Commercial press Geography of China

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COMMERCrAL PRESS

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BOOKS

Fong. F Sec, M.a.

General Editor

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COMMERCIAL PRESS

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

BY

HORATIO B. HAWKINS, M.A.

Formerly Teacher in Kiangsu Provincial College, Soochow

REVISED, SEVENTH EDITION

COMMERCIAT^ PRESS, LIMITED
SHANGHAI

1919

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PREFACE

This Geography pays special attention to China's resources
and railways, because students, who wish to be useful to their
country, may well study facts so important to progress. Care
has been taken to show how the improvements in industry can
be made to aid national greatness.

As this book describes China for Chinese students, the

student's point of view has been remembered. It is hoped the

book will help the student in the study of his country and her
affairs.

During the three years of preparation, the writer received
great help from the experience and observation of his friends in
educational work. He keeps in mind the kind and unfailing
assistance of Mr. Wang Hsien-hua of the China National
Institute and of Mr. Tseu Yih-zan of the Kiangsu Provincial
College. It was through the unwearied labour of Mr. Tseu,
that full use was made of Chinese geographical works.

HORATIO B. HAWKINS.

SOOCHOW,

April 25, 1911.

EDITOR'S PREFACE

This book is prepared in response to a demand on the part
of Chinese teachers and students for a Geography of China,
which should meet the present needs of Chinese schools.

On the one hand, our teachers complain that the imported
text-books on geography devote too much space to foreign
countries and not enough to China, and that the facts they
present concerning our country are not infrequently distorted,
to say nothing of inaccuracies. Every student should know the
leading facts of his own country before he studies the world at
large. As its title implies, this book deals with the Geography
of China, to be followed by a larger volume, by the same author,
on the Geography of the World. The mass of information
contained in these books is at once useful and up-to-date.

The students, on the other hand, complain that, as they
have not used many English books, they find that texts from
abroad often present difficulties in style. To meet this point,
we are fortunate in securing the co-operation of the author, who
writes very simple and yet clear English, and who takes a most
sympathetic interest in the welfare of China. Mr. Hawkins has
not only furnished us with the text but has also given us helpful
suggestions regarding the make-up of the book.

To make the geography suitable for our students, we have
prepared a vocabulary, giving the Chinese equivalents for such
new terms as highways of commerce, trade-mart, etc. Every
geographical name is given in both English and Chinese, and a
list of Anglo-Chinese names is furnished at the back of the book
for ready reference. This part of the work was done by
Mr. Ma Shao-liaxg, B.A., of St. John's University.

ii EDITOR S PREFACE

The maps of the provinces and dependencies were prepared
especially for this book, based on the Geography of China (in
Chinese) by Tung Shih Hang. In the spelling of geographic
names, the maps and text follow the Postal Guide of the
Government Post Office and the China Inland Mission Atlas for
the most part. The outline map of China is taken from the
Atlas of China by the China Inland Mission, while the railway
map is made after the one issued by the Four-nation Loan
Syndicate.

CONTENTS

Introduction - - - - - - 1

kwangtung ------ 5

KWANGSI - - - - - - - 8

Yunnan - - . . . - 10

kweichow - - - - - - -13

FUKIEN ...._. 15

Cheeiang - - - - - - - 17

KlANGSU . - - . - _ 20

Anhwei - - - - - - - 25

KlANGSI - - - - - - 27

HuPEH - - - - - - - 29

HuNAN ------- 33

szechwan - - - - - - - 36

Chihli- - - - - - ' - 39

Shantung - - - - - - - 42

HONAN ------- 45

Shansi - - - - - - 48

Shensi ------- 50

Kansu - - - - - - 52

The Three Eastern Provinces - - - 54

Fengtien - - - - - - - 55

KiRiN ------- 58

Heilungeiang - - - - - - 60

Moxgoll\ - - - - - - 62

SiNKIANG - - - - - - - 66

Tibet ------- 70

Resources - - - - - - - 74

Highways of Commerce - - - - 81

Railways - - - - - - - 84

Anglo-Chinese notes
Vocabulary

The Population of China

Until a thorough census of the country is taken, no reliable
figures regarding the population of China can be given. Tlie
figures below are taken from the Statesman's Year-Book for
1911 and the Customs Reports for 1909.

Figures given in

the Statesman's

Yeai

^-Book.

Chihli -

-

-

20,937,000

Shantung

.

-

38,247,000

Shan si

-

-

12,200,456

Honan -

.

-

35,316,800

Kiangsu -

-

-

13,980,235

Anhwei -

-

-

23,670,314

Kiangsi -

-

-

26,532,125

Chekiang

-

-

11,580,692

Fukien -

.

-

22,876,540

Hupeh -

-

-

35,280,685

Hunan -

.

-

22,169,673

Shensi

.

-

8,450,182

Kansu

.

-

10,385,376

Szechwan

.

-

68,724,890

Kwangtung

.

-

31,865,251

Kwangsi -

.

-

5,142,330

Kweichow

-

-

7,650,282

Yunnan -

• .

-

12,324,574

Manchuria

„

-

16,000,000

Mongolia

.

-

2,600,000

Tibet

-

-

6,500,000

Sinkiang -

Total -

1,200,000

433,553,030

Figures accepted by the Maritime Customs.

Manchuria - - - - 17,000,000

Chihli 29,400,000

Shantung . - . . 38,000,000

Szechwan - - - - 79,500,000

Hunan 22,000,000

Hupeh 34,000,000

Kiangsi 24,534,000

Anhwei 36,000,000

Kiangsu 23,980,000

Chekiang - . . . 11,800,000

Fukien 20,000,000

Kwangtung .... 32,000,000

Kwangsi 8,000,000

Yunnan 8,000,000

Other Provinces (Shansi, Shensi,

Kansu, Honau, Kweioliow) - 55,000,000

^Total - 439,214,000

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V

Geography of China

Area 4,277,170 square miles

Capital, PEKING (^b :^)

1909 Foreign Trade of China. . . . Hk. taels 780,931,959
,, £^a;j90rtecZ to Foreign Countries. . ,, ,, 350,883,353
,, JmportecZ from Foreign Countries. ,, ,, 430,048,606

CHINA is the oldest of the world's great countries.
No coiintrj^ has more people, and only two (the
British and Russian Empires) have more land. The
Chinese dominions are larger than the continent of
Europe, both in area and population. The abundant
'productions of her fertile plains, her great stores of useful
minerals, her forest and animal resources, make China
One of the countries richest in natural wealth.

Natural Features. China is a country with varied
natural features. In Tibet (® M) she has some of the world's
highest mountains and the sources of Asia's longest rivers; in
Mongoha (^ "i^) and Sinkiang (ff S) she has broad plateaus.
Manchuria {fp| IHl) is divided into two rich river-valleys with
mountain borders, while the Eighteen Provinces have some
upland plains in the west, but lowland plains near the mouths
of the great rivers.

Mountains. The frontiers oi China are guarded by long
ranges, the Altai (H M # lli) and the Tien Shan (^ llj)
separating Mongolia from Russian Siberia (^ fg ^ij 55) ; the
Himalayas (# H ti i?i ill) keeping apart Tibet and British In-
dia (^ M Pn JS) • In these Tibetan mountains are high peaks
and large glaciers. From the Tibetan system branches spread
over China, making the inland provinces mountainous.

GEOGRATHY OF CHINA

Rivers. The chief rivers of China are the Yangtse Kiang
(^ ^ iC' and the Hwang Ho (^ i'nj). The Yangtse is a
producer of wealth, while the Hwang Ho is a destroyer of
prosperity. Both may be made better servants of the country
by modern engineering, which will improve them so that they
may be more helpful both to commerce and agriculture. The
Si Kiang (|g Ql) in the south waters a rich and fertile valley.
The Pei Ho (g fnl), the Sungari (j^^VO, the Liao (at inj),
the Han (g| :^), the Siang (M iL), the Min (jllg 01), the Kan
(^ tH' are all useful rivers.

Islands. Along the coast of China are many islands,
especially in Kwangtung (^ ^), Fukien (fg ^), Chekiang
{Wi VO and Shantung (ill y^) Provinces. The largest island is
Hainan (j^ |^), off the southern part of Kwangtung, while
the most populous is Tsungming (^ B3), at the mouth of the
Yangtse. Hongkong (^ ^) is a commercial island city.
Chusan (J^ llj) in Chekiang has great advantages as a naval base.

Peninsulas. China's greatest peninsula is the mountain-
ous eastern part of Shantung Province. In Fengtien ($ ^) ,
the Liaotung (jg ■^) Peninsula, which has great military
importance, has been leased to the Japanese. In the south in
Kwangtung is the Luichow (H *>H) Peninsula.

Lakes. In the Eighteen Provinces, the largest lakes are
Tungting Lake {W\^M) of Hunan (fiW ^') , Poyang Lake

INTRODUCTION

(% ^W of Kiangsi {KM) and the Taihii (±^) between
Chekiang and Kiangsu. Among small lakes, Si Hu (^ i^) in
Chekiang and Erh Hai (x^ "^) in Yunnan are famous for their
beauty. In the dependencies, the greatest lake is Ching Hai
(W 'M) or Koko Nor. Tibet has also many beautiful mountain
lakes.

Temperature and Rainfall. A country so large as
China must have a varied climate. On the whole, the Eighteen
Provinces enjoy a temperate climate, though part of the far
south is semi-tropical. In the interior and in the north the
summer is wanner and the winter colder than in the eastern
and southern coast provinces. The Tibetan Plateau is extremely
cold in winter. The rainfall is heaviest in the coast Provinces
south of the Yangtse and in the upland provinces of the west
and southwest. North China and the dependencies have a dry
climate.

Harbours. China has a long coast line with good har-
bours in every coast province. Tlie best natural harbours are
found in Kwangtung, Fukien, Chekiang and Shantung, though
in Kiangsu and

chihii (iL m

river mouths like
those of the Yang-
tse and Pei Ho
have harbours
with great com-
merce. Shanghai
(_h M) is the out-
let of Central ^"^^°°
China, and Tientsin (^ ^) is the outlet of North China. In
order to keep their trade, river harbours must have great
improvement. These harbours are being mado deeper and
more suitable for large steamers by the engineers of river con-
servancy. The inlets of the sea and luaterways in many parts
of China can be made safer and better by engineering
improvements.

4 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Ancient Works of Engineering. In earlier times,
China had very skilful engineers. Great examples of ancient
engineering, such as the Great Wall (H M ;^ ^), the Grand
Canal {"^^mW^ the iron bridges of Yunnan (g^), the
stone bridges of the Yangtse Valley (tlf ^^ tt ^ ^) and the
irrigation system of Szechwan, remain to show us how well-
understood were some of the needs of the country. The Great
Wall is about 1,250 miles long. The Grand Canal connects
Tientsin with Hangchow (^ {Hi), crossing the Yangtse Kiang
at Chinkiang {^ tl).

:^l^'^^;^

1

Thk Himalaya Mountains seks nkak a Mountain Lake in Tibet

KWANGTUNG )R ^ f ?

Canton M: ^ M
Chang Hua River ^ fl
Chaochowfu m W B
Chaoyang M H if.
Chu Kiang or Pearl River i^ tH
Chulou Shan ^ |1 Ul
Fatshan f^ ilj
Haifeng 'M ^U.
Hainan fg "^ fj
Hainan Strait JJ '>H fg ill^
Han River ^. tC
Heungshan ^ ill |^.
Hoihow fg □ |3)f
Hoilingshan I. V@ ^ ill
Honghai Bay H vS |®
Hongkong ^ v^
Hwangshui f^ 7K
Kam Kiang ^ tC
Raying M B '>H
Kiungchow 3^ *I'H j]^
Kiungchow River 0f ^ iT
Kochow i^ *>H ;i^
Kongmoon xT P^
Kowloon ;^L fl
Kumchuk -^ ft
Kungyik ^ ^ 1$
Kwangchow Wan J^ 'J^«J ^
Laimuling ^ ^ ^
Lienshan 3® ill J^
Limchowfu ^ *I'M j^
Linchow j^ 'j-I-j
Locheng Kiang |i fiJc iC

Lofau Shan || ?^ jli

Lotingchow H ^ »)'H

Luichow Peninsula ||* j]] ^ ^^

Luichowfu ^ ^'H j^

Macao M PI

Makyeung Ho «^ ^ K

Mei Kinng ^ xL

Namoa I. "^ HI

Namyung "^ t% 'JW

Pakhoi At M

Pei Kiang ;|b XL

Samshni H 'JK M

Seman t^ H II

Shinehow fg '>H M

Shiuhing ^MM

Si Kiang or AVest River J^ tC

Sunning ^ ^ Wi

Sunwui ^ -§■ ^

Swatow :^iJi M

Takhing ^, M ffl

Tanchow 11 ')'|-1

Tongkwa I. #) ^ -^j

Tung Kiang ^ tL

Tungkun ^ ^ ill

Waichow M 'M M

Wanhsien || |^.

Whampoa H ^

Wuling Shan 31 M ill

Yaichow ^. >}\]

Yam Kiang |j: tC

Yamchow ^ ^'H

Yeungkong |i it >}[]

THE PROVINCE OF KWAXGTUNG

KWANGTUNG (ft ^ ^)

Area 100,000 square miles
CAPITAL, CANTON (jR ^'H )U)

Kwangtung is the richest province of South China.

Kwangtung men, by their energy and enterprise, have gained

success in many parts of the world.

The province is for the most part hilly. The most fertile

region is the valley of the Si Kiang or West River. The

uxderivays are passable in many directions. This makes

transportation very convenient and prosperous. The West

River is the great highivay for steamers.

The coast line of Kwangtung is eight hundred miles long,

and has a number of good harbours. There are no less than

eight treutji ports and custovis stations.

In the north-east
of the Province is a rich
plain, whose most im-
portant political city is
Chaochowfu (M 'Hi M)
and whose commercial
port is Swatow (Shan-
tao) (Ylljli). SwatoAv
has a large coasting
trade. Its chief export
is sugar.

In the Si Kiang
delta are a group of
treaty ports, — Canton,
Samshui (H ^K) , and
K 0 n g m o on (tH P^ "l .
AV a i c h o w (M. Hi) ,
though named in trea-
A bu-.i-Ki- IN UAMuN ties, is not yet opened.

These ports trade mainly with Hongkong by river steamers.

6

GEOGRATHY OF CHINA

Canton or Kwangchowfu is a great shipping centre, and
should be a great railway centre. It was the first city to have
direct trade with Europe (Wi B & M), and is to-day the chief
commercial outlet for the southern provinces. The city is built
in the fertile delta country, at a point where several rivers meet.
The city has inland trade with Kwangsi (^ 0), Hunan and
Kiangsi (XL ®\ and exports silk and tea to Hongkong and
Europe. The Yueh-Han Railway (# ^ ^ ^) should make
Canton richer, and the Canton-Koivloon line (M ^ ^ ^) ^^'^^^
increase Canton's trade with Hongkong. Sunning (0f m II)
has a small railw^ay which is doing well.

Shiuchow (tH *H1), where roads from Hunan and Kiangsi
join, should be an important station on the Yueh-Han Railway.

Ix A Tea-hoise, Cantox

The southwestern part of the Province is mountainous.
Pakhoi (;H: ff|), its treaty port, has decreasing trade.

Hainan is a tropical island, a large part of which is
undeveloped. Its principal city is Kiungchow (3^ ♦j<*I), whose,
port, Hoihow (f^CI), has trade with Hongkong and Indo-
China (PP ^ ^ W)- Hoihow Harbour is in great need of
improvement. The interior of Hainan is wild and high.
There are forests on the mountain-sides. If properly developed,
Hainan might be as rich as Ceylon (^ ^ ^). It has mineral
wealth.

In Luichow Peninsula, Kw^angchow Bay (^ ^ j|^) and
islands were leased to the French as a naval base, but the
harbour has proved unsuitable for naval purposes.

THE PROVINCE OF KWANGTUNG 7

Macao (^ P^ ) , a Portuguese settlement on an island at the
mouth of the West River, has a good name for its beautiful
situation. Its harbour is shallow, and the trade is small.
There is a Chinese customs station at Lappa or Kungpeh

Hongkong, a British island, near the mouth of the "West
River, is one of the world's greatest commercial cities. In
some years, more ships come to Hongkong than to any port
of Europe. Hongkong flourishes partly because of its good
location and fine harbour, but more because of the wise policy
of the English government. There is no tax on trade at
Hongkong. On the peninsula opposite the island is Kowloon
(A- tl) with many great ivharves and docks. Hongkong has
an enormous trade with China, which in some years is more
than 250,000,000 taels. Hongkong exports to Europe all
Chinese products, and imports from abroad whatever China
needs. The chief industries of Hongkong are cotton-spinning ,
sugar-refining , ship-building and repairing, cement-making and
fionr-milling . Hongkong is also a' military station and naval
base. Four hundred thousand Chinese people live in Hong-
kong and share its fortunes. The English wish to make
Hongkong a centre of Chinese education.

Kwangtung produces rice, tobacco, sugar, silk, tea, san-
dalivood, medicine, ginger, and many kinds of fruit, such as
lichees, pineapples, and oranges. There are stores of coal and
iron, though these are not much developed.

The seafaring people of the coasts have a large fishing
industry.

There are important art industries, such as ivory-carving^
embroidery, fine weaving and porcelain-decorating. Silk, straw-
matting, and cotton cloth are some of the important manu-
factures.

8

GEOGKAPUY OF CHINA

KWANGSI (B^^)

Area 78,000 square miles
CAPITAL, KWEILIN (ffi ^^ )fj)

Kwaiigsi is the province of the upper Si Kiang and small
steamers may run from Wuchow {i^ "M M) to Nanningfu

End View, BRinoE otei: Tlpax Kiaxg

The trade is mainly by water, and goes mostly to Kwang-
tung. Kwangsi has mineral wealth, which as yet is un-
developed. The province has been made poor by frequent
political troubles.

On the southwest, Kwangsi touches French T.ndo-China.
The treaty port of Lungchow (f| ')^) is the gate by which trade
passes across the border.

Wuchow, the treaty port lying where the West River meets
the Kwei River (/^ X£), is the eastern gate of Kwangsi. Like
Hankow (^ U) on the Yangtse, so Wuchow on the Si Kiang
is a port where rivers meet, and where goods are changed from
small ships to large ones.

The treaty port of Nanningfu is the most important city on
the u])per West River.

KWANGSI M iS

Cliaoping ^ ^' M

CheiKUi ii ]^ Iff

Clmlou Shan ii] M lU M,

Chuloii Shan t'J J ill

Ilongchow t^ i^H

Iluiigsliui Kiaiig or Pak llo t^I

7X M ip ^ a

Kingyiiau M )M. }^
Kwei KiaDg g; flt
Kweihsien -^ M
Kweilin ^ W Hf
Kwci.-^hun gf gi ;jEf
Kweislmn Ho WM M
Li Kiang ^ ft
Liu Kiang |$[l fl
Liuchowfu ^IP ^<1 1^
Loclieug Kiang H iR it
Losing Kiang i?^ ?t tC
Lung Kiang tl tX

Lungcliow 11 '>H J^

Ming Kiang ^] it

Nannino ]^j ^ Jj^

Pinglo ^^^ ^ M

Poseh H {:! ^

Shangsze _h B M

Si Kiang or Went Kiver i^g it

Siang Mi m

Siincliow ^ j)D )^

Szecheng fS i!^ /^I^

Szengenfu /S, M Iff

Taiping -ic 4'- M

Tiao Kiang JJ ifif

Toyen Shan ^5 Igi Oj J|^

A\^atlani ^ ;^ ^-H

A\'ucho\v ;tg ^^"l M

^\^lsiian j^ 1; lUf;

Yu Kiang ;& tt

THE PROVINCE OF KWANGSI 9

K-weilin, the capital, is in the northeastern part of the
province, on the Kwei River. It is an old walled city. The
mountain and river scenery are very fine.

Vinglo (^ ^ /^) is a city in forest country on the Kwei
River, half way between Kweilin and Wuchow. Liuchowfu
(W 'M M) ^^^ Kiugyiian (g ja M') are in the mountainous
central districts and have forest products.

Siinchowfu (j§ *)H M) i^ ^^ ^^^ meeting place of the Huug-
shui (^I 7K M) and the West River.

Kweihsien (-^ ,^) has mineral wealth, but poor methods
prevent proper development.

Poseh ("g" "fe) , on the Yu Kiang {:^ fl) , is a small town
where Kwangtung traders pass the gate to Yunnan .

It is planned to build railways which wall join this
Province to near-by lands, and help to open up the mineral
wealth of southern China. Kwangsi has mines of gold, silver,
and other metals waiting to be developed.

Eapid ox the "West River

10

GEOciRAPHY GF CHINA

YUNNAN (m'M^)

Area 145,000 square miles
CAPITAL, YUNNANFU (ffi S M)

Yunnan, though now one of the poorest provinces, may
ome day be one of the richest. Yunnan is poor in agriculture,
but rich in minerals. Modern railway-building and mining
will make her rich and populous as she should be. Modern
methods used by engineers, merchants and ofhcials will make
Yunnan like a new province.

Yunnan is a tableland, much of which is a mile or more
above the sea. In this tableland, many of the rivers of south-
east Asia flow through narrow and unhealthy valleys till they
cross the Chinese frontier. The high mountains lying between

Some Peoplk at Tamfu

these valleys make it very hard to build railways across Yunnan.
But the skilful engineers believe that railways may be built
almost anywhere, and the minerals of Yunnan will pay for her
railways.

lUNNAN

Amei Kian- H ^._ fC
Chaotung [!,'{ jt M
Chengkiaim WLXLJf^f
CI 1 en yuan ^^ ^ ^
Chinsba Kiang ^ v;j; \{i
Cliulou Sliaii ^ "(ii^J iJj

jiokow M ni

Kailnva fJH ft jff
Kingtimg .^ ^ j^
Kiitsingfu [^ ^ Jff
Kwangnanfa ^ \H J^
Kwangsi JJf jg ')■{]
Likiang M 01 /f
Linaufu f^ ^ M
Lu Kianu' or Sahveen River i^

Mekong River iP| :^ tt
Mcngtsz -^ ^m
Mongwa i^ ffc J^
!Mieiming M^ ^

^T?

It 1^1

Xansi Ho ]^ ^ yiij
Nu Shan ^. \[\\h M
Pakbao ;it 15^
PuorLfu ^X^M-
Red River |I ll ^P ^ 1^ K
Shunning jlgi -^ Jff
Siaoniengyang ^ ^
Szemao .S. ^^ 11
Talifu :^ J5! )jf
Tengyueli mmB
Tsuyung fi, if, jff
Weiyiian |^ J^ j^
Wumeng Shan .^ ^ ilj

wuting ^:^jn-

Yangtze Kiang J,^- ^ tC
Yuankiang yt XL 'M
^'im Ling Shan .^ ^ jlj U^
Yungchangfu ^^ M
Yinigpeh 7K -It II
Yunuanfu '^: j^* /^

THE PROVINCE OF YUNNAN

11

Salt Wells, Yunnan

Yunnan produces everything necessary for supporting a
large population. Its chief agricultural product has in the past
been opium, but the Government is now making the farmers
plant other crops to take its place. Rice, sugar and tea are
raised. The Province produces good fruits and medicines, and
has much timber.

The principal minerals are copper, lead, zinc, tin, coal,
iron, gold and salt. China has been importing copper for cash
from abroad, but by-and-by foreign countries will buy their
copper from Yunnan.

The Province has good grass for cattle, and ponies, mules,
sheep and pigs are raised extensively. Yunnan ham is famous
all over China. When railways are built, Yunnan will supply
the outside markets with meat, skins and furs.

Yunnanfu is in the centre of the Province on Yunnan
Lake. The French railway now brings it within thirty-six
hours of the Tongking (^ M W M'M) border. The most
fertile part of the tableland is near Yunnanfu.

12

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Talifu i:^ gi /^j is a beautiful city on the shores of Erh
Hai, the mountain lake. Formerly, it was a great city, but
now manv towns have more people. Talifu has some trade

'i:;*-;

^foHAMMKDAN PaGODAS AT TaI.IFU

I) and Bhamo

with Burma (|fi ia}), by way of Tengyueh (H i

Tungchwan (^ )\\ M) and Chaotung (Bg ii, j^) are on the
northern road to Szechwan (P9 )l\).

Yunnan has three treaty ports, — Mengtsz(^ g ^), Szemao
(i®. ^i8l) and Tengyueh. All three are on the tableland
but far away from each other. Mengtsz is on the railway to
Indo-China, Szemao on the road to the Laos country (^ ^)
north of Siam (ig H), and Tengyueh on the road to Burma.
The trade is small, and largely by caravan. The railway is
making Mengtsz more important.

The roads over the mountains of Yunnan are so bad, that
it takes ten days to go from Yunnanfu to Talifu. It may take
almost three months to cross the province from east to west.

»*».

KWEICHOW Ml

Anshiinfu ^ jllg }^
Cheiiyang Kiano- ^ f^i ft
Chen yuan ^ j^ j^-
Fuyimg Kiang ^ ^ CC
Ilungtu Ho ^ '^ M
Kiensi 1^ 'p^ >)'[]
Kihshui ^. 7J< j^
Kihsliiii Ho # 7jC M
Kweiyang :t H )t
Liping ^ ^ ;t
Liu Kiang ;f|[I il
Miaoling -^ ^ \h M
Mong Kiang ^- )X
Nanpan Kiang '^ ^U.
Pan Kiang ^ tE
Papan Kiang a :^ iH
Pepan Kiang ;lb M tC
Picheh H fp i^
Pingyiian ^ j^ j^

Pingyiieli ^ ^ '>M
Puan ^- 5 li
Sliihtsien ^ f^f /i^
Singyifn M^M
Suntao 1^ ;^^ J^
Szechow ,g. i)"H /^^
Szenan m ^ ;f
Tating ::^ >ii !^
Tsingsliui Kiang ff- 7K Qt
Tsisingkwan 4: |^r |3
Tsunyi -f i^ jf
Tungjen ^ t- J^
Tayiin ^15 ^ ji^
A\'eining ^ ^ j]]
Wu Kiang ,^ Ql IP 1^ tt
Wuling Shnn %l ^ lli M
Wumeng Shnn .^ ^ llj g
Yinkiang pp Ql ,^

THE PROVINCE OF KWEICHOW

13

KWEICHOW (^ j^[] ^)

Area 67,000 square miles

CAPITAL, KWEIYANG [^ |J^ )fj)

Kweichow is a poor and mountainous inland province,
with a small population. \'ore than lialf of the people are not
Chinese, but are Miaotzt — wild tribe.-, who have been conquered
by Chinese.

Kweichow is poor
because undeveloped. It
is not a good province for
agriculture. The chief
products have been opium
and timber. The roads
are very bad and the trade
is small. Kweichow be-
ing an inland province
far from the sea, the pro-
ducts go only to near-
by provinces, especially
Kwangsi and Hunan.

Kweichow is rich in
minerals, but these min-
erals are not properly
mined. Quicksilver, zinc,
lead, nitre, sulphur, cop-
per, coal and iron are
found . MiAOTZE

Kweiyang, in the centre of the province, is important as an
official city, rather than as a place of trade. It is in the centre
of a rich mineral district. The road from Hunan to Yunnan
passes through Kweiyang. The city has manufactures of silk,
horsehair, and leather. Kweiyang is well guarded by nature,
there are narrow passes defending the roads to the city.

14 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

The rivers of Kweichow are rapid. The Wu (^ xT) flows
to the Yangtse; the Yuan (^ XL) to Tung Ting Lake (ils) ^ x^).
Two Kweichow rivers form the Hungshui River of Kwangsi.

The Nan Ling Mountains ("^ ^ ill Jj^) cross Kweichow
from Yunnan to Hunan. This ridge is sometimes called Miao
Ling (H ^), as it is the home of the wild Miao tribes. These
mountainous parts of the province are hard to attack, but easy
to defend. So the savage tribes do not disappear as they have
in some other provinces. Some of the Miaotze are adopting the
customs of Chinese civilization, but their wilder tribes live in
caves.

The Wu Ling Mountains (:K |^ llj H) are in the east and
north of Kweichow. The mountains of the province have fores
as well as mineral wealth.

Tsitsingkwan (4^ ^ ^) in the west is a gate where the
roads from three provinces (Szechwan, Kweichow and Yunnan)
meet. It trades with Luchow (i^ j^) on the Yangtse.

In the eastern or lower part of the province, a number of
towns are located. Among these towns near the places where
rivers cross the Hunan border are Szenan (M ^ J^), Tungjen
m t: M) , Szechow cm #1 M) and Liping m ¥ M)-

Kweichow has not many farmers and cannot produce
enough food for her own needs. She has a good supply of
horses, oxen and sheep.

FUKIEN jjg ft €

Amoy (Siamen) g P^
Changchowfu ^ j^ M
Chaoan m ^U
Chin Kiang § 01
Chuanchow ^ *Hi j^
Chuanchow Wan M. '>H ^

Chung Ki m m

Foochow m iH-l M
Formosa Strait $ ^ ?i l!^
Fuling f^ ^ 04 M
Fuling -^ ^
Funingfu ;1S ^ If
Futsing SS ft ii
Futung Ki ^ lE ^
Haitan I. 'M M '^
Hankiang ^ tt
Hinghwa M it M
Hinghwa Wan M' i^M
Kao Ki i^ -^
Kienningfu ^ ^ |j^
Kin Ki # M
Kinmen ^ P5 E
Kiulung Kiang jhttVL
Liang Shan m \U \h U

Liang Shan |^ ill
Lungyenchow fl |[| {Hi
Mamoi J^ M,
Min Kiang gg tC
Namkwan ^ IS
Nanpu Ki ^ ?i ^
Pinghai Wan ^ fi J^
Poping Ling \$^^
Pucheng Jf ^
Sansha Wan H '7^ ^
Santnao H ^ ^
Sha Ki fp U
Shaowu BIS 5^ 1"
Tachang Ki i^ W M
Tangyang Ki ^ H ^
Ting Kiang U XL
Tingchowfu ff 'j'l'j M
Tungshan ^ \ii
White Dog I. fi :^ S
Wu-i Shan ^ ^ ill
Yenpingfu ]^ ^ M
Yu Ki :t M
Yungchun :^ ^ »H'|
Yiinsia S ^ jl

--^^ Pinffhaiwan

r' "White Do? I. j
aitnn I. !

^

^oj

Ttr

I

THE PROVINCE OF FUKIEN

15

FUKIEN {if§ ^ W)

Area 46,300 square miles
CAPITAL, FOOCHOW (fg ffl M)

Fukien has an irregular coast line, with some good harbours
and many small islands. The rivers of Fukien run rapidly
from the mountains to the sea, and, excepting a part of the Min
River (^ tC), are not good for commerce. The people living
rear the coast are skilful and brave fishers and sailors. A large
part of the province is so mountainous that agriculture is
difficult.

Fukien is a great tea province. If the tea trade of China
were prosperous, Fukien would be rich. But at present the
export of tea is falling off, because other parts of the world
produce tea without having to pay so much for freight and
taxes.

Many Fukien men have gone to the countries south of
China, and some of them have become very rich.

Fukien produces tea, bamboo, timber, sugar, shark's finSf
paper, lacquer, fruits, salt, woven cloth and camphor.

The Briduk dk Lkn XnorHAxn Age;?, Eooghoav

16

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Fnkicn hns three treaty ports, — Foochow, Amo}' (^ P^)
and Santuao (H ^ M)-

Foochow, the capital, is some miles above the mouth of the
Min River. Steamers anchor near the arsenal at Mamoi or
Pagoda Island (^ ^ J^), on the river a few miles below. The
mouth of the river is guarded by forts. Foochow 's commerce
is not so great as in the time when the tea trade was flourishing.

Amoy is a fine harbour, which formerly had a great trade
in tea. It has much steamer trade with Formosa (^ j^) and
Hongkong, and
launch trade with
nearby districts.
The people of
Fukien are build-
ing a railway to
run inland from
Amoy. Santuao
is more important
for naval than for
commercial pur-
poses. Small
steamers carry tea
to Foochow.

In the time of
the Yuan Dynaf^tj/,
Chuanchow (;^ ^H'l)
was a great port,
from which ships
sailed to all coasts
of Asia.

Kicnning (^
pioducing districts.

Sqi-ahe Pagoda, Fikien

W) and Ycnping (jg ?\\) are inland tea.

CHEKIANG ^ a

Changtao T. ^ m %
Chapu ^p }1
Chinhai ^ i^ \%
Chinsan 1. ^ \h
Cliuchow Jg 'j'H jj^
Chiichow m 'Hi it
Chukia Shan :^ ^ ^
Chusan I. ;)}}- llj
Eastern Sea "^ %
Feiyun Kiang MM it
Fengling Shan m. ^ \li W<
Funghwang Shan M^ M. \h
Haining f^ j^ i^\
Hangchow i^ 'j'H M
Hangchovr Bay ^ >)]] ^
Hail Ki |tf ^
Huchowfu W\ 'M Hf
Hwangpu M <1
Kashing M M }^
Kinhwafu # # /^
Kintang Shan # ^ llj
Kiu Shan gg \\}

Lanchi m m m

Linghu M M
Lotsing m^U
Luhwang Shan :^ |^ llj
Mei Ki ;f§ l^
Nimrod Sound ^ iJj 'i^
Ninghaihsien :^ -^ |^
Ningpo ^ S^ jt
Niutow Shan 4^ gg ilj
Payang Kiang. M ^ ll

Pinghu ^W\U
Saddle Islands il^ ^ Oj |p ;fE i^
III

San kiang H CC i^
Sanmen Wan H P'^ j-^
Shaohingfu |,^ ^ /ff

shipo ;&' ?i m

Siang Hu '/^g f^^

Siangshan ^ \h U.

Siao Ki /J^ ^H

Sien Hsia Ling jllj ^ # llj Ig

Sien Hsia Ling j ll| || ^

Sungmen Shan ^=S' P^ ill

Ta Ki :^ M

Taichow Bay "^ j^ W

Taichowfu -^ >)\] jff

Taisan I. IS lij

Tanhwa Shan 1^1 1^ llj

Tientai ^i^U

Tnighai ^ ffe J^

T?aonii Kiang ^ ^ XL

Tsientang Kiang ^^\L

Wenchow i^ ^'H M

Wenchow Wan -^ »>H ^

West Lake ® f^j

Wu Kiang i£ il

^\'uchen ,!^ ^

Yau Kiang ^ Ql

Yenchow j^ j\\ /^

Yuhwan Shan ^ ^S lU

Yungan Ki ^ ^ i^fe

Yiiyao g^ ^ Iji^

THE PKOVINCE OF CHEKIANQ 17

CHEKIANG (:®fff€)

Area 86,700 square miles

CAPITAL, HANGCHOW

Chekiaiig is a province of wooded hills and fertile valleys.
The west and south are mountainous and have not so many-
people as the richer districts east and north. The inland hills,
the many rivers and the island groups on the coast make
Chekiang one of the most beautiful provinces.

The Grand Canal passes through the fertile northern plain
to Hangchow. Canals and rivers afford a good water-route to
Shanghai. The Tsien Tang River (^ ^ XL) drains most of
the interior.

Chekiang people are very enterprising and in some
ways have set an excellent example to the people of other
provinces.

Ping Hu Chitt Yueh, West Lake

Though a small province, Chekiang is a great producer.
Excellent silk, tea and wine are Chekiang products. Cotton,
bamboo, medicine, furniture, rice, fish and varnish are other
important articles produced in Chekiang.

IS

GKOGRAniY OF CHINA

The northern part of the province is the more prosperous,
because the fertile lands are crossed by canals and rivers, on
which many steam launches carry Chekiang products to their
markets. The railway from Hangchow to Shanghai also aids
the development of the North, Southern Chekiang is in great
need of railways to bring inland products to the coast, and
promote industry and trade.

The short and rapid rivers could furnish waterpower to
make Chekiang a great industrial province.

Hangchow, capital and treaty port, is a great cit}'' between
the beautiful West Lake (|g \^) and the estuary of the Tsien
Tang. Some of the finest scenery and most famous temples in
the Empire are near Hangchow. In the Yuan Dynasty, a
"Western traveller, named Mar. o Polo, declared that Hangchow
was the most splendid of cities. To-day Hangchow is a
political, commercial and educational centre.

Ningpo (^ ^ ;t) is a
treaty port from which
steamers run daily to Shr.ng-
hai. It exports consider-
able raw cotton, which is
afterward sent to Japan.
Some of the cotton is woven
into cloth at mills in Ningpo
and in the country near by.
Many Ningpo people live in
Shanghai. Furniture
manufacturing is an im-
portant industry of Ningpo.

In the Yuyao District
(^^U), not far from
Xingpo, the great states-
man, general and teacher,
Wang Yang-ming (3E ^ Pjl
was born.

Fi KiF.N Guildhall, Ningpo

THE PROVINX'E OF CHEKIANQ

ly

Wenchow {^ j^ Jj^) , the third treaty port of Chekiang, has
little trade. It exports tea and fruit.

Tinghai (^ M M),on Chusan island (^ lU ^) , is suitable
for a naval station.

Sanmen Bay (H P^ |^) is also well suited for naval pur-
poses.

The beautiful shrine of Futu Shan (^ j?g jlj), in the islands
northeast of the province, is visited by many pilgrims.

The orchards of Taichow {-^ *H'| j^), on the east coast, pro-
duce choice fruits.

^. 4 -

.., -^ 'VJ^..

Pagoda, SnAOHixG

Shaohingfu(^M;^)
is an important com-
mercial city on the
canal between Hang-
chow and Ningpo. Its
men are known every-
where as good mer-
chants and accountants.
It is famous for the pro-
duction of wine.

Kashing (MMM)
is a customs station
on the canal route and

railway between Hangchow and Shanghai. It is a commericai
city, exporting silk, fruit, salt and wood.

Huchow (t^ >)^ }^) , in the northwest of the province, is a
few miles south of the Tai Hu. It is a great silk centre. Near
Huchow is the wealthy city of Nanzing ("^ f§) .

The rich districts of Hangchow, Huchow and Kashing
produce choice tea, fine silk, and much rice.

Kinhwa (# ^ M) is '^^^ inland city, producing tea, varnish
and ham.

Travellers come to Haining ("^ ^ :H*I) to see the " bore " or
great wave in the estuary of the Tsien Tang.

20

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

KIANGSU (a M ^)

Area 38,600 square miles
CAPITAL OF LIANG-KIANG (ffi fll),

KIANGNING iK ^= NANKING ffi ^.)

Kiangsu is not a large province, but it is very rich. It li
a fertile plain crossed by the Yangtse from east to west, and by
the Grand Canal from north to south. The land has no liigh
ridge, so the waters flow slowly. These waterways are most
useful, helping agriculture by irrigation, and commerce by
furnishing water-roads . ^
The province has a number
of lakes, the chief of which
are Tai Hu in the south
and Hungtze Hu (Slt^ti^)
on the border between An-
hwei {^^^) and Kiang-

peh(Q:^b).

Kiangsu suffered great- ^-^^^^ ^"-^

ly in the Taiping Rebellion, but during the fifty years that have
since gone by has recovered its former wealth and population.

South of the Yangtse, the garden plain of Kiangnan (it]^)
produces great supplies of rice, silk and cotton. The soil is
very fertile and is well irrigated by the branches of the Yangtse,
the Grand Canal, and the AVliangpoo (^^). The Shanghai-
Nanking Raihvay (M W 1^ ^) I'tms across this prodtictive belt
to the northwest, and the SliangJiai-Hangchow line (|)i Ijl ^ 3&)
to the southwest.

North of the river are the plains of Kiangpeh. Kiangpeh
has many waterways, but they do not help agriculture and
commerce so much as those of Kiangnan. The farmers of
Kiangpeh raise wheat, rice and cotton.

KIANGSU a

Changchow liV '>H ;^
Changshu '■?.* Wt U
Chinkiaug ^ iL M
Eastern Sea '^ j§
Feng J» U
Fowning # ^ Syfe
Grand Canal 3^ ^
Haichow ^ 'j+j
Haimen fg P^j ||
Hungtze mnM
Hwaianfu m^M
Jukao ja\ ^ !^.
Kangyii ^ tt iSi
Kaoyu Hu ^UM
Kaoyuchow jg ^ '>H
Kiangpu til !|^
Kiangyin ft |^ #.
Kiating ^ ^ !^.
Linghungkow |l^ Si^ □
Luho :^^U
Luszechang ^ pg ^
Nanking ^ ^ (H ^ }^)
Old Course of Yellow River

Paoshan ^ ilj m
Paoying M K !fi
Paoying Hu ^BM
Pei t$!fi
Peichow J5 '>H
Pukow ?i P
Shanghai ±. M ^^

Shenyang Ho ^ P^ fnj
Shiherhwei -f* H ;^
Shu Ho ^ M
Sitang Kiang ^ |^ inl
Soochow M 'M M
Siichowfu Ij^ '>M jij-
Sungkiang ^^ if. /^
Sutsien ^MU
Tai Hu i; tS3
Taichow B '>H
Taihu ±mM
Taitsang ± M '^
Tasung Hu :^ i| tS9
Tsingho ft M SI
Tsingkiang j^ il ^
Tsingkiangpu ft it ^
Tsungming ^ PJ] S^.
Tsungming I. ^ Pfl ^
Tungchow ii, *>H
Tungtai M^U
Tungtang Kiang % ^ ^
Woosung % fi
Wusih m$S>U
Yangchow ^ '>H J^
Yangtse Kiang ^ ^ ft
Yellow Sea ^ M
Yen Ho '^I- ^ M
Yenchang H J^ f^
Yi Ho tff M
Yuntai Shan g 1^ Uj

THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSU

21

Kiangsu has four treaty ports, — Nanking, Chinkiang (^ XL
/^), Soochow and Shanghai. Woosung (^^ ^) and Tungchow
(ii.'>H'i) are also trademarts
mentioned in treaties.
Tiiere is a customs station
at Woosung, and Tung-
chow is a port of call for
river steamers.

Nanking is a city of
great area with long walls
and high hills. In earlier
dynasties it was the capital

of the country. It is a Travellixg by Wheelbarrow

great educational centre with many schools. In or near Nan-
king are many historic ruins. The first world's fair in China
was the Nanyang Industrial Exhibition held in Nanking in
1910. It showed the resources of the different provinces and
the products of Chinese industries. For many years the com-
merce of Nanking was not very important, but now its outlook'
is much improved. On the river-bank, outside the walls, is
Hsiakwan (T*" P), where the steamer-landings and railway station
are. Just across the river is Pukow (j^ P), where the railway
from Tientsin meets the river.

Chinkiang is a city on the south shore of the Yangtse,
where it meets the Grand Canal. There is beautiful island and
hill scenery near by. Steam launches carrying the trade of
Kiangpeh connect at Chinkiang with Yangtse steamers. Yang-
chow (^ '}]] ^) is a famous historic city north of the Yangtse
opposite Chinkiang. Not far below Chinkiang, well-placed
forts guard the river.

Soochow is a rich city in the most fertile part of Kiangsu.
It has long been famous for the beauty of its scenery and ihe
learning of its scholars. It is situated on the Grand Canal, and
has launch trade by waterways leading north, south, east and
northwest. Much silk and cotton cloth are woven, both by old

22

GEOGRATHY OF CHINA

methods and new. Pagodas, arches, and ruins are signs of its
past glory.

Shanghai is on the Whangpoo River, at tlie gate of tlie
Yangtse Valley. It is the greatest commercial city of China,
and one of the great ports of the world. Great steamers come
from Europe and America,
from Japan and India to
receive the products brouglit
to this city by smaller river
and coasting steamships. It
is a great industrial centre,
with large silk filatures, cotton
mills, flour mills, ship-
building works, and tohac<'>
factories. Its ricli banks
control a large part of the
country's wealth, and provide
much of the money in govern-
ment loans. Its trading com-
panies send steamers to river
and coast ports, import and
store huge quantities of piece- \
goods, macliinery, railway
material, sugar and other

foreign goods, build railways, and send Chinese products to
other countries. It is a great literary city. From the presses
of Shangliai come newspapers read in all parts of China, and
great numbers of books both of old learning and new. It is the
home of men from many provinces and many countries.

Politically, Shanghai is divided into four parts — the old
city, the French Conccfision, the International Settlenioit and the
Paoshan District C%^ \[\ %). The oldest part is the walled city.
Lately the streets have been made wider and cleaner, and the
sliops more attractive. At Nantao '^ ifj , IP 'M M) . on the river
side of the walled city, may the seen nunil^ersof small ja7i^-s wliich

Shops on Nanking Road, Shakghai

THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSU

23

carry products to and from the Shanghai market. The Inter-
national or Model Settlement is the business centre of Shanghai.
It is very honestly and efficiently governed by a council elected
by the foreign taxpayers. The Council of Shanghai has done
specially good work in road-building, bridge-building, and
making public gardens. It has a very well-organized police and
fire department. There are many steamers at wharves on
both sides of the river. The French Concession is much
smaller than the International. The French consul has
much power. The Paoshan District northwest of the Settle-
ment is a newly-built quarter, which is meant to be a new
Chinese city.

Scene on tiii: Whangpoo Kiyer, Shanghai

The Kiangnan Arsenal, south of Shanghai, manufactures
arms and ammunition, and builds and repairs ships.

Deep-sea steamers, instead of coming to Shanghai, tmload
their cargoes at Woosung, where the Whangpoo joins the
Yangtse.

Shanghai should grow greater as time goes on, for when
her railways to Nanking and Hangchow are extended to inland
parts of the country, trade and industry will both be more
prosperous.

Tungchow, on the north bank of the Yangtse, is becoming
a modern industrial city. This is largely due to the enterprise
of Chang Chien (?i#), a man of great literary learning

24

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

who believed he could serve his country well by giving true
service to his city. His factories weave silk and cotton cloth,
his launch-trains bring products from many parts of Kiangpeh
to Tungchow, his schools teach j'^oung men practical knowledge.

The fertile country near the mouth of the Yangtse is very
densely populated. The island of Tsungming has more than
one million people.

Sungkiang (^ tl M) , Wusih m^m , Changchow (S '>H
M), Changshu ('fiViHI) , Wukiang C^tLI^J and Kunshan {%
ill !^) are rich towns on the fertile Kiangnan Plain.

Kiangpeh needs protection against floods and famine.
The improvement of rivers and canals and the building of rail-
ways would save Kiangpeh from distress. In the northern part
of Kiangpeh, the more important cities are Tsingkiangpu (JUtC
m) , Hwaian (^ ^ M) and Siichowfu (t% '>I-I m

Pavilion of the Five Hundred Philosophers, Soochow

ANHWEI ^ it €

Anking ^MM
Chengyangkwan jE 1^ i^
Chilichowfu i^ ^H J^
Chingi Kiang |f -^ xL
Chow Hu M: m
Chu Ho it M
Chuchow ti ^'M
Fengyangfu M, H /f
Hochow In 'j'H
Hnai Ho f# 7jC
Hungtze Hu ^ ^ ^
Hwang Shan Range ^ \\i \h
Hweichow Wi ')^\ M
Kinghsien ^ |i
Kuei Ho ft M
Kwangtehchow J^ tf. #1
Kwo Ho -/^ inj
Liuanchow ;i^ ^ ffl
Luchovrfu Jl il"!'! jt
Lukiang Jg tt f^,
Ningkwofu ^ ^ f^
Pefei Ho ;|l: flE inJ
Pi Ho ^ M
Pochow ^ #1
Showchow # ;N1

UK

Shucheng ^ :^ H
Shuiyang Kiang 7K 1^ tC
Sifei Ho ^ UE inJ
Singan Kiang ff ^ 0*.
Suchow ^ *H'I
Susung ^ l^iMfi
Szechow fgg jH'l
Taihu i; tSg m
Taipingfu ± ^- jf
Tanyang Hu ^mM
Tapie Shan i^ ^ \]i m
Tapie Shan i^ ^Ij rjj
Tasha Ho f]; M
Tatung ::;^ ji. ^
Tingyuan % j^ !^
Tsienshan 5(g llj H
Tungchenghsicn is) i^ Si
Tunghnghsien 1^1 [^ I?.
Wangkiang Si CC i|,^.
Wuchang Hu S. ^ M
Wuholisien 2£ M HI

wuhu ie ^ m

Wuyiian ^ M M
Yingchowfu M 'J'H M
Yunkiavvei ^ ^ H

THE PROVINCE OF ANHWEI

25

ANHWEI (^i:€)

Area 54,800 square miles

CAPITAL, ANKING (^MM)

Auhwei is a fertile rice-producing province lying on both
slides of the Yangtse River. Many provinces are fed with
Anhwei rice. The wealth of Anhwei is principally agricultural,
the province producing rice, wheat, tea, hemp and cotton.

The northern part of the province is drained by the Hwai
River (fH 7jC), whose many branches make trade easy. The

UnNKE\ AXn 1)RIVER

Hwai, however, is also a source of danger, as sometimes there
are disastrous floods. There are many lakes in the north and
east of the province.

In the south of Anhwei are large coal deposits. When the
Anhwei railway is built from Wuhu (^ H^ ^) on the river
to Kwangtehchow (^ ^. j^) in the mountains, Anhwei will be
richer.

26

GEOGR.M'HV OF CHINA

The railway from Tientsin to Pukow runs for a short way
tlirough northeastern Anhwei. It will help to bring the
products of northern Anhwei to river and sea.

^\'uhu is the great rice-port. Many ocean steamers come
here to load rice. The commerce of Wuhu is being made
greater by improvements. New wharves will allow steamers to
lie close by the land.

Tatung (:fc ?!.), on an island in the Yangtse, is a customs
station where the salt tax is collected.

Anking, the capital, on the Yangtse River, is a port of call
for river steamers.

Hweichowfu (^ *Hi ^) is a rich city in the southern part o£
the province. Its district produces mucli tea and bamboo.

Fengyan2:'M- 1^ *i^^) was the birthplace of the first Ming
Emperor (PJ ± M).

Fishing with CoRMORANTi

KIANGSI KIS ^

Chang Kiaiig ^ iX
Changshu W Wl ^
Chi Kiang i^ iL
Fuchowfu ^ jW 1^
Ilukow t^ n
Jaochow ^ #1 /^
J a Ho r^ 7jC
Juichowfu ^ ffl }^
Kan Kiang H \X
Kanchowfu || #1 j^
Kianfu -g ^- It
Kiencliang ^ ^ i^
Kienchangfu M ^ M
Kingtehchen ^ ^. ^
Kiukiang jl tX /ff
Kiukung Shan jl *§ \\i
Kuling !t^ ^
Kung Kiang ^ 7jC
Kwangsin R. fg tt
Kwangsinfu §i f= )^
Linkiang li^ il j^
Loan Kiang ^| ^ il
Losiao Shan ^ ^ ]\i M
Losiao Shan H ^ lU
Lu Ki -if ^
Lu Shan M.Mi

Lu Sh ^ 7jC
Lunghu Shan t| ^ lU
Mei Kiang i^ H
Meihng Pass 1^ ^
Nananfu '^ ^ M
Nanchang ^ ^ Jj^
Xankangfu ^ 0 )f
Ningtu ^ ^ i>M
Pengtze fi # U
Pingsiang ^- ^p i||
Poyang Lake ff) 11 tSS
Shang3'u Kiang ^ 7jC
Shu or Kin Kiang |g fX
Siu Shui {^ tK
Su Ki ^ it
Tao Kiang |^ fSj
Tayu Ling :::^ j^ -^

Tso Ki :£ m

Tuchang M sU
Tung Kiang '^ 7]C ^ {{S
Tungtse Kiang ^ tK
Wan an |^ ^ ,^.
^Vu-i Slian ^ ^ \\i
Yuan Kiang :^ Ql
Yuanchowfu ^ >)]] j^

.KWANGTUNG

lU 115

THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSI

27

KIANGSI (K m ^)

Area 69,500 square miles

CAPITAL, NANCHANG (ffi ^ M)

Except for the Poyang Lake Basin (S5 1^ tiK ^ :^), Kiang-
si is mountainous. The most famous mountain is the Lu Shan

"The LtTTLE Orphan"

(M U4)> in the north, near which the sage Chu Hsi lived and
wrote.

Kiangsi has a number of rivers flowing to Poyang Lake.
The most important of these is the Kan River (^ IQ, whose
branches rise in the mountains that border the provii:!ce.

Kiangsi produces much tea, porcelain, rice, cotton, silk,
tobacco and some grain.

In the northeast, near Kingtehchen (i^ ^ ^) is found
most of the white clay which forms the material for the porce-
lain industr3^ Formerly, the manufacture of porcelain pro-
duced finer articles and employed many more men. Even now
pieces of porcelain made in earlier centuries receive very high
prices.

28 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

The liills and mountains of Kiangsi have many trees, and
timber is an important product.

In the western mountains near the Hunan border are
mines of coal. The best mines are at Pingsiang (P^ M), near
the Hunan border, and tlieir coal is brought to market b}''
Hunan railways and river. They produce 1,500 tons of coal
each day.

Kiukiang {%XLM), ^'he treaty port of Kiangsi, formerly
had a great trade in tea with Europe. It still exports fairly
large quantities. There are factories to press tea into bricks,
suitable for the peoples of Central Asia. In the mountains
near Kiukiang is the summer resort of Kuling {'J^ ^).

Nanchang, the capital, is on the Kan River near its outlet
into Poyang Lake. Small steamers ond launches run across
the lake from Kiukiang to Nanchang. A company has been
formed which is building a railway to connect the two cities.
A better proposal is one for a railway which shall cross the
province from north to south, and passing through the Meiling
Pass (IS: ^ n), connect the Yangtse Valley (tlr -? tL ;^ ^) with
Canton.

In the Kan River valley, Kianfu ("^ ^ M) and Kan-
chowfu {^ j\] }^) have begun successfully the production of

camphor.

HUPEH

At

/^

Aniii ^mm

Canton-Hankow Railway %

Ching Kiang ^ tC
Fanclieng ^ ^
Futow Hu ^ m M
Han Kiang ^ \L
Hankow ^ U
Hanyang m^^M

Hung Hu -m m

Hwangcliow ^ j]] j{>f
Hwangslnlikang ^^ 1^
Ichang 'g. ^ M
Ichenghsien ^ M '^^

itu ^ u m

Kichow ^ il'I'l
Kingchowfu f i] fH )^
Kingmen fi] [^'j '>ii
Kiukung Shan :Jl '^ \h
Kweichow 0§ 'J^•j
Laifeng ^ E J^
Liangtse Hu ^ ^^ ts8
Nan Hu "|^' iiij
Nanki Hu #j ^

Pai Ho e M

Patung B :i:

Peking- Hankow Railway ^

Shasi ^J; rtr

Sliihnanfu JS ^ /^
Siaugyangfu ^ H H^
Siaokan # jJiK i^
Suichow 151 '>H
Tan Ho ^ ill
Tang Ho jf M
Tapa Shan B llj Oj Si
Tapie Shan i^ YA \\i M
Tayeh :^ '{^
Teian ^. ^ )ff
Tow Ho i^ 7]C
Tsaoyang ^ H !^
Tsienkiang ^ tC l|j^
Wuchang 1^ ^ M
Wuling Shan j^ ^ Uj UK
Yangsang Hu ^f ^ tC
Yangtse Kiang ^^ -f it
Yiinyang |5 I^- fl^f

THE PROVINCE OF HUPEII

29

HUPEH (m At €)

Area 71,400 square miles

CAPITAL, WUCHANG

(^^

m

Hupeh is a broad province, occupying an important part
of the central plain. It is drained by the Han and the Yangtse
Rivers, and is crossed by large canals. On the north and west,
mountains separate this province from Honan and Szechwan.

The plain of Hupeh produces much cotton. Great spin-
ning and weaving mills at Hankow and Wuchang make the
raw cotton into cotton cloth. Hupeh exports cotton goods' to
Szechwan, Kweichow and Hunan.

The railway from the north brings Honan wheat to Hupeh
to be made into flour. In one year (1907) the Hankow milla
manufactured 34,000,000 jnculs of flour.

Bund, Hankow

The three cities of Hankow, Hanyang and Wuchang form
a great commercial and industrial centre where the Han River
joins the Yangtse. The great railways joining Peking with the

so

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

south meet the great river here. From Hankow, large river-
steamers sail east to Shanghai, while smaller steamers sail west
to the ports of the middle Yangtse and Hunan. Launches ply
inland. The mouth of the Han River is crowded with cargo
junks hcixnvi^ freight to and from Hankow.

Kapids, Yangtse Gorges

Hankow is the greatest black-tea port in the world, and has
a population of almost a million. There are many large
industrial plants for preparing bean oil, for pressing tea-leaves
into bricks for export to Russia, for manufacturing tobacco into

Tkacking, ,

THE PROVINCE OF HUPEH

31

cigarettes, and for storing oil. Though Hankow is over six
hundred miles from Shanghai, and seven hundred from the
ocean, large ocean steamers can sail to Hankow at most times of
the year. So, though an inland city, Hankow has direct trade
with foreign countries.

The great advantages of Hankow have led a careful observer
to write, "The city of Hankow has perhaps a more brilliant
future than that of any other city in the world.

It " is surely destined to be the industrial capital of the
countrv." *

Hanyang Iron Works

At Hanyang, just west of Hankow, across the Han
River, are the great iron and steel works (il P ^ ^ M)y
and the central arsenal. At the Hanyang works, Chinese
iron is wrought into steel and used for making weapons
and railway material. Nine railways in China have used Han-
yang rails. Thousands of tons of iron are exported to foreign
countries every year. Railways and rivers connect the centre
with districts from which coal and iron ore can be cheaply

brought.

♦Reinach, World Politics, pages 132,133.

\

32

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

"\A'uchang, the capital of Hupeli, is on the south bank of
the Yangtse, just opposite Hankow and Hanyang. There are
many mills, schools and forts. There are also two great
museums, one of which shows goods made in China, the other
articles from abroad.

The treaty port of Shasi Q'p ffi) has steamer trade with
Hankow, by way of the Yangtse, and junk trade by the canal
connecting with the Han River.

Ichang (^ ^ }^), at the gateway of the Yangtse Gorges, is
the port where cargoes for Szechwan are changed from steamer
to small boats.

In Tayeh {-j^ }^), iron ore of good quality is mined. Large
mines are in working order. Almost all the iron and steel
manufactured at the Hanyang Iron Works comes from these
mines. Some of the ore is shipped to Japan.

Yangtse Gorges near Hsuchow

S

HUNAN t

Changsha ^ fp M
Changteh S ^> Jt
Chen chow M #1
Chenyang Kiang ^ P 01
Cho Kiang H 7K
Chun Shui # ^ M
Fenghwangting M.M.M
Heng Shan ^ llj
Hengchowfu ^ >)^ M
Hsuefeng Shan g ^ llj
Hwangchow ^ *M M
Kienchow ft iW JS
Kweiyangchow S p ^
Li chow ^ ^H
Lien Shui ^ 7JC
Liling m^U
Ling Kiang ^ tC
Liu Shui 'i^ 7jC
Liuyang Ho f 9 7jC
Liuyanghsien ^1] P !^:
Losiao Shan ^ ^ lil M
Lii Shui ^;t ^'-K
Lui Ho M >'JC

Mayen Kiang E ^ tC
Mi Kiang :Jie XL
Nanchowting "^ 'M ^
Packing ^ M. M
Shenchowfu ^ >)\\ ^
Siang Kiang M XL
Sianghsiang M M M
Siangtan M M U.
Siangyin MBU
Siao "Shui H 7JC
Tien Shui ^ tK
Tsingchow ^ JW
Tung Ting Lake fl^ ^ ^
Tzu Kiang ^ XL
Wu Ling 3l ^ Ol Hi
Wu Shui tl 7K
Wu Shui m 7jC
Yochow -g- >){] }^
Yiian Kiang ^ XL
Yiianchow ^ ^H*! ^
Yungchowfu fi^'')^ }^
Yungshun ^ Hi M
Yungsui ^mM

THK PROVINCE OF HUNNA

33

HUNAN {"&

Area 83,380 square miles

CAPITAL, CHANGSHA (fl: g.^ M)

Hunan is a province of hills and mountains, lying to the
south and west of Tung Ting Lake. The people live in the
narrow valleys of the rivers that flow into the lake.

The important rivers of Hunan are the Siang Kiang {'^ XL)
and Yiian Kiang (^tt)- The Siang River rises in Kwangsi
and flows north through Hunan into Tung Ting Lake. The
great road from central to south China goes uj^ its valley, and
the new Yueh-Han Railway will follow this old road. The
Yiian River rises in Kweichow and flows northeast through
Hunan into Tung Ting Lake. The road to Yunnan on the
soutliwest lies along this river.

Hunan is richest in tea and in coal. The tea is raised in
the Siang ^''alley. Most of the coal now comes from the mines
near the Kiangsi border. Coal abounds in other parts of the
province. Antimony is mined in Hunan, and carried to AVu-
chang in Hupeh to be refined. The mountains of Hunan are
known to have supj^lies of gold, silver, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron,
quicksilver and copper. The forest wealth is important.

Changsha is
a great city near
the place where
the Siang River
meets Tung Ting
Lake. It is a
treaty port.
Wlien water in
the lake and river
is high, steamers

River Scene, Changsha

84

GECKiRAPHY OF CHINA

run from Hankow to Changsha. When the water is low, ste.nra
launches run from Changsha to Chenglingchow \^^^K near
the treaty port of Yochow (-^ *>H 1^) to meet Yangtse steamers.

Siangtan ('^ i^ 5^ ) is a commercial city on the Siang River,
south of Changsha.

Changteh (^ W-M') , near the mouth of the Yiian River west
of Tung Ting Lake, has trade with Hupeh, Kweichow and
Szechwan. At some times of the year, small steamers sail from
Hankow to Changteh. Changteh is the outlet for the valley of
the Yiian River. This river is difficult to navigate, which
makes it harder to bring to market the minerals of the moun-
tainous country west and southwest of Changteh.

Yochow is a treaty port near the outlet of Tung Ting Lake,
The customs station is at Chenglingchow. The commerce is
not prosperous, as the steamers ship their exports and land their
imports principally at Changsha and Siangtan .

At Chuchow (t^^) on the Siang River, coal brought by
the Pingsiang Railway is loaded on small boats.

HAX, OJ'l'OSITE CHAXGSUA

Tung Ting Lako is the meeting place of four Hunan rivers,
—the Siang, the Tz-U [^ K) , the Yiian and the Li (^ 7K) •
There is level country near the mouths of these rivers. A
canal from Changteh connects t!ie western part of the lake with

the Yangtse.

THE PROVINCE OF HUNAN

35

Yiianchow ( ^ #1 J^) is on the road to Kweichow and
Yungchow {^t)^ J{^) is on the road to IvAvangsi.

Hunan produces tea, rice, coal, small ships, bamboo,
varnish, cotton, timber and antimony. Notable manufactures
are paper, silk cloth, medicine, pottery and carved articles.

'te

Bridge neab Changsha

86

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SZECHWAN m )\\ €)

Area 218,000 square miles

CAPITAL, CHENGTU {f& fR M)

Szechwan is a large, inland and populous province. It has.
more land and more people than any country of Western Europe.
If other parts of the country should come to harm, Szeclnvan
could supply money and men to help them .

Szechwan is the largest of the eighteen provinces, in area
as well as in population. A large part of the province is
mountainous. In the central part is a fertile plateau, called
the Red Basin or the Chengtu Plain. Through this rich, high
plain the Min Kiang flows southward to the Yangtse. Other

Mountain Scene, showing foliage anti TiMnK.n, "Wksi China

tributaries of the Yangtse in Szechwan are the Yalung Kiang
(51 $1 tl) , the Chung Kiajig {■-f\* 0? > , and the Kialing Kiang
{M, I^ ni) . The Yangtse enters Szechwan from Tibet, flows

SZECHWAN B jl| ^

Anning Ho ^ ^ fSj
Batang £ :^
Chengtu ^ ^ J^
Chinsha Kiang -^ ?^ Ql
Chungchow ^ jW
Chungking M M f^
Fu Ho jg a
Fuchow ^ »>H

How Ho ^ o:

Howchow /^ »m

Hsueh Lan Shan ^ ffl| ll] 38

JaChu^^'fnJ

Kialing Kiang M ^XL

Kiatingfu ^ ;£ /^

Kiung Lai Shan J|5 l^J llj

Kiungchow J|5 jHi

Ka Ho ^ tSJ

Kiranhsien ^ ^

Kweichowfu i| *m /^

Lifan giU ^

Litang g |^

Luchow ^ *Jfj

Lunganfu f| ^ /^

Ma Chu 3^ ^ fSl

Meichow /a ^

Mienchow ^ ^

Min Kiang |l|g tC

Min Shan |Ij£ lij

Mowchow Ss ')H

Nanki Ho ^ ^
Ningyiianfu ^ jt )^
Pa Shui a ;^
Paoning iJ^ ^ jf
Shihchu ^5 @ ^
Shunking m ^ f^
Sinkiatze (Mowkong) ® -^
Soloma Shan ^^'p ^ §^ \[]
Suichowfu ^ >)W }^
Suitingf u ^^J^
Sunpan ^i^ jf ^
Tachin Ho ::^ -^ jlj
Tahsueh Shan :^ ^ ill
Tapa Shan G ill llj M
Tatsienlu fX wi i^
Tatu Ho :^ ^ jnj
Tungchwan ^ jlj jf
Tze Shui ^ 7jC
Tzechow ^ i)+|
Wanhsien ^ ^
Wu Kiang .^ Ql
Wu Shan ^ llj
Wuling ^m\liU
Yachowfu m*)H ){f
Yalung Kiang 5H1 iC
Yangtse Kiang ^ ^ tC
Yenyiian ^J tKl SS
Yungning ^^c ^ '>H
Yuyang S K^ jHi

THE TROVINCE OF SZECHWAN

37

tlirongh the mountainous western region and becomes navigable
after passing Suifu (^ ^| ^)

Szechwan produces a great amount of silk, tea, salt and
vegetable wax. Other products are rice, hemp, indigo, sugar
and timber. There are coal mines at Kiangpehting (Ql ;jb ^) ,
near Chungking

posits of iron , cop-
per, petroleum and
precious metals are
known to exist.

It is hard to
bring the products
of Szechwan to
other provinces be-
cause of difficulty
of transportation.
The passage
through the Yang-
tse Gorges is so
troublesome and
dangerous as to
hinder commerce.
When the Chivan-
Han Railway {}\\
^m.^) is built,
Chengtu will be

in close touch with Hankow, and Szechwan will have much
more trade.

In western Szechwan, in the mountainous borderland be-
tween China and Tibet, live wild tribes vrhose customs are not
like those of the Chinese people.

Chengtu, the capital, has half a million people. It \h a
historic city lying in the Red River Basin. The country rownd
about is remarkably well irrigated.

Oil carriers, West China

38

GECXiRAPHY OF CHINA

Chungking, the treaty port of Szechwan, is a great trading
centre.

Suifu is the last point on the great river which can be
reached by boats. From Suifu to Wanhsien (^ ,^) , ships can
easily sail on tlie river, but east of Wanhsien are the famous
gorges with rapids which are very hard for boats to pass.

Szechwan was formerly a great producer of opium, but. now
that opium-growing is being sup^jressed, much more rice ia
grown in Szechwan.

Boat os the Min Rtver, Szechwan

CHIHLI

Chaochow ^ >)^
Chaoyangfu m^M
Chengtehfu j^ ^ if
Chengtingfu JE ^ B
Chihfeng |5^ ^ #|
Chinglung Ho # t| iBJ
Chinwangtao ^ ^ %
Chochow ^ iHi
Chulung Ho ^ 11 ipj
Grand Canal ^ ^
Gulf of Chihli ii: ^ ^
Gulf of Liaotung 3^ :^ ^
Hokienfu M f^ M
Huto or Puto HoiM^tfi
Hwailai ^^M
Hwang Ho or Yellow River

Je Ho 1^ M
Kaichow |3 ^
Kalgan ?g ^ P
Kiama Ho ® ^ ^
Kichow E #1
Kwangpingfii ^ ^ M
Laoha Ho ^ n^ pl
Lwan Ho ^ inj
Lwanchow ^ 'j<i
Nankow Pass |^ P
Paotingfu ^ZJ^
Pel Ho 6 M

Peitaiho ;|b ^ M
Peking ;il: ^
Sha Ho ^^ M
Shangtu Ji fP M
Shanhaikwan llj '^ pl
Sharamuren ® 1^ ;4^ |^ M
Shuntehfu Hi m M
Siianhwafu m, it M
Taku is: fS
Tamingfu i^ ^ M
Tang Ho ;t M
Tang Shan }§ \U
Tangku li ?S
Tehchow ^ 'J-H
The Great Wall ^ ^
Tientsin %W M
Tingchow ^ '>H
Tsangchow ^ '>H
Tsunhwachow ^ ft. *}H
Tungchow jg #1
Tushihkow ^ :^ P
Tze Ho U M
Yen Shan ^ llj Uj US
Yichow Ml '>H
Yin Shan |^ Ol lU M
Yisin Ho !i: #, M
Yungpingfu ^^ M
Yungting Ho 7TC ;£ i^J

THE PROVINCE OF CHIHLI

39

CHIHLI (it ^ ^)

Area 115,800 square miles

CAPITAL, PAOTINGFU (fij S M)
TIENTSIN (^ ^)

Chihli consists mainly of a broad plain. This plain is not
well irrigated and needs abundant rainfall. In good seasons it
produces much grain, but in bad seasons is dry and dust-
covered.

The mountains in the northeast and southwest of the
province are suitable for coal mining. The most productive coal
mines in China are situated at Kaiping {^ ^) and Tangshan

Transportation by small boats is convenient on the Pei Ho
and Grand Canal at most times of the year. In winter, however,
the water is frozen. Railways in Chihli run :

1. From Peking to Tientsin and Shanhaikwan (jlj f^y g^),
and then on to Manchuria (fH ^-1) and Europe ;

2. From Peking to Paotingfu and on to Hupeh and the
Yangtze ;

Marble Bridge, Simmer Palace, Pe5:ing

40

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

3. From Peking to Chaiigchiakow (Kalgan ^g ^ p) tbo
gate to Mongolia (^ 1&) ;

4. From Peking to near-by Tungcliow;

5. From Chengtingfu (]E ^ /^) to Shansi (ilj B| C^) and
Taiyiian {± W. M) •

6. From Tientsin southward to Pukow on the YangtsG
River.

Chilili produces wheat, coal, cotton, tobacco, woven silk,
straiohraid, camels, sheep and horses.

The Great Wall starts at Shanhaikwan and crosses the
northern part of the province.

City Wai.t. wn (^Ikaxd CwaT;, 1'i;ki

Peking has great walls, high gate towers and wide streets.
It has been a great political, military, and educational centre.
There are many great and famous temples, such as the Temple
of Heaven (^ Jpi) , the Temple of Agriculture (j^M.M), the
Confucian Temple (WrM) ^^^^ the Temple of the Lamas {^Iv^"^).

Tientsin, near the mouth of the Pei Ho, is the great treaty
port of the North. In many ways this city has been a leader
of China. Tientsin has broad roads, electric lights, water works,

THE PROVINCE OF CHIHLI

41

tramways and limited
local self - government .
Many roads bring to
Tientsin the products of
North China and Mon-
golia. There is a large
export trade in animal
products, such as skins
and fur, bristles and wool.
In winter, when the Pei
Ho is frozen, Tientsin trades by water through the ice-free port,
Chinwangtao {0 M. %) ■ Peiyang University is near Tientsin.

Chinwangtao is a port for the shipment of coal from the
Kaiping and Tangshan mines, and an entry port in winter.

Gateway, Peking

Maxchuriax ladies

Shanhaikwan, where the mountains meet the sea, is the
gate between China and the Three Eastern Provinces.

Changchiakow or Kalgan is a trading town at the gate to
Mongolia. Its Chinese-built railway is improving commercial
and political relations with Mongolia.

North of the Great AVall is the old Imperial Hunting/ Park

mm).

42

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SHANTUNG (Uj M €)

Area 66,970 square miles
CAPITAL, TSINAN (^ ^ /fj)

Shantung was the home of Confucius (^L ~f) and Mencius
(3: ■?■)■ Pilgrims may visit the tombs and temples of these
great sages at Kiifow (ft J|L) and Chowhsien (^ !^) in the
southwestern part of the province.

Most of Shantung is mountainous, but there is a plain in
the western part crossed by the Hwang Ho and the Grand Canal,
Shantung has a long peninsula and some excellent harbours.

The people of Shantung are strong and brave, and are
good farmers and good soldiers. Shantung is not a rich
province, because the fertile parts are too crow^ded. Many
Sliantung men are now going to other provinces to seek wealth,
and are especially successful in the Three Eastern Provinces

Tkmi'lk of CoNFCciua, Kcrofv

SHANTUNG \U M ^

Chang Shan ^ llj |^

Changkiu ^ £15 m

Chefoo ^ ^

Chihli Strait it ^ ?^ feJj

Chowtsun ^ i^sj-

Chucheng M i^ ^

Chdchow ^ '>H

Grand Canal 3^ M

Gulf of Chihli m M

Haifeng fi ^ ^.

Hwang Ho or Yellow River ^

M
Ichowfu ^ *)W M
Jichaohsien 0 BS ^
Kaomi ig ^ 5f^
Kiaochow ^ *>H
Kiaochow Bay ^ ffl ^
Kinkiakow -^ □ ^
Kiifow ft J|L 1^
Laichow M *M M
Laichow Wan ^ ^ j^
Laoshan ^ llj J^
Laoshan Range ^ Uj llj S5{
Laoshan Wan ^ \h ^
Lingshantao ^ ill j^
Lintsingchow ^ frl ')H
Lintze jSg '{^ U
Makia Ho J(l| jjg M
Meng Shan ^ ilj
Miao Tao J^ ^
Mulingkwan ^^M
Old Course of the Yellow River

Poshan If llj ^

Shaho ^ M
Shihtao ^ ^
Siaoching Ho /h ff| fBj
Tai Shan ^ Oj
Tai Shan Range |^ llj llj SK
Taianfu ^ ^ M
Tehchow ^ ^
Tengchowfu ^ j^ f^
Tingtzetsuikow T ^ ^
Tsaochowfu "^ >)^ M
Tsinan ^^'^ M
Tsingchowfu ^ *>H j]^
Tsingtao ^ %
Tsining ^ ^ '>H
Tsowhsien ^ ^

Tuhoi Ko^mm

Tung Tai Shan :^ |^ Oj IP ^

Oj

Tungchangfu M ^ M
Tze Ho ^< ?pI
Wei Ho :^ M
Wei Ho ^ M
Weihaiwei WL 1^ ^
Weihsien ^ J^
Wen Ho f^ M
Wenshang ?^ _h !^
Wuleitao Wan £ M ^ i^
Wuting ^ ^ ;f
Yangkiokow ^ ^ -^
Yellow Sea ^ f^
Yenchowfu ^ ^Mf^
Yi Ho ^ :):K
Yihsien Pf J^.
Yungcheng Wan $k^^

THE PKOVINCE OF SHANTUNG

Pine Grove, Tai Shan

The Hwang Ho now reaches the sea in the northern part of
Shantung. Sixty years ago, it flowed south of this province
and emptied into the sea in Kiangpeh, hundreds of miles south.
The floods of the Hwang Ho have caused terrible loss to North
China, and would cause more were it not for the money and
work spent every year to protect the valley. But modern
engineering can make the Hwang Ho a source of wealth instead
of a source of danger.

Shantun^g produces silk, wheat, millet, and fruits. The
Shau-

soil of

tung is not so
rich as in most
parts of China,
and new meth-
ods are need-
ed to make
agriculture
more p r o s-
perous. The
forests have
been destroyed, Tsinan; Yellow River in the dist.\ncb

but it is hoped tliat scientific Government work can restore them
in part.

44

GECKJKAPHY OF CHINA

Shantims: coal is mined near Weihsien (^ !f^,) and at
Poslian ( \$ ill #J . The Shantung railway carries the coal to
the sea, w licnce steamers take it to its markets.

The Tai Shan (^ lljj is the most famous mountain of
Shantung.

Tsinan, the capital, is a great city near the meeting of
the Grand Canal and the Hwang Ho. A German raihvay runs
from Tsinan to the Yellow^ Sea at Kiaochow [^ JW) . The
railway from Tientsin to the Yangtse also passes Tsinan. It
has been proposed to extend the Shantung railway west to
Taokow (3^ P ) in Honan to join the Honan Mining railways.
Tsinan is a centre of commerce for western Shantung.

Chef 00, or Yentai (^ p ) ,
is a treaty port which formerly
had much commerce, l)ut Kiao-
chow is now taking away its
trade. Chefoo needs a railway
to connect it with the interior.
Its principal exports are wild
silk, beans, and strawbraid.

Kiaochow Buy (^ 'H] 'M)
was seized by the Germans in
1897 . They have built a foreign
city, Tsingtao (#^), with
wide streets and fine houses;
Kiaochow is leased to Germany
for ninety-nine years, but it is
a Chinese treaty port.

The British have leased
tlio naval station of Weihaiwei

mum)-

Laichow (M')^M) and r\..Mi,\, VrNd.nw

Tengchow (^ 'j+1 Jff) are seacoast districts, many of whose men
have gone to Manchuria.

AVeihsien is a wealthy city in the central part of the
province.

HONAN W W ^

Changtehfu ^ ^ /^
Chenchow ^ '^\
Chi Ho '^ M
Chowkiakow ^ ^ d
Chiiehshui Ho ^ 7K
Chusienchen :^ jjll ^
Funiu Shan i^ ^^ \li M
Heng Ho f^ M
Honanfu M "^ .1^
Hung Ho ^ M
Hwaikingf Q ^ ^ j^
Hwang Ho or Yellow River

Hweiki H P fnj
Ju Ho ^ ;^
Juchow ^ j^
Juning ^ ^ if
Kaifeng m^M
Kialu Ho ^ % M
Kioshan ^ jll j^
Kwangchow it "M
Kweitehfu W W^ M
Lo Ho t& M
Lushan ^ Uj |^
Mengtsing ;£ ^ S^

Nanyangfu ^ |^ ;f

Pai Ho 1^ inj

Peking- Hankow Railway ^

^^
Shekichen ^ ;® ^
Shenchow ^ #1
Shih Ho 1^ M
Sincheng ^MU
Sinyangchow M ^ #1
Sinyeh f? ^ ^.
Siichow ^ 'j^^
Sze Ho ^ M
Tan Kiang f^- XL
Tang Ho ^ M
Taokow jE P ^
Tsingchang Ho ^ ^ M
Tsinghwachen ^itWk
Tuan Ho ^ M
Tungkwan ^ ^
^\'■ahsien ^ 1^

Wei Ho m m

Weihwei mMM
Yeushihsien jg &$ {^

Yi Ho '^ M
Yingshui Ho ^ 7jC M

THE PROVINCE OF HONAN

43

HONAN (M W €)

Area 67,940 square miles

CAPITAL, KAIFENG (^ JJ M)

Honan is a fertile province in the plains of the Hwang Ho
[M M) and the branches of the Hwai Ho (fH |nj) . The moun-
tains on the southern border separate North China from the river
provinces. North of the Mountains wheat is raised, and rice is
raised south of the mountains.

The Hwang Ho is a trouble to the province, for at one time
of the year it is like a flood, and at another time is almost dry.
Modern engineering could improve the Hwang Ho so as to
remove the danger of flood, and make the river more suitable
for navigation and irrigation.

Bridge in Hon vn

Honan, like other provinces in the valley of the Hwang Ho,
has the fertile "yellow earth" (Hi) soil, called loess. This
soil is very productive.

46

GEOfJRAPHY OF CHINA

Honan produces wheat, barley, wax, medirine and cotton.

Different rivers connect Honan with surrounding provinces;
tlie Hwang Ho crosses it from Shensi (f^ M) '^i'<^ Shansi in the
northwest to ChihH and Shantung on the northeast ; the Wei
Kiver (|^ :^) flows northeast to Shantung and Chihli ; the
tributaries of the Hwai River flow to Anhwei ; and those of the
Han River to Hupeh. Parts of these rivers are suited for
commerce.

flonan has many historic cities. Kaifeng, Kweitehfu
i^^ Wi M) y and Loyang [^ ^) have been capitals of the
country.

Kaifeng is just south of the H^-ang Ho. Though great
walls have been built to protect it from the floods, it is still
in danger.

I»ow Paoooa

THE PROVINCE OF KOXAN 47

Taokow is a trading city Avhere a mining railway meets tlie
Wei River, and is a gate on the water route to Tientsin.

Shekichen (^ M ^) on the Tang River and Nanyang (^
1^ f^) on the Pai River (j^ ^lij) are important commercial towns
trading with Hupeh.

In eastern Honan, Chowkiakow (^ ^ n ) , on a tributary
of the Hwai River, is a centre of trade with Anhwei and
Kiangpeh.

Tsinghwa {^it^) is an important mining centre.

The Peking-Hankow Raihvay (;^ g| M ^) crosses Honan
from north to south. Two other railways run from east to west.
One north of the Hwang Ho brings coal from the mines near
Tsinghwa to the Wei River at Taokow\ It crosses the great
trunk line at Weihwei ($g j^ J^) . A railway south of the river
now;j^oina Honanfu and Kaifeng, by way of Chengchow (^ *j^) .
More branches for the railway would improve commerce, and
help part of the rich mineral wealth of Honan to find its Avay
to market.

Honanfu, situated in the fertile valley of the Lo Ho, is the
meeting place of three great roads. These roads are important
for trade. The road to the south leads to Chowkiakow and the
Han River. The second road goes east to Kaifengfu. The
third road crosses the Hwang Ho, going in a northeasterly
direction to Hwaikingfu ( '[g ^ J^) . There is also a fourth road,
going west to Tungkwan {j^ |^ ) .

48

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SHAN3I (Lij ffi ^)

Area 81,830 square miles

CAPITAL, TAIYUANFU (ic Jg )f?)

Shansi is one of the richest mineral regions in the world.
Shansi has coal and iron to make China rich by new industries.
Scientific men say that Shansi coal is of high quality, and that
the quantity is enough for the use of many countries.

T.MYt'-AXFn

Shansi is very mountainous. It is connected with Honan
by the Hwang Ho, and by the small railways branching out to
the west from the Peking-Hankow line. The cart roads are bad,
many of them running below the surface of the fields.

The best Shansi coal is found near Taiyiianfu, Tzechowfu
iW ^ J^) and Pingtingchow (^i ^g >)W) .

Taiyiianfu is the largest city; SJiansi University is situated
here. A railway runs from Taiyiian to Chcngtingfu in Ghihli
on the Peking-Hankow line.

SHANSI llj S ^

Chiehchow ^ *>H
Chin Ho fl^ M
Chinchow f£> j{\
Fen Ho ^ ^JC
Fengchowfu -^ i>H /^
Hengshan ^ llj
Hwochow ^ JH
Khoringher ^0 ^ IS- M
Kiangchow ^ ^
Kweihwating §f f t @
Liaochow ^ jW
Lien Chih Shan j^ ;K Ui SK
Luanfu m^M
Ningwufu ^ ^M
Ning}^anfu ^ jM. M
Paotehchow ^ ^ *Hi
Pingtingchow 2]^ ^ »H1
Pingyangfu ^ i^ ;^
Pingyaohsien ^ ^ {[^.

Puchowfu m^M
Saratsi |^ ii W
Sichow H *>H
Sinchow ff ')H
Soping m^ M
Suiyiian ^ jt i*
Taichow {^ JW
Taiyiianfu ±B^
Taijiianhsien i; ;[^ JSJ
Tatungfu :k Wi }^
The Great Wall ^ j^
Tokto ^ :^ ft
Tsehchow W 'M J^
Tsingchang Ho f^ ^ fnl
Tsingshui Ho f^ :;jc M
Tungkwan ^ ^
AVutai Shan S ^ UJ
Yellow River H inj
Yin Shan |^ llj

THE PROVINCE OF SHANSI 49

Kiangchow ($$ >)^) is important for its minerals, its farms,
and its trade.

Kweihwating (|§ ft M) is at the gate between Sliansi and
Mongolia. It has been proposed to build railways connecting
this city with the lines to Taiyiianfu to the south, and to Kalgan
in Chihli.

Many pilgrims visit the Buddhist shrines on the famous
Wutai Shan (21 "p UJ) in northern Shansi.

The Shansi, banks and bankers are known throughout the
country.

The Hwang Ho runs on the west and south of Shansi.
The Great Wall crosses the northern part of the province.

From Taiyiianfu, an important road runs to the southwest
corner of the province. After crossing the Hwang Ho, it
passes through the Tungkwan and leads to Sianfu (® ^ J^)
in Shensi.

Improved transportation is a great need. Thirty years ago,
many people died of famine because there was no way to bring
in food to save their lives.

Shansi produces coal, iron, salt, barley, tobacco and cotton.

60 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SHENSI (g^BW)

Area 76,270 square milc3

CAPITAL, SIANFU (® ^ )fj)

Shensi is very strong from a military point of view, as it is
well guarded by mountaiua. The great gate to the province 13
the famous Tungkwan, where the Hwang Ho turns east. The
V- militarv history of C hina proves the importance of this Pass.

Shensi was formi rly one of the richest provinces, but now it
is one of the poorest. Once it produced great supplies of grain;
now it produces much less. The Province became poor largely
through the loss of its trees. Formerly, the mountains of North
China were covered with forests, and after the rain fell, the
water gradually came down to the plain, making the land fertile
and the rivers suitable for boats. But people carelessly cut
down the trees, and the rain would wash soil and stones from
the mountains; the rivers would sometimes be flooded and
sometimes be dry, and the farmers would have too much water
at one time and not enough at another. As a result, North
China has suffered terribly from flood and famine.

The north and south of Shensi are mOi»intainous. The
Hwang Ho crosses the Great Wall, flows south and forms the
eastern boundary of the Province.

Shensi has rich mineral deposits, especially of coal and
iron. Salt and nickel are also found.

Shensi has many animals, and Shensi hides are sold in all
parts of the country. Much fur is exported.

The best parts of Shensi is the valley of the Wei Kiver
(^ 7jC) , where Sianfu is situated. Sianfu is the political centre
and one of the finest cities of North China. As Changan
(^ ^)f ^^ was the cai>ital of some famous periods of ancient
time.

' 5fe/^'«/^ I '•■^» ^ ,P ,M, ^

"^^^J^^ j H l|j P E H

32

log

JQL.

110

111

SHENSI

m m

Fengsiangfu %.MM
Fuchow §5 !N-1
Han Kiang ^ :^
Hanchungfu ^^ M
Hinganfu ^^M
Hopa Shan a ill
Hwayin^ltJfi
Kanku Ho fl" ^ ilil
Kialing Kiang MW.Vl
Kienchow ft 'j+j
King Ho m 7K
Lantien ^ B9 1^
Liang Shan ^ llj llj M
Lo Ho ^ 7jC
Lui Pan Shan 7^ >^ llj
Mienhsien "^ !^
Muma Ho ^ ,^ M
Paocheng ^^U.
Pinchow ^ #1

Puchowfu Ji '>H ;i^
Shangchow "^ *H>1
Sianfu ® ^ /i^
Sienyang ^ ^ ^
So Ho e. 7jC
Suitehchow ^ ^ »>H
Tali Ho :;^ Ji M
Tan Kiang ^ XL
The Great Wall :^ j^
Tsinling Shan ^ -^ il|
Tungchowfu fpj jW M
TziwuHo ^ 4^ M
Wei Ho jl tK
Wuting Ho il ^ If
Yellow River ^ X^
Yen Shui % tK
Yenan U^M
Yulin mi^M

THE PROVINCE OF SHENSI

51

From Sianfu four great roads branch out — one, east to
Shansi, two, west and northwest to Kansu (-^ M ^} , and one,
south, whose branches lead to Szechwan and Hupeh. These
roads give Sianfu great political, military and commercial
importance.

Fengsiangfu (JH ^ }^) and Tungchowfu (I^ >)]] }^) are
important towns in the Wei Valley.

Hanchungfu (^ ff« M) and Hinganfu {M ^ M) are
commercial cities on the Han River in southern Shensi. Both
cities are gates, Hanchungfu to Szechwan and Hinganfu to
Hupeh. These cities are in mineral districts.

Yenan (U^M), Yulin (m^i^B) and Suitechow {^WM)

are small cities in the mountainous northern part.

The "yellow earth" (loess) districts in the valley of the
Wei produce wheat, millet and vegetables.

LOKSS FOKMATION

62

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Area 125,400 square miles

CAPITAL, LANCHOWFU (M 'M Hi)

Kansu, in the northwest, is a large and mountainous pro-
vince. The people are of ditierent blood, some being Tibetan,
some Mongolian, some Turkish and some Chinese.

City Wall, Sining

The upper Hwang Ho crosses Kansu, but is not good for
commerce In its valley, the land is good for agriculture. In
the southern part of the province, wheat, barley and tobacco
are raised. Lanchow (^ >M ^; tobacco is smoked throughout
the country. In the mountain districts, the principal occupa-
tion is animal-raising. Some of the wool is exported, and some
is manufactured into carpets.

The province has precious metals, such as gold and silver,
as well as industrial minerals, such as coal and oil. Bat the
mineral wealth is as yet little developed.

=t:

s

KA

Scale

i

las

s

1 VI

KANSU ^ m f^

An«icliow ^ ]m >H'\
l]ulunzir K. :^ r# n M

Chiayukwan S lliS^ ii

Great Wall ^ i^

Holan Shan |5 ^" Uj

Humboldt Range f ^ ii \\\ |^-

Hwaping it ^ )\] ^

Kanchowfu # ^'1 rff

Kiai m 'M

Kingchow ^ jMi

Kingyangfu M^ M

Kungchangfu ^ ^ M

KuyiiaiK'how g| ]^ »H'I

Laiuhowfii j)^i '>M Jj^f

LiangfhoAvfu -^y. #1 M

Liii Pan Shan :^ ^ ill

Min Shan lll^ llj

J!siughiufu ^i^ f^

Pailung Kiang j^ || it
Pingliangfu ^i i^y; Jt
Siching Shan ^ ftj| Jj
Si ho ® >Fn 1^.
Sining Ho If ^ M
Siningfu M '^ /i^
Suchow ^ ^I
Sulei UoMW] M
Tao River {^l iiij
Taochow r# JH
Tatung Ho ::^ ji M
Tingpien ^^U
Tsin Ling Shan ^ ^ Uj
Tsinchow ^ *N>1
Tunhwang ^ 'J^ ,|j^
^^^ei Ho t^ inj
Yellow River ^ i'nj
Yiimenhsien 3; P'j |^

THE PROVINCE OF KANSU 53

Lanchow is a splendid city on the Hwang Ho. From Lan-
chow great roads go out, — one west to Siningfu ("g m M)*
Chinghai (^ '^) and Tibet, and another northwest to Sinkiang
(W\ M.^) ''^^^ Central Asia.

Ninghia (^ g) has more commerce than any other city in
Kansu. It is at the point where the Hwang Ho flows out of
the province and is the gate between Kansu and Mongolia.
The trade is mostly in animals. Ninghia has suffered terribly
from rebels and floods.

Siningfu, a market town in the mountains west of Lan
chow, is the gate to Chinghai and Tibet.

Pingliang (^ i^-, M) is in a fertile district near the Shensi
border. It is near the gate on the more important road
between Kansu and Shensi.

Tsinchow (^ 'M) is a station on the Wei River road to
Lanchow. This road is difficult and the commerce is small.
The district is fertile,

Liangchow (i^ #1 }^), Kanchow {-^ >M M), and Suchow
(M 'M) are posts oii the long northwest road to Sinkiang.
Chiayukwan (^ ^ |^) is a trading town beyond Suchow.

Kansu is in great need of railways to bring it closer to
other provinces. Lines are talked of which would connect
Lanchow with Sianfu and Taiyiian to the southeast, and with
Sinkiang at the northwest. Such railways would be hard to
build, but would have political and military advantages as well
as commercial ones.

54

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

THE THREE EASTERN PROVINCES (SHS")

The Three Eastern Provinces (Manchuria) are divided into
two river-basins— the Liao basin (^ inj ^ ^) in the south and
the Sungari basin {^h ^ XL M W in the north. Both basins
are very fertile. The Three Eastern Provinces are separated
from Korea {^ ^) by the Yalu (H ^ tl) and Tumen Rivers
(li ffl CC), from Siberia by the Amur (|| fl %£) and Ussuri
Rivers (.i m M K).

TiMBEu Rafts on the Yalu Rivkr

In Manchuria are men of different races— Mongols, ^lan-
chus, Russians and Japanese. But the people who are doing
best at present are none of these, but Chinese from the Laichow
and Tengchow districts of Shantung. The strong and diligent
Shantung men go to all parts of the Three Eastern Provinces
and work hard and succeed no matter what the season is. Many
of them are making their homes there. It is industrious,
enterprising men like these who develop Manchuria for China.

FENGTIEN

^

Ankwnn,o;h!=ien 5^ ^ (^^
Antung ^ ^ 1^
Changtufu ^miU
Changwulisien ^ jf. ^.
Chenanhsien ^ ^ 1^
Chinchowfu If?, 'M }^
Chungtsien f\* m
Chwangho ^ frij J^
Dairen (Daliiy) ::^ 3l ^1.
Fakumen f^ ]$. J^
Fengliwahsien ^ f{l |^.
Fenghwangcheng HI M J®
Fengtien (Mukden) ^ ^ /^j-
Fuchow ^g ^"M
CJulf of Liaotung 3^ '^ "jCf
Haicheng ?$ ib^ U
Hailnngfn •^- fl ,!]^
Hingking M. '^ j^
Hwaijen '\^ fn If-
Hwaitehsieii 'f^ tf. {^
Hweifaclieng M ^ ^
Hweinan W ^ M
Icliow ^ 'M
Kaipinglisieil M ¥ H
Kaitunghsien f?^ ^i. ^.
Kaiyuan ^ i^. 1^.
Kangpinglisien M ^ M
Kaokiao M ^M
Kinchow ^ jH-j
Korea Bay ^ B M
Kowpaiigtze ;||. 4^; -p
Kwangning j^ ^ 5|f,
Liao Ho ^ inj

T>iaoyang 3^ H .j"|>I
Liaoyueiichow 3^ tj^ >}\]
Lienshankwan ji^ llj |3
Linkianghsien |^ tC J|^
Newchwang ^ ^
Xingyiianchow ^ ja iW'l
Pamiencheng A M i^
Fort Arthur jj^ ll[| P
Puzev.'o IS -f ^
Shaho f^^ M ^
Shanliaikwan ill f§ ^
Sifeng M M m
Siliaoho |g 3^ inj
Sinminfu |?f K )^
Siongyocheng t| |^ ^
Siuyen jllfi j^ '>H
Suichung ^ Ff» H
Taitze Ho ^c ^ M
Takushan :;^ JE^ llj
Taliiig Ho :^ r^ iiil
Taoiianfu #E ^ /f
Tashihkiao ::^ ^ 1^
Tatungkow :}c 3f{ ;[#
Tiehling M 1[ ,#,
Tienkiaotsang 5*^ ^ j^
Tunghwahsien jg ft f.|
Tungkiangtze jg x£ T*
Tungping ;^ ^ ,#.
^^^lshun ffe 0, t|i^
Yalu River W^ B fl
Yeutai 'M 'S
Yingkow ^ P li
Yungling ^<, W

THE PROVINCE OF FENUTIEN

65

FENGTIEN i^X^)

Area 59,000 square miles

CAPITAL FENGTIENFU (MUKDEN)

Shengking, or Fengtien, was tlie main battlefield of the war
between Russia and Japan. Western Fengtien is the valley of
the Liao River; the eastern part is mountainous except for the
narrow valley of the Liao.

The gates of Fengtien have great military, political and
commercial importance. Long railwaj^s have been constructed
and cities built in order to command these gates.

Newchwaxg

1, On the southeast, the gate between Shengking and
Korea is near the mouth of the Yalu at Antung {^ ]^) and

66 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Tatungkow (^ "^ "^). The Japanese have bridged the Yalu,
and built a raihva}' from Antung to Fengtien City in order to
make it easy to travel from Japan, through Korea, to the heart
of Manchuria.

2. The sea-gates at Dairen (Talienwan :^3^|^), Port
Arthur (Lushun) and Newchwang (4^ ^) — Yingkow (^ D).
On the Liaotung Peninsula (3^ !^ ^ ^) is the commercial port
of Dairen and the military and naval city of Port Arthur. Both
were formerly leased to Russia, but are now held by Japan.
From these cities the Japanese railway runs north.

The third sea-gate is the Chinese treaty port of Newchwang,
with its harbour, Yingkow, at the mouth of the Liao. This city
was formerly the outlet for Manchurian trade, but has lost
many of its former advantages. The Government Railway of
North China connects Newchwang with Chihli and western
Shengking,

3. The land gate between China and Shengking, at the
pass of Shanhaikwan, The northern Chinese railway runs
through Shanhaikwan and carries Chinese influence on to
Fengtien City and Newchwang.

4. The land gates from Mongolia, especially at Fakumen
(?* 1^ P^) and Chinchow (|^, #1 J^). Extending Chinese rail-
ways through these gates would bring Eastern Mongolia more
wealth and security.

5. The land gate to Kirin (^ ^) and Northern Manchu-
ria, through Tiehling Pass (^ ^ M)- The ^Japanese railway
goes through this gateway.

Roads through all these gates lead to Fengtien City.

Fengtien City is on a plain. The Japanese railways run
southeast, north and south; the Chinese line runs southwest.
The greatest land battle of the Russo-Japanese war was fought
near Fengtienfu.

Port Arthur is a great naval base at the end of the Liaotung
Peninsula. Famous battles by land and sea were fought around
Port Arthur during the siege when the Japanese captured it
from the Russians.

THE PROVINCE OF FENGTIEN

57

Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan), is the best commercial
harbour in North China. The Russians spent huge sums to
build a city which the Japanese easily captured. As the
commercial port of the South Manchurian Railway, it has
many ships carrying trade between Fengtien and Japan.

The lease of the Liaotung Peninsula, now held by Japan,
lasts only till 1923. It is very important that at that date
nothing should prevent China from regaining her territory.

Fushun (^ HH) is a great coal mining centre, not far from
Fengtien City. The Japanese hold the coal mines there.

Sinminfu (^ ^ J^) and Chinchow are important stations
on the railroad from Chihli to Fengtien. The proposed Eastern
Mongolian Railway would start from Chinchow.

Fengtien 's greatest export trade is that in beans, bean-cake
and bean oil.

Wharf, Dai.n't

58 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

KIRIN C^^^),

Area 105,000 square miles

CAPITAL, KIRIN (§ ^ jf?")

Kirin is a great wheat-producing province. It lies between
the Sungari and the Ussuri Rivers. The Siberian Railway
crosses it from east to west and north to south.

Harbin (l^p "^ ?^) is an important commercial and indus-
trial city with large flour mills. It is situated where the railway
crosses the Sungari, and where the railroad from east to west
meets tlie line coming from the south. It is a Russian city,
under control of the Russian railway company. Harbin has
railway commerce with Siberia, Europe and other parts of Man-
churia, and steamer commerce with ports on the Sungari and
Amur.

Kwanchengtze (^ J^ ^) near Changchun {J^ § f^) is a
railway centre, where the Russian and Japanese systems meet.
A branch line runs to Kirin City. Kwanchengtze is a great
trading town, being a gate to Mongolia on the west and Kirin
on the east and north. It collects animals, beans and tobacco,
and exports them by railway through the Fengtien ports of
Dairen and Newchwans:.

The Changpai Shan {^ Q \\i) and the Tumen River
separate Korea from Kirin.

Kirin City, the provincial capital, is on the upper Sungari
River, in a district rich with timber. Furs, tobacco and wooden
ships are important products.

Petuna (f^ I5|) Ift^ is a trading town near the meeting place
of the Xonni (^ jX) in^d Sungari Rivers.

Suifenho (^ ^ fiij) , where the railway crosses the eastern
frontier to Vladivostok (f^# ^), is the gate between Kirin
and the Russia Maritime Province. Ninguta (^ "^ j^), where
the tish-skin Tartars live, is in this part of the province

KIRIN ^^ ;^ #

n

Ashilio H ft M

Changchun (Kwancliengtze)

Chaiigpaishan ;^ ^ llj
Changshowhsien ;^ ft S^
Lrtao R. - it M
Ha Ilka Lake ^.flt,y]

HAi-hin v.^ m m m n M)

Huifa Ho )^ ^ M

Hunchun MMM
Irkhakhun Mt^;. 'P^ M "^ S IS

Itungchow ^ -il >}\]
Kai Ho (Vg 3^ vRj
Khabarovsk ?& EL E it If
Khadankhatala Mts. B^ j^ P^

Kirin ^ ^ ;j^

Linkiangfu ^ tH )^

Mai Ho m M \^

Misanfu ^ \h }^

Mongkiaiigchow ^i \X, »M

Mulinghsieu ^ ^ ||

Muren River 'ik.WiMPi

Matan Kiaiig tt :Ff if.

Nan Hu (L. Birten) ^ If )E tS9

Ninguta (Ningaufu) ^ !& -^

j Xungan B ^ i^

j Panshihhsien ^ ^g !^

j Patou Shan ^ j|| llj ,

I Piuchowfu ^ ^"1 f^

j Sanhsing (Ilanfu) H $i (f^

; mm

j Shulanhsien ^ f^" !^

I Shwangcheng M^kM

: Siao Pai Shan /J> [^ \\\

! Sinchengfu (Petiuia) ff ^A ji^

i m m m)

' Suifeng Ho ^ ^ inj
Sungari River Itt ^t IT.
Tatunghsien :^ jl i^
Tumen River il f}"] it
Tunhwacheng ^ f^ (P^
Tungningting M^M
Ussuri River ,1^ M M M
Wachwanhsien # ji] {^
Wanta Shan ^ ^ \U M
AVuchangfu £ "^ j^
Wukon Ho -^ % M
^Vulakai .§ fi IHfj
Yenkifu ^-^ M
Yiislmting (Kuyushu) ^^ ^

(m m m)

THE PROVINCE OF KIRIN

59

Hunchun (^ ^) is on the' border between Siberia, Korea
and Kirin.

Sanhsing (H W) > near the Sungari, is a fishing and trading
town.

By treaty, Harbin, Kwanchengtze, Kirin, Ninguta, Hun-
chun and Sanhsing are open to foreign trade.

Kirin has great forest and mineral wealth.

Sanhsing

60

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

HEILUNGKIANG (^ f | S)

Area 203,000 square miles
CAPITAL, TSITSIHAR ^^ ^ P^ '

')

Heilungkiang takes its name from the Amur River which
forms its northern and eastern boundary. The province lias
other good rivers, such as tlie Sungari, Nonni, Khailar (f^lT;^
M M) and Argun (MW '^ ^ M) • These fertile river valleys
are suitable for the production of wheat. The Sungari Valley
is now a fruitful produce]- of wheat, which is made into flour in

the mills of Harbin.
While this land
near the Kirin bor-
der is cultivated,
most of the province
lies waste.

Like Mongolia,

Heilungkiang raises

many animals, as

the horse, donkey,

cow, sheep and pig.

Tsitsihar, the

capital, is on the

MANCHrniAX Soldiers in HEii.rN-GKTAXG Xonni River about

twenty miles from the railway. It has a large trade with eastern

Moiigolia in animals and animal products.

Khailar, near the western gate of Heilungkiang, is built
where the railway meets the Khailar River. Many Mongols
come to Khailar every fifth moon for religious and commercial
purposes.

Aigun (^ ^) , or Heilungkiang City, is on the Amur River

Manchouli (f3| ^j ^) is a customs station where the railway
crosses the frontier.

1

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HEILUNGKIANG M SI H

Anmr R. or Heilung Kiaiig ^^

till
A-ndating 5< iS S
Anlo ^ II
Argun $1 M ■& fj
Argun Eiver |R ft 7^ t^j^ M
Bor nor |3 ^ jjjj
Chalantun ^L \M ^ti
ChowieR4^MM
Fosanfu f^ ll3 J^
Great Kliingan Slum ::^M^^
Hailungfu M i^ M^
Hoiluiigkiang ( Aigun) ^ f|

HulanK. P^ 1 M
Hulanfu Vf fM J^
Ilkhuri Sbau # li n>f M llj Hi
Lnu ^ ^
Khailar -^^ i$ij ^
Khailar R. fp^ n$ij ^ ynj
Khalkagol P& M P& inj
Kuluiinor P?^ i^ inj
Kulunting Pf- ^ H
Kumara 9^ M M

Lacliaclian ^ P^
Little Khingan Shan /Mia^i[
Lopehting || ^t f|
Mancliouli (Lopingfu) i{^ ^ M

(li B M)

Mergan (Nunkiangfn) ^ fl|

Mohotiiig 'i^i M J^

Nahoting (Boi'dothaii) gftinj^

Nonni Iviver ^ fH
Payencliow ^ ^ 'j^•|
Piisiting ^* M i^
Shiuchowting |^ #1 J^
Sliiwe gol jJJji ynj
Shututing 'gT' {^r> IS
Suihwafu^ ft /f^
Sungari River ;j^ ^^ iC
Talaiting -X M M^
Tsingkanghsien ^ fS) S^
T^^itsihar (Lungkiangfu) ^ ^

UrsonR. .§ M Hlfi inj
Yali R. 3i |# iiij

THK PROVINCE OF HEILUNGKIANQ

61

The proposed plan for a Chinese railway from Aigun to
Tsitsihar and from Tsitsihar across eastern Mongolia to Chin-
chow (^ *>H M) in Fengtien would do great service to China.

The Sungari Rivbr

The Government has agreed to open to foreign trade the
four cities of Tsitsihar, Aigun, Khailar and Mancliouli.

62

GKOGKAPllY OF CHINA

MONGOLIA (M *)

Area 1,367,000 square miles

CAPITAL, URGA (,% « 5, IP It ^)

Mongolia, for the most part, consists of a high plain, with
fertile pasture land in some places and barren wastes in others.
This broad upland region is almost as large as the Eighteen
Provinces, but is lacking in people.

The people of Mongolia are mostly shepherds and hunters.
They are fond of animal-raising but do not care for farming.
The Mongols are fine riders. They do not generally live in
cities but move from place to place with their flocks and herds.
Their tribes are governed by Mongol chiefs, who are advised
and controlled by Chinese military officials.

Camicl Cakryi.nc Load

In earlier times, people from north of the Great Wall often
disturbed the peace of the world. Sometimes they invaded the
country as did the followers of the Kin and Yuan Dynasties.

MONGOLIA M *

Altai ^ronntain? M WM ill M
Bei Kern M ^ IS M
Desert of Gobi or Skanio :3c l£
EginkolR. fjS^-^fjM
Great Khingan Mountains ;:^

Inner Mongolia p9 ^ "^
Karaussu nor 1'^ ^ij ^ M M
Kentai Mountains W # llJ M
Kerulen -^ ft% >fi
Kerulen K . :^ •-§ # M
Khua Kern ^ !^k % 1^ inj
Kiakhta 'Y^ ^ lil
Kirgis nor ^M'Bi^ /^ 1 ISU

Kobdo f'}- -^/ ^
Kos gol W-Mf^i"^ vfi
Lan Shan ^ |^j lU
Outer Mongolia 9V'^~^
Sajan Mountains ^ |^ ^
Selenga R. ^ \Ti V^ n
Tannu Shan /i' ^ ill RiK
Tess R. # ^r iiij
Tola R. i] ti inJ
Uhssa nor Mi ^i &1 /-^ M
Uliassutai .^ M 3fi f^ ^
Urga 0 ^ (f^ M S)
I Unuigu, Lake, t^ >fg £^ j
i Urungu R. .1^ ^^ ii inJ

MONGOLIA 63

Sometimes ^longol tribes turned west and ravaged Western
Asia and parts of Europe.

Though many provinces are now crowded with people, ther3
is room for many millions more. The plains of Mongolia are
wide enough to furnish homes for great numbers of people. Large
areas are fertile and other districts that are now arid may be
made fertile by scientific methods of irrigation. Chinese people
are every year settling and making farms on the border between
Mongolia and Northern China. The soil is good and the settlers
are prosperous. It is good for the country that the farms of
the Chinese are taking the place of the pastures of the Mongols.

The progress of Mongolia has been aided by —
Opening schools for Mongolian children,
Helping Chinese farmers to build- homes in Mongolia,
Building a good railway to the border of the Mongolian plain

The rivers of Mongolia flow in different directions. In the
south, the plain is drained by the Hwang Ho and its tributaries;
in the east the rivers join those of Fengtien andChihli; the
northeastern rivers are parts of the Amur system; but in the
west and southwest the rivers flow to inland basins.

Eastern Mongolia is a fertile plain, much like the nearby
country across the border of the Three Eastern Provinces.

Not far north of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia has well-
watered grass lands, suitable for stock-raising and farming.

The great desert of Shamo or Gobi {^^ ^) stretches a long
distance east and west, and separates Inner Mongolia from Outer
Mongolia.

The Altai Mountains cross northwestern Mongolia. In the
fertile valleys of this range, many tribes feed their cattle.

The Great Wall was built to protect China from the wild
tribes of Mongolia. It is one of the most famous structures in
the world. For many thousands of miles, it runs over moun-
tains and across valleys, between the northern provinces and
Mongolia,

64

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

The Mongols are zealous Buddhists. There are some very
large Buddhist monasteries, the homes of many thousands of
monks.

Kulun ()^ j^) or Urga (^ ^ ^) is a sacred city and the
residence of a living Buddha. Many monks and traders live here.

Kobdo M ^ ^) find Uliassutai (,^ M fi Ji^ p ) are ad-
ministrative centres in the northwest of Outer Mongolia.

Maimachin (^ ^" ^), a market town on the overland route
to Europe, is on the Siberian frontier just opposite the Kussian
town of Kiakhta (P& ^ ®). The trade is chiefly in brick tea
and medicine.

Wool is the chief product of Mongolia. Mongolia is better
supplied with animals than any other part of the Chinese
dominions. Every year Mongolia exports millions of sheep and
thousands of camels, horses and cattle. Hides and furs are other
important animal products.

Cko.ssing the Gobi Desert

The great gates between the Eighteen Provinces and Mon-
golia are at Changkiakow (Kalgan) in Chihli and Kweihwatiug
(^ ft iJ^) in Shansi. These market towns by the Great Wall
are centres for Mongolian trade. The railway now runs from
Peking to Changkiakow (Kalgan), and it is proposed to extend

MONGOLIA 65

it across Inner Mongolia to Kweihwating. Such a railway
would not only help to develop Mongolia, but would bring it
closer to the capital.

For centuries, a great road has run from Peking northwest
through Mongolia, by way of Changkiakow (Kalgan) and Ujga
to Maimachin and Kiakhta. By this caravan route, Chinese tea
was formerly sent overland to Europe. A railway along this old
road would be good for the development of Mongolia.

Eastern Mongolia trades with Manchuria through Tsitsihar
in Heilungkiang, Kwanchengtze in Kirin and Fakumen in
Fengtien. It has been proposed to extend the Government
Railways of North China toward these points. These lines
would develop Chinese resources for Chinese benefit. The line
from Chinchow to Tsitsihar would cross Eastern Mongolia, and
make it a richer part of tlie country.

Camel cart, Mongolia

66

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

SINKIANG (ff It W

Area 550,000 square miles

CAPITAL, TIHWAFU (ig "(t M)
OR URUMCHI (,% # Tic ^)

Sinkiang, or the "New Dominion," is sometimes called
"Chinese Turkestan."

The larger part of Sinkiang is taken up by the basin of the
Tarim River (;^ M ;4v M). between the Kwenlun {% ^) and
Tien Shan Ranges. Places near the river can be cultivated,
places not near it are barren. The rivers do not reach the sea
but flow into inland salt lakes.

View of the Kuenlun Mountaisa

Centuries ago much of the province was fertile, but shifting
sand has covered the plains and made them desert. Like
Mongolia, Sinkiang could be greatly improved by irrigation.

Sinkiang suffered much from the Mohammedan rebellion,
which destroyed many of the people and much of the wealth.

The people of Sinkiang are of three types — Chinese who
follow Chinese customs, Mongols who are Buddhists, and the
people in the south and west who are Mohammedan in religion
and custom.

REPUBLIC

PHYSICAL MAP OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC

O

SINKIANG ^fr M ff

Aksu ^iS ^ fl^

Altvntagh H M # llJ 0, - ^

H IJ M -i§ t^ ^
Avullu-kul BI^M
Bagrush-kul Ei ^^ #J # llM
Barkul (Cheusi) |^ M IS
Cherchen Daria ^ M fiSi M
Chinhuo M M ;^
Ebinor ^ ^ y^ M
Great Nortli Koad X llj ^b Ii&
Great South Road ^ llj ]^ I^
Haini P& ^ ^
tiifu ^^fl^
Karakorani Mis. 0§ PfH f 4 HI llj

m

Karaslmr Bf pfij >^>p ^ (i^ ^- Jf)
Karatsh K. H M # S^ t^
Kasligar I^ f 1" P^^ M (£fc W) M)
Kashgar K. 1^' iY Pj^ ;^ iilj
Kerija :^ M S (T [^ il)
Kerija daria ;^ M ^t M
Khotan Si fl iH«|
Khotan daria ^I f^ M
Kontie daria ^ ^jj inj

Kucha 1^ -^ j\]

Kucha Ho ]^ :^ M

Kucheng "^ J^

Kwenhm Mountains M -^ Ui

Maralbashi MWl^if {^^

Paihing Dunes [^ fl if PP M
Takhiniakan Desert ::^ :3c H
Tarbagatai ^ W ^ ^^ m M
Tarbagatai Mts. i^ M EL P& ^

Tellinor (Avar nor, H ?i M tiM

Tien Shan ^ \[\

Tihwa (Urumchi) jftftJ^C^

Turfan Itt i^i # i^
UchTurfan 1#B
Ulanussu .^ ^ .|^ M "p
Urungur Lake, .1 # "& f^O
Yanghissar ^ "§ ?^^ M E
Yarkand H M ^ (^ i|i /i^)
Yarkand or Tariiu River i^ Jg.

THE PROVINCE OF SINKIANG

67

In the greater part of Sinkiang, agriculture does not flourish
because of lack of rain.

Sinkiang produces cotton, wild silk, carpets, grapes, and
horses.

The western parts of Sinkiang are by far the most fertile.
The richest districts are those near Ilifu {^ ^ }^) in the north-
west, and Kashgar (MWjM and Yarkand (^ $ }^) in the
southwest.

Hi is a fruitful valley on the western frontier. The
Russians occupied it during the Mohammedan rebellion, but
restored most of it a few years later. Its rivers flow to salt lakes
in Russian Central Asia.

Ilifu, the most important town, is on the bank of Hi Lake.
Its district has forests, pastures and fruit orchards. Some
metals are mined and refined near the city.

Kashgar (Sulifu M Wj M) has caravan trade with Russia.
The country round is very rich.

Types of Caravan Men

Yarkand (Sachofu ^ ^ J^} is a market town where mer-
chants come from India (fp ^), Persia {^ ^), Afghanistan
(H 'm Vf ) and Russia.

68

GEOGRAl'HY OF CHINA

Tihwafu or Urumchi is a rich city, and a centre of govern-
ment.

Khotan (>fO f^), ou the road to Tibet, is famous for its sand-
buried ruins.

Hami ("& ^) is a small but strong city. There is a great
ditch for irrigation.

Turfan (± % #) is a military centre.

Sinkiang is connected with China by a great road from
Kansu which passes Liangchowfu, Kanchow, Suchow, Ansi-
chow (^ ■g ^H) and Hami. One branch, the Great North Road,
runs to Tihwafu (Urumchi) and on to Ilifu. Another branch,
the Great South Road, leads to Yarkand and Kashgar. Both of
these roads are caravan routes. Another road goes from
Ansichow to Khotan and Yarkand. On this road were formerly
fertile districts and
prosperous cities,
but the sand has
made the desert larg-
er and the fertile
places very small.
Explorers find that
the sand has buried
ancient cities. As
the province is 1,100
miles broad, it takes
many months to tra-
vel from China to
its more important
cities.

Types of YAUKAxni Womkn

Sinkiang has 3,500 miles of telegraph and not one mile of
railway. The Russians have developed their land in Central
Asia by building railways, digging irrigation canals and sending
in many settlers. Chinese Turkestan would be as rich aa
Russian Turkestan, if railways, irrigation and settlers would
come.

THE PROVINCE OF SINKIANQ

69

Crossing the frozen Yarkand River

The great needs of Sinkiang are a strong military system
to protect it from danger, water and irrigation to reclaim barren
places, and improved roads and railways to make it more truly
a part of the Chinese dominions.

Sl'REET SCENE IN YaRKAND

70

GKOGKAPHY OF CHINA

TIBET m M)

Area 463,000 square miles

CAPITAL, LHASA iit M)

Tibet is the highest plateau in the world. It is a large
country, with but few people. Travellers ^metimes call it
*'The Forbidden Land."

The great mountain ranges of Tibet are (1) the Kwenluii
system, whose main ridge separates Tibet from Sinkiang and
whose branches spread through northern Tibet ; (2) the Hima-
layas, highest of mountains, on the south between Tibet and
India; (3) the Trans-Himalaya (#i@±#,^ti5f|i) , a high range
parallel to and north of the Himalayas.

IIlMAl.AYA MOIMAINS

In these mountains of Tibet rise the great rivers of eastern
and southern Asia, tlic Hwang Ho, the Yangtse, the Mekong
(jii(tft), the Irrawady (iPt^K'!pM), the Brahmaputra {m^
^ {\i CC) and the Indus ^PI) }^ i"I).

>

s

»H

r 0

HH

w

0

g

w

TIBET AND KOKONOR W iS S E

Bavankara Range E- M ^ BW

Chiarado ^ >tc ^
Chikut ISO ^ ^ # tlB
Chinghai (Kokonor) ^ ^
Chushih Shan j^ ^ llj gg
Cocosai $ i5 ,fj ^
Dakmar ^ ^ Ji| ^
Dangrayunitso -i? Ji ^ ;^ ^6
Daru tso 3^ '^ ilfc
Dingri ^ 0
Gargunsa ^W ^M

Gartok B^ M -^ in J!ni « :^

Ghalaring tso ^ ti :^ ^

Giamda CC ^

Gyangtse tC S:

Himalaya Mountains # J^ ^

S llj M
Humboldt Range f 15 a§ UJ SI
Indus River PP ^ M
Kokonor (Chinghai) ^ f§ .
Kyaring tso ^ ^ ^
Lagang tso |g Bg jift
Lhari ^ M
Lhasa fi g^

Mekong Ji ft 01

Mobang tso Jg ffi ^ ^ j^ ^

Mur-ussu ^%^ ^m^ n

Nangshong [^ rfi
Nangsi tso 1^ ^ fj^
Nelung 1^ [^
Ordos fP M ^ ^

Puigu tso @e M 1^ m «l! iP Ifi

Salween River g M iU M
Sanpo or Brahmaputra R. jjfl

# it ^T tn
Shigatse 0 1^ |ij i^
Soloma Mts. }!'p # M llj M
Tangla Range ^ U \h M
Tashigong % # ^
Tengri nor |^ "^ M ilfe

Tossonor ^Mmmm

Trans-Himalkya Mountains ^

Yalung Kian^ 11 H tl
Yamdok tso JB ;4i ^ ^ il&
Yatung 3g ;^
Yellow River ^ i^
Zilling tso ^ ^ iSU

TIBET

71

Tibet has a
large number of
mountain lakes,
with beautiful
scenery. Some of
them are sacred
and are visited by-
pilgrims from In-
dia.

In the Tibet-
an mountains are
found the highest
and largest gla-
ciers.

Tibet is re-
ported to be rich
Tibetan Prayer Mill in mineral wealth,

but it is doubtful whether her minerals can be mined at a
profit. Gold dust from Eastern Tibet is brought to Szechwan,
to buy tea.

Production is backward because of barren land and un-
favourable climate. There are many monks but not many
farmers. Animal raising is the principal industry.

Of Tibetan animals, the yak is most important. It is a
strong beast of burden. Tibet has also mountain ponies and
sheep. The chief product is wool.

Lhasa, the capital, has been the seat of the Chinese Resi-
dent, and, at usual times, of the Dalai Lama (jS M Of!i fifO- There
is a great building for the priests which is called the Potala.
Lhasa is a city of priests, and is visited by great numbers of
pilgrims.

Shigatse (0 W^ M), or Tashi-Lunpo (+L ft 1^ ^), is the
residence of the Tashi Lama. Like Lhasa it is a sacred city, to
which many pilgrims go.

By treaty, three Tibetan towns are open to foreign traders.
Their trade is with India. These are Gyangtse (tl J5:), Gartok

72 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

(^D tC !^), and Yatung (5g ;^), all in southern Tibet. Gyang-
tse is the most important market town in Tibet. The British
have a trade agent here to take care of the interests of Indian
traders. Gartok is a trading town where fairs are held. Yatung
is a lonely village at the gateway between India and Tibet.

A LOADED YAK

The great roads from China to Tibet are two in number.
The better one enters from Szechwan, passing the border towns
of Yachowfu m iHi M). Tatsienlu (tl ^ H), Litang {M W and
Batang (EL ^), and goes across Tibet to Lhasa. A more
northern road starts from Kansu, and passing Siningfu crosses
Ching Hai to Lhasa.

The Tibetan people are good-natured but nnprogressive.
They have many unpleasant customs, quite different from those
of China or other countries. Their life, government, family
system and burial have many curious features.

The Chinese Government has for the most part allowed
the Tibetan domestic affairs to be managed by Tibetans, but the

TIBET

73

military and diplomatic matters must be decided by Chinese
officers.

The Tibetan state has a priestly organization, the two heads
of which are the Tashi Lama and the Dalai Lama. The Tashi
Lama controls religious affairs, the Dalai Lama deals with
worldly affairs. The Tashi Lama is a good man of fine char-
acter. But the bad actions of the Dalai Lama have caused
much trouble. His dealings with the Russians caused the
English to invade Tibet. Afterward he travelled in Mongolia
and North China, claiming rights he ought not to have.
When he returned to Tibet, he acted so improperly that the
Chinese Resident had to take away his power.

On the great brick tea road
Ears of corn drying under the eaves of houses

In the reign of Kien-lung ^ |^ (1736-1796) China drove
out Mongolian and Indian invaders, and made her control
stronger. Li the fighting at that time, Chinese soldiers crossed
the mountains and burned the capital of the bravest people in
India.

74

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

RESOURCES

Vegetable Resources. China is the largest agricultural
country. The plain of Eastern China is the most fertile and
densely-peopled portion of the world.

The most important food products are cereals. The plains
of the central and southern provinces produce great quantities
of rice. Those of the northern provinces and Manchuria have
many wheat fields.

The 'mul-
berry leaf is the
food of the silk-
worm, so the
mulberry tree is
cultivated in
many parts of
the country.

China is the
home of the tea
plant, and the
terraced hills of
the central and
eastern provinces grow the finest quality of tea.

A great official, Sir Robert Hart, said that the Chinese
people are fortunate because they have the best food in the
world, rice; the best drink in the world, tea; and the best cloth
in the world, silk.

China is a great producer of cotton, but not a great cotton
manufacturer. Her people raise cotton, and dress in cotton
clotli. With industrial improvement, China will weave more
of her own cotton into cloth for her people. Chinese cotton is
principally produced in the moist river valleys.

China produces a great deal of tobacco, but not enough for
the needs of her smokers. The best quality comes from Kansu,
but the largest quantity from the Yangtse Valley.

Silk reei.ixo

□ L

J

ANIMAL RESOURCES

75

Of vegetable products, China to-day stands most in need of
timber. Some provinces like Fukien and Fengtien still have
much forest wealth. But in many provinces, the great forests
of former times have been cut down. As a result, the flow of
rivers has been irregular, and soil from the mountains has been
washed away, leaving bare rocks. If the forests had been
preserved, rivers would not cause so much damage by flood at
one season and little water at another. North China has
suffered most from loss of trees.

Eeelixg silk

Chinese people are very careful farmers. Their irrigation
systems are well-planned and their fields are well cared for.
The products of the farms are good both in quality and quantity.
But both quality and quantity might be improved by the use of
modern scientific methods. The new schools of agriculture
ought to have good results in teaching men how to cultivate
with greater advantage.

Though Chinese farms are tilled like gardens by many
diligent Chinese farmers, still the country cannot grow all the
food it needs. This is because some of the provinces have too
many farmers, while other parts of the country have few.
The Three Eastern Provinces and Mongolia would have great

7C

GEOGRArilY OF CHINA

agricultural wealth if
tliey had plenty of
Chinese farmers to cul-
tivate their open lands.

The bamboo grows
in all the warmer prov-
inces and can be used
for almost every pur-
pose. Furniture, paper, Pi. anting rice
food, tools, parts of ships, are some of the many bamboo
jiroducts.

The beans of Fengtien and Hupeh are an important com-
mercial product.

Formerly China was a great producer of opium, but the
strict measures of the Government have forced the farmers
to stop cultivating it. A smaller supply of opium means a larger
sujiply of rice, as the farmers are now planting rice instead of
poppies.

Strawbraid from the northern provinces is an important
product for the export trade.

Sugar cane is grown in South China. It is proposed to
grow sugar beets in Chihli.

The south coast provinces produce delicious fruit. Fine
lichees, pineapples, oranges and other varieties of fruit are
plentiful.

Rape-seed and sesaviun seeds are used and exported.

Seaweed and sea plants useful for food are found along the
coast.

Animal Resources. The most useful of China's animals
is the silkworm. It thrives in many provinces.

Some parts of China are so poor in work animals that men
must do work which could more properly be done by beasts of
burden. Other parts, such as Mongolia, might easily supply
the country with all the horses and cattle needed. Wider roads
in the country districts and cities would allow animals to draw

ANIMAL RESOURCES

77

loads in the central provinces as they do in the North. In the
great plains, food for men is so needed that there is little room
for raising food for animals. So in places where there are
many men we find few animals, while in Mongolia, where men
are few, animals are many.

Different beasts of burden are used in different parts of the
country. In Mongolia and parts of the North, camels carry
goods along caravan routes. Horses and donkeys are much
used, especially in the mountainous regions. The buffalo is a
great helper in agriculture in the central and southern plains.
In Tibet, the yak is the most useful animal.

Mule LrrrER of the Nurth

The rivera and coasts of China are filled with fishes good
for food. Delicious shell-fish abound.

Great flocks of birds furnish work for hunters and meat for
the people. Domestic fowls are plentiful.

In the more thinly-settled provinces and dependencies are
many wild beasts, whose furs are an important product. In the
North and on the Tibetan border are bears, wolves and foxes.
There are some tigers and panthers in the southwest.

78

GEOGRATHY OF CHINA

Mongolia and Eastern Tibet produce musk taken from the
musk deer.

Wax insects are found in some parts of Szechwan.

In Mongolia are great herds of sheep, whose wool is the
chief product of that dependency. Hides also are exported.
Fine hams are made from the flesh of Yunnan and Chekiang
pigs. Pigs and poultry from the middle Yangtse Valley are
being sold in Europe.

Mineral Resources. China is rich in mineral resources.
When lier mines are rightly developed, China will be one of the
richest of countries. China has great quantities both oi precious
metals and industrial metals. China is especially rich in coal
and iron, the two minerals most useful for manufactures.
Both hard and soft coal are plentiful. The hard coal or
anthracite is useful for factories; the soft or bituminous coal is
good for heating and household uses. Some of the richest coal-
fields in the world are in North China, especially in Shansi,
Honan and Chihli. Great coal deposits are also found in the
Three Eastern Provinces, in Shantung, in Szechwan, in
Hunan, in Kiangsi, in Anhwei, and in the southwestern
provinces.

China is also very ricli in iron, most of which is found in
Northern China, not far frum the coal mines. In the western

Hanyano Ikon Wokks amd Aiisenal

MINERAL RESOURCES 79

mountains, mncli iron lies waiting for miners. China's great
iron works are at Hanyang in Hupeh, where iron ore may be
brought from the Nortli by rail, and from the West by water.
At the Hanyang works, the ore is refined and made into wrought
iron and steel, and the articles which are manufactured from
them.

The mountains of ^Vestern China are known to contain
stores of gold and silver, and those of Yunnan have precious
stones as well. By the old, crude way of mining, only small
profits might be gained, but by the use of modern, scientific and
commercial methods, rich mining enterprises could develop
China's mineral wealth.

The mineral wealth of the country is not fully known, but
almost every useful mineral has been found in some part of
Chinese territory. Copper, antimony, nickel, tin, lead, zinc and
petroleum have been found in the interior and outlying pro-
vinces. The examination and study of the mineral resources of
China is a work of great present need. A careful scientific
survey of the land would be of great value in proving the
sources of the wealth of China, and the possibility of future
development.

The white clay found on the border between Kiangsi and
Anhwei furnisher material for the famous porcelain manufac-
tures of Kingtehchen. In many other parts of the country, clay
suitable for making earthenware and pottery is found.

The salt industries in the coast provinces extract salt from
sea water, but in inland regions, such as Mongolia and Sze-
chwun, salt is taken from wells in the earth.

In many places, hills and mountains sw^^Xy granite suitable
for arches, bridges and great buildings.

The development of the varied resources of the Chinese
provinces will lead to very important results. To use the words
of a great thinker, " The coal and general mineral wealth of
China with the vast and highly trained, frugal, and capable
population, will, during the coming century, make China the

80 GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

industrial centre of the world, and the Pacific the chief theatre
of commerce."*

The minerals of China, if mined on a system by which the
Government could share the profits of the companies, would
bring in enough money to pay all the debts of China. In order
to open up this vast source of wealth, good mining laws are
needed, which will protect the rights of merchants and miners
as well as those of the Government. To make the mines pay,
modern methods must be used, and railways must be built to
carry the minerals from the mines to the markets. China needs
many men skilled in engineering to develop her mines and
build her railways, and help to make her stronger and richer.
A number of able men are helping their country in this way
now. China must guard her mineral rights and develop her
great resources.

Foreign iiiiiiiLig interests In China at present are:

1. The Kaiping and Tangshaii coal mines in nortlieastern Chihh', operat-
ed by the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company (English) ;

2. The Shansi and Honan coal and iron mines, operated by the Englishi
Peking Syndicate ;

3. The Fushun {^ |l|g) coal mines in Fengtien, operated by the Japanese
Railway Company;

4. The coal mines near Harbin, operated by Russians;

5. The Shantung coal mines, operated by Germans ;

6. The antimony mines in Hunan, operated by Germans.

•Reinsch. World Politics, page 111

HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE 81

HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE

Several routes connect China with the rest of the world.

1. The great sea-route to Europe. — English, German,
French and Japanese mail steamers leave China for Europe
every few days. They sail by way of Shanghai, Hongkong,
Singapore (fr S ^) > Colombo (^ i^ m,) , Aden (?g T), the
Suez Canal {MM'i^M M) ^^^^ the ]^Iediterranean Sea {i^ t^ fg).
It takes about four weeks for mail, and five weeks for freight to
come this way from Northern Europe.

2. The great land-route to Europe. — Twice a week
mail trains by the Trans-Siberian Railway start from Dairen,
Vladivostok and Harbin. From Shanghai to Moscow (MM^^)
is twelve days; from Shanghai to London ij^Wd), fourteen and
a half. This is the c|uickest way to send letters to Europe, but
it is too expensive for freight.

3. The sea-route to Australia ('Mi^M 5&)-— English,
German and Japanese steamers take about twenty days from
Hongkong to Sydney (^ jS).

4. The sea-routes to America. — English, American
and Japanese steamers sail to North America across the Pacific
(-^ zp «^) by way of Japan. Ships from Shanghai to San
Francisco (H f^ H M ^ If , IP tf # Oi :fe ^) by Honolulu
iW.^ \h) take twenty -four days; those by the northern route
several days less.

There are very important short trade routes from China to
her near neighbours, — Japan, Korea, Eastern Siberia, Siam,
Indo-China and the Philippine Islands (^^ ;^ ^ ^ ^).

Within China, most of the commerce is carried by the
great water routes. Steamers sail up the Yangtse River to
Ichang and up the Si Kiang to Wuchow. Steam launches toiu
trains of boats along many smaller rivers and canals. On the
coast, steamers carry passengers and cargo from port to port.

82

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Many steamers take
part in the home trade
of China. There are
British, Japanese, Ger-
man and French lines
as well as Chinese
companies. On river
and coast under the
Chinese flag sail the
good ships of the China
Merchants^ Steam Nav-
igation Company (f§
I^IV tS -M K3^ . Careful
navigation and good
business management
have made this Com-
pany very successful.

Schools of Naviga-
tion are being establish-
ed where Chinese students may be trained to become officers of
Chinese ships.

While steamers carry large cargoes at fast speed, much
trade continues to go by the older sailing boats, the junks.
Long voyages on coast and river are made by the expert sailors
who man these freight-carrying boats. The important Chinese
fisheries are all carried on by men in small boats.

In past times, Chinese engineers dug great canals to help
commerce and irrigation The chief of these is the Grand
Canal, by which ships formerly sailed from Hangchow to
Tientsin. To-day, launch-trains and junks sail on the Canal
between important cities in Northern Chekiang and in Kiangsu,
but in other provinces the Canal has become unfit foi- Ijoat
travel. If the engineers of the present will improve the Canal,
and make it once more a great highway of commerce, they will
do good service to the nation.

Junks on- the Pei Ho

HIGHWAYS OF COMMERCE

83

Different parts of China have long been connected by land
and water routes which are not suited to China's rapidly-
increasing commerce. In the present age of steam, railways
are being built to take the i^lace of the ancient roads between the
provinces.

Comm unications . —

China has an efficient post-
ofBce, which gives Chinese
letter- writers the cheapest
service in the world . Her
telegraph lines extend to
the most distant political
cities in the country.
Chinese rivers and coasts
have many light-liouses
and beacons to make
navigation safe. For the
effective postal, lights and
customs services, China
may thank that great
Englishman, Sir Robert
Hart, who served the
country faithfully for more
than fifty years.

Canal .siexe, Soochow

84

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

RAILWAYS

China will surely build many great railways to develop
her resources and supply the needs' oi her people. Railways not
only bring materials to market and improve commerce, but help
to make a nation more united.

The railways of the present only serve a portion of the
broad land of China. They must be extended and improved so
that they may help more in the great work of making
China richer and stronger.

Sorm Manchuria Express

The railway from Peking to Hankow (^ iE ^ 1^) connects
the greatest city of North China with the greatest city of
Central China. The bridge across the Yellow River (^ inj ^
^) is a marvellous work of engineering.

The Railways of North China form the oldest railway
system of China. They run from Peking to Tientsin and
from Tientsin to Fengtien (Mukden) (^ ^) and Newchwang
C4^ ^) in Manchuria. Money gained from this system has been
used (1) to build other railways, (2) to pay for army training,
and (3) to support technical schools.

The new line from Tientsin to Pukow (?§ P) {^. if ^ ^)
on the Yangtse (^ ^ Ql) opposite Nanking will do the work
formerly done by the Grand Canal (jg H ^).

The Shanghai-Nanking Railway (MmMl^) runs across
the fertile plain of Kiangnan (01 ^). It helps the Tientsin-
Pukow Railway to join Peking with Shanghai.

<

z

X

o

Li.

o

Q.

<

<

RAILWAY MAP OF CHINA

C H

Vs^

TiDgrsiN

B ^ MAP OF

3,_^ Y^~^ RAILWAYS IN MANCHURU

chinsk^ / ^___-— ^ ^ ^^ TITEIR

'^ \ CONNECTIONS

Shara^i:

^ HuluntingO

^7^ ^ "^^ Khabarovs

1 s Shuiuting ^ \ \ \

X ^ V V / ^

nLUNGKIANGFU

; 'Ql (Tsitsihar)

/ TV. \ _ y' Llnklatigfuj

/

/ V >. ^S!_^ — -^ (Sanhsing)

/■ XCJ^?»^iN O Misanfu O

/ \ \J(P Shwanaatengfvi /

y X ^ i \ (/ X \\ X |o»UOIVOSTOK

ct \ ^ . ^>- — *-^— ''-^-'"^ ^-^

Fushunhsien^ ••'' / O

Newchvanlfp?' | 9 Feng^^^ngcheng J Railways conitructed by

(y § y5j>^^ine:Ksien ^^ Chinese ^ ,

^-- Lt'5f^s^\ Yr '''—■

T I //"JjyDairen r V/'^"^ ( Russians..

iPEKINI

RAILWAYS

85

um

The Kiangsu-Chekiang Rail-
way (M -l/L ^ ^ ^) from Shanghai
to Hangchow (^ *m) and Ningpo
im W) aids the development of
Northern Chekiang.

The Canton-Kowloon Railw&y
(M A ^ ^) connects Hongkong (^
^j and Canton (^ ^). When the
railway between Hankow and Canton
(M- MWi^') is completed, there will
be a direct line between Hongkong
and the Yangtse. This will surely
increase the commerce of Southern
and Central China.

The Yunnan railway {MM^
^), with its many tunnels and
bridges, runs from Yunnanfu (^ ^
}^) to Hanoi (^nj ft) in French Indo-
China (?i Ji PP jt ^ Ml This line
provides Eastern Yunnan with an
outlet to the sea.

The Shantung (llj 3^) railway
between Kiaochow (^ #1) and
Tsinanfu (^ ^ Mf ) (H ^ ^ ^) ^9
doing much to develop the mineral
wealth of Shantung.

The railways which meet the
Peking- Hankow line (^ 31 ^ ^)
in Chihli {W. ^) and Honan (M iM)
reach some of the richest coal and
iron districts of the world.

The Peking-Kalgan (51 ^ O)
Railway (j^ §1 M ^) runs from
Peking to the borders of Mongolia
(^ "6'). It was built entirely by
Chinese engineers.

86

GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

The Manchurian railways C^ H ^' ^ K^^ are part of tlie
fast route between China and Europe (^ ^ EL M ^^'« Siberia
(iS f6 M 35)- The railways of South Manchuria have done
much to develop the bean trade of the Liao Valley J^ inj ^ J^).

?^.

'V^i V / "'

I^

Kalgan Railway and the Great Wall

'^

NOTES

Aided, m Vi

Animal-raising, ^ ^.

Anthracite, ^ j^.

Antimony, (^ ) 1^: ^ 6tf # M.

Arches, ^ ;|i^; 0 ^.

Area, M ^•

Arid,- ft ii.

Army training, M. ^■

Arsenal, 11 M M ^a ^.

Art industries, ^ X.

Basin, yfe W..
Battlefield, Wt^^.
Bay, ?i^;-i^^.
Beacons, W.Wi- ^M-
Bean oil, S vft-
Bean trade, §^ |^.
Bituminous coal, ^ ^.
Black-tea, .^ f|; H ^.
Board of Communications, ^

Borders,
Bore, i^

Bristles, \

Camphor, m- H§».
Canton-Kowloon Railway,

Capital, 'P^WL; ^^
Cement making, ^ 3^ 7K

7jc P^ XT)-

Cereals, 5E ^.
Chang Chien, ^ ^.
China Merchants' Steam
gation Company, H ^

HA

'US (IP

Navi-

Choice, 5^^.
Chu Hsi, :^^.
Chwan-Han Railway, ]\\ ^

Climate, ^M. M.'^-
Coal-fields, ^1: ffl.
Coastline, ^/f-^.
Completed, iet fiS;; "^ X.
Concessions, IH.J?-.
Confucian Temple, ^ ^; ^L I
Confucius, JL ^.
Consul, '^ ^.
Cotton mills, $L ^ ,l(^.
Cotton-spinning, ft^ ^^.

11

NOTES

C!ouncil, in Municipal Council,

Crude, *a^:^fi.
Customs, ^^.
Customs stations, ffe> ^.

D

Dalai Lama, j^ ^ Pf3 PSH.
Delta, mM;'^PM-
Dependencies, ^M.^M-
Develop, HI ^; ^ j^.
Diplomatic, ^W-^^-
Direct line, }M.^^^.
Distress, i^li;i^#.
District. |^..
Docks, ^J.|.
Domestic affairs, ft ipC; ^ ^:

Domestic fowls, ^ ^.
Dominions, '^ ±; #15 ±.
Driveway, ^ ^.
Dynasty, |S f^.

E

Earthenware, ^ ^^ % ^.
Electric-light system, '^i
Embroidery, M Wi-
Empire, '^M-
Engineering, X ^..
Estuary, Ql P; M d.
Excellent, ^ H.
Exported, |tlf{; ffi P.
Express trains, t^ l^.
Extended, SI 5g;m>^.

F

Fengtien City, ^%M

^(m

Ferry-boats, ^ ^.
Fine weaving, ^^.^Wt-
Flour-milling, ^ |^.
Flour-mills, Ml^M-
Foreign loans, ^^'f- iS.-
Foreign trade, ^ -51- ;§ ^.
For the most part, -^ ^ , iz ^.
Freight, 7jCP:ai|S.

Freight, ^^:K.

French Concession, yi- ^ ^.

From a military point of view,

Frontiers, iSMiit^-

a

Glaciers, ^ jl].

Gorges, M^- \\i M-

Government, JJc )^.

Grand Canal, ^ H M-

Granite, ^ ^ ^.

Great highway for steamers, ^

Great Wall, ^ ^.

Hanyang Iron and Steel Works,

Harbours, ^ P ; v# P .

H.E. (His Excellency), ic A.

Heilungkiang City, |a ft| Ql /^

Hemp, jffi ^.

Highways of commerce, JH "^

3^ it.

Home trade, 19 ft -g ^j.
Hsuan Tung, g |^.

NOTES

111

Imperial Hunting Park, ^ J|
Imported, H: A: §1 P •
Improve commerce, 11^ :^ ^ /

Indigo, ^.

Industrial metal?, IC ^ -^

Industries, X© X|^.
Inland trade, ^ P3 :M ^«
Inlets, Mf^-
Interior, j^ Mil-
International Settlement, ^

In time to come, ^5^; -fdl ll#
Iron bridges, ^ :|^.
Iron works, ^ j^.
Irrigation system, '(^ ^|£ -^i;

Island, %.

J

Jeme Tien Yue, M^i^-
Junks, '^i?)|a.

K

Kiang, XL. M-

Kinngnan Arsenal, fC "^ $!J

m.

Kiangsu-Chekiang Railway,

m e m).

Kien-lung, f^I^.
Kin (Dynasty), ^ M.
Kirin City, ^ ;^ /^ ;^ (:^
^ € ^ fSl).

dt

tr

PI

Lacquer, ^.

Launch, /h j/C $1; ^h i^*5.

Leased, ^: \b-

Legations, ^^f^.

Li, IIM.

Lichees, ^ ^.

Light-houses, ^:^; ^^.

Location, ^ ^.

Loess, ^ db-

Lowland plains, ^ |^.

M

Mail steamers, ^ Ifif.

Manufacture, ^ ja no-

Maritime, |^ M- M _fc.«

^Laterials, # 5|SV.

Mencius, :i&: ^.

Miaotze, ]§§■ ^.

Military station, Tg ^ :5l ^.

Millet, S; ^•

Minerals, ^ ^,

Mineral wealth, ^ ^.

Mohammedan rebellions, ^ H

Mulberry leaf , ^H.
Museums, j# % [%.
Musk, B ^■
Musk deer, H.

N

Nanyang Industrial Exhibition,

^ # 1) H #.
Natural features, ilfe #: 5^ ^

Natural wealth, ^^^ M.
Naval base, ^ V#,

!V

NOTKS

Near-by, :fci£;^)i£.
Nickel, i|.

Nitre. m;iKm

North China, ^t W--

Nortliern Chekiang, \i^ XL ^ :^

O

On the whole, ^. :t.
Orchards, ^ M-
Organization, §§ ^].
Outlet, aiS^: ffi P.
Outlook, :?tf:;'hl^.
Overland route, |^ ^.

Pagodas, ^ ^.
Panthers, |^. .

Pass, m m.

Pasture land, ^ ^.

Peiyang University, ^t '^ iZ ^

^.
Peking-Hankow Railway, ^ i%

Peking-Kalgan Railway, ^ 5S

Peninsula, ^ Bi.

Periods of ancient time, "j^" \\^

Petroleum, >/C VA

Pieuls, J^; ^f.

Piece-goods, '{^^"^jEMWi.

Pilgrims, ^M.^'^

Pineapples, E^;i&M W-

Pingsiang Railway, W M ^^i '^

i^m^ mi

Plateiuis, -^ ^.
Ply, J^^-

Policy. i&^.

Political centre, ii5C vfj ;^ ^h i|j»

Poppies, II m :|^.
Population, AM]^ CI.
Porcelain-decorating, ^^^3^.
Port of call, 5.1 511: n }^^.
Potala, A ii ti ill ^ (ii M l£

Pottery, ^ ^.
Poultry, ^ ^.
Precious metals, "M' ^I ^ ^ ^^0

Productions, ^ M- iH M.-
Provinces, ^.

Q

Quicksilver, 7X ^.

R

Ramfall, M fi-
Ranges. lU ^^: UUH-
Rape-seed. ?j| -f-
Rapids, ^ irto; ^"-.^fe-
Reclaim, §3 1|.
Relief map, M^M-
Reserve power, ^ M Jj.
Resident, |fi Sfe^ilii-
Resources, ^Ij ^,.

Rights, ^ij m.

River-basins, M:^^i^.
River conservancy, j^lii^XliE/i^.
River-mouths, inj P .
River-valleys, ^M.
Round al)out, pg ]fu ; )&] P^.
Ruins, 1^ SS*.

NOTES

s

Sandalwood, tS ^ ^•
Seafaring people, MM^; ^K^-
Sesamun seeds, ^0.
Settlement, ©J?-.
Shnnghai-Hangchow line, 'M ^

Slmnghai-Nankin;; Railway, M

Shansi University, llJlS:^^^^-
Shark's fins, ^^.
Shell-fish, <fh H.
Ship-building works, M J,|; ^

Shipping centre, fift ^9 tt ^ ;2:

Shrine, )1; W ^.
Silk filatures, ^ #, ^,^.
South China, |^ if.
Square miles, ^ ;;^ M.
Steamer landings, H i|{V E| H-
Steam-launches, /)> 'X li-
Stock-raising, ^ ^.
Stone bridges, "^ ^.
Strawbraid, ^ ijif |f|.
Straw-matting, ^ j^.
Sugar beets, I5fl" ^ 'fif.
Sugar refining, ^ 5^.
Supply the needs, 'K- S 0? ^.
Syndicate, &■ '^•
System, \h M-

T

Tableland, ^ I^; ^'- ^.
Taipings, ^^B'W-
Tashi Lama, i[£ ff Ujll #.

Taxpayers, ^ft I?] ^.
Technical schools, IL

Telegraph, ^ ^.
Temperature, :iC^; S^-
Temple of Agriculture, 3fc J^ M-
Temple of Heaven, ^ U.
Temple of the Lamas, ^^^.
Terraced, ^I^; ft ^.
The richest coal and iron dis-

tricts, m'M^'^^-^Wn.

Tientsin-Pukow line, ^ M ^ ^5"

Tobacco factories, MMM-
To take the place of, )^ f^.
Tow, ^^;^.
Trade agent, W:M A-
Trade-marts, "rti ^-: "^ t^.
Traflac, M ^:^7§.-
Tramways, '^ ^.
Transportation, ^ ^.
Treasurer, Mt ®C "^ •
Treaties, ^^ '^^.
Treaty of peace, ^H f^.
Treaty ports, '^ i^-; il. iSj Q

Tributaries, ^ ^.
Tropical zone, ^^.
Trunk line, ^g^;#|,^.
Tunnels, l^il: lUl^.

U

i Undeveloped, jAj ^ ^ ^.

j United, Jj^^.

i Unload, ^ (M).

• Upland plains, i^ JJ^,

VI

NOTES

Valley, ^ ^.
Via, m. iil.

>/7

Wang Yang-ming, I P Rfl.
Water-power, yi^ij 7KW} jtj*
Water- route, tK K^; ^ ^.
Waterways, 7X it; 7^ j^.
Wax-insect, $^ ^.
West, 15:^;®^.

Wharves, i^. M:l%M-
World's fair, t# ^ #: ^ ^ #.
Wrought, ^ ^.
Wrought iron, ^ ^; S IS-

Y

Yak, ^ ^.

Yellow earth, ^ jh.

Yuan Dynasty, X IB.

Yueh-Han Railway, -^ ^ ^ ^

(^ il g if).

"Mr

35:

^ m m

* ^ «

VOCABULARY

Aden, 5& T.

Afghanistan, PSJ ^ vf .

Africa, psj^^lJJdD.

Aigun, ^ J^.

Alaska, H ti ^ JD

Altai Mountains, H ^ ^ Uj.

Amoy, MP!-

Amur River, ^ f| tt.

Anhwei, ^it^^

Anking, ^ M ;f .

Ansichow, ^ |5 'j^'I.

Antung, ^MU-

Argun, SIMl^fJinl.

Australia, Mi^M^-

Batang, EL H-
Bhamo, & ^.
Blagovestchensk, '® ^ J^.
Brahmaputra, i?i -"^ i'i; ^ Ql.
Burma, |® 'fej.

Canton, M *>H jf.
Ceylon, WiM ^•
Cbangan, ^ ^.

Changkiakow (or Kalgan),

P.
Changchow, "ff,* 'jtl.
Changchun, ^ ^.
Changpai Shan, ^^ Q ill.
Changsha, ^H'}? M.
Changshu, ^ f^.
Changteh, S ^> /f •
Ch'aochowfu, M #1 ;^.
Chaotung, Bg )i )^.
Chef 00, ^•^.
Chekiang, WxXL^.
Chengchow, ^ #|.
Chengtingfu, jE ^ M-
Chengtu, )f£ fp.
Chiayukwan, ^ |I|§ |§.
Chientao, fa\ %.

chihii, ii:^^\

Chinchow, |^'>H.
Chinghai, |^ f^.
( hinglingchow, i^^^M-
Chinhua, '^^JU.
Chinkiang, ^ XL.
Chinwangtao, ^ M. M.
Chowhsien, ^ 1|^.
Chowkiakow, ^ ^ d,
Chuanchow, ^ ')]] J^.

VOCABULARY

Cbuchow, t^'>H.
Chung Kiaug, 4* iL
Chungking, S ^.
Chusan Island, ^ \h %■
Colombo, Pf 'fi^ ^.

D

Dairen (Dalny or Talienwan),

E

Erh-hai, {^ M-
Europe, m B \1 m.

Fakumen, fi W f^-

Fengsiangfu, E ^ W-

Fengtien, ^^ ^.

Fengtien (or Mukden), ^^J^.

Fengyang, E H it-

Foochow, )pa '>H }^.

French Indo-China, yi J^ pj] ^

Fukien, m^^.
Fushun, fiS mn.

G

Gartok, M ^ ^^
Gobi (or Shamo), ::^ i^
Grand Canal, M li iSj.
Gyangtze, ft ^.

H

Hainan, ffj^ ^' ^^.
Haining, M Iff '>H.
Kami, ^ ^.
Hanchungfu, vl| 'I' [ff.
Ilangchow, ^fct iH'l If?.

y'> M.

Hanyang, gl |^- f^.
Hankow. ^ P .
Hanoi, inj j^.
Han River, ^ tJC.
Harbin, »& W ^.
Heilungkiang, ^ fil fll.
Himalaya, S M^ ii ^f^" llj
Hoi how, f^ □ .
Honan, inj ^ ^r.
Hongkong, ^ V^.

Honolulu, ® ^" iij ^i;o^ B '^n m

Hsiakwan, T* ^.
Hinganfu, ^^ ^ M.

Huchow, f] '>H ;f .

Hunan, fi5iU ^ ;^.

Hunchun, ^ i^.

Hungshui, H 7K M-

Hungtze (Lake), ^M B-

Hupeh, t,yi At €.

Hwaian, ?#: 5 /i^.

Hwai Ho, M tK.

Hwang Ho, ^ inJ.

Hweichowfu ( Anhwei) , Wi 'Hi ^.

Ichang, IC ^.
Ilifu, -0* fjjV j^.
India, PII ^.
Indo-China, RJ ^ ^ f').
Indus River, P[] ||^ M.
Irrawaddy River, ^t^.%^ inJ.

K

Kaifeng, ^ f^J- fff .
Kaiping, [t^ ^--

VOCABULARY

]X

Kalgan, ^ ^ P.
Kanchow, ~^ #| .
Kanchowfu, i^ >JW }^.
Kan River, ^ xL.
Kashgar (or Sulifii), MW) M-
Kashing, M ^M-
Kansu, '^ M ^■
Khailar River, M l!f'J M M-
Khotan, ^ ^ #1.
Kiakhta. t^ ^ ffl .
Kialing Kiang, B ^ll-
Kianfu,^^ jt.
Kiangchow, ^ 'j'H .
Kiangnan, tt ^.
Kiangpeh, xL ^t.
Kiangpeiting, XL ^t ^.
Kiangsi, XLM ^^
Kiangsu, XL'^^.
Kiaochow, B'H'l-
Kiaochow Bay, IP #1 t^.
Kienning, MmM-
Kinchow, # '}\\.
Kingtehchen, ^: t#, ^.
Kingyiian, ^'is. M-

Kirinfu, -^ ^^ It.

Kiukiang, j/L ll-

Kiungchow, ^ i^.

Kobdo, fi|- ^ ^.

Koko Nor, -^ '^,

Kongmoon, Xt P^

Korea, ^ j^.

Kowloon, Ai bI-

Kiifow, ft #..

Kuling, !fe ^.

Kulun, I^ j^.

Kungpeh (or Lappa), ^t ^\^,

Kunshan, M UJ-
Kwanchengtze, M^ ^.
Kwangchow Bay, J^ 'j'H ^
Kwangsi, M ® ^^
Kwangtehchow, J^ ^ 'Hi.
Kwangtung, M M ^ ■
Kweichow, 'M 'M ^^
Kweihsien, m ^^^
Kweihwating, §§ (fc ,^.
Kweilin, 1^ Pf..
Kwei River, M tC.
Kweitehfu, |§ ^ Ji^.
Kweiyang, m Wi M-
Kwenlun, M ^ UJ-

Laichow, ^iNi.

Lanchow, ^ ^'H j^.

Laos, m^ (>^^^$§).

Lappa (or Kungpeh), ift-jt.

Lhasa, ^ ^.

Liangchow, tW 'J^*!-

Liao Basin / 0*1 ^-t >t yp

Liao Valley ^ "

Liaotung Peninsula, 3^!!^^ ^.

Liping, ^^M-

Li River, ;^ 7K.

Litang, X |^.

Liuehowfu ( Kwangsi), W^ Wi M-

London, %WL-

Lovang, j^ Wi-

Luchow, ^'>H.

Luichow Peninsula, ft #1 ^ S-

Lungchow, hE *)H.

Lu Shan, M lU-

VOCABULARY

M

Macao, W^ f^.
Miiimachin, K M J^-
Mamoi Island, ^ ^ ^.
Manchouli, fS #H M-
Manchuria, f^ 'S^.
Mediterranean Sea, M 4* M^-
Meiling Pass, :^^ P.
Mekong, il it 01.
Mengtsz, ^ g !^..
Miao Ling, ^ ^.
Min Kiang, lllR til-
Mongolia, M "&•
Moscow, ^ ^ f4"-
Mukden, ^ 5^.

N

Nanchang, "^ i^ ji^.

Nanking, M M.

Nan Ling Mountains, ^^lllM

Nanningfu, "^ m M

Nantao, M #1 ; _h ?§J ^ fti .

Nanyang, "^ I^ /^.

Nanzing, "^ i^.

Nevada, P9 #ii.

Newchwang, ^ ^.

Ninghia, W S-

Ningpo, W ;^-

Ninguta, W 1& J^-

Nonni River, Wi xL-

Pacific Ocean, >fc ^ #.
Pagoda Anchorage, H J
Pai Ho, fi M-
Pakhoi, :1b M-

Paoshan District, If ill i^-

Paotingfu, \^'^M.

Peking, At M-

Persia, iS ^

Petuna, f6^i?j(i^^ffij£;t ).

Philippine Islands, |^;/j^^^.

Pingsiang, ^ ^p.

Pingliang, ^ U J^

Pingio. ^ ^ ;t.

Pingtingchow, ^ ^ JH.
Port Arthur, :J!ig 1® ^3 .
Poseh, "g -£,.
Poshan, ff llj Ift^.

Potaia, ^imit{mmmm:t

Poyang Lake, M ^ M-

Pukow, M P.

Putu Shan, ^^ ^ Uj.

R

Russia, ^ ^.

Sachofu (or Yarkand), "^^M.

Samshui, !H ^JC.

San Francisco. H f^ g@ ffi ^ ^

(lP«#aj:^i^).

Sanhsing, ^ $4-

Sanmen Bay, H P^ i^.

S?ntuao, H ^15 1^.

Shaao (or Gobi), :^ M i'P i^.

Shanghai, Jb ?^.

Shanhaikwan, ill j^ ^.

Shansi, Ul ffi ^\
I Shantung, llj J^ ^\
1 Shaohingfu, ^mj^.

VOCABULARY

XI

Shasi, }lPti.

T

Shekichen, ^ M ^^

Shensi, 1^ ® ^^

Taichow, "^ *>H.

Shigatse, 0 t l»J.

Tai Hu, ± m.

Shiuchow, iS 'jfl.

Tai Shan, # Uj.

Siam, j8 ^.

Taiyiianfu, i: i^ if .

Sianfu, M ^ J^-

Talienwan, ::fe j§ ^.

Siang Kiang, V^ 01.

Taiifu, ::^ 5J ;f .

Siangtan, ^^ V? S^.

Tangshan, H llj.

Siberia, ^ f6 ^'J 35.

Taokow, jE P .

SiHu, 15^.

Tarim River, if M ^ M-

Si Kiang, ffi tC.

Tashi-Lunpo, ;i=L ff # ^ ( St li

Singapore, ^ ^ ^.

^PTi^g).

Siningfu, JSmM,

Tatsienlu. tT f|||.

Sinkiang, M M. ^^

Tatung, ::^ ji,.

Sinminfu, ff E If •

Tatungkow, ::^ ^ •^.

Sinyangchow, fs 1^ iHI .

Tengchow, ^ ^Ni If .

Soochow, M #1 jt-

Tengyneh,E^^E.

South America, ^ H 'M-

Tibet, ffi M-

Suchow, M ^M-

TiehHng Pass, ^ ^ il.

Siichowfu, ^j^M.

Tien Shan, ^ llj.

Suez Canal, il^ |^ ± 5^ M-

Tientsin, 5^ '^.

Suifenho, ^ ^ M-

Tihwafu (or Urumchi) ,^itM

Suichowfu, ^*M J^.

mmM^^m).

Suitechow, ^ ^ *>H .

Tinghai, ^ '^.

Sulifu (or Kashgar), MWlj M.

Tongking, ^^(^fi^l^ftJ-

Siinchowfu, M ^ J^-

Trans-Himalaya, # ^ ± S ^

Sungari Basin, iti:^tL^^.

ti # Oj.

Sungkiang, irii K M-

Tsechowfu,-# *>H JU-

Sunning, f? W 1^.

Tsientaiig River, ^ ^ HI-

Swatow, yllj H. \.'

Tsinan, ^ ft /f •

Sydney, ^ M-

Tsinchow, M '>H-

Szechow, ,S. >>H J^.

Tsingkiangpu, ^ tt M-

Szechwan, 0 jll ^".

Tsingtao, ^ S-

Szemao, ,©. ^ M-

Tsingwha, fn It ^.

Szenan, © ft jj^.

Tsitsihar. ^ ^ P& M-

xn

V< CABrLARY

Tsisingkwan, -fc M ^•
Tsungming, ^ PH.
Tiimen River, ^ JP^ fll.
Tungchow, jI, jW .
Tungchowfu, IpI #1 J^.
Tuugchwan, 1^ )\\ }^.
Tungjen, ^ t It-
'i'ungkwan, xB. M-
Tungting Lake, M ^ M-
Turfan, l4 ^ ^.
Tzii Kiang ^ fL.

U

Uiiassutai, .^ M M
Trga, .i M^ (IP ^#).
Urumclii, .1^ ^ :^ ^.
Ussuri River, ,^ 1?^ M ll.

V

Vladivostok, f^ # l^.

W

Waichow, jg 'j+i jf .
Wanhsien, H S#..
Weihaivtrei, ^ j^ |&.
Weihsien (Shantung), ^ 1^.
Weihsien (Chihli), Wl !^-
Weihwei, ^ j^ ;i^.
Wei River (Honan), ^ 7K-
Wei River (Shensi),.?! ^'K
Wenchow, Vm iHI.
West Lake, ffi tiM-

Whangpoo, M ?f .
Woosung, ^ ?fey
Wuchang, ji^ ^.
Wuchow , 3^S '>H.

wuhu, m M.

Wu Kiang, M \L

Wukiang, .^ Q: !^.

Wu Ling Mountains, ^ |^ ill 3^.

Wusih, ^^.

Wutai Shan, S n lU-

Yachowfu, ^M #1 M.
Vahmg Kiang, 3^ fl it-
Yalu River, ^% B ft-
Yangchow, ^ '>H H^-
Yangtse Kiang, tir ^ 01-
Yarkand ( or Sachofuj ,B^M.
Yatung,5& :^-
Yellow River, ^ inj.
Yenan,$g^fl^.
Yenpiug, jg^ J^-
Yentai (or Chefoo), ^ o.
YingkoTV, ^ P .
Yochow, ■£& '>l-l.
Yuanchow, ^ ^\ JU-
Yuan Kiang, :^ it.
Yu Kiang, ^ tC.

Yuiin, m *^ Ji^-

Yungchow, 7K 'J^^ Jt-
Yunnan, S ^ 'ife •
Wmnanfu. ^ '^' )f •

-^ ^ rt- M m

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD

By H. B. Hawkins, M.A., and H. H. Wang

Large Edition ... ... ... ... ... $2.50 per copy

Small Edition 1.80 ,, ,,

Accompanied with colored maps; fully illustrated; mature in
thought; text clear and simple. Does not tell too much about one country
and too little about others. Prepared in accordance with Government
regulations for political geographj^ Stress laid on economic conditions
of Western countries and commercial relation between East and West.
Many Chinese notes and Chinese equivalents for geographical names
supplied.

Approved by the Board of Education for Use of Middle Schools.

H41

Commercial Press, .Ltd., Publishers

Geography of China

(Revised Edition)

Commercial Press, Ltd.

All rights reserved

fe. en i^ sT M ^^'

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^ '^ ^ Kll if^ sT M ^-^ ®^ ^

* m m m m m m ^M ^ A^

M m^^ ^ mis:^ ^^^ ^A^^ ^A. I Fw ^ fl St i^

ji|iis»«^i»i^ ® lis ""

fn mmn ^'N gits t^n ^ fn ^^ ^n m n^ 1 ^ "^

jrV; *tcR W »J3l^5^ ^^ ^t ^ ^ , ^ftl rm

JfeiiW bI n^jx iBitJ &Ig& gl W 1,^

TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY

By N. Gist Gee

Projissor of Biology at Soochow University

Price 33.00

This book is intended to follow the author's
*' Introduction to Biolog}^,' ' and is a systematic study of
r)Otany. Though it is an advanced book for college use,
vet the style is comparatively eas}' and the language
simple. It aims to give the student the proper conception
of the systematic side of the subject at the same time
that he is gaining the knowledge of the structures and
functions "'of plants. Plant structure, plant nutrition
and pbnt reproduction are studied with their proper
perspectives, and a close, detail study is given to minute
forms for the purpose of cultivating the habit of careful
observation. The material for the study of the smaller
forms can be found in the ponds, streams, canals,
swamps and damp places in our country.

The book is profusely illustrated, mostl}' with
pictures specially selected for it from various standard
sources. Quite a number are from photographs made
for this book.

The appendix gives a key and working list of the
common plants -i the ceutrdf* portion of China.

^—

The Commercial Press, Limited, Publishers.

yi„SOjJTllEBN REG;owi [Bbarv r„™ ..,

M A 000 108 654

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

N. GIST GEE, M.A.

Professor oj Biology in Soochow University,

S/.60

This book has as its purpose che presentation of a few
simple facts about plants and animals in such a systematic way
as to give even the \-oung student some idea of the relation-
ships of the various members of these two great kingdoms
of living forms. This presentation of the subject is made in
such ^ way that it may be easily understood, and yet the
facts have been strictly adhered to in every case : although it
is elementary yet it is scientific as far as it goes.

The plan of dealing first with the simpler and then with
the more complex forms has been followed both with plants and
animals.

Neither labor nor expense has been spared to make the
illustrations as complete as possible. Many of them are
selected from standard texts, while others are from photo-
tgraphs of the objects themselves that are peculiar to China,
such as Chinese blrd.^,. insects and plants. This wealth of
illustration adds greatlj- to the value of the book.

The Chinese equivalents of man}- of the more technical
terms have been supplied by Mr. K. K. Woo. This feature
will doubtless prove to be of much value to students who are
not well advanced in their study of the English language.

F26 The Coininercial Press, Publishers

i