Commercial fisheries review

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FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior

W ashington, D.C

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

J.A.KRUG, Secretary ALBERT M. DAY, Director

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= COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES

A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES
PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
A. W. Anderson , Editor
R.T. Whiteleather, Associate Editor
Wm.H. Dumont and J. Pileggi, Assistant Editors

Applications for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed tree to members of the
fishery industries and allied interests,should be addressed to the

Director, Fish ond Wildlife Service, United Stotes Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C.

The contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to

the source will be appreciated. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of material from outside sources.
—— ss ——————————————,

CONTENTS

COVER: DIPPING A SCOOP OF LIVE BAIT (SMALL S|ILVERSIDE OR ATHERINID)
FROM BAIT RECEIVER FOR TRANSFER TO OREGON'S BAIT TANK AT FRENCH
FRIGATE SHOALS,

FISHERY EXPLORATION IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC ( VANUARY TO JUNE, 1948, BY VESSELS OF THE PACIFIC
EXPLORAT | ON COMPANY), BY O. R. SMITH AND M. B. SCHAEFER .o.esesecencserersscsererrenvesrssareres
E VALUE RATIOS FOR SOME COMMERCIAL VITAMIN A OILS, BY F. B. SANFORD AND D. T. MIYAUCHI «.eeeeeee- 19

se * &@ ®

PAGE

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES ....+.«---e- 21 ) FOREIGN (CONT. y

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS ..-e.e:eceeeserereres 29 CANADA ...-- ie pee ee AS
ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U. S. FISHING CEYLON: Setietate i a Gay
WESSEUSabtn sere elctayaione pintelsioininieenieinielavatelesjsvaxs 23 DENMARK ......--0- ; Le 52
ALBATROSS 111 (FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON HONDURAS ..-eseceseee A 53
USE OF LARGER MESH NETS) ..-cee.sveveseres 23 NGEUAND G epee sa ok. te eI aE 53
CONSOLIDATION OF EDUCATION AND MARKET TRAN PRs Be ROS Os Ae 2 Hoonenoorodcs. Se
DEVELOPMENT SECTIONS ..-eeeeuees sees mi ted: JINR CAS Ree Mann ccc Lneeansboc. SS
DISCUSSIONS AND RESOLUTIONS OF PACIFIC MEX! COU Nevehajalecessisielers-c trolaye aie aleve ioicl pi naeeacieintags 60
MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION ..e.sserrreres 24 MOROGGO! @)iciencne ss : ‘ 50
ECA PROCUREMENT AUTHORIZATIONS FOR FISHERY NETHERLANDS ... 62
PRODUCT SH sist can eves RE eee 27 NORWAY .s-e sees 62
EXPERIMENTAL TRUCK SHIPMENT--SEATTLE TO UNITED KINGDOM . 64
GINGER No dood soouebobekooundue couobddaoTons ae} INTERNATIONAL ..-. 64
FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS ..... 29 FEDERAL ACTIONS ..c.....- Reeth fs%)
HEARING ON INCREASES OF EXPRESS 1|CE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (FISH AND
CHARGESNEOR! FISH s tewsiactni ce sete 29 WILDLIFE SERVICE):
HERRING FISHERY AT STONINGTON, CONN. ..0... 29 COMMERCIAL FISHING AUTHORIZED IN CRAB
IMPORTS OF CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1948 . 30 ORCHARD NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE ...... 69
NOTES ON THE CHESAPEAKE BAY'S FISHERIES, 1949 ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHERY REGULA-
ROS Pace er cintearste ities acta ie ticvelaislete 31 TMONSHRENVSEDica icles stein air eerstnae emtetle «nero
NOTES ON DELAWARE’ s, FISHERIES, 32 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY: °
NOTES ON NEW JERSEY S FISHERIES, 33 FISHING OPERATIONS IN THE TRUST TERRI-
NOTES ON NEW YORK'S FISHERIES, 34 TORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS .........-. TI
PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS DEPARTMENT OF STATE:
REPORTS PROGRESS cis sletsiclecaslao ian ni vineieiaielerste otonras: NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CONVENTION
PROPOSED INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL (FINAL ACT AND CONVENTION) ...ses;ee+s. 73
ACCEPTED BY CHINA AND CEYLON .....----00+. 35 EIGHTY-FIRST CONGRESS (FEBRUARY 1949) .... 82
DELEGATES TO INAUGURAL MEETING OF |NDO- GRAPHS: «ees och Jade peer hy an em SS aaamnes 85
PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL ...ceeeseeeee-+s 35 LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS ssecececereceeseceres 85
REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES OF THE UNITED COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS AND FREEZINGS OF
STATES AND ALASKA, 1948 ...cesceerercreees 36 RISHERY. (PRODUCTS +2, skins noe) 0 etna ence 86
SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE TO ATTEND CONFER~ CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS ....... so” GU
ENCES AND STUDY ASIAN FISHERIES ........-. 38 PRICES, IMPORTS AND BYPRODUCTS ........... 88
WASHINGTON AND OREGON BOTTOM-FISH INDUSTRY RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS ..eseseve-eeeces 89
PRODUCTION DECLINES .ccsess-ceeseseesseses 39 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ... 89
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES ...0.0--.+ eee. 39 ARTICLES BY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

FOREVGNiteseicpte etsteieratersis wteistaitis ovens caieteasticiiiee| 4 AUTHORS IN OTHER PUBLICATIONS ...-.e+eee+ 89
BELGIUM hejest esac airs car Sinise vara ees.) | 41 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS .....3.0.+.e+0- 90

BIZONE GERMANY cseeceeerrtrestereerestresas 44 FISHERY MOTION PICTURES ......ccccnevecase 9G

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COMMERCIAL

March 1949 Washington 25,D.C. Vol.11 ,No.3

FISHERY EXPLORATION IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC

(JANUARY TO JUNE, 1948, BY VESSELS OF THE PACIFIC EXPLORATION COMPANY)

By OR. Smith**and M. B. Schaefer ** *

INTRODUCTION

During the first six months of 1948, the Pacific Exploration Company, operat—
ing under contract with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, dispatched the
motor vessels Oregon and Alaska to prospect for tuna in the western Pacific, more
particularly in the region of the Hawaiian Islands and southward through the Line
Islands, and in the region of the Pacific Trust Territory (former Japanese Mandated
Islands) which con-

Sists of the Mar-

shall Islands, the

Caroline Islands,

and the Marianas fy }
Islands.

The contract

betweentheR.F.C., Sy
a Government cor- He :
poration, and the <i ;

Pacific Exploration oy Las
Company provided
that observers of
the Fish and Wild-
life Service were
to be accommodated
on tnese vessels.
The authors were
detailed to accom-—
pany them to ob- : = :
serve the results a ae

of the exploratory ALASKA ANCHORED IN SOUTH PASS, AILINGLAPLAP, MARSHALL ISLANDS.
fishing and to col-

lect biological and oceanographical data as practicable. The Alaska was fitted
out as a tuna purse-seiner. The Oregon was equipped for live-bait fishing. These
vessels are sister ships, being typical West Coast combination seiner-dragger
type, of 100 feet in length. Both are the property of the R.F.C.

During the course of the voyage, the observers submitted reports on the vessel's
activities on the basis of which the South Pacific Investigations of the Fish and
Wildlife Service issued reports to the industry in the Service's daily Fishery
Products Reports published by the Market News Service and, also, in several trade
journals. The present report summarizes the activities of the vessels and the
immediate results of their exploration. Data gathered on the biology of the tunas

* Aquatic Biologist, South Pacific Fishery Investigations, Fish and Wildlife Service.
** Chief, Section of Biology and Oceanography, Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, Fish
and Wildlife Service.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

and bait fishes and on the hydrography of the region will be published later after
analysis has been completed.

The present report covers only the six-month period from the beginning of
the explorations in January to June 1948. The vessels, after June 1948, were still
engaged in continued exploratory work in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands.

EXPLORATIONS BY MV OREGON
French Frigate Shoals to Line Islands Cruise

OBSERVATIONS ON BAIT: The Oregon, after an uneventful trip from San Diego,
left Honolulu on January 18, to prospect for bait at French Frigate Shoals in the

: Hawaiian chain. The Oregon arrived

at French Frigate Shoals on Janu-

ary 21, just as a storm was blow-
30 ing up. Several days were lost
riding at anchor during the blow,
but the reefs and small sand islands
were thoroughly explored for bait
until February 1. On that te,
the Oregon had 437 "scoops"'L of
live bait in her tanks, in spite
of the fact that the work was ham-
pered by rough seas and the in-
evitable difficulties of fishing
in new regions. These bait fish
consisted of species of small 5il-
verside or atherinid, with the
Hawaiian name of "iao."

The iao at French Frigate
Shoals occurs in schools of vary-
ing size, from a score to a thou-

ieee l
WASHINGTON |. (8
° FANNING I. (BR

? CHRISTMAS ‘

sand or more "scoops." They may
mee 0 be captured by means ofa surround -
JARVIS |. net on the sandy beaches inside
5 the reefs near the small islands.
FIGURE | - REGION OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND SOUTHWARD Most of the bait was captured at

WHERE OREGON AND ALASKA PROSPECTED FOR TUNA. THE 7 5 *
BALANCE OF THE AREA COVERED BY THESE VESSELS 1S ast Island, although some was

SHOWN IN FIGURE 2. captured at Tern Island. A "blan-
ket" mesh seine with square open-
ings about a fifth of an inch on

each side was used at first, but a net of half-inch stretched mesh, knotted, was
found to be easier to handle and much more effective. Nets of the latter mesh,
both 10 and 20 fathoms long and 24 fathoms deep, were used. The webbing was the
same as that usedinwhat the California fishermen commonly call a "Galapagos" net,
so-called because of its special use in capturing bait at the Galapagos Islands.
The lead line was very heavily weighted. It was set against the beach by two or
three men, each carrying part of the net and walking in a half circle around the
bait, while two other men kept the bait from going around the ends. The bait is
quite tame and does not move mich under ordinary circumstances. The net was closed
by working the lead line over the bottom by hand, rather than by hauling the wings.

A somewhat shallower net than 24 fathoms would have been just as efficient.

1/A "scoop" is estimated to contain about 10 pounds of fish,

SS

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

One difficulty encountered was with the receiver used to transport bait from
the shoré tothe ship. The regular West Coast receiver is too deep for this shallow
region. What is believed to be needed is a small-capacity receiver (about 50 to 100
scoops) of very shallow draft, not more than 18 inches. which can be towed rapidly.
At Honolulu, this function is per- ee
formed byaskiff having in the cen-
ter a bait compartment which can be
flooded by removing: plugs.

It was evident that there are
considerable quantities of iao at
French Frigate Shoals, even in the
winter season, and there are reported
to be much greater quantities along
the beaches during the summer months.
It must be remembered, of course,
that this standing cropof bait fish
represents an almost virgin stock.
How well this stock would stand up
if heavily fished could only be as-

certained from studying the changes iii é
~ @ a“

which occur if and when heavy fish-
ing takes place.

Because of continued rough weath-
er, the Oregondid not scout for tuna
northwest of Hawaii, but headed south
with the bait from French Frigate Shoals to the Line Islands, via Johnston Island,
Palmyra, and Jarvis. Christmas Island and Fanning were visited on the way north

SILVERSIDES OR 1AQ, FROM FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS,
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. CENTIMETER SCALE.

SEINING BALT AT FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolo 1Ub, Nos 3

from Jarvis, and Honolulu was reached on February 21. At the outset of the trip,
the bait was divided among two bait tanks on the afterdeck and a bait well on
the port side amidships. Bait in the deck tanks suffered a fairly heavy mortality,
but very few fish died in the well. Out of 340 scoops placed in the tanks, only
100 scoops were left on February 3. Though some had been used for chumming schools,
a mortality of at least 50 percent was probably suffered by the bait in these
tanks. Bait in the brine well, on the other hand, lived very well and some 30
or 40 scoops were still left when the ship reached Honolulu on February 21 (the
others having been used to chum tuna schools). We do not know whether the dif-
ferential mortality between the tanks and the well is to be attributed to a dif-
ference in handling during capture or to a difference in conditions in the two
types of tanks. We may certainly conclude, however, that:

(1) This species is suitable for long distance transportation if properly
handled.

(2) Careful studies of methods of handling and transporting are to be
desired,

Palmyra Island lagoon was thoroughly prospected for bait on February 8 and 9.
The only fish seen which might be used for bait was small mullet, which occurred in
quantity along the beaches. There were apparently no fish of either the silverside
or herring families here, at least in any quantity. They were not seen during the
day and they were not taken under a light at night.

A part of the lagoon at Christmas Island was prospected for bait on February 14.
Considerable quantities of mullet and goatfish were evident, but no fish of the
silverside, anchovy, or herring families. It is reported, however, that there are
quantities of iao and also "nehu" (a small anchovy) here at times. That there may
be some truth to this, with respect to iao at least, is attested by-the fact that
a number were taken under a night light just offshore from the island. No nehu
were seen at all.

About 30 scoops of mullet about 6 inches in length, with a few goatfish of
similar size, were taken at Christmas Island. Because of engine trouble on the
small power boat, however, the bait receiver got into a position where it had to
be brought out over the reef by planing at high speed, which resulted in serious
damage to the mullet. These were put in a bait tank anyhow and the survivors
were used to chum schools of yellowfin tuna off Fanning Island on February 15.
These mullet behaved well when used to chum up the tuna. How well they will live
for a long period of time in a bait tank is an unanswered question, but they are
undoubtedly suitable bait for large tuna,at least.

OBSERVATIONS ON TUNAS: During the cruise from French Frigate Shoals to Johnston
Island, the weather was generally bad. No schools of fish were seen; one flock of
birds was seen "working," (individual birds diving down to the water or skimming
waves, as if feeding), just before we raised Johnston Island, but chumming the
area raised no fish. One oceanic skipjack was taken on a trolled feather jig a
few miles off Johnston.

During the trip between Johnston and Palmyra, the weather was much better and
several schools of oceanic skipjack were located by working birds (terns and boobies) .
Several specimens were taken on trolled jigs. The schools were very wild and fast
moving and chumming was not successful. Between Palmyra and Jarvis and between
Jarvis and Christmas, numerous schools of oceanic skipjack were seen often with
large flocks of birds working over them. Several oceanic skipjack and small yellow-
fin tuna were caught on troll lines. The schools were very wild and erratic in
their behavior and the crew did not succeed in chumming them to the ship.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

At Jarvis Island, a school of "two-polen2/ yellowfin was raised and chummed
up to the ship but they bit very indifferently and only 15 fish were caught. A
large school of two-pole fish was sighted off Christmas Island, but it was not
fished.

OCEANIC SKIPJACK, BONITO, OR AKU, KATSUWONUS PELAMIS FROM LINE |SLANDS.

Off Fanning Island, numerous flocks of working birds were observed, and, under
two of these, schools of mixed one-pole and two-pole yellowfin tuna were raised
by chumming. These fish took bait readily but stayed some distance out from the
ship, and only a few fish were caught by the men in the racks.

Foul weather was encountered between Fanning and Honolulu, precluding scouting
for fish.

CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded from this cruise that oceanic skipjack and
yellowfin tuna exist in the vicinity of the Line Islands in commercially important
quantities, but that the hasty nature of the survey precludes any conclusion as to
relative abundance in different places. The fish seen were wild and erratic in be-
havior and difficult to catch. The sea and wind were at all times too great to
have made conventional purse-seining practicable. This one short winter trip is
insufficient to give reliable conclusions as to feasibility of commercial opera-
tions in this area.

Marianas |slands Cruise

The Oregon left Honolulu February 28 and arrived at Guam on March 14. The
trip out was uneventful. Between March 15 and April 19, the Oregon fished for
bait and scouted for tuna through the Marianas chain of islands, from Guam north
to Farallon de Pajoros, and back to Guam.
2/This designates a relatively large size of about 40 pounds or over for which California

fishermen use two men and two poles rigged to a single hook,

Vol. 11, No. 3

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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OBSERVATIONS ON BAIT: A great deal of time was spent prospecting for bait,
for the obvious reason that a tuna clipper needs bait to fish. The Cregon's boats
scouted along the beaches and cliffs of all the important islands in the Marianas

group, anda few hauls were made with a
beach seine, but very little bait was

: found. Fishing with a light was also
& tried wherever the Oregon anchored over-

night, as she did at the islands of Guam,
Tinian, Saipan, Alamegan, Pagon, Maug,
and Rota. Three to fifteen pounds of
bait could sometimes be netted under a
light, but never enough to be worthwhile
for a vessel the size of the Oregon.

‘a,

There is some evidence, however, that
nore bait might be collected under a light
in shallow water, where the Oregon could
not anchor. One of the Oregon's crew
left the vessel at Guam and spent some
time on a local sampan. He later reported that he couldget all the bait he needed
under a light in shallow water even when he was working alone. This seems to in-
dicate that small bait boats could operate successfully, and it might be feasible
for a larger vessel to obtain its bait from several small bait catchers.

OREGON MOORED AT GUAM.

During the course of attempts to catch bait, the master of the Oregon developed
a new type of net for fishing under a light. We have called this a "preset net."
It was efficient, and could be operated by only two men. Hence, it could be hauled
as frequently as bait formed a compact school or "ball" under the light. This
effected a great saving in TEMPER AWE the prevalent local methods of catching

bait, as described by R. 0. Smith.

A description of the construction and use of the preset net by the master of
the Oregon follows:

The problem in the Marianas was to develop a means of taking small amounts of
wild bait efficiently under a light. The bait showed here in very small schools.
A good school might have as much as 15 pounds of bait. ‘This bait was quite wild
and in the time necessary to set a regular night net, would often disappear.

The preset net we worked out could be pulled in about one minute by two men.
Bait taken in this was in excellent condition since it took very little beating
from the net. Any bait missed in a set was not frightened since the net made
very little fuss in the water and we often saw bait balled up under the light
before we finished brailing a set.

The net we used most was five fathoms along the corks, five fathoms pursed to
two and a half fathoms along the leads, and four fathoms pursed to three on the
sides, We put a 5-pound lead on each bottom corner.

We set this net off the stern before the bait appeared and pulled it when there
was sufficient bait under the light. It was set parallel to the stern and held
off by two light poles which extended about 20 feet beyond the racks, Two end-
less lines were rove through pulleys at the ends of these poles and the ends of
the cork line were made fast to these, so the cork line could be pulled in and
out,

3/Fisheries of Former Japanese Mandated Islands, Fishery Leaflet 273, Fish and Wildlife
Service. an Shag aa aR

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March 1949

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

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DETAILS OF "PRESET NET" DEVELOPED BY THE MASTER OF THE OREGON FOR BAIT FISHING UNDER A LIGHT.

Haul-in lines were attached to each of the 5-pound leads, A light was
hung about a foot above the water and 15 feet back of the racks.

The net was placed in the water with the corks pulled out to the end of
the poles and the haul-in lines slack so that the net hung straight down,
parallel to the stern and about 20 feet out. The light was placed and when
sufficient bait had balled, a set could be made by first pulling up the
leads then hauling in the corks,

We were concerned about the effect the hanging net might have on bringing
up bait to the light and tested it thoroughly. We were very surprised to
find that the bait actually balled better with the net in the water and it was
probably due to the fact that the net tends to discourage large fish from
making passes at the bait near the surface, By keeping the large fish down,
the bait is driven up.

We noticed one other definite advantage to leaving the net in the water,
The bait became used to the hanging net, and when a set was made, ran away

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vou. ie Nowa

"RESET NET. RIGGED FOR FISHING.

from the moving leads and sides toward the stationary corks instead of
running away from the bag. As a result we missed very little bait with-
in the area of the net and we did not need scares at any time,

When we got used to the net, we found that it was very easy to pull
without danger of forming pockets. So far we have had only small bait
and have had to use the blanket mesh but we hope that the advantages
will be increased when we can use the half inch mesh,

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ital

The advantages of being able to make sets with the two men on watch are
obvious. Several nights we made five or six sets and caught ten or fifteen
pounds of bait when there was no time to set a regular night net.

Guam was the best bait area found in the Marianas Islands. Using the preset
net described, a vessel with a crew of 6 to 7 men would have notrouble taking
15 to 20 pounds of bait a night for the three weeks of the month during the dark
of the moon. The best areas for night bait on Guam are Apra harbor, Port Merizo,
and Talofofo Bay. Day bait can be found in smaller quantities along the protected
beaches and along the cliffs on the leeward side. A sampan with a crew of 17 to
20 men can take 15 to 20 pounds of bait a day along the cliffs on the leeward
side of the Island, by the method described below for Saipan.

Ten pounds of bait is estimated as the minimum requirement for a day's tuna
fishing for a sampan and very little of this bait can be carried over from day to
day. Half to three-quarters of the bait caught is round herring, the rest being
a small anchovy. The largest bait ordinarily caught is two inches long; one-fourth
inch blanket mesh is necessary for its capture. It is possible that bait appears
in larger quantities seasonally but, from all local information, this is unlikely.

In the Saipan area, no dependable night bait sources were found, but day bait
can be made by the local method along the windward side of Saipan and the leeward
side of Tinian. In this method of taking bait, the boat is anchored about 40 feet
off of and parallel to the cliffs. A square blanket mesh net is laid between the
boat and the cliffs and one edge sunk by leads. From 7 to 12 divers then start
about 30 to 40 yards from the net and, diving and splashing along the cliffs, they
drive the bait into the net. One drive will net from 1 to 3 pounds of bait. Sev-
eral drives are usually necessary to obtain a day's baiting for a sampan, although
they can often be made from the same anchorage. This method requires a minimum
of 15 men, but 17 to 20 is more common.

CBSERVATIONS ON TUNAS: The Oregon scouted around all the islands of the
Marianas group for tuna or signs of tuna. Yellowfin tuna and oceanic skipjack
appeared to be present in commercial quantities. Actual tuna scouting time was
severely limited by the more pressing job of locking for bait, and also by un-
avoidable delays ashore, so that only 5 or 6 full days could properly be called
scouting days. During this short time, eight schools of fish were sighted. In
each case, fish were seen under flocks of birds, or tuna were caught by a trolled
jig in the vicinity where birds were seen. Three schools were identified as
oceanic skipjack, one as yellowfin. In addition, about 35 flocks of birds were
sighted that appeared to be over tuna or skipjack. If tne Oregon had had bait for
chumming, more of the schools probably could have been positively identified.

CONCLUSIONS: It is yet premature to reach final conclusions regarding the
Marianas area. However, from our short experience there from conversations with
local sampan fishermen and observation of their fishing methods, and from the present
available data on former Japanese operations, certain important considerations may
be recorded regarding the commercial potentialities and means of production of
oceanic skipjack. Data on other tunas are yet too scarce to permit similar appraisal.

It is evident that there are sufficient quantities of oceanic skipjack to
support a commercial fishery at least large enough to supply all local demands and
permit the production of an excess above this for export, either in the round or
processed, whichever is the more economically desirable.

COMMERCIAL FISH#RIES REVIEW

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March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

On the other hand, the supply of live bait is as yet uncertain and should be
the object of further study. The prewar fishery by Japanese (Okinawan) fishermen
from Saipan and Tinian, and probably the more northerly islands also, seems to have
been limited by the bait supply. Fromthe observations at Guam and from theoretical
considerations, it appears likely that bait fishes are more abundant in the Guam
area than elsewhere in the Marianas.

The kinds, quantities, and habitatof the bait fishes makes it appear impracti-
cal to employ large, long-range vessels like those now used by Californians off
Mexico and Central America, unless, perhaps, by establishing separate bait-catch-
ing operations, using small boats which would catch and hold bait in pounds from
which the larger vessel could bait up. It seems probable that a profitable fish-
ery for oceanic skipjack in the Marianas might be based on small boats of limited
individual bait capacity and limited cruising range.

Cruise in the Palau Regions of the Western Carolines

. The Oregon sailed from Guam on April 22 for the Palaus, stopping briefly at
Ulithi and Yapen route. From April 29 to May 23, she engaged in an extensive survey
of the Palau region and also visited Pulo Anna, Sonsoral, Tobi, and Helen Reef,
which are outlying islands extending some 350 miles to the south.

OBSERVATIONS ON BAIT: As in the Marianas, much of the time in the Palaus was
taken up by scouting gZ and nd fishing for bait. About 14 days were devoted to this task,
which is a very short time in view of the difficulties of fishing in a new region.

One and a half days of scouting around Ulithi Atoll revealed only a few schools
of fish about one inch long. However, the natives told us the Japanese had taken
bait there, so we can assume that some bait may be found at times.

A half day of scouting in the harbor. at Yap revealed no bait at all, and so
little fish life that further scouting was abandoned.

The abundance of bait in the Palaus was in market contrast to Yap or Ulithi.
It was immediately obvious that bait fish were plentiful. Schools of 2- to 5-inch
fish, amounting to a few scoops, or several hundred scoops, could be found along
much of the tortuous shore lines of the many islands between Peleliu and Koror.
Jagged rocks, undercut limestone cliffs, and coral limited the seining areas. Sea
urchins were also a definite hazard to seining. In some spots, there are thick
clusters of a small species with long sharp spines that caninflict painful wounds.
Nevertheless, schools of bait can be found and seined on numerous small sand beaches
scattered throughout the islands. The bait fish were a species of the silverside
family, like the Hawaiian iao, 24 to 5 inches long, a flat herring of about the
same size, and a smaller round herring. Natives of Koror told us that the silver-
side was "number two bait" for the Japanese. "Number one bait" was apparently a
small translucent anchovy, but we did not find any of these.

The silverside was the most common bait along the beaches and cliffs, and it
was the only species caught by us in important quantities. The little round herring
seemed to prefer deeper water, and was more commonly caught under a light set over
the stern of the Cregon. The preset net, described before, was used to catch them.
No large hauls were made, but 15 to 30 pounds were collected on several occasions.
The little round herring lived for several days in the bait tank, but we never had
enough to make a thorough test of its durability.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

The flat herring were very wild and they would dart under and around a seine
or, when once surrounded, they would jump over the cork line. Sometimes the air
was full of leaping fish. The silversides were wild too, and very good at finding

holes under a net, but they could be seined more easily than the herring. The
most successful

method seemed to
be to use stealth
insetting a fair-
ly long seine a-
round a school
(preferably over
a sand beach) clos—
ing all means of
escape before the
school became a-—
larmed. In order
to do this, men
Ho must work in the
BAIT FISH WERE water and use face-

plates or goggles
to hand=work the lead line over or around snags, but this is no hardship in the
80° F. to: 82° F. water.

TYPICAL SHORE L!NE SOUTH OF KOROR, PALAU ISLANDS.
SEINED ON THIS SAND BEACH.

A typical West Coast bait lampara net did not prove successful, but further
trials might be worthwhile. We got a few round herring in a lampara in deep water
off Malakai wharf, but they gilled in the 34-inch stretch mesh of the bag, so if a
lampara is used it should have finer mesh.

In spite of the fact that bait was plentiful, catching enough to fill the
Oregon's tanks was not easy. A discouraging number of blank or nearly blank hauls
were made, and difficulties were experienced in keeping the fish alive. On one
occasion (May 12), about 65 scoops of silversides in the aft tank started dying
suddenly about 12 hours after they were put in the tank. The causeof this mortal-
ity could not be determined. Most of the dying fish had "red noses," which may
have resulted from their habit of pushing against the web while the seine is being
dried up. These particular fish were from a set made with a Galapagos net of
relatively hard web and fished like a beach seine.

The after bait tank was the one in which iao from French Frigate Shoals suf-—
fered heavy losses (see activities at French Frigate Shoals and Line Islands), but
the intake screen had been altered on May 6 from a single large vertical slot to
a diffusion chamber with many slots extending along the base of one side. Condi-
tions in the tank, by themselves, could not have caused all the loss because another
batch of silverside lived fairly well in it, without any further alterations in
the tank or any changes in the volume of water pumped.

The batch of bait which was held most successfully was "made" on May 16, north
of Eil Malk, Palau. On this day, 130 scoops of medium-sized (about 4") silver-—
sides were taken in four sets. A "Hawaiian net" was used. This was 40 fathoms by
1% fathoms of woven or blanket mesh, 1/5-inch square (5 meshes to the inch).

The 130 scoops were divided between all tanks, 40 going in the brine well,
70 in the forward tank, and 10 in the after tank. The 10 put in the aft tank were
the last fish scooped from a receiver. Partly because of choppy seas, this batch
had rough handling in the receiver and, for this reason, they were isolated in the

‘o>
March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

after tank. Therefore, it was not surprising to find about half of them dying at
2:00 A. M. on the next morning. The rest of the bait continued to live well with
an estimated mortality of about 10 percent daily. It was taken on the scouting
trip to Helen Reef, and the last few scoops were dumped on June 2, about 2 days
from Wake Island. It had been fed only 2 or 3 times, and much of it had been used
up for chum.

As a result of the Oregon's explorations on the bait situation, it can be
said that bait is plentiful in the Palaus, though it is difficult to catch. At
least two kinds of bait fish, the silverside and the round herring, can be kept
alive in the tanks of a modern tuna clipper. The Japanese at Saipan used bait tanks
which depended upon holes through the hull for circulation of water and,with these
tanks, they could not keep bait alive overnight .4 Natives at Koror reported that
the Japanese used the same method in the Palaus.

The natives at Koror also reported that the Japanese used several bait-catching
boats to supply bait to fishing boats, and that bait was held for several days in
an enclosure from which the fishing boats were supplied. If large tuna clippers
are to operate in the Palaus, this mignt be the best way to solve the bait problem.

OBSERVATIONS ON TUNA: About 11 days were spent scouting for tuna in the
Palau region, including a trip southward to Sonsoral Island, Pulo Anna, Tobi, and
Helen Reef. During this short period, 23 schools of fish were seen under birds,
and 14 0f these could be identified either bya good view of the fish or by actually
bringing a few on deck. There were seven schools of oceanic skipjack, five of

BLACK SKIPJACK OR BONITO, EUTHYNNUS YAITO. FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS.
big-eyed tuna, one of mixed oceanic skipjack and big-eyed tuna, and one of black
skipjack. (Specimens from some of these schools have been preserved and exact
identification awaits further study.) In addition, there were signs of many more;
4/See footnote on page 8,

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. ile? Navwg

that is, flocks of birds were seen that may have been over fish. About 20 such
flocks were seen, but an accurate record was not kept because small groups of birds
would usually be in sight all the time the vessel was running along the reefs.
Tuna seemed to be most abundant along the southeast side of the Palaus and around
Helen Reef. Very few signs of fish were seen on the northwest side of the Palaus.

Bait was tossed at most of the identified schools, as well as under some birds
when fish were not seen. The bait (mostly silversides) behaved very well, forming
little schools and following the vessel. In one case, a little school of bait
came up under the counter and was dipped up with a scoop and used again. The tuna
and skipjack took the bait, but all of the fish seen were very wild and erratic,
so we never landed more than a few specimens from any one school.

Both at Koror and at Sonsoral, the natives volunteered the information that
tuna did not bite very well during May because that was their spawning time. The
natives at Koror also said that Japanese skipjack boats did not go out in May, for
the same reason. The large individuals of both big-eyed tunaand oceanic skipjack
collected were either in or very close to spawning condition, which would seem to
confirm the natives' reports.

There is some indication that the Japanese tuna and skipjack fishery in the
Palau Islands extended well south of that group. Natives at Sonsoral, Pulo Anna,
and Tobi Islands reported that Japanese fished around those islands, and on the one
small sand spit island at Helen Reef we discovered a ruined building that may have
been used to smoke fish for fish sticks or "katsuobushi." Under the wreckage of the
building, we could see three or four brick oven-like fireplaces with iron doors and
iron gratings. It appeared as though this little uninhabited island might have
served as a base for fishing boats working in surrounding waters, possibly even
south to New Guinea.

Japanese fishery statistics)/ indicate that the Japanese skipjack fishery in
the Palau area was expanding rapidly until 1937, when 13,774 metric tons (about
15,051 short tons) were caught. After that, pressure from the rival fishing in-
terests resulted in a limitation on the number of boats allowed in the Palau area,
so there is no evidence that the limit of profitable production had been reached.

CONCLUSIONS: A tuna and skipjack fishery probably can be developed in the
Western Caroline Islands. Our only information as to the possible size of a fish-—
ery there is the report of the Japanese fishery.

The type and size of vessel that should be used to develop the fishery will
depend on the logistics of the area. A relatively small vessel would seem to have
an advantage in coming in close to the bait grounds, but a larger tuna clipper-
type might be necessary if the fish must be carried outside the Palaus. If sampan-
type boats are used, they should have bait tanks provided with pumped circulation.

EXPLORATIONS BY MV ALASKA

Marshall Islands and Eastern Carolines Cruise

The Alaska left Honolulu on January 17, followed the Hawaiian chain of islands
to French Frigate Shoals, then proceeded southwesterly, arriving in the Marshall
Islands on January 29 when Milli Atoll was raised. From Milli, she scouted north—
ward to Kwajalein, then southward again to Ebon. From Ebon, she headed for Kusai,
5/Jepanese Tuna Fisheries, Fishery Leaflet 297, Fish and Wildlife Service,

Nee A

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

the most eastern of the Caroline Islands, and then worked westward from island to
island reaching Truk on February 19. The waters around Truk, including Kuop, Nama
and Losap, were scouted fairly thoroughly during the next three weeks. Leaving
Truk on March 12, she then headed southward to Kapingamorangi and then back to
Honolulu by way of the Ellice, Phoenix, and Line Islands, arriving at Honolulu
April 10.

OBSERVATIONS ON BAIT: Since the Alaska was not immediately concerned with
bait, there was no special effort to scout for it. In general, cursory examina-
tions of beaches on Pa eee Beers ae
through the Mar- i alae
shalls and eastern
Carolines indicated
that bait was not
abundant. Schools
of flat herring,
3to5 inches long,
were seen at Ail-
inglaplap in the
Marshalls and at
Truk in the Caro-
lines, but judging
by the Oregon's ex-
perience with her—
ring in the Palaus
(see p. 13), these
might be difficult
to catch. Marshall
Islanders told us eo
plate bbe yJapauese TYPICA! BAS cae ANDS Bin aieccarennce OFTEN USE
found plenty of bait = Tuna AND SKIPUACK.
at Jaluit, but the
supply was limited
at Ailinglaplap. In the eastern Carolines, the natives told us the Japanese found
bait at Losap and Satowan, south of Truk.

ig ost

D TO TROLL FOR

OBSERVATIONS ON TUNA: Very few fish were seen during the Alaska's cruise,
and no attempt was made to make a set. Only two schools of fish that may have
been tuna were sighted in the Marshalls and four in the Carolines. None of these
was large and the fish were not seen closely enough to permit identification.
Six schools that appeared to be skipjack were signted south of the Equator on the
run through the Ellice and Phoenix Islands. One school was seen near Palmyra.
However, the fact that very few tuna schools were sighted by the Alaska does not
prove that tuna Byent not be found in commercial quantities. From records of the
Japanese fishery® and from biological work done under the auspices of the Navy
at Bikini in the Marshall Islands, it is known that yellowfin and skipjack schools
occur in commercial quantities in Micronesia at certain seasons. About 15,009

‘tons of skipjack were caught inthe vicinity of Truk, Panape, and Jaluit in 1937.0/

The natives were interviewed on fishing methods and seasons at almost every
island visited. In all, 21 interviews were secured from1l4 widely separated islands.
The reports were almost unanimous in agreeing that January, February, and March
were poor months for tuna fishing. Almost all agree that May, June, July, and
August were the best months. The disagreements as to April and the fall months
6/Fisheries of Former Japanese Mandated Islands, Fishery Leaflet 273; Japanese Tuna Fisheries,

Fishery Leaflet 27; Fish and Wildlife Service.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll. ae sNomea

might indicate a natural variability in the date of starting the season and a
gradual decline in availability of fish towards its close. Apparently, a few
tuna could be caught by trolling at any time of

year.

Occasionally, the natives could tell us
something about the extentof the Japanese fish—-
ery. At Jaluit, the natives said the Japanese
operated a mothership and 6 to 10 boats in the
vicinity. They also caught bait there for fish—
ing around Milli Atoll and Killi Island.

At Kusai, the natives reported that the
Japanese had an ice plant that served as a re—
ceiving station.

In the region south of Truk, the Japanese
were reported to have operated a mothership and
a fleet of sampans. Twenty sampans and a tender

were reported as fishing around Losap and, ap-

parently, the fish were taken to Satawan where
a mothership was operated. The natives gathered
wood for the mothership, which may indicate that
at least some of the catch was smoked.

AT LOSAP. SOUTH OF TRUK. THE 1S- During most of the exploration of the Mar-
LAND CHIEF COMING OUT TO MEET THE shalls and eastern Carolines, the weather was
ALASKA.

too rough for purse seining, except, possibly,
in the lee of some of the atolls. The steady northeast trade winds were usually
estimated as blowing at Beaufort force three or four and sometimes five. How-
ever, that does not necessarily mean that a purse seiner could not work in that
area. The natives in the Marshalls reported that the weather was unusually windy
during the Alaska's visit. Also, according to Pilot charts of the Hydrographic
Office, the northeast trade winds are less strong during the summer months.

CONCLUSIONS: It seems obvious that the Alaska's exploratory cruise was made
at the wrong time of year, both for tuna and for weather. It may be possible to
develop a tuna fishery in the Marshalls and eastern Carolines, but it probably will
be limited to the late spring and early summer months. The Japanese fishery provides
the only clue as to the possivle productivity of a tuna and skipjack fishery in
eastern iicronesia.

a

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

E VALUE RATIOS FOR SOME COMMERCIAL VITAMIN A OILS

By FB. Sanford** and D.T. Miyauchi*
ABSTRACT

The determination of vitamin A in fish liver oil by means of ultra-
violet light absorption has resulted in a considerable reduction in the
lapse of time between the delivery of livers containing the oil and the
receipt of payment for them by the fishermen, If the amount of light
absorbed at one given wavelength is divided by the amount absorbed at
another wavelength, the result will be a ratio characteristic for the
substance, Each substance has its characteristic ratios just as each
individual has characteristic fingerprints. There are constituents
other than vitamin A which affect these ratios, and cause a variation
in the assay of the oils. These variations are of practical concern
and an effort is being made to gather data on them. ‘The data available
at the present time is summarized in this paper.

The official method for the measurement of vitamin A is impractical for every-—
day use. The method is based on the growth response of rats and requires several
weeks to complete. Not only is the method time consuming, but it is expensive and
can be used only where the material to be assayed is of considerable value. A

further criticism of the official method is that it does not have the precision
demanded by the trade.

The vitamin A industry would be in a chaotic state due to the inadequacies
of the official method were not alternative methods of measuring vitamin A avail-
able. These alternative methods are physicochemical in nature. The most con-
venient is one which measures the amount of ultraviolet light absorbed by a solu-
tion of the vitamin. This method is rapid; a determination can be made in only
a few minutes and, in addition, the results are closely reproducible. The spec-—
trophotometric instrument used in this method has now been developed to such a
point that independent laboratories can duplicate results to within one percent.

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

While the reproducibility of the ultraviolet method is high, its reliability
is difficult to determine because substances other than vitamin A also absorb
ultraviolet light. If these non-vitamin A substances are present along with vita-
min A, the extra light absorbed by these materials will give an erroneously high
% Chemist, Fishery Technological Laboratory, Branch of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wel, tal, Wes 3

measurement. It is for this reason that the ultraviolet method has not as yet
been made official.

However, while the non-vitamin A substances absorb ultraviolet light, they
do not absorb it in exactly the same way that vitamin A does. In fact, each sub-
stance absorbs light in a manner which is peculiar to that material and if a graph
is made of the amount of light absorbed by the material at various wavelengths,
a characteristic pattern will be obtained. Similarly, if the amount of light ab-
sorbed at one given wavelength is divided by the amount absorbed at another wave—
length, a ratio will be obtained which is characteristic for the substance. That
is, each substance has its characteristic ratios just as each individual has charac—
teristic fingerprints.

Chemists have come to recognize that these ratios give an indication of the
reliability of the vitamin A estimations made by the ultraviolet absorption method.
Vitamin A dissolved in the solvents commonly used for the purpose absorbs maximally
in the neighborhood of 328 mmu, and it is now customary to use the ratios of the
light absorbed at 300 mmu. and 328 mmu., and at 350 mmu. an 328 mmu. These ratios
can be represented symbolically as > and E350 where EL/ is the coefficient of
absorption. E32 E32

In the case of a pure substance, the E value ratios determined for one sample
will be the same, within the limits of experimental error, for all other samples.
In the case of natural products such as soupfin shark liver oil, the oils contain
constituents other than vitamin A and the proportion of these vary from one sample
to another. As a result, the E

Sele. th 59 VeTuRS Ratvost, value ratios are likewise variable.

Type of Number
Vitaminiferous of Welln Since this variation is a
Material Jamples matter of practical concern, the
Halibut Liver Lowest 6 Seattle Technological Laboratory
Oil 71 Highest has started to gather data on the
(Hippoglossus Average E value ratios for various vita-

hippoglo Stand ; i :
suoeielest) A ee min A oils found in commerce. The

Ganllenien data available at present are sum—
Tiver Oil : ‘ marized in Table 1. These data
(Anoplopoma are a composite of the figures

fimbria) > submitted by the various compan-
ies collaboratinginthe work. As
further data is accumulated, the

Male Soupfin

el Giver table will be revised and expanded.

(Galeorhinus

Certain spectrophotometric
data, such as slit width, etc.,
cannot be specified since these
were not standardized. Such stan-—

rae dardization will no doubt take
place eventually and it is hoped that the publication of these tables will help

to bring this about in the near future.

1fE is defined by the equation: E = (log To/T)/ox
Where c is the concentration, x is the length of the absorption cell, Io is the intensity
of the incident light. I is the intensity of the emergent light.

March 1949 : COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Pal

IN SERVICE LABORATORIES

/ pp os

January 1949

Boston, Mass.

Morphological, cultural, and physiological studies of the bacterial cultures
isolated from fresh fish were conducted. Of the cultures tested, the rod forms
constitute 76 percent of the total and the cocci the other 24 percent. Of the
rods, 4] percent are Gram +; 11 percent, Gram -; and 24 percent, Gram variable.

x % %

The salt determinations made on frozen haddock, rosefish, cod, pollock, and
hake fillets showed a greater amount of salt in the fillets from fish frozen at
sea than in the fillets from fish iced at sea, thus probably accounting in part
for the "sea-salt" flavor of the former. The fillets from fish frozen at sea are
considerably more firm, but have a drip in the same range as the fillets from fish
iced at sea.

College Park, Md.

Tests of 200 samples to date show very little indication that storage of
frozen mackerel fillets at fluctuating temperatures has any marked effect on their
acceptability. This appears to be the case with a test, now completed, of one
group of fillets undergoing 4-day changes in temperature for 4 months of stor-
age, and with other groups under test. The quantity of "drip" upon thawing showed
very little change for all samples.

Ketchikan, Alaska

Tests conducted indicate that when clams are steamed at 15 pounds pressure
to open them, the drained weights of the canned product are equal to or more than
the original weight of the meats packed. Rather than shrinking, the meats seem
to absorb some of the liquor.

Seattle, Wash.

Packaged frozen split rockfish fillets were examined after 55 weeks of storage
at 0° F. Control fillets which had been prepared and packaged in the commercial
manner were extremely discolored, very rancid in the surface fatty flesh, and
inedible. Fillets in which either 1/10 or 1/5 inch of outside fatty flesh had
been removed bya slicing machine before packaging were edible, but of poor quality,
There was no difference in the quality of fillets from red or yellowtailed rock-—
fish species at this examination. The edibility of the split rockfish fillets
was limited mostly by development of a tough texture, discolorations of the sur-
face flesh, and noticeable off-flavors. The maximum storage life of the regular

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Weil dubs Mes 3)

or uncut fillets was less than 22 weeks for yellowtailed rockfish, and approxi—
mately 50 percent longer for red rockfish. The maximum storage life of the split
rockfish fillets from either species was greater than 55 weeks. The acceptability
of these latter fillets would be limited more by the undesirable texture changes
than by the flavor changes, as was the case of the regular or uncut fillets.

my fir uy

Samples of vitamin oils sent out by the U.S.P. Review Committee for collabo—
rative study were analyzed. Measurements were made at 20 different wave lengths
on 9 vitamin A oils, in duplicate. Calculations were made in connection with
applying the "Morton Stubbs' Correction."

NEW ENGLAND CLAM CHOWDER

Th Wh he ee et se’
A eed bd ber Ned fd ef ON RNR
Kur WO Bair Ws WS Naas SARS “ti

“4)3 y <1 By SANS
.

1 quart shucked clams 2 cups potatoes, diced
6 tablespoons bacon or salt % teaspoon salt
pork, diced 1/8 teaspoon pepper
4 cup onion, chopped 2 cups milk
2 tablespoons flour chopped parsley
2 cups clam liquor and water

Drain the clams, saving the liquor, and chop. Fry bacon until
crisp, add onion, and brown slightly. Add flour and stir until well
blended. Add chopped clams, liquor, water, potatoes, and seasoning.
Cook until potatoes are tender, about 10 minutes. Add milk and heat.
Sprinkle finely chopped parsley over the top and serve hot. Serves 6.

One pound of fillets or dressed fish may be used in the above re-
cipe in the place of clams for a fish chowder.

ES

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

=e TRENDS Sg

AND

Additions to the Fleet of U.S. Fishing Vessels -

A total of 49 vessels of five net tons and over received their first documents
as fishing craft during December--6 less than the previous month and 15 less than
in December 1947, according to the Bureau of Customs of the Treasury Depart-
ment. Louisiana and Florida led with 9 vessels each, while 7 vessels obtained
documents in Washington. A total of 1,183 vessels received their first documents
as fishing craft during 1948 compared with 1,300 during 1947. The South Atlantic
and Gulf area led with 541 vessels in 1948 followed by the Pacific Coast area
with 347 vessels.

Vessels Obtaining Their First
Documents as Af ara Craft,
1936 _to 1948 o 1940, Inclusive ie

Vessels Obtaining Their First eae as

New England eecocoeevee

Middle Atlantic ....... - 3 40 han
Chesapeake Bay ........ 3 7 59 83
S, Atlantic & Gulf .... 30 34 541 486
Pacific Coast o..c..cc0 11 14 347 415
Great Lakes ....ccccese 5 3 1 45
IAL ers loa ok cis sieve osre.e.sce0s'e 4 6 133
Hawaii @®Ceedeereose2eee 2

Puerto Rico .c.c.. cece =

Total
Revised,
Note: Vessels have been assigned to the various sections
on the basis of their home port.

‘Data are partly estimated,

Albatross II
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON USE OF LARGER MESH NETS: The work of the Albatross

III, on on Cruises 15 and 16, January 10-13 and 17-19, 1949, was to investigate fur-
ther the use of larger mesh nets or Savings gear. The double trouser trawl was
used on all the tows in this series. This net is an adaptation of a 14 Iceland
trawl and has four regular-sized cod ends in place of the one in an ordinary net.

During these cruises, two cod ends of regular commercial mesh and two cod ends

of 44-inch savings mesh were used.

Data on the number of fish entering each of the four cod ends and the size
of the fish of all species in each bag were obtained by the investigating scien-
tists. These data and those from future experiments will be used to determine
the size and number of fish of the various kinds which escape through the net and

<4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

may be the basis for recommendations on the size of net to be used to conserve
young fish of the commercially—important species.

The completion of these cruises brings to an end the work of the Albatross int
for about four months, until some time in the spring, due to the shortage of avail-
able operating funds. The vessel will be tied up at its home port--Woods Hole,
Mass.

Consolidation of Education and Market Development Sections

Effective February 14, tne Education Sectionand the Market Development Section
of the Branch of Commercial Fisheries were combined into one section. This section
will carry on the duties and functions of both Sections and will be called, ten-
tatively, the Education and Market Development Section.

The Sections were combined in order to conduct fishery educational and mar-
ket development work more effectively, eliminate any possibility of duplication,
make better use of the funds available in view of increased operating costs, and
eliminate some confusion in the minds of the industry and others as to the dif-
ference between the activities of the two Sections. At an advisory meeting in
the fall of 1948, it was suggested by a group of industry representatives that
combining the two Sections be considered.

With the two Sections united, it appears that a better distribution of per-—
sonnel can be obtained and there will be closer contact with the fisheries outside
of Washington. It is also expected that all activities conducted will be benefited
through closer coordination.

The new Section will beheaded by Donald Y. Aska, formerly Chief of the Educa-—
tion Section. His assistant chief will be Arthur M. Sandberg, formerly occupying
the same position in the Market Development Section. Ralph Russell, former Chief
of the latter Section, is being assigned a specific field of activity in the new
Section. He will be responsible primarily for Quarterly Marketing Outlook reports
and similar reports issued on a monthly basis. This type of information is of
considerable importance to the fisheries and is frequently requested by trade
associations, Government agencies, fishery enterprises, and allied interests, such
as banks and other financial institutions. Heretofore, this information has been
supplied in part by the Statistical, Market News, and Economics Sections. Here-
after, a Marketing Outlook Report, combining marketing information from the three
Sections mentioned, as well as the new Section, will be prepared each quarter by
Mr. Russell. Other units in the new Section will continue the program adopted

for the current fiscal year.

Discussions and Resolutions of Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission
MEETING HELD AUGUST 17-18, 1948: Atameeting of the Pacific Marine Fisheries

Commission held August 17-18, 1948, at Bellingham, Wash., discussions took place
and resolutions were passed regarding sardines, otter-trawl fisheries, tuna, salmon,

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIE#S REVIEW 25

soupfin shark, and effects of water-use projects on the conservation and main-—
tenance of the anadromous fisheries resources of the Pacific Coast. Summaries
of the more important discussions and the resolutions adopted follow:

Otter—Trawl Fisheries: The biologists of the three States and British Colum-
bia reported that no appreciable progress had been made in securing additional
information relative to the proposed minimum size regulation of 5 inches for otter
trawls. Considerable numbers of flatfish were tagged off the coast for racial
and migration studies, and the log-book program was proceeding at a good rate.
The concensus of all present was that it would be difficult to propose any con-
crete recommendations based on the limited amount of data available.

The Commission passed the following resolution in regards to the otter-trawl
fishery:

That the biologists working on the trawl fishery contime their studies
in the respective States and be prepared to give a progress report at
the next meeting, also specific recommendations, if any are in order.

Salmon: Following a discussion on the offshore salmon problems, the follow-
ing recommendations on salmon were agreed to by all present:

Thet for the present, the Commission was not in a position to offer
any definite recommendations. The technical staffs were instructed
to continue their investigation and to hold a conference to which
Canadian and Alaska representatives should be invited to discuss the
offshore salmon fishery, including purse seining, of the entire Coast.

Sardines: A report on the meeting of the sardine biologists held in San
Francisco in the early summer of 1948 was presented. The biologists, according
to the report, were unanimous in their opinion that management of the pilchard
fishery along the Pacific Coast should be started at the very earliest possible
time, and it was agreed that controlling the total take would be the best method.
The amount of quota to be set for the coming lean years was recommended at between
50,000 and 100,000 tons, with the majority stating that a quota of 50,000 tons
might be necessary at the start to get the pilchard industry back on the upgrade.
The allocation of the quota was to be 90 percent to California and the other 10
percent to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.

‘The following resolution on the sardine report was passed by the Commission
as a whole:

That the sardine report submitted for the biologists be received
without approving or disapproving, that its subject matter be
submitted to the advisory committees of the three States and the
British Columbia authorities and industry for formal action and
these groups to report back at the next Commission meeting with
definite suggestions, Also as a matter of general information,
but not to be acted upon formally, the report be submitted to

the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Scripps Oceanographic Insti-
tute and any other interested agencies as the chairman may deter-
mine,

Soupfin Shark: After the presentation of reports and recommendations by
the three States, as requested at the previous meeting of the Commission, and
following a discussion, the following resolution was unanimously adopted in re-
gards to the soupfin shark fishery:

26

Tuna:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll. dass Noes

That the Commission go on record to the effect that it believes the
depletion of the soupfin shark resources has proceeded past the danger
point, that management is necessary immediately, and that the following
minimum regulations are necessary:

1, Protection be given the soupfin shark on the nursery grounds;

2. "Diver" nets be prohibited following a time interval for the
using up of those nets now in possession or operation;

3. Serious consideration be given to the prohibition of drift-
nets, or at the very least the minimum mesh sizes be increased;

That the details of these proposed regulations be worked out by the
research staffs and the industry advisory committees well in advance
of the date of the next Commission meeting;

That at the next Commission meeting this matter and concurrent proposals
be prepared for presentation to the three States; and

That representations be made to the proper Canadian and Mexican author-
ities by this Commission to ascertain their feelings on the subject.

After a discussion that followed the presentation of reports on the

work done by the various States represented in regards to the tuna fisheries, the

Commission

unanimously adopted the following resclution:

WHEREAS, There is a small amount of money available for the research
activities of the three Pacific Coast States in the albacore and tuna
fisheries, and WHEREAS, Proper research requires a survey of almost
all the North Pacific area and none of the States can justify an ex-
penditure adequate to so broad a field of research, and WHEREAS, a
start must be made in the proper direction in the matter of this in-
portant fishery; Now, Therefore be it Resolved, That this Commission

recommend to the several States signatory to the Pacific Fisheries

Compact and to their proper fisheries bodies that the first matter
for research for which the money allocated for tuna fishery research
be expended shall be the question of whether or not the Albacore of
the North Pacific is one population, And Be it further resolved,
That this Commission go on record requesting the Congress of the
United States to extend the provisions of the Farrington Act to en-
able the Fish and Wildlife Service to extend their research into
areas in which the albacore are abundant to enable this matter, as
well as other matters of importance to the albacore fishery, to be
correlated and carried on with adequate staff and adequate physical
property.

Effects of Water—Use Projects on Fisheries: In regards to the effects of
water-use projects on the conservation and maintenance of the anadromous fisheries
resources of the Pacific Coast, the Commission unanimously adopted the following

resolution:

WHEREAS, The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission is composed of the
official representatives and agencies of the States of California,
Oregon and Washington, charged and concerned with the conservation
and regulation of the marine and anadromous fishes cf the Pacific
Coast States, and

WHEREAS, This Commission is vitally concerned with and actively
studying the effects of various water-use projects on the conser-
vation and maintenance of the anadromous fisheries resources of the
Pacific Coast States, and

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

WHEREAS, At the present time it is the policy of the Corps of
Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation to make public statements
to the effect that the fisheries resources will not be adversely
affected by the proposed multiple water-use projects in spite of
a complete lack of lmowledge regarding the subject by these con-
struction agencies; Now

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, That the Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-
mission requests both of these Federal agencies to desist from
making premature statements regarding the success of fish salvage
programs, since it is the prerogative of the properly constituted
fisheries authorities to make the decisions regarding the effects
of the individual projects on the maintenance and successful sal-
vage of the anadromous fisheries resources involved,

MEETING HELD DECEMBER 7-8, 1948: A meeting of the Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission was held on December 7-8, 1948, at Portland, Ore. The following is a
summary of some of the discussions and of the resolutions adopted:

Salmon: Following a discussion that followed the presentation of reports
on the troll salmon fishery, the Commission made the following resolution:

That no chinook salmon less than 2% inches in length be taken
by trollers; that no chinook salmon be taken by other forms of
gear; that the chinook salmon season be from March 15 to De-
cember 31; that any State may declare a shorter season within
the dates specified above; and

Further, that a silver salmon open season be established from
June 15 to October 31.

No size limit was recommended on silvers. A proposal for a 22-inch limit
was dropped.

Soupfin Shark: After a discussion of the soupfin shark problem, tne Com—
mission adopted the following recommendations:

The issuance of revokable licenses to boat operators, processors
and all others engaged in the soupfin shark fishery; prohibiting
the sale of female livers and providing that evidence of sex be
retained with each liver; abolishing fishing within a 25-fathom
curve; establishment of a minimum 9,5-inch mesh size for nets;
and that a uniform tagging system be submitted.

The above proposed regulations were to be submitted to the legislature of
all three Pacific Coast States in January 1949.

ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products

During February 1949, the Economic Cooperation Administration announced, among
the procurement authorizations for commodities and raw materials, a total of only
$415,000 for the purchase of fishery products.

In addition, ECA announced, during February, several cancellations of pro-
curement authorizations for salt fish due to a shortage of this product, and the
inability of the countries involved to complete delivery within the time limit.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wools Wik; No 3)

The cancellations included two authorizations totaling
$1,655,000 for the purchase of salt fish in Newfoundland
and two totaling $575,000 for the purchase of salt fish in
Canada. Both of these purchases were for deiivery to Italy

FOR EUROPEAN RECOVERY during the Fourth Quarter 1948 and the First Quarter 1949.

suPPute BY THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA On February 8, the ECA announced a reduction of $133,000

y in an authorization of $814,000 announced on November 4,
1948, for the purchase of whale oil in the United States for
delivery to Netherlands during the Fourth Quarter 1948. This
reduction does not represent a decrease in tonnage required,
but rather a decrease in the value of the tonnage authorized
for purchase.

ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products, February 1949 eer
Recipient Am
Countr:
Italy
French Zone
German:

April 1-February 28, 1949
Fish, canned Greece & Italy Greece & Ital | 1,075,000
Fish, salted Italy & ies Ww. italy & Fr, W, 5,179,000
Indies
z Denmark, Austria Denmark, Austria,
Bosh Geet &U.S,Dept.Army | _& Bizonia _ 3,457 361
Oil, herring U.S. Dept. Army Bizone Germany 1,694,000
" , seal France France 600
Latin America ex-
" , shark liver cept Argentine France 250 ,000
& Brazil
TO ebigin France Fr, Zone of Germany 15,000
" , technical fish U.S. U.S.Dept. Arm Bizone German; 100,000

Netherlands, Austria & U.S. Austria & Bizone
" | whale Belgium, Norway Dept. Army Germany 7,059,150
& U.S.
Vit.A (Commercial :
Grade, for stock U.S. Netherlands Netherlands 567,000
feed

Grand Total Authorized COCO OCOOOHOHE HOO COCOLO OAT DOOLHOSCOS OE OTOFTOOCO OS OE SEO SOLE0RLED 19,657,911
1/Wheve the recipient country is shown as the procuring agency, the Government of the partic-

ipating country or its authorized agents or importers do the purchasing,
2/Except salmon and tuna,

‘ The total amount authorized to date for purchases in the United States and
possessions is $2,041,800.
f S

Experimental Truck Shipment--Seattle to Chicago

For the first time in the history of the Chicago Wholesale Fish Market, so
far as a search of the records discloses, motor—truck transportation of fishery
products from the Pacific Coast to Chicago was attempted. Early in February,
the first truck shipment from Seattle, Wash., consisting of two trucks carrying
40,000 pounds of frozen halibut and salmon, arrived in Chicago, I11..

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

The receiver reported that the shipment arrived in top condition and no re—
icing was necessary en route. The temperature inside the truck when it left Seattle
was 0° F.. and it was 10° F. on the morning of the seventh day upon arrival in
Chicago.

The shipment was made to determine the feasibility of this method of trans-
portation for fishery products from the West Coast to Chicago. Drivers of the
vehicles stated that greater loads than those handled on this experimental trip
could be hauled, and that re-icing would not be necessary even during the summer
when temperatures were high.

It was claimed by the receiver that there was a small saving realized in
actual transportation costs, and an important saving in re-icing charges.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, December 1948: The Army Quartermaster Corps during

December 1948 purchased 1,262,459 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery products valued
at $479,668 for the U. S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force for military

feeding.

The revised total purchases for the year 1948 amounted to 16,495,000 pounds
valued at $5,957,000, compared with 14,058,349 pounds valued at $4,327,431 in

1947.
a otra

Hearing on Increases of Express Ice Charges for Fish

The hearing on increases in the ice charges for fish and shellfish filed by
the Railway Express Agency in ICC-I & S No. 5612 has been postponed. The Inter-
state Commerce Commission announced on February 17 that the hearing will be held
on April 20, 1949, at Chicago, Ill., instead of March 29, the date previously
scheduled.

aa es

Herring Fishery at Stonington, Connecticut

The fishing fleet at Stonington, Conn., in December 1947,discovered that
they could drag fairly close to port and catch enough herring to make it finan-
cially feasible, according to the Service's Fishery Marketing Specialist con-
ducting the Connecticut State survey. During the months of January and February,
1948, the fleet fished for herring almost exclusively. Dealers were buying the
herring and trucking it to canners as far south as Maryland. There were at least
three canneries packing herring at that time. However, in December 1948, only
one cannery was interested, and that one limited the amount it would take.

Because of a lack of demand and a break in the price, some herring trips
were dumped late in 1948 and early in 1949.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHZRIES REVIEW

Worle aks Wes 3)

‘Imports of Certain Fishery Products, 1948

U. S, Imports oe Fresh & Frozen
Tuna, 1948

Mexico .oee.
Costa-Rica ceeess ce
Ecuador seececeecos
Perv. cocccsccseccee
Japan eeeccere

ecoee

84,786
2,391, 9U
9

During the first four months of
the year, canned bonito and yellowtail

imports were included under "canned
tuna," but for the balance of the year,
the imports of bonito and yellowtail
were shown separately, and totaled
270,708 pounds, or approximately 12,891
standard cases.

FRESH AND FROZEN TUNA: The im-
ports of fresh and frozen tuna into
the United States during 1948 amounted
to 9,142,564 pounds. Tuna imports from
Mexico, Costa Rica, and Ecuador in-
cluded fish taken by American vessels,
unloaded inthese countries, and later
shipped tothe United States. The im-
ports from Peru were entered during
the last four months of the year, while
those from Japan were for the months
of July, August, September, November,
and December.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO:

CANNED TUNA, EONITO, AND YELLOWTAIL: The

imports of canned tuna into the United States
during 1948 amounted to 8,288,442 pounds, or
the equivalent
4-pound cans).
countries were Peru, Portugal, Japan, and An-
gola (Portuguese West Africa).

of 385, 164 standard cases (48
The four leading exporting

United States Imports Canned Tuna, Bonito,
and Yellowtail, 1948, by Countries |

OTM stelelelelsietoraiareisie 5
Ctl Gooncocdocdc O
Canal Zone o.,cc.-ee
(AZ Ore Sieieisteletarelersiclare
Portugal @coeevecce e
Spain ..ccccces eiciste
rane) velsicleieleleislsiciel=

D

287

Fr. Morocco ...sece
Algeria ....ccecseoe
Libya eccecccccere
Br, Bast Africa ...
Port Guinea ......

@cosreconve

1/During Jan.-Ap = canned tonite and yel
nese camatey were included in “canned

The imports of shrimp from Mexico during 1948 broke all

previous records withatotal of 21,477,390 pounds, or over 8,000,000 pounds great—

New York
Georgia seccccsccccnse
Souithy Caroillainalcetecleislele
iloralels, Bog goudo00006 50
Mobile @oelovereseoeoen
New Orleans .......... 0
Sabine Coeccerecorereree
Galveston ccccccccccces
Laredo @cceeveeeeeeooaaer

1,271,479
1,434,526

3,399,842

er than 1947 wnen the imports amounted to 13,228,505 pounds.

in the Bay of Campeche.

14,3
1,099,343

Undoubtedly,

ATHUZONAW a clelciele cicieiele
San Diego @cc00e00e
Los Angeles .ecccce
San Francisco ....e.
OQreponiierieiocteisicters os
Colorado cece.
Chivcapol ieee cies
Duluth ...
Grand Total .

Cf this amount,
6,149,846 pounds entered through ports in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and
presumably came from the shrimp-fishing areas of the Gulf of Mexico, especially

some of the shrimp reported as entering

Chicago and New York may also have come from this area.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Bul

The imports from the shrimp fishery on the west coast of Mexico seemed to
be around 2,000,000 pounds greater than for the previous year.

&

SS

Notes on the Chesapeake Bay's Fisheries, 1948

Fisheries production during 1948 in the Chesapeake Bay (including the: adjacent
strip of seacoast from Virginia Beach to Ocean City) gave Maryland and Virginia
fishermen record incomes, as has been the case for the preceding three or four
years, according to a recent report from the Service's Fishery Marketing Specialist
stationed at Weems, Va. The balance between supply and demand was, on the whole,
Maintained. There were no gluts to depress prices, and no scarcities except for
croakers. In the summer of 1948, hook-and—line fishermen complained of the scarcity
of croakers, and the fishermen are now seeking some protection for this species.

OYSTERS: There was a scarcity of oysters in certain sections of Maryland
and Virginia, but the over-all production level was maintained in both States.

CRABS: There were enough
crabs in the Bay in 1948 with
crabbing activities about equal
to preceding years. Winter
crab-dredging catches were sat—
isfactory in the Bay in the
early months and unsatisfactory
along the seacoast. However,
in the closing months of the
year, the seacoast had crabs
while they were scarce in the
Bay. Summer crabbing yielded
a good crop. Crab-pot users
increased, and Maryland de- pe eee
Gace ue aoe ee lames) oat THE BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) OF THE SOUTH AT-
35 pots per licensee to 50 to LANTIC AND GULF COASTS, ALTHOUGH TAKEN ALL ALONG THE

conformwith Virginia's limit. EASTERN SEABOARD FROM NEW YORK TO TEXAS, IS MOST PLEN-
TIFUL IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA.

CANNING: During 1948, canneries partially made up for the slump in the pre-
vious year occasioned by the light runs of alewives, the principal species used
for canning. Packs of menhaden and whiting, canned during the war because of food
shortages and later for Government purchase for foreign relief, were discontinued.

SHAD: The shad runs of 1948 showed no sign of returning to their former
abundance. Frices were maintained at a profitable level for both fishermen and
dealers, but the fish were all comparatively small, probably because they were
first spawners. The catch, however, was slightly higher than in previous years.

FROZEN AND PACKAG=D> FISK: The growth cf freezing and packaging fish and
shellfish was almost negligible. At present, there are few Chesapeake Bay fish
that produce a fillet comparable in consumer appeal to the New England species.
Therefore, most frozen packaged fish are pan-dressed only. Constant experimenta-
tion continues, and one Maryland firm produced a frozen pan—-dressed shad, cello-—
phane wrapped. Reports indicate that it sold well. A Virginia firm tried brined
pan-dressed alewives in 3-pound jars.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS: A number of small developments took place. A brisk
demand for dressed snapper turtle meat was built up by one Virginia firm until
the supply of snapper turtles dwindled.

The catfish industry, previously confined to a small area in the James River,
branched out State-wide, wherever the laws permitted commercial fishing. Groups
of men with catfish pots systematically visited and fished all the available waters.

Another firm in Maryland experimented with canned smoked herring; another
with scrubbed, sterilized crab shells for deviled crabs; a third with diamond—
back terrapin, cooked, removed from the shell, packaged and frozen; and a fourth
with smoked jumbo shrimp.

MENHADEN: The menhaden industry in Virginia concluded a profitable season
even though its fleet was slightly larger and its catch slightly smaller than
during the previous season. However, the competition of imported fish meal and
oil and increased production and imports of competing products began to drive
menhaden products to a lower price level. (See Commercial Fisheries Review, Janu-
ary 1949, page 28.)

OTTER-TRAWL FISHERY: For the past 20 years, anincreasingly important element
of the Virginia fish catch has been the otter-trawl fishery. At first, it was
prosecuted almost entirely by New England interests, which today still hold a
prominent position. However, Virginia and Maryland vessels have been added to
the expanded fleet, andlast year, a record-breaking number landed fish at Virginia
ports.

FISHERY BYPRODUCTS: One canner of alewives in Virginia installed a dryer
to convert cuttings into dry scrap, and one menhaden operator moved to install
equipment fur processing the protein-rich stickwater.

A plant for the manufacture of fish scrap and oil from fish cuttings and
trash fish began operations in Maryland, making a total of two for that State.

MACKEREL GILL-NETTING: Ocean gill-netting for Boston mackerel by local fish-
ermen increased during the year. A few years ago, these fish were caught prin-

cipally by northern vessels.
tee
7

Notes on Delaware's Fisheries, 1948

Although Lewes, Delaware, is one of the principal fishing ports in the nation
because of the large volume of menhaden delivered to its two fish meal and oil
plants, few persons know that it often ranks among the first half dozen ports in
the country. In addition to its importance as a menhaden port, Lewes is the most
important food fish port in Delaware, according to the Service's Fishery Marketing
Specialist conducting a survey of the fisheries of Delaware. It is the only land-
ing place for otter—trawl vessels between Ocean City, Md., and Cape May, N. J.

During 1948, catches from the waters of Delaware Bay were poor. Croakers
were scarce, the gray sea trout (weakfish) were of very small size, white perch
were not as abundant as in the past few years, and shad production was lower than
in previous years; however, the catch of striped bass was good.

Ce

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RaVIEW 333)

Notes on New uersey's Fisheries, 1948

Except for the migratory species whica provide erratic catches throughout
the years, the Delaware Bay area produces consistently smaller amounts of fish
each year, according
to the Service's Fish-
ery Marketing Special—
ist conducting a sur-
vey of the fisheries
of New Jersey. How-
ever, the oyster in-
dustry shows- signs
of prosperity in this
area with little fluc-
tuation in produc-—
tion, and the crab
eatch for 1948 was
good, following sev—
eral bad years. The
lower production of
crabs in previous
years was: attributed
to several severe
winters. Crabbers are
not permitted to use
dredges and the gear
generally used is
trot-lines.

OTTER-TRAWL FISH-
ERY: The New Jersey
otter trawlers land
at Cape May, Wild-
wood, Atlantic City,
Beach Haven, Barnegat
City, and Point Pleas-
ant, with Cape May,
Wildwood, and Point
Pleasant receiving
the great bulk of the
dragger catch. It
was a very poor year
for the New Jersey a "ay G8 Zed
otter-trawl fleet. BRAILING MENHADVEN FROM NET INTO
Catches were light
for many species and no one species increased in quantity or importance. The many
additions to the otter-trawl fleet increased the fishing effort in the State's
waters, but not the total production.

VESSEL OFF NEW JERSEY.

POUND-NET FISHERY: The pound-net fishery suffered from the effects of de-
crease in production and lower prices. Those in the southern part of the State
felt the decline most, with the northern ocean and bay pound nets doing generally
petter. It is expected that there will be fewer nets set out during 1949.

POT FISHERY: Pot fishermen nad an excellent season in 1948, taking large
quantities of sea bass and lobsters. Some-pot fishermen are concerned about the
future catch of lobsters.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vo. Jas; Nokes

OTHER FISHERIES: Large schools of mackerel provided good catches for the
jig fishermen. Prices were a little below those for 1947. The production of cod
with baited trawl-lines during the winter season was fairly good, but prices were
somewhat lower than the previous year. New Jersey took a large share of the good
shad run in the Hudson River and adjacent areas. The menhaden catch was lower

than in 1947.

Notes on New York's Fisheries, 1948

Financially, the year 1948 was a good one for the fisheries of New York State,
according to the Service's Fishery Marketing Specialist conducting that State's
survey. While the exact data on production are not available at this time, it
is possible to state that the value of the 1948 catch will equal and may even
surpass that for 1947. Prices paid to fishermen, in general, were somewhat higher
in 1948, with the possible exception of a short period towards the end of the year.
The total average price from available figures, at present, seems to have been slight-
ly higher than in 1947.

Some Long Island fishing localities continued to show a decline in produc—
tion, notably Great South Bay for shellfisn and Freeport and Point Lookout areas
for surf or skimmer clams. In the latter case, it was not so much the scarcity
of surf clams that curtailed production, but rather the lack of demand for the
canned product.

Long Island fishing vessels are having difficulties landing at certain ports
because of the lack of water in the channels. This situation has been under in-
vestigation.

Landings at the New York City Fulton Fish Market in 1948 surpassed those for
1947 by over 2,500,000 pounds. Total landings in 1948 brought in by 767 trips
totaled 13,727,426 pounds compared with 1947 when 11,059,453 pounds were brought
in by 497 trips.

Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations Reports Progress

HONOLULU OFFICE: The Honolulu office of the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investi-
gations moved on January 17 from the Territorial Agriculture Building to the tem-
porary quarters provided by the Navy inthe Civilian Personnel Building on Kamehameha
Highway. These quarters will be occupied until the proposed fishery laboratory
has been completed, according to a January 1949 report from the Director of the
Investigations.

RECONDITIONING AND CONVERSION OF YP-646: The reconditioning of the YP-646
has been completed and delivery of the vessel was made on January 26. At the sea
trials, the main engine performed in a highly satisfactory manner and the vessel
could be run at speeds approximating three knots at the extreme low setting of
the controls which will permit trolling. It is now moored at a shipyard for con=

version work. This vessel will be named Henry O'Malley.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

RECONDITIONING OF RESEARCH VESSEL: The reconditioning and reconversion of
the hull.and machinery of the YP-625 as a research vessel has proceeded according
to plans and trials were scheduled for about February 12. It will be named Hugh M.
Smith for an early Commissioner of Fisheries. 4

-_

HAWATIAN-LINE ISLANDS RECCNNAISSANC#: Although this project has been delayed,
a 5-day survey trip was made aboard the Japanese sampan, Constance C, during the
week of January 3-7. Data were collected relating to skipjack and "bait" fishes.
In addition, statistical data obtained from the Territorial Division of Fish and
Game Department are being compiled into usable charts, graphs, and tables.

STUDIES OF TUNA BIOLOGY: Some morphometric data on the yellowfin tuna have
been obtained at Honolulu. Arrangements have been made for obtaining morphological
measurements and weights on the tunas brought into the Otani market for auction.

TUNA LIVER MEAL PROJECT: Several lots of tuna liver meal were prepared. The
tuna livers were converted to meal by three methods of processing:

(1) Lyophilization, or the removal of moisture through its sublimation
from the frozen state,

(2) Dry-rendering, or the removal of moisture through evaporation by
indirect application of heat to the material.

(3) Acetone extraction, or the removal of oil and moisture through
the solvent action of acetone.

These lots will be evaluated through chemical analyses to determine the nutri-
tive qualities cf the several tuna liver meals, including content of protein,
minerals, oil, and of the several B-complex vitamins.

Proposed Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Accepted by China and Ceylon

The Government of China, under the date of January 28, 1949, and the Govern-
ment of Ceylon, under the date of February 21, 1949, notified the Food and Agri-
culture Organization of their acceptance of the Agreement reached at Baguio, Re-
public of the Philippines, on February 28, 1948, for the formation of an Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council. France, the Philippines, the United States, Siam,
India, Burma, and the Netherlands also have accepted the Agreement. (See Com-
mercial Fisheries Review: August 1948, page 17; December 1948, page 27; January

1949, page 24.) é
‘Nv

Delegates to Inaugural Meeting of Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council

The United States Delegation to the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council which met
at Singapore on March 24, 1949, according to the State Department, were:

DELEGATE: O. E, Sette, Director,
Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
San Francisco, Calif.

36 : COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolls Jil, io. 3

ALTERNATE William E, S, Flory,
DELEGATE: Deputy to Special Asst. to Under Secretary of State
for Fisheries and Wildlife,
Department of State,
Washington, D. C.

ADVisors: Charles Butler, Chief Technologist,
Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Honolulu, Hawaii.

Dr. H. J. Deason,
Office of Foreign Affairs,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D. C,

Dr. H. E, Warfel, Chief Biologist,
Philippine Fishery Program,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Manila, Philippines,

Cite

Review of the Fisheries of the United States and Alaska, 1948

INTRODUCTION: During 1948, United States and Alaskan fishermen captured
about 4.5 billion pounds of fish and shellfish, estimated to have been valued
at over $300,000,000 to the fishermen. The volume of the catch was almost iden-
tical with the production in the three previous years, and the average yield dur—
ing the period from 1935 to 1939.

Outstanding developments during the year were the record catches of tuna and
rosefish; the continued high production of menhaden; and the declines in the catches
of salmon and Pacific and Atlantic mackerel. The catchofmenhaden off the Atlantic
Coast and Gulf States is estimated at about 950,000,000 pounds--more than twice the
production of salmon, which held second place. The Pacific pilchard or sardine
fishery yieldeda catch of about 364,000,000 pounds, a recovery of over 100,000,000
pounds from the low level of the previous year. Pacific Coast fishermen landed
about 325,000,000 pounds of tuna during the year, a new record, while the catch
of sea herring on both coasts totaled about 350,000,000 pounds. Alaskan fishermen
took about 166,000,000 pounds, and an additional 180,000,000 pounds were landed in
Maine. The catch of rosefish totaled 241,000,000 pounds, also a new record and an
increase of 95,000,000 pounds over the previous year.

PRINCIPAL PORTS: San Pedro, Calif., maintained its position as the leading
United States fishing center, with total landings of about 460,000,000 pounds,
valued at $30,000,000 to the fishermen. Gloucester, Mass., was in second place
with landings of 250,000,000 pounds, valued at $11,000,000. San Diego, Calif.,
and Boston, Mass., shared third position, with landings of about 200,000,000 pounds
each. Because of the large tuna landings at San Diego, the value of the catch at
that port is estimated at $35,000,000, while tke Boston deliveries yielded fish-—
ermen $16,000,000.

DISPCSITION OF THE CATCH: Sufficient data are not yet available to accurate-
ly determine the 1948 disposition of the domestic catcn of fishery products. How-
ever, it is expected that it will be quite similar to that in the previous year,

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BY

when the catch of about 4.4 billion pounds was utilized as follows (round weight
basis):

Fresh & frozen seco 1,695,000, 000 lbs. Cured @cceeerseeosrese008 115,000,000 lbs.
Canned e.ccccccecee 1, 275,000,000 4 Byproducts & Bait sooo 1, 315,000,000 "

CONSUMPTION: The consumption of fishery products in the United States is
believed to have amounted to somewhat over 11 pounds, edible weight basis, per
capita. This was above the wartime level of 9 pounds, which resulted from the
allocation of a large portion of the canned pack to the armed services and to
Lend-Lease distribution.

FISHING CRAFT: Nearly 1,200 vessels of 5 net tons and over were documented
as fishing craft during 1948. This was about 9 percent less than the number en-
tering the fleet the previous year, but between three and four times the number
documented annually prior to 1940. In the four years ending with 1948, a total
of 4,300 vessels have been documented as fishing craft. In 1940, the entire fleet
in the United States and Alaska totaled only 5,562 vessels. Despite the large in-
erease in the size of the fleet, the annual catch has remained almost identical
with the prewar production. This has been due largely to the low yields of salmon
in Alaska and pilchards in California.

CANNED FISH AND SHELLFISH: The 1948 pack of canned fishery products is es-
timated to have totaled about 750,000,000 pounds--approximately the same as in
1947, when the production totaled 754,000,000 pounds, valued at $311,000,000.
The production of canned salmon amounted to only 4,750,000 cases—nearly 1,000,000
eases less than in 1947. The packs of Maine sardines (over 3,000,000 cases) and
tuna (over 7,000,000 cases) were the largest in history. The California pack
of mackerel was about 550,000 cases less than the record 1947 production of 1,477,000
cases.

Salmon BPerevesSeoseeeseseoee0H2OF0000 00020
Sardines, Maine c.ccccesccocccccccccccccce
Sardines, California ..cc.cccoccrcrcsccccce
IBIS, Oo o5000000000008000000000 s0000000000¢
Mackerel, California ..cccscsccrccccccccce
Mackerel , East Coast © peel eseererGcerer0e0
INEVPNES gooopon0d900nDGnDOGD00000000000000
Anchovies crcccccccsccerccscoccvccccscccce
Whiting ..c.cccccccccccscecrercrercccsecerce
Clam Products ...... eoceervee Ssaeeeese0000
Oysters Soeeeoe cere Seetreo-so+eees0e000ese@
Shrimp Coarse eee eoosececeserssoseoereses0eee
Squid GOOG OO ei ie er ek ce

Miche riratscleteleleeletctelctelsveleleleleleleleleleleleleleleletsielercicts

2/Not available.

FROZEN FISH: Preliminary data indicate that in excess of 290,000,000 pounds
of fishery products were frozen inthe United States and Alaska during 1948 by firms
reporting their activities to the Fish and Wildlife Service. This was an increase
of about 45,000,000 pounds over the previous year and several million pounds great-—
er than the former record of 286,000,000 pounds established in 1945. The major
portion of the increase was due to heavy freezings of rosefish fillets, which were
about 25,000,000 pounds greater than in the previous year. During the early months

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vola al Noes

of 1948, stocks of frozen fish remained below those for the same period in 1947.
From July on, they averaged above the holdings for the latter part of 1947. How-
ever, they were still considerably below the 1946 average for this period.

FISH MEAL AND OIL: The production of fish meal in 1948 is estimated at about
188,000 tons, the same as in the previous year, while the yield of oil is believed
to have totaled about 15,000,000 gallons. This is somewhat less than the 15,900,000
gallons produced in 1947.

FOREIGN TRADE: During 1948, imports of edible fishery products amounted to
472,318,000 pounds, compared with 406,962,000 pounds in the previous year. Exports
of edible fishery products amounted to only 99,765,000 pounds, less than half the
208,880,000 pounds exported during 1947. There wasa large increase in the imports
of groundfish, including rosefish, fillets. Total imports of these fillets in
1948 amounted to nearly 54,000,000 pounds, compared with 35,000,000 pounds in
1947, and the former record imports of 49,000,000 pounds in 1946.

PROSPECTS FOR 1949: Consumption of fishery products by United States civilians
in 1949 is expected to be maintained at a high rate; however, retail prices are
likely to average somewhat lower than the level prevailing in the latter part of
1948. Cold storage stocks on January 1 appear to be sufficient to meet the domes-
tic needs until commercial fishing operations pick up seasonally in the spring.
Year-end stocks of canned fish at the packer level were low; however, holdings
at the wholesale and retail distribution levels are believed to be sufficient
for consumer needs until the marketing of the 1949 pack begins.

The international trade of the United States in fishery products is expected
to be a repetition of 1948. The relative shortage of dollar exchange and the strong
desire of foreign countries for capital goods are expected to be major obstacles
to any expansion of exports of fishery products. At the same time, if large amounts
of fish are caught by surplus producing countries, the quantity of fish--especially
fresh and frozen groundfish and rosefish fillets—-shipped to the United States may
be larger than in 1948.

Service Representative to Attend Conferences and Study Asian Fisheries

Continued American participation in international efforts to increase the
world's food supply was demonstrated February 25 when the Director of the Service
announced the departure of Dr. Hilary J. Deason, Chief of the Service's Office
of Foreign Activities, on a trip that will take him to one international fishery
conference and to inspections of three Asian fishing industries.

Dr. Deason arrived in Manila on March 1 for a three-week stay in the Philip-
pines. He inspected the progress of the Fish and Wildlife Service's Philippine
Fishery Program, and met with officials of the Philippine Government to discuss
future program activities. He attended the inaugural meeting of the Indo-Pacific
Fisheries Council in Singapore March 24-April 1 as an adviser to the U. S. dele-—
gate, and will stop in Siam, India, and Pakistan to obtain information and discuss
with local officials the fisheries of those countries.

a eT eat tai a a a Na emer TT gg Ee eT

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39)

Washington and paint Pedeliy} eral FGELSIEM Eoemnes

BOTTOM-FISH IN-
DUSTRY: This industry
has suffered sharply
from a depressed mar-
ket this winter, and
local processors who
fillet claimthe major
factors responsible
are falling meat prices
andimports of foreign
frozen fish fillets,
according to a recent
report from the Serv-
ice's Fishery Market-
ing Specialist at Se-
attle. The bottom-
fish industry, which
was givena tremendous
impetus by the Gov-
ernment's wartime pur-
chases of frozen fish
fillets,is slowly be-
ing forced into in-
activity, with sever-
al local processors
withdrawing completely
from handling and proc-
essing of bottom fish,
and with others cur-
tailing production a-
waiting further de-

velopments and future EMPTYING A CATCH OF MIXED BOTTOM FISH FROM COD END OF TRAWL ON
market trends. BOARD A VESSEL FISHING OFF THE OREGON COAST.

Wholesale and Retail Prices

The wholesale commodity index as of January 11, 1949, was 0.7 percent lower
than December 14, 1948, and 3.8 percent lower than January 13, 1948, according
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor. The rate of decline
in foods, although not as great as the previous month, still was substantial.
The wholesale food index was 2.5 percent below the previous month and 9.7 per-
cent lower than on January 13, 1948.

Canned salmon did not follow the general trend of all foods and, during Janu-
ary 1949, the average wholesale price of canned pink salmon was 4.3 percent higher
than December 1948 and 10.2 percent higher than January 1948. There was no change
in the average price of canned red salmon compared with the previous month.

The average decline of 0.1 percent in retail food prices in mid-January 1949--
the sixth in succession—brought the retail food index 5.5 percent below the July

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Woke WL, NOs 3

peak and 2.3 percent below January 1948. In contrast to all foods, the fresh
and frozen fish prices continued to increase to 1.5 percent over mid-December 1948
and 0.7 percent over mid-January 1948. This increase is not unusual at this time
of the year due to a seasonal decline in supply during the winter months. Canned
pink salmon retail prices increased 0.5 percent over the previous month and 18.5
percent over a year ago.

Wholesale and Retail Prices
Item Unit Percentage change from-
Wholesale: (1926 = 100 Jan, 11,1949 Dec.14,1 15 8
All commodities Index No. 160.5 -0. -3.
Foods do 164.4 2.5 -9.7
Fish: Jan, 1949 Dec, 1948 Jan. 1948
Canned salmon, Seattle:
Pink, Ne, 1, Tall $ per doz. cans 5.910 +4.3 +10.2
Red, No. 1, Tall do 6.649 0) + 4.3
Cod, cured, large shore,
Gloucester, Mass, $ per 100 lbs. 15.375 +2.5 + 6.0
Retail: (1935-39 = 100) Jan,15,1949 Dec.15,1948 Jan,15,1948
All foods Index No, 204. -0.1 2.3
Fish:
Fresh, frozen and canned do 331.7 +1.1 +6.7
Fresh and frozen do 272.4. 41.5 +0.7
Canned pink salmon er lb. can 61. +0. +18,

A METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF THE
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A PROTEIN

Dietitians and nutritionists have more recently shown considerable
interest inthe effect of cooking on the nutritive value of various foods.
Almost all of the early assays of nutrient elements in foods was limited
to raw foods. This work is valuable in order to determine the expected
variability in the amounts of nutrient elements in the raw product, but
does not permit the evaluation ofaserving portion in terms of the recom-
mended daily allowances of the various nutrient elements. More emphasis
should now be placed on determinations of the nutritive values of the
foods as served.

Marks and Nilson (1946) reported that baking, broiling, boiling, or
simmering had no adverse effect on the nutritive value of the protein of
cod. Martinek and Goldbeck (1947) reported that baking at 375° and 5000
F. had no differential effect on the nutritive value of the protein of
croaker fillets. The methods of cooking which were chosen for these
studies did not require the addition of any other products, except a
light brushing of oil on the baked or broiled fish.

--Fishery Leaflet 296

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AL

——
—aa

_——

—s
_——s
—._ =)
— — |

f
ann

Belgium

FISHERIES REVIEW, 1948: Production and Distribution: The Belgian sailing
vessels usually go to sea for periods of one, two, or three weeks. Immediately
after being caught, the fish are cleaned and packed in ice. After landing, the
fish are sold at the big auction mar-
ket at Cstend, andare distributed to
the retail trade, mostly by rail.

| Metric Tons| Value _|
eas a are eee 39,472 5 4,075,916
eeatieeiaeiee 4 75,370 "12. 656, AAO}
57,663 95774,793

Fresh and frozen fish are in-
troduced into Belgium almost entire-
ly through Cstend and Antwerp, with
the Belgian catch coming mostly through
Ostend, and imports passing through Antwerp, according to a January 28 report
from the American Embassy at Brussels.

Several distribution services exist through which individual families and
hotels throughout the country ¢an order fish to be sent to them at regular in-
tervals, through the Belgian railroad delivery services. However, the minimum
weight of these packages is such that only large families can use these facilities.

In the Belgian long-term program prepared in connection with Marshall Plan
requirements, the Belgian 1934-38 average annual production is listed at 54,000 metric
tons. The 1948-49 and the 1952-53 production are estimated at 100,000 tons each
(35,000 tons of herring and 65,000 tons of deep-sea fish). There seems little
doubt that the Belgian fish catch will remain substantially above prewar, thereby
reducing Belgian import requirements.

Imports: As compared with 69,096 metric tons of fishery products imported
in 1938, Belgium imported 81,139 tons in 1947, and 40,192 tons during the first
nine months of 1948 (Table 2).

Table 2 - Belgium Imports of Selected
Fishery . Products - First wee Months
1938, 1947, and 1948_

94

Cf the 1947 imports, 30,948 tons
were of canned fish; 19,941, mussels;
12,745, fresh fish; and 9,001, salted
herring.

The 1947 imports of canned fish
(30,948 metric tons) were especially large
and resulted in considerable stocking of
canned fish in Belgium. During the last
few months of 1947, Belgian importers
brought in large quantities of canned
fishinorder to avoid paying the Benelux duty of 20 percent which went into effect
on January 1, 1948.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

The Belgian long-term program prepared for the OEEC listed Belgian 1934-38
average annual imports at 74,000 metric tons, and estimated 1947-48, 1948-49, and
1952-53 import requirements each at 60,000 metric tons. These figures appear to
be reasonable if Belgian fish production does not increase beyond current rates.

Exports: In 1937, Belgium exported 16,097 metric tons of fish, and in 1938,
a total of 11,116 tons. During 1946, Belgian fish exports totaled 7,134 metric
tons. During the first nine months of 1948, the total was only 6,098 tons, as
compared with 17,826 tons during the corresponding period in 1947.

The normal export markets for Belgian fish include France, Switzerland, Italy,
Germany, and England. Currently, fish exports to Germany, France, and England are
restricted by the shortage of foreign exchange in those countries.

Consumption: Despite the fact that Belgium covers only a small area, the
consumption ef fresh and frozen fish is centered largely in the areas surrounding
Ostend and Antwerp. In Brussels, also, there is a substantial consumption, par-
ticularly of mussels, but in the interior of the country, the consumption of fresh
and frozen fish is relatively small.

Before the war, Belgian fish consumption averaged a little more than 24.2
pounds per capita per annum, basedon a total disappearance of somewhat over 90,000
metric tons per year. In 1946, Belgian fish consumption was about 50 percent above
prewar, at 36.1 pounds per capita. Total disappearance in 1946 was 136,196 metric
tons (based on production of 69,694 tons, imports of 73,636 tons, and exports of
7,134 tons).

In 1947, consumption was somewhat below 1946, the total disappearance being
135,158 metric tons, based on production of 75,370 tons, imports of 81,139 tons,
and exports of 21,351 tons. To some extent, the 1947 disappearance figure is
artificially high, due to the stocking of canned fish toward the end of the year.

For the same reason, the real 1948 consumption is somewhat greater than the
apparent disappearance. in reality, the 1947 and 1948 consumption were probably
about the same.

Trade Agreements: The current trade agreement with Switzerland announced
on October 3, 1948, for the period through September 1949, provides for Belgian
exports of at least 400 metric tons of fish.

Under the current trade agreement with Germany, $300,000 has been set aside
for the purchase of Belgian herring. Although this is not a large amount, it
represents at least a token shipment, and it is hoped that next year a greater
amount may be taken by Germany.

Towards the middie of January 1949, an agreement was signed by the National
Federation of Sea Fishing, the Federation of Coast Fishing and the Middenslagvisserii
with respect to sales of spent herring to Germany. Under this agreement, the first
8.8 million pounds to be exported to Bizone Germany will be priced at 1.8 cents
per pound, and the remaining 15.4 million pounds at 1.6 cents per pound, these
prices to apply to exports made from the Ostend auction market. The small quan-
tities that can be landed at the Montgomery dock at Ostend are to be exported to
the Bizone at prices ranging from 1.5 to 1.7 cents per pound.

Frozen Fish and Byproducts: A modern ice, refrigeration, and fish—-processing
plant has been constructed in Ostend for fiileting, packaging, and freezing fish.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW 43

The filleted, packaged sole and plaice are for sale to the United States, and the
lower-priced fish for sale in Belgium and the Belgian Congo. It is planned to
distribute storage cabinets to the important retail outlets to insure adequate
handling of the frozen fish. Belgian ships with refrigeration facilities are
available to transport fish to the United States and the Belgian Congo.

The ice plant has a capacity of 200 metric tons per day and the freezer is able
to handle 100 tons of fish per day. The freezer equipment is of American design,
of blower-type construction, and utilizes the Birdseye process. The construction
has been supervised by American engineers. The plant has storage facilities for
frozen fish and may be utilized for storage of frozen American salmon destined for
European markets.

A fish meal plant with capacity to process 50 metric tons of offal and 30
tons of fish waste daily has also been constructed.

Canned Fish: The Belgian fish canning industry is small, consisting merely
of three canneries located in or near Ostend. Their production is insignificant.
Belgium imports large quantities of canned fish.

Duties on Imports: In general, the regular Benelux duties of 20 percent
on all canned fish, and 25 percent on lobsters, crawfish, and shrimp apply to all
Belgo-Luxembourg imports. However, by Decree appearing in the Moniteur Belge
of December 25, 1948, the suspension of the duty on canned sardines and canned
salmon was continued through December 31, 1949. The tariff numbers involved are
sardines in oil (tariff No. 120al) and salmon (tariff No. 120c3A).

A question has arisen with respect to the proper tariff classification for
canned California pilchards. To date, the Belgian customs authorities have classed
them under tariff No. 120a2 and have collected the full 20 percent tariff on them,
whereas, if they were classed as 120al, they would be exempt from duty. The Belgian
customs authcrities classify all sardines packed in tomato sauce as pilchards, and
all sardines packed in oil as sardines. Only sardines packed in oil are thus duty-
iimeck

Fund for Maritime Equipment and Construction: The Moniteur Belge of Sep-
tember rill, MIS ee published a Decree of August 23, 1948, which tends to insure
the development of the merchant marine, of maritime fishing, and of maritime con-
struction and which to this end, institutes a Fund for Maritime Equipment and
Construction.

Prices:

Retail Price Index
1936-38 = 100 Retail Prices Charged for Canned Portuguese Sardines

5

Commodi t3
Salmon ...
Sardines .

Packed in peanut oil ....
Packed in oilive oil .... |

Ab COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wels all, Moc 4

Bizone Germany
FISHERIES PRODUCTION, 1948: During 1948, 597,658 metric tons of fish valued

at $58,620, 0004: were received at all ports in the Bizone. Of that amount, 17,943
tons were transshipped to Czechoslovakia, according to a January 21 report from the
American Consulate General at Hamburg. In addition, 43,787 tons of fish arrived by
other than sea transport. Thus, the total receipts of fish for apparent consumption
in the Bizone during 1948 amounted to 623,502 tons (approximately Ceree the re-
ceipts for apparent consumption in 1947), or 32.8 pounds per capita.= In 1938,
the apparent per capita consumption of fishin Germany amounted to only 27.5 pounds.

Table 1 - Bizone Ge Fish Catch and Imports - 1948

eres

Hamburg, Cuxhaven and Bremerhaven

[Smaller Ports |
at Three Ports Landings

Landings and Imorts

3
Value

Metric Tons Value etric Tons| Value fetric Tons Value
525,555 $49,827,100} 71,273 $9,783,600 597,553 |$59,510, 700
40,799 | 30,%4,100} _ 48,86 § 843,900] 389,656 8,000

Of the total 1948 receipts of 525,685 tons of fish (54.2 percent above the
340,799 tons received in 1947) at the three major ports of Hamburg, Cuxhaven, and
Bremerhaven, 263,881 tons, or 50.2 percent were landed by German vessels. The
German trawler fleet rose to 181 vessels in 1948 (143 in 1947) as a result of
repairs and reconversion of older craft, as well as new buildings. The trawler
fleet expansion, together with the opening of the Norwegian coastal waters, ac—
counted for most of the increase in German landings. Imports of fish at the three
major ports increased to 261,804 tons in 1948, or 105.4 percent above the 1947
imports of 127,487 tons.

yaple 2 - Fish Landings at Hamburg, Cuxhaven and Bremerhaven, by Type of Vessel and Grounds - 1948

By trawlers:
North Sea oo... . ccc cw cnn nee
Iceland .........
Norwegian Coast .
Bear Island ...
Barents Sea .

Seagoing Cutters .. se
Coastal Fisheries ......cccces

Landings at the smaller ports of the Bizone totaled 71,973 tons in 1948, or
47.3 percent above the 1947 total of 48,867 tons. All of the landings at the

Table 3 - Hamburg, Cuxhaven & Bremerhaven Herring Catch & Imports - 1948
German Lendings
53,006 5 uo CTS

118, 902 $9 500 $21 ,08
112,520 882

smaller ports were caught by German fishers. German fishers thus landed 335,854
tons of fish at all ports of the Bizone in 1948, or 28.3 percent above the 1947
total of 261,817 tons.

1/Official rate of exchange used - One Deutsche Mark equals 30 cents U. S,
2/Calculated on a Bizonal population estimate of 41.8 million,

March 1949 COMMERCIAL *ISHERIES REVIEW 45

Canada
EXPORTS AT RECCRD LEVEL IN 1948: In 1948, Canadian exports of fishery prod-

ucts, including oil, meal, etc., attained a new peak value of $89.8 million, sur-
passing by a small margin the former peak value of $89.0 million in 1946, and
rising by about 7 percent above the 1947 total of $84.0 million, according to
Dominion Bureau of Statistics. However, since total landed and marketed values
increased by over 25 percent above 1947 levels, exports did not increase as much
as did the domestic market.

Principal Canadian Fishery Products Exports to United States - 19481/
(In thousands of pounds

QUANTITY VALUE
1948 1947 |Average 1948 194 Average

Cod and Other Groundfish:

Fresh and frozen, dressed .o..e. 4,146 F 290,999
" n | AUIS Gooood 19,087 = e
Smoked SceeececeSevees0eeeoO0Oea 2,665 1,72 197,879
Green salted or pickled ......... »766| 12,47. 333,069
Galltad, dried es, celcies ies ejeieicieis 6,33 349,547
" boneless ©2000 ececeevoe 191 072
Halibut, fresh and frozen ......... AP, 949
Herring:
Fresh and frozen ccccoscccccccce 225,723
Sing ka diereyarsteteinie etelejoie/oleie:siviereicicisveeler, 71
Pickled CoOeMereeceeoeresrece% 00 boon 2 , 300
Canned @2202602 36 © © Oo © © 2 OO @ 2 OO © @@ o 2
Sardines, canned ..cccscceccccecccce =
Mackerel, pickled .o.ssscosscceees 121,060
Smordnichieiccesaue ce mviccecleeee ee 219,583
Salmon, fresh and frozen ......000. 80, 748
Other estuarial fish, fresh and
frozen Coceccererroneoecesecs 00000 819,691
Lobsters, fresh ..cccccrcce-oe0ce 2,048,523
Whitefish, fresh and frozen ....... 1,457,039
Ciscoes, fresh and frozen ......... 287, 273

Trout, fresh and frozen ........00.
Other lake fish:
Fresh and frozen ccsccrcccccccces

6
678 3,98 iL
27,778 5,401,436] 5,447,659| 2,452,568
Heo " filleted ......| 4,836 AA 1,797,509| 1,607,399

Total of Principal Exports to U.S./264,055 | 242, 160/139,190 [48,911,419]40, 301, 13] 9,908,021

Percentage of total principal zy
fishery products exports to U.S. 5A% 51% AA% 57% 49% 39%
to total Canadian fishery prod- i

ucts exports
1/Some additional exports to U.S. may be included in a miscellaneous category.

Exports of fresh and frozen fishery products increased from $38.0 million
in 1947 to $45.3 million, mainly due to the increasing demands of the United States
market. Sales of cured fish increased from $12.3 million in 1947 to $14.9 million
in 1948, based mainly on the strength of Latin American markets, although sales
tothe other main market for these types (the British West Indies) were down slight-
ly. Exports of canned fish, at $21.0 million, were down considerably from the
1947 total of $31.5 million, despite increases in sales to the United States,
South Africa, some European countries and Latin America--due mainly to a large
decline in sales to the Sterling Area, and_to a virtual cessation of relief ship-

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 1 Now

ments to other countries. The lifting of export controls on some of the other
fishery products, such as oil, meal, etc., permitted a rapid expansion of sales
of these types from $2.2 million in 1947 to $8.7 millicn in 1948.

FRESH HERRING GRANTED DUTY-FREE ENTRY: By Order in Canadian Council IDalors 641 ,
passed on February 10, 1949, fresh herring, to be pracessed in Canadian canneries ,
is granted duty-free entry into Canada effective February 1, 1949, according to

a February 17 report from the American Embassy at Ottawa.

Temporary free entry was granted fresh herring during the period July 1-Decem-
ber 31, 1945, because Canadian packers were experiencing unusual difficulty in
keeping up their production and requiréd herring caught in American waters to
Supplement the Canadian catch. Temporary free entry was again accorded during
the period June 1-December 31, 1948.

Fresh herring has been ordinarily dutiable, upon importation into Canada from
the United States, at 4 cent per pound (Tariff Item ll5a).

Order in Council P.C. 641 follows:

P.C. 641
Privy Council
CANADA
AT THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT OTTAWA
THURSDAY, the 10th day of FEBRUARY, 1949
PRESENT:
HIS EXCELLENCY
THE GOVERNOR GENERAL IN COUNCIL:

HIS EXCELLENCY the Governor General in
Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of
Finance and under the authority of paragraph (k)
af section 284 of the Customs Act, Revised Statutes
of Canada, 1927, chapter 42, is pleased to order and
doth hereby order that fresh herring be accorded the
tariff treatment hereunder indicated, effective Feb-
ruary 1, 1949:

Herring, fresh, to be processed in
Canadian canneries ......ccc.ccece

British Most-

Preferential Favoured-Nation General
Tariff Tariff Tariff
Free Free Free

(To be designated as Tariff Item 115a, )

A, M, Hill (Sea,)
Asst. Clerk of the Privy Council,

ge

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

Geylon

FISHING INDUSTRY: Introduction: As Ceylon fisheries do not meet the rela-
tively high consumption of fish by native Sinhalese on the Island, considerable
quantities of fish, fresh and dried, are imported chiefly from India and the Maldive
Islands. During January to June, 1948, a total of 34,970,320 pounds of fishery
products, valued at $3,855,223 were imported into the Island principally from
these countries.

Fishing is carried on in Ceylon in a primitive fashion from outrigger canoes
and catamarans, according to a November 24 report from the American Embassy at
Colombo. Line fishing is practiced far out at sea; nets are used in inshore waters
and estuaries. Fishing is done during the Southwest Monsoon (April-October) in
the Northeast coast of Ceylon; during the Northeast Monsoon (October-April) in
the Northwest coast.

Considerable quantities of fish are caught, packed in ice, and shipped to
Colombo and other principal towns, tapped by railroad lines. Elsewhere, almost
all fish is consumed locally or pickled and dried before shipping. There has been
little expansion or contraction in this industry during past years.

The two important fishing banks are Kankesanturai (Pedro Bank) near Jaffna
in the northern end of the Island which extends about 650 miles in length; the
other bank is at Cape Comorin (Wadge Bank) which has an area of about 2,500 square
miles and is located off the southern tip of India.

Although Ceylon has an abundant supply of fish, an increasing supply of fish-
ery products are being imported into Ceylon, chiefly from India, the United King-
dom, and Canada.

es of Fisheries: The industry is divided into three broad categories;
i.e., sea fishing, chank fishing, and inland water fishing.

SHORE SEINE: The most important type of marine fishery is shore seine fish-
ing. The largest proportion of fish is caught by this method of operation which
requires 20 to 60 men to operate and is seasonal, lasting only six months at any
one place.

It is the custom in this type of fishing that net owners collect labor, by
advancing each fisherman between $15-$121, about two months prior to the fishing
season. Labor will generally not engage in shore seine fishing without this ad-
vance. Wages of fishermen range between $12-$24 per month in addition to food,
wnich includes tobacco and betel. A daily rice ration of one measure or two pounds
is given the fisherman, who supplements this with large amounts of chillies and
sugar.

HOOK AND LINE: Another type of marine fishing is carried on from 27- to
45-foot outriggers. The most common is the 31-foot size. Three to ten men gen-
erally man one boat cn a share basis, the number of fishermen depending on the
size of the outrigger. Fishing is done from outriggers with a line and hook, the
lines sometimes being as long as 400 feet.

DRIFT AND CAST NETS: The catamaran is also used in marine fishing. This
type of sailing vessel consists of three to four logs about 25 feet long lashed
together and used with a sail. Drift nets and cast nets are commonly used fron
these rafts.

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

TRAWLING: Commercial trawling is carried on off Wadge Bank chiefly by the
Ceylon Government, who equip and maintain a trawler. The catch is sold on the
open market at the lowest prevailing retail price.

EDIBLE OYSTERS: They are found all along the coast and in the river es—
tuaries, the principal oyster beds being around Bentota on the southwest part
of Ceylon. As consumption of oysters is limited to a small number of Europeans,
there is no effort made by native Sinhalese to advance oyster beds.

BECHE-DE-MER: Also known as sea slug or sea cucumber, it is found principal-
ly off Jaffna, located at the extreme northern tip of the Island. Formerly, it
was a considerable fishery.

CHANK FISHERIES: Chank fishing is carried on off Jaffna Island in the north
of Ceylon and in parts of the Gulf of Mannar. About 12 millions of chanks are
obtained annually from Ceylon beds, which are sold at an average price in Ceylon
of $18 per 1,000 chanks. However, the greater part of the chanks caught off Ceylon
are exported to India, where the shells are used in the manufacture of bangles
and fetch a better price.

POND FISHERIES: This type of fisheries is carried on chiefly in the North-
western Province of Ceylon, around Anuradhapura, from artificial lakes created
by irrigation ditches, by seasonal rains, and by drainage due to the overflow of
the Mahaweli Ganga. These ponds are stocked with carp, catfish, murrays, and
gourmay. Brought from Jaffna, gourmay are considered the best eating fish by
natives and Kuropeans.

WINDOW-PANE OYSTERS: This oyster is foundin Lake Tanblegam in the Trincomalee
District and was formerly exported mainly to Japan where it was used in the manu—
facture of cultured pearls. There has been no fishing or cultivation of this
oyster since 1937, one of the main reasons being that the beds in Tanblegam Lake
have not been kept up or
stocked since this date.

Table 1 - Number of Persons Engage

Total No, in Fishing | Population Engaged
Year | Population Indust: a] in Fishing Industry
1946 6,057,339 112, 600 1.7
iL/Includes only those persons whose principal employment
is in the fishing industry.

PERSONS ENGAGED: Per-
sons engaged in and depend—
ent upon the fishing indus—
try number about 112,600,
according to the last cen—
sus taken in 1946.

Imports and Exports of Fish-
ery Products: In 1947, Ceylon's
total imports of fishery prod-
ucts amounted to 70,618,900 pounds
valued at $7,678,197 as against
total exports.and re-exports of
fishery products (exclusive of
chank and oyster shells) amount—
ing to 196,700 pounds valued at
$30,812.

During January to June,
1948, a total of 34,970,300 pounds
of fishery products, valued at SALTED FISH PACKED IN SCREW PINE LEAF MATS FOR
$3,866,531, were imported chief-— EXPORT -TO CEYLON.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

ly from India and the Maldive Islands. Exports and re-exports (exclusive of chank
and oyster shells) amounted to only 583,600 pounds, valued at $101,627 shipped to
ships' stores, Straits Settlements, and Hong Kong.

Product

W , froze
" , Maldiv
" , canne latnlcteltersicieisiclerrelereistercterelcle(elererare
Other preserved fishd/ ececccecenercscreccee
Total eo BO@ocecerrccasover®@VerF2e Sea POO be
1/Mostly from Aden, India and other Asiatic countries,
2/Mostly from Canada, some from the United Kingdom.
From Maldive Island.

A/Imported from the United States: January-June 1948, 176,600 lbs. valued at $39,581 com
pared with 376,700 lbs. valued at $90,807 for the year 1947; from Canada: Jan -June
1948, 157,500 lbs. valued at $36,904 compared with 2,376,400 lbs. valued at $456,375 for
the year 1947.

5/Mostly from India,

COCA TELCHOHERCALOLHOHBEDOBSOODE

@eoeeeeev0ee0G2200802009000900690

Fish, dried j SATU CUA ope ML i ee

This illustrates Ceylon's lack of self-sufficiency infishery products which,
next to rice, are the principal foodstuffs of the Ceylonese.

Prices: Local retail market prices for fresh fish vary from 23 to 60 cents
per pound, and dried fish sell from 5 to 45 cents per pound on the local market,
depending upon quality and availability.

Government Fisheries Policies: The Minister of Industries, Industrial Re-
search and Fisheries, recently announced to the local press that contemplated
objects of his Department with regard to the fishing industry in Ceylon were:

a, To build up this industry with the purpose of progressively decreasing
the $7,541,478 sent out of the country each year for the purchase of
fishery products from abroad, and

b. To take steps to improve the condition of those persons now engaged in
this industry who were “eking out a precarious living at the present time.”

rn

been attempted several times in tropical waters with very little success. However,
attempts have been made at Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, and Ceylon, but only in the
latter areahas there been any success during the past decade, according to a mimeo-
graphed paper, "Commercial Trawling in Ceylon Seas" by C. Amirthalingam, Director
of Fisheries, and E. R. A. de Zylva, Assistant Director of Fisheries, Ceylon.

Trawling was first tried around Ceylon in 1902. In 1913-14 and between 1919-
1928, the Government carried on experimental trawling. Based on these trials, a
private fishing company was organized in 1928 and operated until 1935 when it
went into liquidation as it was unable to market its catch successfully. In 1945,
the Government again tried commercial trawl-fishing in order to increase Ceylon's
fish supply during the war, and its favorable results encouraged a private company
in 1947 to obtain two vessels with refrigerated holds and engage in otter-trawl-
ing.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVI Ed Wells Ib, Wes 3)

Trawling Grounds: Trawling is possible on the continental shelf, which is
of varying depth up to 100 fathoms. Trawling beyond the continental shelf has
not been attempted as the seabed falls very steeply from the edge of the shelf.

SEINE
FISHING}:

1RANAIMADUL
PADAWIYA
WAHALKODA
MAHAGALKADWALA
NUWARA WEWO
NACGHCHADUWA POND FISHERIES
KALA WEWA

>

MINNERIYA

PARAKRAMA SAMUDRA
RUGAM

. UNMICHENAI

SWBNMaS UP =

OUTRIGGER FISHING

LOCATION OF FISHING GROUNDS AND POND FISHERIES. THE DIFFERENT STIPPLING PATTERNS INDICATE
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF BOTTOM DEPOSITS OF THE LITTORAL WATERS AROUND THE ISLAND
THE SOUTHERN TIP OF INDIA. ike

The coastal stripof 10 to 20 miles on the west, south, and east of the Island
has not given good catches. The Wadge Bank has been the most often fished. It
is over 4,000 square miles in extent, and lies outside Indian territorial waters
off Cape Comorin from Manapad to Quilon. The Pedro Bank lies off the northeast
coast from east of the Jaffna Peninsula northwards to Point Calimere on the Indian
Coast, and is about 1,500 square miles in area. Both of these banks are beyond
the reach of the type of craft now used by local fishermen. The vessels worked

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISH@RIES REVIEW Sak

day and night as far as possible while out fishing, following the normal comercial
practice, with occasional interruptions in this routine due to damaged nets or
very heavy catches.

Vessel Operations and Handling of Catches: Fish was gutted and washed clean
with sea water before storage in the refrigerated hold. In the case of rays and
skates, the general practice was to take only the wings.

Catches by the two vessels operated by the new company formed in 1947 consist
of 63.6 percent large fish, 16.3 percent small fish, and 20 percent shark, skate,
ray, and catfish.

The catch per vessel during 1945 to 1947 on the Wadge Bank averaged between
4,600 to 6,400 pounds of fish for each day absent from port. This compared favor—
ably with the catch on the fishing banks off the northern and western coast of
Scotland and Ireland, but was not as great as in the banks around Bear Island or
Iceland.

Disposal of Catches: Some of the earlier trawling ventures followed the
practice of disposing of their catch by giving the fish on arrival to an agent
who put it into cold storage and later sold it to the trade. However, the fish
did not always reach the consumer in as fresh a condition as was possible. The
latest commercial venture also attempted the same type of merchandising, but as
it was soon realized that the consumer did not like frozen fish, it was decided
to dispose of the fish through the Department of Fisheries by the speediest possi-
ble method even though it generally meant lower prices. At present, the catches
are sold at fixed wholesale prices to a number of regular dealers for immediate
retail sale at fixed prices so that the entire catch is disposed of within two or
three days.

Future Trawling Prospects: Every trawling attempt in Ceylon waters has served
to prove that excellent fishing is available within easy reach of the market, ac-
cording to the authors of the report. It has proved even more conclusively that
the real problem lies in the disposal of trawler fish. The failure of earlier
trawling ventures was due to the difficulty in establishing a regular outlet for
the abundant catches which the trawlers were able to bring in regularly. The
experience to date shows that future trawlers built for operation in tropical
waters should be oil—fired steam-driven with diesel auxiliary engines, instead
of the coal-fired steam-driven engines used at present. In addition, it is pointed
out that with the development of a trawling industry there should be ample scope
for the utilization of fish offal for production of fish guano, which it is be-
lieved will find a ready market in the Island's planting districts. Plans are al-
ready under consideration to establish such a plant. In the absence of an organized
fish trade in the Island, it seems that the maintenance of a complete marketing
organization under the control of the producer is desirable.

Bese SC Soe
an WT WN Ww OK

DANISH FISHERIES EXPERTS TO MCDERNIZE FISHERIES: ADanish fisheries biologist,
ernment of the Island of Ceylon to work for some months on the modernization of
the Ceylon fishing industry, according to a January 31 report from the American
Embassy at Copenhagen, Denmark. He expects to return to Denmark in May. He will
be assisted in a number of practical matters by an experienced Danish fisheries
captain who will accompany him on his trip.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol.«1lj Nowa3

Besides working in the above-mentioned capacity for the Government of Ceylon,
the biologist will investigate (for the Danish Government) the possibilities of
expanding trade between Denmark and Ceylon. In this respect, he will work semi-
officially and with the approval of the Royal Danish Ministry of Fisheries. Ac-—
cording to reports, one of Denmark's largest manufacturers of equipment for can-—
neries and similar industrial establishments already has sent one of its engineers
to investigate the possibilities for the establishment of fish meal factories and

fish canneries in Ceylon.
ft 2

—

Denmark

a SO"

according to a January 21, 1949, report from the American Embassy at Copenhagen.

The Committee will be headed by the said Ministry's advisor on problems of
international law, and will include representatives of the Prime Minister's Office;
the Ministry of Naval Defense; the Ministry for Public Works; the Ministry for
Commerce, Industry, and Navigation; the Ministry for Fisheries; the Ministry for
Education; and the Greenland Administration.

In an interview granted to Nationaltidende, the advisor to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs gave the following popular definition of the continental shelf
which was published on December 17, 1948: "the sloping submarine area between
the territorial border and the deep sea." He further stated that the establish—
ment of the committee resulted from the decision taken by the United States in
connection with American submarine oil explorations in the Mexican Gulf, and by
Iceland with regard to fishery rights.

MINISTRY OF FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL VESSEL LAUNCHED: An experimental fishery
vessel of 120 gross-registered tons, constructed for the account of the Royal Danish
Ministry of Fisheries, was launched in the Frederikssund shipyard on January 19,
1949, according to a January 31 report from the American Embassy at Copenhagen.
The vessel is characterized as "the world's most mcdern fishery vessel." In-—
tended for experimental use in the North Sea and in other more distant fishery

areas, suchas the Greenland waters, it is equipped with

a laboratory and instruments for marine exploration.

piithelNewslesse! Accormodations for a master, a crew of nine, and two
scientists are provided.

The vessel is powered by a 400 hp. diesel engine
and has a speed of 11 knots. The main engine supplies
power to the net windlass, whereas all other parts of the deck machinery receive
their power supply from two auxiliary motors of 60 hp. each, which also supply
power for the lighting installations. The electrical deck machinery is composed
of an anchor windlass, a net windlass, and a windlass for the hydrographic equip-
ment. The windlasses are of a new and special Danish construction with special
electric clutches of the "booster" type. The vessel has installations for quick
freezing of fish at -30° C. (-22°9 F.) together with regular refrigerating equip-
ment and cargo space for frozen fish. The refrigerated holds are insulated by a

March 1949 CCMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW D3

new material which is moisture-resistant and the walls are covered with aluminum
plates which are not affected by salt water.

The vessel's nautical equipment includes two sounding gears, two radio direc-
tion finders, a large telegraph transmitter, a telephone transmitter, and three
radio receivers. In addition, it has a Decca navigator and a command loudspeaker
with a range of three nautical miles. Space has been allocated for the installa-
tion of radar equipment.

The new ship is expected to be delivered in June 1949.

It is contemplated that a sister vessel, also under construction for the
Icelandic Government, will be launched within three months.

un

Honduras

STATUS OF FISHERIES: The Honduran fishing industry remained almost latent,
but anew company to exploit the fisheries in the waters outside the Gulf of Fonseca
was being organized, according to a February 7 report from the American Embassy
at Tegucigalpa. Others were considering the feasibility of shipping fish to the
United States from the Honduran North Coast by air. The contemplated fish can-
nery remained an indefinite scheme. During the year ending June 30, 1948, there
were 24,592 pounds of dried and salted fish exported to El Salvador.

Iceland

FISHERIES TRENDS, 1948: Iceland derives her livelihood from the sea almost
entirely. Fish and fish products constitute about 95 percent of Iceland's total
exports. Likewise locally, fishis the mainstay of the Icelandic diet. The Iceland-
ers are entirely dependent upon their fish exports to meet their needs for food
and other essentials from abroad, according to a 1948 annual report from the Am-
erican Legation at Reykjavik.

Since Iceland has not received any direct grant, there are no ECA counterpart
funds available for the expansion and improvement of agriculture and the fishing
industries. There are, likewise, no technical assistance funds available.

Qualitatively, Iceland has been expanding her fishing fleet considerably
during the past few years. As a result, the output of fish and fish products
has increased from 298,000 metric tons in 1938 to 478,000 tons in 1947. Unfortu-
nately, the Icelanders have encountered difficulties in marketing their fish and
fish products abroad because of the high local productian costs. The Government
subsidizes the exports of particular types, such as the frozen fillets, salted
fish, etc. The "new reconstruction" trawlers have been able to market their iced
fish at a profit.

NEW ANTI-INFLATION BILL: The Anti-Inflation Act, passed by the present ses~
sion of the Althing, went into effect ct January 1, 1949, according to a February 4
report from the American Legation at Reykjavik. The Government again, as in De-
cember 1947, is undertaking to compensate the fishermen and motorboat fleet own-

oH COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Works 1b, Wes 3)

ers for financial losses incurred because of the poor summer (1948) herring fish-
eries. The basic purpose of the Bill is to provide financial aid to the motorboat
fleet, which fishes for herring and supplies the refrigeration plants with white-
fish. (See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1949, page 33.) The Act seeks
to maintain those sections of the fishing industry which, because of high pro—
duction costs and poor catches, could not otherwise continue operations. Its
secondary incidental aim is to ease the inflationary pressures by means of further
taxation.

The following is a summarization of the leading features of the Act relating
to fisheries:

In regards to the Government guarantee of export prices, etc., the purpose
of the Bill is to secure for the motorboat fishing industry in 1949 a price of
65 aurar per kilo of fresh fish (44 cents per pound), based on cod and haddock,
gutted with head. The Treasury guarantees refrigeration plants the difference
between the sale price of haddock fillets and Kr. 1.33 per pound (approximately
20 cents per pound) f.o.b., and proportional prices of other species of fish; and
guarantees salt fish exporters the difference between the selling price and Kr. 2.25
per kilo (approximately 1534 cents per pound) f.o.b., based on fully cured large
cod first class, and the prices of other classes and species of fish shall be
proportional. In addition, a proportional price shall be guaranteed for exported
dried fish. These guarantees apply solely to fish sold to countries determined
by the Government with a view to marketing possibilities at each time.

In order to guarantee the stated price for fresh fish and the sale of the
catch, the Bill authorizes the Government to guarantee the price of exported fish
which is processed in a manner other than fille+s, salted, and dried. The Govern-
ment is authorized to issue instructions concerning the processing of fish in
accordance with marketing possibilities.

The Act also provides for the partial reimbursement by the Government for
the storage cost of refrigerated fish and spoilage of long-stored salt fish.

The Bill provides for the use of upto 5 million kronur (approximately $770,000)
to lower the production costs of fish products.

Various minor regulations enable the Government to fix the prices of fresh
fish, bait, and charges for the repairs of vessels, machinery, fishing gear and
other fisheries equipment. Also, that during the period of guarantee established
by the law, interest on operation loans of the fishing industry and the enterprises
which process fish products for export must not be higher than 4 percent, and the
loans must not exceed 85 percent of the guaranteed price.

Concerning aid to fish producers who were engaged in herring fisheries during
the period 1945-48, the Government, in addition to the price guarantees, is author-
ized to determine that fish producers and fish production enterprises which were
engaged in herring fisheries during the period 1945-48 be granted in part or in
full: cancellation of redeemed marine mortgages; cancellation of loans; and can-
cellation of loans which they were granted from the Treasury because of failure
of herring fisheries in the summers of 1945 and 1947. The law provides various
conditions for cancellation of claims, loans, and debts.

The Bill establishes a special State Inflation Fund which shall be used to
meet the payments of the guarantees on the price of exported products and payments

Maren 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

to bring down the price of commodities and local production costs. This fund is
to be obtained from already existing and new sources of revenue.

It is estimated that 70 million kronur (approximately $10,780,000) are neces-
sary to finance this program in 1949 with its dual objective of paying for export
fish prices and holding down the price level.

GOVERNMENT-FISH PRODUCERS AGREEMENT: The new Anti-Inflation Act, which did
not meet with the complete approval of the Federation of Icelandic Fish Froducers,
was supplemented by a temporary agreement between the Federation and the Govern-
ment in order to make it possible for the motorboat fleet to start operations
immediately.

The Agreement emphasized that the Sales Union of Icelandic Fish Producers
will take all possible measures to create a sound and practical operational basis
for the motorboat fleet, and that they will receive the support of the Government
and Althing. In addition, the Agreement provides for the Government to enact
legislation on catch and share insurance; the use of the 5 million kronur (ap-
proximately $770,000) appropriated for the purpose of decreasing the production
costs of the industry; authorization to fish producers to dispose of the foreign
exchange received for exported roe and, particularly, specified export products
which have not been produced to any great extent in the past few years; and that
the operations status of the quick-freezing plants be improved by paying charges
for storage of quick-frozen fish, compensation on the shrinkage of salted fish,
and storage charges for salted fish. The actual execution of some of the above
will be decided later in special agreements with the parties concerned.

% ,
TRADE AGREEMENT WITH THE NETHERLANDS: On December 17, 1948. a Trade Agree—
for the exchange of goods to the equivalent of $5,600,000 during the year ending
November 30, 1949. Iceland's exports to the Netherlands will consist of fish
meal, cod liver oil, quick-frozen and salted fillets, calfskins, and fish and
fur skins. In return, the Dutch will,.export to Iceland a variety of products
other than fish. As a result of this Agreement, the trade between the two coun-
tries will be double that of 1948. .

TRADE AGREEMENT WITH UNITED KINGDOM: In London, In December 1948, another
Agreement was signed between the Icelandic and British Governments concerning the
sale of iced fisn to Bizonia. The Agreement calls for the delivery of 67,000
metric tons of iced fish to German ports between February 1 and October 31, 1948.
The Agreement will keep the major part of the ocean-going trawlers in operation,
thereby providing revenue and employmegt. In 1948, the Icelandic trawler fleet
comprising 49 vessels (at present 45) made 504 sales trips, 262 to Great Britain
and 242 to German ports. A total of 118,516 tons of iced fish were delivered,
valued at $19,370,000.

FISH PRODUCTION IN 1948: Despite the poor summer herring season, the total
fish catch in 1948 amounted to 409,208 metric tons of fish; or 22,000 tons less
than in 1947. The winter herring season, which commencedin November and terminated
in January, produced only 3,000 tons of neuen. As compared with the 1947-48 winter
herring season, herring catches for 1948-49 were considered a total failure. In
order to carry on its white fish fishing, wnich started in January and will continue
until the end of May, Iceland will import from Norway about 1,000 tons of frozen
herring to be used as bait.

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol 71, Now

lran
GOVERNMENT-OWNED SARDINE AND TUNA CANNERY: Production: The Government-

according toa January 24 report from the American Embassy at Tehran. It is equipped
with Danish machinery, and has an optimum productive capacity of 5 metric tons of
fish (about 20,000 cans) per 8-hour day. Present production, about 50 or 60 metric
tons of sardines and tuna, for the 5-month fishing season from mid-October to
mid-March, is a mere fraction of potential production. In spite of the small
production, the Government has difficulty in disposing of the cannery's output.
The organization which operates the Government-owned factories credit this to a
prejudice on the part of the Iranians against canned foods. It might also be
attributed to a poor quality product, high prices, and present marketing methods.

quality and Prices: SARDINES: The Iranian sardines sell for a price equal
to high quality Portuguese sardines, but it is highly doubtful if they could be
marketed in the United States or Europe at any price because of the poor quality.

TUNA: The Iranian tuna is vastly superior to the sardines. It is of ex-
cellent quality and good taste. However, the pack is of different sizes and colors
and, presumably, because of an improper bleeding method, the tuna is dark. The
cutting of the tuna also produces flakes rather than solid pieces. The tuna is
packed in olive oil. With skilled processing, the Iranian tuna would probably
offer a good export possibility, provided production costs could be lowered to
a competitive level. -A case of 48 10-ounce cans of Iranian tuna sells for $14.50
and a case of 100 42-ounce cans sells for $20.00. These prices are estimated to
be 30 percent higher than the prices Iranian tuna could command on the world mar-
~ VEEN

Prospects of Development: There is considerable doubt whether the Persian
Gulf sardines are an export asset. The tuna, on the other hand, presents possi-
bilities. A still better export possibility is edible fish oil for which there
is an existing heavy world demand. The Persian Gulf abounds in oil-bearing fish-—
including sharks, from which shark liver oil could be extracted. The Bandar Abbas
cannery has a small oil pressing machine, but it has never been put into use.
Oil extraction on a scale large enough to make export worthwhile would require

additional machinery.
& 4)
i

Japan
ARRIVAL OF AMERICAN FISHERY SCIANTISTS: Three American fishery scientists

to the November 20 Weekly Summary of SCAP. The Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Investi-
gation is a partof the U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior,
with headquarters in Honolulu. These scientists are assigned to Natural Resources
Section during their four-month stay in Japan.

— OC =

forced it to use’ makeshift materials, which greatly increased operation costs.

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

To alleviate this situation, the United States supplied materials which were re-
ceived and processed in Japan, but these materials began to accumulate and stock-
pile at the manufacturers because the Japanese fishermen were financially unable
to purchase them. In addition, the fishermen's financing difficulties were aggra-—
vated by abnormally poor catches of bonito and sardines for the past season.

A number of petitions requesting assistance in financing Japanese fisheries,
especially the sardine purse-seine fisheries of the Tohuko region, were presented
to the Japanese Diet, prior to dissolution in December 1948. Tne Diet instructed
the Japanese Government to take action to alleviate this situation, according to
the January 22 Weekly Summary of the Natural Resources Section of SCAP.

The Government prepared a plan called the Fisheries Bill System, which per-
mitted the fishermen to give notes for materials to the manufacturers who would
discount them at local banks. These loans are underwritten by the Reconstruction
Finance Bank. The program provided that this assistance be extended to medium
trawlers, tuna and sardine purse-seiners, and fixed net fisheries. It was estimated
that ¥142 million (approximately $526,000) was necessary for immediate needs,
while ¥1,100 million (approximately $4,074,000) will be needed to finance the
four fisheries groups. The latter amount represents 30 percent of their total
requirements.

The Japanese Ministry of Finance issued a statement on January 21, 1949,
announcing the establishment of the Fisheries Bill System.

This is the first instance in the history of Japanese fisheries of the estab-
lishment of an organized method for financing fisheries, and it may well serve as
a cornerstone in building an adequate financing system for Japanese fisheries.”

In the opinion of Natural Resources Section officials, the Fisheries Bill
System will stimulate fish production,-and it will serve to further stabilize
the nation's economy, as the plan does not necessitate the release of additional
money.

PROPOSED LOAN TO FINANCE 1949 AGAR-AGAR PRODUCTION: The agar-agar industry
is one of the most important industries in Japan, for purposes of foreign trade,
because all raw materials used are of Japanese origin, and the sales are mostly
export items. The industry is composed principally of small-scale producers in
mountainous prefectures of Japan. These producers cannot finance the purchase
of raw materials, and local banks cannot make loans to them unless the loans are

underwritten by the Government.

The agar-agar industry needs long-term credit, because the first raw materials
are purchased in April, the products are not sold until 18 months later, and another
6 months are required to obtain payment. Therefore, agar-agar producers do not
realize any income from their work until after 2 years.

The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has proposed that the Re-
construction Finance Bank set aside ¥150,000,000 (approximately $555,556) for
underwriting loans made by local banks to agar-agar producers.

The Japanese Fisheries Agency reported that a system has been established
for financing production of agar-agar in 1949 through loans made by local banks
and underwritten by the Reconstruction Finance Bank which will be permitted to
Note: Values converted at the military rate of exchange of ¥270 for U.S. $1.00.

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolo tk, Woo 3

underwrite a maximum of ¥100,000,000 ($270,370) to be used to purchase seaweed
for the production of agar-agar in 1949.

TUNA FISHING AND PROCESSING METHODS: Japanese methcds cf tuna fishing and
processing at Yaizu and Shimizu, Shizuoka Prefecture and vicinity, and Misaki,
Kanagwa Prefecture, were examined
TUNA LONG LINE by Natural Resources Section per-

3 sonnel of SCAP and reported in
that agency's Weekly Summary of
January 1 and January 8.

Bait Fishing and Retention
Methods in Japan: When using large
bait boats inthe South Seas, Yaizuo
fishermen attempted to carry live
bait from Kyushu to the Caroline
Islands. However, many bait fish
died when warm water was encoun—
tered in the area of Latitude 20° N.

dinops) has a maximum temperature
tolerance of 25° C. (77° F.) and
the anchovy, a maximum of 280 C.
(82.4° F.). Although fishermen
carried smaller bait loads and
artificially cooled the water,
they did not succeed in keeping
bait. Installation of refrigera-

A Moin line D Float F Cotton covered hemp (sekiyama)

B Branch fine E Flag G Wire leader tion equipment in bait tanks held
CG Float line . 3 Q
" WATURAL RESOURCES BEOTION GHO SCAP ; AGM 9 but failed because of the
uneven distribution of temperature.
TUNA LONG-LINE GEAR USED BY JAPANESE. Poor circulation kept all of the

cold water near the refrigeration
coils, and, as a result, the fish tended to crowd into this more nearly optimum
area. Overcrowding resulted in injuries and subsequent death of bait. To "train"
bait fish to circle in a tank, they are confined for at least a week. During this
period, from 40 to 60 percent, and occasionally, 100 percent of the bait fish caught
will die. Bamboo baskets generally are best for training fish because they are
more easily towed and are darker so that the fish are not so much alarmed. How-
ever, live boxes of nething generally are used because water circulation is better
and more fish can be confined within the live boxes. In addition, it is easier
to get the bait fish out of a live box made of net because the netting can be
raised. The fishermen feel that sudden temperature changes will cause the death
of the bait fish.

The Misaki tuna fishermen stated that they have not caught their own bait
since 1925, the required bait being supplied by professional bait fishermen. After
the bait, either sardines (Sardinops) or anchovies (Engraulis), has been held by
the bait fishermen for 7 to 10 days, the weak fish have died, and the remainder
are tame. Fish suitable for transfer to the bait wells of the fishing vessels
generally are thin, having been confined tod closely to allow for feeding; are
tame and are not frightened when a boat approaches the holding box; and exhibit
normal feeding reactions in the holding-box and in the bait wells, that is, they
form a school and circle the tank, straining planktonic food from the water.

and southward. The sardine (Sar- _

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

While fishing for tuna in the South Seas before World War II, Japanése fish—
ermen had difficulty obtaining and holding live bait. Bait supplies are generally
poor in the South Seas. Much of it was caught by using "lift nets" at night,
with lights to attract the fish. Most live bait died if not used the day after
being caught.

were rather vague, as the fishery is of a shifting oceanic nature. The Vedas
fishermen found the best yellowfin fishing between Longitude 135° and 145° E. near
Latitude 4° N. The fishing, which is done with long-line gear, is best from Janu-
ary to April. The fish are found on the northern extremity of the equatorial
counter-current, and the best fishing shifts eastward in this area as the winter
progresses. The fishermen rely very heavily upon their thermometers in locating
fish. For yellowfin tuna, the optimum temperature is 28°-29° C. (82.4°-84.2° F.),
and 30° C. (86° F.) is too warm. The best fishing is found in schools of fish
where the individuals weigh from 65 to 80 pounds. Smaller fish furnish poor fish—
ing, as a rule. Pale blue is the best water for fishing; dark blue or green water
is poor. In a good area, small fish often are found in the shade of the line and
buoys. If the yellowfin are at the surface chasing these small fish, long-line
fishing will be relatively unsuccessful, because the fish are too high in the
water.

In searching for skipjack, the Misaki fishermen often use a telescope from
the crow's nest. The captain tries to place his craft in the path of an advancing
school, intercepting it as it travels. When the school reaches the vessel, bait
fish are thrown to the skipjack in an attempt to stop the school beside the ves-—
sel. If the school shows no interest in the bait, the vessel circles the school,
and more bait is thrown. Ten or fifteen minutes may be spent in this manner, with
a maximum of about 150 fish thrown to the skipjack. As soon as the skipjack begin
to feed, fishing starts. Jigs are used if the skipjack will accept them; other-
wise, live bait is utilized. The fishermen said that they cannot tell whether
or not a schcol will bite until after the bait has been-thrown. Skipjack fol-
lowing a school of sardines cannot be caught; a hungry school of fish must be
found. Weather seems to have little effect on the vigor with which the fish will
bite, as the catch may be equally good in calm and rough weather. Ordinarily,
the fishing is best in the early morning and in the evening.

impounding Yellowfin and Black Tuna: Uchiura, Japan, is oneof the very few
places in the world where tunas have been held captive successfully. Fishermen
had impounded black tuna (T. orientalis), yellowfin (N. macropterus) , and yellow-
tail (Seriola sp.) before the beginning of World War II in an enclosure. The
fish were caught in local traps, transferred to a live box, towed to the enclosure,
and released. Captured fish put in at a size of about 15 inches grew rapidly but
could not be held for long periods of time as they died, apparently from lack of
food. The enclosure was a pool about 50 by 75 yards and graded from 6 feet deep
near the edges to 18 feet deep at the middle. The tunas had grown about 8 or 9
inches in length during the 3-month period in which they. were impounded.

Methods of Tuna Canning Inspection and Byproducts Manufacture: Only two of
the tuna canneries are Geen at Yaizu. The others are being overhauled for the
canning of tangerines or were idle owing to the lack of fish. In general, the
canning techniques were the same as those used by canneries in the Tokyo area.

Sgualene oil has been produced by a Japanese company on a pilot-plant scale
since July 1948. Raw materials for the production of squalene oil are liver oils

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wells IL, Wee 3)

from deep-sea sharks, such as Centrophorus squardrous, Lepidrohinus foliaceous,
and Echinorhinus brucus. Insulin is produced at the byproducts plant of another
Japanese company.

STATISTICS ON FISHING VESSELS: The Japanese Fisheries Agency, in addition
to the regular quarterly report submitted to SCAP on the number of Japanese fish—
ing vessels (powered, 5 gross tons and over), submitted a report on Japanese ves—
sels powered and non-powered (including boats under and over 5 gross tons) for
the period ending June 1948 (see table.) ,

Vessel Statistics of the Principal Fisheries (For the period ending June 1948)

‘a
Tuma and DONLtO ..ccoccesccccccccccccrcccccvccesccssssoececescees
Sardine purse seine COO CEES CO SHOOT TTFAOLOHOSOT OE DLOHOECOSEODEOEO®E
Trawling in eastern area (boats operating east of 130° Kin the

East China Sea, SOHOHCSTSSHSOSSSHSHSSHSSHSHSFSSHSHSSSFSHSHSHFHSHTHEHSHCTSEHOSEOEE 63,100
Bull trawlers of the western area consisting of pairs of boats

operating west of 130°, East Cnina Sea SScOrcreececorser@cereooes 66,305
MI SHMCANTA LSmcleletetetetelslelalele!slolcleletelalstelelslatclaleletalelolelsleleloielelelsleistelelelevelalatala 1 9

As of June 1948, the Japanese fishing fleet consisted of 95,412 vessels,
representing 698,887 gross tons.
ag
_

Mexico
SHRIMP FISHING ACTIVITIES IN GUAYMAS CONSULAR DISTRICT: Shrimp fishing and

freezing activities in the Guaymas Consular District operated at the lowest level
possible within existing contracts due to continued low and soft prices in the
United States, according toa January 23 report from the American Embassy at Guaymas,

Sonora.

Despite this situation, it is rumored that a new freezing plant is planned
in Guaymas. This would be particularly advantageous in that it would permit stor—
age of shrimp during periods of low market prices and thus avoid dumping shrimp
in markets already depressed.

The industry has made representations to Mexico City for the removal of a
new tax of 200 pesos per metric ton placed on fish handled by the fishing co-
operatives, but no alleviation has been forthcoming to date.

Fewer

Morocco

CANNED FISH INDUSTRY: The Moroccan canned fish industry has increased the
number of its plants from 44 in 1938 to 87 in 1948, providing an increase in capa-
city from 1,117,000 cases to 1,895,000 cases in the same period. In Safi, 4 new
factories are being constructed; at Agadir, 18 new factories are being built or
planned to be built, and one is planned to be built in the near future at Mogador,
With the completion of some of the canning Pigies presently under construction,
this figure may shortly reach 2,210,000 casesl/ a year. However, the acute short-
1/One case contains 100 tins z club 30, approximately 31 pounds of fish, including oil. This

represents a live weight of about 77 pounds of fish.

March 1949 ° COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

age of tinplate has restricted production to about 50 percent of capacity, ac-
cording to the January 22 Foreign Trade, a Canadian periodical.

The fish canning industry, at the height
of the fishing season, employs between 15,000
and 20,000 people.

eeesreeeecccecen e@ccece

Ln a CoE CGS E RE mS OM 0.0.0
LGA Tye sioicislvietsiecieiieisioiweriare! OOO S000
GAA Merete eietereeieeieb eerie OL A000
GAD Meretlontsice ceeins Seice hacer SLs OO0
USA O sravsteleiiciaietelerelsicis'sicteleisivie, 5D .000

(0,000

The species of fish canned, subject to
rigid inspection, in1948, were, for the most
part, sardines (prepared in pure olive oil or
19 aie oil), with smaller aU of ee

Soca see oo anchovy, mackerel, and bonito. ince loca
consumption is only approximately 20,000 cases
: a year, Morocco has been obliged to concen-
trate on the export market for the sale of her canned fish. The United Kingdom
has been the most important purchaser, smaller quantities going to Belgium, Sweden,
Holland, and Central Europe. Fortunately for the industry, France and her over-
seas colonies have
been able to absorb
about 60 percent of
the total Moroccan
production.

Morocco is a
better source of sup-
ply for canned fish CASABLANCA
than a market. How-
ever, certain vari-
etues) of — fresh) fish
were imported for the
canning plants during
the past yearas fol—
lows: sardines, 226
metric tons from Al-
geria; other fresh
fisn, 72.7 metric tons
(65.9 metric tons from
Algeria).

f on a Scale in Miles
In view of the tel oat 100

preferred position
achieved by the Moroc-
ean canned fish in-
dustry, the French market is a highly competitive one for the species of fish
referred to above.

PRODUCTION OF FISHERY BYPRODUCTS: Since the war, more attention has been
given the treatment of fish scraps from the canneries for the production of three
important byproducts: fish flour, fish oil, and fish guano. During 1947, a total
of 37 plants of varying sizes produced the following: fish flour, 5,000 metric
tons; fish oil, 1,000 tons; guano (sold raw), 600 tons.

Possibilities for the further utilization of byproducts have already been
studied, and large modern installations are now being built, particularly at Seuisl
to increase the present output. Refinery capacity for fish oil has been limited

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voli Norns

owing to primitive methods, and the output has been disposed of on the domestic
market for the tanning and paint industries.

By a recent decree, the Director of Agriculture, Commerce, and Forests has
been made responsible for the control of all the ingredients used in the process
of obtaining fish flour from scraps. The industry is confident that this will
ensure good quality and that before long its products will compete very favorably

on the export market.
a8

Netherlands
FISHERIES, 1947: With a steadily growing fishing fleet, the record catch

of 1946 was exceeded in 1947; total catches of sea and fresh-water fish were es—_

timated at 175,900 metric tons, of which 73 percent was herring, according to a Decem-
ber 1948 report from the Office of International Trade of the Department of Com-
merce. This represented almost a 25 percent increase in volume over 1946. Shell-
fish added another 50,430 tons.

Domestic consumption of fish was reported at 108,700 tons, or more than 60
percent of the total catch and more than double the prewar rate of consumption,
owing to the small rations of meat. In 1947, all food was rationed in the Neth-
erlands with the exception of potatoes, fish, vegetables, and fruit.

SETS UP HERRING EXPORT MONOPOLY: The Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries, and Food recently announced that sole rights to export salted herring
to the United States and Canada have been officially assigned to a recently formed
trade association, the "Holland Herring Fisheries Association," located at The
Hague, c/o Bedrijfschap voor Visserijproducten, 20 Wassenaarseweg. This action
sets up a Government export monopoly for herring. The Ministry announced that
the purpose of this measure is to increase sales of salted herring inNorth America
through centralized delivery of good quality products at uniform prices, according
to a January 19, 1949, dispatch from the American Embassy at The Hague.

The new organization is to allocate orders to various exporters and packers
largely based on percentage of previous exports.

EE

Norway
FIND LONG LIVED COD STRAIN: Increasing Norwegian cod fishing off the west-

Greenland coast is predicted in light of an anticipated drop in North Norway cod
catches during the coming years. Statistics show that the largest catches off
the Norwegian coast are made up largely of 10-year-old fish and that yields for
1939, 1940, and 1941 were unusually light, according to the Royal Norwegian In-
formation Service.

This is borne out by record Norwegian catches in 1937 and 1947, with a warn-
ing slump in 1948 which may predict a run of poor years, considering the 10-year
interval (see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1949, Bo BI) 6

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

In 1948, however, the two. Norwegian boats which made the long trip to the
Greenland banks returned with heavy catches. Tests made there show that the bulk
of the catches in the southern waters were made up of 6-year-old fish, predicting
a number of good fishing years ahead. The fact that large numbers of 10- and
12-year-old fish were also caught, further indicates that fishing operations there
have made but limited inroads on fishing stocks and that the west-Greenland cod
is an unusually vigorous and long-lived strain.

Increased Norwegian fishing off Greenland was also seen as a means of better
utilizing labor and equipment which is otherwise inactive during the summer months
following the end of the Norwegian cod season. Purse seiners operating out from
a refrigerator ship were described as the most practical means of solving the
distance problem.

SEA-BEEF EXPEDITIONS TO SPITZBERGEN: Plans for increasing Norway's produc—
tion of whale meat through new whaling enterprises in the Arctic Ocean were in-
dicated recently by the Norwegian Whaling Directorate. Land stations and small
whaling concerns operating off the Norwegian coast produced last year a total of

9,500 metric tons of meat--6,000 tons of which were sold as whale beef.

On the assumption that whales hereto caught off the Norwegian coast are but
a branch of a larger strain found further out in the Atlantic between Bear Island
and Spitzbergen, new expeditions to this isolated area are predicted. Special
note is made of the reproductive capacity of this particular strain. Unlike other
breeds, which produce offspring every other year, whales found in these areas
give birth each year and can therefore comprise a less vulnerable source of whale
meat.

Within a short time, it is planned to send two expeditions accompanied by a
refrigerator ship to the Spitzbergen area. This will make it possible to freeze
the whale meat with a minimum of delay. The mothership will also carry fuel for
the whale catchers sufficient to keep the expeditions in the field for considerable
periods. While the bulk of the meat will be consigned to domestic markets, pos-
sibilities of whale meat export are also being considered.

% x ee %

TRADE AGREEMENT WITH FINLAND. CONCLUDED: A trade agreement was concluded be-
tween Norway and Finland on December 22, 1948, inHelsinki, according to a February
15 report from the
Oslo. In effect greement (Se 1, 1948 - Sotober 1, 1949
since November 1, Comma by antity or Value
1948, the agreement e rat a 6,000 bbls.

"400 metric cons
ti)

Stockfi sh COTCC CC OOOO OS OHOOECLEOSEEOE SOOO

i be
eras we CLMOCUSDELII IE Te ceri eait seal Taree ke tliat eee

31, 1949.

Fish oil for industrial purposes .......0 oH GJ Ne
f Veterinary cod liver 011 ..cccccccsccccce LOO as "
Norway will ex- Pharmaceutical refined herring oil ...... W MJ
port fish and fish Hardened whale fats Coereccrcccsecesscece tW ud
2 1/
products, oils and

Vitamin A concentrates ....
onverted on basis of 4.A9

fats, fatty acids,
whale oil, and other
miscellaneous products (see table). In return, Norway will import products which
do not include any fishery items.

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll 2, Noes

The agreement provides that, in addition to issuing required licenses to
fulfill the commodity trade stipulated on the lists of products, each country will
take all practical measures to facilitate trade in commodities not listed, and
in amounts in excess of those listed. Negotiations are now under way in regard
to ways and means of increasing the trade between the two countries.

U.S.S.R. BARS SEALERS: Norwegian sealers, who each year previous to the war,
had been granted a letter of safe conduct by the Soviet authorizing sealing in
the White Sea area, have not been permitted to hunt in these districts since the
end of hostilities. A latest Soviet refusal to discuss the matter has led Nor-
wegian sealers to conclude that the White Sea will be closed to them henceforth,
according to the Royal Norwegian Information Service.

Earlier, Soviet authorities based their refusal on the danger of mines in
those districts, but for the past two years no reasons were given for denying
Norwegian applications.

According to a report appearing in Oslo's Arbeiderbladet, the Russians had
promised that the matter would be taken up under recent Norwegian-Soviet trade
negotiations in Moscow. When the White Sea question was raised, however, Russian
officials refused to consider it, which indicates that there will be no furtker
Norwegian sealing in the White Sea.

hos

United Kingdom
FISHERIES OF SCOTLAND, 1948: East coast Scottish trawlers, in 1948, landed
a smaller volume, but higher value, of white fish (haddock, plaice, hake, whiting,
halibut, sole) than in 1947, according to a January 13 report from the American

Consulate at Edinburgh. Higher price for coal was the chief factor in higher
operating costs.

Herring fishermen were more favorable to selling, at a lower but guaranteed
price, surplus herring for conversion to oil and meal.

The Herring Industry Board conducted experiments in marking herring and other
fish. Its research vessel, Clupea, was used to survey conditions in the Firth of
Forth to ascertain why winter herring fishing there has been a failure for several
years,

_Inshore fishermen began receiving grants allowed on a greater scale, under
the White Fish and Herring Industry Act, for acquiring, improving, and repairing

boats and gear.

International

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR ECCNOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES: The United Nations
and the specialized agencies have assumed, through their basic charters or articles

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RaVIEA 65

of agreement and various resolutions adopted by their
governing bodies, certain broad responsibilities for
helping their Members to obtain the technical assistance
needed in connection witn their economic development,
according to the report, Technical Assistance for Hcon-
omic Development, issued by the United Nations Depart—
ment of Economic Affairs, Divisionof Economic Stability
and Development, in September 1948. To carry out these
responsibilities, they have created machinery within
their organizations, initiated studies of the types
of assistance required, and provided, onmany different
occasions, the technical advice or other assistance
for which requests were received.

"Technical assistance" has been considered broadly to include such activities
of the United Nations and the specialized agencies, exclusive of the provision of
funds and relief supplies, as are designed primarily to assist Member countries in
their economic development.

The General Assembly of the United Nations, at the first part of its third
sesSion, adopted a resolution which provides for appropriation of funds for render-—
ing technical assistance for economic development by the United Nations. The
resolutioninstructs the Secretary—General, inagreement with Governments concerned,
on the basis of requests received from Member Governments, and where appropriate,
in cooperation with the specialized agencies, to arrange for:

(a) The organization of international teams of experts, for the purpose of
advising Governments in connection with their economic development programmes;

(>) The Provision of fellowships for study outside the country;

(c) The training of local technicians within the country by promotin,
visits of experts; and to provide

(ad) Facilities to assist Governments in obtaining various technical services
which may be needed in connection with economic development,

Responsibility for assistance in the development of agricultural, forest,
and fishery resources devolves upon the Food and Agriculture Organization. Broad
responsibilities in these fields are established bythe organization's constitution
which states, in the preamble, that the purposes of the organization include:

"Raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of the peoples under
their respective jurisdictions,

"Securing improvements in the’ efficiency of the production and distribution
of all food and agricultural products,

"Bettering the condition of rural populations, and thus contributing toward
an expanding world economy,"

Paragraph 3 of article I of the FAO constitution provides specifically for
technical assistance, stating that it shall be the function of the organization:

"To furnish such technical assistance as Governments may request;

"To organize, in cooperation with the Governments concerned, such missions
as may be needed to assist them to fulfil the obligations arising from their
acceptance of the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food
and Agriculture; and

66 , COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Woll, 1b, Ion 3}

"Generally, to take all necessary and appropriate action to implement
the purposes of the Organization. . ."

The agency through which these responsibilities are carried out consists of
an International Conference made up of representatives of Member countries; a
Council to represent the Conference between sessions; 4 number of international
advisory bodies made up of experts in various branches of agriculture, forestry,
fishery or related fields; a large number of national FAC committees; and a sec-—
retariat.

Responsibility of assistance in the development and improvement of world
fisheries and, consequently, in the world level of nutrition rests largely with
the FAQ. The scope of FAO's assistance in this field is indicated by its actual
achievements and undertakings to date, which include missions, the provision of
certain supplies, technical research, and international education and conferences.

Fisheries afford substantial opportunities for raising nutritional levels in
the world. They have contributed greatly to the world's food supplies in-the
past, and it is certain that they can contribute much more. The highly productive
continental shelf areas are not by any means fully exploited, especially in the
Southern Hemisphere. High-seas fisheries for such species as tuna, sailfish,
swordfish, and barracuda have been relatively little developed, although they
have enormous potentialities. Fish farming, or the pond culture of fish, is widely
practiced, particularly in Europe and the Orient, but mostly in a primitive way.
The wider distribution of fish farms, the rigorous selection of the breeds of fish
to be cultivated and the application of scientific principles of fertilizing and
cropping hold forth great possibilities for utilizing bog lands, ravines, marshes,
etc., to increase the quantities of protein available for local populations.

FAO has, on a number of occasions, provided direct assistance to members on
matters pertaining to fisheries. It has been responsible for advising the Czecho-—
slovak Government on refrigeration plants. The European representative of the
organization has collaborated with ECE in examining the transport question as
it affects the distribution of fresh and frozen fish in Europe. A fisheries ex-
pert served on the FAO mission to Greece, and further studies of Greek fisheries
were subsequently prepared collaboratively by UNRRA and FAC. FAO is assembling
material fora world directoryof fisheries technologists, biologists, and economists,
andis making arrangements for direct technical advice to Member Governments on the
establishment and improvement of statistical services in respect of fisheries.

FAQ is considering the establishment of a clearing-house for periodic reports
on research in the handling of fisheries products, and is undertaking a number of
studies concerning technical problems of fisheries and fish products, among them
a study on world trade in salted fish and a catalogue of commercial fisheries re-
sources. The organization has in preparation a series of recommendations on nomen-
clature and synonyms for commercial fish and a survey of methods of fishing, with
special emphasis on recent innovations. It also intends to survey the possibilities
of reaching an international agreement on quality standards for certain fishery
commodities entering into international trade, and it is negotiating with univer-
sities and national research institutions for cooperation in basic studies con-
nected with various fishery problems.

To keep Member Governments and private subscribers informed of work in progress
and to provide a service on current international fisheries statistics, FAO issues
a monthly Fisheries Bulletin. The organization also prepared the first Yearbook

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

of Fisheries Statistics, and is assisting Members in connection with the world
census of fisheries bo be conducted in 1950.

FAO is currently exploring, in connection with its roster of technical experts
on fisheries, the availability of opportunities for education on various aspects
of fisheries. This project, upon completion, will enable the organization to
provide Members with information concerning government projects for the education
of fishermen in fishing techniques and concerning institutions offering specialized
courses in the field of fisheries.

A major project of FAO is the establishment of Regional Fisheries. Councils
for investigation and development of aquatic resources in parts of the world not
actively served by such bodies. These are not intended to be primarily advisory
bodies, but rather instruments for coordinating regional research work in the
fields of hydrology, biology, technology, etc., on an international basis. With
FAO headquarters acting as a clearing-house, they are intended to produce a survey
of the world's living aquatic resources and methods of exploiting these wisely.
Such Councils are proposed for the North-Western Atlantic, South-Western Pacific,
South-Hastern Pacific, Western South Atlantic, Eastern South Atlantic, the Indian
Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous waters.

ke HE

WORLD FISHERIES SITUATION IN 1949: The fisheries can be expected to con-
tribute increased quantities of fish to world food supplies in the coming year,
according to the report, World Food Situation, 1949, issued by the Department of
Agriculture's Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations on January 12, 1949. Ex-
change problems are hampering the movement of fish in international trade and,
combined with a larger catch, may result in actual surpluses in principal producing
countries and the flooding of the accessible markets.

Increased supplies of fresh fish in many food deficient areas have lessened
the need for imports. With the exception of Germany, Italy, and Japan, war ravaged
fisheries have generally attained or exceeded their prewar output. Major pro-
ducing countries, who developed their output during the war to provide food to
deficit areas, are finding it increasingly difficult to market at capacity.

Absence of fishing activities for several years off the European coasts re-
sulted in a large increase in fish population and in large catches immediately
after the war with less effort and less equipment than in prewar. In 1948, signs
of reduced abundance were noted and attributed to overfishing.

Greater quantities of fish were available in 1947 and 1948, especially in
areas of short food supply, such as Europe. In 1947, production in Europe (ex-

‘cept U.S.S.R.) totaled 5 million metric tons as compared with 1946 production of

4.2million tons and an average prewar catchof about 4milliontons. Further additions
to the fleet were made in 1948 and production has continued to increase. European
vessels are fishing the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and other offshore areas in
increasing intensity and contributing to food supplies to France, Spain, Portugal,
and Italy.

In the Pacific, the Japanese catch is reported at 2.5 million metric tons as
compared with 1.9 milliontons in1945 and 3.5 milliontons prewar. While Russian pro
duction is not known, it can be assumed tobe greater than prewar, andis potential-
ly capable of further expansion through utilization of fishing areas formerly ex-
ploited by the Japanese.

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEV Wels 1ab5 Nos 3)

United States production has remained about the same throughout the war and
postwar period. Canadian production, which ranged from 400 to 500 thousand metric
tons prewar, reached 550 to 625 thousand tons inthe postwar period. Newfoundland and
Labrador produced 377 thousand tons in 1946 and 278 thousand tons in 1947 as com-
pared with 60 to 70 thousand tons in prewar.

While an increase in fish canning is reported in some areas, many countries,
among these, principally France, Spain, and French Morocco, are not yet producing at
full capacity because of their inability to obtain sufficient oil and tinplate.

FISH OF THE PERSIAN AND OMAN GULFS

Methods of fishing and types of gear used in Southern Iran are ex-
tremely primitive. For the most part, these are based on the natural
movement of the fish and, consequently, the equipment used is generally
of stationary types. In some cases, boats of one-half to one ton capacity
are used. These are usually propelled by oars or sails.

The most common types of equipment used by Southern Iranian fish-
ermen are briefly as follows:

Drift Net or "Daam" - This is a stationary net devised to intercept
“sizable fish which, in attempting to pass it, are caught by the
gills.

Fish-weir or "Moshta" - The moshta is a trap made of palm branches and
works on the principle of admitting the fish on flood tide and trap-
ping them on the ebb.

Cage or "Ghafas" - A funnel-shaped stationary trap made of palm
branches and set in the sand with its mouth facing the sea. Usually
a series of these traps are fitted together, Fish enter this trap
also on flood tide,

Seine Net or "Toor" - This is the common fish net and is usually em-
ployed in shallow water.

Hook and Line or "Ghollab" - Baited hook and line are commonly used
for hand fishing.

--Fishery Leaflet

March 1949

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

FEDERAL 4
ACTIONS

Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, was announced in the February 17, 1949, Federal Register.
The complete text of the order follows:

SUBPART—CRAB ORCHARD NATIONAL WILD-
LIFE REFUGE, ILLINOIS; COMMERCIAL
FISHING

Basis and purposes. On the basis of
observation and reports of field repre-
sentatives of the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, and of the Lllinois Natural History
Survey, it has been determined that there
is an excess of rough fish in Crab Orchard
Lake that is interfering with sport fish-
ing and with the production of aquatic
vesetpition It further has been deter-
mined that the removal of excess rough
fish is consistent with the objectives for
which the area was established and can
best be accomplished by licensed com-
merciat fishing.

The following sections are added:

Sec.
33.54 Authorization
83.55 Period of fishing

33.56 Fishing licenses and permits
33.57 Reports

AUTHORITY: §§ 33.54 to 33.57 issued under
R. S. 161; 5 U. S. C: 22; sec. 3, Reorg. Plan IIL
of 1940, 5 F. R. 2107, 3 CFR Cum. Supp.

§ 33.54 Authorization. Commercial
fishing under permit issued by the officer
in charge is permitted in Area I and Area
II of the Crab Orchard National Wildlife
Refuge in aecordance with the provisions
of Parts 18 and, 21 of this subchapter
and subject to the requirements and lim-
itations of §§ 33.55 to 33.57.

§ 33.55 Period of fishing. Area TI shall
be open to commercial fishing during the
period from January 1 to May 1, inclu-

sive, of each year. Area II shall be open
to commercial fishing during the period
from March 1 to May 1, inclusive, of each
year.

§ 33.56 Fishing licenses and permits.
In addition to such State commercial
fishing license as is required under § 21.43
of this subchapter, each person fishing
commercially shall possess a Federal per-
mit issued without fee by fhe officer in
charge. Such Federal permit shall
specify the water or waters in which the
permittee may fish and the period or
periods during which such fishing may
be performed. The officer in charge may
limit the kinds of fish that may be taken
and the number of permits that may be
issued for any particular waters during
such periods as he determines to be nec-
essary for the protection of or to prevent
disturbance to wildlife using such waters
or areas.

§ 33.57 Reports. In addition to such
reports as may be required by State law
or regulation, each person authorized to
fish commercially within the Refuge shall
submit a report at the conclusion of each
fishing season to the officer in charge,
correctly stating the kinds of fish and
the quantity of each taken by him and
the total income received from the sale
of such fish.

Dated: February 11, 1949.

[SEAL] O. H. JoHNSGN,
Acting Director.

1949 ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHERY REGULATIONS REVISED: Changes in the Alaska
regulations for the protection of the commercial fisheries of Alaska for 1949
were issued on February 19 by the Secretary of the Intericr, and appeared in the

Federal Register of February 26, 1949. Below are given some of the major changes

Which are a result of tne various amendments to the regulations.

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Tne new regulations are based upon investigations and
recommendations of Fish and Wildlife Service personnel, tes-
timony presented at public hearings conducted by the Service
at eight places in Alaska and at Seattle, Wash., and upon
written briefs submitted by those interested in the Alaska
fishing industry.

The gradual elimination of fish traps, proposed by
Territorial referendum approved by 8 to 1 majority of Alas-
kan voters, is beyond the scope of these regulations, An
Act of Congress would be necessary to authorize such elin-
ination, and proposed legislation for this purpose was
introduced in the Congress on January 17, 1949, by Delegate
Bartlett. Action to give effect to the proposal approved
at the referendum is thus presently beyond the authority
of the Department of the Interior, These new regulations,
however, do require the closure, for local conservation
reasons, of nine traps along the mainland in the Eastern
District where tne salmon runs have been most seriously
depleted. Atl other types of fishing in these same waters,
except trolling, are prohibited also in order that the runs
may be rebuilt.

use of power in gill-net boats in Bristol Bay. It was
made known at public hearings last fall, and previously,
that the Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to limit the
over-all lengtn of gill-net boats in Bristol Bay to 32
feet, and eliminate the restriction on use of power in
such boats. Action on tnis, however, has been deferred
this year in view of the possibility that the Congress
may consider in the near future legislation that would
authorize the Department to control and limit the number
of boats and units of fishing gear in each area of Alasia,
Such control authority would basically alter the whole
approacn to the problem of conserving the salmon runs

of Bristol Bay,

General Regulations lying to All Fishing Dis-
tricts: General regulations applying in all fishing
districts include revision of the requirements for
dealer reporting and boat registraticn,. Except for
boats fishing exclusively for halibut, all Alaskan
fishing boats must be registered with the Fish and
Wildlife Service before each season and decked, power
boats must display their name or number on top for
identification by airplanes, Both explosives and
poisons are now prohibited in the taking of fish,
which definitely outlaws the "bluestoning™ of salmon
streams for halibut bait, The taking of fish both
for bait and as’food for fur-bearing animals is
specifically defined as commercial fishing and,
therefore, subject to all of the regulations. ‘The
section specifying the method of opening the heart
walls of traps to the free passage of salmon during
closed periods has been amended to require that the
webbing be lifted clear of the water. (I+ has been
the practice to drop this section of the trap wall
previously. )

Herring Regulations: Herring quotas have not
yet been determined but will probably be announced
in early March, The 1949 regulations do provide,
however, for the protection of herring spawning
grounds by prohibiting the use of pounds on or wi th-
in one mile of them and by prohibiting all commercial
herring fishing in Silver Bay near Sitka and in the
waters adjacent to Fish Egg Island near Craig. These
spawning ground closures are initial measures to pro-
tect the herring populations of Southeastern Alaska,
and further studies will be made tnis year to deter-
mine what other similar regulations may be necessary.
A quota of 10,900 barrels of herring is permitted in
a newly opened portion of Kachemak Bay in Cook Inlet
to determine the present size of the herring popu-
lation in those waters.

Yukon-Kuskokwim Area; The Yukon-Kuskokwim Area
has been expanded to include more northerly waters
of Nome and Kotzebue and apply regulations to the
newly developing fisheries in that region,

Bristol Bay: Bristol Bay regulations are un-
changed except to more clearly describe the boundaries
of the Nalmek Section and to eliminate the mid-week
closure during the fall season,

Wills Jil, Ime. 3

Alaske Peninsula Area: ‘The Alaska Peninsula Area has
suffered severe depletion in its pink salmon runs; to a-
chieve a larger escapement, the season in 1949 will end on
August 5 instead of August 12 as heretofore and there will
be no fall season, In the Port Moller district, however,
the fall season will open on August 10 instead of the pre-
vious August 20, No vurse seines may be used on the souta
side of the Alaska Peninsula Area between Castle Cape and
Cape Pankof that are less than 100 fathoms or more than
200 fathoms in length.

The Chignik season has been shortened to extend only
from June 10 to September 15 because the run is expected
to be light this year and the additional period of es-
capement is thus required. It is hoped tnat sufficient
seeding of red salmon can be accomplished by operation
of the counting weir, but extension of the closed area in
Chignik Lagoon will be required if this cannot be in-
stalled,

Kodiak: The Kodiak regulations show little change.
The season in the Karluk and Red River districts will
open on June 6 instead of June 10 as last year, and the
escapement to Karluk River is fixed at a minimum of
350,000 red salmon prior to July 15 and the same minimum
mumber after that date.

Cook Inlet: Cook Inlet reverts to the same general
opening and closing dates established for ths odd years,
when the runs of pink salmon are characteristically smaller.
Port Dick, however, will not open until July 25. The week
end closed period over the entire area is increased to 48
hours, extending from 6:00 a.m., Saturday to 6:00 a.m,
Monday, with the possibility of even more closure during
the season if escapements to major spawning streams are
insufficient. The greater portion of Kamishak Bay is
closed to all salmon fishing to rebuild the severely de-
pleted sockeye runs there, in accordance with recommenda-
tions of local fishermen and packers.

Resurrection Area: Resurrection Bay Area has
two fishing seasons in 1949: June 1 to August 6 and
August 15 to September 15, During the fall season, fish-
ing boats in the Area mst report to the local Fish and
Wildlife Service representative all deliveries of salmcn.
These ~egulations are for the purpose of reconciling Res-
urrection Bay operations during the closed season in near-
by Prince William Sound,

Prince William Sound: Prince William Sound regu~
lations remain unchanged from last season except that the
use of beach seines is prohibited throughout the Area,

er River-Bering River; Fishing seasons on the
Copper River are from May 1 to June 15 and from August 10
to September 18, the spring season thus opening two weeks
earlier and closing three weeks earlier than usual to re-
build the depleted latter part of the red salmon run,

In the Bering River-Icy Bay Area the closing date
of the red salmon season is moved up to June 15 to con-
form with the Copper River season,

Southeastern Alaska: Several major changes have been
incorporated into the regulations for Southeastern Alaska,
The general trap and seine seasons have been set for
August 22 - September 3 in the Icy Strait, Western and
Eastern Districts, and for August 15 - September 3 in the
Sumner Strait, Clarence Strait, Southern and South Prince
of Wales Districts. Drasticelly short though these seae
sons appear when compared to past years, they are never-
theless necessary to conserve and rebuild the severly de-
pleted pink salmon resource in the Southeastern Alaska
area, Progress af the runs will be closely watched both
before and after the prescribed seasons by Fish and Wild-
life Service officials, and additional fishing time will
be granted wherever an abundance of pink salmon occurs
in excess of spawning requirements,

As an alternative to the short fishing seasons in
Southeastern Alaska, it was proposed tint lessen exten-
sive trap and seine areas be closed in 1949 end that other
areas be set aside as preserves, This propusal was dis-
cussed widely with fishermen and packers, both in Alaska
and in Seattle, and was finally rejected because it
eppeared that disapproval was almost universal ,

Ee

March 1949

A new method is inaugurated this year for utilizing the
fall chum salmon runs that occur in October in several bays
in Southeastern Alaska, Instead of opening the entire Area
from October 15 to November 15 as was done last year, a spe-
cial fall season of October 5 to October 15 is created in
the following bays only: Excursion Inlet, Hood Bay, Chaik
Bay, Port Camden, Security Bay, and Cholmondeley Sound, Pa-
trol boats will be stationed in each of these bays during
and immediately preceding the fall seasons; all boats are
required to register before fishing with the Fish and Wild-
life Service representatives aboard the patrol boats and
thereafter report all deliveries of salmon, It will be pos-
sible to open other localities to fall fishing by special

field announcement if heavy chum runs should develop in then,

Another amendment of significance throughout South-
eastern Alaska prohibits the use of gill-nets except in the
Yakutat District, the northern section of the Western Dis-
trict, Taku Inlet, Port Snettisham and the Stikine District.
Legitimate use of gill-nets is not feasible except in these
localities under the present seasonal restrictions, The
gill-net areas listed all have special open seasons much
longer than those in the general trap and seire districts;
in the interests of enforcement, therefore, a system of
registration and reporting by gill-netters to local Fish
and Wildlife Service representatives is prescribed,

Special, open, seining seasons, as allowed last year
in Tenakee Inlet ani in outside waters off Prince of Wales
Island, are not authorized this comirg season, Operations
in 1945 demonstrated that such seasons were not warranted.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

The closed area at the mouth of the Taku Yiver hes been
extended and fishing during all seasons is prohibited east
of the 134th meridian of west longitude,

The inner portion of Behm Canal from Rudyerd Bay to Bell
Island is closed throughout the year to all salmon fishing.

Beach seining in the Yakutat District is prohibited,
except in Yakutat and Disenchantment Bays prior to September
22,

Duncan Canal is reopened to shrimp fishing after being
closed for two years to determine whether the size of the
shrimp would increase,

Reorganization of Alaska Fishery Regulations: Because
all of the Alaska Fishery regulations have been recently

subjected to the legal process of recodification, mimerous
additional changes have been effected in designation, struc-
ture and wording without affecting the meaning, However, it
will be necessary to refer to the Federal Register of De-
cember 25, 1948, for purposes of comparison rather than tc
Regulatory Announcement 22, A mumber of sections which per-
teined equally throughout Alaska but which were stated under
individual districts have now been consclidated as single
sections under Part 102 - General Provisions. Examples are
the prohibition against the trailing of gill-net web in
closed waters, the requirement for removing set nets from
the water during closed periods, and several herring and
shellfish regulations of general applicaticn.

Department of the Navy

FISHING OPERATIONS IN TH® TRUST TERRITORY OF TH® PACIFIC ISLANDS:

The terms

and conditions which will be a applicable to fishing operations in the United States
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands were recently announced by the U. S. Naval

Deputy High Commissioner of the Territory.

terms and conditions:

1, Definitions:
(a) Company.

The word "company" as used herein shall include a
partnership, corporation, irdividual doing business
on his own account, or any other form of business
organization,

(b) DepHiComTerPacIs,

The title “"DepHiComTerPacIs" as used herein means
Deputy High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands and includes the holder of any
position which may hereafter be charged with respon-
sibility similar to that now residing in DepHiComTer-
Pacls with regard to fishing in the Trust Territory.

(c) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

The term “Trust Territory" or "Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands" as used herein means those
islands which prior to World War IZ were admiris-
tered by Japan under mandate from the League of
Nations. It includes three island groups, the
Merianas (except Guam), the Carolines, and the
Marshalls, which groups extend from 132° East
Heng geie to 172° East Longitude, and from 1°
North Latitude to 20° North Latitude,

2. Records and Reports:

(a) Each off-shore fishing vessel will be required to:

The following is the full text of the

(1) Keep a logbook on a form to be supplied by
DepHiComTerPacIs showing for each day of
operation the locality of operation, kind
and amount of fishing gear used (or amount
of time spent scouting), estimated quantity
of each species caught, and kind and quan-
tity of bait used.

(2) If engaged in a fishery (tuna, for example),
involving the capture or use of inshore
species for bait, keep records (on forms
provided by DepHiComTerPacIs) of areas
fished, kind and amount of bait, fishing
gear used, and amount of each bait species
captured on each day of fishing, or amounts
and kinds of bait acquired by purchase or
otherwise.

(3) Such logbooks and records shall be main-
tained aboard ship, or in case of vessels
operating on a daily cruise basis from a
shore base, at the base. Copies 6n pre-
scribed forms may be required by DepHiCom
TerPacis on advance notice to the company
operating the vessel, but such copies will
not be required until further notice.

(b) Shore processing plants will be required to
submit the following reports to DepHiComTerPacIs.

(1) Snore establishments engaged in the pro-
duction of manufactured fishery products
will submit monthly and anmual reports on
the pack of fishery products and the yield
of fish meal and oil.

12

COMMERCIAL

Data on the production of canned fishery
products should indicate for each species
the size of cin and type of pack, such as
"in ofl", or "not in oil", "in tomato
sauce", etc, The anmal reports on the
production of manufactured fishery products
should include, in addition to the volume
of the production, the value to the packer
at the plant.

(2) If freezers are constructed ashore, their
operators will submit, at the end of each
month, a report showing the poundage of
each species of fish and shellfish frozen
during the month and the stocks of indi-
vidual species held at the end of the
month, If floating freezers are operated,
similar inforsstion will be submitted
regarding them,

(3) Anmal reports will be submitted by overators of
shore plants giving the number of persons employed,
salaries and wages paid, and the value of the shore
establishments.

(4) Monthly reports will be submitted by canners re-
porting on their consumption of vegetable oils
and the stocks of these oils on hand at the end
of each month,

(c) Each fishing vessel licensed hereunder shall submit
to DepHiComTerPacIs a report (commonly referred to as
a “fish ticket") for each trip, upon forms supplied
by DepHiComTerPacIs, showing the name and license
number of the vessel, date of landing of the catch,
poundage of each species, disposition cf catch (in-
cluding name and address of any company to which sold
or delivered), price for which each species was sold
(if sale made at time of landing), kind of gear em-
ployed in catching fish, place or places or origin,
and such further details as may be required by Dep-
HiComTerPacls,

(a) Copies of any of the above reports which may be

requested by the Fish and Wildlife Service, Depart-

ment of the Interior, shall be furnished that Service

by the person required to make such report.

3. Inspections:

(a) Any vessel, person, or company, granted a license or
franchise hereunder, shall permit personnel authorized
or designated by DepHiComTerPacIs to go aboard any
fishing vessel and enter onto any premises, controlled
by the licensee or holier of franchise, to gather data
on the biology of the fishes, on the methods of cap-
ture, efficiency of utilization, and other subjects
pertinent to the maintenance of the fish stocks, Such
personnel shall be permitted to make such examinations
and measurements of fish aboard vessels or at the
shore side establishments as may be necessary.

(b) The operating records and books of any licensee or

holder of a franchise hereunder shall be open to

agents of DepHiComTerPacIs as he may require. All

information from such operating records and booxs \

shall be kept confidential by DepHiComTerPaclIs and |
his agents, except that it may be included with
information from others in data published as to

fishing conditions without disclosure of data ap-

plicable to any particular individual or company.

(c) A person designated by DepHiComTerPacls may accom
pany any vessel licensed hereunder on fishing cruises
for the purpose of collecting scientific and tech-
nical data on the operations and catch and the li-
censee shall provide quarters and subsistence at cost.

4. Annual fishing license:

Each commercial fishing vessel and individual employee
thereon will be required to obtain an annual license )

FISHERIES REVIEW

Wool. Jul, Mos 3)

from DepHiComTerPacIs or his delegated representative.
Applications for licenses will include such details as
DepHiComTerPacIs may require, The charges for the li-
censes will be 25¢ per lineal foot for power boats, and
$19,900 for each non-indigenous fisherman, There will
be no charge for the licenses for indigenous fishermen
or for vessels witnout power. ‘This section shall not
affect requirements applicable to indigenous fisherwen
engaged solely in fishing not connected with any com-

pany granted a franchise hereunder,

Lease and use of lands, piers, and facilities:

(a)

Subject to prior commitments and to military re-
quirements, arrangements will be made whereby
franchise holders will be permitted to share the
use of piers and appurtenant structures owned or
operated by the Trust Territory, under such regu-
lations as DepHiComTerPacIls may promilgate.

(b) Lease of suitable Trust Territory public land, so

(c)

far as available and essentially required, will

be granted for ancillary shore activities for not

more than AO years, rent to be determined after
competitive bids from companies whose proposals

are approved and who are interested in the same

er closely similar sites, No privately-owned

land may be leased by non-indigenous persons without

the prior approval of DepHiComTerPacls. DepHi ComTerPacl ¢
intends, in granting or refusing such approval, to ap-
ply to leases of privately-owned lands the same require-
ments as those set forth above for public land,

No services or supplies, except a limited supply of
water as available at reasonable charge, will be pro-
vided in the Trust Territory by activities of either
the Navy or the Trust Territory, Arrangements for
emergency repairs and fuel may be made at Guam to the
limited extent allowed by Navy Regulations and di-
rectives.

Inshore Fishing:

(a)

(b)

No commercial fishing for inshore, reef, or lagoon
fishes shall be permitted except by indigenous in-
habitants supplying @ local market and except for

the taking of fish enumerated in the following sub-
paragraph or specifically authorized by DepHiComTerPacls,
for use as bait in catching offshore species,

Clupeoids (round herring or "bakaesa", herring and
sardines), engraulids (anchovies or "nelm"), and
atherinids (silversides or "iao") may be taken any-
where in the Trust Territory for bait, but the quan-
tity taken will be subject to regulation by DepHi-
ComTerPacIs to maintain the optimum sustained yield.
Special permission will be granted by DepHiComTerPacls
to use other species for bait in areas where such use
will not impair subsistence fishing.

Indigenous and non-indigenous employees:

(a)

(>)

Each company granted a franchise hereunder may import
not more than 100 non-indigenous skilled workers, Each
such worker will be permitted to bring with him his im
mediate family not exceeding five (5) in number. ‘he
company importing such workers and their families will
be responsible for their care and maintenance while in
the Trust Territory, and for their removal from the
Trust Territory at the end of tneir employment, or
within 10 years of the granting of the franchise if
their employment has not terminated earlier, with the
following exception: this 10-year period may be ez-
tended by DenHiComTerPacIs in the case of such exec-
utive and key supervisory personnel as he may deem
necessary for the efficient operation of the enter-
prise.

All non-indigenous persons entering the Trust Ter-
ritory will be subject to health, security, ani pass-
port requirements now or hereafter in effect, Persons
from the home islands of Japan will not be permitted

March 1949

8.

3.

to enter the Trust Territory, as employees of fran-
chise holders. Subject to the prior approval of Dep-
HiComTerPacIs as to each individual, Okinawans may be
included among the non-indigenous workers provided
for above,

All indigenous residents of the Trust Territory who
desire employment mast be employed in vreference to
non-indigenous persons for all positicns for which
the former are qualified, Any company granted a
franchise hereunder must vrovide on-the-jcbd training
for all indigenous persons who so desire and demon-
strate such aptitude as indicates that they may be
so trained without seriously impairing the over-all
operations, Until further notice not less than 25
percent of the crew of each vessel mist consist of
indigenous personnel, except that if DepHiComTerPacls
determines that the mumber of available, qualified,
indigenous personnel desiring such employment is not
sufficient to provide this percent in any locality,
he may relax this requirment in such locality, As
more indigenous personnel in any locality become
trained for fishing, DepHiComferPacIs will increase
the percentage of the crews in that locality re-
quired to be indigenous personnel, with the view

of enabling the indigenous people to take over
omernation of the vessels as ranidly as oreacticeble.
Ir raising this percentage, DepHiComTerPacls may
take such distinctions between types of vessels

as he deems desirable in order to promote maxi-

mam indigenous participation without impeding
operations,

(d) Pay of all employees will not be less than the es-
tablished Civil Administration wage scale at place
of employment, or, in the case of fishermen, such
minimum share of the proceeds of the catch as my

be approved by DepHiComTerPacls.

Fishing Vessels:

All vessels hereunder mst be registered either in
the nation whose flag the vessel flies, the Trust
Territory, Guam, or American Samoa, and must meet
medical and security requirements of DepHiComTerPacls.

Franchises:

Subject to the foregoing, franchises for not more than
forty (40) years will be granted to approved companies
to catch, purchase, process, sell, and transship fish
end fish products and to conduct such ancillary activ-
ities as may be approved by DepHiComTerPacls, within
such parts of the Trust Territory (including its ter-
ritorial waters) as may be specified in each franchise,
Nothing herein is to be construed as permission, either
to the Company or its non-indigenous employees or their
families, to engage in commercial activities, apart
from fishing and its ancillary operations, except to
provide the requirements of the Company's employees,

10.

ll.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Trade with other indigenous inhabitants is specifically
forbidden except as it may be licensed and regulated by
tke DenHiComTerPac! s,

Cancellation of license, franchise, or lease:

Any license, franchise, or lease granted hereunder may
be cancelled by DepHiComTerPacIs or higher authority
in the event of substantial breach by the holder, of
any term thereof, Any lease or franchise hereunder may
be similarly cancelled if the holder thereof fails to
use the leased premises or exercise the rights granted
by the franchise for two consecutive years, Any con-
pany granted a franchise or lease hereunder may cancel
such franchise or lease at any time after it has been
in force for 18 months, by giving DepHiComTerPacIs 90
days written notice of the company's desire to cancel.
Such cancellation of a lease shall subject the re-
lated franchise to revocation by DepHiComTerPaclIs at
his discretion,

Temporary permits until 1 October 1949:

To enable those interested to submit firm and soundly
planned proposals,all interested companies which are
prepared to meet the foregoing requirements will, upon
request to DepHiComTerPacIs, be issued temporary ver-
mits to conduct exploratory fishing until 1 October
1949 upon the basis outlined above with the following
exceptions:

(s) the importation of the workers" families into the
Trust Territory will not be permitted,

(b) No fees for licenses or temporary permits will be

required,

(c) No shore sites will be leased, but permission to

each company to occupy and use not more than two

(2) acres of available public land in any district,

for temmorary shore installations, will be granted

by DevFiComTerPacIs at a nominal rental.

(a) Use of indigenous personnel will not be compulsory,

(e) During this veriod of exploratory fishing, i.e.,
until 1 October 1949, the Navy will sell fuel,
lubricating oil, and limited ship chandlery to
fishing vessels, at points in the Trust Territory
where these are available.

LEON S. FISKE,
Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy,
Deputy High Co:nmissioner of the
Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands,

Guam, MI.

Department of State

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CONVENTION (FINAL ACT Alt) CONVENTION):

On Feb-

ruary 8, 1949, the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
and the Final Act were opened for signature following an 1l-nation conference held

at Washington, D. C., January 26 through February 8, 1949.

The 2-week period

during which the Convention and Final Act remained open for signature expired on
February 22.

Before the expiration date, both documents were signed by Canada, Denmark,
France, Iceland, Italy, Newfoundland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom of

7h _COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

GREENLAND
(Denmark)

“ :

LABRADOR

_GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE ,77

GREAT BANK
OF
NEWFOUNDLAND

FIGURE 1 - NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES

Boundary of the Convention area -- 100 fathom contour
——— Boundary of sub-area 1000 fathom contour

Both map and -nset ave on Mercator promction

— ———————
55 50 es

11086 Map Branch, CIA 12-48 i ‘CIA Reproduction:

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States. The two observers of
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the two observers
of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea signed the Final Act,
according to a February 24 press release by the Department of State.

The over-all area covered by the Convention is divided into five sub-areas.
These areas generally cover the waters off the west coast of Greenland, Labrador,
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England (Figure 1). The Convention provides
for a Commission on which all contracting governments will be represented, and
separate panels with particular jurisdiction over each of the sub-areas. The
panels will be composed of contracting governments with particular fishing in-
terests in each sub-area.

The primary function of the Commission will be to collect, collate, and dis-
seminate scientific information on international fisheries in the Convention area.
While the Commissionhas no direct regulatory powers, any panel may transmit througn
the Commission tothe governments of such panel for appropriate action recommendations
for measures, based upon scientific information, which are deemed necessary for
maintaining those stocks of fish which support international fisheries in the Con-
vention area. Within a specified time after action has been taken by the panel
governments of each sub-area affected, such measure becomes applicable to all con-
tracting governments.

It was recommended by the Conference that upon the entry into force of the
Convention the United States Government, as depository for the Convention, should
take the initiative in convening the first meeting of the Commission. The permanent
seat of the Commission will be in North America at a place to be determined by the
Commission.

It was also recommended by the Conference that, inthe interim between signing
and ratification of the Convention, the fishery biologists of the several countries
might advantageously be drawing up preliminary plans for the scientific work of
the Commission. Canada agreed to take the initiative in beginning this work.

This agreement will require ratification and it is anticipated, accordingly,
that the agreement will be-submitted in the near future to the Senate.

Upon ratification by any four signatcry governments, the Convention will
enter into force.

Following are the texts of the Final Act of the International Northwest At—
lantic Fisheries Conference and the International Convention for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries:

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wicks ALES Woo 3

FINAL ACT

The Governments of Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland,
Italy, Newfoundland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the
United States of America, represented by plenipotentiary
delegations;

Having accepted the invitation extended to them
by the Government of the United States of America to par-
ticipate in an International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Conference; and

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations and the International Couneil for the Exploration
of the Sea having accepted the invitation extended to them
by the Government of the United States oft America to send
observers to the said Conference;

Appointed their respective representatives, who are

listed below by countries, and by organizations in the
order of alphabetical precedence:

CANADA

Delegate

Stewart Bates, Deputy Minister of Fisheries,
Department of Fisheries, Chairman

Alternate Delegate

A. W. H. Needler, Assistant Deputy Minister of Fisheries,
Department of Fisheries

Advisers

S. V. Ozere, Legal Adviser,
Department of Fisheries

F. M. Tovell, Department of #xternal Affairs

Secretary
F. H. Wooding, Information Officer,
Department of Fisheries.

DENMARK

Delegates

B. Dinesen, Head of Department
Ministry of Fisheries,
Chairman

A, Vedel Taning, Head of Section,
Commission for Denmark's Fisheries and Ocean Research

Commodore Fritz Aage Hammer Kjflsen, Naval Attaché
Embassy of Denmark, Washington

Laur. Thygesen, Chairman,
West-Jutland Fisheries Association

Kristian Djurhuus, Member, Local Government,
Faroe Islands

Paul Hansen, Fisheries Biologist to the Administration
of Greenland

Niels Bjerregaard, Chairman,
Danish Fisheries Association

FRANCE

Delezates

Marius Terrin, Directeur des Péches,
Maritimes au Ministere de la Marine Merchande,
Chairnan

Jean Joseph Le Gall, Directeur de 1'0Office
Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes

Robert Baudouy,
Directeur par interim des Unions, Internationales
au Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres

Captain Louis J, Audigou, Administrateur en chef de
i'Inscription Maritime, Washington

Andre Dezeustre, Mission de la Marine
Marchande aux U.S,A.,
Bath Iron Works Corporetion, Bath, Maine

ICELAND

Delegates

Thor Thors, Minister to the United States,
Legation of Iceland, Washington, Cheirman

H. G, Andersen, Legal Adviser, Foreign Office

4rni Fridrikeson, Director of the Fishery Department,
University Research Institute,

Reykjavik, Iccland

ITALY

Delogatos

Alberto Tarchiani, Ambassador to the United States,
Embassy of Italy, Wrshington, Chairman

Clemente Boniver, Commercial Counselor,
Embassy of Italy, Washington

Gian Vincenzo Soro, Firet Secretary,
Embassy of Italy, Washington

Aldo Zigiioli, Agssistent Commercirl Attache,
Embassy of Italy, Yashington

Salvatore Ippie, sirst Commercial Secretary,
Embassy of Italy, Vashington

NEWF OUNDLAND

Delegates

Raymond Gushue, Chairman, Newfoundland Fisheries Board,
Chairmen

Dr. W. Templeman, Director, Newfoundland
Government Laboratory

NORWAY

Delegates

Klaus Sunnanaa, Director of Fisheries,
Directorate of Fisheries, Chairman

Gunner Rollefsen, Director of Institute of Marine Research,
Directorate of Fisheries

Jlav Lund, Division Chief, Directorat of Fisheries

Technical Advisers

Finn Bryhni. Norwegian Fisherman's Union
Knut Vartdal, Aalesund Shipowner Association

Eigil Nygaerd, Counselor, Embassy of Norway,
Washington

Magne Oppedal, Commercial Attache,
Embassy of Norway, Washington

PORTUGAL

Delegates

Rear Admiral Manuel C. Meyrelles, President of the
Central Commission on Fisheries, Chairman

Dr. Alfreao M, Ramalho, Director, Government Marine
Biology Station

Dr. Corréa de Barros, Vice-President of Court
of Accounting, Treasury Department

Captain Tavares de Aimeida, Fishery Department

SPAIN

Delegates

German Baraibar, Minister Plenipotentiary and
Charge d'Affaircs ad interim, Embassy of Svain,
Yashineton, Chairman

Capitan de Neviio Alvaro Guitian, Naval Attache,
Embassy of Spain, Washineton

Jose “Miguel Ruiz-Morales, First Secretary of Embassy,
Direccion General de Politice Sconomica,
Ministry of Forcign Affairs, Madrid

Pedro Diaz de Espada, Shipowner
Sean Sebastian

EE

March 1949

A. T. #£, Dobson, Adviser, Ministry of Agriculture
and Fisheries, Chairman

A. J. Aglen, Fisheries Secretary, Scottish Home Department

Advisers
J. S. Fawcett, Legal Adviser, British Embassy, Washington

S. J. Holt, Scientific Officer, Ministry of Agricuiture
and Fisheries

Dr. C. E..Lucas, Director, Fisheries Research,
Scottish Home Department

P. J. Macfarlan, Assistant Agricultural Attaché,
British Embassy, Washington

D. C. Tebbit, Second Secreta British empass
Washington r re = ie

R. S. Wimpenny, Deputy Director, Fisheries Research,
Ministry of Agriculture and Pisheries

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Delegates

Wilbert M. Chapman, Special Assistant to the Under
Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife, Department
of State, Chairman

William E. S. Flory, Deputy Special Assistant to the
Under Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife,
Department of State

Hilary J. Deason, Chief, Office of Foreign Activities,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior

Frederick L. Zimmermann, Consultant on Fisheries and
Wildlife, Department of State

-Advisers

Thomas Fulham, President, Federated Fishing Boats of
New England and New York, Incorporated

Wayne D. Heydecker, Secretary-Treasurer, Atlantic
States Marine Fisheries Commission, New York City

Milton C. James, Assistant Director, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior

Patrick McHugh, Secretary-Treasurer, Atlantic
Fishermen's Union (A.F.L.), Boston,- Massachusetts

Captain Haroid C. Moore, Coordinator for Interdepart-
mental and international Affairs, United States Coast
Guard, Department of the Treasury

Richard Reed, Commissioner, Sea and Shore Fisheries,
State of Maine

Secretary

Edward Castleman, Office of the Special Assistant to the
vader Secretary for Fisheries and Wildlife, Department
of State

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Observers
Dr. D. B. Finn, Director or the Fisheries Division

Dr. J. L. Kask, Chief of the Biological Branch of
the Fisheries Division

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

Observers

A. T. A. Dobson, First Vice-President of the Interna-
tional Council for the Exploration of the Sea

Dr. Alfredo M. Ramalho, Vice-President of the Interna-
tional Council for the Exploration of the Sea

The Conference met at Washington on January 26, 1949,
under the Temporary Chairmanship of Wilbert M. Chapman,
Chairman of the Delegation of the United States of America.

Under the authority of the President of the United
States of America the following officers were designated:
Clarke L. Willard, Associate Chief, Division of International
Conferences, Department of State, Secretary General of the
Conference; Charles I. Bevans, Deputy Assistant for Treaty
Affairs, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State,
Treaty Adviser to the Conference; and Donald J. Chaney, Chief
Counsel, Fish and Wildlife Service, Tepartment of the
interior, Technical Secretary cf the Conference.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wi

At the opening session the Conference agreed unanimously
to accept the staff members of the Secretariat provided by
the Government of the United States of America.

Wilbert M. Chapman, Chairman of the Delegation of the
United States of America, was elected Permanent Chairman
of the Conrerence at the first session held on January 26,
194¢, and Klaus Sunnanaa, Chairman of the Delegation of
Norway was elected Vice Chairman of the Conference at the
same session.

The general committees established by the Rules of
Procedure adopted provisionally at the opening session were
constituted as follows:

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Wilbert M. Chapman (United States) - Chairman
Stewart Bates (Canada)
B. Dinesen (Denmark)
Marius Terrin (France)
Thor Thors (Iceland)
Alberto Tarchiani (Italy)
Raymora Gushue { Newtounasane)
Klaus Sunnanaa (Norway)
Rear Admzral Manuel C. Meyrelles (Portugal)
German Baraibar (Spain)
A. T. A. Dobson (United Kingdom)
William E. S. Flory (United States)
Arthur C. Nagle - Secretary

COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS

Marius Terrin eee - Chairman
Stewart Bates (Canada
German Bardibar (Spain)

Cnarles I, Bevans - Secretary

The following technical committees were appointed under
authorization of unanimous votes of the Conference:

GONMITTEE ON DRAFTING

A. T. A. Dobson (United Kingdom) - Chairman
Stewart Bates (Canada)
B. Dinesen (Denmark)
Marius Terrin (France)
H. G. Andersen (Iceland)
Gian Vincenzo Soro (Italy)
Raymond Gushue (Newfoundland)
Klaus Sunnanaa (Norway)
Dr. Correia de Barros (Portugal)
Germd4n Bardibar (Spain)
A. J. Aglen (United Kingdom)
Wilbert M. Chapman (United States,
Barbara S. Williams - Secretary

A. W. H. Needler Keanna} - Chairman
A. Vedel Taning (Denmark
Poul Hansen (Denmark)
Jean Joseph Le Gall (France)
Arni Fridrixsson (Iceland)
W. Templeman (Newfoundland)
Gunnar Rollefsen (Norway)
Alfredo M. Ramalho (Portugal)
José Mizuel Ruiz Morales (Spain)
Pedro Diaz de Espada, (Spain)
S. J. Holt (United Kingdom)
C. E. Lucas (United Kingdom)
R. S. Wimpenny (United Kingdom)
Hilary J. Deason (United States)
Milton C. James (United States)
Howard A. Schuck - Secretary

he final session was held on February 8, 1949.

As a result of the deliberations of the Conference the
international Convention for ‘the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
(hereinafter referred to as the Convention) was formulated
and opened for signature on February 8, 1949, to remain open
for signature for fourteen days thereafter.

The following resolutions and recommendations were
adopted and the following statements were received:

I

The International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Confer-
ence RESOLVES:

1. To express its gratitude to the President of the
United States of America, Harry S. Truman, for his initiative
in convening the present Conference and for its preparation;

2, To express to its Chairman, Wilbert M. Chapman, and
its Vice Chairman, Klaus Sunnanaa, its deep appreciation for
the admirable manner in which they have guided the Confer-
ence and brought it to a successful conclusion;

3. To express to the Officers and Staff of the Secre-
tariat its appreciation for their untiring services and dili-
gent efforts in contributing to the fruition of the purposes
and objectives of the conference.

78

ence

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No. 3

II

The International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Confer-
RESOLVES:

That the Government of the United States of America be

authorized to publish the Final Act of this Conference, the

text
tion

of the Convention, and to make available for publica-
such additional documents in connection with the work

of this Conference as in its judgment may be considered in
the public interest.

ence

IIt

The International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Confer-
RECOMMENDS:

That in establishing and maintaining the international

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission the Contracting
Governments give careful consideration to the f@llowing con-
clusions reached at the Conference:

1. Finance:

The probable cost. of the Commission during its
tirst year would be in the region of 40,000 dollars.

This estimate is to some extent based upon the
present expenditure incurred by the International
Council for the Exploration of the Sea, but it must be
recognized that the cost of that organization cannot be
used as an accurate guide to the possible ccst of the
new Commission on account of the rather specific and
long-standing nature of its setup. The precise amount
would necessarily depend upon various considerations
such as the location and cost of the office of the
Commission for which certain facilities might be avail-
able either in the United States or in Canada.

2. Staff:

(1) It is desirable that the Executive Secretary
of the Commission should be a biologist. At the same
time it is still more important that he should be a man
with great administrative and statistical ability. It
shoula also be understood that after tne Commission
had begun to function normally it would probably be
necessary at an early date,to increase the staff by the
acdition of, for example,%Ja statistician.

(2) The responsibilities of the staff of the
Commission shall be exclusively international in
character and they shall not seek or receive instruc-
tions in regard to the discharge of their functions from
any authority external to the Commission. The Con-
tracting Governments should fully respect the interna-
tional character of the responsibilities of the staff
and not seek to influence any of their nationals in
the discharge of such responsibilities.

S\5 Scientific Investigatio’

(1) In the field cf scientific investigations the
Commission should be primarily responsible fcr: (a)
arrangement for 4nd coordination of work by agencies,
and (b) establishment of working relationships with
international agencies. It is important, for the
purposes of the Convention, that enlarged and
coordinated scientific investigations snould be
carried out and such investigations in so far as
possible should be conducted by agencies of the
Contracting Governments or by public or private
agencies (e.g., universities or private marine
research laboratories). If investigations neces-
sary to the purposes of the Convention cannot be
arranged through existing Government, public, or
private agencies, they should be undertaken by the
Commission, but only in accordance with epproved
budgets. It is not contemplated that any such
investigations conducted by Commission personnel or
equipment would include field operations.

(2) The need for thorough consideration of the
problems facing the Commission is peramount, and con-
siderable time will be needed for assembling the
material required for a determination cf those prob-
lems. An informal interim committee of biologists
might well be asked to assemble such material in
advance of the coming into effect of the Convention,
and the Government of Canada might take the initial
measures to this end.

4. Statistics:

It is important, for purposes of the Convéiition,
that improved statistics of the commercial fisheries
in the Convention area should be collected and the
Commission should have responsibility for the
compilation and distribution of the fishery statis-
tics furnished by the Contracting Governments in
such form and ,at such times as the Commission
may require.

Iv

The International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Con-
ference REQUESTS:

That as soon as possible after entry into force of
the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries the Depository Government initiate steps for
the holding of the first meeting of the International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries at
some place in North America, without prejudice, however,
to the determination of the ultimate location of the
seat of the Commission.

v-

The International Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Conference
RECEIVED:

The following joint statement from the French and
Spanish Delegations:

"In the course of the Conference the
French and Spanish Delegations have requested
that the definition of coastal limits in the
Convention area be put in said Convention.

"The Conference did not meet their request,
considering that any discussion on this subject
would lead to a definition of territorial waters
and this matter was formally declared by the
Conference out of 1%s competence.

"The French and Spanish Delegations had to
yield to the avove decision.

"Consequently they cannot agree to paragraph
2 of Article I which, in their innermost belief,
is a meddling of the Conference in the aforesaid
matter."

vI

The Internationel Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Conference
RECORDS:

That, the Italian Delegation, not having received from
its Government specific instructions on the text of paragraph 2
of Article I, as embodied in the Second Interim Draft of the
Convention, abstained from voting on acceptance of that
paragraph.

iN WITNESS WHEREOF the following representatives have
signed this ~-Final Act.

DONE in Washington, this eighth day of February, 1949,
in the English language, the original of which shall be
Ceposited witn tne Government of the United States of America.
The Government of the United States of America shall transmit
certivied copies thereof to.all the other Governments
representec at the Ccnference.

FOR CANADA: Stewart Bates
A.W.H. Needler
Senin Ozere
Freeman M. Tovell
F. H. Wooding

FOR DENMARK: RB. Dinesen K. Djurhuis
A. Vedel ldning N. Bjerregaard
F.H. Kjolsen Poul M. Hansen

Laur. Thysesen
FOR FRANCE: M. Terrin

Jean Le Gali

Louis J. Audigou
FOR ICELAND: Tnor Thors
LOR ITALY: Alberto Tarchiani

FOR HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND
THE GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND IN RESPECT OF NEWFOUNDLAND:

R. Gushue
W. Templeman

OR NORWAY: Klaus Sunnanaa Finn Bryhni
Gunnar Rollefsen Knut Vartdal
Olav Lund

FOR PORTUGAL: Manuel Carlos Quint&o Meyrelles
Alfredo de Magalhaes Ramalho
José Augusto Correia de Barros .
Américo Angelo de Almeida Cap. frag.
7OR SPAIN: German Baraibar J. Ruiz Morales
Alvaro Guitidn Pedro de Espada

FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND:

A,T.A. Dobson
A. J. Agien

March 1949 COMMERCIAL

FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

W. M. Chapman

William E. S. Flory
Hilary J. Deason
Frederick L. Zimmermann
Wayne D. Heydecker

Milton C. James
Patrick McHugh
Harold C. Moore
Thomas A. Fulham
Edward Castleman

Observers:
FOR THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
D. B. Finn
POR THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA:

A.T,A. Dobson
A. J. Agien

CLARKE L. WILLARD

Secretary General

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE
NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES

The Governments whose duly authorized representatives
have subscribed hereto, sharing a substantial interest in
the conservation of the fishery resources of the Northwest
Atlantic Ocean, have resolved to conclude a convention for
the investigation, protection and conservation of the fish-
eries of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, in order to make
possible the maintenance of a maximum sustained catch from
those fisheries and to that end have, tnrough their duly
authorized representataves, agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

1. The area to which this Convention applies, herein-
after referred to as "the Convention area", shall be all
waters, except territorial waters, bounded by a line be-
ginning at a point on the coast of Rhode Island in 71°40!
west longitude; thence due south to 39°00' north latitude;
thence due east to 42°00! west longitude; thence due north
to 59°00' north latitude; thence due west to 44°00' west
longitude; thence due north to the coast of Greenland;
thence along the west coast of Greenland to 78°10' north
latitude; thence southward to a point in 75°00! north
latitude and 73930‘ west longitude; thence along a rhumb
line to a point in 69°00: north latitude and 59-00' west
lengitude; thence due south to 61900' north latitude;
therice due west to, 64°30' west longitude; thence due south
to the coast of Labrador; thence in a southerly direction
along the coast of Labrador to the southern terminus of
its boundary with Quebec; thence ina westerly direction
along the coast of Quebec, and in an easterly and southerly
direction along the coasts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
and Cape Bretor: Island to Cabot Strait; thence along the
coasts of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island to
tne point of beginning.

2. Nothing in this Convention shall be deemed to
affect adversely (prejudice) the claims of any Contracting
Government in regard to the limits of territorial waters or
to the jurisdiction of a coastal state over fisheries.

3. The Convention area shall be divided into five
sub-areas, the boundaries of which shall be those defined
in the Annex to this Convention, supject to such altera-
tions as may be wade in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph 2 or Article VI.

ARTICLE II

1. The Contracting Governments shall establish and
maintain a Commission for the purposes of this Convention.
The Commission snall be known as the International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, herein-
after referred to as "the Commission". ¥

2. Each of the Contracting Governments may appoint
not more than three Commissioners and one or more experts
or advisers to assist its Commissioner or Commissioners.

3. The Commission shall elect from its members a
Chairman and a Vice Chairman, each of wnom shall serve for
a term of two years and shall be eligible for re-election
put not to a succeeding term. The Chairman and Vice Chairman
must be Commissioners from different Contracting Governments.

4. The seat of the Commission shall be in North America
at a place to be chosen by the Commission.

5. ‘The Commission shall hold a regular annual meeting
at its seat or at such place in North America as may be
agreed upon by the’ Commission.

FISHERIES REVIEW

Ws

6. Any other meeting of the Commission may be called by
she Chairman at such time and place as he may determine,
upon the request of the Commissioner of a Contracting Govern-
ment and subject to the concurrence of the Commissioners of
two other Contracting Governments, including the Commissioner
of a Government in North America.

7. Each Contracting Government shall have one vote
which may be cast by any Commissioner from that Government.
Dee2sions of the Commission shall be taken by a two-thirds
majority of the votes of all the Contracting Governments.

8. The Commission shall adopt, and amend as occasion
may require, financial regulations and rules and by-laws for
the conduct of its meetings and for the exercise of its
functions and duties.

ARTICLE III

1. The Commission shall appoint an Executive Secretary
according to such procedure and on such terms as it may
determine.

2. The staff of the Commission shall be appointed sy the
Executive Secretary in accordanceywith such rules and pro-
cedures as may be determined and authorized by the Commission.

3. The Executive Secretary shall, subject to the genera1
supervision of the Commission, have full power and authority
over tne staff and shall perform such other functions as the
Commission shall prescrioe.

ARTICLE IV

1. The Contracting Governments shall establish and main-
tain a Panel for each of the sub-areas provided for by Article
I, in order to carry cut the objectives of this Convention.
Each Contracting Governmert participating in any Panel shall
be represented on such Panel by its Commissioner or Ccommis-
sioners, who may be assisted by experts or advisers. Each
Panel shall elect from its members a Chairman who shall serve
for a period of two years and shall be eligible for re-
“lection but not to a succeeding term.

2. After this Convention has been in force for two
years, but not before that time, Panel representation shall be
reviewed annually by the Commission, which shall have the
power, subject to consultation with the Panel concerned, to
determine representation on each Panel on the basis of current
substantial exploitation in the sub-area concerned of fishes
of the cod group (Gadiformes), of flatfishes (Pleuronecti-
2ormes), and of rosefish (genus Sebastes), except that each
Contracting Government with coastline adjacent to a sub-area
shall have the right of representation on the Panel for the
sub-area.

3. Each Panel may adopt, and amend as occasion may
require, rules of procedure and by-laws for the conduct of its
meetings and for the exercise of its functions and duties.

4. Each Government participating in a Panel shall have
one vote, which shall be cast by a Commissioner representing
that Government. Decisions of the Panel shall be taken by a
two-thirds majority of the votes of all the Governments
participating in that Panel.

5. Commissioners of Contracting Governments not partici-
pating in a particular Panel shall have the right to attend
the meetings of such Panel as observers, and may be accom-
panied by experts and advisers.

6. The Panels shall, in the exercise of their functions
and duties, use the services of the Executive Secretary and
the Staff of the Commission.

ARTICLE V

1. ach Contracting Government may set up an Advisory
Committee composed of persons, including fishermen, vessel
owners and others, well informed concerning the problems of
the fisheries of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. With the
assent of the Contracting Government concerned, a representa-
tive or representatives of an Advisory Committee may attend
as observers all non-executive meetings of the Commission or
of any Panel in which their Government participates.

2. The Commissioners of each Contracting Government may
hole public hearings within the territories they represent.

ARTICLE VI

1. he Commission shall be responsible in the field of
scientific investigation for obtaining and collating the
information necessary for maintaining those stocks of fish
which support international fisheries in the Convention area
ane the Commission may, through or in collaboration with
agencies of the Contracting Governments or other public or
private agencies and organizations or, when necessary,
independently:

(a) make such investigations as it finds necessary
into the abundance, life history and ecology of any
species of aquatic life in any part of the Northwest
Atlantic Ocean;

80

(b) collect and analyze statistical information
relating to the current conditions and trends of the
fishery resources cf the Northwest Atlantic Ocean;

(c) study and appraise information concerning the
methods for maintaining and increasing stocks of fish in
the Northwest Atlantic Ocean;

(d) hold or arrange such hearings as may be useful
or essential in connection with the development of
complete factual information necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Convention;

(e) conduct fishing operations in the Convention
area at any time for purposes of scientific investiga-
tion;

(f) publish and otherwise disseminate reports of

its findings and statistical; scientific and other
information relating to the fisheries of the Northwest
Atlantic Ocean as well as such other reports as fall
within the scope’ of this Convention.

2. Upon the unanimous recommendation of each Panel
affected, the Commission may alter the boundaries of the_
sub-areas set.out in the-Annex. Any such alteration shall
forthwith be reported to the Depository Government which
shall inform the Contracting Governments, and the sub-areas
defined in the Annex shall be altered accordingly.

3. The Contracting Governments shall furnish to the
Commission, at such time and in such form as may be required
by the Commission, the statistical information referred to
in paragraph 1(b) of this Article.

ARTICLE VII

1. Each Panel established under Article IV shall be
responsible for keeping under review the fisheries of its
sub-area and the scientific and other information relating
thereto.

2. Each Panel, upon the basis of scientific investiga-
tions, may make recommendations to the Commission for joint
action by the Contracting Governments on the matters
specified in paragraph 1 of Article VIII:

3. Each Panel may recommend to the Commission studies
and investigations within the scope of this Convention which
are jeemed necessary in the development of factual informa-
tion relating to its particular sub-area.

4, Any Panel may make recommendations to the Commission
for the alteration of the boundaries of the sub-areas defined
in the Annex.

5. Each Panel shall investigate and report to the
Commission upon any matter referred to it by the Commission.

6. A Panel shal? not incur any expenditure except in
accordance, with directions given by the Commissicn.

ARTICLE Vlis

1. The Commission may, on the recommendations of one or
more Panels, and on the basis of scientific investigations,
transmit to the Depository Government proposals, for joint
action by the Contracting Governments, designed to keep the
stocks of those species of fish which support international
fisheries in the Convention area at a level permitting the
maximum sustained yield by the application, with respect to
such species of fish, of one or more of the following measures:

(a)

(b) closing to fishing such portions of a
sub-area as the Panel concerned finds to be a
spawning area or to be populated by small or im-
mature fish;

(c)

(ad) prescribing the fishing gear and appliances
the use of which 1s prohibited;

establishing open and closed seasons;

establishing size limits for any species;

(e) prescribing an over-all catch limit for any
species of fish.

2. Each recommendation shall be studied by the Commission
and thereafter the Commission shall either

(a) transmit the recommendation as a proposal
to the Depository Government with such modifications
or suggestions as the Commission may consider desirable,
or

(bv) refer the recommendation back to the Panel
with comments for its reconsideration.

3. The Panel may, after reconsidering the recommendation
returned to it by the Commission, reaffirm that recommendation,
with or without modification.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ach Contracting Government under the annual administrative
‘udget according to the following formula:

Wo, Wik, Wea 3}

4. If, after a recommendation is rezffirmed, the
Commission is unable to adopt the recomr
posal, it shall senc a copy oz she re.or
Depository Government with a report cf the Commission's de-
cision. The Depository Government shall transmit copies of
the recommendation and of the Commission's report to the
Contracting Governments.

5. The Commission may, after consultation with all
the Panels, trénsmit proposals to tne Depository Government
within the scope of paragraph 1 of this Article affecting
the Convention area as a whole.

6. The Depository Government shall transmit any proposal
received by it to the Contracting Governments for their con-
sideration and may make such suggestions as will facilitate
acceptance of the proposal.

7. ‘The Contracting Goveruments shall notify the Depository
Government of their acceptence of the proposal, and the
Depository Government shall notify the Contracting Governments
of each acceptance commuutcated to it, including the date of
receipt thereof.

8. The proposal shall become effective for all Contract-
ing Governments four months after the date on which notifica-
tions of acceptance shall have been received by the Depository
Government from all the Contracting Governments participating
in the Panel or Panels for the sub-area or sub-areas to which
the proposal applies.

9. At any time after the expiration of one year from the
date on which a proposal becomes effective, any Panel Govern-
ment for the sub-area to which the proposal applies may give
to the Depository Government notice of the termination of its
acceptance of the proposal and, if that notice is not withdrawn,
the proposal shall cease to be effective for that Panel Govern-
ment at the end of one year from the date of receipt of the
notice by the Depository Government. At any time after a
proposal has ceased to be effective for a Panel Government
under this paragrapn, the proposal shall cease to be effective
for any other Contracting Government upon the date a notice .
of withdrawal by such Government is received by the Depository
Government. The Depository Government shall notify all Con-
tracting Governments of every notice under this paragraph im-
mediately upon the receipt thereof.

ARTICLE IX

The Cormission may invite the attention of any or all
Contracting Governments to any matters which relate to the
objectives and purnoses of this Convention.

ARTICLE X

1. The Commission shall seek to establish and maintain |
working arrangements with other public international organi- |
zations which have velated objectives, particularly the Food |
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the ]
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, to en- |
sure effective collaboration and coordination with respect to |
their work and, in the case of the International Council for |
the Exploration of the Sea, the avoidance of duplication of
scientific investigations. ~

2. The Commission shall consider, at the expiration of i
two years from the date of entry into force of this Convention,
whether or not it should recommend to the Contracting Govern- i
ments that the Commission be brought within the framework of a
specialized agency ot the United Nations.

ARTICLE XI

1. Each Gontracting Government shall pay the expenses of
the Commissioners, experts and advisers appointed by it.

2. The Commission shall prepare an annual administrative
budget of the proposed necessary administrative expenditures |
cf the Commission and <n annual special projects budget of
vroposed expenditures on special studies and investigations i\
to be undertaken by or on behalf of the Commission pursuant to ]
Article VI, or by or on behaif of any Panel pursuant to
Article VIT. |

|
3. The commission shall calculate the payments due from |
|
|

(a) from the administrative. budget there |
Snall be deducted a sum of 500 United States
‘ollars for each Contracting Government ,

(b)
such number of equal shares as corresponds to
the total number of Panel memberships; |

(c) . the payment due from any Contracting
Government shall be the equivalent of 500 United
States dollars plus the number of shares equal to
the number of Panels in which that Government
participates.

the remainder shall be divided into

March 1949

4. The Commission shall notify each Contracting Govern-

ment the sum due from that Government as calculated under para-

Graph 3 of this Article and as soon as possible thereafter
each Contracting Government shall Pay to the Commission the
Sum so notified.

5. The annual special projects budget shall be allocated
to the Contracting Governments according to a scale to be
determined by agreement among the Contracting Governments, and
the sums so allocated to any Contracting Government shall be
paid to. the Commission by that Government.

6. Contributions shall be Payable in the currency of the
country in which the seat of the Commission is located, except
that the Commission may accept payment in the currencies in
which it may be anticipated that expenditures of the Commission
will be made from time to time, up to an amount established eact
year by the Commission in connection with the preparation of
the annual budgets.

7. At its first meeting the Commission shall approve an
administrative budget for the balance of the first financial
year in which the Commission functions and shall transmit to
the Contracting Governments copies of that budget together with
notices of their respective allocations.

8. In subsequent finsneial years, the’ Commission shall submit to
each Contracting Government drafts of the annual budgets to-
gether witn a schedule of allocations, not less than six weeks
before the annual meeting of the Commission at which the budgets
are to be considered.

ARTICLE XII

The Contracting Governments agree to take such action as
may be necessary to make effective the provisions of this
Convention and to implement any proposals which become effec-
tive under paragraph 8 of Article VIII. Each Contracting
Government shall transmit to the Commission a statement of
the action taken by it for these purposes.

ARTICLE XIII

The Contracting Governments agree to invite the atten-
tion of any Government not a party to this Convention to any
matter relating to the fishing activities in the Convention
area of the nationals or vessels of that Government which
appear to affect adversely the operations of the Commission
or the carrying out of the objectives of this Convention.

ARTICLE XIV

The Annex, as attached to this Convention and as modified
from time to time, forms an integral part of this Convention.

ARTICLE XV

1. This Convention shall be ratified by the signatory
Governments and the instruments of ratification shall be
deposited with the Government of the United States of
America referred to in this Convention as the "Depository
Government".

2. This Convention shall enter into force upon the
deposit of instruments of ratification by four signatory
Governments, and shall enter into force with respect to each
Government which subsequently ratifies on the date of the
deposit of its instrument of ratification.

3. Any Government which has nosigned this Convention
may adhere thereto by a notification in writing to the
Depository Government. Adherences received by the
Depository Government prior to the date of entry into force
of this Convention shell become effective on the date
this Convention enters into force. Adherences received by
the Depository Government after the date of entry into
force of this Convention shall become effective on the date
of receipt by the Depository Government.

4. The Depository Government shall inform all signatory
Governments and all adhering Governments of all ratifica-
tions deposited and adherences received.

5. The Depository Government shall inform 211 Govern-
ments. concerned of the date this Convention enters into
force.

ARTICLE XVI

1. At any time after the expiration of ten years from
the date of entry into force of this Convention, any Con-
tracting Government may withdraw from the Convention on
December thirty-first of any year by giving notice on or
before the preceding. June thirtieth to the Depository
Government which shall communicate copies of such notice
to the other Contracting Governments.

2. Any other Contracting Government may thereupon
withdraw from this Convention on the same December thirty-
first by giving notice to the Depository Government within
one month of the receipt of a copy of a notice of with-
drawal given pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

ARTICLE XVII

1. The original of this Convention shall be deposited
with the Government of the United States of America, which
Government snall communicate certified copies ‘thereof to
all the signatory Governments and all the adhering Govern-
ments.

2. The Depository Government shall register this Con-
vention with the Secretariat of the United Nations.

3. This Convention shall bear the date on which it is
opened for signature and shall remain open for signature for
a period of fourteen days thereafter.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, having deposited
their respective full powers, have signed this Convention.

DONE in Washington this eighth day of February 1949
in the English language.

FOR CANADA: STEWART BATES

FOR DENMARK: B. DINESEN

FOR FRANCE: M. TERRIN (With a reservation excluding
paragraph 2 of Article I)

FOR ICELAND: THOR THORS

FOR ITALY: ALBERTO TARCHIANI

FOR HIS MAJES®Y'S GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND
THE GOVERNMENT OF NEWFOUNDLAND IN RESPECT OF NEWFOUNDLAND:

R. GUSHUE

W. TEMPLEMAN
FOR NORWAY: KLAUS SUNNANAA
GUNNAR ROLLEFSEN
OLAV LUND
FOR PORTUGAL: MANUEL CARLOS QUINTAO MEYRELLES
ALFREDO DE MAGALHAES RAMALHO
JOSE AUSUSTO CORREIA DE BARROS
AMERICO ANGELO TAVAHES DE ALMEIDA, CAP FRAG.
FOR SPAIN: GERMAN BARATBAR (Reserving paragraph 2 of

Article I)

FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND:

“A.T.A. DOBSON
A. J. AGLEN

FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

W. M, CHAPMAN

WILLIAM E.S. FLORY
HILARY J. DEASCN
FREDERICK L. ZIMMERMANN

ANNEX

1. The sub-areas provided for by Article I of this
Convention shall be as follows:

Sub-area 1 - That portion of the Convention area which
lies to the north and east of a rhumb line from a point in
75°00' north latitude and 73930' west longitude to a point
in 69°00' north latitude and 59°00' west longitude; east of
59°00' west longitude; and to the north and east of a rhumb
dine from a point in 61°00! north latitude and 59°00' west
longitude to a point in 52°15 'north latitude and 42°00'west
lcngitude.

Sub-area 2 - That portion of the Convention area lying
to the south and west of sub-area 1 defined above and to the
north of the parallel of 52915'north latitude.

Sub-area 3 - That portion of the Convention area lying
south of the parallel of 52915' north latitude; and to the
east of a line extending due north from Cape Bauld on the
north coast of Newfoundland to 52°15: north latitude; to the
north of the parallel of 39°0C' north latitude; and to the
east and north of a rhumb line extending in a northwesterly
direction which passes through 4 point in 43°30! north
latitude, 55°00' west longitude, in the direction of a point
in 47950' north latitude, 60°00' west longitude, until it
Intersects a straight line connecting Cape Ray, on the coast
of Newfoundland, with Cape North on Cape Breton Island; thence
in a northeasterly direction along said line to Cape Ray.

Sub-area 4 - That porticn of the Convention area lying
to the west of sub-area 3 defined above, and to the east of a
line described as follows: beginning at the terminus of the
international boundary between the United States of America
and Cenada in Grand Manan Channel, at a point in 44°46!
35.34" north iatitude, 66°54! 11.33" west longitude; thence
due south to the parallel of 43°50! north latitude; thence
due west to the meridian of 67°40'west longitude; thence due

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wells Ibs Wels. 3)

south to the paraliel of 42°20' north satitude; thence due (c) Sub-area 3 - Canada, Denmark, France, Italy,

east to a point in 66°00' west longitude; thence along a Newfoundland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom:

rhumb line in a southeasterly direction to a point in 42°00!

north latitude, 65°40' west longitude; thence due south to (a) Sub-area 4 - Canada, France, Italy,

the parallel of 39900' north latitude. Newfoundland, Portugal, Spain, United States;
Sub-area 5 - Tnat portion of the Convention area lying (e) Sub-area 5 - Canada, United States;

f th £ sub- ed above.
west 0: ie western boundary of sub-area 4 defin during the period between the signing

stood tha
at be tng under she date of its entry into force, any

2. For a period of two years from the date of entry into (4¢f this Convention and

tion to the

corce of this Convéntion, Panel representation for each signatory cr adhering Government may, by notifica
sub-area shall be as follows: Depository Gcvernment, withdraw from the list of members of
a Panel for any sub-area or be added to the list of mem ers
(a) Sub-area 1 - Denmark, France, italy, Norway, of the Panel for any sub~avea on which it is not named. The

Portugat, Spain, United Kingdom; tory Government shall inform all the other Govern—
ore aie ; i ’ pete euccnemed of all such notifications received and tne

(b) Sub-area 2 - Denmark, France, Italy, Newfound- memberships of the Panels shall be altered accordingly.
land; Sohne Siac 4

FEBRUARY 1949
PUBLIC BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED AND REFERRED TO COMMITTEES:

Listed below are all the public bills and joint resolutions introduced and referred to
committees by the Highty-First Congress during February 1949 which affect in any
way the fisheries and fishing and allied industries. The bills are listed in the

order in which they were introduced:

House of Representatives:

H, R, 2118 (Andresen) - A bill to provide for standards to be prescribed

by the Secretary of Agriculture governing imported agricultural food
products; to the Committee on Agriculture,

H. R. 2337 (Rogers of Mass.) - A dil! to provide for an examination and
survey of the rivers of the New England States to further the progran
for the generation of electric energy in such States; to the Committee
on Public Works,

H. R, 2363 (Thompson) - Report of Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries: A bill granting the consent and approval of Congress to an
interstate compact relating to the better utilization of the fisheries
(marine, shell, and anadromous) to the Gulf Coast and creating the
Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission; without amendment (Rept. No.

148). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of
the Union,

H, R, 2501 (Bland) - A bill authorizing and directing the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of sie Tatoos to under-
take a continuing study of the shad, Alosa sapidissima, of the Atlantic
Coast with respect to the biology, propagation, and abundance of such
species to the end that such Service may recommend to the several States
of the Atlentic Coast through the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Com
mission appropriate measures for arresting the decline of this valuable
food fish and for increasing the abundance and promoting the wisest
utilization thereof; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,

H, R, 2502 (Blend) - A bill appropriating to the United States Fi
Wildlife Service the sum of $75,000 for a continuing oes pas
Alosa sapidissima, of the Atlantic Coast, with respect to the biclogy
propagation, and abundance of such species to the end that such Service
may recommend to the several States of the Atlantic Coast through the
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission appropriate measures for

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

arresting the decline of this valuable food fish and for increasing
the abundance and promoting the wisest utilization thereof; to the
Committee on Appropriations.

H, R, 2623 (Walsh) - A bill to promote the orderly and fair marketing
of essential foods in commerce; to prevent confusion, fraud, and
deception in commerce; and to prohibit practices which burden, ob-
struct, or affect commerce, the free flow cf goods in commerce, or
the production of goods for commerce, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Agriculture,

H. R 2648 (Hagen) - A bill to establish the Fish and Wildlife Advisory
Board; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,

H. R. 2740 (Preston) - A bill to establish rearing ponds and a fish
hatchery at or near Millen, Ga.; to the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries,

H, R. 2954 (Willis) - A bill granting the consent and approval of
Congress to an interstate compact relating to the better utilization
of the fisheries (marine, shell, and anadromous) of the Gulf Coast
and creating the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission; to the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,

H, R, 2956 (Willis) - A bill to confirm and establish the titles of
the States to lands and resources in and beneath navigable waters
within State boundaries and to provide for the use and control of
said lands and resources; to the Committee on the Judiciary,

H. R. 3046 (Kilburn) - A bill to authorize the expansion of facilities
at the Cape Vincent, N. Y., fish-cultural station; to the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,

83

The following bills were introduced during January 1949 and not previously

reported under this section:

H. R. 1211 (Doughton) - A bill to extend the authority of the President
under section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means,

H. R, 2033 (Lesinski) - A bill to provide for the amendment of the Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938, and for other purposes; to the Committee
on Education and Labor.

Senate:

S. 856 (Magnuson) - A bill to provide for an adequate and balanced flow
of fish and fish products in interstate and foreign commerce, and for
other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,
and appears under a separate heading.

S. 1075 (Johnson of Colorado) - A bill to provide that the United
States shall aid the States in fish restoration and management proj-
ects, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce.

S. 1094 (O'Conor) - A bill authorizing and directing the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior to under-
take a continuing study of the shad, Alosa sapidissima, of the At-
lantic Coast with respect to the biology, propagation, and abundance
of such species to the end that such Service may recommend to the
several States of the Atlantic Coast through the Atlantic States
Marine Fisheries Commission appropriate measures for arresting the

8h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolly 1hb, Wes 3)

decline of this valuable food fish and for increasing the abundance
and promoting the wisest utilization thereof; to the Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

S, Res. 64 (Magnuson) - To authorize study and investigation of fish-
ing resources of the U, S.; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign

Commerce.

The following bill was introduced during January 1949 and not previously
under this section:

§. 248 (Thomas of Utah, Pepper, Chauvez, Green, Magmson, McGrath,
Murray, Myers, Taylor, and Wagner) - A bill to provide for the
amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, and ap-
pears under a separate heading,

THE FISH LIVER OIL INDUSTRY

Cod liver oils were in use as general medicinals as early as 1840.
The cod liver oils from the English, Norwegian, and Newfoundland fish-
eries were, for years, the chief sources of supply. Pharmaceutical
houses, interested in the procurement of better quality oils, gradu-
ally improved the conditions for selection and care of the livers and
the technique of processing and refining. Early in the twentieth cen-
tury, chemists established the fact that the beneficial factors in fish
liver oils were the vitamins A and D.

Then, in 1929, it was reported that the oil from the livers of
Atlantic halibut had a higher vitamin A and D content than cod liver
oil. Within two years, pharmaceutical companies were purchasing livers
in the Pacific Coast halibut fishery. Shortly thereafter they began to
buy tuna livers also. As a result of the stimulated interest in sources
of supply, sablefish, lingcod, and rockfish livers were next found to be
of value. Subsequently, grayfish livers, and halibut and sablefish
viscera were processed for vitamin oils.

In 1937, livers from the soupfin shark were first processed in
California. After a preliminary period, in which the types of gear
most suitable for the capture of the soupfin shark were being worked out,
this fishery assumed more and more importance. The combination of high
vitamin A content and high oil content peculiar to the soupfin liver
was particularly valuable as war conditions over the world began to in-
terfere with the normal movement of fish liver oils from foreign sources.

--Fishery Leaflet 233

March 1949 © COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE - LANDINGS MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS
A NOT INCLUDING: IMPORTS BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD _

to}
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. -

NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
SALT-WATER MARKET

CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH

26 WHOLESALE MARKET

24

22

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR, APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV DEC.

GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS” SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
oe HEADS OFF - FOR ALL USES WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS
10.5
9.0

/\p47-48
8)
6.0
4.5
3.0
Hay
0 Z 2
JULY AUG. SEPT, OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
In Thousands of Tons
CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH
96 =
a4
72
60
\48 7
1948-49)
hs PA)
36 TNF ON

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

eeeee eee ESTIMATED

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Woks tals wee 3

COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS

U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

ie}
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH
45 2

40

0
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

of Pounds

U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS

te)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

0
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA -
HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

0
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

a

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

MAINE - SARDINES, ESTIMATED PACK UNITED STATES - SHRIMP

1947-48, |NCLUDES ONLY PLANTS UNDER
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, SEA~-
FOOD INSPECTION SERVICE.

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV, DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE

CALIFORNIA - TUNA CALIFORNIA - PILCHARDS

ee as 49
fags ogra

s (o)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL ALASKA - SALMON

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND SALMON

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wat.
SARDINES 100 14 drawn 3 1/4 oz.

SHRIMP 48 No.1 picnic 7 oz.
TUNA 48 No, 1/2 tuna 7 oz.

PILCHARDS 48 No. 1 oval 15 oz.

MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 oz.

SALMON 48 l-pound tall 16 oz.

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wells SUL 5 Wes 3

PRICES , IMPORTS and BY-PRODUCTS

BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING
ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN ¢ PER POUND IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS

2l
is
15
12
9
6
3

cAN, FEB, MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT, OCT. NOV. DEC, TAN Rea = MAY. JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. °

In Millions of Pounds
U.S. - IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FILLETS U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN
a OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING ROSEFISH:- SHRIMP FROM MEXICO ae

¥ JAN. FEB, MAR, APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC, JAN, FEB. MAR, APR. MAY, JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT, OCT, NOV. DEC. 2
IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS!
U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES
AND TUNA-LIKE FISH (Include in oil and not in oil )

5.6

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL
IN THOUSANDS OF TONS IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS

1949
~~ alamo: to)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC

farch 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

a aa aw

Se necent
ISHERY PUBLICATIONS

Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed
below.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILapce FREE FROM THE DIVISIQN OF INFORMATION, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE-UNITEO STATES AND ALASKA.

FL = FISHERY LEAFLETS.

MDL - MARKET DEVELOPMENT SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS, LOCKER PLANTS, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC.

SL - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
Number Title

CFS=442 - Massachusetts Landings, July 1U8

CPS-450 - Frozen Fish Report, January 1949

CFS-451 - Maine Landings, November 1U8

SL-151 ore - Firms Manufacturing Fish Meal, Scrap, Oils, Ete., 17

MDL-51 (Revised) - Officials of Refrigerated Locker Plant Associations, State
and National

Sep. 121 - The Shrimp Fishery of the Southern United States
Sep. 224 - Studies on Methods of Extracting Vitamin A and Oil from Fishery

Products - Part I1l-Experiments on the Solvent Extraction of Low-
Fat Livers

Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries: 1946, by Ward T, Bower, Statistical Digest
No, 17, 70 p., processed, 25 cents a copy. (For sale only by the Superinten-
dent of Documents, Washington 25, D, G.) This bulletin contains detailed re-
ports and statistical tables concerning the operation and yield of the various
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries during 1946, and there are included also
data on certain related matters, particularly the condition of the fishery re-
sources, It covers the changes in Alaska fishing laws and regulations; reports
on salmon counting weirs; observations on runs and escapement of salmon; general
statistics on the salmon, herring, halibut, shellfish fisheries, and miscellaneous
fishery products; general. administration of the Pribilof Islands fur-seal indus-
try; sealing privileges accorded aborigines; and statistics and data on natives,
fur seals, reindeer, foxes, and computation of fur seals,

Organizations and Officials Concerned with Wildlife Protection: 1948, Wildlife
Leaflet 313, 33 p., processed, free. Includes names and addresses of organiza-
tions and officials concerned with the protection of fishes and fisheries, mam-
mals, and birds, It includes United States federal and state government agen-
cies, Canadian dominion and provincial government bodies, Latin American gov-
ernment organizations, and varied private grotps in the United States, Canada,
and Latin America, Intended for persons interested in wildlife and fishery
conservation and management,

ARTICLES BY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AUTHORS IN OTHER PUBLICATIONS

"Packaging and Storing Frozen Fish Products," by S. R, Pottinger, Frozen Food In-
dustry and Locker Plant Journal, December 1948, Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 12-13, 23-
2, illus. (No reprints available from the Service.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 11, No..

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS MAY BE OBTAINED, IN MOST INSTANCES, FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.

Advance Report on the Fisheries of Ontario the Prairie Provinces, Yukon, and

Northwest Territories, 1047, 12-102X, 13 p. (mostly statistical tables),
processed, 10 cents. Fisheries and Animal Products Statistics, Dominion Burean
of Statistics, Canadian Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada, 1949.
This booklet gives the quantity and value of fish caught and marketed in On-
tario during 1947, in the Prairie Provinces during, the summer fishery of 1947
and the winter fishery of 1947-48, in the Yukon in 1947, and the Northwest Ter-
ritories during the summer fishery of 1947 and winter fishery of 1947-48.

—————————

Act, as they appear in the compilation published in the Federal Register on
October 30, 1948

the general regulations for food standards as they appear in the Code of Fed-
eral Regulations (21 CFR Cum, Supp. 10.2; 21 CFR 1943 Supp. 10.0). ‘the preface
contains some of the relevant sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act and general regulations. One chapter is devoted to definitions and stan-
dards of identity and fill of container for shellfish (canned shrimp, canned
oysters, and raw shucked oysters).

Extension of Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (Hearings before the Committee of
Finance, United States Senate, Eighty-First Congress, First Session, on H, R,
1211, an act to extend the authority of the President under section 350 of the
Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and for other purposes, Part 1, February 17-23,
199 ), 867 p., printed, Available only from the Senate Committee on Finance
until exhausted. ‘This report contains the text of H, R, 1211, the statements
of the various members of the fishery industries made before the Senate's Com-
mittee on Finance, the statement of the Chief of the Service's Branch of Com-
mercial Fisheries, charts and graphs showing the various ects of the prob+
lems regarding imports of fishery products, and a list of/ foreign governments
giving aid to their fisheries submitted by the Service and illustrated with
maps.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1746, D.B.S. 12-1010-P, 290 p., printed, 50 cents,
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada,
This report consists almost entirely of tables giving the 1946 Canadian fishery
products statistics of the catch, products marketed in a fresh state or domes-
tically prepared, manufactured fish products, and imports and exports for Canada
end for each Province. It contains summary tables, detailed tables, and his-
torical review tables of all phases of the Canadian fishery industries.

Bigelow and Isabel Perez Farfante; Cyclostomes, by
H. B, Bigelow and W. C. Schroeder; Sharks, H. B, Bige-
low and W, C, Schroeder), 576 p., 106 line drawings
and 2 maps, printed, $10.00, Sears Foundation for
Marine Research, Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory,
| Yale University, New Haven, Conn., 1948. This book,
an authoritative and significant contribution dealing
primarily with sharks, will be of interest to the com-
mercial fisherman and sportsman as well as the ichthy-
ologist and marine biologist. All of the authors' lmowledge of each species,
accumulated over the many years, has been incorporated in this work which con-
tains keys to genera and species, In addition to the description, all that is
known of the shark's life history is given, as well as its commercial importance
and sporting qualities, Although devoted to sharks for the most part, this book
gives accounts of two small groups of marine inhabitants known as the Lancelets
and Cyclostomes, The former, although fish-like in appearance, are not true
vertebrates, while the latter, with their eel-like bodies and peculiar jawless
mouths, are the most primitive vertebrates, Fishes of the Western North Atlantic

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

is to be published in a series of volumes of which this is Part I. ‘he future
volumes will contain accounts of the skates and rays, chimaeras and sturgeons,
and all the true bony fishes thet inhabit the waters from Hudson Bay southward
to the Amazon River.

The Fresh-Water Fishes of British Columbia, by G, C. Carl and W. A, Clemens, 132 p.,
illus. (some colored), printed, 50 cents. Department of Education, British
Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, B, C, ‘The purpose of this booklet is to
acquaint the reader with the different kinds of fishes in the lakes and rivers
of British Columbia, It discusses the environment, distribution and economic
importance, of each of the fresh-water fishes. A key to families of fresh-
water fishes of British Columbia is given. The booklet concludes with a glos-
sary, bibliography, and en appendix which includes data on the collection and
preservation of specimens,

Instructions on Processing for Community Frozen-Food Locker Plants, Miscellaneous
Publication No, 5390, bs p., illus., printed. Production and Marketing Adminis-
tration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C,, Revised August 1948,
This publication gives up-to-date information on what products to freeze and
how to prepare them for commmity frozen-food locker plants, Includes a small
section on freezing of fish, the thawing and cooking of frozen fish, and a par-
tial list of manufacturers of supplies for frozen food lockers,

‘The Market for United States Fishery Products in Western Europe (Foreign production
and international trade in fishery products as related to the United States mar-
ket in Europe for those products), by A, M, Sandberg, Foreign Agriculture Cir-
cular, FFP-1-49, February 20, 1949, 22 p., mimeographed. Office of Foreign Ag-
ricultural Relations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D, C., free.
This report summarizes the personal observations of the author (Fishery Marke t-
ing Specialist of the Fish and Wildlife Service) in the study he made for the
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations of the fishery production and trade
iu western Europe in order to provide pertinent facts which would aid members
of the United States fishery industry in the formulation of their production
and marketing programs. In the course of the foreign survey, which was conduc-
ted during the period mid-August through mid-October 1948, the author visited
the United Kingdom, Franes, Eire, the Netherlands, Belgium, western Germany,
Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece. To broaden the picture with respect
to competition in western Europe, information available in the Washington office
was utilized in the preparation of the statements contained in the report re-
lating to the supply. situation of fishery products in the exporting countries
of Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Spain, Portugal, French Morocco, the Union
of South Africa, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Newfoundland, all of which market
some fishery product in Europe, The study was conducted under the provisions
of the Research and Marketing Act of 1946, as amended. Included are tables
giving the United States exports of edible fishery products by country of
destination; the landings of fishery products in specified European countries;
and a list of some canned fish products and prices observed at random in vari-
ous European markets in September 1948.

Maryland Conservation Officials and Organizations, by W. H. Bayliff, Educational
“Series No. 10 (3rd Edition), 23 p., printed. Maryland Department of Research
and Education, Board of Natural Resources, Solomons, Md., October 1948, Part I
of this bulletin contains a list of official State agencies established by
statute and concerned either directly or imlirectly with the natural resources
of Maryland, Part Il lists the non-official conservation organizations, in
other words, those organizations which have arisen spontaneously among interested
citizens of the State. Only organizations whose activities are State-wide are
included. Federal agencies are excluded,

"Point Four" (The Truman "Point Four" Program for World Economic Progress Through
Cooperative Technical Assistance), 11 p., processed, free. Office of Public
Affairs, Department of State, February 1949. ‘This publication covers the pro-
posal, plans, purpose and methods of carrying out President Truman's "Point
Four" program for world economic progress through cooperative technical assis-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wolke iki, Wee 3

tance. ‘The program visualizes the improvement, throughout the world, of ag-
ricultural methods, including forestry and fisheries,

Pond Management for Indiana Ponds, by ¥. E, Ricker and L, A. Krumhoiz, 10 p.,
printed. Division of Fish and Game, Indiana Department of Conservation, In~
dianapolis, Ind, Briefly explains suitability of ponds for fish, stocking of
fish ponds, fertilizing ponds, removing undesirable fish, cropping pond fishes,
and lists publications concerning fish ponds,

"A Program for Japanese Fisheries," by Ada Espenshade, article, The Geographic
Review, January 1949, Vol, XXXIX, No. 1, pp. 76-85, with photos. American
Geographical Society, New York, N. Y. ‘The author outlines a seven-point pro-
gram for both a long-range and short-term increase in fisheries production by
the Japanese, Included in the program are; reorientation and improvement of
fishery research; better statistics; expanded educational program; revised fish-
ery laws and regulations; improvements in handling and transporting; expansion
of fishing areas; and foreign trade.

Recipes, Lake Trout and Whitefish, by Helen Baeder, Circular Bulletin 209, 31 p.,
colored illus., printed. Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State Col-
lege, East Lansing, Mich., Janusry 1948. Fish recipes given are for popular
eating fish caught in the Great Lakes region. In addition to discussing how
to cook fish, the booklet includes sections on how to buy fish, how much fish
to buy, and how to prepare fish for cooking.

House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad; and Columbia University Press, New York, N. Y.,
1948. In this booklet is found a summarization of available information re-
garding the habits and biology of the spiny lobster and the scope and methods
of the fishing industry supported by it in the Caribbean area, It includes
data on the distribution of the spiny lobster, biology, possibilities of arti-
ficial propagation, fishing methods, methods of marketing and value of the
fishery, regulation of the industry, statistics, and recommendations for future
research, The booklet concludes with a select bibliography and a technical ap-
pendix giving the Caribbean species of spiny lobsters and a field key to the
Caribbean spiny lobster.

‘The Sponge Industry of Florida, by J. G, Tierney, Educational Series No, 2, 19p.,
printed, Marine Laboratory, Florida Board of Conservation, University of Miami,
Coral Gables, Fla,, 1949. This booklet gives a resume of the Florida sponge
industry and is divided into two parts, ‘The first part discusses the life of
the sponge and includes answers to the questions: What are sponges? How do
sponges feed? How do sponges grow and reproduce? Where are sponges found? and
How are they caught? The second part deals with the value of the sponge indus-
try to the State, what has happened to the sponge industry in recent years,
the measures which should be taken to protect and develop the industry, what
can be done by sponge cultivation, and what is being done for the sponge indus-
try by the State.

United States Exports of Canned Sardines, Salmon, and Shrimp--1947 and 1948, by
M, W. Wallar and A, A, Hackbarth, Foods and Related Agricultural Products,
World Trade in Commodities, January 1949, Vol. VII, Parts 6, 7, and 8, No, 2,
2p., printed, Office of International Trade, Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C. (Available by purchase only at 5 cents per copy from the
U, S. Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D, C,, or Department of Com-
merce Field Offices), This bulletin lists the United States exports of canned
sardines, salmon, and shrimp in the first nine months of 1948 compared with

the corresponding period of 1947, Tables show exports of these products by
country of destination,

"Whale Meat--Norway Expands its Production," by I, A, Jacobsen, article, Foreign
Agriculture, January 1949, Vol. XIII, No..1. pp. 21-22, Office of Foreign Ag-

March 1949 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW I

ricultural Relations, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (Copies of
the publication available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25,

D, C., 15 cents per copy.) ‘The author discusses the expansion of the produc-
tion of whale meat by Norway, and the problems involved in producing meat and
byproducts at the same time.

1948 Food Consumption Surveys"; Family Food Consumption in Birminghan, Ala.,
Winter 1948, Preliminary Report No. 1, FE 605, 30 p., processed, 11/22/48;

Family Food Consumption in Minneapolis-St, Paul, Minn., Winter 194€, Pre-
liminary Report No. 2, FE 693, 30 p., processed, 12/20/48; Family Food Con-
sumption in San Francisco, Cal., Winter 1948, Preliminary Report No. 3,

FE Boe. 30 p., processed, 1/31/49. Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Econ-
omics, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S, Department of Agriculture,
Wshington 25, D. C, These booklets report on the average quantity and expense
for purchased foods (including fish and shellfish), used at home per house-
hold per week, as well as the percentage of households using the various foods
by annual income class and housekeeping families of two or more persons in
Birmingham, Ala,, Minneapolis-St, Paul, Minn,, and San Francisco, Cal, In-
clude data on fresh fish, canned salmen, other canned fish (including sar-
dines and tuna), smoked and cured fish, fresh and frozen shellfish in the
shell and shelled, and canned cooked shellfish.

Studies in Fresh-Water Fishery Biology, by K. F. Lagler, 240 p., illus., third
5 revised edition, printed, $4.00. J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, This book is a reference work in general fish-
ery biology. One chapter is devoted to inland commercial
fisheries,

Whale Oil, by D. Bayles and 5, M, Sackrin, Foods and Related Agricultural Products,
World Trade in Commodities, February 1949, Vol. VII, Parts 6, 7, and 8, No. 7,
4 p., processed. Office of International Trade, Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C. (For sale by the U. S, Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., 5 cents per copy. ) Discusses the whaling operations in the
Antarctic and by land stations, and international cooperation. The report
gives current statistics, uses of whale oil, and consumption in leading mar-
kets. It also contains a table showing the whale oil production for the seasons
1937-38 through 1947-48 and another table showing the Antarctic whaling opera-
tions for the seasons 1938-39 through 1947-48.

FISHERY MOTION PICTURES

The following motion pictures are available
only from the source given in each listing.

a

It's the Maine Sardine, 16 mm, color and sound, 15 minutes. Produced by the Fish
and Wildlife Service in cooperation with the Maine Department of Sea and Shore
Fisheries and the Maine Sardine Packers Association, ‘The film depicts the
catching of sardines off the Maine coast and the packing methods in local can-
neries, It is intended for general showings to such audiences as trade groups,
women's organizations, students, etc. (Can be borrowed from the DIVISION OF IN-
FORMATION, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. (Because the num
ber of prints is limited, requests for booking the film should be made as far
‘in advance as possible, Requests will be handled in order of receipt. Each
“request should indicate clearly the address to which the shipment is to be
‘made, Shipments are usually made by express, the borrower paying transporta-
tion charges both ways, but there is no charge for the use of the film.)

Processing -- Miscellaneous Service Division

Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors -- Jean Zalevsky and Norma D. Loeffel

a

54640

A

CANNED CRAB INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 3 9088 01018 0990

Fishery Leaflet 314, "Canned Crab Industry of Japan," is a re-
production of Report No. 109, Natural Resources Section, General Head-
quarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, issued July 26,
1948.

This 50-page illustrated report contains pertinent facts concern—
ing resources, production, and processing methods of the prewar Japanese
crab canning industry. Japanese records, statistics, and literature have
provided source material, and voluminous records on yearly catches and
packs, activities of the floating canneries, export figures, and other
information concerning the industry have been translated and abstracted
for this report.

ADULT MALE TARABA CRAB, PARALITHODES CAMTSCHATICA
(CARAPACE WIDTH 185 MM. ONE-THIRD LIFE SIZE.

Discussions en the classification and biology of the Japanese crab
species; the canned crab industry; operation of land-based and floating
canneries; inspection and grading;~lacquer and paper specifications;
bacteriological studies; and byproducts of crab canning are included in
this publication. In additionto numerous figures and tables, a reference
list of important publications dealing with the industry is appended.

The above-mentioned Fishery Leaflet 314 can be obtained free upon
request from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

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