishermen’s standard of
living and insure them normal incomes.

‘On the other hand, financial aids which favor home pro-
ducers by reducing their costs of exploitation should be grad-
ually diminished until their total abolition. Such aids have
too great an influence on imports or exports.

‘“‘The Fisheries Committee also condemns catch premiums
and subsidies given to fishermen on the basis of the quantity
of fish landed, gross proceeds, or time spent at sea. Such

.other species.

Vol. 26, No. 10

schemes should only be introduced by way of exception and
for a period not exceeding three years. In those countries
where such subsidies have been made for more than 5 years,
the aim should be to reduce them gradually with the object
of abolishing them within 10 years.

‘In the case of support given to traditional production
which is diminishing but which gives rise to marketing dif-
ficulties, the possibilities of structural changes should be
considered if the difficulties encountered by the sectors con-
cerned tend to become permanent, The present aids, in so
far as they facilitate the placing of exports, might well af-
fect the international trade in fish and in this case the posi-
tion on the international markets should be given careful at-
tention,

“Care should also be taken not to encourage the tendency
to overinvestment so as to avoid an artificial increase of the
production capacity of the fleet in nonprofitable conditions of
exploitation. To this effect, it is generally acknowledged that
scrapping premiums, shipbuilding and other investment sub-
sidies for the benefit of fisheries are only acceptable if they
are to be in force for a period of less than 5 years and/or
the amount granted does not exceed 25 percent of the build-
ing costs of a new vessel.

‘“*Moreover the rate of interest for loans granted to the
fishing industry must be comparable with the average rates
of interest regarded as normal for private loans for similar
purposes in the same country.

“Finally, financial aid given to shipbuilding has not been
considered as a subsidy for the fishing industry so long as it
does not reduce the costs of investment to the buyer of a ves-
sel below the cost of purchasing a similar vessel from a for-
eign shipyard.

“'These general recommendations are accompanied by
country recommendations which take account of the struc-
tures of the different national fishing industries and the
economic conditions which might influence the fishing situ-
ation.’’ (Organization for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment, Paris, July 21, 1964.)

* Ok OK KOK

FISH PROMOTIONAL

MATERIALS PLANNED:

Fish promotional materials in the form of
colored illustrations of various fish species
are planned to be issued by the German Fish
Promotion Service (Deutsche Fischwerbung
e.V.) as a cooperative fish promotion service
under the Organization for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development (OECD). The illustra-
tions would be available to persons or agen=
cies in OECD Member Countries who are in-
terested in fish promotion services, and they
are encouraged to participate in this coopera-
tive effort.

The proposed illustrations are based on
water colors and would be suitable for use in
retail or wholesale fish establishments, for
educational school material, or for display at
fishery group meetings. They would measure
about 17x23 inches consisting of 12 different
fish species including herring, ocean perch,
cod, haddock, mackerel, halibut, wolffish
(ocean catfish), shrimp, tuna, and several
The names of the different fish

October 1964

International (Contd.):

species could be shown in several languages.
The price for the illustrations would vary ac-
cording to the number of copies ordered and
would range from about 10 to 15 U. S. cents
each,

For further information, interested per-
sons may write directly to: Deutsche Fisch-
werbung, 2 Karlsburg, 2850 Bremerhaven 1,
West Germany, or through the Fisheries Di-
vision, Organization for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development, 2 rue Andre-Pascal,
Paris 16e, France.

Member Countries of the OECD include
the United States, Canada, Japan, the Euro-
pean Common Market countries, member
countries of the European Free Trade Associ-
ation (EFTA), and others.

UNITED NATIONS

CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL
SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE
ENTERS INTO FORCE:

The Convention on the Territorial Sea and
the Contiguous Zone (which was adopted by
the United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea in April 1958 at Geneva) entered into
force September 10, 1964, following ratifica-
tion by 22 countries. The Dominican Republic
deposited the 22nd ratification August 11, 1964.
The United States ratified the Convention on
April 12, 1961. The Convention embodies the
results of work of the 1958 United Nations
conference, but does not cover the width of
the territorial sea. Among other things, the
Convention establishes specific rules for the
right of innocent passage of ships throughter-
ritorial waters, with separate reference to
merchant vessels, government-owned ships
used commercially, and warships. The Con-
vention describes the rights and duties of
states through whose waters the ships pass.

It also provides) for the use of the low-wa-
ter line as the baseline for measuring the
breadth of the territorial sea, except as other-
wise provided for in the Convention. The ex-
ception allows for the use of the straight base-
line method (Article 4) in localities where the
coast is deeply indented or if there is a fringe
of islands immediately adjacent to the coast.

The Convention also recognizes the right
of a coastal state to exercise jurisdiction over
a "contiguous zone" extending up to 12 miles
from the baselines from which the territorial

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

sea is measured, for the purpose of allowing
the coastal state to exercise control neces-
sary to: '(a) prevent infringement of its cus-
toms, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary regu-
lations within its territory or territorial sea;
(b) punish infringement of the above regula-
tions committed within its territory or terri-
torial sea."

The 1958 United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea also formulated the (1) Conven-
tion on the High Seas; (2) Convention on the
Continental Shelf; and (3) Convention on Fish-
ing and Conservation of the Living Resources
of the High Seas. Allofthose Conventions have
entered into force, except the Convention on
Fishing and Conservation of the Living Re-
sources of the High Seas which in August 1964
had only 16 of the 22 ratifications needed be-
fore coming into force.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 90; May
1960 p. 40.

WHALING

ANTARCTIC WHALE OIL AND
SPERM OIL PRODUCTION,
1962/63 AND 1963/64 SEASON:

Total marine oil production from pelagic
whaling in the Antarctic during the 1963/64
season was down about 9 percent from that
in the previous season due to a drop of 20
percent in whale oil output. All countries
participating in Antarctic whaling during the
1963/64 season reported lower production
except Norway. The decline in whale oil pro-
duction was partly offset by a gain of 54 per-
cent in sperm oil production. The Japanese
and Soviet fleets accounted for most of the
gain in sperm oil.

Marine Oil Production from Pelagic Le ig in the
Antarctic, 1962/63 and 1963/641

[ conty | Seamn [Whale Ol] Sperm on] Total

Country Oi
sa /

15,411
17,491

Norway

Japan 1963/64 561,035} 120,093
1962/63 666, 335 61,959
U.S.S.R. 1963/64 214,438) 167,715
1962/63 312,517 94,299

United Kingdom | 1963/64

>
sees yea | Llsertbea 5588 |
1963/64 | 1,025,659] 353, 492
1962/63 | 1,292, 373 :

229, 469
1/Preliminary.
2/Six barrels equal one long ton.

A total of 16 factoryships participated in
the 1963/64 Antarctic whaling season--1 less

World total

International (Contd.):

than inthe previous season. After the 1962/63
season the British Antarctic whaling factory-
ship was sold to Japan. (United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, June 30, 1964.)

Aden

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT:

To help develop fisheries inthe Gulf of Aden
and adjacent waters, the United Nations Special
Fund has contributed £330,000 (US$924, 000) and
the United Kingdom has contributed £160,000

4 ($448,000) for
[OO News | a fisheries sur-
ibe vey and train-
ey ~~ -~— ‘Ys ing project.
eee i The develop-
Orns of =) ment project is
‘ 7| expected to con-
tinue for 3 years
and includes
provisions for
chartering 2
fishing vessels
to be used in
training local
The project is

fishermen in the Aden area.
being carried out by the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations.
(Fish Trades Gazette, July 4, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 39.

SCALLOP CATCH ON NEW
GROUNDS OFF VICTORIA:

During October 1963-February 1964, the
Australian newly-developed Port Phillip Bay
(Victoria) scallop beds yielded 35,800 bags
of scallops (611,000 pounds of meats). Those
scallops are being marketed in Melbourne
and exported (France being the best custom-
er).

Australia

In past years Tasmania has been Austra-
lia's main source of scallops with production
reaching a record 1,257,076 pounds (worth
AE160,000 or US$358,400 ex-vessel) in 1962.
Production dropped to 978,864 pounds in1963,
when the main season was four months.

A meeting of licensed scallop and snapper
long-line fishermen in Melbourne agreed to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

restrictions being placed on scallop dredging
operations in certain areas of Port Phillip
Bay during April, May, and September. The
only areas in which scallop fishing will be al-
lowed during those months are south of an
imaginary line from Indented Head to Snapper
Point, near Mornington, and north of a line
from Point Cook to Green Point, near Brighton.
Long-line fishermen who operate gear within
the areas set aside for scallop dredging will
do so at their own risk. The meeting was
called by the Victorian Fisheries and Wildlife
Department to find an acceptable solution to
the possible conflict which might have devel-
oped had the two fisheries both operated on
the same grounds at the same time.

The snapper long-line season opens on
April 1 and is an established fishery of long
standing. The most productive months of that
fishery are during April, May and September.
The snapper long-line season closes at mid-
night on September 30.

The scallop fishery is in its first year,
having begun in September 1963. Previously
no restrictions have applied to the scallop
fishery in Victoria. (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter, May 1964.)

HK OK KK ok

NEW SCALLOP BED SHOWS PROMISE:

East coast beds proved most productive in
the opening weeks of the Tasmanian scallop
season in May 1964. A new bed south of St.
Helens showed most promise. Indications
late in May were that the bed was more ex-
tensive than previously thought, and would at-
tract more vessels.

209

40
Tasmania_}
New Zealand,

100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

About 60 vessels were expected to be dredg-
ing east coast and D'Entrecasteaux beds when

October 1964

Australia (Contd.):

the season reached its peak. This is about
40 fewer vessels than last Season.

The Sea Fisheries Division of the Tas-
manian Department of Agriculture reported
that rough weather marred the opening of the
season in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel on
May 14, and only 8 vessels put to sea. Thir-
ty-three vessels worked beds on the east
coast,

Best scallop catches were in the St. Helens
area where 30 to 40 bags a boat were landed.
This improved to 100 bags a day for some
boats in the second week of the season.

Largest and best-conditioned scallops
were taken from beds off Triabunna, also on
the east coast. Yields were as high as 25 to
30 pounds of meats for a bean bag containing
between 550 and 700 shell scallops.

The early-season ex-vessel price for
scallops was 2s.9d. (31 U.S. cents) a pound,
out of which they paid 8d. (7 cents) a pound
for splitting and cleaning. In April scallops
were Selling for 4s.4d.(48.5 cents) a pound in
Hobart. Most of the early season catch was
sold on the local market, and top-quality
scallops were packed for export.

Tagging of 10,000 Port Phillip Bay scal-
lops to obtain information about their growth
rate, population density, mortality, and mi-
gration is planned by the Victorian Depart-
ment of Fisheries and Wildlife.

Divers intend to tag in scallop beds in the
Dromana, Sorrento, Portarlington, Corio Bay,
Point Cook, and Mordialloc areas and a re-
ward will be paid for returned tagged scallop
shells. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
June 1964.)

ie se ee oe

FISHERY EXPORTS INCREASE:

Australia is rapidly becoming one of the
world's leading exporters of high-priced sea-
foods, and for the financial year ending June
30, 1964, it was anticipated that exports of
marine products would reach Af10 million
(US$22.4 million).

For the nine months ending March 1964,
exports of marine products were valued at
almost E6 million ($13.4 million) compared

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with slightly more than £4.5 million ($10.1
million) for the same period in 1962/63. Ex-
ports of marine products for the full year
1962/63 were almost £8 million ($17.9 mil-
lion).

For 1963/64 exports of spiny lobsters (both
tails and whole cooked) were expected toreach
E,7 million ($15.7 million) while shrimp ex-
ports were expected to approach £1 million
($2.2 million), according to the Economic Sec-
tion of the Fisheries Branch of the Depart-
ment of Primary Industry.

Interesting developments have been in-
creased exports of molluscs, mainly scallops
and abalone, which could amount to £150,000
($336,000) for 1963/64, and the export of about
2,000 short tons of tuna. The items making
up the balance of marine exports were pearls,
pearl shell, whale products, and a small quan-
tity of canned fish.

United States, France, and Japan are the
three main markets for marine products. Ex-
ports to the United States for 1963/64 were
expected to be about £6.3 million ($14.1 mil-
lion), consisting of approximately £6 million
($13.4 million) of spiny lobsters, and the bal-
ance mainly tuna and shrimp. Spiny lobster
exports towards the end of 1963/64 were up
about 9 percent from last year. Since there
was a recovery in spiny lobster prices on the
United States market, the actual value of the
exports could exceed the estimate.

Marine exports are now the third largest
export trade item to France behind wool and
hides. It is thought that for 1963/64 those
exports will be worth about £900,000 ($2.0
million), consisting almost entirely of whole
spiny lobsters (approximately £750,000 or
$1.7 million) and scallops.

Japan is Australia's main market for
shrimp and exports for 1963/64 should reach
almost £500,000 ($1.1 million). Pearls, and
to a lesser extent pearl shell, are also sold to
Japan in large quantities. (Australian Fisher-
ies Newsletter, June 1964.)

* OK OK OK OK

NEW SOUTH WALES PLANS
CHAIN OF SAFE FISHING PORTS:

To link the whole of Australia's New South
Wales coastline with a chain of safe fishing
ports is the ultimate aim of that State's Gov-
ernment. The plan also is regarded as a step

Australia (Contd.):

towards decentralization of the fishing indus -
try, by providing facilities for its expansion,
and paving the way for the development of
processing plants and the creation of local
employment.

The wholesale value of the commercial
fish catch in New South Wales averages be-
tween AE3.0 million and 14.0 million (US$6.7
million and $9.0 million) a year, and the an-
nual catch between 25 million and 30 million
pounds of fish.

To date expenditure of more than £1.3 mil-
lion ($2.9 million) has been approved on im-
provements to 7 fishing ports. Port works al-
ready have beencompletedat Bermagui, Bruns-
wick Heads, Evans Head, and Ulladulla; work
is in progress at Tweed Heads and Crowdy
Head, while the building of a breakwater at
Eden has been authorized.

In a number of coastal ports in the past,
fishing vessels have been restricted in their
operations by difficult entrance conditions and
insufficient depth of water. In some cases
vessels have only been able to leave port or
return at high tide, and even then some times
under dangerous conditions.

The State Government's plan aims to over-
come those difficulties by constructing break-
waters, walls, and other associated harbor
works so as to give safe entry at all stages
of the tide.

The New South Wales Government also is
engaged in an improvement scheme for major
ports, such as Newcastle, Port Kembla, and
the Clarence River mouth.

Announcing improvements to the fishing
port of Eden, the New South Wales Minister
for Public Works said that the greatly in-
creased safety provided by the breakwater
would encourage larger boats to operate from
the port to exploit fishing grounds off the
coast. ‘It would allow the fleet of 40 vessels
to operate on amore efficient basis," he said.

Eden is one of the major New South Wales
fishing ports with an annual catch worthmore
than £500,000 ($1.1 million). With the devel-
opment of the tuna fishery based in that port,
the catch is likely to increase in value. (Aus-
tralian Fisheries Newsletter, May 1964.)

pa)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

Brazil

WHALING OPERATIONS OFF BRAZIL:

The Japanese whaling vessel Daishin Maru
No. 1 is reported to be making good whale __
Catches in the Atlantic Ocean off the Brazilian
coast. The vessel, which commenced opera-
tions from a base in Brazil on June 18, 1964,
is reported to have caught a total of 100 sei
whales as of July 27, 1964.

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Havana ¢

Sp
JAMAICA N T
King, POEL ~San Prato Cs Ll de
1 ingston Prince Domingo
y CARITBAFAN SEA e ATLANTIC
4 pa 1s
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gua sg 4 AS caneay Port-of-Spain
> Panama @) = INIDAD & TOBAGO
Pad ¢ VENEZUELS = ORITISH GUIANA
eer, SURINAM.
‘ Bogo ‘G7~ FRENCH GUIAN,
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‘ Amazonp
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R A Z I
\ ER ( | “oY
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Lima) 77 \ =|
\ iS “i
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‘Sao Paulo
Antofagest e 7 4° Rio de Janairo

The Brazilian-based whaling enterprise of
another Japanese fisheries company is not con-
ducting any whaling operations this year. (Suis-
an Tsushin, July 31, 1964.

Canada

EXTENDED FISHING LIMITS DO NOT APPLY
TO UNITED STATES FISHING VESSELS:

In July 1964, Canada proclaimed fishing limits of 12 miles
as described in the Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act of
Canada. However, the extended limits will not apply to
United States fishing vessels on either the Pacific or Atlantic
Coast. This means United States fishing vessels may con-
tinue to fish up to the previously established 3-mile limit of
Canadian territorial waters.

Canada will also permit fishing vessels of France, Britain,
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Norway, and Denmark to continue to
fish in the 3-12 mile zone off Canada on the Atlantic Coast.

The exemptions for the fishing vessels of the United
States and the seven European countries were established by
the Canadian Government through an order in Council, the
text of which follows:

««Whereas negotiations have been under way with the
Governments of the United States of America, France,
Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Norway, and Denmark re-
specting fishing off Canada’s coast;

October 1964

Canada (Contd.):

«*And whereas the proclamation of the Territorial Sea and

Fishing Zones Act will extend to areas now fished by these
countries the laws of Canada respecting fishing which apply
to the territorial sea of Canada;

‘And whereas at the present stage of negotiations, and in
order to facilitate their completion, it is expedient not to ex-
tend the application of the laws of Canada respecting fishing
to areas fished by the aforementioned countries.

‘Therefore, His Excellency the Governor General in

Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Fisheries,

pursuant to section 4 of the Coastal Fisheries Protection
Act, is pleased hereby to amend the Coastal Fisheries Pro-
tection Regulations in accordance with the Schedule hereto,
effective on the day fixed by proclamation of the Governor in

Council as the day on which an Act respecting the Territorial

Sea and Fishing Zones of Canada, Chapter 22 of the Statutes
of Canada, 1964, shall come into force.

“1, The Coastal Fisheries Protection Regulations are
amended by adding thereto the following section:

‘9, (1) Fishing vessels of United States of
America are authorized to continue to fish in
the fishing zones established by section 4 of
the Territorial Sea and Fishing Zones Act.

(2) Fishing vessels of France, Britain,
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Norway and Denmark
are authorized to continue to fish in the fishing
zones on the Atlantic Coast of Canada estab-
lished by section 4 of the Territorial Sea and
Fishing Zones Act.’

«2, The said Regulations are further amended by de-
leting the words ‘Canadian territorial waters’ in sections 4,
5, and 6 and by substituting therefor the words ‘Canadian
fisheries waters’.’’

Chile

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1964:

All fish meal plants in northern Chile were
reported to be operating in mid-1964, although
the supply of anchoveta was somewhat irregu-
lar. There have been sharp fluctuations this
year in landings of anchoveta, the commer-
cial fish of the Chilean reduction industry.
Anchoveta virtually disappeared off the coast
of Chile in March and did not return until
mid-April. (The Chilean anchoveta fleet has
a limited range since the vessels must be
able to deliver their catch to the fish meal
plants within a day, or carry ice which is not
feasible.)

Some 20 to 25 fish meal plants were oper-
ating in northern Chile in mid-1964 as the
industry continued to expand. The largest
plant in Chile is the new facility at Arica
which has a raw material capacity of 70 tons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

Fig. 1 = Boiler plant of a fish meal plant in San Antonio, Chile.

per hour. The new plant's capacity will be
expanded to 120 tons by September 1964.

Fig. 2 - Bagging fish meal at a plant in San Antonio, Chile.

The Chilean fish meal industry is support-
ed by a purse-seine fleet numbering close to
200 vessels. The fleet consists mainly of
modern steel vessels of 100 to 170 tons, equip-
ped with echo-sounders, radio communication,
and power equipment for handling nets. The
Iquique shipyard (which began operating in
1961) laid the keel for its 100th vessel in June
1964, (United States Embassy, Santiago, July
24, 1964.)

Denmark

FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS,
JANUARY -JUNE 1964:

Exports to All Countries: Denmark's total exports of
fishery products and byproducts to all countries in the first
half of 1964 increased 10 percent in value over the same peri-
od in 1963, despite a 3-percent decline in quantity and a 5-per-
cent drop in landings during the first 6 months of the year.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

Danish exports of fresh fish and frozen fish--the two most im-
portant categories--increased 11 percent and 22 percent, re-
spectively, in value. In the first half of 1964 prices were
slightly better for fresh and frozen fishery products. Exports
of herring fillets increased in value but those of round her-
ring declined because of continued low prices in Germany.
Danish exports of canned fish increased 13 percent in the first
half of 1964, and fish oil exports tripled in value reflecting
relatively high fish oil prices, but Denmark’s fish meal ex-
ports dropped 10 percent.

Exports to Economic Groups and Major Countries: The
European Common Market (EEC) accounted for 43 percent
of the value of Danish fishery exports, and the European Free
Trade Association (EFT A) countries took 41 percent. How-
ever, the EFTA increased its imports from Denmark by 24
percent while the EEC gained only 14 percent. Germany con-
tinued as the largest individual importer, taking 27 percent of
Denmark's fishery exports. Germany's importsfrom Den-
mark of fresh and frozen herring decreased but larger imports
of herring fillets, other marine fish, and pond trout added up to
a total increase of 16 percent. The United Kingdom increased
its imports by 32 percent, almost doubling the value of frozen
fish fillets imported and also receiving greater direct land-
ings by Danish fishing craft. Sweden and Italy increased their
imports from Denmark about one-third but the United States
imports dropped by 30 percent.

Exports to the United States: Exports of Danish fishery
products to the United States declined 42 percent in quantity
and 30 percent in value during the first half of 1964 as com-
pared with the same period in 1963. A 52-percent drop in the
value of United States imports of Danish cod fillets (blocks)
is ascribed to competition from lower-priced Canadian fishery
products in the United States market and a substantially great-
er demand by buyers in the United Kingdom. Denmark's in-
ability to meet the United States market prices of Japanese
trout was responsible for a 46 percent decrease in pond trout
imports. Canned herring imports from Denmark were down
12 percent. However, Norway lobster imports from Denmark
more than doubled and imports of Danish flatfish more than
tripled.

Table 1 - Danish Fishery Products Exports to all Countries,
January-June 1964 and Year 1963

January-June 1964__| January-Dec. 19631/

Product

Metric 1,000) US$ Metric | 1,000
Tons Kr. | 1,000 Tons Kr. }|1,000

Fresh, Frozen, & Cured:
Fresh fish 94,231
Frozen ’’ 24,641

Salted °' 1,683

Smoked ’’ 297

162,368|23,543 | 200,519/314,100 45,545
84,340|12,229 | 46,538/152,097 22,054
6,319 916 9,945
4,414 640 517

5,507
1,952

Canned Products:
Fish
Shellfish

2,918
609

10,825) 1,570
4,565 662

Semipreserved Products
Fish 695

Shellfish

Other Products:
Fish meal,
solubles, en-
silage, and
trout food 29,064] 25,739] 3,732 | 72,507) 65,372] 9,478

a
Total..... 154,572|305,290|44,267 | 339,316 |610,900\88,580
January-May 1964
|Fish oil 2/, .. . | 11,015] 12,994] 1,877] 20,754| 18,607

1/Record year for quantity and value.

2/Fish oil data are shown separately because they are collected by another Ministry and often
are delayed.

Note: One Danish krone equals US$0. 145.

Source: Preliminary data from Ministry of Fisheries.

Fresh & Frozen:

Vol. 26, No. 10

Table 2 - Value of Danish Fishery Products Exports by
Economic and Major Countries, January-June 1964

January-June 19642/ | January-Dec. 1963

Value US§ USS

European Free
Trade Assn. (EFTA-
including Finland)

East Bloc countries

Other countries

225,000 Poe
30,000 4,350

114,500 16,603

629,500 91,278

159,000
109,000
59,000
39,000
36,000
46,500

126,000
12,000
_ 36,000

305,000

Major Importers by Country:
West Germany 81,000

United Kingdom 58,000
Sweden 40,000
Italy 22,000
Switzerland 20,000
United States 14,000

Table 3 - Danish Fishery Products Exports to the
United States, January-June 1964

January-June 1964 |January-Dec. 1963

Qty.1 Value Qty. Value

Metric |1,000} US$ | Metric} 1,000) US$
Tons

Product

Fillets:

Cod

Other fillets
Pond Trout
Flatfish 2/
Norway lobster
Other

Cured Products:
Salted & Smoked 3/ 21

Canned Products:
Herring & sprat
Shrimp
Mussels
Other

Semipreserved
products

Total exports

|1/Preliminary~
2/Mostly turbot, brill, plaice, and sole.
3/Mostly cod, salmon, eels.

Future production of Jutland cod fillets are expected to be
less available to United States buyers than those from Born-
holm, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland, because of the de-
mand for local processing into consumer and institutional
packs of breaded fillets, sticks and portions.

A larger production of pond trout (possibly 10 to 20 per-
cent) is expected this fall and next year. The increase is a
result of a greater survival of fingerlings due to lower loss
from disease, resulting from raising the fingerlings in con-
crete rather than earthen ponds, and the use of dry food in-
stead of wet food. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen, July 29, 1964.)

kK ok ok

October 1964

Denmark (Contd.):

FISHERIES TRENDS:

January-June 1964: LANDINGS: In the
first half of 1964, landings in Danish ports by
Danish vessels were down 12 percent from
those in the same period of 1963 due mainly
to a substantial decline in the catch of indus -
trial fish. The Norway pout fishery has been
a failure, and sand eel landings for the reduc-
tion industry were down about 25 percent.
The decline was partly offset by heavier local
landings by Danish vessels of flatfish, her-
ring, and brisling. In addition, foreign ves-
sels (mainly Swedish) increased their land-
ings (mostly herring) in Danish ports. Dan-
ish vessels also increased their landings in
foreign ports, which consist mainly of cod
and plaice deliveries to England.

Table 1 - Danish Fishery Landings,
January-June 1964 with Comparisons
Change from
- 1964 9
jae
| _ Quantity |

[Landings in Danish Ports:
By Danish vessels:

Flatfishl/ ...... 32, 257
Soditteers a: coe crs 42,258
Codelike fish2/ ... 17, 665
Herring 3). '.) : o. 117,547
Brislingiysy-s i hss 4,071
1 Ee) OS eed 2,958

: 546

Pond trout «2...
Other fish3/ ....
Norway lobster .. .
Shrimp .
Mussel <2 ll @ els
Other shellfish

Starfish

Total by Danish ves-
sels in Danish ports
By foreign vessels in
Danish ports ..
Total landings in
Danish ports. ...

Landings in Foreign Ports:
By Danish vessels...

1/Plaice, flounder, dab, common sole, etc.
2/Haddock, coalfish, hake, ling, etc.
3/Mostly industrial fish such as sand eels, Norway pout, etc.

PROCESSING: Danish production of proc-
essed fishery products in January-June 1964
included substantial quantities of cod fillets,
herring fillets, plaice fillets, and canned her-
ring. Comparative production data for 1963
are not available, but export summaries in-
dicate that more fish have been frozen,
smoked, and canned in Denmark in the first
half of 1964 than in the same period of 1963.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 2 - Danish Production of Processed Fishery Products,
January-June, 1964

Metric Tons

Canned:

Herring & sprats «2.2 eseeecee 1,901
Mackerel tris a se eta le stale © oun « 325
Othex! fish Perse s | chai hehe Labs 3,011
Mussels 9 cictcueebobheye ober in 258
Other shellfish... - 2. alate 582

Semi-preserved:
Herring & sprats - wee eee eevee

Other fish
Mussels sais
Fresh & Frozen Fillets:
COodiEs HM ee et eae ole) site tetohen ie
Cod-like fishd/ ......
PIZIGe y's) = (se? sue see fe
Other flatfish
Herring 1... ce eeeereeccere
Other fish vie cules! eile wits sl edsMe teitece
Smoked:
Herring & sprats
Mackerel ...
Eels .

wwe
.

Salmon & trout ee
Other fish and shellfish
Miscellaneous:
Force mea’
Salted herring
Dry-salted cod

.
.
ie ee @

Industrial Products:
Meals) «, «
OU aGhae ain ie eae
Ensilage4/ .. 2. eee
Solitbles) : cieye oe «

1/Haddock, coalfish, hake, ling, etc.
2/Groundfish, milk, and flour.
3/Excluding industrial products.
4/Chemically treated raw fish.

ee eee

ec sos, 0
ee

e fenutia

5 <8
ane
sees

Caan er

S) agrela.

July-August 1964 (Preliminary): Danish
landings in July 1964 were substantial, but
ex-vessel prices showed some decline. De-
spite a good export market, Danish process-
ing plants were unable to handle the increased
supplies because most of their workers began
vacations in July.

One of Denmark's largest processing plants
opened an affiliated plant in West Germany in
August 1964 in order to avoid European Eco-
nomic Community (EEC) tariffs on fishery
products sold in the EEC countries. Initially,
production at the new plant will consist of
semipreserved fishery products but eventual-
ly all types of processed fishery products will
be produced at the new West German facility.
The greater part of the raw material for the
plant will be obtained at Danish fishing ports.
(Regional Fisheries Attache for Western
Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
August 12, 1964.)

me OK OK HK OK

Denmark (Contd.):

FREEZERSHIP-TRAWLERS BUILT
FOR SOVIET UNION:

The M/S Geizer, the final vessel in an-
other series of four freezership-trawlers
ordered by V/O Sudoimport, Moscow, from
a Danish shipyard in Copenhagen, was chris-
tened on August 5, 1964. It will be the 28th
freezer vessel delivered to the Soviet Union
by the Copenhagen shipyard since 1932. The

specifications and other particulars of the
Geizer (91 meters long, 2,550 deadweight
tons, and accommodations ‘for a crew of 106)
are similar to those of the Grumant, Golf-
strim, and Skazachnik Andersen launched
earlier in 1964.

Shows the eat RETR M/S Gus in construction te aaee
at a Copenhagen shipyard.

In September 1963, the Danish shipyard
completed Soviet delivery of a previous series
of four freezership-trawlers. Four more are
to be delivered in 1965. Four additional ves-
sels for delivery by the end of 1966 were
ordered from Copenhagen by the Soviets in
June 1964 at a cost of about Kr.25 million
(US$3.6 million) each.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

Some of the new Soviet freezerships oper-
ate out of Murmansk and Vladivostok off the
Siberian north coast and in the northern part
of the Pacific Ocean, according to Danish news -
paper reports. They serve as motherships
for trawlers catching cod, flatfish, and ocean
perch, acting as a link in the freezer chain
which ends in the Soviet retail outlets. Onthe
freezership, which also may act as a stern
trawler, the catch is mechanically headed and
gutted, before being packed in blocks for freez-
ing. Mechanization has made it possible to
freeze 50 metric tons of blocks per day with
4men. The new freezerships also carry a
fish meal plant with a daily capacity of 30 tons
of raw material. Cod livers are rendered in-
to cod-liver oil in a separate plant. The fro-
zen fish are either taken to receiving ports by
the freezerships or delivered at sea to trans-
port vessels. (Regional Fisheries Attache for
Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
August 12, 1964.)

% OR OK OK

TESTS INDICATE ARTIFICIAL "SEAWEED"
MAY HELP PROTECT SHORELINE:

A Danish firm has developed an artificial
"Seaweed'' and conducted an experiment with
the material in an attempt to control currents
and waves, thereby protecting the shoreline.
The results of that experiment attracted the
interest of the Danish Maritime Board which
has scheduled further tests with the artificial
"seaweed."

The objective of the experiments is to re-
tard bottom currents by the use of an artifi-
cialobstacle. The artificial''seaweed,"' usedas
the obstacle, consists of polyesterene strings
which are tied together and weighted at one
end. That permits the other end of the string
to wave and float about in the currents, thus
retarding the flow. The polyesterene string
has a density of about 0.9 which gives it a
tendency to float. The first experiment with
the artificial ''seaweed'' by the manufacturing

company resulted in the deposit of almost
3,000 tons of sand over a period of 12 weeks
in a 1,600-square-meter area along the west-
ern coast of Jutland.

Plans called for a test by the Danish Mari-
time Board to begin in late July 1964 off the
western coast of Jutland in an area where the
Atlantic surf has been washing away the coast-
al area. The Maritime Board test was to take
place between two concrete jetties extending

October 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

Denmark (Contd.):

into the Atlantic Ocean. The purpose of the
test is to protect the shoreline by building up
up sand deposits near the end of the jetties
which are about 300 meters apart. Between
the jetties, 10 lines of rope were to be laid
about 14 meters apart. The ropes were to
be weighted and the polyesterene artificial
seaweed’ was to be tied to the ropes. In the
new tests, the polyesterene strings used have
more resemblance to a flat ribbon than those
used in the first test by the manufacturing
company. It was expected that the flat ribbon
design would set up more resistance to the
flow along the ocean bottom.

The artificial polyesterne ''seaweed'' has
been patented by the Danish manufacturing
company which has signed agreements giving
a United States oil firm an option on the pat-
ent. (United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
June 24, 1964.)

Fiji Islands

JOINT JAPANESE-BRITISH TUNA
BASE IN FIJI ISLANDS COMPLETED:

The joint British-Japanese tuna base at
Levuka, Fiji Islands, opened in early August
1964. The base is beginning operations with
17 fishing vessels, but plans to eventually in-
crease that fleet to 26 vessels.

Shore facilities include a 2,000-ton cold-
storage warehouse, a 60-ton freezing unit, a
30-ton ice-making plant, and a 600-ton ice-
storage facility. Annual landings of 9,650
metric tons at the new base have been fore-
cast, of which 6,750 tons are expected to be
exported and 2,900 tons shipped back to Ja-
pan. The base has a frozen tuna export quota
of 9,000 short tons. (Suisancho Nippo, August
6, 1964, and other sources.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1964 p. 59, March
1964 p. 53.

Ghana

TECHNICAL FISHERY SERVICE
AGREEMENT MADE WITH JAPAN:

Ghana, which in February 1964 contracted
to purchase ten 1,850-ton trawlers and two

1,850-ton carrier vessels from a Japanese
fishing firm, in July 1964 made arrangements
to receive technical fishery service from the
Japanese firm for the operation of those ves-
sels. The agreement was to be formalized
when the Ghanaian Minister of Commerce and
the president of the Ghanaian Fisheries Cor-
poration visited Japan in early August. About
50 Japanese crews, including the captain and
the engineer, were to board the first fishing
vessel to be delivered to Ghana in August this
year. The second vessel is scheduled for
completion by the end of this year, the third, in
in June 1965, with final completion of all ves-
sels scheduled for 1967.

Under an ambitious program to expand her
fishing fleet, Ghana is also reported to have
ordered a large number of fishing vessels
from other countries. They include six1,800-
ton trawlers ordered from Norway, two 500-
ton trawlers from Great Britain, and 18 trawl-
ers (ten 60-ton two-boat trawlers and eight
200-ton trawlers) from the Soviet Union. Prior
to this, Ghana purchased three 1,000-ton side
trawlers from the Soviet Union and two stern
trawlers from Great Britain, all of which are
already in service. Under technical service
agreements concluded with those two countries,
15 Russian crews are aboard the vessels built
by the Soviet Union and 3 British nationals are
serving aboard the British-built trawlers.
(Suisancho Nippo, July 29, 1964.)

Greenland

FAROESE FISHING RIGHTS IN GREENLAND
WATERS TO BE RENEGOTIATED:

Faroese fishing rights in Greenland waters
will be considerably reduced in 1967 unless a
fishing rights agreement concluded in 1959 is
renewed. In the summer of 1964, plans were
announced for negotiations between the 2 coun-
tries to determine the future of the agreement.

Greenland had expected the present agree-
ment to lead to close cooperation with Faroese
fishing interests, thereby providing a supply
of raw material for the developing fish-proc-
essing industry in Greenland. It was also
hoped that the Faroese would train Greenland
fishermen in the use of modern fishing meth-
ods. It seems, however, that those expecta-
tions have not been completely fulfilled.

It is claimed that £5 million (US$14 mil-
lion) has been invested in the development of

Greenland (Contd.):

fish-processing plants in Greenland. Those
plants are threatened with a shortage of fish.
It is expected that Greenland will insist ona
much larger supply of fish from Faroese
fishing vessels if the present fishing agree-
ment between the two countries is extended
beyond 1967. (The Fishing News, June 26,

1964.)
ee
> Z
Se

SHRIMP FISHING
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY:

The U. S. Trade and Industrial Develop-
ment Mission to Central America and Pana-
ma has described the following shrimp fish-
ing investment opportunity in Guatemala:

Guatemala

A family-owned shrimp fishing enterprise,
wishing to expand operations, is seeking a
joint venture with United States fishing inter-
ests. The Guatemalan firm holds one of the
limited number of shrimp fishing licenses
issued by the Guatemalan Government. The
firm wants to purchase additional vessels and
build a wharf on land which it holds under
long-term lease. An investment of about
US$300,000 would be required. The current
net worth of the company is declared to be
$78,800. The firm's volume of business is
reported to average around $280,000 a year.
In 1962, the company produced 247,000 pounds
of shrimp, 88,000 pounds of fish, and 9,000
pounds of other fishery products.

For additional details write: Guillermo
Matheu Bacohar, 7a Calle 9-21, Zona 1,
Guatemala City, Guatemala. Correspondence
should include the reference: IR 2. (Interna-
tional Commerce, August 17, 1964, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce.)

SS EN Gd ENS en

JOINT JAPANESE-GUATEMALAN
SHRIMP OPERATIONS:

The joint Japanese-Guatemalan shrimp
enterprise established at Champerico, Guate-
mala, is annually producing 1,000 metric tons
of frozen shrimp. Most of the production is
exported to the United States, principally to
New York and Los Angeles, and a small por-
tion is sold on the domestic market. Small
shrimp are also exported to Japan. The joint

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

shrimp base, which is operating at full ca-
pacity, is said to be unable to increase pro~
duction beyond the present level because of
the limited capabilities of its shrimp fishing
fleet.

A fleet of 30 wooden shrimp trawlers (52-
72 gross tons each), equipped with high-speed
engines and mechanical refrigeration, are in
operation. Each trawler is jointly manned by
a five-man Japanese-Guatemalan crew, with
the Japanese holding positions of captain and
engineer. Catch per two-week trip averages
2-3 tons, but at times runs as high as 5 tons.
(Suisancho Nippo, August 14, 1964.)

Iceland

SALMON FARM
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY:

An Icelandic firm has been carrying out
scientific experiments in the development of
a unique crossbreed of salmon (Salmo trutta
islandia). The firm is. now seeking additional
capital to develop commercial salmon farms.
The firm, which is presently capitalized at
$35,000, plans a number of relatively small
installations, rather than one large fish-rear~-
ing center, both for the accessibility of fresh
water and to minimize the danger of disease
in the fish. It is estimated that in about 2
years the first section of the planned installa-
tion would produce 100 tons of salmon a year,
with total production gradually increasing to
around 1,500 tons a year.

It is anticipated that the new breed of salm=-
on will enjoy a good demand from institutional
users in the United States and European lux=-
ury resort areas. United States firms inter-
ested in participating in the development of
the salmon farms on a joint venture basis with
the Icelandic firm may obtain additional infor~-
mation by writing to the Bureau of Internation-
al Commerce, Office of International Invest=-
ment, File 5-0989-1-S, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20230.

He A OK OK XS

FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL
SPECIES, JANUARY-MARCH 1964:

1964 1963

. «(Metric Tons)... -

Rs os eh be 88, 607 71,530
ER Ey (see cen te IS 17, 828 16, 590
aN Baars Smee ep eateae 8, 330 3, 166

(Table continued on next page.)

October 1964

Iceland (Contd.):

January-March

1963

- (Metric Tons). ...

Ling
Wolffish (catfish)

Halibut
Herring
Shrimp

Capelin

Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are
drawn weight.

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1964; att

How Utilized Jantary=March
1964 1963

» « e (Metric Tons)... .
Herring2/ for:
Oil and meal
Freezing
Salting
Fresh on ice

Freezing and filleting ....
Salting
Stockfish (dried unsalted) . .
Canning
Home consumption
Oil and meal
Capelin for:
Freezing
Oil and meal
Shrimp for:
Freezing

1/Whole fish.
2/Drawn fish.
Source: Aegir, June 15, 1964.

India

JOINT JAPANESE-INDIAN FISHING FIRM
CONCENTRATES ON SHRIMP:

A joint fishing venture established in India
almost 10 years ago by a large Japanese fish-
ing company and an Indian firm is reportedto
be directing its main effort to shrimp fishing.
Initially, the base commenced operations as a
trawling base for bottomfish such as redsnap-
per, croaker, and Spanish mackerel, but sev-
eral years ago it began to concentrate on
shrimp fishing following the discovery of good
shrimp grounds off Cochin.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Seven shrimp trawlers (from 15 to 75 gross
tons) are operating out of that base. Produc-
tion per vessel reportedly runs as high as 500
boxes (33 lbs. per box) per day. Large shrimp
are mostly frozen and exported to the United
States, Europe, and Japan. The joint firm is
planning on adding 10 shrimp trawlers to its
fishing fleet.

Trawl operations for bottomfish are being
conducted with the company's two-boat trawl-
er based at Bombay. The vessel is manned
jointly by Japanese and Indian crewmen.
(Nihon Suisan Shimbun, August 10, 1964.)

| Italy

JAPANESE FROZEN TUNA SALES
TO ITALY IMPROVING:

Japanese frozen tuna sales to Italy, which
had sharply declined in the second quarter of
1964, were reported improving as of late July,
with active offers being made by Italianpack=
ers. Tuna packing in Italy, which had been
partly reduced or completely suspended due
to the unfavorable foreign exchange situation
in that country, was back in full swing at most
of the plants as a result of large canned tuna
orders placed by the Italian armed forces.
Italian offers for Japanese tuna were being
made at US$300 a metric ton for yellowfin
and US$275 a metric ton for big-eyed, c.i.f.
Italy. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, July 24, 1964.)

se cle see sk ok
mw OK OOK OK OK

JOINT JAPANESE-ITALIAN
TUNA VENTURE:

A Japanese fishing company in July 1964
was authorized by the Japanese Fisheries
Agency to participate in a proposed joint tuna
venture with an Italian firm. The Japanese
firm is to contribute the equivalent of 30 mil-
lion yen (US$83,333) of the total capital invest-
ment of 100 million liras (US$160,000) for the
enterprise, which will be established in Italy.
The venture includes the operation of a 1,500-
ton two-portable boat-carrying tuna mother-
ship, to be built in Italy. However, since the
vessel construction has not yet been started,
it appears likely that this venture will not go
into full-scale operation until the summer of
1965.

The Japanese firm will conduct the fishing
operations and the Italian partners will sell

Italy (Contd.):

the catches to Italian packers. Annual produc=
tion of tuna is expected to total around 2,000
metric tons. (Suisancho Nippo, July 29, 1964)

% OK Ok OK 3k

MARINE OIL FOREIGN TRADE, 1962-1963;
Italy's foreign trade in marine oils in1962
and 1963 consisted almost entirely of incom=-
ing shipments as exports were insignificant.
Italian imports of marine oils (other than
liver oils) in 1963 were down 16.5 percent
from those in the previous year due mainly
to a sharp drop in shipments from the Neth=-
erlands. Italian imports of marine liver oils

Italy's Foreign Trade in Marine Oils, 1962-1963

Commodity and Country
of Origin or Destination [i963 | 1962 | 171963 | 1962)

Marine Fats and Oils
other than liver oils):
inland

West Germany ‘
Norway? oe wtietieitalisl ete
Netherlands
United Kingdom ies
Morocco

ee eee 1 1
i

United Kingdom ....

40 6
Total marine liver oils 1,478 1, 365 Pe ee
1/Export data for 1963 limited to January October period.

in 1963 showed a modest gain from the previ-
ous year. (United States Embassy, Rome,
April 13, 1964.)

wrespetetbooeeboe#ed

SV Oo oo DP Oe We

Total marine fats and oils

(other than liver oils)
Marine Liver Oils:
Finland
France

Ivory Coast

PLANS FOR FISHERY DEVELOPMENT:
Developments and plans for expansion of

the commercial fisheries of the Ivory Coast

were outlined in a feature article titled ''Im-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

portant Expansion of Industrial Fishing Plan-
ned to Satisfy Growing Demand for Fish,"
published this past summer in Abidjan's local
daily newspaper Matin. A translation of the
article follows:

"As a result of technical development, tra-
ditional fishing is being replaced more and
more by industrial fishing. This is a result
of progress and wealth. A great change has
taken place from the pirogues to fishing boats,
who now go fishing with a maximum of safety.
Without these new techniques, it would be im-
possible to venture to the offshore fishing
banks, since fishing is more or less hazard-
ous. Fish are seldom seen during the rainy
season; the temperature is too low at the sur-
face of the sea, pushing the fish to the deeper
water.

"Fishing will become an important indus-
try in the future. The Director of the Fishing
Port released the following information about
the development of industrial fishing in the
Ivory Coast, the creation of an Ivoirien fish-
ing fleet being the objective:

"Fishing Boats and Production: There are
now 67 fishing boats in Abidjan. Production
in 1963 was between 30,000 and 35,000 tons,
valued at 45 CFA per kilo on the dock (approx.
8.2 U.S. cents per pound), or a total value on
the dock of 1,350,000,000 to 1,575,000,000 CFA
(approx. US$5.4 million to 6.3 million). To
this must be added production from the tradi-
tional fishery of 15,000 tons of a value of
675,000,000 CFA (US$2.7 million).

Projects: 1. Modernization of the fish-

ing fleet.

"2. Creation of a joint company; The 'Fonde
d' Aide et de Cooperation' (FAC) will finance
300,000,000 CFA (US$1.2 million).

"3. Construction of three fishing vessels for
sardine and tuna to be equipped for freezing.

"Two private companies have already bought
fishing vessels equipped for freezing. They
will fish in the high seas, using the new 'pelag-
ic trawl' and the purse seine for tuna. The
"pelagic trawl' will protect the deep-sea life.

“Traditional Fishing: For the small fisher-
men, Some 10-ton fishing vessels built local-
ly and equipped with Diesel engines will re-
place the motorized pirogues. These boats
can be operated by Ivoirien fishermen with

October 1964

Ivory Coast (Contd.):

little training and are not too expensive (3 to
4 million CFA) (approx. US$12,000 to $16,000).

"The Fishing Service of the Ivory Coast
will get another fishing vessel for sardine
and tuna, equipped with freezing facilities,
and some fishermen will be trained on board
as has been done before on the Reine-Pokou.

"Research Must be Directed to the Mi-
grating Banks: The research directed to the
migrating banks will provide continuous knowl-
edge of the best fishing areas and the catching

methods to be used.

"Construction of a Cold Storage: The fish
market is very irregular in the Ivory Coast,
and trade is very difficult. The Ivoirien Gov-
ernment has decided on the construction of a
large cold-storage plant to help to stabilize
the price of fish. The characteristics of the
cold-storage are: 50 tons of ice per day; 400
tons of storage capacity at 0° C. (32° F.); 60
tons of freezing capacity; de 500 to 3,000 tons
of storage capacity at -20° C. (-40° F.); and
350 tons of fresh frozen food at less than
en Ge

"Expansion of Fish Distribution Facilities:
This new cold-storage plant is the first step
of a commercial fish distribution system for
all of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta. At
the end of this year the company 'Franco-
Ivoirienne,’ equipped with a freezer vessel
of 55 meters (about 170 feet) in length, will
produce 300 to 400 tons of fish monthly, fro-
zen and packed in 23-kilogram cartons about
50 pounds. These will be sold locally and al-
so delivered by trucks or by rail to the prin-
cipal cities of the Ivory Coast.

""A Smoke- Curing City Fish Factories:
Smoke-curing is in tie i long run the cheapest
method of preservation, A project ofa ‘City
of Smoke-Curing' is being studied. It will in-
clude 500 smoke-curing facilities and anarea
on which workers' housing will be built.

"There are already two tuna canneries
which produce 40 tons of products daily. A
project calling for a factory of 50 tons daily
capacity will be realized soon. This plant
will produce fish meal for human consump-
tion andfor animal consumption, and fishoils
for industrial uses.

"At last we can say that the fishing indus-
try in the Ivory Coast will see very important
developments in the near future."

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

The United States fishery observer in Abid-
jan reports that most of the plans described
in the article are proceeding. The new'' Port
de Peche" (Fishing Port) had been open for
several months for unloading purposes, and
construction of the cold-storage plant was
about 25 percent completed. The vessel for
the Fishing Service referred to in the article
is the research and training vessel provided
by the U. S. Agency for International Develop-
ment which was expected to be delivered ina
few months.

According to local Ivory Coast reports, the
beginning of a fish distribution system as de-
scribed in the article should take place in the
fall of 1964, probably using the existing rail-
road (with terminus at Ouagadougou, Upper
Volta) as the first means of transportation,
with refrigerated trucks to come later. The
two factories mentioned are the two small
tuna canneries now existing (one cans pine-
apple in season and tuna when plentiful).

Plans for a larger tuna cannery at the new
"Port de Peche" are on paper, but are prob-
ably a little further away in actual realization
than the other developments. (Fisheries At-
tache, United States Embassy, Abidjan, Au-
gust 18, 1964.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1964 p. 70.

‘ber

Japan

EXPORT VALIDATIONS FOR
FROZEN TUNA AND TUNA LOINS TO U.S.
January-July 1963-64: Japan's export
validations of frozen tuna and cooked frozen
tuna loins to the United States during January-
July 1964 totaled 63,329 short tons, an in-
crease of 21,267 short tons (50 percent) as
compared with exports during the same peri-
od in 1963. Albacore exports increased 90
percent, yellowfin 18 percent, skipjack 18
percent, and tuna loins 68 percent. Exports
of big-eyed tuna declined 13 percent. Only 1
short ton of bluefin tuna was exported during
the period, compared with 374 short tons ex-
ported in 1963,

Japanese tuna industry sources attribute
the heavier than normal frozen tuna exports
to the United States for the first six months
in 1964 as compared with last year's ship-
ments during this period to: (1) good supplies
of summer albacore caught off the coast of
Japan, and (2) lack of demand for tuna by the
Japanese tuna canning industry because of the

Japan (Contd.):

Japan’s Export Validations for Frozen Tuna and Tuna Loins
to U.S., Jan.-July 1963-64

1964
Trans-
Direct|shipped] Total

Species

.(Short Tons).

Albacore, round

Yellowfin:
Round
Giiled & Gutted:
20/100 lbs.
100 lbs. up
Drsd. with tail
Fillets

Total

Big-eyed:
Gilled & gutted

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

Japan's Export Validations for Frozen Tuna and Tuna Loins to U. S.,
June 1964 and January-June 1963-64

June 1964

Trans-
shipped Total

Jan.-June 1964 Jan.-June 1963
Trans-| 7 otal Trans-|rotaj

Direct | shipped Direct shipped
. (Short

Species

Direct

Tons).

Albacore:

Round 2,890}10,224] 13,199 23,423] 4,129/11,970

455 455

16,099

Yellowfin:

Round 78 2) 606 =

10,332 | 2,392
164] “-

Gilled & Gutted:

Drsd. with tail
Fillets
Total

Bluefin fillets

8 2,800 2,808

Skipjack, round 70) 2,312
Loins:
Albacore = 2,117) 1,111 -
Yellowfin - 2,329) 1,537 3
Bluefin =) - = =
=!
4,446) 2,648 = 2,648 6,238

4,446| = |

36,506) 26,823

sluggish market in the United States for tuna
canned in brine. Direct shipments of round
albacore increased from 4,424 short tons dur-
ing January-July 1963 to 15,649 short tons in
1964, an increase of 254 percent; direct ship-
ments of yellowfin increased 40 percent. Fro-
zen tuna validated for export during January-
July 1964 amounted to 78 percent of the total
exported for the entire year in 1963. (Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo,
August 19, 1964.)

63,329|18,899 23,223 42,062|1/a0,797

ok OK Ok Kk OK

January-June 1963-64: Japan's export
validations of frozen tuna and cooked frozen
tuna loins to the United States during January-
June 1964 totaled 48,434 short tons, an in-
crease of 28 percent as compared with 37,948
short tons for the same period in 1963. Of
the total shipments of 48,434 tons authorized
to be shipped during that period in 1964, al-
bacore amounted to 23,423 tons or 48 percent,
yellowfin 18,398 tons or 38 percent, skipjack
2,781 tons or 6 percent, and tuna loins 3,710
tons or 8 percent. The shipment of big-eyed
tuna authorized was very small.

In January-June 1963, the percentage ex-
ported by species was: albacore 42 percent,

20/100 lbs, 3,480 /12,119 1,996 |14,115 12,724
100 lbs. up 284] 1,281 - 1,281 164
Drsd, with tail 227 25] 2,335 | 2,360 2 2,919 | 2,919
Fillets iF = = 33 3 36 195 93 =
Total 3,702 367 4,069/13,458 4,940 18,398)10,601 5,859 |16,550
Big-eyed:
Gilled & gutted 3 = = 3 5 5 20 24
Drsd, with tail = 55 55 = 79 739 = 199 199
Fillets 30 1 31 37 1 38 6 36 42
Total 30 56 86 37 85 122 26 239 265
Bluefin = = 2 = = = = 374 374
pjack:
Round = 909 909 8 2,773 | 2,781 70) 2,312 | 2,382
Loins: i
Albacore 415 415) 1,854 a 1,854 881 Z 881
Yellowfin 5 1,856} 1,397 = 1,397

Total

Grand total
Source: Japan Frozen Food Export Association.

3 3,710} 2,278 > 2,278
20,997 |48,434/17,194 | 20,754 |37,948

yellowfin 44 percent, skipjack 6 percent, and
tuna loins 6 percent. Shipments of bluefin
and big-eyed were very small. (Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, July
27, 1964.)

RSet x
Pcl tclsic aa

ATLANTIC TUNA EXPORTS,
JANUARY-JUNE 1964;

Japanese Atlantic-caught tuna exports ap-
proved by the Japan Export Frozen Tuna Pro-
ducers Association during January-June 1964
are shown inthe table. Transshipments of
Atlantic tuna to the United States during that
period totaled 19,887 short tons and exports

Table 1 - Atlantic Frozen Tuna Transshipments to the
United States, January-June 1964 with Comparisons

Species

October 1964

Japan (Contd.):

Table 2 - Atlantic Frozen Tuna Exports to Italy,
January-June 1964 with Comparisons

(Metric Tons) .

3,090/1,574/1,286
1,893] 389} 911

Table 3 - Atlantic Frozen Tuna Exports to Other}
European & African Countries,
January-June 1964 with Comparisons

T1964 |
1963 -

era |

5,212]5,500/ 3,597] 17,502

Country of
Destination

Yugoslavia
Other European & African
Countries

1/Quantity omitted due to misprint in the original Japanese article, ,

to Europe and Africa amounted to 24,983 met-
ric tons. (Suisancho Nippo, July 10, 1964.)

WOK OK OK 3K

TUNA CANNERS AND EXPORTERS
DISCUSS DROP IN EXPORTS
OF CANNED TUNA TOU. S::

The Japan Export Tuna Packers Associa-
tion on August 12, 1964, held its fifth meeting
to deliberate on ways and means of overcom-
ing the slow movement of Japanese canned
tuna in brine exports to the United States. At
that meeting, the Association directors agreed
to sell to exporters 900,000 cases of canned
tuna in brine during the remainder of the busi-
ness year (December 1963-November 1964)--
450,000 cases during August and September,
and 450,000 cases during October and Novem-
ber. Prices were to be determined at the
board of directors meeting. In an effort to
stimulate exports to assure attainment of that
target, the directors agreed to have the Can-
ned Tuna Sales Company (representing can-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ners) conduct sales directly with the 18 out-

let firms belonging to the Canned Foods Ex-

porters Association, instead of selling to the
Association, which is the procedure normally
used,

Opinions within the Japan Foods Exporters
Association on this latest canners!' offer were
divided, one group favoring the idea and the
other opposing it to the extent of even urging
that the exporters torpedo the packers! plan.
On August 14, the Tuna Subcommittee of the
Exporters Association formed a countermeas-
ures committee to study the canners' new sales
plan since it felt that direct dealings between
packers and exporters may create undue com-
petition among exporters and may even disrupt
market conditions. The countermeasures
committee met on August 17 and 18, but the
details of the meeting were not disclosed.
However, it seems likely that the Association
will go along with the canners'! offer of the
900,000 cases planned for export during the
remainder of the business year.

Meanwhile, the Exporters Association a-
greed to provisionally export 35,000 cases of
lightmeat tuna in brine packed in 4-lb. cans
(6 cans to case). That shipment is part of the
80,000 cases of lightmeat tuna that had been
scheduled for sale in July. Sales of the bal-
ance of 45,000 cases (7-oz. 48's and 13-oz.
24's) were being witheld pending conclusion
of a price agreement with the canners. (Suis -
an Tsushin, August 12, 15, & 19; Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, August 14, 1964.)

Ee SE OES

REDUCTIONS PROPOSED FOR CANNED
TUNA EXPORT QUOTA AND PRICES:

At a meeting between the Japan Canned
Foods Exporters Association and the Japan
Tuna Packers Association at Shimizu, Japan,
in late July, the chairman of the Exporters
Association's Tuna Committee proposed that
the canned tuna export quota and packers!
prices be reduced, In his proposals, which
he described as his ''personal suggestions,"
he stated that the 2.5-million-case export
quota canned tuna in brine for the United States
market during the current business year (De-
cember 1963-November 1964) was difficult to
fulfill and that a more realistic export target
would be 2 million cases. In this case, Japa-
nese exporters would have to sell 925,000
cases to the United States during the remain-
ing five months from July to November. By
type of pack, he suggested that 585,000 cases
of whitemeat tuna and 340,000 cases of light-

Japan (Contd.):

meat tuna should be sold and advised that no
substitution should be made in case a supply
shortage occurs in either type of pack.

Regarding canned tuna prices, he pointed
out the need to substantially reduce prices in
view of the present market situation in the
United States. For whitemeat tuna he felt
that the packers may have to continue grant-
ing the $1 promotional allowance per case
for the time being because of the large inven-
tory the packers were carrying, which would
preclude a price reduction at this time. But
he urged the packers to reduce the canned
lightmeat tuna prices by $1 a case for No. =
(7-oz.) 48's and by 50 cents a case for 4-Ilb.
(66-oz.) 6's. (Minato Shimbun, August 1, 1964)

ee EX
SLOW SALES OF CANNED TUNA STUDIED
BY JAPANESE PACKERS AND EXPORTERS:

Japanese tuna packers and exporters as of
mid-July 1964, stated that Japanese canned
tuna in brine exports to the United States were
said to have reached a turning point, demand-
ing drastic changes to cope with the slow ex~
port trade. Canned tuna sales transacted for
export to the United States up to and includ-
ing the sixth sale totaled 1,080,000 cases
(850,000 cases of white meat tuna and 230,000
cases of light meat tuna). At that rate of
sales, Japanese packers and exporters see
little prospects of attaining the 2.5-million-
case quota established for export to the Unit-
ed States during the current business year
(December 1963-November 1964) and are
even uncertain that 1.7 million or 1.8 million
cases could be exported by the end of the
business year (November).

Japanese tuna packers attribute the slow
movement of Japanese products on the United
States market to the extensive advertising by
United States packers, as well as to the prob-
lem of Japanese cannedtunaprices. Japanese
packing industry representatives who toured
the United States observed that major United
States packers were conducting extensive
promotional sales to boost sales.

Japanese canned tuna in brine as of July
1964 were exported at f.o.b. Japan prices of
US$10.50 a case for whitemeat tuna and $7.60
a case for light meat tuna. In the case of
whitemeat tuna, the additional costs of freight,
insurance, and broker's commission would in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 26, No. 10

crease the United States delivered price to
$13.50 a case. In comparison, main United
States brands of canned tuna were reported
to be selling for $13-14 a case, private or
other packers! labels for around $11 a case.
(Suisancho Nippo, July 20; Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, July 19, 1964.)

KKK OK

CANNED-TUNA-IN-OIL EXPORT
PRICES TO CANADA, 1964:

eee

The Japan Canned Tuna Export Association set the fol-
lowing ex-warehouse and f.o.b, prices for canned tuna inoil
for export to Canada in 1964, Export of canned tuna in oil
in can sizes other than those shown will be considered by
the Association when the need arises. (Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Tokyo, July 15, 1964.)

Japan’s Export Prices for Canned Tuna in Oil
to Canada, 1964

Price Per Case

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