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COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG
ALIENS AND NATIONAL GROUPS
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FIRST CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
S. 1832
A BILL TO AMEND THE IMMIGRATION ACT OF
OCTOBER 16, 1918, AS AMENDED
PART 1
MAY 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, JUNE 1, 8, 9, 18, JULY 15, 16, 27, 28,
AUGUST 10, 11, 12, 1949
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG
ALIENS AND NATIONAL GROUPS
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-FIRST CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
S. 1832
A BILL TO AMEND THE IMMIGRATION ACT OF
OCTOBER 16, 1918, AS AMENDED
PART 1
MAY 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, JUNE 1, 8, 9, 18, JULY 15, 16, 27, 28,
AUGUST 10, 11, 12, 1949
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
'98330 WASHINGTON : 1950
„ 8. »H**WTWDO*T OF DOCUW**
WAR 18 1950
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
PAT McCARRAN
HARLEY M. KILGORE, West Virginia
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi
HERBERT R. O'CONOR, Maryland
FRANK P. GRAHAM, North Carolina
ESTES KEPAUVER, Tennessee
GARRETT L. WITHERS, Kentucky
Nevada, Chairman,
ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan
FORREST C. DONNELL, Missouri
WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
J. G. Sodrwine, Counsel
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and Naturalization
PAT McCARRAN, Nevada, Chairman
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi WILLIAM LANGER, North Dakota
HERBERT R. O'CONOR, Maryland FORREST C. DONNELL, Missouri
Richard Abens. Staff Director
(Senator J. Melville Broughton, of North Carolina, was a member of the Committee
on the Judiciary until his death on March 6, 1949 ; Senator J. Howard McGrath, of Rhode
Island, was a member of the Committee on the Judiciary until his resignation from the
Senate on August 23, 1949 ; Senator Bert H. Miller, of Idaho, was a member of the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary until his death on October 8, 1949.)
II
•-
1 3-0.
1
/+
CONTENTS
Page
S. 1694. A bill to amend the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918 1
S. 1832. Superseding S. 1694 2
Statement or testimony of —
Modelski, Gen. Izydor, former military attache of Poland 6
Fischer, Mrs. Ruth, New York 30
Raditsa, Bogdan, former chief of the foreign press department in the
Information Ministry of Yugoslavia 41
Smyth, William H., engineer, 44 West Forty-fourth Street, New
York, N. Y 57
Alexeev, Kirill Mikhailovich, former commercial air attache, Soviet
Embassy, Mexico City 65
Caspar, Frank J., 102 Rockledge Road, Bronxville, N. Y 77
Cain, Harry P., United States Senator from Washington 101
Bentley, Elizabeth Terrill, New York 106
Taylor, Gen. John Thomas, Director of National Legislative Committee,
American Legion 123
Crouch, Paul, Miami, Fla 125
Clark. Tom C, Attorney General of the United States 164, 298
Peurifoy, John E., Assistant Secretary of State 169, 336
Pirinsky, George, executive secretary, the American Slav Congress,
New York 179, 207
Neuwald, Alfred A. (or Matyas Torok), New York 198, 207
Marik, Paul, former consul general of Hungary 204
Budenz, Louis Francis, Crestwood, N. Y 217
Fainaru, Harry, managing editor, Romanul-American, Detroit, Mich- 251, 293
Riposanu, Pamfil, former first counselor of the Rumanian Legation 266
Metes, Mircea, former first secretary of the Rumanian Legation 279
Vogel, Alfons, former press counselor, Rumanian Legation 289
Ford, Peyton, the assistant to the Attorney General 298
Horan, Michael J., special assistant to the Attorney General 298
Miller, Watson B., Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization
Service 298
Winings, L. Paul, general counsel, Immigration and Naturalization
Service 298-
L'Heureux, Herve J., Chief, Visa Division, Department of State 336
Boykin, Sam, Director of the Office of Consular Affairs, Department
of State 336
Hillenkoetter, Rear Adm. Roscoe H., Director of Central Intelli-
gence 358-
Valuchek, Andrew J., president, Slovak National Alliance 371
Marcus, J. Anthony, president, the Institute of Foreign Trade . 385
Szczerbinski, George, crew department, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 413
Tysh, Walter, International Workers Order, New York 425
Gutowski, Stanislaw A., managing editor, Nowa Epoka 447
INDEX I
III
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
TUESDAY, MAY 10, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. O.
• The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 30 a. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran, chairman, presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran, Eastland, and McGrath.
Also present: Messrs. Eichard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
These hearings are conducted under Senate bill 1694 1 to amend the
Immigration Act of October 16, 1918. The bill will be inserted in the
record at this point.
[S. 1694, 81st Cong., 1st sess.]
A BILL To amend the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled. That the Act of October 16, 1918, as amended
(40 Stat. 1012; 41 Stat. 1008-1009; 54 Stat. 673; 8 U. S. C. 137), is further
amended by adding a new section at the end thereof to be designated as "Section
3" and to read as follows :
"Sec. 3. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, Executive order, agree-
ment, or treaty, no visa shall be issued to any alien for admission into the United
States who the visa-issuing officer knows, or has reason to believe, seeks to enter
the United States with a purpose of: (1) obtaining or transmitting information
respecting the national defense with the intent or reason to believe that the
information to be obtained or transmitted is to be used to the injury of the United
States, or (2) engaging in any activity a purpose or aim of which is the control
by force or overthrow of the Government of the United States, or (3) organizing,
aiding, joining, or associating with any association, society, or group in the
United States which shall be publicly designated by the Attorney General as
Communist controlled or dominated or otherwise subversive. The Attorney
General shall exclude from the United States any alien who the Attorney General
knows or has reason to believe seeks to enter the United States with a purpose
of engaging in any of the activities enumerated in (1), (2), or (3) of this sec-
tion. The Attorney General is hereby authorized and directed to publish, at
least once every calendar year, a list containing the name of every association,
society, or group in the United States which the Attorney General deems
to be Communist controlled or dominated or otherwise subversive. Pending
the publication of the first such list after the enactment of this section, any
association, society, or group which has. prior to the enactment of this sec-
tion, been designated by the Attorney General as subversive pursuant to Ex-
1 Senate bill 1694 -was superseded on May 11, 1,949, by Senate bill 1832, introduced by
Senator McCarran.
Senator McCarran's statement in the Senate, accompanying the introduction of S. 1694,
is contained in appendix I, p. Al.
1
2 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
ecutive Order 9S35 of March 21, 1947, shall be deemed to be a subversive
organization within the meaning of this section. The Attorney General shall
take into custody and deport any alien who shall at any time, within the United
States, engage in any of the activities enumerated in (1), (2), or (3) of this
section : Provided, however, That the Attorney General may suspend deportation
of any alien deportable under category (3) of this section (a) if such alien shall
publicly disassociate himself within thirty days after the publication by the
Attorney General of the name of the association, society, or group in the United
States which the Attorney General deems to be Communist controlled or domi-
nated or otherwise subversive, which such alien shall have organized, aided,
joined, or associated with, and in addition, (b) if the Attorney General knows,
or has reason to believe, that such alien did not know, or have reason to believe,
at the time such alien organized, aided, joined, or associated with such associa-
tion, society, or group in the United States that such association, society, or
group in the United States was Communist controlled or dominated, or other-
wise subversive: except that the foregoing proviso shall not be applicable to any
alien who has engaged in any of the activities under category (3) of this sec-
tion with reference to any association, society, or group which has, prior to the
enactment of this section, been designated by the Attorney General as sub-
versive pursuant to Executive Order 9835 of March 21, 1947. The power and
duty to enforce the exclusion and deportation provisions of this section shall be
vested exclusively in the Attorney General and the prior approval of no other
official, organization, or person shall be requested or required as a prerequisite
to the discharge of this duty. All Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with this
section are hereby repealed."
(Senate bill 1694 was superseded on May 11, 1949, by Senate bill
1832 introduced by Senator Pat McCarran. By direction of the
chairman, Senate bill 1832 is inserted in the record at this point.)
[S. 1832, 81st Cong., 1st sess.]
A BILL To amend the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918, as amended
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That existing section 3 of the Act of October
16, 1918, as amended (40 Stat. 1012, 41 Stat. 1008, 54 Stat. 673; 8 U. S. C.
137 (h) ), is hereby designated as section 6 of the said Act.
Sec. 2. The said Act of October 16, 1918, as amended, is hereby further amended
by adding the following new sections :
"Sec. 3. (a) No visa or other travel document shall be issued to any alien who
the issuing officer knows, or has reason to believe, seeks to enter the United States
for the purpose or a purpose of (1) obtaining or transmitting information, not
available to the public generally, respecting the national security, or (2) engaging
in any activity a purpose of which is the control or overthrow of the Government
of the United States by force or violence, or (3) organizing, aiding in any manner
whatsoever, joining, associating with, or participating in the activities of, any
association, society, or group, which shall be publicly designated by the Attorney
General as provided in subsection (b) of this section as subversive to the national
security. The case of an alien within any of the foregoing categories shall not be
defined as an emergency case within the meaning of section 30 of the Alien Regis-
tration Act of 1940 (54 Stat. 673 ; 8 U. S. C. 451).
"(b) The Attorney General is hereby. authorized and directed to publish in the
Federal Register, at least once in every calendar year, a list containing the name
of every association, society, or group, which the Attorney General deems, on the
basis of evidence or information satisfactory to him, to be subversive to the
national security. He shall from time to time, by publication in the Federal
Register, add to or delete from the list of organizations such as he deems are
subversive or are no longer of such character.
"(c) The Attorney General shall exclude and deport from the United States
any alien who applies for admission if the Attorney General knows or believes
that said alien seeks to enter the United States with the purpose of engaging in
any of the activities set forth in categories (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a) of
this section.
"(d) The Attorney General shall, in like manner as provided in section 2. take
into custody and deport from the United States any alien who at any time,
whether before or after the effective date of this section, shall engage, shall have
engaged, or shall have the purpose or a purpose to engage, in any of the activities
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 6
set forth in categories (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a) of this section : Provided,
however, That the Attorney General in his discretion may temporarily suspend
or cancel deportation proceedings against any alien within category (3) if the
Attorney General knows or believes that such alien did not know or have reason
to believe at the time such alien organized, aided in any manner whatsoever,
joined, associated with, or participated in the activities of the association, society,
or group (and did not thereafter and prior to the publication of the name of such
organization as provided in subsection (b) acquire such knowledge or belief)
that such association, society, or group was subversive to the national security.
Determination of the deportability of any alien under this section shall be vested
exclusively in the Attorney General and the prior approval of no other official,
organization, or person, shall be requested or required as a prerequisite to the
discharge of this duty.
"Sec. 4. (a) Those provisions of sections 16 and 17 of the Immigration Act of
February 5, 1917, as amended (39 Stat. 885-887; 8 U. S. C. 152, 153), which
relate to boards of special inquiry and to appeal from the decisions of such
boards shall have no application to aliens whose cases fall within the purview of
section 1 or 3 (c) of this Act.
"(b) The provisions of the seventh, ninth, and tenth provisos to section 3 of
the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as amended (39 Stat. 875; 8 U. S. C.
136) , clauses (1) and (7) of section 3 of the Immigration Act of 1924, as amended
(43 Stat. 154, 47 Stat. 607, 54 Stat. 711, 59 Stat. 672; 8 U. S. C. 203), and of any
other statute or authority permitting the admission of aliens to the United
States shall have no application to cases falling within the purview of section 3
(c) of this Act.
"(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law —
"(1) determinations of fact by the Attorney General under any provision
of this Act shall not be reviewable by any court ;
"(2) determinations of law by the Attorney General shall not be review-
able by any court in any case within the purview of section 1 or 3 (c) of this
Act; and
"(3) determinations of law by the Attorney General in any case within
the purview of section 2 or 3 (d) of this Act shall not be reviewable by any
court except through the writ of habeas corpus.
"(d) No petition for naturalization by any alien shall be received and filed,
nor heard and determined, nor shall any alien be naturalized by any court after
the question of the alien's subjection to the provisions of this Act, as here
amended, has arisen and remains undetermined in his favor.
"(e) Any statute or other authority or provision having the force or effect of
law, to the extent that it is inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Act,
is hereby expressly declared to be inapplicable to any alien whose case is within
the purview of this Act. The citizens or subjects of any country, which country
upon request declines or unduly delays acceptance of the return of any alien who
was admitted to the United States upon the basis of documents issued by such
country and representing such alien to be a citizen or subject thereof or entitled
to return thereto may be denied all rights, privileges, or benefits under the immi-
gration laws. If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision
to any person or circumstances shall be held invalid, the validity of the remain-
der of this Act, and the applicability of such provision to other persons or
circumstances, shall not be affected thereby.
"Sec. 5. The Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, with the ap-
proval of the Attorney General, shall prescribe all rules and regulations deemed
necessary in aid of the administration and enforcement of this Act."
The Chairman. Mr. Arens, you may proceed to call your witnesses
arid interrogate them.
Mr. Arens. With the permission of the subcommittee, I should like
to suggest the following procedure :
First, I should like to make reference to certain provisions of the
present immigration law.
Second, I should like to submit for tne record a list of organizations
and groups which have been thus far declared to be subversive by the
Attorney General.
Third, we should like to interrogate Gen. Izydor Modelski this
morning.
4 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Fourth, we should like for the subcommittee to go into executive*
session, at which time we should desire to present excerpts from con-
fidential records taken from the security files of Government agencies
with reference to certain persons who will be named in the testimony
of the witness this morning.
The Chairman. Very well, Mr. Arens, you may proceed.
Mr. Arexs. With reference to the immigration law, I should like
to invite the attention of the subcommittee to section 3 of the Immi-
gration Act of 1917, particularly that part which excludes from ad-
mission to the United States —
polygamists, or persons who practice polygamy or believe in or advocate the
practice of polygamy ; anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the
overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States, or of
all forms of law, or who disbelieve in or are opposed to organized government,
or who advocate the assassination of public officials, or who advocate or teach
the unlawful destruction of property ; persons who are members of or affiliated
with any organization entertaining and teaching disbelief in or opposition to
organized government, or who advocate or teach the duty, necessity, or propriety
of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific
individuals or of officers generally, of the Government of the United States or
of any other organized government, because of his or their official character or
who advocate or teach the unlawful destruction of property ; * * *
May I observe that this section is the general exclusion section ap-
plicable to subversives, but in that section are two provisos to which
I would invite the attention of the subcommittee. The first is known
as the ninth proviso, which reads as follows :
That the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization with the approval
of the Attorney General shall issue rules and prescribe conditions, including
exactions of such bonds as may be necessary, to control and regulate the admis-
sion and return of otherwise inadmissible aliens applying for temporary
admission : * * *."
I should like also to invite the attention of the subcommittee to the
tenth proviso, which reads as follows :
That nothing in this Act shall be construed to apply to accredited officials of
foreign governments, nor to their suites, families, or guests.
I should like now to invite the attention of the subcommittee to sec-
tion 33 of the Immigration Act of 1917, with reference to the landing
of seamen, and I invite the attention of the subcommittee particularly
to the proviso which I shall read :
Provided, That in case any such alien intends to reship on board any other vessel
bound to any foreign port or place, he shall be allowed to land for the purpose
of so reshipping, under such regulations as the Attoney General may prescribe
to prevent aliens not admissible under any law, convention, or treaty from re-
maining permanently in the United States, * * *.
I may comment at this point with reference to that section that I
believe the testimony and the evidence which will be adduced in this
series of hearings will show that there apparently is a conduit here
through which couriers of information subversive to the best interests
of this country are allowed to enter the United States.
I should like also to invite the attention of the subcommittee to the
International Organizations Immunities Act of December 29, 1945,
section 7 (a) of which reads as follows :
Persons designated by foreign governments to serve as their representatives
in or to international organizations and the officers and employees of such
organizations, and members of the immediate families of such representatives,
officers, and employees residing with them, other than nationals of the United
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 5
States, shall, insofar as concerns laws regulating entry into and departure from
the United States, alien registration and fingerprinting, and the registration of
foreign, agents, be entitled to the same privileges, exemptions, and immunities
as are accorded under similar circumstances to officers and employees, respec-
tively, of foreign governments, and members of their families.
I should also like to invite the attention of the subcommittee to the
provisions of Public Law 357 of the Eightieth Congress, which is the
law authorizing the UN headquarters site agreement. Section 11
reads as follows:
The Federal, State or local authorities of the United States shall not impose
any impediments to transit to or from the headquarters district of (1) repre-
sentatives of Members or officials of the United Nations, or of specialized agen-
cies as defined in article 57, paragraph 2. of the Charter, or the families of
such representatives or officials: (2) experts performing missions for the United
Nations or for such specialized agencies; (3) representatives of the press, or
of radio, film or other information agencies, who have been accredited by the
United Nations (or by such a specialized agency) in its discretion after con-
sultation with the United States; (4) representatives of nongovernmental or-
ganizations recognized by the United Nations for the purpose of consultation
under article 71 of the Charter ; or (5) other persons invited to the headquarters
district by the United Nations or by such specialized agency on official business.
The appropriate American authorities shall afford any necessary protection to
such persons while in transit to or from the headquarters district.
Then I should like to invite the attention of the subcommittee to an
excerpt from section 13 of Public Law 357 :
When visas are required for persons referred to in that section —
and I may interpose here a comment that in that this refers to sec-
tion 11 —
they shall be granted without charge and as promptly as possible.
Subsection (b) of section 13 reads as follows:
Laws and regulations in force in the United States regarding the residence of
aliens shall not be applied in such manner as to interfere with the privileges
referred to in section 11 and, specifically, shall not be applied in such manner
as to require any such person to leave the United States on account of any ac-
tivities performed by him in his official capacity. In case of abuse of such priv-
ileges of residence by any such person in activities in the United States outside
his official capacity, it is understood that the privileges referred to in section 11
shall not be construed to grant him exemption from the laws and regulations of
the United States regarding the continued residence of aliens : Provided, That
(1) no proceeding shall be instituted under such laws or regulations to require
any such person to leave the United States except with the prior approval of the
Secretary of State of the United States. Such approval shall be given only after
consultation with the appropriate Member in the case of a representative of a
Member (or a member of his family) or with the Secretary-General or the prin-
cipal executive officer of the appropriate specialized agency in the case of any
other person referred to in Section 11; (2) a representative of the Member con-
cerned, the Secretary-General, or the principal executive officer of the appropriate
specialized agency, as the case may be, shall have the right to appear in any
such proceeding on behalf of the person against whom they are instituted; (3)
persons who are entitled to diplomatic privileges and immunities under section 15
or under the general convention shall not be required to leave the United States
otherwise than in accordance with the customary procedure applicable to diplo-
matic envoys accredited to the United States.
Subsection (f ) of section 13 reads as follows :
The United Nations shall, subject to the foregoing provisions of this section,
have the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit entry of persons and property
into the headquarters district and to prescribe the conditions under which persons
may remain or reside there.
6 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
And finally, I should like to invite the attention of the subcommittee
to an excerpt from section 6 of Annex 2 of Public Law 357 of the
Eightieth Congress, which reads as follows :
Nothing in the agreement shall be construed as in any way diminishing, abridg-
ing, or weakening the right of the United States to safeguard its own security
and completely to control the entrance of aliens into any territory of the United
States other than the headquarters district and its immediate vicinity, as to be
defined and fixed in a supplementary agreement between the Government of the
United States and the United Nations in pursuance of section 13 (3) (e) of the
agreement, and such areas as it is reasonably necessary to traverse in transit
between the same and foreign countries.
If it meets the pleasure of the subcommittee, we should like to sub-
mit for the record a list which Mr. Dekom of the staff will designate.
That is for insertion in the appendix of the record. It is a list of
subversive organizations issued by the Attorney General.
The Chairman. Will you designate it as you offer it ?
Mr. Dekom. The list of Communist and other subversive organiza-
tions issued by the Attorney General of the United States.
The Chairman. It will be inserted in the record.1
TESTIMONY OF GEN. IZYDOR MODELSKI, FORMER MILITARY
ATTACHE OF POLAND2
Mr. Arens. I would like to have the chairman swear the witness,
General Modelski.
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are
about to give will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God?
General Modelski. I do.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly state your full name ?
General Modelski. Lt. Gen. Izydor Modelski.
Mr. Arens. You have answered a subpena to appear before the sub-
committee to testify concerning facts which were indicated in the
subpena ?
General Modelski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. Do you have a statement which you would care to read
at this time ?
General Modelski. Yes, sir.
I was born in Lwow, now under Russia, on the 10th of May
1888. I received a degree of doctor of philosophy from the Univer-
sity of Lwow. Afterward, I took part in World War I with Marshal
Pilsudski and General Haller,3 commander in chief of the Polish Army
in France. After the end of the war I fought against the coup d'etat
of Marshal Pilsudski in Warsaw. I was dismissed afterward from
the army.
When the Second World War broke out, I went with General Sikor-
ski to France as Under Secretary of War there. After the collapse
of France, I went— as the one who evacuated Polish forces from
France — over to England. In England, I was Under Secretary of
1 The list of subversive organizations designated by the Attorney General will be found
in appendix II. p. A7.
2 Mi-. Jonathan Thursz and Miss Evelyn Romer acted as translators for the sub-
committee.
3 General Jozef Haller, commander of the Polish Army in France during World War I.
Jozef Pilsudski. commander of brigade of the Polish Lesrion during World War I, later
commander in chief of the Polish Army and President of Poland.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 7
War to General Sikorski,1 and, after his death, to the Prime Minister
of the Polish Government in Exile, Mr. Stanislaw Mikolajczyk.
In 1945, I returned to Poland, and I was sent back to London as
the head of the Polish military mission there. Soon, I was recalled
to Warsaw, and later I was appointed military attache to Washington.
Mr. Arens. How long did you serve as military attache here in
Washington ?
General Modelski. For 27 months, from May 29, 1946, to the 15th
of August 1948.
Mr. Arens. What happened at that time, the 15th of August 1948?
General Modelski. They gave me illness leave and called me back to
Poland. I refused to go back, and I sent a letter to General Marshall,
then Secretary of State, asking for permission to stay here with my
family. On the 19th of November of last year, I received a permanent
visa for myself to stay here.
Mr. Arens. What is your occupation or vocation now?
General Modelski. I am writing a book on Kussia's espionage here.
Mr. Arens. Are you employed in any way by any person or firm?
General Modelski. No ; not yet.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly proceed to read your statement?
General Modelski. Yes.
Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I appear here as
a Pole and as the son of a nation which has for many centuries, fought
for freedom. I have been active in the democratic Polish movement for
many years. I refused to go along with the coup d'etat of 1926 by
Marshal Pilsudski and was, therefore, driven from the army. I was
active in the Polish underground before the First World War, and
I had fought against the Czarist armies under Pilsudski himself. I
also later participated in the Warsaw uprising against the Germans.
I worked closely in cooperation with General Sikorski and with Gen-
eral Haller, who led the Polish troops in France.
After being dismissed from the army for refusing to go along with
the Pilsudski dictatorship, I was elected president of the Polish vet-
erans who had served in France. I was reelected until 1939, when the
war with Nazi Germany broke out. During all this time, I devoted
myself to the cause of democracy.
After the outbreak of World War II, I escaped to France, where
General Sikorski formed another Polish army in exile. I held the
rank of general and Under Secretary of War. After the fall of France,
we were evacuated to England, where we worked for the restitution of
our country.
The agreements of Tehran and Yalta were a great shock to me, but
I decided to work to save what could be saved of my country. When the
war was finally over, I returned to Poland in July 1945. I was con-
nected with the democratic Poles, including Stanislaw Mikolajczyk,
who is also in exile here in the United States. I myself had been the
vice president of the Christian Democratic Party since before the war.
In Warsaw, I made contact with the Polish anti-Communist under-
ground. I realized, however, that they could not succeed without help
from the west. I was also in contact with Ambassadors Arthur Bliss
Lane, of the United States, and Victor Cavendish-Bentick, of Great
Britain.
1 General Wladyslaw Sikorski, commander in chief of Polish Army in World War II and
Prime Minister of the Polish Government in exile.
8 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
When it was decided that I should be sent to Washington as military
attache, Ambassador Lane was well satisfied and even gave me a letter
of introduction to General Eisenhower. Since I wanted to stay at
home and fight alongside my people, I consulted with Mr. Miko-
lajczyck, who was the Vice Premier, about this matter. He told me
that I would be used to serve as a human screen behind which my
deputy, Colonel Alef,1 using the assumed name of Bolkowiak, would
engage in espionage and subversive activity. I thought the matter
over and consulted with my wife. After that, I finally decided to
accept the post in the hope that I could thereby serve the cause of
democracy and assist the United States in its struggle against espio-
nage and subversive activity.
On the eve of my departure from Warsaw, I received a set of three
sealed instructions, the originals of which I have here with me and
would like to present in evidence.
Mr. Arens. May I interrupt at this time to ask Mr. Thursz to read
or translate into the record the sealed instructions which you received ?
Mr. Thursz. I found that the translations as made before another
committee are not quite right technically. I would suggest that these
translations should be done by technicians who know military terms;
and perhaps, if the chairman wanted a summary as the introduction
to each document, we could give you that.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Thursz, will you proceed ?
The Chairman. You may proceed to give the translation.
Mr. Thursz. The first document is from the Polish Army Chief
Command, General Staff, Division II, in Warsaw, to the military at-
tache in Washington.
[Translation]
Secret Copy No. 1
Polish Army, Chief. Command, Division II, No. 0334, 14 March 1946
Instruction fob the Mitjtary Attache at the Embassy of the Polish
Repurlic in Washington 2
polish colony in the united states
1. To ascertain and observe the activity of Polish organizations in the United
States. Through yonr ''residents," to observe particularly Polish reactionary
organizations, to determine their connections with similar circles in London, to
ascertain tbeir links with Poland, such as means of assigning agents and
saboteurs.
2. Through the aid of people devoted to the democratic idea, to maintain
contact with Polish democratic organizations, to support their struggle against
reaction, aiming at creating a democratic bloc of all those of Polish origin in the
United States. Information and propaganda ar-tivity should unmask the policy
of the emigrant clique, in whose hands the Poles of the United States are objects
of a political game against the Government of National Unity. Of special
importance in winning over the Poles of the United States to our side is the
commemoration of Tadeusz Kosciuszko. The 200th anniversary of the birth
of the Polish and American hero occurs this year.
3. To observer the activity of such Polish organizations as the P. C. K.3 and
various welfare funds. To define their relationship to Poland and to emigrant
circles. To what end and by what means funds are distributed.
4. To ascertain the intentions of the international organizations — UNRRA
and YMCA — in relation to Poland.
1 Colnnpl Onstnv Bolkowiak Alef (Aleksiej Frumkin), assistant military and air attache
of Poland in the United States.
2 For notes on persons named and forms used, see appendix III, p. All.
3 Polish Red Cross (Polski Czerwony Krzyz).
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 9
5. To ascertain the relationship of the United States and various political
groups to Polish organizations, democratic and reactionary. The degree and
form of support given by them to Polish reactionary activities.
6. The connection of Polish reactionary organizations in the United States
with the military clique of Anders and the activities of the information bureau of
Matuszewski.
7. To define and observe the relationship of American capital to the Polish
colony in the United States and the Nation.
8. To arouse the public opinion of Americans and Poles of the United State*
against appeasement by American occupation authorities in Germany. A large
percentage of the authorities are former German emigrants. Under their cover,
the German press in the American Zone of Occupation is conducting a definite
anti-Polish campaign.
9. Taking as a basis the Note of the Polish Government of February 14, 1946,
to conduct a campaign against the creation by American authorities of Polish
guard companies or other Polish military units. Specifically it should be stressed
that it is inadmissible that anyone in these units should wear insignia and
merit badge distinctions of the Polish Army.
10. To secure the receipt of confidential political publications, especially those
published by the Polish colony in the United States.
With the aim of obtaining information relative to the above matters, to organize
a suitable information network among emigrant groups and in the offices of
Polish organizations. In the first place, the following democratic organizations
should be exploited :
a. Polish American Labor Council, whose president, Leo Krzycki, is a member
of the Socialist Party.
b. Polonia Society, affiliated with the International Workers Order, president,
Boleslaw Gebert.
c. "Kosciuszko League," with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan.
d. American Slav Congress.
The above-mentioned organizations do not exhaust the list of democratic
organizations which conform loyally to the Government of National Unity.1 In
order to become fully enlightened on the activities of emigrant-reactionary
circles, it is necessary to have our own informers in organizations such as :
a. Polish National Alliance, which has contact with "Sanacja" reactionary
elements in Poland.
b. Polish Roman Catholic Union.
c. Other organizations which profit from the support of the influential seg-
ments of the Polish colony in America.
In order to infiltrate influential American societies and to interest specific
groups in the Polish problem, it is necessary to exploit all oppositional elements
in relation to the present President. To obtain extensive information, the
Military Attache will organize a network of "residents," on whom he will place
the responsibility of selecting agents. The Military Attache does not come in
direct contact with the agents.
19, III, 1946. [19 March 1946.]
Mi inster of National Defense
Michael Zymiebski, Marshal of Polaid.
[Seal of the Ministry of National Defense]
In 2 copies :
Copy No. 1 — addressee
Copy No. 2 — a /a
Drawn up 13, 3, 46 [13 March 1946]
KS
Mr. Arens. Do you have another instruction there?
General Modelski. Yes; detailed instructions about the Western
Hemisphere on how to carry out spying work and subversive activity.
The Chairman. Let us proceed with the second one.
Mr. Thursz. This is from the Polish Army Chief Command, Gen-
eral Division 2, instructions on the scope and range of activities of the
military attache assigned to the Polish Embassy in Washington.
1The designation "Government of National Unity" was applied to the postwar coalition
government of Poland which was formed around the so-called Lublin government of the
Communists.
10 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
[Translation]
Polish Army, Chief Command, General Staff Division II, No. 0333, 14 March 1946
Secret Copy No. 1
Instruction on the Competence and Scope of the Activities of the Military
Attache at the Polish Embassy in Washington
1. The Military Attache at the Polish Embassy in Washington is under the
Ambassador of Poland in matters of representation and political appearances.
2. The Military Attache directs the over-all activities in the sphere of military
representation in the United States. Through his first deputy, he makes prepara-
tions for establishing contact with Canada, Argentina, and Brazil — where Military
Attaches will be assigned.
3. The Military Attache resolves any difficulties which may hinder direct com-
munications between Attache's offices of specific North and South American
countries and Poland.
4. Through his first deputy, the Military Attache accomplishes the following
tasks :
Controls the work of the Military Attache in Mexico ;
Supplies that office with required materials from the homeland ;
Collects and transmits the correspondence of that office.
5. All diplomatic personnel assigned to North and South America will travel
through Washington when reporting to their posts. The Military Attach^
himself :
Will establish contact with the Military Attache assigned to these missions ;
Through his deputy:
He will give tactical instructions to the respective Attaches, based on expe-
rience gained in the preparatory work done in these countries prior to setting
up the offices of the Attaches ;
He will decide on the method of controlling the work ;
He will decide on the method of correspondence.
6. The Military Attache in Washington will cooperate as closely as possible
with his first deputy, so that in the event of the Military Attache's absence the
latter shall be in a position to replace him.
[Seal of the Minister of National Defense]
Minister of National Defense,
Michael Zymierski, Marshal of Poland.
14, III, 1946 [14 March 1946]
Reproduced in 2 copies :
Copy No. 1-addressee.
Copy No. 2-file.
Drawn up 13, III, 1946 [13 March 1946]
AL
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly translate the third instruction?
The Chairman. Are we going to have access to the originals of
these later on ? Will they be made available to us ?
Mr. Dekom. We will submit translations of the originals.
The Chairman. He might then give a resume, if that is satisfactory
to the committee.
Mr. Thursz. These contain directives for intelligence work and
indicate the basic matters on which information should be given to
the G-2 ; that is, the Polish G-2. It also indicates some of the matters
and procedures to be used in carrying out intelligence work in the
United States. These matters and procedures are stated to be condi-
tional on the internal situation in the country and on the personal
qualifications of the agent.
General Modelski. These instructions asked that a network of spy-
ing and subversive activity be set up all over the United States of
America. That ring consists of secret agents, subservient to so-called
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 11
"residents.1" The latter depend on so-called directors ; that is, persons
directing spy and subversive networks.
It is signed by Komar,2 General of the Army. He was then a
colonel. He is the head of intelligence in Poland; no Pole, he is a
Russian.
[Translation]
Top Secret Copy No. 1
Polish Army, Chief Command, General Staff Division II, No. 0382, 22 March 1946
Instruction (Detailed) fob the Military Attache at the Polish Embassy
in Washington
The (detailed) instruction issued to the Military Attache in the United States
embodies direction for intelligence work and indicates the basic problems upon
which Division II of the General Staff of the Polish Army should be kept in-
formed. Methods and form of activities of the Military Attache will be subject
to the work conditions, internal situation of the country, and the personal pre-
requisites of the informant.
intebnal conditions in the united states
Armed forces of the United States
A. Aviation
1. Total number of aircraft formations and their distribution, combat and
numerical strength of the formations (manpower and equipment) : (a) according
to statute, (b) actual status.
2. Types of planes held in reserve for arming aircraft formations and their
characteristics: (a) construction, (b) combat. Number of planes in the first
and second lines.
3. Potentialities for development of aircraft formations: (a) manpower,
(b) production of aircraft equipment. Quantities and destination of exports of
airplanes.
4. Distribution of base and alternate airfields, their technical equipment and
characteristics.
5. Methods of recruitment of personnel and registration in aviation schools,
the curriculum and period of study.
6. Civilian aviation.
7. New types of planes.
S. Recent technical inventions in the field of aviation, carrier- and land-based
planes in detail, technical data, extent of the application of radar, radio direction
from the ground of pilotless planes either singly or in squadrons.
9. Combat manuals and joint operation between aviation and other branches
of service.
B. Ground troops
1. Infantry: Numerical strength, distribution, organization, combat manuals,
firing power, training status, equipment, morale, and combat status, officers'
corps. The role and significance of the infantry in the armed forces in general.
Is there a tendency to increase this role and the numerical strength of the
infantry, or the opposite, or to maintain status quo?
2. Artillery and armored troops: Organization, distribution, training status,
combat manuals, equipment data (technical, combat, characteristic, etc.). Ex-
tent of production anl applicatioi of '-V-2.3" The role and significance of the
artillery and armored troops in the armed forces as a whole. Is there a tendency
to give greater weight and significance to this branch as compared to others, to
do the opposite, or to maintain status quo?
3. Engineer troops and Signal Corps: Organization, training status, technical
equipment, characteristic of equipment. Is there a tendency to expand or reduce
the role and numbers of these troops in the armed forces in general?
1 Designation used for the heads of district espionage units. Residents are fn direct con-
tact with heads of foreign espionage units of satellite diplomatic missions.
2 General Waclaw Komar, Head of Polish Military Intelligence.
3 The German rockets employed in the latter stages of the war against England.
12 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
4. Medical Service: Organization, new methods of treatment, etc.
C. Na 11/
1. General description of the naval units (surface and subsurface).
2. Tonnage of the fleel for the current year. I/osses sustained during the war.
3. Number of combat units according to categories — displacement, name, and
class of ships.
4. Organization of naval units.
5. Principal naval bases and characteristics.
C. Shipyards — technical equipment, number Of docks, their capacity.
7. Construction plans of new naval units.
D. Chemical units
1. Organization and distribution of chemical units.
2. Types of equipment used and its unannounced combat characteristics.
3. Recent inventions in chemical warfare, their characteristics and influence
on war of the future.
E. Paramilitary training
1. Military training in schools and other institutions. Curriculum, importance
ascribed to military training in the general curriculum of the school.
2. Youth circles and organizations of military character ; age of the members
and membership of said organizations.
F. I'erritorial Army
1. Methods of recruiting according to status, age, length of service.
2. Distribution and identification marks of units.
3. Equipment and level of combat training.
Organization and administration
1. Political organization (state authorities).
2. Chief legislative and executive body.
3. Election law.
4. Administrative division.
5. Number of Members in the Congress (House of Representatives and Senate).
6. Description of duties of the Secretary of State, the Supreme Court, and
Congress.
7. Relation of various population groups of the National Government.
8. Names of the most important representatives in Government service.
9. Political rights of the people.
Internal situation
1. Laws regulating the life of citizens.
2. Reaction of people to the announcements of laws and statutes.
3. Attitude and political views of various population groups.
4. Commerce, monetary system, speculation.
5. Market and commercial prices.
6. Strikes, demonstrations, incidents, and the reaction of the Government to
them.
7. Political parties, form of political contests, influence of political parties on
the people.
Economic condition
1. Natural resources, stockpiles, annual extraction, location of natural re-
sources.
2. Raw materials of military value.
3. Development of various branches of industry and yearly production.
4. Agricultural, arable land, yield, total farm income, distribution of land.
5. Annual budget and its subdivisions.
Industry
1. Principal branches of industry, especially war industry; total production
of various enterprises and branches of industry.
2. Location of industry, especially war industry.
3. Role of public and private capital in the various branches of industry.
4. Status of various firms and associations (trusts, cartels), their productive
capacity, type of production, number of employed workers.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 13
5. Role of foreign capital in industry : Name of firm, size, branches of enter-
prise.
6. Construction of new industrial plants (especially war plants).
7. Technical improvements in industry.
8. Work of engineers, research institutions, and laboratories.
Loans
1. Announcements of national loans : purpose, terms, period, and amount.
2. Method of selling bonds to the public.
3. Reaction of the public to announcements of Government loans.
4. Lotteries, payable in goods or cash.
Level of civilisation, habits, and customs
1. Average ability to read and to write. Educational system : schools, size of
attendance.
2. Publications : political views in literature, music, and films.
3. Standard of living.
4. Social conventions in private life and public places.
5. Creeds, marriage contracts, divorces. Family life and the jurisdiction of
courts in this sphere.
Freedom of movement within the country
1. Regulations and laws governing movements within the country (especially
in the frontier zones).
2. Documents required for traveling within the country and in the event of
traveling abroad.
3. Method of acquiring documents for travel (e. g., tickets) and their prices.
4. Control of railway administration and of shipping lines. Timetables of
passenger trains on the most important lines.
5. Baggage-checking facilities, porters, restaurants, hotels. Customary pro-
cedures.
6. Customary procedure in use of mails, telegraph, telephone, etc.
Regulations governing the sojourn of foreigners
1. Total number of foreigners.
2. Attitude and measures of authorities in relation to foreigners, their political
rights. Occupations engaged in most frequently by foreigners.
3. Relationship of authorities and the public to particular nationalities.
4. Identification documents and those authorizing residence. Method of
obtaining them.
5. Possibilities of assuring living quarters and employment for foreigners.
6. Method of obtaining entrance and exit visas for foreigners.
Possibility of setting up enterprises, stores, workshops, etc.
1. Possibility of and procedures for setting up the above-mentioned businesses
for citizens and foreigners.
Radio subscriptions
1. Conditions for acquiring and using radios.
2. Number of radio subscribers, methods and terms of registration, conditions
for receiving and transmitting on private sets.
3. Number of radio schools, duration of courses, kinds of specialists trained.
Entrance requirements for citizens and foreigners.
Foreign policy
1. Trends in international politics and orientation of individual politicians.
2. International agreements (open and secret) of a political, military, and
economic character.
3. Amount of public interest in foreign policy manifested by specific groups.
4. Influence of and dependence on the foreign policy of other countries (Eng-
land, U. S. S. R., etc.).
5. Colonial policy.
98330 — 50— nt. 1 2
14 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
6. Accreditation of representatives of foreign missions, press, conferences.
7. Credits <>f economic or military significance extended to other nations —
amount, duration, and terms of repayment.
Formation of residencies
In setting up information networks, it is important to observe that they be
composed of separate residencies not connected with one another, and that each
has its own informants. Special attention should be paid to the selection of
residents and to the organization of an apparatus that will be mobile, operational,
and have the possibility of supplying pertinent information in accordance with
the requirements.
The details of organizing information posts should be delegated to the residents.
There should be a minimum number of residencies, and the information network
should not be extended at the expense of the number of informers. Overexten-
sion of the information network may point to its origin, may cause superfluous
immobility, and ultimately facilitate its discovery.
For intelligence work, only people in high places with wide social connections,
in a position to deliver intelligence material, should be engaged.
The selection of a resident should be preceded by a thorough and extensive
investigation of his activities, social standing, political convictions, as well as
the positive and negative traits of his character.
Investigation of the individual may be carried out as follows :
(a) by personal observation in the course of service contacts and in casual
social meetings ;
(b) by study of his reputation and his political activities.
The creation of residencies should be accomplished in relationship with the
prescribed aims and previously established requirements.
One should not engage for intelligence work people whom one meets casually
and does not investigate properly.
Haste in recruiting may lead to unfortunate results. It should be remembered
that successful intelligence work depends on the proper selection of cadres.
Organization of the communication system
1. Within the residencies (outposts) : Communications within the residencies
are maintained only from the top down. Each member of a residency knows only
his immediate superior and the individual with whom he has contacts in his work
(liaison man, administrator of underground local), depending on conditions.
Horizontal communications between various informers or members of residen-
cies are forbidden. The resident directs the work of his post through : personal
instructions, liaison men, post-office box.
Selection of the method of maintaining contacts in each individual case will
depend on the character of the agent and local conditions.
Unless professional or friendship ties exist, frequent contacts between residents
and informants should be avoided.
2. Contacts of the Military Attache with residents: The Military Attache directs
tbe work of the residents by personal contact or through trusted persons. The
other members of the residency should not know their "boss" (Attache).
The Military Attache should avoid frequent meetings with the residents in
public places and on occasions which have nothing to do with the official appear-
ances of the Military Attache. Meetings in places at which the Military Attache"
does not appear on official business should be delegated to trusted persons, after
working out details of the meeting beforehand. Special care must be taken in the
selection of the place for the meeting and in determining the password. The
meeting should be adapted to local conditions. Rash meetings, not carefully pre-
pared, must not be permitted.
Conspiracy of work
The diplomatic passport and conditions surrounding the official presence of
the Military Attache facilitate in part the conduct of the intelligence work and
create a certain "cover" for unofficial intelligence activity. Nevertheless, it should
be remembered that the Attache will find himself under the constant and close
observation of the counterintelligence and of the reactionary circles of the Polish
emigration (former agency of the London Government). For this reason the
Attache" should control his activity in accordance with intelligence instructions.
Persons who are not associated with the intelligence work should have no knowl-
edge of the work, either directly or indirectly.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 15
Special attention should be paid to the recruitment of people for intelligence
service. The final hiring should be delayed ; i. e., until after a thorough exami-
nation of the given individual and trial period, during which he should receive
unrelated assignments, devoid of intelligence significance.
Experience shows that some of our official representatives organized intelli-
gence work carelessly and did not give enough serious thought to the problem
of recruiting, arranging meetings, etc. Disclosures of their activities were made
in the presence of the Embassy staff members who had nothing in common with
our work, and the result of such activity came to the knowledge of unsolicited
persons.
Such a worker becomes compromised and should leave his diplomatic post.
The Attache should therefore approach his activity from the conspirational point
of view, and on this premise must work out his plan of action. He must constantly
supervise and control the activities of those to whom he assigned the execution
of operational tasks. Only constant vigilance in connection with his own activities
and the constant check of his subordinates will enable the Military Attach^
to perform good intelligence work without compromising himself.
[Seal of The Polish Army Chief Staff, Intelligence Department.]
Duplicated in 3 copies :
Copy No. 1 — addressee.
Copy No. 2 — Archives.
Copy No. 3— file.
22, III, 1946 [22 March 1946] I. B. No. 52.
(Signature) W. Komar (Col.).
Mr. Arens. Reference was made in the first instruction to contacts
with the Polish Labor Council, the International Workers Order, and
the American Slav Congress.
General Modelski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Could you in a word tell us about those organizations
in the United States?
General Modelski. I did not approach those organizations at all,
because my job was quite another, about which I shall refer to later
in my statement.
All those organizations mentioned in my instructions as "demo-
cratic" are, of course, Communist organizations. No one supports
Communist organizations abroad without some purpose. Therefore,
I was very much concerned, for instance, with the so-called Kosciusko
League in Detroit, Mich. Being in Detroit late in the spring of 1947
1 decided to call upon Professor Car, one of the prominent leaders of
that organization. I was told that he was not a Communist but com-
pletely loyal to the United States. We talked over the matter openly
and frankly and came to an understanding.
Mr. Car stated that he was anti-Communist and that his main aim
was to help the Polish people, not the Red regime in Poland. And
when I insisted then upon having his organization disaffiliate as a
Communist front, he answered that it would probably not be necessary
because the organization, once very powerful, was then dying away
by itself. Immigrants of Polish descent had abandoned this organiza-
tion en masse and this process was still going on. Furthermore, he
added that the Michigan State Senate was preparing an anti-Com-
munist bill demanding registration of all Communist organizations
as agencies of a foreign power, which would kill the Kosciusko
League.
_ As to the American Slav Congress, it is a pure Communist organiza-
tion and a means by which Russia, under the pretended cover of de-
fending common Slav interests here, wants to get a stronghold for her
propaganda, spying, and undermining aims in this country. There
are no common Slav interests here, as there are none even in Europe.
16 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
I wish that all Slav people in Europe could become united and cherish
the same rights of freedom as Americans of all descent do here. The
American Slav Congress in your country is a Russian tool in perform-
ing Communist tasks here.
As to my knowledge, and I am only speaking about Americans of
Polish extraction, who may be connected with the Communist Amer-
ican Slav Congress, the number — as we saw in Kosciusko League —
must not be considerable, because Americans of Polish descent are, for
the most part, anti-Communist. About Leo Krzycki and Boleslaw
Gebert, as president and member of the American Slav Congress, re-
spectively, I Avill say more later.
Now, 1 would like to call your attention to the book While They
Fought, by Helen Lombard, issued at the end of 1947. There you will
find discussed the close connection between Krzycki and Moscow. Mr.
Krzycki, although an American of Polish descent, did not look for
contact with democratic Poles in exile nor in Poland, but went directly
to Moscow to discuss Polish problems with the Communists. If the
American Slav Congress is not a Communist organization, then may
I ask why only prominent Communists from abroad came here in 1946
to take part in that Slav Congress meeting ? Why and for what reason
did Russia send here prominent members of the NKVD and military
generals to head the "Polish" delegation? (A Russian general and a
prominent international Communist, General Walter Swierczewski.)
Is it likely that they met on cultural problems? They came here to do
their Communist jobs, to undermine your splendid unity, and so on.
Mr. Arens. May I ask you one more question, then ? I observed in
the instruction which was read by the translator a reference to stores
and shops which it was proposed be established here. Would you
kindly address yourself to that subject?
General Modelski. Yes. They are using all means to do their spy-
ing or subversive job.
Mr. Arens. Were these stores and shops to be used as a screen?
General Modelski. Yes, yes.
Mr. Arens. For dissemination or Communist propaganda?
General Modelski. Naturally, yes ; that was the way that they are
using them.
Mr. Arens. And for espionage?
General Modelski. Every means by which they can find cover to do
their underground job.
The Chairman. The instructions came to you to establish stores and
shops ?
General Modelski. To examine the possibilities.
The Chairman. But there is a mention there of establishing stores
and shops.
General Modelski. You are right, Mr. Chairman. They wanted to
build up the whole apparatus under various titles to support subversive
activities and spying work ; to get unsuspected places in which to meet
one another, to get or give further orders for agents, to collect infor-
mation, secret mail and packages, and so on. With such places, easy
contact would be had between agents of Russia and satellite Embassies.
Mr. Arens. I would like to make one other inquiry to clarify the
record on one thing. The instructions refer to the "democratic" par-
ties. By democratic parties, the instructions do not embrace the Dem-
ocratic Party in this country, as such ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 17
'General Modelski. No.
Mr. Dekom. "When they say democratic organizations, they mean
'Communist organizations?
General Modelski. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. When they say reactionary organizations, they mean
American ?
General Modelski. Yes. In Communist language, "democratic"
party means Communist Party. Therefore, they asked me to find all
foes of the President, to unite with them and form a "people's demo-
cratic party" here.
Mr. Arens. I would like to make one comment for the benefit of the
subcommittee, and that is that those groups, the American Polish
Labor Council, International Workers Order, and American Slav
Congress, are among the organizations which the Attorney General of
the United States has listed as Communist and subversive. The list
is already in the record.1
The Chalrmax. All right. General, I think you may proceed with
your statement.
General Modelski. Some of the instructions may appear strange
to you. because they ask for information which is quite public. You
must understand that these instructions were written by Soviet officials
in order to have all secret agents sent here from abroad better informed
and more familiar with all the details of your way of life than perhaps
even your own citizens.
The Chairman. These instructions, you say, were written by the
Russians?
General Modelski. Yes, sir. These instructions were written by
Soviet officers, because the wording is the same as that issued by the
Russians. At the end of this set of special instructions, you will find
some paragraphs that show very clearly that they were written by
Hussians. It reads, for example, "our experience shows that many
blunders were committed by our attaches," although at that time there
were no Polish attaches and, consequently, no such experience. They
were obviously talking about Soviet attaches.
The Chairman. These were then translated into Polish and trans-
mitted through the Polish Government to its personnel?
General Modelski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Why were they interested in so manv details, and in
information which is not secret in the United States?
General Modelski. In Russia, everything is secret, and they believe
that these things are also secret in the United States. Furthermore,
it is important that every agent sent to a foreign counry must know
everything that is happening and be completely familiar with the cus-
toms and your way of life. It is important, for example, for an agent
to purchase any type of transportation ticket, so that he will never
have to ask any questions and, therefore, not have to attract any
attention. They are instructed to ask no details of anyone.
The Chairman. Have you information on the activities of Com-
munist agents in this country?
General Modelski. Yes. The principal spy and subversive agent
with whom I am familiar was my deputy. Colonel Alef. who worked
under the assumed name of Bolkowiak. He is one of the most im-
aAppendix n, p. A7.
18 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
portant Communist agents and an officer of the NKVD, which is the
Russian secret police.
To better understand the job that the Russians and her satellites
are trying to do here, I would like to tell you the philosophy which
guides them. When Colonel Alef came to the United States from
London, he told me that this country is standing on the brink of
collapse ; that it not only has an economic depression, but grave labor
difficulties. He said the labor unions were well prepared for revolu-
tion, and he reported that the Communists had more than 400 organ-
izations here.
Mr. Arens. That is in the United States ?
General Modelski. That is in the United States.
Mr. Arens. May I ask a question right there, General ? When you
referred to the 400 Communist organizations in the United States,
could you give the subcommittee a word as to whether or not these
Communist organizations are local products, or whether or not they
have international connections and are directed from Moscow ?
General Modelski. Yes. In my opinion, the most of them have
international connections even if they are local products. It was
very easy to establish here in your country many international and
so-called democratic establishments during the war. As I remem-
ber, the United States began diplomatic relations with the Russians in
1933. They have had much time to do that, and most of their work
here was done during the war, when they went to war with Hitler, as
your allies. Yes ; they have had many opportunities to build organiza-
tions for "democratic" purposes. Colonel Alef did not tell me exactly
which ones, but he told me that here in your country there are more than
400 undercover organizations of international and local scope, under
various titles.
During the coal strike of John L. Lewis, Colonel Alef said that
this was the beginning of the revolution. I was always forced to con-
tradict Colon 1 1 Alef because I could see with my own eyes that this was
not true.
The Chairman. Which Lewis coal strike was that ?
Mr. Dekom. What year ?
General Modelski. As I remember, it was 1946 and you are still safe.
Only a small group of people here were following the Communists.
I sent that information to Warsaw, referring to that small group as
fifth columnists. I was blamed afterward for that. At that time
Colonel Alef said to me :
There will be a revolution. There will be a revolution. There will be a de-
pression. There will be a depression.
To show you how the Communists operate, I would like to tell you
of one more experience which happened to me before I came to
this country. I was sent to London as head of a military mission
to work out the repatriation of the Polish Army there. I had orders
to reach an agreement to bring back the Polish troops. I was able to
work out such an agreement with the British Government, buf be-
fore it could be signed, I was called back I had with me, as my deputy,
Col. Viktor Grosz, a Communist agent. He had instructions which
were contradictory to mine. He was ordered to try to get the army
to disband and try to incite riots. They did not want these men to
return because they would have been an obstacle to the Communists.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 19
When it became clear that I had worked out an agreement, he tele-
graphed to Warsaw and I was recalled before anything could be
accomplished.
Mr. Arens. Has Col. Viktor Grosz, who was with you on this mis-
sion, ever been in the United States?
General Modelski. Yes ; he was to come to the United Nations.
Mr. Arens. In what capacity?
General Modelski. I don't know, but perhaps he was sent as one
to take part in the Polish delegation for some meeting of the United
Nations.
Mr. Arens. Do you know any other activities of Col. Viktor Grosz,
other than those which you have thus far related, insofar as activities
in the United States are concerned?
General Modelski. In the United States? No. He is in Poland
and is now a general in charge of overseas propaganda.
The Chairman. When did he leave the United States, if you know?
General Modelski. Mr. Chairman, he came here in about 1947,
when he came to take part at the United Nations Assembly.
The Chairman. How long did he remain?
General Modelski. I think for 1 month, perhaps, or longer.
Mr. Dekom. Is it your opinion, on the basis of your knowledge of
his activities, that he was engaged in subversive activities in the
United States?
General Modelski. In my knowledge and opinion, no one from the
Communist block is coming here for pure diplomatic purposes.
Everyone has to have another secret assignment. Communists don't
waste time in their endeavors to kindle up world revolution, even if
they perform their usual formal diplomatic missions or jobs. No one
is permitted to leave from behind the iron curtain to go over to the
United States and return, if he is not a Communist.
The Chairman. If he does not have a Communist mission?
General Modelski. Yes, sir, a Communist mission.
The Chairman. All right. Proceed.
General Modelski. When I came to the United States, I approached
the Army Intelligence Service at once. It wasn't as easy as you think.
I had to overcome many obstacles to get rid of suspicion. I handed
them the instructions which were given to me and gave them all the
evidence which I had. I kept them informed of all that happened in
my office. I told them, for example, that Colonel Alef was going to
Canada, Mexico, Florida, Texas, California, Pittsburgh, Baltimore,
and many other places. I would like to state here that Colonel Alef
was very'much afraid about making contact with the non-Communist
Americans of Polish descent, because they would have nothing to do
with him. That was supposed to be my job.
Colonel Alef was also the chief agent of the Polish Communists
for all the American continent. I believe he was deeply involved with
the rioting at Bogota during the Inter-American Conference. He
went to Mexico 6 or 8 weeks before the event, where his contact man
was a colonel who was disguised as the secretary to Mr. Drohojowski,1
Ambassador in Mexico. His name was Colonel Welker.2
One day after Colonel Alef left his room. I went in and found
some scraps of paper on the floor. I picked them up. It was a letter
1 Tan Drohojowski. Polish Minister to Mexico.
2 Colonel Jozef Welker, First Secretary of the Polish Legation in Mexico.
20 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
from Colonel Welker, his agent in Mexico. He had written to Alef.
I do not remember exactly, but he probably wrote this way :
Don't come to see me this time because I am awaiting instructions from War-
saw about Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba.
From this letter I understood that Colonel "Welker had received
instructions for some sort of activity in Bogota, which is very unusual,
because Poland had nothing to do with the Inter-American Confer-
ence. I believe that they were active in the Communist riots which
occurred there.
Colonel Alef was always telling me about the "stupid FBI" and
the "stupid American Intelligence Service." But one day he con-
fessed to me, "There is something strange. I fear there is someone at
my heels." I said to him, "I don't think so, because you told me that
they were so stupid." Of course, they were able to follow him because
I always informed the American authorities of his movements in
advance.
Mr. Arexs. May I clarify the record at this point ? Is it your testi-
mony that you were informing the American authorities ?
General Modelski. All the while.
Mr. Arexs. Of what was going on ?
General Modelski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arexs. The Army Intelligence?
General Modelski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arexs. Were you yourself ever a Communist ?
General M odelski. What ?
Mr. Arens. Were you yourself ever a Communist or member of the
Communist Party ?
General Modelski. I ?
Mr. Arexs. Yes, sir.
General Modelski. Never. I fought and I fight them.
Mr. Arexs. Would you proceed, please ?
The Chatrmax. You may proceed, General.
General Modelski. Colonel Alef 's specialty was labor unions. Mos-
cow was very much interested in the CIO, and they always asked
questions about them. They wanted to know about the people and
their leanings. I received many requests about this matter. Colonel
Alef was very angry with John L. Lewis, William Green, and David
Dubinsky because they would not go along with the Communists.
Another important iob of Colonel Alef was to infiltrate the Polish
organizations, particularly by means of the American Slav Congress,
which is a Communist organization. It is unfortunate that the presi-
dent of the Slav Congress is of Polish origin. He is Leo KrzyclH.
There is one more thing I want to tell you about Krzycki. When
my wife and I were vistin.tr in New York, we were invited +<~> the home
of the Stanczyk's. I asked Jan Stanczyk1 whether Krzycki is
a Communist. He did not reply directly, but he said :
General, one day I was asked to dinner with Mr. Green of the AFL and with
Mr. Murray from CIO,2 and I desired that Mr. Krzycki, a friend of mme, be
invited to that dinner, too. Both presidents of the \mions answered, "We will
never sit with that Communist at any dinner."
1 .Tan Stanczyk was the Polish delegate to the Lnbor Commission of Hip United Notions.
Hp had ,il*o served as the Minister of Enbor and Social Welfare in the present Polish
Oove'-Tiiiient.
2 William Oreen. president of the American Federation of Labor, and Phil Murray, presi-
dent of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 21
There was another important Communist in the American Slav
Congress, Boleslaw Gebert, who was a leader in the International
Workers Order as well. Gebert has returned to Poland where he is
now a Communist official.
Since I had consistently refused to follow instructions about getting
in contact with the Polish communities here, both Colonel Alef and
the Government kept asking me when I would begin to do this job.
Marshal Zymierski, the minister of war and commander in chief of
the Polish Army, kept writing to me to work among the left wingers
and the Communists. I would like to submit in evidence some of this
correspondence.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Thursz, would you give a resume and then trans-
late the original document in the record, if that meets with the
approval of the committee ?
The Chairman. That is very well.
Mr. Thursz. This is an instruction from the G-2 division of the
Polish Army to the military attache. The text of this is as follows :
Please send the following information concerning the American Navy: (a)
The detailed organization of naval units on the lower levels, (b) detailed organ-
ization of the naval air force, (c) organization and exploitation of underwater
craft, (d) nature and methods of training of naval personnel.
Signed "General of Brigade Komar, chief of the G-2 section of the
Polish Army." This is dated the 24th of March 1947 and is marked
"Secret."
Another "secret" memorandum, dated the 24th of February, 1947,
is as follows :
From the G-2 Division of the Polish Army addressed to the military
attache, General Modelski, the contents of which are as follows :
In connection with the fact that the unification of the armed forces of the
United States of America has been accomplished, please prepare a report on the
organization of the Department of National Defense, the Departments of the
Army and Air Forces and Navy.
Another instruction is dated the 24th of February 1947, addressed
to the military attache, the Embassy, Washington, General Modelski.
The text is as follows :
Top secret. Please send detailed list of your informants showing : First, name
and surname of informer ; second, age ; third, address ; fourth, method of con-
tacting him ; fifth, his previous work ; sixth, remuneration ; seventh, reputation.
After reading this, please destroy.
Signed "General of Brigade Komar, chief of Second Division of
Polish Army, Polish Army General Staff."
Secret document dated the 31st of May :
Evaluation of the material from the period of 1st of February to the 30th of
April 1&47.
It is from the Polish Army Second Division, addressed to General
Modelski.
Almost all material received from you with the exception of German question
based on the press has no informative value. We have until now received no
material on the subjects : Organization of artillery, organization of armed
forces, organization of aviation, the strength of the Army, of the Navy, and of
the Air Force. Study matters. Want evidence on important units : on large
military units, division. Army, and so on: radio, industry, commerce; the
financing of the occupational zone in Germany, capital and its penetration into
22 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Germany, Import-Export Bank, International Fund; military, industrial, air
communication and transport; the working out of these important data. Please
consider this as very urgent, as the first duty of attach6's office.
Signed, "Komar, General of Brigade, Second Division of the Polish
General Staff."
The Chairman. Were these instructions transmitted to you ?
General Modelski. Yes.
Mr. Thurz. This is a letter of instructions of January 2, 1947, con-
cerning the evaluation of the military attache's reports during the
months of October, November, and December, 1946, expressing dis-
satisfaction in the reporting of the military attache, and stating, con-
cerning the evaluation of the position of President Truman as the
leader who has behind him the entire American population, that —
It seems to us, also, that the evaluation of the position of President Truman
as a providential leader who has behind him the entire American population is,
according to our opinion, false. It seems to us, also, that Truman did not gain
in authority after the speeches of Mr. Wallace, but, on the contrary, lost a lot of
his prestige. The role of the trade-unions is mistakenly interpreted, and the
name of fifth column does not withstand criticism.
The statement that the activity of the labor unions meets with decided reac-
tion of "a healthy society" brings up the question as to what part of society you
consider healthy.
The Chairman. Who was that from? Who signed that?
General Modelski. That one is signed by General Komar, the head
of G-2, a Russian officer.
Mr. Arens. I wonder if the general could give in his own language,
now, a resume of the others. Apparently they have a great number
of those there, forty-some-odd documents. I wonder if the general
could give a word summary to the committee of the. contents of the
other instructions.
General Modelski. There are many instructions here. There is
much correspondence which contains new instructions to me, too.
There are 48 altogether, instructions and orders, or evaluation of my
activity here.
Mr. Arens. Would it be practicable, General, and Mr. Thursz, if
the translator would translate the contents of those documents and
submit the translations to the subcommittee for inclusion in the
record ?
General Modelski. Yes. I think that the better way would be if I
submit to your subcommittee the whole for translation. I am ready
to help, because there are some military terms not to be understood
even by an American of Polish descent.
The Chairman. I think that is a good course to pursue. You are
submitting them to us in the original language ?
General Modelski. Yes.
The Chairman. We will have them officially translated. As they
are translated they will go in the record in their order.1
You might go ahead there, General.
General Modelski. As you can see from this and the other evidence
which I have, the Polish Embassy here in Washington is the center
of a spying apparatus and subversive activities directed against the
United States.
The Chairman. These were orders received by you ?
1 Translations of the documents submitted by General Modelski will be found in
appendix III, p. All.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 23
General Modelski. Directly from Warsaw.
The Chairman. While you' were in the Polish Embassy ?
General Modelski. Wliile I was an attache to the Polish Embassy
here.
Mr. Arens. When you say it was the center, you are not precluding
the possibility of other centers in other embassies.
General Modelski. Oh, no ; because there are more than one branch
working against the United States. There are as many as there are
iron curtain embassies, consulates, and so on. They work together
here at top levels.
The Chairman. Would it be fair to say from your knowledge, your
intimate knowledge of the whole affair, that the Embassy of each of
the so-called satellite countries is also a nerve center of Communist
activity?
General Modelski. Yes.
The Chairman. For the dissemination of Communist doctrine from
Moscow ?
General Modelski. Yes, sir, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Very well, proceed.
General Modelski. In 1948 Warsaw sent a telegram to establish in
the Western Hemisphere a radio transmitting and receiving station.
Colonel Alef was ordered to go throughout the country and obtain
information on American production, particularly military produc-
tion. However, before Colonel Alef was able to accomplish his task
I wrote to Warsaw and demanded that he be recalled because I could
not work with him. He was extremely shocked when the orders came
for him to go back in March 1948.
The Chairman. Why could you not work with him ?
General Modelski. First, I wanted the United States to be rid of
a dangerous Communist agent; second, it was impossible to work
with him as a man, as a human being. He pressed me always to do
my assignments, and Warsaw ordered me to submit my reports to and
get my orders from him. I refused to do that. I wrote, "Either he
will be recalled or I, because I am the chief here, and I am responsible
for all that is happening here." Colonel Alef should have submitted
his reports to me, which had never happened up to that time.
One day my second deputy, Major Olkiewicz x received instructions
to go to Canada without me. He was to follow through on the in-
struction to set up the secret radio station.
The Chairman. What was the date of that ?
General Modelski. It was about March of 1948. It was decided by
that time that Canada would be a better place than the United States
or South America. Although the second deputy had already received
a visa to Canada, he did not leave. After he made many excuses,
I kept prodding him, and one day I told him : "Major Olkiewicz, go
to Canada. You have your orders." But he replied : "General, there
is such a terrible situation in the United States. We are being trailed
everywhere by the FBI. I am afraid to go there. I have diplomatic
immunity in the United States but not there in Canada. I am afraid
of being arrested there."
Mr. Arens. Just what did you interpret his comment to mean when
he said he has diplomatic immunity in the United States but not in
Canada?
1 Major Alfons Olkiewicz, Assistant Military and Air Attache of Poland in Washington.
24 C01MMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
General Modelski. Because he only has immunity here. He has no
diplomatic immunity in the other country. Therefore, he was afraid
to <ro there, to be arrested there perhaps.
Mr. Di.kom. In other words, he would not dare do the things he
was doing except behind the screen of diplomatic immunity.
Genera] Modelski. Yes.
I knew, however, that the Russians would not give up that easily
and that they would take care of the situation in another way. One
day, I came to my office and I saw there a man who was a code clerk.
He had returned to Poland and was now back here as a specialist.
"When I saw him, I wondered what he was doing back here from
Warsaw. He answered, "I came here to see Major Olkiewicz."
The Chairman. Who was this man that you saw here in Washing-
ton again ?
General Modelski. That was a former code clerk at the Polish
Embassy here. He came here to see my second deputy, Major Olkie-
wicz. The major remained here after I left the Embassy. Since
my first deputy, Colonel Alef, had been recalled at my demand, Major
Olkiewicz became acting military attache in my place. He is now
awaiting the arrival of a man to replace me. The new military attache
is a pure and prominent Communist, with the assumed name of
Torunczyk.1 He has been indoctrinated in Moscow for many years. I
was told that Moscow had bestowed upon him the highest Communist
medal, the Order of Lenin.
The Chairman. What was his real name ?
General Modelski. I don't know. He changed his name before the
war. He was a Communist before the war, too. He was arrested
many times in Poland.
Mr. Dekom. Is it in your testimony that after Colonel Alef left,
Major Olkiewicz assumed his job as espionage and subversive agent?
General Modelski. Yes; it must be so, because spying never dies.
The Chairman. All right, proceed.
General Modelski. That man who came from Warsaw as a special-
ist, accosted suddenly by me in my office, confessed to me, "I have
been in Canada to inspect the job of the Polish code clerk there." It
is my opinion that he was sent to Canada with special diplomatic im-
munity to accomplish the job in connection with the secret radio station
there.
Communist activity was not confined to the United States. They
had one branch in Canada and one in Mexico. I have already dis-
cussed with you the activities of Colonel Welker in Mexico. Colonel
Alef visited Canada many times, and at one time he traveled in his
own car to meet someone there.
The Slav Congress is one of the centers of activity in this country
and I would, therefore, like to tell you about the so-called Panslav
movement. This movement is like the Pan-German movement. It is
one of the means which Russia uses for her imperialistic purposes.
Panslavism was used before World War I by the czars and is used
now by the Communists. Panslavism was opposed by the Polish
people while they were in bondage to the czars, and it is opposed by
the people today when we are in bondage to the Communists.
'Henryk Torunczyk.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 25
Colonel Alef was always telling me that there is no United States.
It will all be destroyed. They hope to use the various nationalities
here, particularly the Slavs, to bring about this destruction. He be-
lieved that there was no unity here, and said to me once, "It is a fairly
easy job to undermine United States production. There will be a revo-
lution.'' They expect to break up the United States into small groups ;
they propose to establish a Negro nation, a Polish nation, a Yugoslav
nation, a German nation, and so forth.
Mr. Arens. Is the American Slav Congress listed by the Attorney
General as a subversive organization?
General Modelski. I know that the Attorney General listed it as a
Communist organization.
Mr. Arens. Do you know how many members there are of the Amer-
ican Slav Congress?
General Modelski. I am unable to estimate it, but in my opinion
there is only a small number who are of Polish descent.
This is part of the means by which they are preparing a revolu-
tion, preparing for strikes, riots, arid other ways in which to destroy
American war production. They are preparing to steal secret weapons
and armaments, and if the economic situation will permit, there will
be war. One day in May 1947 Soviet Admiral Glinkov 1, who came
as a new naval attache here told me that the Russians will decide when
war should come with the United States.
The same opinion was expressed by many other prominent Com-
munists. Russia was convinced that the United States was on the
brink of an economic depression, an internal political split, facing
labor union movements against the Government and so forth. Directly
or indirectly, in my reports I strongly opposed these false opinions,
and very early in 1947 I predicted the victory of Mr. Truman, and I
predicted the complete defeat of Communists in peace or war. I
warned the Reds that to count on America's disunity and weakness was
merely wishful thinking. Especially, I stressed that Americans of
Polish descent were true and loyal citizens and would give their whole
support to the United States in its defense. Red Warsaw didn't agree
with me and demanded that my reports be approved by Colonel Alef.
In 1946, the Polish Government sent a General Swierczewski as the
chief delegate to the American Slav Congress in New York. He was
a very prominent Communist and Under Secretary of War in the
Communist government. Before that, he was a commander of the
International Brigade in Spain. Warsaw wanted to use him for its
activity here, but they hoped to find a means to make his visit here
seem for an entirely different purpose. They told me that I should ask
the United States Army to invite General Swierczewski to West Point
so that he could present West Point cadets with a banner in honor of
General Kosciuszko. I told the United States Army about this and
suggested that they refuse. They agreed with me and refused. So,
the general had to come here without any invitation.
When he came here, he read all my reports and accused me of being
under the influence of the "Pentagon clique" and "Wall Street," and
that I did not understand the situation in the United States, nor what
was happening among the masses of the people. Then, I answered
1 Rear Adm. Evgeni Georgievich Glinkov, naval attache^ Soviet Embassy, Washing-
ton, D. C.
26 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
that I had written realistically about America and told him, "I warn
you that you do not properly evaluate the power of the United States."
I told him that although America does not want war, she is not afraid
to fight if war should come.
While General Swierczewski was here, Mr. Litauer,1 who was
charge d'affaires in the absence of the Ambassador, called the Polish
consuls from throughout the entire country for a conference. The
general told ma that I was to go all over the country and visit Polish
communities with him and speak with them. I told him that I would
not go, because I was a general who was sent here for military pur-
poses and not for political purposes. And, I told him that it was not
proper for a military attache to do a political job. He immediately
stopped the conversation and asked me to see him later in his office.
When I did see him, he handed me a letter from Marshal Zymierski,
wdio was Minister of War. The letter instructed me to comply with
all the orders of General Swierczewski. I handed him back the letter
and told him I could not comply with that. I informed Military
Intelligence, and, through the State Department, he was refused per-
mission to engage in any activities here unless he registered as the
agent of a foreign power. This he refused to do, and made some
visits privately rather than in his official capacity.
I would like to tell you now about couriers who are sent here with
diplomatic immunity from Warsaw. One of these men was a man by
the name of Winter,2 who sometimes handed me an unimportant note,
but generally brought things to Colonel Alef . He had some relatives
here in the United States. He stayed here for several months, and
then he disappeared and nobody knew where he was. Therefore, it is
obvious that beside his courier job, he was doing something else. He
would come to the United States, stay here for a long time, and then
go to Mexico, Canada, or other places.
I remember one thing when Mr. Winter disappeared. I went, as I
had many times previously, into Colonel Alef's office, and I found a
letter there on which there was no postage stamp. I looked at it and
found it was addressed to someone here in Washintgon. Another
time Winter told me, when I asked him where he was going, that he was
leaving for Chicago to stay with his mother. But nobody could find
him in Chicago. When couriers for the United States are screened
in Warsaw they are very anxious to use those who have friends or rela-
tives in this country, because they are able to get around more easily
and have better excuses for visiting cities than those without relatives.
I would now like to tell you something about Ambassador Winie-
wicz.3 He is a very cunning man. He is very clever. He knows
which way to turn, when to approach someone or to make a contact.
I think his wife is also important, and I was told that she is a mem-
ber of the NKVD, which is, of course, the secret police.
Mr. Dekom. That is the secret police of Russia?
General Modelski. It is the same as Polish. They are conducted by
Russian officers. It is the same line.
Winiewicz is extremely shrewd. He uses cultural parties in order
to make contact with officials and other persons. He arranges artistic
and musical events behind which he operates. I would like to cite an
1 Stefan Litauer, minister plenipotentiary.
2 Leon Winter, diplomatic courier (now a UN official).
8 Josef Winiewicz.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 27
instance which might be of interest to the committee. I once asked
the Ambassador if he thought there would be a war. He said to me,
"General, I assure you that there will be no war, because I have spoken
to many influential people, and that is their opinion."
He referred particularly to a man who was to have dinner with
Secretary Royall 1 of the Army, and said this unnamed man would be
in a position to prevent Avar. I do not know who this man was, but it
would seem to me from this information that the Ambassador is trying
to force himself into circles with important people. Ambassador
Winiewicz tried to make contact with the American Poles in Detroit,
and he asked Bishop Woznicki 2 for an interview. The bishop, who
was active for relief of Poland, said that he would receive him. But
that was not enough for the Ambassador ; he wanted to meet other peo-
ple and expected the bishop to acquaint him with them. This the
bishop refused to do.
The Chairman. What bishop is this ?
General Modelski. The Catholic bishop in Detroit, I know him
very well.
Winiewicz was, however, able to make close contact with the Amer-
ican Slav Congress. And I have a particular incident to illustrate
this. One clay he ordered a great celebration held in the Embassy in
honor of Boleslaw Gebert. Gebert was to be awarded the order of
Polonia Restituta, second class. That is a very high rank. In address-
ing Gebert, during the awarding of the decoration, the Ambassador
said, among other things, the following :
My dear Boleslaw, you have delivered a great service to Poland. You have
given us very important information of highest significance. Today, there exists
the new Poland, for which you dreamed all your life. You have helped us with
the very important information which you have given us.
From this you can see that Gebert was an important agent for the
Embassy here. The Ambassador expressed the greatest gratitude for
the job which Gebert had done.
Mr. Arens. Would you give the subcommittee your opinion on the
bill under consideration.
In my opinion, because I have become familiar with Communist
tactics, the bill which Senator McCarran has introduced is a good
one. It will place a great obstacle in the entry of alien Communists to
America, and it will make the activity of the Communists more diffi-
cult. It will also discourage many people from contact with the Com-
munists if they expect to be deported. I consider your bill, although
I am for more drastic rules, to be one of the best ways to stop them.
In this connection, I would like to give you a specific example. It is
concerning Ignacy Zlotowski. During World War II, he was in
France with Joliot-Curie, the head of the French Atomic Commission
and a prominent member of the French Communist Party. After the
collapse of France, Zlotowski came to the United States to become a
professor. He worked here as a scientist for 4 years. Zlotowski was
a prominent Communist, and I have heard that he was a great scientist.
In 1946, Zlotowski returned to Poland, after teaching at four univer-
sities. He subsequently returned to the United States as Polish repre-
sentative in the United Nations and as deputy to the Polish Ambassa-
1 Kenneth C. Royall.
2 Most Rev. Stephen Woznicki, D. D., Auxiliary Bishop of the Detroit Archdiocese.
28 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
dor, first Dr. Oskar Lange, and then Winiewicz. He returned again
about 1948 to Poland. It was the job of Zlotowski, whose real name
was either Goldberg or Goldman, to do espionage in the atom bomb
field, because he was a physical scientist and specialist in this field.
My instructions never contained any reference to atomic questions,
because I am not a scientist and would not know anything about it.
But Zlotowski was the man who handled this phase of the operation.
One of the ways I found out about his activity here was this. There
was a man in the embassy whose name was rather similar to Zlotowski,
and I told him that the United States intelligence agencies were going
to investigate his activities as a Communist. He was greatly disturbed
and told me, UI am not the man, it is Zlotowski who is over here doing
a job."
Soviet Russia and the satellites send here many trade missions which
have freedom of movement around the country. This is another way
for agents to get in, and I think that this bill would stop them.
I would like now to tell you just a word about the reasons for my
action. I came to this country in the hope that I could expose the
activities of Colonel Alef and his espionage work. When this work
was thoroughly done, and when I could no longer refuse their insistent
demands that I return to Poland, I resigned. Gentlemen, I fought
against the Communist armies that invaded my country in 1920 ; I am
determined to fight against them today.
Mr. Dekom. Are you familiar with the newspaper Glos Ludowy ?
General Modelski. Yes. That is a communist newspaper.
Mr. Dekom. That is published in Detroit ; is it not ?
General Modelski. In Detroit, yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you describe the nature of the American Slav
Congress here; is it a Communist organization?
General Modelski. Oh, I am sure of that ; for what other reason do
they send here only Communists — a Russian general so-called Polish
general, Swierczewski, and so on — to speak with those people if they
were not Communists ? Why do they ask me to meet with this organi-
zation to do a Communist job?
Mr. Dekom. Would you consider it a fifth-column organization in
this country %
General Modelski. Yes; I would. I even wrote to Warsaw that
some people working among your labor unions are a fifth column.
Mr. Arens. Nothing further of this witness, Mr. Chairman. Thank
you very much, General.
The Chairman. Thank you, General. You will be excused from
subpena.
(Thereupon, at 3 : 15 p. m., the subcommittee proceeded to executive
session.)
Supplemental Statement of General Izydob Modelski
In order to better understand the way in which Russia moves in espionage
activities in the United States, you must know that the work is controlled by
Marshal Beria * in Moscow, the head of the secret police. As Security Minister
of the Soviet Union, he is the dictator of the so-called security activities in
Russia, in the satellite countries and abroad. His men are stationed in the
Communist-controlled countries, including Poland. His representative is a Rus-
sian general, probably General Malinov, who receives instructions from Moscow
1 Marshal L. P. Beria, member, Soviet Politburo, head of Soviet secret police.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 29
and transmits them to the other Russian officers who are in charge of the Polish
secret police. The Soviet Military Intelligence is headed by General Komar, a
Russian general masquerading behind a Polish uniform.
The hub of all Communist espionage is in Russia ; the other espionage units are
merely the spokes. When Colonel Alef arrived in Washington to serve in the
Polish Embassy, he, as well as the other officers attached to my staff in the
Embassy, were frequent visitors at the Soviet Embassy and were also in con-
tact with the military attaches of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
All diplomatic mail must be sent by one channel or another to Moscow. The
complete dependence of the satellite secret police and espionage systems on
Soviet Russia is illustrated by the following experience which I had : One day
in 1948, I told the Polish Ambassador, Joseph Winiewicz, that I had had enough
of the reproaches which were sent to me by the Communists in Warsaw, and
that I had decided to send strong protests to them in code about their attitude
toward me. The Ambassador then urged me not to do that. He confessed, "All
your reports have to be submitted to Lebedev,1 the Russian Ambassador in War-
saw, just as I am required to submit important matters to Ambassador Panyush-
kin L in Washington, to have him agree upon them."
Another example of the contacts between the satellites and Russia came to my
attention at the beginning of 1947. Colonel Alef came to my ofhVe one day greatly
disturbed, and asked that Major Olkiewicz and, especially, Major Kierys,3 be
instructed not to go directly to the Soviet Embassy because the FBI was trailing
everybody going there. He informed them, "'The best place to meet Russians is
at the Czech and, even better, at the Yugoslav embassy." I know that most of
these meetings were held at the Yugoslav Embassy. Meetings later on took
place among Russian. Czech, and Yugoslav officials in my own office. These were
attended by Colonel Alef and Major Olkiewh z.
While the meeting of the American Slav Congress was being held in New
York in 1946, there was a meeting held of the International Congress of Women,
which is a Communist-front organization. Among the delegates sent by the
Communist government of Poland was Mrs. Malinowska, the mother of Colonel
Alef's wife. (Malinowska is not her real name.) She came here on a diplo-
matic visa and stayed in the United States until March 194S, when Colonel Alef
departed with his family for Poland. During her stay she was actively engaged
in activities among Jewish-American organizations, a task which had also been
assigned to Colonel Alef.
After my arrival in Washington, Colonel Alef, who had come here earlier,
introduced' me to members of the Soviet Embassy during a party held on the
anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. At my request, he introduced me to
Soviet Ambassador Xovikov.4 Afterward he took me aside and told me very
confidentially that the most important man at the Embassy is not the Ambassador
but the First Secretary, who is chief of the Soviet secret police in the United
States.
In my testimony before the committee, I mentioned my discussion with Soviet
Admiral Glinkov. I would like to amplify further on my discussion with him.
He said to me that the Soviet Union has no intention of capitulating to the de-
mands of a "capitalist world." He expressed his confidence that the world is on
the threshold of significant changes, and he outlined the steps which, in his opin-
ion, would lead to an entirely new world for which the "Soviet Union has opened
the door." He added, "The Soviet Union is determined not only to defend
what she has gained thus far, but is equally determined to continue expansion
of its domain." He continued, "The progress of world revolution may take a
long time, but is nevertheless inevitable, and the new world can arise only out
of the ruins of capitalism."
EXECUTIVE SESSION
The subcommittee met in executive session at 3 : 15 p. m., in the
District Committee room, the Capitol, Senator Pat McCarran (chair-
man) presiding.
Present: Senator McCarran (chairman).
1 Viktor Lebedev.
Alexander S. Panvushkin. Soviet Ambassador to the United States.
3 Major Edward Kierys, liaison officer, Office of the Military Attache, Polish Embassy,
Washington, D. C.
4 Nikolai V. Novikov, former Soviet Ambassador to the United States.
98330—50 — pt. 1 3
30 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Also present : Richard Arens, staff director of the special subcom-
mittee; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank \X. Schroeder, professional staff
members.
The Chairman. Who is your next witness?
Mr. Arens. The next witness will be Mrs. Ruth Fischer.1 Will you
remain standing while you are sworn as a witness.
TESTIMONY OF MRS. RUTH FISCHER, NEW YORK, N. Y.
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you
are about to give before the committee of the Senate will be the truth
the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mrs. Fischer. I do.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly identify yourself?
Mrs. Fischer. My name is Ruth Fischer. I am a writer living in
New York.
The Chairman. How long have you lived in New York City i
Mrs. Fischer. Since 1941.
The Chairman. Of what country are you a native?
Mrs. Fischer. I am a native of Germany.
The Chairman. How long have you been in this country ?
Mrs. Fischer. Since April 1941.
The Chairman. Are you a citizen of this country?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes.
The Chairman. Are you married or single ?
Mrs. Fischer. I am a widow.
The Chairman. What is your line of business at the present time,
if any?
Mrs. Fischer. I have written a large study, Stalin and German
Communism, published by the Harvard University Press, and I am
working under the auspices of Widener Library of Harvard Univer-
sity on a second study on European communism.
The Chairman. Have you ever been to Moscow ?
Mrs. Fischer. I have been in Moscow 14 times.
The Chairman. Were you ever indoctrinated or trained in Moscow ?
Mrs. Fischer. I was a German Communist, and an Austrian Com-
munist from the very beginning.
The Chairman. When did you become a Communist ?
Mrs. Fischer. In 1917.
The Chairman. As a Communist, were you taken to or did you go
to Moscow ?
Mrs. Fischer. I was a member of the central committee of the
German Communist Party and general secretary of the Communist
organization of Berlin, and I went there as an elected delegate of
my Communist organization to represent this organization at Com-
intern meetings.
The Chairman. What year was that, what date ?
Mrs. Fischer. Between 1922 and 192G.
The Chairman. You were an accredited delegate from the Com-
munist Party in Germany to the meeting, the Comintern at Moscow?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes; and I was elected delegate to the Fourth and
Fifth Congress of the Communist International in Moscow, in 1922
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 31
and 1924. In this capacity, I was elected to the executive committee
of the Communist International and to its presidium, in which func-
tion I served until I was expelled from the Communist Party.
The Chairman. On your many visits to Moscow, what was done in
the way of training you or indoctrinating you in communism ?
Mrs. Fischer. In these years I was personally not easy to in-
doctrinate because I was an oppositionist Communist, so what was done
with me personally was cooperation in the style of the first 10 years
of the Russian Revolution, consultations with the leading Russian
Communists. I saw Stalin quite a number of times in the closed
sessions of the Comintern. I had the privilege of meeting Lenin
in 1922, and I met Trotsky and all of the big leaders of the first gen-
eration during the formative years of the Comintern. As I stayed
there for 10 months in one stretch, I had, of course, ample opportunity
to get some inside knowledge as a leading Communist about the
various techniques of Communist organization.
The Chairman. Madam, you realize that you are under oath now ?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes; I realize that.
The Chairman. You fully realize the nature of an oath?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes.
The Chairman. When did you first come to the United States ?
Mrs. Fischer. I came to the United States in April 1941.
The Chairman. Why did you come to the United States?
Mrs. Fischer. Because I was persecuted by both the secret police
of Russia and Germany, by the GPU and by the Gestapo. I had been
a member of the German Reichstag from 1924 to 1928 and was put on
the first list of people to be exterminated by the Nazi Government in
August 1933. In addition, I was on the extermination list of the
NKVD or the GPU. I was in danger of my life and could only save
niy life by getting out of Europe. I was in constant opposition to
both totalitarian groups, against Stalin's and Hitler's.
The Chairman. When did you take that turn of mind of being
against Stalin?
Mrs. Fischer. In 1926.
The Chairman. Where were you living then ?
Mrs. Fischer. I was living partially in Moscow, until June of 1926,
when I managed to escape back to Germany.
The Chairman. Of what nationality, of what blood, are you?
Mrs. Fischer. I am of German origin.
The Chairman. Was there anything about your nationality, your
religion, or your blood that caused you to be apprehensive of your
safety in Germany.
Mrs. Fischer. I was a leading German Communist, and known all
over the country, so, for mere political reasons of the old times and
about my opposition against the Nazi Government, it was obvious
that I was not in safety. In evidence, in addition, my apartment was
raided by the SS and my young son was taken as a hostage, and the
Gauleitung of Berlin was looking for me all over the place. So, the
evidence was that I was not quite safe in Berlin at this time.
The Chairman. Are you any relation to Gerhart or Hanns Eisler?
Mrs. Fischer. They are my brothers.
32 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. Very well. You may proceed. Do you have a pre-
pared statement?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes. I have entitled my statement, "Communist
Agents and United States Immigration Policy."
The United States has been a subject of major interest of the Russian
Communist Party for decades. The economic achievements of this
country and also, to a large extent, the social achievements have been
the envy of Russian Communists. As a result, the information serv-
ices concentrated a good deal of their attention here, particularly on
industry and technology. After Hitler came to power in the period
preceding the Second World War, this surveillance was heightened.
Any evaluation of the techniques of the Russian secret services in this
country, therefore, must be based on the fact that for at least 20 years
the Russian Communist Party has had an uninterrupted chain of
agents here. As one of his principal jobs, each agent sent back in-
formation that would improve the training of his successors; and, in-
creasingly, the more important agents have been good American types
who could fit anywhere in this society.
Despite the rather small membership of the American Communist
Party, because of its strategic position it has always been regarded as
high in the Comintern hierarchy. Not only is the United States of
prime importance in itself, but this is an excellent coordinating point
for work in Latin America and the colonies. For example, the Ameri-
can Communist Party was given the specific task — which it carried
out very well — of spreading propaganda on the "agrarian reformist"
character of the Chinese Communists.
To an even higher degree than elsewhere, the personnel of the vari-
ous Soviet delegations, Embassy, consulates, Amtorg,1 Tass,2 etc., in
this country have been composed in part of Soviet intelligence agents.
Hidden in each of these bureaus, ostensibly performing some routine
function, are MVD men whose real job is to report on various phases
of American society to Moscow headquarters. Recently, this corps
has been reinforced by the UN delegations of Russia and her satellites.
A small group of these MVD agents, say three to five men, directs the
work of the whole network in this part of the world ; it filters the in-
formation that comes in and, making use of the diplomatic pouches,
passes on what is new and useful to Moscow.
The enormous growth of Communist parties abroad, plus the large
number and variety of Communist fronts in this country, has made
possible a system by which agents chosen for their suitability and ease
of cover can be sent in through any one of several channels. For
really dangerous and important jobs, such as sabotage in war time,
the Moscow agent is the antithesis of the popular conception of the
Communist. He is selected from among British or Swedish or Cana-
dian— if not native-born Americans — and he is carefully insulated
from open contact with the party or any of its front organizations.
His job is to get into a strategic place and wait until he is needed.
Security measures against Communists can be effective only if they
are based on a thorough knowledge, continuously renewed, of the
principles of Communist organization and the details of Communist
history. In contrast to Soviet methods, by which a detailed record is
1 Russian Trading Corporation, incorporated under the laws of the State of New York.
* Official Soviet news agency.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 33
kept over the years of all persons — not to say organizations and par-
ties— of importance to the regime, the immigration officers of the
United States are in general reduced to judging each case on its ap-
parent merits, based on hearsay evidence collected only in this country
at the moment it is needed. Over a period of several weeks, the same
officer is called upon to pass on the applications of a Frenchman, a
Chinese student, an Italian, a Czech. He does not, and he cannot,
know the languages of all these people, or anything of their culture,
or specifically anything of the Communist parties and their fronts in
the countries involved,; and there is no central advisory committee
of experts to which he can apply for information. In general, so far
as I know, there is not even the practice of allowing the officers to
specialize in applicants from one country, so that in the course of
their work they might pick up at least a rudimentary familiarity with
the facts they are called upon to judge.
The result of this system has been that during the past decades, some
thousands of persons, many of them well known as Communists to in-
formed persons in their native countries, have been freely admitted to
the United States, honored, given fat jobs, and freely allowed to de-
part when they were finished with their assignments. On the other
hand, some hundreds of others, ex-Communists or non-Communist
Socialists, have been banned from admittance even though an Ameri-
can officer competent to judge on their cases would have passed them.
In my view, the immigration law should have two aspects : every effort
should be made to keep out — and if they slip in, to deport — the actual
agents of a foreign power, or those closely and knowingly associated
with them over a period ; contrariwise, ex-Communists and their like,
once they have demonstrated fully that they have broken completely
and definitely, should be given the possibility of entering this coun-
try. I say this not for sentimental reasons, or because the lives of
these people may be in danger, or for any other reason connected only
with them, but because in my view the United States needs such people
badly. No matter what happens in the world, it is certain that a
sound American policy must be based on an accurate and detailed
knowledge of Communist parties and organizations, and on friendly
cooperation with those who have learned from their personal experi-
ence that Stalinism is the most reactionary power in the world and
want to fight it. To summarize :
(1) The United States is a prime point of interest for Soviet Rus-
sia, and many of the best Moscow agents are concentrated here.
(2) A change of procedure is certainly required to make it more
difficult for agents to get into this country, but a mere change of pro-
cedure cannot of itself work wonders; it has to be supplemented by
an organized means of furnishing the immigration officers with accur-
ate, detailed information on the Communist movement all over the
world.
(3) In my view, the optimum immigration policy should be flexible
enough to make allowance for innocent dupes of Communist fronts,
and particularly for ex-Communists and anti-Communist Socialists.
The Chairman. Can you cite specific cases ?
Mrs. Fischer. Hermann Budzislawski, never a member of the Com-
munist Party but a useful instrument of the Moscow apparatus, left
Germany in 1933 and went to Prague. There the organ of the Ger-
34 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
man pacifist Carl von Ossietzski, Die Weltbiihne, was published by
his widow and Mrs. Jacobsohn, and edited by Willi Schlamm, an anti-
Stalinist. Behind the scenes, Moscow agents arranged for the pur-
chase of the magazine and installed Budzislawski as editor. From
1934 to 1938 he wrote pro-Soviet editorials. In 1938, he fled to Paris,
and became one of the urgent cases to be admitted to this country.
Here he became the research assistant of Dorothy Thompson and
helped organize a Communist front, the Council for a Democratic Ger-
many, through which Gerhart Eisler dictated the Communist Party
line on Germany. Budzislawski is now back in Germany, a professor
of sociology at the University of Leipzig. Gerhart Eisler was also
named a professor at Leipzig and is there now. If I go to Europe,
I will have to explain again that Eisler was not in the cellars of the
American Gestapo in chains and half starved, because people really
believe this type of Communist propaganda. In the very first issue
of my periodica], The Network, January 1944, I mentioned Budzis-
lawski as one of the Soviet agents in New York, and several issues
later I gave a full account of his background. Several weeks ago,
Dorothy Thompson wrote an article in the Saturday Evening Post
telling how she had been duped by Budzislawski, and in the December
7, 1948, issue of Die Welbiihne, Budzislawski wrote an article entitled,
"I Was America's Best Known Woman." He almost got American
citizenship ; he was in the last phase ; he had his second papers, and
I think they filled all requirements.
Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier, general secretary of the Women's
International Democratic Federation, 37 rue Jouvenet, Paris, JASmin
85-05, has been granted a visa to attend the constitutional conven-
tion of the Congress of American Women as WIDF representative.
The WIDF, which claims to have 53 national affiliates and 80,000,000
members, is the principal Stalinist front in the women's field. Its
officers, apart from Vaillant-Couturier, include Mme. Eugenie Cotton,
a member of every Stalinist front since the thirties ; Mme. Irene Joliot-
Curie; Jeanette Vermeersch, the wife of Maurice Thorez, secretary of
the French Communist Party; Madeline Brown, a long-time Com-
munist journalist. In the United States the WIDF has links to not
only its affiliate, the Congress of American Women, but the Progres-
sive Youth of America — formerly American Youth for Democracy,
and before that, Young Communist League. Among its other national
affiliates are the Union of Democratic German Women, headed by
Louise Dornemann ; the Norwegian Federation of Democratic Women,
headed by Mimi Sverdrup Lunden, who is now in the United States.
Its propaganda everywhere has been an echo of the Moscow line
against the Marshall plan, against the Atlantic Pact, for peace on
Soviet terms, and so forth. In spite of this very clear and open
record, Trygve Lie has granted the WIDF a B status, meaning that
it is a consultative organization in the UN ; and Mme. Vaillant-Cou-
turier is in this country, having just attended the convention of its
American Communist affiliate in New York.
I have a few other cases. I would like to report on them only if
one of the gentlemen would like to ask about them.
Mr. Arens. Would you summarize the cases that you have in mind,
then?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 35
Mrs. Fischer. Just before I went to Washington I was called up by
one of the immigration officers, who told me that Miss Erika Mann1
has applied for citizenship and asked what did I think about it. I
give you that as a current example. I was so surprised that I said,
"I would advise her to apply for citizenship in the Soviet Union, about
which she has made many laudatory statements, and not to apply for
citizenship here."
I have just read in the German newspapers and magazines I get
regularly from Germany, that both Thomas Mann and Heinrich Mann2
are saints of the Communist family. I have a great admiration for
Thomas Mann as an artist, but as a politician he has always sided with
the Communists. Heinrich Mann, his brother, was a kingpin in the
fellow-traveling front of the German anti-fascist refugees in this
country. I believe he might well become the president of a pro-Com-
munist Germany.
His daughter, Erika Mann, has been, I must even say, an agent for
it. She traveled freely in this country during the war, coming from
England. I had the opportunity to observe her, and to a lesser de-
gree, her brother. Both have been intimately connected with the
Communist apparatus. I do not know if she has a membership card.
I have no personal acquaintance with her. I only observed her from
the side, and when I was called up yesterday — not 2 years ago, but
yesterday — by your immigration office, I was told she is just in the
last phase of getting her citizenship.
The Chairman. Where?
Mrs. Fischer. In New York City. It is really surprising, the
impudence of this type of well-known Soviet fellow-travelers, who
really bank on the ignorance, if I may say so, of the minor Ameri-
can officials.
Another example, about which you may have heard — and believe me,
I give you only the high lights. During the civil war in Spain, there
was an agent of the GPU, a liaison officer for the International Brigade,
named Alfred Kantorowica. Now, Mr. Kantorowicz was not only in
this country here 6 years and went about freely as a prominent anti-
Nazi refugee, but he has gone back to Germany and now he issues a
magazine called East and West, which is Russian-licensed in Berlin
and peddles the Communist line in the usual fellow-traveler style.
I have here another recent German publication called Die Welt-
biihne to which Eisler sent his article so he could print "Written in
New York" in Berlin. In the same issue there is an article of Hermann
Budzislawski, with that nice title, "I Was America's Best Known
Woman." This most famous woman to whom Mr. Budzislawski re-
fers is Miss Dorothy Thompson.
When I was in Lisbon in 19-41, I saw hundreds of agents whom I
had known during my 20 years of fight against Stalin — from Warsaw,
from Vienna, from Prague, from Paris, from Berlin, from the Bal-
kans, from any country in Europe — getting their first entrance permits
to this country under the title of persecuted refugees. They should
have all gone to Russia and fought the battle of Stalingrad. Instead,
they got jobs in OWI and OSS, and similar organizations; and, if I
1 The list of Communist-front organizations with which Erika Mann has been associated
appears in appendix V, p. A77.
2 The lists of Communist-front organizations with which Thomas Mann has been asso-
ciated appear in Appendix V, p. A75.
36 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
may say so, these things are far from being finished. I cannot go into
this, because it is not my business, but still people who are absolutely
untrustworthy are getting key positions in new organizations.
Going back to Mr. Budzislawski, he went to America from Lisbon
at the beginning of 1941. As a particularly prominent anti-Fascist, he
had to be saved by special action of the immigration authorities. In
a lit lie magazine I published at this time, called The Network, I
printed a profile of Mr. Budzislawski. As I said then, he was never
a member of the Communist Party. He was always a member of the
Social Democrats, but he was hired by the GPU in 1934 to take over
this magazine, Die Weltbiihne, then published in exile, which was
not a front organization, nevertheless one of the most valuable organ-
izational points of the NKVD.
Mr. Arens. Where was that magazine published ?
Mrs. Fischer. It was published in Prague. It was first published
in Berlin, as an honest pacifist magazine. While Willi Schlamm was
editor it had a good reputation. Then it was bought up before my
eyes. An anti-Stalinist friend of mine who wrote for it wanted to
get the magazine and made a bid for it, but it was bought from under
his nose by Russian agents, who took it and installed Mr. Budzislawski.
I knew it because I was present ; I knew the thing from the inside.
So I wrote this profile of Mr. Budzislawski as an agent planted at
Miss Dorothy Thompson's side to have a suitable cover for his ac-
tivities. Miss Thompson was outraged. She wrote against.me. Eu-
gene Lyons called me in and said, "Ruth, you are a character assassin ;
you have assassinated Budzislawski's character."
I said, "All right, I'll prepare you a memorandum on it." I went
to the very good public library in New York City, where there is a
complete file of Die Weltbiihne. I dug in it and made him a sub-
stantial memorandum about all of the people that have written for
it, by which Budzislawski's role as a Communist agent was estab-
lished. End of story. He got an exit from this country. I do not
know how. He went back to western Germany. He sneaked into
eastern Germany. Today he is professor of political science at the
University of Leipzig, one of the key spots for Communist indoctrina-
tion. He broadcasts against America, and so on. He wrote an ar-
ticle on how happy he had been to meet that great American, Mr.
Wallace. I got the article and sent it to Miss Thompson. She now
sees that my memorandum was not an assassination of Mr. Budzislaw-
ski's character, and has written an article in the Saturday Evening
Post on how she was fooled by Budzislawski. In the most impudent
manner Budzislawski has written the article "I Was America's Best
Known Woman", which was not only in his small publication but in
Neues Deutschland, the Communist daily of the eastern zone, and
broadcast all over Germany. He is really making the best of his
stay in the United States.
If you want another recent example, there is Marie-Claude Vaillant-
Couturier, the widow of a French Communist. I want to speak about
this case, if I may have your permission. She is the widow of the
leading French Communist Vaillant-Couturier, whom I knew very
well, and she is the general secretary of the Women's International
Democratic Federation of Paris. She works with Joliot-Curie, and
with Jeanette Vermeersch, the wife of Maurice Thorez, the leading
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 37
French Communist. This women's federation pretends to have 80,-
000,000 women organized. Its line is to arouse emotional opposition
to wars by such propaganda as, "Your children will be torn to bits
when the American imperialists throw the atom bomb." She has been
in this country for 10 days, because her organization was recognized
oy Trygve Lie of the United Nations. She has made a deal with the
authorities here not to speak in official public meetings, but only in
small private meetings, which only makes her presence to the Com-
munists more useful.
Mr. Arexs. I wonder if we could clarify this so there is no misin-
terpretation in it. Is it your testimony that the woman who is a
leader in this Communist-front organization has recently, in the
course of the last 10 days, gained admission to the United States as a
visitor or invitee of the UN Organization?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes; she applied for admission to this country on
that basis. I would not have believed it if it were not for an American
friend of mine who does not want to be named. Couturier is attend-
ing the first constitutional convention of the Congress of American
Women, which is taking place right now.
Mr. Dekom. The Congress of American Women is listed by the
Attorney General as a Communist-front organization.1
Mr. Arexs. What is the purpose of this woman's visit to the United
States?
Mrs. Fischer. Propaganda against the United States, and organiza-
tion of Communist cells.
Mr. Arexs. What is the nature of the visa which she received to be
admitted to this country in the course of the last 10 days?
Mrs. Fischer. B status of the United Nations Organization. She
came here, not on official diplomatic status, but semi-diplomatic status.
Mr. Arexs. As an invitee or guest of the United Nations?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes; that is right. And when she goes back, she will
be also very useful. Yet, she is only a minor case, there are so many
more important tilings going on here. If I were to set up a table of
Communist priorities, I would regard her as highly dangerous, but
not No. 1. She is an interesting example of what can still be done
by clever people in utilizing the various institutions of this country
to infiltrate new people in here.
Mr. Arexs. Will you tell us some other examples ? You intimated
this was only one example of other cases of persons of subversive char-
acter who have gained admission into the United States as affiliates
or invitees of an international organization for the purpose of engag-
ing in subversive organization.
Mrs. Fischer. I have not followed the UN activities here closely
enough. So, I have only these cases to present to you. If I made a
study out of it, which I do not want to do, I am sure I would find
hundreds of similar cases in all of these affiliated organizations and
various staffs which offer an infiltration route that is easily opened.
Mr. Arens. May I refer back to a comment you made several min-
utes ago with respect to the infiltration into this country of refugees
during the war periods? May I observe, as you probably know, that
the statistics show that during the war years approximately 250.000
refugees from Europe were admitted into this country under our
i Sep appendix, p. AS.
38 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
immigration system? Would you again address yourself to that
situal ion \
Mrs. Fischer. I can speak of my own experience, and my experi-
ence has shown me that thousands of party-trained Communists and
Communist agents of all nationalities were sent into this country
under the cover of refugees.
Mr. Arens. During what years?
Mrs. Fischer. Since 1933, as long as the road was open. The flow
was particularly intensive between 1939 and 1941.
Mr. Arens. When was the last time you were in Europe?
Mrs. Fischer. I have been in Europe twice since the war. I was
there in 1947 and 1948. from this country.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any comment or appraisal to make with
respect to the movement of subversive people, Communists, in the
refugee or displaced-persons category to the United States?
Mrs. Fischer. I can make the same comment: it is a convenient
method for bringing people in here.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any comment to make respecting the de-
gree of Communist infiltration, or the degree of acceptance of the
Communist philosophy by those persons who are not technically dis-
placed, but who were displaced after the termination of the war?
Mrs. Fischer. After 1945 ?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mrs. Fischer. I think these refugees are in the main composed of
really honest people who want to have a refuge here, and who are the
bitterest enemies of the Stalin system. They have suffered from
it, and among them are very excellent elements. In this group, in
the new group of 1945, there are people more decided to break with
Stalinist methods of government than before, because after the war
and during it they had experience with Communist governments.
They learned more about it by the events in Czechoslovakia. The new
group of refugees is better informed on Stalinism than before that,
but the old method of smuggling in agents is far from having been
abandoned. They are still using the same techniques to bring un-
dercover people here, and I must stress at this point that this is only
one of the techniques. They bring agents in not only in the guise of
refugees but as the most respectable people, of such a status and be-
havior as would never lead one to suspect that they have anything to
do with Communist organizations.
Mr. Arens. Do you care to address yourself, Mrs. Fischer, to the
situation in the trade commissions and similar organizations which
are in the United States, such as Amtorg and Tass, and other inter-
national bodies, which are set up in the United States?
Mrs. Fischer. In every Soviet organization in the United States
there is a cell of the MVD, the Russian secret police. There is no
Russian organization here which has not its secret cell, party cell, and
police cell, which supervises the others. The man in charge is not
always the top man from the outside. It may be that outsiders never
see the man in charge ; never hear his name, but there is not a single
organization outside Soviet Russia without such a supervising secret
police cell.
Mr. Arens. Is communism in the United States a local product, or is
it a plant or a weed, that is being engendered and developed from
abroad ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 39
Mrs. Fischer. In the present situation, the American Communist
Party has become increasingly a subsidiary branch of the Soviet
Russian institutions. It does not work spontaneously; it does not
move of itself, but is on orders from headquarters and is entirely con-
trolled by a secret commission composed of Soviet agents who super-
vise its activities.
Mr. Dekom. Soviet agents in the United States ?
Mrs. Fischer. In the United States. They may be of other nation-
alities. For instance, it was a surprise to me that Mr. Dennis x did not
allow himself to be defended by lawyers; that he wanted to defend
himself personally, without the help of a lawyer in the present trial.
That must be an order from Moscow. Dennis will not profit by legal
tricks of this sort, but he must now make a case for himself ; build him-
self up as a leader who defends the doctrine of communism without
any regard for his person. It was a break in the entire line. He first
was together with the others in being defended by the same lawyers.
After a certain period, Dennis came out with the statement that he
would defend himself. An expert sees immediately he has a secret
order to refuse to be defended by a lawyer and to make the defense
himself.
Mr. Dekom. Are you a citizen of the United States?
Mrs. Fischer. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. When did you become a citizen of it?
Mrs. Fischer. In the year 1947.
Mr. Dekom. When did you break with the Communist Party?
Mrs. Fischer. I was in opposition to Stalin from 1923 on, and broke
definitely with the party in 1926.
Mr. Dekom. How did you first gain admission to the United States ?
Mrs. Fischer. By immigration.
Mr. Dekom. Were you a Communist at the time you received your
immigration visa?
Mrs. Fischer. No.
Mr. Dekom. What is your objective or purpose of your forthcoming
trip abroad.
Mrs. Fischer. I have been twice in Europe in the last 2 years to
gather material for my study on the Comintern in Europe. I am
doing some work for Harvard University, and I intend to use these
studies on Comintern activities.
Mr. Dekom. Your analysis of the situation and your statements are
based to a large extent, are they not, on your personal experience and
personal work within the Comintern apparatus ?
Mrs. Fischer. In the Comintern. It is a complicated thing to ex-
plain, because it needs some detail which I do not want to take your
time to relate. I was an oppositionist in German communism, a
Titoist of this period, if you want to use a current expression. I was
always at loggerheads with Moscow for many political reasons. I did
not want Russian interference in German affairs. The Russians
wanted to dominate the entire movement, to control it. I worked
with Dmitri Manuilsky in Berlin, for instance, in 1925 and had terri-
ble quarrels with him. One of the reasons I broke was that he inter-
fered in everything that was going on. As a member of the Central
Committee I had an intimate insight into the secret apparatus. I
1 Eugene Dennis, General Secretary of the Communist Party in the United States.
40 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
had the Soviet agent sitting in Berlin under my nose. I have known
the connections between those in the Soviet Embassy there and the
Central Committee of the German Communist Party. I knew where
the money came from, in which suitcase it was carried out from Unter
den Linden to the Central Committee of the German Communist
Party, and having been in Moscow so often for a lot of conferences and
consultations, I could see the other end, too. My life interest, to fight
this type of organization, has been especially intensified after the
experiences of the last years. I have had very many contacts with,
ex-Communists, and my knowledge is constantly being renewed by
the living evidence I get in conversations with people from all Euro-
pean countries.
Mr. Arexs. Do you care to comment on the embassies, whether or
not, in your judgment, they are the focal points of Communist
activity?
Mrs. Fischer. I can only repeat that it would be naive to assume
that there is not in every embassy a high officer of the NKVD, who,
first, supervises the embassy and the embassy staff ; and second, gathers
information on America or whatever country for the headquarters in
Moscow. It is the system which we have to understand and which,
we have to take the necessary measures against, the system which
has to be really fully understood. The status of the Russian Com-
munist Party is such that there is no group of men working under
Russian Communist Party directions that has not been organized
around the party cell, which has jurisdiction over all members of
the cell, and of all affiliates to the cell. That is the strict statute of
the Russian Communist Party, and all members of the Russian Com-
munist Party in this country are, of course, under the discipline of
their own party organization.
The Chairman. We are very grateful to you for coming before
the committee. That is all for today. The witness is excused from
the subpena.
The committee will be in recess until 10 : 30 tomorrow morning.
(Thereupon, at 4:20 p. m., the committee recessed to reconvene
Wednesday, May 11, 1949, at 10 : 30 a. m.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
WEDNESDAY, MAY 11, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. 0.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 11 : 45 a. m., in room
424 Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran, chairman, pre-
siding.
Present : Senator McCarran.
Also present: Richard Arens. staff director of the special subcom-
mittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional staff
members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order. We will con-
tinue with the hearing on S. 1694.1
Mr. Arens, present your witnesses.
TESTIMONY OF BOGDAN EADITSA, FOEMEE CHIEF OF THE FOEEIGN
PEESS DEPAETMENT IN THE INFOEMATION MINISTEY OF
YUGOSLAVIA
Mr. Arens. The first witness is Mr. Raditsa.2
The Chairman. Mr. Raditsa, will you kindly stand and be sworn.
Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give
before this committee of the Senate will be the truth, the whole truth
and nothing but the truth, so held you God?
Mr. Raditsa. I do.
The Chairman. You understand the nature of an oath?
Mr. Raditsa. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly identify yourself ?
Mr. Raditsa. I am Bogdan Raditsa from Yugoslavia. I was born
in Yugoslavia. I was chief of the foreign press department in the Tito
Ministry of Information in Belgrade in 1945.
The Chairman. I think it is advisable that you go further into
your background and knowledge and experience and training, and into
whatever offices you have held. Mr. Arens will interrogate you, and
you will kindly state what your background is which gives you the
authority to make the statements which you are going to make.
1 Senate bill 1694 was superseded on May 11, 1949, by Senate bill 1832, introduced by-
Senator McCarran.
2 The -witness appeared under subpena.
41
42 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly identify yourself from the standpoint
of background and experience that you have had, the official connec-
tions which you have had, upon which you base your statements.
Mr. Raditsa. I came to this country twice. The first time I came
to this country was in October 1940, as chief of the Royal Yugoslav
Legation Press Service in Washington, D. C. Before that time, I
was in Geneva, with the Yugoslav League of Nations delegation.
In June of 1940, I was nominated as chief of the Yugoslav Press
Service in Belgrade, where I went from Geneva. There in Yugo-
slavia I could not take over my duties, because the Italian Fascist
Government and German Nazi Government opposed my nomination
to the Royal Yugoslav Government. The reasons for the German and
Italian position against me at that time were that I was closely linked
with the Italian and European anti-Fascist circles in Geneva and
in Europe; that I knew and was a personal friend to Carlo Sforza:
and of course, that my father-in-law was Guglielmo Ferrero, one of
the greatest Italian historians.
My wife and two children left Belgrade with me when I was nomi-
nated in Washington. I came for the first time in October 1940 to this
country. I stayed in Washington from October 1940 until April 1942.
Mr. Arens. In what capacity did you serve ?
Mr. Raditsa. Counselor for the press relations of the Yugoslav
Government.
Then the Royal Yugoslav Information Center was formed in New
York City, and I took over the press service. I stayed with the Royal
Yugoslav Information Center and with the Royal Yugoslav Govern-
ment until the end of 1943, when I resigned from the Royal Yugoslav
Government to join Tito and the national liberation movement.
As you remember, during the war we Yugoslavs in exile were di-
vided on the issue of Yugoslavia. I joined the democratic members
of the Royal Yugoslav Government who believed that we should go
together with Tito. The main reason that I joined Tito was the na-
tional issue. Yugoslavia, you know, Mr. Chairman, is composed
mainly of three nations — Croat ians, Slovenians, and Serbians. The
Croatians before the war in Yugoslavia had not an equal position wTith
the Serbians. I am Croatian. The Croatians and Slovenians are
Roman Catholic. The Serbians are Greek Orthodox.
The reason why we joined Tito was that Tito, in 1942, promised the
Croatians in Yugoslavia their national rights and equality with the
other peoples. We learned later that that was a Communist device.
That is the reason why a great number of people during the war
joined Tito and his Peoples' Front, and that was the reason why I
and Dr. Ivan Subasich joined. After Teheran and Yalta, it was sug-
gested by President Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill that Dr. Subasich
jc:n Tito and form a government of a kind of unity between the demo-
cratic forces and the Communists. I went back to Yugoslavia.
The Chairman. To which of the three races in Yugoslavia did Tito
belong?
Mr. Raditsa. Tito belongs to Croatia. He is a Croatian by birth,
but I, Dr. Subasich, and the majority of democrats who left the United
States and Great Britain during the war and went back to Yugo-
slavia, saw that neither Tito nor any Communist in Yugoslavia was
interested in giving to any of the nationalities of Yugoslavia their
national rights and national equality. When Tito took over Yugo-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 43
slavia the Communists took over and the people felt that we were be-
trayed. No national rights were given to any nationality except on
paper, except in the Constitution. We have been taken over by one
of the greatest centralisms which has been developed by the Communist
Party. In a Communist state, federalism does not exist ; it is only a
means to fool the people. As soon as the Communists take over, they
are no more interested in giving to the people national equality and
their national rights because the state is then completely subjugated to
the mightiest monolithic centralism by the Communist Party, con-
trolled and supervised by the Soviet Union and by the secret police of
not only the domestic Communists but also the Muscovite secret police.
The Chairman. Was Tito a Communist ?
Mr. Raditsa. Tito was already a Communist after the First World
War. During the First World War he fought with the Austrian and
Hungarian Armies in Russia, and he took an active part in the Russian
civil war. Then he was indoctrinated in the Soviet Union immediately
after the war and sent to Yugoslavia to organize the Communist Party.
The Chairman. When Tito took over the Government of Yugo-
slavia, were you then in the Government ?
Mr. Raditsa. Yes ; I was with the Government.
The Chairman. Did you remain in the Government ?
Mr. Raditsa. I remained with the Government until I succeeded
in leaving the country.
The Chairman. During the time that you served in the Government
under Tito, what offices did you hold under the Communist form of
government ?
Mr. Raditsa. I held my professional office, Chief of the Foreign
Press Department in the Ministry of Information, but I was not a
real chief, I was a puppet, because my real chiefs were two persons, or
rather three persons, the chief of the secret police, in which only a
Communist can be a member, and two others who were members of
the Communist Party and who did the whole job. I could only appear
such, but neither I nor my superior the Minister of Information, Sava
Kosanovic, who is now Ambassador of Yugoslavia in Washington,
was free to do anything. All of us were surrounded by the Com-
munists, and everything was done by the Communists.
The Chairman. Did you have an opportunity, by reason of your
position, to become familiar with the way the Communists worked?
Mr. Raditsa. Yes ; I did, and I described extensively my experience
under the Communists in my article which I published in the Readers'
Digest when I came back in October 1946.
One thing I must stress is that when we came to Belgrade in the
beginning of 1915, we met the first Russians who came there, Russian
officers of the Red Army and others of the different political depart-
ments in Moscow who came there to supervise the formation of the
Communist state. I was terribly impressed by their statements that
war with the United States must come very soon, that America must
be destroyed, and that the Red Army and the so-called new peoples'
democracy are the vanguard of the world revolution which must
destroy America. I was so impressed, Mr. Senator, because I had
just left America where the popularity of the Russian people was,
as you remember, unlimited and great, when nobody in America, no-
body responsible, spoke about any possibility of war with the Soviet
44 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Union. Those were people coming directly from Moscow; I mean
they had not been mixed up with any western contacts.
So my opinion, and the opinion of many of us who were there — I
cannot mention their names — was that we were very afraid to hear
from the Russians coming from Russia that the first thing which they
must do is destroy America as the greatest enemy of the so-called
people's democracy.
The Chairman. What I wanted to get was the background upon
which you are basing your statement. I think you have stated it
sufficiently. You may proceed with your statement.
Mr. Raditsa. Communist diplomacy is nothing but legalized espi-
onage and a subversive network spread all over the free world. To
be a diplomatic representative of a Communist state, means to ac-
complish any kind of work which the Communist Party and the
Cominform assign. There is no person holding an important or even
a secondary position in connection with the economic, cultural, po-
litical, or military department of any Communist government, be it
of the Soviet Union or any other satellite, who, when sent to the
United States or to any other free country, does not have a special
assignment as to the collection of secret data, information, and facts.
Each employee who is sent to a foreign country is first closely ex-
amined by the department which sends him, and he must also be ap-
proved by the secret police, which has the last word on the reliability
of the man. In a Communist state, as was told to me in Belgrade by
the Communist commissars, to be a spy is not derogatoiy, but the
greatest sign of confidence and trust which can be awarded by the
people's democracy to its best servants. As one of the Communist
commissars put it in his instructions, as far back as 1945, to the diplo-
mats sent abroad from Yugoslavia, the term "spy" is a sign of the
greatest lojalty bestowed on any Communist follower by his superior.
But there is something more. I remember having attended one of
the conferences in the Foreign Ministry in Belgrade when the Com-
munist instructors and high officials of the part}' explained the idea
upon which the new Soviet type of diplomacy was to be lined up.
One of the commissars read a text written by the main Communist
brain truster in Yugoslavia, the present foreign minister, Edvard
Kardelj. He said:
International law does not exist in relation with the external world. The new
peoples' and socialist democracies are radically opposed to the .bourgeois mean-
ing of international law. International law belongs to the past. All our adepts
must bear it in mind and not be deceived by the verbiage of the decaying western
and Anglo-American conception of international law, which is only used to hamper
the people's revolution and to impose upon us the Anglo-American imperialism.
The new Foreign Ministry is being purged of the old diplomatic cadres whose
treacherous attitude in serving the Anglo-American imperialists must be elimi-
nated from our new diplomatic staff. The new members of our diplomacy must be
trained in the new spirit of our people's democracy under the leadership of our
famous Communist Party. It is through its noble and salutary work that our
people have received their freedom. We must have in our ranks fighters, con-
vinced civil servants, who will be able to follow the great work of our Socialist
revolution, together with the Soviet revolution, and help spread these ideals all
over the world.
For the time being we nmst use in some historical temporary positions all facili-
ties which international law gives us, but we must be on the alert not to become
victims of the western powers who want to deceive us through their conception of
international law. For us international law must be only a front through which
we must work and fight for the victory of the world revolution everywhere.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 45
To the Communists sent to the United States in 1946, the following
instructions were given :
To fight and act for communism, the Red Army is not enough. To facilitate and
make possible the victory of communism, we have to work hard in the non-
Communist countries.
That work is multiform.
We must incite discontent, uneasiness in the capitalistic and bourgeois states.
The greater is the discontent in each capitalist and bourgeois country, the
more fertile is the ground for communism. In the United States and in Great
Britain we are going to have unemployment. The capitalists will not be able
to export. Later on, the industrial power of the Soviet Union and of the other
friendly peoples' republics will compete with the industrial production of the
capitalist countries. They will be threatened by your industrial production at
their own home.
But we cannot simply wait for that day. Already now, we have to revolutionize
the European and Asiatic Continents. Strikes, revolutionary impetus of the
trade-unions and labor, weakening of capitalism through the demand for high
wages so that they are not able to compete with the Soviet Union, obstruction
of different reactionary governments in their anti-Communist policy, the incite-
ment for nationalism everywhere, the hatred against the colonial empires, the
uprising of trade-unions against their governments, the various helps to the
Communist parties in the capitalist countries, propagandize the hatred against
the reactionary in every country, and particularly develop in the United States
the impression that the economic depression must be inevitable and try to con-
vince more and more the people of Slavic descent to leave Canada and the United
States and return to their countries of origin, bringing with them capital and
machinery — this must be our main work in Canada and in the United States.
Everything is permitted that will bring us toward the victory of communism
in the world.
Two worlds —
as Mr. Kardelj said to me —
the Communist and the capitalist, must irrevocably clash. We have to make
certain concessions while stalling for time. We must consolidate our position
before the external world in order to be ready to pass to the offensive when the
hour strikes.
We cannot today foresee the future. In the postwar world the process of
socialization, communization in other words, can develop so fast, that great com-
plications may arise between the Socialist and capitalist worlds. The same proc-
ess will take place everywhere in Europe and in Asia. We can consider that
imperialism is broken and the proletarian revolution is on the march. That
revolution is linked with the Soviet Union through agreements of mutual political
and economic assistance and is creating, as Stalin says, the union of various
focuses of the revolution in one system which will go into a frontal attack against
the imperialistic system.
These instructions were sent out from Belgrade, January 1948, be-
fore the Cominform was transferred from Belgrade to Bucharest.
They concern the activities of Communist agents among the displaced
persons, political emigrants, and other refugees. They say :
Everyone knows what the existence of any organization or a free opposition
means in the international political field. The countries of southeastern Europe
have their political emigrants all over. We have to do our utmost to destroy
their organizations completely, so as to hamper them from becoming any serious
factor which could alter our political plans. We must convert the emigrants
into a disorganized mass which nobody could take in consideration in any polit-
ical combination. We have to send instructions to our Communist cells for
action against the whole emigration from our countries.
The British and American commands continue not to give us back Soviet
citizens. It seems to us that that question will never be solved to our satis-
faction.
It is absolutely necessary to intensify all the pressure behind the Allies and
to mobilize all possibilities for the full dispersion of the emigrants.
To arrive at this result, we have to exploit our official relations with the enemy
nations (Great Britain and America). For our action, we have to win for us
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 4
46 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
German Communists, the Germans of Russian origin, the Poles, and the Baltic
Germans, some black marketeers who can easily cross the borders and those who
have their domicile in the allied zones. It is not forbidden to take in considera-
tion even the Nazi who know the Russian or Ukrainian Languages and who may
be useful to us. It is categorically stressed that all our agents must have their
families on our territory or in our zones.
The basic principle of action is as follows :
1. To check on and always incite the material and religious disagreements
between the refugees. That which we have done so far is not enough. It is
necessary to incite more and more the conflict between the West and the East,
between the "old" and "young."
To transform the refugees into an instrument of our higher policy we must
incite and inflame the antagonism between the different political groups of the
refugees, to bring about a full divergence in their daily life, in their press and in
their action. The masses must be drawn into this struggle.
We have to paralyze the cultural action among the refugees. For that we must
employ people who have no ability and the people devoid of any talent, so
that they will annoy the editorial boards of different magazines with valueless
articles. In such a way they will disarm the action of the capable and important
people who are dangerous to us.
On the other side, a struggle among the exiles has to.be incited constantly,
among the capable people particularly, among the politicians and leading person-
alities, the fight between the talented and the untalented.
We must work particularly among the people who are not intelligent but who
think that they are very intelligent, in such a way to bring about hate, dissatisfac-
tion, and apathy among the refugees.
2. It is necessary to raise scandals and conflicts among the refugees so that
the foreign world will be convinced that the cultural value of the emigrants is
equivalent to zero.
3. To foment the conflict between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Ortho-
dox chinches and to bring about to an open conflict between the Catholics and
Orthodox, not only outside but inside the churches themselves. We have to spread
theories among the refugees in such a way as to take under our complete control
all the refugees in the camps. We must do our utmost that the leadership of the
camps is in our hands. We must have all over in the camps in leading places
useful innocents or fools so that we can use them for our cause. It is of the
utmost importance to incite dissatisfaction and despair among the refugees. We
have to stress with particular attention that the conflicts between the refugees
and the allied camps authorities should always be great. Incite particularly Brit-
ish and American policy against the DP's and refugees so that we always have
serious conflicts. We have to do our utmost that every refugee hates the Allies,
that every refugee considers every ally his enemy.
4. As far as the emigree press is concerned, we must do everything in our
power that the political conflicts should be very frequent. We have to destroy
every influence of the emigree press and everything that is published in exile
must be made to lose all of its importance. Everyone whom we succeed in bring-
ing back has to be used for the future fight against the western imperialism.
5. In all working groups, we have to infiltrate people who are capable to incite
quarrels, fights, and constantly hamper all harmony. We must then inform the
peasants that they should use the refugees for the hardest and most disgusting
work. We must incite a deep divergence between the officers and lower ranks
and particularly between the officers and soldiers. We must incite conflicts
between the refugees and the employers who employ them.
6. Systematically destroy every influence of the refugee institutions and par-
ticularly their leadership. We must find out if some of the leaders are compro-
mised so that the whole organization should be discredited. To do that we have
to infiltrate elements who are capable of accomplishing this demoralization.
The Chairman. When you deal with the term "refugee," how far
does that extend ? Is it refugees, or is it those who are displaced ?
Mr. Raditsa. Displaced persons; there are a great many of those
who are not in the camps of displaced persons, who are living in Paris,
Rome, or in German towns.
The Chairman. I understand your statement to be that one of the
instructions given out was to create discontent and discord among the
refugees, which included displaced persons.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 47
Mr. Raditsa. Which included displaced persons, and which included
the foreign element in this country, too.
Mr. Dekom. When you refer to the "emigree press," you refer to
the foreign language press in the United States ?
Mr. Raditsa. That is right ; which is also read in Europe among the
exiled and displaced persons, and which at the same time is read by
people in Yugoslavia, because all the Communist-dominated press is
sent to Yugoslavia and sold publicly on the newsstands.
Mr. Arens. Do you know how many Communist and pro-Communist
Yugoslav papers there are in the United States ?
Mr. Raditsa. Narodni Glasnik, Slobodna Rec, Zajednicar,1 Enako-
pravnost, Edinost ; those are the newspapers which are regularly sent
to Yugoslavia. The line of those newspapers is the line of the Daily
Worker, so that the ordinary Yugoslavian who is reading those news-
papers in Yugoslavia receives only criticisms of the United States.
This press has two objectives: to destroy every prestige of the United
States of America, to give the impression to the people that the crisis
is coming in America, economic crisis, that the people are living under
very bad conditions ; and at the same time to give praise of the Soviet
Union and of the so-called new peoples democracies.
Mr. Arens. Do you have an estimate as to the total circulation?
Mr. Raditsa. The biggest circulation is Zajednicar, which has
around 100,000 copies weekly. The others are losing very much of their
circulation now. Zajednicar is very important because it belongs to
a fraternal union,2 so every member of the fraternal union must re-
ceive it.
Following the instructions which I have read, Tito's high officials
in the Yugoslav Embassies, consulates, and in the Secretariat of the
United Nations have developed a systematic activity in behalf of the
world revolution, which is not for a better understanding between
the United States and Yugoslavia.
One of the Yugoslav members of the Juridical Department of the
Secretariat of the United Nations, Dr. Alexander Franich, appointed
in 1946, participated, for instance, in a meeting, in July 1916, of
Yugoslav-Americans in Prospect Hall, Brooklyn, N. Y., where, as
reported by the Communist newspaper Narodni Glasnik (People's
Herald) published in Pittsburgh, July 17, 1946, he declared the fol-
lowing :
As we in our bloody struggle with the enemy needed our free territory, so
you too must have your free territory in this big city of yours, a free territory
in your struggle with ignorance, superstition, and dishonesty. You need a free
territory for the education of your children and your activities.
The term "free territory" means, in Communist language, a Com-
munist-dominated people's front or a Communist cell. In other
words, 3^011 must build in your midst a Communist cell which is going
to work.
The Chairman. Referring there to what city ?
Mr. Raditsa. That was in Brooklyn, N. Y. This was a speech made
by Dr. Alexander Franich in New York, and I am quoting this part
1 According to testimony subsequently presented to the subcommittee, the editorial policy
of Zajednicar has undergone some change. See, for example, the testimony of Dr. Slobodan
Draskovich, p. 613.
- Croatian Fraternal Union.
48 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
which was published by the Narodni Glasnik. Franich ended his
speech : "Long live his majesty the working people I"
During the last 3 years, since I have been buck in this country, 1
have assisted the General Assembly as a newspaper reporter to the
General Assembly and the work of different committees in Lake Suc-
cess and in Flushing Meadows. I was very amazed to see that, during
tin1 first day when the Assembly opened, all the Yugoslav delegation
was present there, but afterward, during the 2 or 3 months of the dis-
cussions, the majority of the delegates were never in Lake Success or
in Flushing Meadows. They were always going around the United
States. In fact, they were not taking active part in the work of the
different committees of the United Nations, except 10 of .them, but
50 others or 30 others or 20 others were always going around through
the United States making speeches, contacting people, giving them
information, news, orders, instructions; but they were never in Lake
Success where the}^ should be if they came for this purpose.
The Chairman. By that you mean that they come to this country,
using the United Nations as the reason for their coming, and then
after coming here, they go around the country with Communist
propaganda ?
Mr. Raditsa. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Are they doing anything alse besides disseminating
Communist propaganda ?
Mr. Raditsa. I suppose they are contacting people and giving them
instructions, collecting data, economic, and political data about the
activities in the United States.
It has impressed me very much not seeing them there to take active
part in the work of the committees after they got their visas and
diplomatic immunity, and they should do like the other delegations
do, the same as the Americans or the western delegations do. The
members of the western delegation are constantly there.
Mr. Dekom. What type of people do they send to this country?
In what field are these people experienced ?
Mr. Raditsa. They are mostly experienced in Communist work,
sabotage, subversive work, people who are very much up on the
Communist techniques and machinery.
The members of the Yugoslav delegation to the United Nations
General Assembly in New York, spent much of their time addressing
Americans of Yugoslav descent.
Narodni Glasnik of October 7, 1947, published the following news :
The Serbian National Congress will be held on October 25 and 26. At this
congress Vlada Simic, the Yugoslav delegate to the Assembly of the United
Nations, will be the main speaker.
Vlada Simic is a member of the People's Front of Serbia. He was
sent here to address Americans of Serbian descent.
Narodni Glasnik of October 14, 1947, said :
The Dalmatian Club "Mihovil" will hold a meeting on October 18, 1947, in the
Yugoslav-American Home,1 405 West Forty-first Street, New York. The main
speaker will be Josip Djerdja, Tito's delegate in the United Nations.
Mr. Arens. What is the Yugoslav- American Home? What do
you know about it ?
1 Known also as the Jugoslavenski-Amerieki Dom.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 49
Mr. R adits a. It is the center of Communist propaganda among
Americans of Yugoslav descent,
Mr. Arens. In New York City?
Mr. Raditsa. New York City is the main center. It was formed
during the war. It was opened during the war, then afterward it
followed the same activities.
The same newspaper, on October 14, 1947, announced that Dr. Joza
Vilfan. Tito's first delegate in the United Nations, will hold a meeting
of the Yugoslavs from Istria.
Dimitar Vlahov, while in the United States 2 years ago as a dele-
gate to the United Nations, spent more time visiting Macedonians
and Yugoslavs in the Middle West than in attending sessions with
the Yugoslav delegation in the Assembly. You must know who
Dimitar Vlahov is. He is an old-time Communist. Before the war
he was living in Vienna, Austria, and he was one of the major agitators
of communism in the Balkans. With Georgi Dimitrov (now dictator
of Bulgaria) lie was editor of the well known Communist newspaper
called La Federacion Balkanique — the Balkan Federation — one of
the most trustworthy men of Moscow. He came to this country as a
member of the Yugoslav delegation to the United Nations.
Slobodna Rec of April 29, 1947, page 2, publishes an article of
Vlahov's under the title "What Vlahov Says About the Immigrants
in the United States'' :
* * * Americans of Slav origin represent a very considerable force, because
they constitute 50 percent of all tbe workers in American heavy and war indus-
tries. * * * The progressive role of Americans of Slav origin is today a well-
known fact. They exercise an important influence between the American people
and the Slav nations.
* * * Until the attack of Hitler's Germany against the Soviet Union, Amer-
icans of Slav origin, whose number amounts to 15,000,000 people, had no special
mutual links, but, as they came to understand what a menace fascism represents
for the Slav nations, they organized themselves and formed special committees
for an efficient struggle against fascism.
* * * They founded several very active committees, among which stand
out the Committee for Yugoslav Relief, the Committee for Aid to Macedonia,
the Association for Reconstruction in Yugoslavia, the special committee for
collecting funds for building a modern hospital in Dalmatia ; further, committees
for building hospitals in Macedonia and Hercegovina, as well as the committees
of people from Lika and Hercegovina, for aid to those regions. * * *
After praising the work of the American Slav Congress, Vlahov
ends his article by saying :
The great majority of our emigrants stand firmly by the Federative People's
Republic Yugoslavia.
Such items are regularly published in the Communist newspapers,
and it is easy to see that UN delegates, while in the United States, are
traveling around the country addressing Americans of Yugoslav
descent.
Dr. Joza Vilfan, the permanent Yugoslav Delegate to the United
Nations, is a member of the Central Committee of the Slovenian Com-
munist_ Party. Josip Djerdja and Dimitar Vlahov are members,
respectively, of the Croatian and Macedonian Central Committees,
while Vlada Simic is a member of the Communist-dominated Central
Committee of the Serbian People's Front.
After the break between the Cominform and Tito, it was very inter-
esting to notice that many of the Yugoslav foreign civil-service
employees in the United States and Canada have left their embassies
50 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
and have joined the Cominform in Prague, in Moscow, in Bucharest,
and other satellite countries. That means that they were sent here
with the approval of the Soviet Union to do espionage work for the
Soviet Union. They were accredited as Yugoslav members of the
Yugoslav Federation.
Tito's main political agent in Washington, D. C, Slobodan Ivanovic,
has become editor of the new anti-Tito and pro-Cominform newspaper
in Prague called Nova Borba (the New Struggle). This fact easily
explains the function of the Communist-accredited diplomats in for-
eign countries. Their main mission is not to develop diplomatic rela-
tions but to work for the Soviet Union and its plans in the United
States or wherever they are ; thus the world revolution must be prepared
and propagated.
Another member of Tito's staff to follow Ivanovic was Pa vie Lukin,
first delegate to the United Nations. They followed the line taught
them by their leaders, as stated in the words of Milentije Popovich
( now Minister of Foreign Trade) . These words were always repeated
in Belgrade to all the employees of the Communist departments and
ministries :
We Communists owe our loyalty only to the Soviet Union, as the sole father-
land of socialism in the world. We must always act in such a manner that her
interests shall be furthered and strengthened, as she is the sole guarantor of the
xiltimate triumph of communism throughout the world. What do Yugoslav inter-
ests matter compared to that? Our only function is to be one of the shields and
one of the spearheads of the Soviet Union.
During the present United Nations Assembly two well-known figures
in the Communist world of the United States Slavs showed up in Tito's
delegation. One is Srdjan Prica, and the other Steve Dedijer. They
have both lived for long years in the United States. Before and dur-
ing the war they were editors of the Serbian Communist weekly,
Slobodna Rec (Free Expression). They were closely associated with
Communist activities in the United States among Americans of Ser-
bian, Croatian, and Slovenian descent. With Mirko Markovich, who
is now in Belgrade, they were the brain trust of the American- Yugo-
slav section of the Communist movement in the United States.
Srdjan Prica left the States at the end of the war and went back to
Yugoslavia, where he became the director of the American Department
of the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry. He has now become director of
the school for the training of the new Communist civil servants for
foreign service. The main accent of the school is on the indoctrination
of the students for their work in the United States and elsewhere in
the free countries. Steve Dedijer, who had been brought up in this
country, went to Germany with the American Army and then joined
Tito's partisans. I do not know, but I have heard that he deserted the
American Army, that he was not officially released from his duties in
the American Army, but I do not have proof for this specific informa-
tion. Anyway, as soon as he left the American Army in Germany, he
got a very important position in the Communist Government in Bel-
grade. He is now a delegate to the Social and Economic Council of the
United Nations. While in Yugoslavia, he was the main contact be-
tween the Yugoslav Communist Party and the foreign newspapermen
and other personalities visiting Yugoslavia, especially the Anglo-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 51
American. He was the official interpreter and guide to the 7 Protes-
tant ministers who, 3 years ago. visited Tito's Yugoslavia and declared
that in Yugoslavia there was freedom of worship, at the moment when
the Croatian Primate, Archbishop Stepinac a was shamefully tried and
put in jail. During all the trip of the ministers, Dedijer never left
them.
There is no doubt that Prica and Dedijer came here to get in touch
with the Americans of southern Slav descent and with the American
press. As it is well known, the majority of the American Communists
of Yugoslav descent has taken sides with the Cominform against Tito.
Once Prica's and Dedijer's followers in this country, they have now
turned against Tito, thus remaining loyal to Stalin. It is easy to un-
derstand that Prica and Dedijer have come now to the United States
to tell their former associates that Tito has not betrayed the Com-
munist cause and the postulate of the world revolution — still their only
aim. As they badly need any material help from the United States to
save the terrible collapse of Yugoslav economy provoked by the Com-
munist imposition of the 5-year plan, they would like to have American
Yugoslavs help the country in need and in distress.
It is very pertinent to this matter to stress the fact that the Com-
munist newspaper, Narodni Glasnik, once the staunchest of Tito's
mouthpieces in this country, is now attacking Tito's United Nations
delegates visiting Americans of Yugoslav descent, charging that
they ''abuse American hospitality and foment trouble among the Amer-
ican people." This Communist newspaper seeks to have the American
Yugoslavs remain loyal to the Cominform and fight Tito on American
soil.
During the last war, Prica and Dedijer were very active in promot-
ing pro-Soviet propaganda in this country among the American
Yugoslavs. Their closest associate was Tito's present Ambassador in
Washington, Sava Kosanovic, a frequent contributor of the Com-
munist newspaper Slobodna Rec and the main speaker at all pro-
Communist rallies organized by Prica, Dedijer, and Markovich. Al-
ready at that time, Kosanovic, though being a member of the Royal
Yugoslav Government in Exile, was taking instructions from Dedijer,
Prica, and Markovich and was their puppet.
Here I am not so sure if Toma Babin is an American citizen, but he
has been residing in the United States for a long, long time. After the
war, Tito's official in the Yugoslav consulate general in New York was
Toma Babin. His main work was the control of the Yugoslav seamen
who, during the last war, were in this country. As I learned after,
in Yugoslavia, he was entitled to prepare the curriculum for every
Yugoslav seaman who decided to go back to Yugoslavia and take part
in the merchant marine. Many seamen, after the war, when they ar-
rived in Yugoslavia, were liquidated upon Babin's instructions. The
situation and the attitude, the work and activities of the New York
harbor longshoremen of Yugoslav descent were in Babin's hands.
A typical example of the Communist infiltration in this country is
the case of two brothers: One, Dr. Lujo Goranin-Weissman,2 and the
architect, E. Weissman. Both of them immigrated to this country
lArchbishop Aloys Stepinac, Primate of Yugoslavia.
2 The person named by the witness is registered with the Department of Justice as an
agent of a foreign government under the name of Goranin. In his registration statement, he
reports that his name "at birth" was Weissman. For additional material, see testimony
of William H. Smyth, p. 57, as well as appendix IV, p. A43.
52 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
under the Yugoslav quota just before the last war. Not only did they
no! have any trouble immigrating to this country, but the United
States Government was very nice to them to give them jobs in th<>
official United Slates Government agencies. During the war, I)r
Lujo Goranin-Weissman was working at the Office of War Informa-
tion, as radio announcer for Yugoslavia. The architect Weissinann
was in UNRR A under the American quota.
Immediately after the war. Dr. Lujo Goranin-Weissmann became
the chief of the Yugoslav official news agency Tanjug,1 in New York,
while E. "YVeissrnann, on the recommendation of the Yugoslav Gov-
ernment, became a high official in the Secretariat of the United Na-
tions. Both of them are under the control of Dr. Joza Vilfan, the
Yugoslav delegate to the UN, who as a former public prosecutor in
Yugoslavia sent to their deaths hundreds of thousands of innocent
Yugoslavs and is now developing the secret-police network from his
luxurious house on Fifth Avenue in New York City; too luxurious for
a country like Yugoslavia, where people are satisfied if they can get
dry bread to eat.
Mr. Arens. May I just ask a question there? I would like to know
whether I interpreted correctly to my own mind what you have just
said. Is it your testimony that a particular individual whom you
have just named is the center of a New York secret police network in
New York City?
Mr. Eaditsa. Joza Vilfan was the public prosecutor in Yugoslavia
before coming here. Now in the Communist state the position of the
public prosecutor, as you may know, is the most important position;
he decides about everything. The public prosecutor in a Communist
state is the chief of the secret police at the same time, and everything
is in his hands.
Mr. Arens. Where is he now ?
Mr. Raditsa. He is now in New York, the top delegate of Yugo-
slavia to the United Nations.
Mr. Arens. What is your testimony as to his activities at the pres-
ent time in addition to his official connection as the delegate from
Yugoslavia?
Mr. Raditsa. My opinion is that he is the main, the top man, for
the espionage in this country concerning the Yugoslavs; that he is
controlling all the Yugoslavs engaged here in any kind of propa-
ganda or espionage work.
Mr. Arens. Upon what do you base the conclusion ?
Mr. Raditsa. Upon his position in the country. He is a member
of the central committee of the Slovene Communist Party and he was
the public prosecutor of the country.
Mr. Arens. Thank you.
The Chairman. You may proceed.
Mr. Raditsa. To get the exact picture of the kind of work which
Dr. L. Goranin-Weissman is perpetrating now in his capacity of chief
of the Communist main propaganda office, the Tanjug news agency,
I am going to quote some of his news as printed or commented on in
the Yugoslav Communist press.
Abbreviation for Telegrafska Ageneija Nova Jugoslavia (Telegraphic Agency, Npw
Yugoslavia). For additional information on this organization see appendix IV, p. A43.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 53
The newspaper Politika, published in Belgrade, on April 8, 1940.
carried the following item sent by the Tan jug outfit in New York :
The progressive New York press, commenting on the Inst official statistical
figures about the number of unemployed in tbe United States, emphasizes that
the number of unemployed is far greater than is recorded by the official data
given by the United States Government.
In publishing the figures concerning each labor union, the progressive press
says that the number of absolutely unemployed workers has already exceeded
5,000,000 men and women.
From the information sent by the New York outfit of the Tanjug
news agency, all Communist newspapers in Yugoslavia are daily pub-
lishing articles distorting the conditions of life in the United States.
A series of such articles was recently published by some Communist
newspapers under the title "The Collapse of the Legend of the Postwar
Boom in the United States." I have in my possession these articles
as published by the newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija (Free Dalmatia),
December 1948. The following items may be read :
Misery, exhaustion, and lack of education, such is the destiny of farmers in
the United States.
The policy of an irrepressible foreign expansionism spread by tbe American
monopolistic capitalism is followed by a rapid increase of militarism. * * *
To explain their new race in armaments as the only safe way out for American
economy, the American warmongers assert that armaments stimulate labor
development. This race of armament leads the country toward economic catas-
trophe. * * * The real fact of America may be viewed in the deterioration
of its standard of living, unemployment, destruction and pauperization of the
farmers, increase of militarism, general economic insecurity, and a weak faith
in tomorrow.
All that is sent by the Tanjug News Agency in New York to
Yugoslavia.
In the newspaper Vjesnik we may find the following items (issue
No. 1166) :
The American Attorney General, Tom Clark, declared that many millions of
boys and girls who are required to go to schools in the United States don't
frequent any school. Two million children frequent schools which can only be
called by such a name. Ten million Americans don't know how to read and write.
Tom Clark does not reveal the reasons of such a situation. This fact is to a
certain extent explained by the Women's Press, which is asking, "Why don't all
children go to school?" and answers, "If all the children would go to school, they
wouldn't work, and when they don't work the capitalistic profit would fall."
This is how the meaning for social obligations is interpreted by the American
authorities. They don't ask the parents to intervene in favor of their children's
education and to encourage the law for the prohibition of the child labor.
In issue No. 1130:
The American magazine Fortune, which is in the service of the American war-
mongers, writes in one article : "If we want more guns, we must to a certain
extent deprive ourselves of butter." The American warmongers have gone so
far that shamelessly, word by word, they apply the Hitlerite methods without
even thinking of Hitler's destiny.
The regular visits of Communist agents to the United States under
the protection of diplomatic immunity has another goal. While the
Communist visitors are here to collect information about economic,
financial, military, and other matters, they are at the same time spread-
ing defeatism and demoralization among the Slav Americans, trying
to destroy in them faith in America's democracy.
For more than 2 years, for instance. Sime Balen was the chief of
the press service in the Yugoslav Embassy. He was usually contact-
54 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
ing people of Sorb and Croatian descent in this country. He was,
of course, delivering speeches at different rallies sponsored by Com-
munist-front organizations.
Sime Balen was telling his audiences, both privately and publicly,
the following:
The victory of the new democratic revolution in the world led by the Soviet
Union and other new democratic people's republics is inevitable and imminent.
Western Europe is already in process of being comnmnized. There will be no
necessity for a shooting war. After conquering Europe and Asia by internal
upheaval of the masses, we shall force the United States to surrender. The
United States will be captured by internal disintegration, racial strife, and civil
wars. An economic crisis will inevitably sap American might. An Anglo-
American war will break out because of the two countries' economic rivalry.
Everywhere in the United States we have allies who are going to do the work for
us. We shall be here before you think so. It is better for you to leave sooner
and to help us in this struggle. The Slavs are the most dynamic element in this
movement. We must be all united in this work.
While back home, Balen, Dedijer, and many others usually give
public speeches and write articles and even booklets in which the
United States is presented on one side as the exploiter of the working
masses, on the other side as the giant whose legs are crumbling under
the weight of the imminent people's rebellion.
In his book, Notes on America, Dedijer says that there is no free
press in the United States. As an example he gives the fact that
labor in America does not have liberty to publish any newspaper, with
the exception of the Daily Worker, because there is no freedom of
press in the land of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln.
I must mention the fact that the notes about American life were
taken by Mr. Dedijer while he was in San Francisco at the UNO
Conference. He is the man who, with his brother now in the United
States, has taken active part in the Anti-Fascist Youth Congresses
held last year in India, where he was spreading Communist propa-
ganda.
It must be stressed that the attitude of Yugoslav Communist dele-
gates in the United Nations is exactly, word by word, similar to the
stand which the Soviet and other satellite delegates usually do take.
They always vote with the Soviet Union and other satellite delegates.
I would like to conclude that, in the case of the Communist diplo-
mats and other Communist emissaries, we are faced with the organized
Communist threat to our way of life. Through them, the fifth
column, the Trojan horse, the dupes and innocents among the fellow
travelers in our midst, are fed and equipped with means and ideologi-
cal material.
In this connection, everyone should know in the free world that we
are engaged in a fight with a sectarian movement which is, at the same
time, militaristic, imperialistic, and anti-religious, whose only goal is
the conquest of power everywhere by all means and using our demo-
cratic freedoms. Our duty is to react against such schemes plotted
by the Communist conspiracy with all our means as freemen. Every
individual engaged in any kind of diplomatic, commercial, and cul-
tural activity belonging to a Communist state must be considered as
the enemy to the fundamental rights of mankind and a conscious foe
to our free society.
We must not only consider him as such, but treat him as such.
Stalin and every other Communist deny all the Christian and liberal
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 55
values upon which our civilization has been built and improved. We
must fight all of those who, under different ways, come to this free
society with only one purpose, to destroy it.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, if it meets with your approval, I should
like to read into the record an excerpt from the Foreign Agents' Regis-
tration Act and then submit into the record a list of organizations
and persons who have registered pursuant to the Foreign Agents'
Registration Act, which will include the names of certain organ-
izations and persons referred to by the witness in his testimony.
The Chairman. Very well.
Mr. Arens. I just want to read, if I may, the first part of the Foreign
Agents Registration Act :
The following, organizations shall be required to register with the Attorney
General :
Every organization subject to foreign control which engages in political
activities.
Every organization which engages in both civilian military activity and in
political activity.
Every organization subject to foreign control which engages in civilian military
activity ; and
Every organization, the purpose or aim of which, or one of the aims or purposes
of which, is the establishment, control, conduct, seizure, or overthrow of a govern-
ment or subdivision thereof by the use of force, violence, military measures, or
threats of any one or more of the foregoing.1
Now Mr. Dekom would like to identify certain documents and place
them into the record.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Chairman, the witness has made reference to the
Tanjug News Agency which is the official news agency of the Govern-
ment of Yugoslavia. The witness identified it as a propaganda group
in this country. We have obtained from the Department of Justice
photostatic copies of their registrations. I would like to call attention
of the committee particularly to the registration dated October 2, 1948,
in which one of the functions of the organization is outlined as follows :
Press releases on material transmitted from Tanjug, Belgrade, for United
States press institutions, organizations, and the individuals in United States of
America.
I would like further to call the attention of the committee to the
personal registration of Louis Goranin, who was identified by the wit-
ness as a Yugoslav Communist propagandist.
Under question 1 (a) name of registrant, he gives the name "Louis
Goranin." Under question 1(b) which requires him to list "all other
names ever used by registrant and when used," he states as follows :
Louis Weissman, which was name at birth and which is now used only by mem-
bers of family.
I offer that in evidence in support of the statement made by the
witness.2
Mr. Dekom. I would further like to call attention of the committee
to some of the mailing addresses which have been submitted by the
Tanjug Agency to the Department of Justice. The following on the
list are Communist or Communist-controlled newspapers or organiza-
tions : The Daily Worker, which is the official organ of the Communist
Party of the United States ; the news letter In Fact, which is published
1 18 U. S. C, sec. 2386 (supp. I).
1 The material referred to appears in appendix III, p. A43.
56 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
by George Seldes. Then there is the newspaper Narodni Glasnik,
Which is a Communist Croatian newspaper, published at 1010 East
Street. Pittsburgh, Pa.; Naorodna Volya, a Bulgarian-language Com-
munist paper published in Detroit, Mich. ; Nova Doha, a Czechoslovak
Communist newspaper, published in Chicago; Slobodna Rec, a Com-
munis Serbian newspaper, published in Pittsburgh^ and many others.1
I would also like to call the attention of the committee to the first
person on this list : Louis Adamic, of Milford, N. J., about whom we
will present additional testimony in the future.
Mr. Chairman. I would also like to ask the witness for any com-
ments which he may have on Louis Adamic.
The Chairman-. Mr. Raditsa, you may do so. Who is he, what is he,
where did he come from, and what is he doing now?
Mr. Raditsa. He comes from Slovenia. He came to this country
when he was a 12-year-old boy. He was the main brain trust of the
American-Slav movement in the country. He is now in Belgrade with
Marshal Tito. He was received 1 month ago by Marshal Tito and
the main newspaper, Politika, published the picture.
The Chairman. Is he connected with any Communist organization?
Mr. Raditsa. Yes; he is in all the Slav-Communist movements; he
was one of the officers of the American Slav Congress, and he was the
chairman of the United Committee of South Slavic-Americans.
The Chairman. When was he over in this country ?
Mr. Raditsa. I think that he left this country in December of last
year.
The Chairman. What was he doing while he was here?
Mr. Raditsa. Writing.
The Chairman. Was he connected with any other organization ?
Mr. Raditsa. Yes; he was connected with all of the left-wing
American organizations of Slav descent.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Chairman, with your permission I would like
to state that the staff has made an investigation of the connections
of Louis Adamic. He has the longest record of Communist-front
affiliations of any persons we have studied so far. Those are affilia-
tions with more than 50 Communist fronts, and we will submit
their sum total for the record with the permission of the chairman.
The Chairman. All right. I think they should be submitted.2
Mr. Dekom. Have you any comment to make, Mr. Raditsa, on the
activities of Sava Kosanovic, the Yugoslav Ambassador in Wash-
ington ?
Mr. Raditsa. Mr. Sava Kosanovic, during the war, as I stated in
my statement, was closely linked with the Communists in this
country, the Yugoslav Communists. Since he became Ambassador,
he has continued to visit the Communist front and pro-Communist
organizations of Americans of Yugoslav and Slav descent.
The Chairman. What evidence have you to give us that he was an
active Communist or that he is ?
Mr. Raditsa. I don't think that Mr. Kosanovic is a party member,
but during the war he was associated with a group of the American
Communists of Serbian descent. This group was editing and pub-
lishing Slobodna Rec, the Communist weekly printed in Pittsburgh.
1 The mailing lists of the Tanjug Agency, as submitted to the Department of Justice in
compliance with the Foreign Agents Registration Act, appears in appendix III. p. A5S.
2 The Communist-front connections of Louis Adamic will he found in appendix V, p. A73.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 57
The Chairman. Do you know of any other activity of his in con-
nection with communism? I am speaking now of the Yugoslav
Ambassador.
Mr. Kaditsa. Yes. I think he is still very active, because when-
ever there is any rally or any meeting or any affair by the American
Slav Congress or given by the Yugoslav American pro-Communist -
front organization, he is always very anxious to get in touch with
them, talk to them, and I am sure that he is still in contact with them,
sending and giving them information and instructions as to how to
proceed.
The Chairman. He is representing a Communist form of govern-
ment l.
Mr. Raditsa. Of course he is representing a Communist form of
government and a Communist state. His attitude in Yugoslavia,
when he joined Tito, was very favorable to the Communists. He
joined Tito against the will and decision of the Independent Demo-
cratic Party of Yugoslavia.
B3 the way, at that time the Democratic Party of Yugoslavia pub-
lished a communique which condemned Kosanovic for joining Tito's
government and Tito's People's Front. The majority of. the leaders
of the Independent Democratic Party remained outside of Tito's front.
Mr. Dekom. Thank you very much for appearing here today, Mr.
Raditsa.
TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM H. SMYTH, ENGINEER, 44 WEST FORTY-
FOURTH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.
The Chairman. Mr. Arens?
Mr. Arens. Our next witness will be Mr. Smyth.1
Mr. Smyth, will you kindly come forward and be sworn?
The Chairman. Raise jTour right hand, please. Do you solemnly
swear that the testimony you will give before this Senate committee
Avill be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God ?
Mr. Smyth. I do.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Smyth, would you kindly identify yourself both as
to name and address, and as to background and experience ?
Mr. Smyth. My name is William H. Smyth and I live at 44 West
Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. My background is given in the
beginning of my statement.
Mr. Arens. Under those circumstances I suggest, if it is agreeable
with the chairman, that vou read the statement.
The Chairman. You may proceed.
Mr. Smyth. You have called me here, I assume, to hear my opinion
as to whether conditions existing in this country of ours call for legis-
lation such as Senate bill 1694 2 of the first session, Eighty-first Con-
gress, introduced by Senator Pat McCarran.
My remarks will be based principally on conditions, as they appear
to me, in the Yugoslav group in the United States. In order to enable
you to judge my qualifications and trustworthiness to speak of these
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
2 Senate bill 1694 was superseded on May 11, 1949, by Senate bill 1832, introduced by
Senator McCarran.
58 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
mutters, I would like to give you the following information about my
background and life:
I was born of American Methodist missionary parents, May 23,
1890, in Foochow, China; came to America in 1899; was graduated
from Berkeley High School, California, and later in 1912, from the
University of California as a civil engineer. I worked 5 years in my
profession in San Francisco, then entered the United States Army in
May 1917; served as captain, Field Artillery, with duty in France, in
the army of occupation in Germany, and with the American mission
in Vienna until my demobilization in September 1919, in Paris.
I worked for an American export-import company in Turkey,
Persia, the Causasus, and Yugoslavia until early 1921, then founded
and operated, from 1921 until 1941 — 20 years — my own company in
Yugoslavia, W. H. Smyth, Belgrade and Zagreb, my principal busi-
ness being the importation of American motorcars, trucks, tractors,
tires, oil, and so forth, and the export of Yugoslav products. I was
elected a member of the Yugoslav Society of Engineers and
Architects.
In July 1941, when the American consulates were closed in Yugo-
slavia, I closed my business and left the country. My wife and I
were in Hungary from then until January 1942, when we left with
the American Foreign Service personnel and other Americans for
Lisbon. After 5 weeks there, we reached New York March 1, 1942.
During 1942 and 1943, I spent a good deal of time helping the Army
and other governmental organizations in such ways as I could through
supplying data on the Balkans and the Danube Valley countries. I
became a member of the American Legion and the American Society
of Civil Engineers.
Since 1945, I have devoted considerable time to the Threadmiller
Corp., a small company a friend and I founded to produce and sell
tools for cutting thread on lathes. However, during the entire 8
years I have been home in America, I have constantly tried to keep
track of Communist activities, especially in the Yugoslav group, which
I know best, and in general, in other foreign-language groups.
I spent this time in following Communist activities, because I hoped
that some day the information obtained might be helpful in keeping
my country a free republic. You must know, gentlemen, that I have
a very special interest in this matter. In the spring of 1920, I lost
practically everything I had to the Russian Communists in Baku, the
Caspian Sea oil town. When the Germans invaded Yugoslavia in
April 1941, 1 lost my business built up through 20 years of hard work.
Now, I am starting again and I do not wTant to lose out a third time
through the working of any foreign "ism" in my own country.
Senate bill 1694 has my hearty approval. My long acquaintance
with Communists and with various foreign-language groups makes
me believe that every foreign-language group in the United States
has its own highly organized national section of the American Com-
munist Party, each one with its own political bureau, national and
State committees, local committees and cells reaching down to and
directing the work of individual members and fellow travelers in
their work as spies, agitators, organizers, propagandists, and so forth.
Further, I feel sure this work is all controlled by Moscow, through
agents sent here directly or indirectly as Moscow directs.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 59
The large majority in all foreign-language groups is composed of
good, loyal Americans. However, like most Americans, they are too
tolerant to believe that anyone would work against the United States,
the country they really love. This tolerance or incredulity appears
to make many of them an easy prey to the constant and subtle prop-
aganda fed to them by well-trained Communist workers.
In support of my belief that Senate bill 1694 should be passed, I
call your attention to the work of certain organizations and persons
in the Yugoslav foreign-language group. Others, I feel sure, could
give you corresponding information about organizations and persons
in other foreign-language groups. Obviously, organizations do not
usually call themselves "Communist"' organizations, nor do most indi-
viduals show their party card. Thus, one can say only that this
organization or that person must be a Communist, or is reported
to be one, judging by the company he keeps and by the work of the
groups or units to which he belongs.
Mr. Arens. Before you get started, were you handed a list of Yugo-
slav officials in this country by representatives of the subcommittee
staff, persons in whom we were particularly interested, and asked to
compile whatever information you might have on those persons ?
Mr. Smyth. Sometime ago I received such a list and I looked over
the names, but on this list of mine there is no use of giving you every-
body, because it would take too long. I brought in a number of the
ones whom I consider the most important and who offer the most
striking examples. There will be a couple of Yugoslavs who have
become American citizens. They have come to our country and do not
behave like good guests. They seem to forget they have changed their
place of residence and they keep working for their previous home.
Mr. Aeens. You may proceed.
First, I want to call your attention to the Yugoslav-American
Home 1 at 405 West Forty-first Street, New York City. This building
was purchased a few years ago by a group of Yugoslav Communists
and sympathizers to have a central point for their activities. It has
various meeting rooms, restaurant, bar, theater; is very well run, and
appears to be, without any doubt, the center of Yugoslav Communist
activities on the eastern coast, and is also used, as occasion demands,
by the organizations considered to be Communist in several other
foreign-language groups, as Bulgar, Greek, Italian, Czech, and Polish.
According to the best information obtainable, Yugoslav Communist
groups, Communist sympathizers hold open and secret meetings in this
home. Important Communists appear at meetings, and there is a
constant and well-planned series of concerts and other entertainment,
all apparently directed to attracting as many Yugoslavs as possible
for their gradual inoculation with the Communist virus.
The president of this home is Harry Justiz, a New York lawyer of
Yugoslav origin. The manager and bookkeeper is Vinko Ujichich,
until a few months ago the cashier of the Yugoslav consulate general
in New York. Justiz was the lawyer for the consulate.
Mr. Arens. May I interrupt to ask you, Is Mr. Justiz the man who is
presently under contempt for failure to answer questions ?
Mr. Smyth. He is.
1 Also known as the Jugoslavenski-Americki Dom.
60 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
As they declared for the Com in form in the Tito-Corn inform split,
they were obliged to relinquish those posts. The home is now in the
hands of Cominform people. However, it is interesting to note that
next Friday, May 13, the Friends of New Yugoslavia, a pro-Tito or-
ganization, will give a banquet in the home in honor of the Yugoslav
delegation to the United Nations and will show a Yugoslav film,
Slavica. This would seem to indicate that, in spite of newspaper re-
ports and wishful thinking, some connection exists between Tito and
the Cominform.
A number of organizations called clubs — as longshoremen, actors,
partisans, veterans, and so forth — hold their meetings in this home.
While they are called clubs, it is hard to believe that they are not
"cells" in the organization of the Yugoslav national section of the
American Communist Party.
With regard to the various individuals I am naming, a brief descrip-
tion is as follows :
1. General Ljubo Ilic, one of Tito's generals, a well-known Com-
munist; served in the Spanish civil war; later completed Communist
political school course in Moscow; was one of principal Cominform
agents in Paris; arrived in America with a Yugoslav diplomatic
passport in 1947. Generally understood, his purpose was to control
the work of the Yugoslav national section of the CPUSA 1 and then
to organize Communist activity in Yugoslav colonies in the Argentine,
Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador. General Ilic spoke both at open and
secret meetings at the Yugoslav home. His talks, according to report,
called on the workers in America to unite and to take over the power
as they have done in other lands.
2. Josip Mavra, said to have been arrested in the Argentine as a
Communist and to have served a prison term accordingly. As he
had been compromised in that country, it appears that the party sent
Mavra to this country as a seaman. I understand he arrived with the
usual seaman's papers, good for a 29-day visit, but was quickly admitted
to the Yugoslav section of the CPUSA and was given a job as floorman
and waiter at the Permanent Delegation to the United Nations of the
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, 854 Fifth Avenue, New York
City. (Incidentally, that is the building referred to by the previous
witness as the home or place of residence of Joza Vilfan.) It was
believed Mavra was the Cominform controller of the work of that dele-
gation. Somehow, he secured a social-security card and now works as
a longshoreman. Mavra is considered an excellent organizer, and one
hears he is liaison between Yugoslav Communists of North and South
America. I doubt that he has a visa to remain in the United States.
3. Louis Weissman, called Lujo Goranin, American citizen of Yugo-
slav origin.2 Correspondent of Tan jug, the Yugoslav Government
press agency, which would seem to bear out the belief many hold that
Goranin is a member of the Yugoslav national section of the American
Communist Party. Goranin organized and directed the Jeclinstvo
chorus, a mixed group which appears at numerous meetings, concerts,
etc., at the Yugoslav- American Home. Pie left the chorus when some
months ago he declared for Tito, his reason being given that he was
not in good health. He seems to be today one of the principal distrib-
utors of Tito propaganda in this country.
1 Communist Party of the United States of America.
2 See also p. 51 and appendix IV, p. A43.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 61
4. Captain Theodore Tijan, registered as Third Secretary of the
Yugoslav Embassy in Washington, D. C, apparently acts as attache
for the Yugoslav merchant marine and is almost constantly in New
York at the merchant-marine offices, 8-10 Bridge Street. It is believed
that the entire Yugoslav Communist courier service goes through
Tijan. Yugoslav seamen, arriving in New York on ships of any flag,
are said to report to his office to deliver and receive messages. Captain
Tijan is a member of the Yugoslav Communist Party in Yugoslavia.
It is said that he was the first Yugoslav to hoist the Communist flag
on his ship. According to report, he appears and speaks at both open
and at secret meetings of the Yugoslav Communists in New York. I
understand he calls on the workers to take over the United States Gov-
ernment as their brothers took over the government in Yugoslavia.
5. Miodrag Markovic, Yugoslav consul general in New York. Ap-
pears at most meetings in the Yugoslav- American Home in New York.
In his talks, he is said to have regularly attacked the Marshall plan,
the American capitalist system, and he bewails the lack of freedom
possessed by American workers.
6. Krista Djordjevic, Serb woman, married to Dr. Djura Djordjevic,
professor in the Belgrade Medical School, known both in Belgrade
and Zagreb as a Communist. Her home was searched several times
by the police, and I believe that, at least once, she was arrested as a
result. Her husband was not a Communist but gave her the money with
which she helped leftist-minded students. She worked hard for parti-
sans during the war. She came to U. S. A. in 1946, as representa-
tive of Yugoslav Red Cross with UN; lived in New York and Wash-
ington, and visited many Yugoslav colonies in this country, making
Communist propaganda. She was said to appear regularly at open
and secret Yugoslav Communist meetings. Now president of Yugo-
slav Red Cross in Belgrade, she is reported to maintain contact with
leading Yugoslav Communists here.
7. Mima Dedijer, came here about May 1947, to replace Krista
Djordjevic as Yugoslav Red Cross representative with UN and to
be representative for the Children's Organization. Presumably, she
carried on the same work as Krista in organizing Yugoslav women for
communism. She regularly visited Yugoslav- American Home in
New York and maintained contact with Yugoslav Communists here.
She was a relative of Stevan Dedijer, a well-known Yugoslav Com-
munist, who was attached for a short time to the UN Yugoslav dele-
gation, and who now has a high position with Tito. He is the man
that Mr. Raditsa said had been out in India.1
8. Marija Govorusic (Miss) , came here as secretary to Mima Dedijer
in May 1947. As I remember, she was known to the police in Bel-
grade as a Communist before World War II. Visited Yugoslav Com-
munist meetings at various points in this country.
Gentlemen, I have presented to you the above material as sifted out
from sources I believe to be reliable. It seems to me, we have Gov-
ernment organizations which should be able to check and verify this
information, should you so desire.
I consider the United States to be the home for each true American.
It seems to me that we should exercise as much care in permitting
guests to enter and dwell in our country as we would in permitting
1 See p. 54.
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 5
62 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
them to enter and live in our private homes. That is why I hope that
Congress will adopt this law so that the guardians of our American
home may keep it clean for us and for our children.
The Chairman. Any questions, Mr. Arens?
Mr. Arens. Do you have any information respecting Louis Adamic?
Mr. Smyth. I met him only once, and that was in January 1935, at
the time and on an occasion when he spoke before the Public Affairs
S0Ciety_I think that is what it was called— in Chicago. It was in the
same hotel, the Palmer House, at which I was living. I happened to be
in Chicago with my wife, back on a trip from Yugoslavia, and I
attended that meeting. I could not attend the lunch because that was
private, but the public was admitted afterward. I paid 50 cents, and I
certainly had 50 cents' worth in listening to Louis Adamic tell the
most untruthful stories about Yugoslavia.
Afterward, the chairman stated that, while they did not allow any-
one to make speeches, anyone who desired to could get up and ask
questions. I asked him a number of questions which seemed to prove
to everybody that he had been definitely slanting his talk. That is
the only time that I met him personally. You see, Louis Adamic
came here as a boy, I should say, when he was 12 or 14 years old. I
believe he worked his way through college, and he is entitled to full
credit for that. He is technically a good writer and a hard worker,
but he got off on this Communist line. He was sent to Yugoslavia on
some fellowship, Guggenheim or otherwise, back in 1933. The story in
Belgrade, as they used to say — things are talked about in cafes, and I
speak good Serbian and knew the place well — Adamic came to Bel-
grade expecting that he would be received with open arms by King
Alexander as a great man. He was kept waiting a bit, and his recep-
tion was not too warm. The general talk around Belgrade was that,
if King Alexander had pinned what we call a decoration on Adamic's
breast, probably he would have come back to America and written
glowing accounts about the country. That is what they called cafe
talk over there.
Adamic had one great fortune, which was that his book, The Native's
Keturn, appeared just after King Alexander was murdered in Mar-
seille. I think it was October 1931. Here the King was murdered.
It was a sensational story, and right then and there a book came out
on Yugoslavia. Of course, that made it a best seller, and then he was
around on lecture trips, and he built himself up a whole lot.
During this war, it is my firm opinion that Adamic has been one of
the two or three top Tito men in this country. Right from the begin-
ning, even when they had the Royal Yugoslav Government, he was a
Tito man.
I would like to add one thing. He could not be in Yugoslavia today
unless Tito was sure of him, because the Tito government does not
give visas to people unless they know they are members of the party.
Mr. Arens. On the basis of your experience and study of the Com-
munist and subversive activity in the United States, do you have any
appraisal to make as to the point of attack on the problem from the
standpoint of trying to cut off the conduit or pipe line into this
country ?
Mr. Smyth. One of the most important things we can do is to make
a law whereby we can keep out people who have no business being here,
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 63
and, secondly, that we can throw them out right on their necks as soon
as we catch them.
One great loophole is this business of seamen. A foreign seaman
comes in here with an international document giving him the right
to spend 29 days in this country. He does not have to have a regular
passport as an ordinary visitor is required to have. This seaman, if
he knows the right people, and the Communist organizations seem to
be full of them, gets a social-security card. You see, you go around
to the social-security office and, what I have heard, there is no trouble
in getting a card. One of these men takes you in there, and you state
your name and you get your social-security card. From then on, you
are free, you can go and get a job anywhere.
This man I referred to, Joseph Mavra, people tell me has a social-
security card, and without it he certainly could not work as a long-
shoreman in the union, because they are pretty careful on that. How-
ever, there he is covered. When he arrived here, as I believe I said,
his first job was with the United Nations delegation, and then he got
his social-security card. Now he can circulate around anywhere.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Smyth, do you know of any country behind the
iron curtain where our seamen get reciprocal treatment?
Mr. Smyth. I am quite sure that there are none.
Mr. Arens. Thank you, Mr. Smyth.
(Thereupon, at 5 : 30 p. m., the subcommittee recessed.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GKOUPS
THURSDAY, MAY 12, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 4 p. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman) presiding.
Present : Senator McCarran.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
You may proceed, Mr. Arens.
TESTIMONY OF KIRILL MIKHAILOVICH ALEXEEV, FORMER COM-
MERCIAL AIR ATTACHE, SOVIET EMBASSY, MEXICO1
Mr. Arens. Will the witness please stand and be sworn? I ask,
also, that the interpreter will be sworn to give a true interpretation
of the witness' answers.
The Chairman. Raise your right hand, Mr. Alexeev.1
You do solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give
before the Senate committee will be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Alexeev. I do.
The Chairman. You do solemnly swear that you will interpret
truly and correctly from the language used by the witness to the
English language and vice versa, so help you God ?
Mr. Prokofieff. I do.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly identify yourself by name, occupa-
tion, and background.
Mr. Prokofieff. Kirill Mikhailovich Alexeev. He was formerly
commercial attache, Soviet Embassy, in Mexico City.
The Chairman. All right. How long was he commercial attache
in the embassy at Mexico City ?
Mr. Prokofieff. Two and one-half years.
The Chairman. How old is he ?
Mr. Prokofieff. Forty.
The Chairman. Married or single?
1 Mr. Vladimir Prokofieff, research analyst, Department of State, acted as interpreter
for the subcommittee.
2 The witness appeared under subpena.
65
§6 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Alexeev. Married.
The Chairman. How long have you been in the United States?
Mr. Alexeev. About 2 years.
The Chairman. Where were you born?
Mr. Alexeev. In Russia.
The Chairman. What part of Russia?
Mr. Alexeev. Central part of Russia.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Arens. What was the occasion upon' which, he severed his af-
filiation with the Russian Government in Mexico?
Mr. Prokofieff. On the 26th of November 1946 he left Mexico City.
He left the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City.
Mr. Arens. Why?
Mr. Prokofieff. Because he does not approve of Soviet policy and
he no longer wants to be a citizen of the U. S. S. R.
Mr. Arens. Ask him if he is familiar with the international intelli-
gence organization of the Soviet Government.
Mr. Prokofieff. He is familiar with the international spying activi-
ties of the U. S. S. R. just as every other responsible worker of the
U. S. S. R. is acquainted.
Mr. Arens. Before he proceeds with his prepared statement, would
you ask him if he is acquainted with persons in the United States
who are engaged in intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviet
Government ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states he knows the system of espionage, Soviet
system of espionage in the United States, but says that the Senate is
better acquainted with the individuals engaged in this espionage than
he is.
Mr. Arens. Ask him if he knows the military attache of the Russian
Embassy in Washington 1 and his activities in the intelligence work
on behalf of the Soviet Government.
Mr. Prokofieff. He says that he was acquainted with the Soviet
military attache, but at the moment he cannot recall his name.
Mr. Arens. Does he speak of the present Soviet military attache
in Washington, the man who is the present Soviet military attache?
Mr. Prokofieff. He is speaking about the present attache.
Mr. Alexeev. The present attache.
Mr. Prokofieff. He says that he can describe in general the activ-
ities of the present attache, and he is acquainted with the present
attache. He has heard things about him when he was in the U. S. S. R.
Mr. Arens. Would you ask him to give his description of the ac-
tivities, of which he has knowledge, of the present military attache
of the Soviet Government in the United States, particularly with ref-
erence to intelligence activities of this individual.
Mr. Prokofieff. He has described in general the activities of the
service attaches in the various Soviet embassies. He states that the
service attaches are divided into three: the military, the naval, the
air attaches. Each works within his field, but actually their activities
are all coordinated by the NKVD in Moscow.
The Chairman. What do the letters NKVD stand for?
Mr. Prokofieff. The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs.
1 Major General Ivan A. Bolshakov, Military Attache.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 67
Mr. Arens. Ask him to describe what these men do in the Russian
Embassy in "Washington, from the standpoint of the intelligence work,
spying, in other words.
Mr. Prokofieff. The military attache carries on spying activities
in respect to strategic points in the United States; he also carries on
spying activities in respect to military industry, supply of the Army,
the armament of the Army, in respect to the Air Force, everything in
respect to the United States airports, the type and quantity of ships, the
Air Force, information concerning other military information, and of
course, in respect to the atomic bomb.
Mr. Arens. What do you mean by spy activities? How does the
individual in question get the information and where does he get the
information?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says that it is very simple for the attaches to
get information.
Mr. Arens. Where does he get it ?
Mr. Prokofteff. The first main source, of course, are the Commu-
nist organizations in the United States of America. The second source
of information are the hired informers, paid informers. The third
source are the fellow travelers who ordinarily surround the Soviet
embassies.
Mr. Arens. Ask him what connection there is between the Com-
munist-front organizations in the United States, if any, and the offi-
cials, technical officials of the Government of Russia or of the iron
curtain countries, who are here in the United States.
Mr. Prokofieff. One of the front organizations, he says, is the
Institute for Cultural Relations. In addition to this organization,
the Embassy has contact with other organizations. He claims that
all the fellow-traveler organizations have direct contact with members
of the Soviet Embassy. He says not only do they have contact with
members of the Soviet Embassy, but actually do not take one step
without order from the Soviet Embassy. He states that contact be-
tween fellow-traveler organizations and the Soviet Embassy is gen-
erally in the hands of the first secretaries of the Embassy. He states
that usually there are two secretaries in a Soviet Embassy.
Mr. Arens. When he speaks of Soviet Embassy, does he confine him-
self exclusively in this pattern to the Embassy of Soviet Russia or
does he also include embassies and consulates of other iron-curtain
countries ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that the satellite embassies are merely
parts of the Soviet Embassy. He states that he is certain that satellite
embassies do not even have their own codes for the purpose of sending
secret messages. If the satellite embassies do have such codes, then
they are in the hands of the Soviet Embassy.
Mr. Arens. To what extent are the attaches and affiliates of the
embassies and consulates of the Soviet Government or of iron-curtain
governments in the United States active in the United States in the
formation of Communist cells ?
Mr. Prokofteff. He states that the local Communist Party has con-
tact with the first secretary of the local Soviet Embassy, reports to
him on its activities, and these reports are sent to Moscow. In Moscow,
the foreign section of the central committee of the Communist Party
sends directives to the first secretary as to where Communist organiza-
tions should be established within the United States. The first secre-
68 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tary of the Soviet Embassy then issues the instructions to the heads of
the local Communist Party, who in turn fulfill the directives. He
states that one of the first secretaries has the responsibility for car-
rying on, for organizing all of the spying activities of the Soviet
Embassy.
Mr. Arens. Ask him how extensive these spying activities are in
the United States, either by the affiliates of the foreign government or
by the Communist-front organizations in this country.
Mr. Prokofieff. He says spy activities are developed very highly
in the United States of America; spy activities by the Soviet Embassy,
by their sympathizers, by Soviet satellite embassies, are developed very
highly in the United States.
.Mr. Arens. How extensive is it ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says what can I compare it with? He states
that only 5 percent of the spy activities are actually carried on by
members of the local of the United States of America Communist
Party. The rest, 95 percent is carried on by representatives of the
u.s:s.r.
Mr. Arens. In the United States?
Mr. Prokofieff. In the United States. He states that all of the
spy lines lead into the Soviet Embassy, despite the fact that different
agents are used to do the spying. He states that in addition to the
Embassy spy activities that are carried on, other units are used to spy.
Mr. Arens. To what other units does he refer ?
Mr. Prokofieff. Some of these agents in addition to members of
the Soviet Embassy can be, he says, businessmen.
The Chairman. I would like to get the latter part of his last answer
there. He gave you one special expression right after you inter-
preted. What did he say ? You said businessmen. Now what?
Mr. Prokofieff. They can be bankers, as well.
Mr. Arens. Are these bankers that he refers to people who are sent
here by the Soviets as agents ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says they are sent here by the Soviet Govern-
ment and carry on their affairs by means of money provided by the
Soviet Government.
Mr. Arens. Ask him if he would kindly express himself with refer-
ence to the spying activities, if any, by persons who are in this country
as affiliates of international organizations or as members or employees
or affiliates of trading organizations, such as Amtorg or news associa-
tions such as Tass, who presently enjoy certain immunity.
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that Amtorg is not only a trading organ-
ization but also a spying organization. Amtorg, he says, depends for
its source of information upon sympathizers or members of the local
Communist Party, and he says that Amtorg depends upon the acqui-
sition of information from such of its employees as chauffeurs.
The Chairman. As what?
Mr. Prokofieff. Chauffeurs, beginning with chauffeurs.
The Chairman. From there up or from there down?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says from bottom up, sir.
Mr. Arens. Ask him if he knows what money or things of value
are sent into this country by couriers of the Soviets for the purpose of
aiding Communist-front organizations or for the purpose of purchas-
ing propaganda to be disseminated among groups in the United States.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 69
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that the ways of sending money or things
of value to this country are varied and many, but, of course, he says,
the Soviets are not so naive as to send over a ton of gold or a box filled
with currency.
Mr. Arens. What do they do ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that, of course, the Soviet Union has
commercial relations with various firms in the United States and dur-
ing business contacts, business relations with a particular firm, they
are able to keep some of the money that they receive from a business
here in the States for the purpose of passing on to sympathetic or-
ganizations for propaganda purposes. He states that the principle
which guides the Soviet Union in making expenditures here is to make
these expenditures at the expense of the United States.
Mr. Arens. What is the objective of the Soviet espionage and propa-
ganda activity and organizational activities in the United States,
which he has testified is directed and controlled by the Soviet officials
in this country.
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that the first objective of the Soviets,
Soviet spying activities, is, of course, to learn as much about their
enemy as is possible.
Mr. Dekom. Who is their enemy?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that the United States, of course, without
question, is their enemy. He states that, for example, knowledge con-
cerning the United States, such as a detailed biography of the present
Senators, can be had in Moscow from the very beginning of his life
until the present moment.
Mr. Arens. How about the employees of the Senators?
Mr. Prokofieff. He is convinced of this. He states that he him-
self read and he knows there exists in Moscow such detailed informa-
tion that we in the United States do not have.
Mr. Arens. How many of these key persons that he has alluded
to, who are in the United States directing the activities of the Soviet
espionage organizational work in this country, enjoy diplomatic im-
munity under our present law?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that every representative of the
U. S. S. R. who has a diplomatic passport has a spy responsibility,
and he says not less than 50 percent of those who come here without
diplomatic passports have spy responsibility.
Mr. Arens. Come here from where?
Mr. Alexeev. From Russia.
Mr. Arens. Would he include also the satellite countries ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that the satellites are nothing more than
sections led and organized by the U. S. S. R.
Mr. Arens. How many persons were accredited to the Soviet Em-
bassy in Mexico where you served ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says there were at least 15 individuals in the
Soviet Embassy in Mexico City.
^ Mr. Arens. Ask him if he has received any contacts or communica-
tions from the officials of satellite countries or from Soviet Russia
or from Communists in the United States since he severed his rela-
( tionships with the Soviet Embassy in Mexico.
Mr. Prokofieff. He says, since he left the Soviet Embassy in Mex-
ico City, he has had one contact with a member of the American Com-
munist Party, apparently some woman.
70 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. What was the nature of that contact?
Mr. Prokofieff. She came to find out from him whether he was
not going to give out information concerning the U. S. S. R. ; informa-
tion, of course, that would be useful to the intelligence services, and
whether he would write about the U. S. S. R.
Mr. Arens. Has he received any approaches or anything in the
nature of a threat since he has been served with a subpena to appear
before this committee?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that he did not inform anybody that
he was going to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and
consequently no one knows about it, and he hopes that nobody from
our side has informed anyone of the fact that he was going to be
present.
The Chairman. You know now this is an open public hearing.
Does he realize that?
Mr. Prokofieff. He realizes that this is a public meeting and,
therefore, he is a bit constrained ; he is constrained, and he is unable
to speak freely.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly ask the witness if he has a prepared
statement, a statement which he has prepared, expressing his addi-
tional testimony in a public session which can be incorporated in the
record ?
Mr. Prokofieff. Yes ; he has such a statement.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, may that be received in the record as
the additional statement of this witness?
The Chairman. It will be inserted in the record.
(The information is as follows:)
[Translation]
Organization op Spying in Soviet Embassies Abroad
methods of soviet spying abroad
All responsible workers of a Soviet Embassy are members of the secret intelli-
gence service of the Soviet Government, operating in the fields corresponding to
the positions they hold. Of these, the main individuals are (a) military attache^
(6) naval attache, (c) air attache, (d) press attache, (e) commercial attache,
(f) the first and second secretaries of the embassies (everyone spies in the field
corresponding with the duties he performs), (g) the Ambassador, (h) the cor-
respondent of Tass.
The most important person who has the right of controlling the above-listed in-
dividuals is the highest representative of the NKVD. He usually has the posi-
tion and the title of the first secretary of the Embassy. The remaining members
of a Soviet Embassy can work only at the order of the first secretary, the repre-
sentative of the NKVD.
The military, naval, and air attaches carry on spying within their fields of
specialization. Every one of them begins his activities by gaining the trust of
responsible people occupying important positions in the military system of a
given country. This way, they have the possibility of getting information through
more or less legal means : By personal contact with official persons, conversa-
tions with them, visits to plants, to military barracks and units, and strategic
military points. After each conversation with an official person, the attache
must prepare a report and immediately send it to Moscow. The report is pre-
pared about all the details of the conversation, which often do not have any direct
relationship with the problem of interest to the spy at the given moment.
In Moscow, all of these reports are systematized and. according to them, de-
tailed characterizations are made of all persons occupying responsible govern-
mental positions in a given country. Often it is possible to find in Moscow de-
tailed biographies of persons occupying governmental positions in various coun-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 71
tries, about their way of life, habits and predilections and everything that con-
cerns their character and personal life. All of these materials are classified
and can be used only by persons specifically permitted to look at them. This is
a colossal archive.
When the attache goes over to direct spying work, he recruits agents. Usually,
agents are recruited from among Communists and sympathizers, regardless of
their national affiliation (in most instances people not born in the given country
are included in the group of Soviet informers). The most desirable informers
are people having contact with governmental institutions. Some of them are
on pay rolls, but more often they receive remuneration for individual assign-
ments. Very often they serve even without pay and merely because of ideologi-
cal motives.
If a country presents no interest from the point of view of naval or air ques-
tions, then in the organization of the Soviet Embassy of the given country there
may not be a naval or an air attache. For example, in Mexico at the present
time there probably is only the military attache. All the military attaches
are subordinate to and responsible to one boss — the NKVD. It has sections
dealing with the various types of troops. All of these sections are unified in the
Administration for Foreign Counterintelligence of the NKVD.
The press attache gathers information from all sources connected with the
press of a given country. He has informers among journalists and is the spe-
cialist on the political aspect of life in a given country. He is subordinate to
Tass, which, in its turn, is an organ subordinate to the press section of the For-
eign Administration of the NKVD.
The commercial attach^ carries on wide activities in establishing business con-
tacts among the commercial and industrial circles in a given country. This work-
er does not have any difficulty recruiting informers even from among the most
well-to-do part of the population. Many, only from the desire to become one of
the trade clients of the U. S. S. R., bring full information about the economic
status of a country, about the banks, governmental industrial enterprises, etc.
Besides these, paid informers work for the Sovient commercial representative.
Many foreign employees of Soviet commercial organizations are informers for
them.
The Embassy secretaries. — Every secretary in an embassy carries on his work
For example, the secretary of the so-called Society for Cultural Relations Abroad
carries on and organizes pro-Soviet propaganda on one side and spy work on
another. This secretary has a colossal number of informers among fellow trav-
elers and Communists. He has connections in the culturally higher strata of the
population and gathers information of the broadest and most varied character
without any difficulty.
The secretary responsible for consular questions knows the former Russians,
and usually recommends to all desiring to return to the fatherland that to deserve
this possibility they must fulfill specific spying assignments.
The first secretary— the representative of the NKVD — is the most important
and the most responsible organizer of spying in an Embassy abroad. He watches
and controls all the other organizers of spying and immediately repbrts directly
to the NKVD. He organizes spying through special agents working outside of
the Embassy, controls them, and gives the assignments. He is responsible for the
fulfillment of the most serious assignments, both of a political and economic char-
acter (atomic secrets, etc.) . He looks after the spying done by foreigners, and by
businessmen who have opened their enterprises with money especially assigned
for this by the Soviet Government. He also controls the work of Communist
organizations.1
Mr. Prokofieff. That statement is of a very general character.
The Chairman. Let me ask you a question or two, please. Where
did he receive his training for diplomatic service ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that he has an engineer's degree. He
completed a course at the Machine Construction Institute in minin
engineering.
The Chairman. Where?
Mr. Alexeev. In Moscow.
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that he has a doctorate of technical
sciences.
g
1 The original statement of the witness appears on p. 73.
/ 2 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. Where did he get his training for diplomatic
service ?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that he was commercial attache, and that
generally Soviet commercial attaches are specialists.
i The Chairman. Before he became commercial attache in the Rus-
sian Embassy at Mexico City, did he receive any indoctrination or
training in communistic activity?
Mr. Prokofieff. He states that he did not receive any instruction,
any training in spying activities. He states he did receive training
in specialized commercial activities for approximately 2 months prior
to coming over to Mexico City, but he says despite what he has just
stated — namely, that he had not received any specialied training in
spying activities — still he is certain that every foreign representative
of the U. S. S. R. receives instructions and is responsible for carrying
on spy activities.
Mr. Akens. By foreign representative, would he also include per-
sons who are affiliates of international organizations or members of
trading commissions, or semiofficial groups such as that?
Mr. Prokofieff. He says without question he includes those par-
ticular individuals as foreign representatives.
The Chairman. I think we will hold over until the morning. Can
he stay over until tomorrow morning ?
Mr. Prokofieff. If it is essential, he can stay over.
The Chairman. Yes; it is essential. He is under subpena: is he
not?
Mr. Dekom. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. He will be excused subject to the order of the sub-
pena, and the committee will stand in recess until 10 in the morning.
We will reconvene at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning, and it will be an
executive session.
(Thereupon, at 5 : 10 p. m., a recess was taken until Friday, May
13, 1949, at 10 a.m.)
(Following is the original statement submitted by the witness : )
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 73
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74 COMMTJTSnST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
noro KOHxaKTa c ocpjmnajibHHMH Jivniaim, pa3roBopoB c hhmh /Ijoc-
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COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 75
Bcero XVW oaiih BoeHHKil aTTane.
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70 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
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F amis an; nil.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
THURSDAY, MAY 12, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met at 10 : 30 a. m., in room 424, Senate Office
Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman) presiding.
Present : Senator McCarran.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order. Have all of the
members of the committee been notified ?
Mr. Davis. Yes, sir ; they have.
The Chairman. We will proceed.
Mr. Arens. Will the witness stand and be sworn.
TESTIMONY OF FRANK J. CASPAR
The Chairman. Raise your right hand. You do solemnly swear
that the testimony that you will give before this Senate committee will
be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you
God?
Mr. Caspar. I do.1
Mr. Arens. If it is agreeable with the committee, I should like to ask
Mr. Dekom and Mr. Schroeder of the subcommittee staff to conduct
the interrogation.
The Chairman. Very well. You may proceed.
Mr. Schroeder. Will you identify yourself, please?
Mr. Caspar. Frank Caspar, 102 Rockledge Road, Bronxville, N. Y.
I don't use the "J," the middle name.
The Chairman. What is your business ?
Mr. Casper. Restaurant business.
Mr. Schroeder. Date of birth ?
Mr. Caspar. October 11, 1899.
Mr. Schroeder. Date of citizenship and court,
Mr. Caspar. The court is New York, on Christopher Street, but the
year I don't remember — 1940 or 1941.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name the place of your birth ?
Mr. Caspar. Pozega, Yugoslavia.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us when you came to this country ?
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
77
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 6
78 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Caspar. 1922, in October.
Mr. Dekom. And you did not become a citizen until when ?
Mr. Caspar. 1940 or 1941.
Mr. Dekom. Would you care to explain to the committee why you
waited so long?
Mr. Caspar. I was traveling, and I was a newspaperman, although
I am sorry I did not do it before.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Caspar, do you know of a place or an organization
in New York City called the Yugoslav- American Home or the Yugo-
slavenski-Americki Dom?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; I do.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us what sort of organization it is?
The Chairman. Where is it, first of all ?
Mr. Caspar. Forty-first Street, between Ninth and Tenth.
The Chairman. On what floor ?
Mr. Caspar. The whole building.
The Chairman. The whole building?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; it used to be a church.
What type of organization?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Caspar. I don't know what type of organization, but it is a
gathering of Yugoslav people there, which was started several years
ago.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell us the ideological persuasion of the
people involved, the people who manage the place ?
Mr. Caspar. At that time, when they started to gather and buy a
home for themselves, there was nothing political involved or anything.
The people, just some friends, got together and they wanted a home,
a Yugoslav home, like the Poles, like the Czechs, and everybody else.
One friend approached the other and asked for donations. At that
time it was a certain psychological moment, because the Yugoslav
people were suffering and the Yugoslav people were fighting the in-
vasion of Hitler. So, everybody contributed as much as he could.
Mr. Sciiroeder. You stated at that time it was not political. What
do you mean by that ?
Mr. Caspar. I assume, when you asked what type of organization,
you expected me to say it has a certain political view. It may have
now ; I don't know, but at that time when it was organized, and when
it was started, it had absolutely no political views.
Mr. Dekom. You realize you are speaking under oath.
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Did you or did you not tell to two representatives of
this committee that the Yugoslovenski Dom was a Communist organi-
zation ?
Mr. Caspar. No ; not Communist organization, but it has people on
top of it who are Communists.
Mr. Dekom. You mean that it has people who control its activities
who are Communists?
Mr. Caspar. Right; that is right.
Mr. Dekom. Do you still frequent the organization ? Do you still
go there?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. You do?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 79
Mr. Dekom. Could you tell us who these people are on top, their
names and positions?
Mr. Caspar. Harry Justiz.
Mr. Dekom. What position does he hold?
Mr. Caspar. He is the president.
Mr. Dekom. "Will you name any others that you recall?
Mr. Caspar. I would not know whether they are Communists. As
a matter of fact, I would not know whether Justiz is a Communist.
So far as I saw in the newspapers and so far as I heard from other
people, I think he is.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Caspar, did you or did you not tell two representa-
tatives of this committee that, in your opinion, Harry Justiz was a
Communist ?
Mr. Caspar. It is still in my opinion.
Mr. Schroder. That he is a Communist ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes, but I gather that only from newspapers and from
other people, not by talking with him.
Mr. Dekom. "Would you name the other members, whether you
think they are Communists or not?
Mr. Caspar. Other members of that organization ?
Mr. Dekom. Of the organization ; yes..
Mr. Caspar. "Well, I would not; I would not know that they are
Communist.
Mr. Dekom. Would you give us their names ?
Mr. Caspar. A fellow by the name of Jurich.
Mr. Dekom. What is his first name ?
Mr. Caspar. I think, Alexander.
Mr. Dekom. And what position does he hold ?
Mr. Caspar. He is on the committee, something. .
Mr. Dekom. Will you name any others ?
Mr. Caspar. Fellow by the name of Zietz.
Mr. Dekom. Would you spell that ?
Mr. Caspar. Z-i-e-t-z, I think. Wait a minute. I have a letter
from him. I can give you the exact spelling. Yes. Z-i-e-t-z,
Antonia.
Mr. Dekom. Will you offer that letter in evidence to the committee ?
Mr. Caspar. If you need it.
Mr. Dekom. Thank you. We will mark it "Caspar Exhibit."
(The letter and the attached financial statements are as follows :)
Yugoslav-American Home, Inc.,
1,05 West Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Brother: The next regular quarterly meeting of the stockholders of
Yugoslav-American Home, Inc., will be held on Sunday, May 1, 1949, at 2 : 30
p. m. in the upper hall of our home.
You are cordially invited to attend this important meeting and hear the
progress of your home.
The following agenda will be presented for approval :
(1) Reading of the minutes from annual meeting, also minutes for the past
3 months of the board-of-directors meetings ;
(2) Report of the treasury;
(3) Board-of -auditors report;
(4) Report of house committee ;
(5) Technical-committee report;
(6) School-committee report;
(7) Welfare committee.
Fraternally yours,
Anthony Zietz, Secretary.
80 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Exhibit A
Yugoslav-Amekican Home, Inc.
balance sheet, mar. 81, 1949
Assets :
Current assets :
Cash in bank $4,851.89
Cash on hand 1,512.13
Petty-cash fund 100. 00
$6, 404. 02
Merchandise inventory, Jan. 1, 1949 3, 000. 00
Fixed assets:
Cost Reserve
Land and building $77,000.00 $5,360.00
Construction 111,005.45 8,928.77
Furniture, fixtures and equipment— 24, 158. 77 3, 211. 39
Total 212, 164. 22 17, 500. 16
194, 664. 06
Total assets 204, 128. 08
Liabilities :
Notes payable $45, 000. 00
Accounts payable 7, 144. 20
Taxes payable 1, 444. 02
Total liabilities 53, 58S. 24
Net worth :
Deficit Jan. 1, 1949 $748. 17
Excess of operating income over expenses 211. 97
Deficit March 31, 1949 960. 14
Capital stock :
Preferred $53, 500. 00
Common 98, 000. 00
151, 500. 00
Net worth 150, 539. 86
Total liabilities and net worth 204, 128. 08
Receipts :
Operating income :
Food $10, 750. 52
Liquor 8, 6S0. 45
Beer 4, 926. 67
Wine 1.292.10 •
Hall rent 4,722. 00
Check room 711. 42
Soda 395, 63
Admissions 102. 00
Journal advertising 955. 00
Donations 800. 00
Cigarettes and miscellaneous 58. 56
Banquet 328. 00
Total operating income 33, 722. 35
Other receipts :
Share of common stock $2, 150. 00
Sale of preferred stock 1, 400. 00
Notes payable 3, 000. 00
■ 6, 550. 00
Total receipts 40, 272. 35
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 81
BALANCE SHEET, DEC 31, 1948
Assets :
Current assets :
Cash in bank $11, 182. 68
Petty-cash fund 467. 22
Cash on hand 100. 00
Merchandise inventory estimate 3, 000. 00
$14, 749. 90
Fixed assets : Cost Reserve
Land and building $77, 000. 00 $5, 360. 00
Construction 106, 398. 75 8, 928. 77
Furniture, fixtures and equipment 17, 370. 09 3. 211. 39
Total 200, 76S. 84 17, 500. 16 183, 268. 68
Total assets 198, 018. 58
Liabilities :
Notes payable $42, 000. 00
Accounts payable 7, 144. 20
Taxes payable :
Withholding tax 845. 50
Social security 222. 20
New York unemployment insurance 299. 97
Federal unemployment insurance 98. 75
Sales tax 206. 13
Total liabilities 50, 816. 75
Net worth :
Surplus, Jan. 1, 1948 $7, 446. 48
Less income tax paid, 1947 769. 12
Adjusted surplus 6, 677. 36
Net loss, exhibit B 7, 425. 53
Surplus deficit Dec. 31, 1948 748. 17
Capital stock:
Preferred 52, 100. 00
Common 95, 850. 00
Total capital stock 147. 950. 00
Net worth 147, 201. 83
Total liabilities and net worth 198,018.58
Exhibit B
Operating sales :
Restaurant $32, 114. 74
Beer 25, 334. 44
Liquor and wine 18. 780. 25
Hall rental 17, 796. 46
Check room 2, 098. 53
Admissions 2, 084. 00
Soda 1, 660. 80
Cigarettes and miscellaneous 378. 81
Total 100, 248. 03
82 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
ExniBiT B — Continued
Cost of sales :
Food $23, 212. 49
Beer 8, 151. 94
Liquor and wine 9, 939. 74
Total cost of sales 41,304.17
Hall, rental 1,944.35
Less increase in inventory 39, 359. 82
Cost of food, liquor, and beer 33, 081. 88
Wages 3,651.88
Bar expense 7,110.50
Coal and fuel $1, 743. 05
Total cost of sales 84, 948. 13
Gross profit 15, 299. 90
General and administrative expenses :
Telephone $242. 37
Gas and electric 2, 398. 00
Office stationery and supplies 902. 29
Postage 43. 34
Miscellaneous 141. 18
Refrigerator service 43.00
Decorations 291. 01
Piano tuning 75. 00
Protection 36. 00
Sound system 50.39
Exterminator 96. 00
Legal and auditing 502. 00
Advertising 334. 00
Insurance 509. 61
Rentals 42. 84
Insurance compensation 378. 20
Permit and licenses 336. 70
Entertainment 552. 00
Taxes, schedule 1 6, 261. 57
Total general and administrative 13, 235. 50
Net profit before depreciation 2, 064. 40
Depreciation :
Building $2, 680. 00
Construction 7, 216. 92
Furniture and fixtures 1,737.01
11, 633. 93
Net loss from operations 9, 569. 53
Nonoperating income : Donations and greetings 2, 144. 00
Net loss forwarded 7, 425. 53
Other capital receipts :
Sale of common stock $8, 700. 00
Sale of preferred stock 12, 800. 00
Sale of furniture and fixtures 667. 00
Telephone deposit returned 60. 00
Notes payable 42, 000. 00
Pay-roll and accrued taxes 3, 72". 50
Depreciation reserve 11, 633. 93
Total capital receipts 79, 586. 43
72, 160. 90
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 83
Exhibit B — Continued
Other capital disbursements :
Purchases :
New construction $63, 602. 31
Furniture and fixtures 3,293.27
Income tax paid (1947) 769.12
1, 944. 35
Total capital disbursements $69, 609. 04
Excess of receipts over disbursements 2, 551. 85
Cash on hand and in bank, Jan. 1, 1948 9, 198. 05
Cash on hand and in bank, Dec. 31, 194S 11, 749. 90
Disbursements :
Operating expenses :
Merchandise purchases :
Food $7, 671. 90
Liquor 4, 519. 28
Beer 1, 975. 38
Wine 1, 011. 32
Soda 260. 02
15, 437. 90
House expenses :
Hardware, lumber, repairs 757. 00
Music 291. 00
Maintenance 57. 50
Garbage removal and miscellaneous 267. 93
Sanitary supplies 117. 63
Building and janitor's supplies 135. 05
Fuel 967. 11
2, 593. 22
Kitchen expenses :
General kitchen expenses 1, 245. 22
Linen and laundry 315. 06
Supplies 145. 85
Miscellaneous 36. 25
1, 742. 38
General administration :
Wages $9, 102. 44
Telephone 84. 79
Gas and electric 1,020.54
Office stationery and supplies 89. 00
Postage 11. 51
Exterminator 24. 00
Auditing 90. 00
Liquor tax 1, 200. 00
Rentals 84. 49
Water tax 98. 25
Welfare 50. 00
Advertising 520. 79
Sales tax 222. 86
Permits 15. 00
Help, extra 30. 27
Bank charges 4. 13
Donations 25. 00
Printing journal 1, 056. 35
Miscellaneous 56. 70
84 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Exhihit B — Continued
■General administration — Continued
Social security and union insurance $367.20
Liquor bond 7.50
$14. 100. 82
Total operating expenses 33, 934. 32
Purchases, furniture fixtures, construction $11, 395. 38
Miscellaneous taxes 228, 33
11, 623. 91
Total disbursements 45, 558. 23
Excess of disbursements over receipts 5, 285. 88
Cash on hand and in bank, Jan. 1, 1949 11,749.90
Cash on hand and in bank, Mar. 31, 1949 6, 464. 02
Attest: Philip Ftjan, Blagajnik.
Daniel Bronstein, C. P. A.
Mr. Schroeder. Are you a stockholder of the Yugoslav Home ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. How much did you contribute ?
Mr. Caspar. $500.
Mr. Dekom. Have you contributed anything else ?
Mr. Caspar. To the Dom; no.
Mr. Dekom. Have you contributed anything to any organization
connected with the Dom?
Mr. Caspar. Connected with what?
Mr. Dekom. Which is either connected with the organization, or
has its headquarters in that building, or its offices or its activities
in that building.
Mr. Caspar. Well, I contributed to certain small organizations, like
some of them issue calendars yearly.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name them, those that you recall?
Mr. Caspar. I would not recall now the name.
Mr. Dekom. Could you estimate your total contribution to these
organizations?
Mr. Caspar. Lately, very little ; in the beginning, plenty.
Mr. Dekom. By "plenty", do you mean $5 or $1,000?
Mr. Caspar. No, thousand dollars.
The Chairman. How many times a thousand dollars? Just one
contribution?
Mr. Caspar. One contribution of $1,000. Then several of hundred
dollars, $500, but that was 1944, 1 think, or '45, something like that.
Mr. Dekom. When did you make the latest contribution?
Mr. Caspar. The latest — the latest, as a matter of fact, was a month
ago.
Mr. Dekom. How much was that contribution?
Mr. Caspar. $100 to Balokovic,1 for what purpose I don't even
know.
Mr. Schroeder. Do you mean to say you make contributions for
purposes that you do not know what the money will be used for?
Mr. Casper. So far as Balokovic, I know what they go for.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell the committee what it goes for?
Mr. Caspar. For relief for the Yugoslav people.
1 Zlatko Balokovic.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 85
Mr. Dekom. Will you name the organization he represented?
Mr. Caspar. He represented the Yugoslav Relief Committee.
Mr. Dekom. Is that the American Committee for Yugoslav Relief ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Are you aware that that organization was listed by
the Attorney General of the United States as Communist and sub-
versive ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. You are not aware of that?
Mr. Caspar. No. That is the first time I heard that it is commu-
nistic.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Caspar, could you tell us what sort of activities
go on at the Yugoslovenski Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; they give dances, they have meetings, they sing.
Mr. Dekom. Would you describe the nature of the meetings?
Mr. Caspar. I never attended the meetings, except the one for the
Yugoslovenski Dom, which was, I think, about a month or two ago
when the new board was elected, which was again the old board.
Mr. Dekom. Could you name the persons who attended that meet-
ing?
Mr. Caspar. No, because there were probably two or three or four
hundred.
Mr. Dekom. Can you name the members of the board?
Mr. Caspar. Justiz, I know, and Dr. Diamond,1 who is the secre-
tary. He is a physician.
Mr. Schroeder. Did you not allow us to read a financial statement
in your office ?
Mr. Caspar. Right.
Mr. Schroeder. With the list of the board of directors at the bottom
of the statement.
Mr. Caspar. Right. I never read it, and I never read the statement.
Air. Schroeder. You mean you are a stockholder and you receive a
statement
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
Mr. Schroeder. From the organization, and you never look at the
statement?
Mr. Caspar. That is lost so far as I am concerned.
The Chairman. What is lost ?
Mr. Caspar. The money.
The Chairman. What do you mean by that?
Mr. Caspar. Because they don't know how to run the business there.
The Chairman. Who does not?
Mr. Caspar. The people that are in charge there.
The Chairman. And yet you contributed to it a month ago.
Mr. Caspar. A month ago ; no. I didn't say I contributed to them.
Balokovic is something else, and what he represents and those people
are something else, at the present.
The Chairman. Was this the board of directors of this Yugoslav
society ?
Mr. Caspar. The committees which manage the place.
The Chairman. They are the ones who got your contribution, aren't,
they?
1 Dr. Leopold Diamond.
86 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Caspar. No, no, that again has nothing to do with the Yugo-
slovenski Dom; the last contribution I made lias nothing to do with
that organization there.
The Chairman. You made the expression that the money is lost.
Mr. Caspar. I figure I forget; I forgot about that money, same as I
gave any other contribution; that is finished.
Mr. Dekom. Is that the only contribution you ever made to the
Yugoslovenski Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. Right, right; except when I was there eating, and
somebody came selling some tickets, which is $5 or $10, which I fre-
quently did and never used the tickets.
Mr. Arens. In these meetings which you have attended at the
Yugoslav Dom, have you ever heard any addresses by affiliates of
international organizations or by affiliates of consulates or embassies?
Mr. Caspar. I said before that I never attended any meetings there
except the one where the last board was reelected.
The Chairman". Why did you attend then?
Mr. Caspar. Just that I had the pleasant company and they took
me up.
The Chairman. I see.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Casp,ar, on the basis of your affiliation with that
organization, is it not a fact that the Yugoslav Dom is a Communist
cell?
Mr. Caspar. I would not say a cell, but I would say they have a lot
of members that are Communists.
The Chairman. Do you know what is meant by a cell in that
regard ?
Mr. Caspar. It is sort of a center.
The Chairman. Yes.
Mr. Caspar. I would not say it is a center, because I know many
feople that frequent the place, and you have me as an example, and
am not certainly a Communist.
Mr. Dekom. It is your testimony that the people who run it are
Communists, in your opinion?
Mr. Casper. Some of them, not all. As a matter of fact, there is a
big clash now between them.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Caspar, to your knowledge has any member of
the Yugoslav diplomatic, consular, or UN service ever been present at
the Yugoslovensky Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name them ?
Mr. Caspar. Markovic, the consul.
Mr. Dekom. Is that Miodrag Markovic?
Mr. Caspar. I wouldn't know the first name.
Mr. Dekom. He is the consul ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Who else of th° official family of a foreign power has
been present at the Yugoslav Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. By the name of, a fellow by the name of Prosen.
Mr. Arens. Who is he ?
Mr. Caspar. He is supposed to be chamber attache for trade.
Mr. Dekom. Commercial attache?
Mr. Caspar. Yes. He is a very pleasant fellow, social, and I meet
him always in Yugoslav gatherings.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 87
Mr. Arens. You say he is always at Yugoslav gatherings ?
Mr. Caspar. I have frequently met in Yugoslav gatherings; that
does not mean in the Dom.
Mr. Dekom. How many Yugoslav gatherings have you met him in?
Mr. Caspar. How many ? Maybe five or six.
Mr. Dekom. What other gatherings have you met him in other than
at the Yugoslav Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. He came a few times to eat in my places.
Mr. Dekom. What other meetings, I mean.
Mr. Caspar. Meetings social, social meetings.
Mr. Dekom. Who else of the official family of a foreign power has
been frequenting the Yugoslav Dom other than these two men?
Mr. Caspar. Lately, nobody that I know.
Mr. Dekom. WTho prior to "lately"?
Mr. Caspar. Prior, in the beginning, I remember General Hie, who
was military attache, I think, for South America.
Mr. Dekom. Ljubomir Hie?
Mr. Caspar. Who married Zinka Milanov.
Mr. Dekom. The Metropolitan Opera star, Zinka Milanov.
Mr. Caspar. Right.
Mr. Arens. What did you say about him?
Mr. Caspar. That he was there on several meetings.
Mr. Arens. How do you know he was there at several meetings ?
Mr. Caspar. Because usually when I go there, I go to the bar, and
passing by the corridors I meet them.
Mr. Arens. How many times have you in the course of the last 2
or 3 years been within the confines of the Yugoslav Dom?
Mr. Caspar. Almost every week.
Mr. Arens. Whom else have you seen there of the official family of
a foreign power ?
Mr. Caspar. I don't remember. I don't remember anybody else,
except when General Hie was there, I think the Ambassador was there,
too.
Mr. Dekom. Sava Kosanovic?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
The Chairman. Who is the general?
Mr. Dekom. General Ljubomir Hie. He married a Metropolitan
Opera star.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any information respecting the aggregate
membership of those who are affiliated with the Yugoslav Dom?
Mr. Caspar. Any what? I didn't get it.
Mr. Arens. Aggregate membership, how many people?
Mr. Caspar. Nine hundred and something; that is what I heard.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Caspar, when you came to this country, were you
a wealthy man or a poor man ?
Mr. Caspar. I came from wealthy parents, but I came here poor.
Mr. Dekom. Would you consider yourself well off now ?
Mr. Caspar. I think so.
Mr. Dekom. Have you made a good living in this country.
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Arens. You own three restaurants in New York, as I under-
stand it.
Mr. Caspar. At one time I owned more ; now I own three.
88 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Have you traveled to Yugoslavia in the last 3 years?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. How many times ?
Mr. Caspar. Twice after the war.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell the committee why ?
Mr. Caspar. To see my mother ?
Mr. Dekom. Where is your mother ?
Mr. Caspar. In Zagreb, Yugoslavia.
Mr. Dekom. Did you visit any other places?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name them?
Mr. Caspar. In '47 1 was in Belgrade.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell the committee why?
Mr. Caspar. Because I passed through there, Pan American Air-
line.
Mr. Dekom. Did you stop there ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; I stopped there 2 or 3 days.
Mr. Dekom. Whom did you see ?
Mr. Caspar. Nobody in particular, just a few friends. We had
a good time. I think 3 days I stayed in Belgrade.
Mr. Dekom. You met no officials of the Yugoslav Government?
Mr. Caspar. Nobody.
Mr. Dekom. Did you carry with you any letters to any officials ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; I did.
Mr. Dekom. Will you name the officials to whom you carried letters ?
Mr. Caspar. From Louis Adamic to Marshal Tito.
Mr. Arens. Who is Louis Adamic?
Mr. Caspar. He is a famous writer.
Mr. Arens. Where is he located ?
Mr. Caspar. In Milford, N. J.
Mr. Arens. What was the nature of the content of those letters
which you had ?
Mr. Caspar. Would you care to see it ?
Mr. Aren. Yes, sir.
Mr. Caspar. Here is the original letter. I never used it. I don't
know whether they will understand it.
Mr. Dekom. We will have it translated.
Mr. Arens. This is a letter addressed to Marshal Tito ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Arens. By Louis Adamic ?
Mr. Caspar. Right.
The Chairman. Let the letter be identified and made part of the
files.
Mr. Caspar. I would like to have it back. You can have it so long
as you want.
The Chairman. It will be identified and marked as a part of the
files of the committee, and will go into the record when translated.
Mr. Caspar. I will leave it here. You can translate it, and, if I
may, I would like to have it back.
Mr. Dekom. We will have it photostated and returned to you.
Caspar Exhibit 2
The Unit<xi Committee of South-Slav k Amerieai*s
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Letter of introduction from Louis Adamic to Marshal Tito.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 89
(The letter was marked "Caspar Exhibit 2" and appears opposite
p. 89. A translation is as follows :)
[Translation]
November 20, 1946.
Dear Marshal Tito : By this letter I want to introduce to you a personal, good
friend of mine, Mr. Frank Caspar from New York, who is a devoted friend of the
new Yugoslavia, and who has done so much to make Americans acquainted with
the historical events in your country.
As yourself, Mr. Caspar is a Croat. He remembers you as a labor leader from
your early years in Zagreb. He came to America many years ago and in the
course of years has become a very successful man. He is chairman of the Inter-
national Geneva Association, which shows that he enjoys a high reputation in
the names of restaurant and hotel owners. He is one of the most outstanding
citizens of New York, and has a wide range of acquaintances and influence.
Mr. Caspar is now visiting his old country and has expressed the desire to meet
you on that occasion. I hope that your numerous daily duties will allow you to
receive him. I am convinced that your meeting with Mr. Caspar would have very
favorable results also in the United States.
Please receive, Marshal Tito, also on this occasion, my warm personal regards.
It is with joy that I look forward to a personal meeting with you in the near
future.
Death to fascism ! Freedom to the people! 1
Louis Adamic.
Mr. Arens. How many meetings a month or a week, on the average,
are held at the Yugoslav Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. I never attended the meetings there.
Mr. Arens. How many meetings are held there, irrespective of
whether you attended or not ?
Mr. Caspar. I think they have every day some kind of a meeting;
singing meetings, dancing lessons, and all kinds of things. There is
a bulletin board there. Whenever I come in there, I see some func-
tion, either upstairs or above that.
Mr. Schroeder. You said whenever you go in there, and previously
you said you had only been there once.
Mr. Caspar. On a meeting, but I go there almost every week, down
at the bar and eat. You didn't understand me.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever carry with you to Yugoslavia a letter
from Sava Kosanovic ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. What year was that ?
Mr. Caspar. 1947. Also it was dated '46.
Mr. Dekom. Do you have a copy of that letter ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. Would you give the committee the contents ?
Mr. Caspar. Well, he just wrote
The Chairman. To whom was it addressed ?
Mr. Caspar. Kardelj,2 who is supposed to be the Vice President.
Mr. Dekom. Of Yugoslavia? And Sava Kosanovich is the Am-
bassador here?
Mr. Caspar. Eight. He is the Vice President of Yugoslavia. He
just recommended me as a supporter in the beginning, and donator,
and help to the people, which I did, and recommended me to see that
I should see Marshal Tito.
1 Smrt fasizmu ! Sloboda narodu ! — (Death to fascism! Freedom to the people!) — is
the motto of the Yugoslav Communist Party.
2 Edvard Kardelj.
90 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. Did you have a desire or did you just express a
desire to meet and become acquainted with Marshal Tito?
Mr. (a si \it. Acquainted? The same as I would be very much im-
pressed and thrilled to meet either President Truman or some big head
of a state. If I may. I would like to say something on my own accord
on the beginning of a question there, later on. If you would allow me, I
would like to say it now.
The Chairman. Go ahead and say it.
Mr. Caspar. I saw several articles in the papers coming from New
York to Washington which, I think, are sensational and I don't think
they are timely, because now in Yugoslavia and here among Yugo-
slavs, there is a clash between two factions. Tito's people now are
definitely trying to make friends with the Americans and with the
western powers, and articles like that will not help the cause. And
you said whether I am thankful to this country — there is not — this is
the most wonderful country in the world. I am very thankful for the
opportunity and everything else. I could never be a Communist, but
nobody can blame me while the worst kind of people were fighting
Hitler, no matter who they were, as long as they were fighting; because
the Nazis killed my father, and they also wanted to kill my mother,
because she is from Jewish origin ; anything that fought flitler, we
supported her. First, we supported what-is-his-name that was killed,
the big leader.
Mr. Dekom. General Draza Mihailovich.
Mr. Caspar. Yes. Later on Tito came, so he was the leader of the
opposition and he fought. That is the time I supported that action.
Later on — I have my family there — I became friends. I have known
Sava Kosanovic 10 years now ; I knew him when I visited Yugoslavia
in 1930 and when he started the action here. I was very intimate and
I helped; as a matter of fact. I came last night, I went to -visit him,
and I don't care who knows about it. I went to say "hello" to him. I
haven't seen him in a long time.
The Chairman. Who is that?
Mr. Caspar. Kosanovic, the Ambassador. But that still does not
mean that I am a Communist or even sympathize with communism, but
at the present time there is a clash with the Comiform and the Tito
people, and there is definitely a chance to make friends with Tito now.
At least he is trying as far as I know.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us what the basis of your statement is
that he is trying to make friends with the United States ?
Mr. Caspar. Well, according to the impression that I had when I
was there now in August and September, last August and September.
Mr. Dekom. Who gave you that impression ?
Mr. Caspar. The people. The people and certain officials there.
Mr. Dekom. Officials where?
Mr. Caspar. In Zagreb.
Mr. Schroeder. Is the membership in the Yugoslav Dom divided
between Tito and the Comiform?
Mr. Caspar. Yes; that is right.
Mr. Schroeder. Do you know the percentage ?
Mr. Caspar. I would say, but I don't have to be right, 50-50.
Mr. Dekom. What effect did the letter of Louis Adamic have in
your dealings with Yugoslav officials?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 9 I
Mr. Caspar. Except that I carried that on my suitcase.
Mr. Dekom. On your suitcase ?
Mr. Caspar. On top of my suitcase.
Mr. Dekom. So it would be visible ?
Mr. Caspar. Purposely.
Mr. Dekom. And what happened ?
Mr. Caspar. So, when they saw that, they didn't look at my luggage.
They let me go.
Mr. Dekom. In other words, the letter offered you immunity from
the usual things that you must go through.
Mr. Caspar. Probably, although I know they received some other
Americans there without going through too much looking over the
baggage and things like that.
Mr. Dekom. But it is your testimony that that letter ■
Mr. Caspar. That letter gave me a certain boost there.
Mr. Dekom. Did you carry any other letters on your last trip from
any other person in this country ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes : I carried several letters. I carried a letter to cer-
tain relief peo*ple from the Red Cross there, from Americans.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name them ?
Mr. Caspar. That are connected with the Yugoslav relief ?
Mr. Dekom. Could you name them ?
Mr. Caspar. I really don't remember, but I think one is connected
with a bank.
Mr. Dekom. Whose name is Michael M. Nisselson ? x
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
The Chairman. What bank ?
Mr. Dekom. Amalgamated Clothing Workers Bank ; is that right ?
Mr. Caspar. No ; I think it is a different name, the bank.
Mr. Dekom. Did you carry a letter from Zlatko Balokovic?
Mr. Caspar. Not at that time. In 1948 I carried letters from
Balokovic.
Mr. Dekom. Do you have copies of those letters ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us the nature of those letters ?
Mr. Caspar. They were delivered to Dr. Rittig.
Mr. Dekom. Svetozar Rittig ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Will you identify him ?
Mr. Caspar. He is a priest, a Catholic priest who, by the way, mar-
ried me in Zagreb in 1931.
Mr. Dekom. Is he now connected with the Tito regime ?
Mr. Caspar. Right.
Mr. Dekom. Did you deliver the letter yourself ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; that is right.
Mr. Dekom. What was the nature of the letter ?
Mr. Caspar. To introduce me; that he should see that my stay in
Yugoslavia is pleasant.
Mr. Dekom. Did you carry any other letters on your 1948 trip ?
Mr. Caspar. 1948, yes. To his sister, Balokovic's sister. Another
letter to his sister, Zlatko Balokovic's sister, who is in Zagreb.
1 Michael M. Nisselson is president of the Amalgamated Bank, operated by the Amalgam-
ated Clothing Workers Union.
98330— 50— pt. 1 7
92 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. That is all ?
Mr. Caspar. That is, I think, all. I don't remember having any
Other letters of importance, except maybe a friend of his. I had two
or three letters from him.
Mr. Dekom. From him?
Air. Caspar. Yes.
M r. Dekom. But from no one else ?
Mr. Caspar. This trip, no ; from nobody else.
Mr. Dekom. How long were you in Yugoslavia ?
Mr. Caspar. A month and a half in 1948.
Mr. Dekom. You stayed in Zagreb all of that time ?
Mr. Caspar. All of the time, except for 5 days I was on the sea,
Opapia.
Mr. Dekom. What did you do when you came back ?
Mr. Caspar. Here?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Caspar. I resumed my usual life of business.
Mr. Dekom. Did you hold a party in the Hapsburg House after
your return ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. To which you invited a number of guests ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. How about your previous return?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; previous return, yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell us who the guests were?
Mr. Caspar. Mostly of my organization, the Geneva.
Mr. Dekom. Will you explain that statement?
Mr. Caspar. I am the president of an organization, International
Geneva Association, which is an organization of hotel and restaurant
men, from busboy to managers. As a matter of fact, we have a lot
here in Washington, managers and everything else. It is an organi-
zation that has branches all over the world. I am the president of
the New York branch, which is the largest branch. And they ten-
dered me a party when I came back.
Mr. Dekom. Were any members of the Yugoslav Dom or the Yugo-
slav official family there?
Mr. Caspar. I don't think at that time the Dom existed.
The Chairman. In 1947?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Were any members of the Yugoslav official family
there?
Mr. Caspar. As a matter of fact, there were three friends of mine
who are verj^ much against Tito's government and anything that it
stands for.
Mr. Schroeder. Mr. Caspar, do you remember making a statement
in your office that you knew plenty, but you were afraid to tell it on
account of your mother and crippled sister in the old country?
Mr. Caspar. No, no sister ; a brother.
Mr. Schroeder. A brother, then.
Mr. Caspar. I didn't say I knew plenty. I just said, "I will tell
gladly the truth and help out in any way I can."
The Chairman. Did you express fear?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 93
Mr. Caspar. I am not in fear exactly, but I figured that something
may involve me in a truthful answer that probably would cause cer-
tain retaliation to my people.
The Chairman. Are you apprehensive now ?
Mr. Caspar. Now I decide to tell whatever you want me to, or what-
ever you want to know. I cannot invent things.
The Chairman. You are not wanted to invent anything. We want
all of the truth.
Mr. Caspar. Anything you want I will tell you. Up till now I
have told everything.
Mr. Dekom. I have just one more question, and then I will have
no more.
Is it your testimony now that you did not say to two persons in
your office that "I know plenty, but I won't talk,'' or words to that
effect, but the phrase "I know plenty" was used? Is it your testi-
mony that you did not say that ?
Mr. Caspar. I don't remember it.
The Chairman. You say now you do not remember it?
Mr. Caspar. I don't remember saying that. I may have said some-
thing to that effect, by which I meant I would say everything, like
with this letter, and everything that would help you.
Mr. Arens. You visited with the Ambassador before you came to
this session today?
Mr. Caspar. Not today, last night.
Mr. Arens. Last night you visited with the Ambassador?
Mr. Caspar. That is right, just to say ''hello."
The Chairman. Was the fact that you were to appear before this
committee discussed ?
Mr. Caspar. Nothing.
The Chairman. In the presence of the Ambassador ?
Mr. Caspar. No; I haven't seen him for many years, and I don't
see why I should not say "hello."
The Chairman. You were under a subpena at that time to appear
before this committee?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; that is right.
The Chairman. You did not tell him why you were here?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. You said you have not seen him for years.
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Where did you get his letter when you went to Yugo-
slavia?
Mr. Caspar. Through Louis Adamic.
Mr. Dekom. Through Louis Adamic?
Mr. Caspar. Yes, right. He was in Washington; he brought me
the letter.
Mr. Dekom. He obtained the letter for you from the Ambassador ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. And then gave it or sent it to you ?
Mr. Caspar. He gave it to me personally, and his letter also.
Mr. Arens. Have you discussed with anyone the fact that you are
appearing here today?
Mr. Caspar. With no one except the immediate family or friends.
Mr. Dekom. This letter from Louis Adamic is written on the letter
head of United Committee on South Slavic Americans.
94 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Caspar. I wouldn't even know what it is.
Mr. Dekom. You have never been associated or contributed to them ?
Air. Caspar. Yes; I have.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know that this organization is listed by the
Attorney General as subversive and Communist?
Mr. Caspar. Since when?
Mr. Dekom. Last year.
Air. Caspar. Well, this is 1947.
Mr. Dekom. You have had nothing to do with this man or tliis
organization since?
Mr. Caspar. Since? No.
Mr. Dekom. You have not seen him or talked to Adamic either?
Mr. Caspar. Who, Adamic?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; I have before he went to Europe.
Mr. Dekom. When did he go, approximately?
Mr. Caspar. A month ago, I think.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know why he went ?
Mr. Caspar. For writing a book.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Caspar. I heard that he was last in Italy.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know whether or not he got in touch with any
official or officials, Yugoslav officials, while he was there ?
Mr. Caspar. He expressed and he told me that he was going to
visit Tito and everybody else.
Mr. Arens. Have you discussed with any member of the Yugo-
slav Dom or with any affiliate of international organization or with
any person affiliated with a consulate or embassy of a foreign power
your presence here today, or the fact that you were under subpena
*<-> appear today?
Mr. Caspar. Yes ; I have, with several friends. Whether they were
connected with the Yugoslav Dom, I don't know, but I have a lot of
friends there.
The Chairman. You discussed the fact that you were to be here
today ?
Air. Caspar. That is right.
The Chairman. Will you name those parties with whom you dis-
cussed that ?
Mr. Caspar. Well, Jurich, Balokovic. They had a meeting the
same day that I got the letter in my place. They had a certain meet-
ing in my place, discussing, as a matter of fact, things to start a news-
paper of their own against Cominform. That is what I heard.
The Chairman. With them, you told them ?
Mr. Caspar. When I met them on the stairs, I said, "I have a subpena
to go to Washington," and they told me, "It is nothing new. Several
from Pennsylvania, Yugoslavs, also had subpenas," as they told me.
The Chairman. These people whom you met there and told that you
had a subpena, told you that several people from Pennsylvania also
had a subpena ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
The Chairman. Did they tell you how they knew that?
Mr. Caspar. No ; I didn't ask them.
Mr. Arens. Did they discuss with you your testimony
Mr. Caspar. No.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES I>~ ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 95
Mr. Arens. Which you proposed to give here ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Arens. Did they give you any admonition or warning respect-
ing your testimony ?
Mr. Caspar. No ; they just said, "You have nothing to fear. Just tell
them the truth," which I didn't even ask them. I know I have nothing
to fear.
Mr. Arens. Why did they say, "You have nothing to fear"? Did
you indicate an apprehensive attitude toward them?
Mr. Caspar. No ; they probably had the impression that I was either
afraid or something. That is what their impression was.
The Chairman. Why would they get that impression from you ?
Mr. Caspar. I don't know. Even some of them told me, "It is an
honor," and I consider it an honor.
The Chairman. They told you not to be afraid.
Mr. Caspar. That was only a remark ; yes.
The Chairman. Who told you that?
Mr. Caspar. I can't remember now. There were several of them
there.
The Chairman. About how many were there?
Mr. Caspar. Six.
The Chairman. Can you give us the names of the six ?
Mr. Caspar. Balokovic, Jurich, fellow by the name of Eospadia ; but
they are all against Cominform.
The Chairman. That is all right. I am not asking about that.
Where did you meet with these men ?
Mr. Caspar. On the stairs, coming down. •
The Chairman. On the stairs.
Mr. Dekom. The Yugoslavenski Dom ?
Mr. Caspar. No ; my place. I frequently offer them rooms for meet-
ings, but meetings that I know are not subversive.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know the names of the organizations which
sponsor those meetings ?
Mr. Caspar. No ; that is not an organization.
Mr. Dekom. Balokovic's group?
Mr. Caspar. Only a group which by the spirit of the moment they
called each other, "Now, let's sit down and discuss things." Balokovic
was very nice about this. He is very much for this country and every-
thing else. "Let us discuss things, how we should fight the Comin-
form."
Mr. Dekom. But he expressed no opposition to the Cominform be-
fore the break, did he, to you ?
Mr. Caspar. There are a lot of people, probably
Mr. Dekom. Will you answer the question, please?
Mr. Caspar. I don't remember.
Mr. Dekom. Or any of these people
Mr. Caspar. I never discussed
Mr. Dekom. Who attended the Yugoslavenski Dom or this group
that eats there, did they ever express opposition to the Cominform
before the break between Tito and the Cominform ?
Mr. Caspar. No, not that I know of.
Mr. Dekom. They now express opposition to the Cominform only
because Tito is on the other side.
Mr. Caspar. That is possible, all right.
96 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. They are for Tito.
Mr. Caspar. They are for Tito ; yes.
Mr. Schroeder. Mr. Caspar, do you have a room set aside in your
restaurant for special meetings?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Schroeder. Would you care to tell us the type of meetings you
have in this board of directors' room or this meeting room on the third
floor of your establishment?
Mr. Caspar. That is the Engineers, Swedish Engineers Club.
The Chairman. The what engineers?
Mr. Caspar. Swedish Engineers Club.
The Chairman. Swedish?
Mr. Caspar. Engineers Club; yes. They have headquarters there,
and all of those pictures are their former presidents there.
Mr. Schroeder. Do you rent that room to any other organization?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Schroeder. For meetings ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes, quite frequently I rent that room to a Yugoslav
club.
Mr. Schroeder. Would you name the club ?
Mr. Caspar. That club has been in existence, I think, from 1920
and is a club which is definitely against Tito or against Cominform or
anything that is Communist.
The Chairman. What is the name of it ?
Mr. Caspar. The Yugoslav Club of New York.
Mr. Dekom. Who is the president ?
Mr. Caspar. They have a new president now. I forgot his name.
Mr. Dekon. Who is the old one?
Mr. Caspar. The only one was Cekich,1 1 think, and he is connected
with the bank, some trust bank. It is not Irving Trust and it is not
Guaranty Trust. He is a very nice fellow and very much against
anything that exists now in Yugoslavia.
Mr. Arens. When you had your conversation with the Ambassador,
what did you talk about ?
Mr. Caspar. That I didn't see him for a few years and I want some
of his Slivovica.
Mr. Arens. What?
Mr. Dekom. That is a type of Yugoslav plum brandy.
Mr. Arens. Did you explain how you happened to be in Wash-
ington ?
Mr. Caspar. I have some business. I was in company with a lady
there, so I didn't speak anything about subpena or anything about
that.
• The Chairman. Where was that, at the Embassy ?
Mr. Caspar. No, in h is private home.
Mr. Arens. You told him you were here on business ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Do you have business here ?
Mr. Caspar. I had a house here, and I still have some business here.
The Chairman. When did you announce that you were coming, or
how did you arrange to have the meeting ?
1 Theodore Cekich.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 97
Mr. Caspar. I just came from the airport and I went on the tele-
phone, called him up, "Are you home?" "Yes," so I went there with
the company.
Mr. Schroeder. Is it not a fact that you called an attorney the other
day from New York and talked to an attorney in Washington ?
Mr. Caspar. In Washington, no.
Mr. Schroeder. Don't you have an attorney here in Washington ?
Mr. Caspar. Sure I have.
The Chairman. Who is it ?
Mr. Schroeder. Didn't you call this attorney to discuss this affair
with him ?
Mr. Caspar. No.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name the attorney ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes. Crooks and Gilligan. It is in the same office.
Crooks was at one time rent commissioner, so he didn't bother with his
law practice, so Gilligan did everything for me here.
Mr. Dekom. Who is your attorney in New York?
Mr. Caspar. Ducker and Feldman.
Mr. Dekom. Spell it.
Mr. Caspar. Alan D-u-c-k-e-r ; F-e-1-d-m-a-n.
The Chairman. On the day on which you were served with the sub-
pena, did you make any call by telephone from New York to Wash-
ington ?
Mr. Caspar. Not me, except for room reservation.
The Chairman. You did make that call ?
Mr. Caspar. That is right, and this morning I called my wife.
Mr. Dekom. You received a call from Zlatko Balokovic on the day
you were served with the subpena ?
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us the nature of that ?
Mr. Caspar. He wanted me to get him tickets for "South Pacific."
Mr. Arens. Did you discuss with him your subpena ?
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What did he say ?
Mr. Caspar. "It is an honor."
Mr. Dekom. Could you explain the meaning of that statement?
What did it mean to you ?
Mr. Caspar. It is nice to be invited by the Senate and help. If
you in any way are suspicious of my political views, I think my
attorney — I consulted him, but he says it is not necessary
The Chairman. "When did you consult with him ?
Mr. Caspar. Before I came here.
The Chairman. This morning?
Mr. Caspar. No, a few days ago in New York — has a letter that
can prove when I came back from Yugoslavia that I offered my services
in any way I can as an observer in Yugoslavia or anything, you
know.
Mr. Arens. How do you account for the fact, Mr. Caspar, if it is a
fact, that you told the representatives of this subcommittee staff that
you had plenty to tell ?
Mr. Caspar. I can, I really — I can't explain, I cannot understand
how I could have said that, if I did say that, except that I probably
thought that I would like to help. I mean I am going this year
98 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
again to see my mother, and if you want me to give you observations,
reports, or anything, or anything in particular that you would like
to know, 1 will gladly do it.
Mr. Schroeder. You said that it was an honor. Didn't you state
when this subpena was served on you, "Why do you want to do this
to me ( Who is going to pay the expenses of my coming to Wash-
ington '.''
Mr. Caspar. Now, you are exaggerating. I never said, "Why do
you have to do this to me?" I never said that. I made a joke by
saying, "Who is paying for this expense ?" You are not going to tell
me that I said, "Why are you doing this to me?" It is a pleasure, it is
a pleasure trip.
The Chairman. Do you say that you did not say that?
Mr. Caspar. I certainly did not say it.
The Chairman. Nothing of that substance or effect?
Mr. Caspar. No, except that I was joking, "Who is going to pay
the expense?" and you were present.
The Chairman. Who was present?
Mr. Dekom. I was.
The Chairman. Were you present when he was subpenaed ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
The Chairman. How many more were present ?
Mr. Dekom. Just Mr. Schroeder and I.
The Chairman. That is all.
It is the admonition of the Chair, of the committee, that in view of
the fact that your presence here may have elicited some newspaper
attention, you in nowTise will discuss your testimony with anyone out-
side of this committee room.
Mr. Caspar. Eight. Did I do anything wrong by discussing that
before I came here ? I didn't know that I should not have discussed it.
The Chairman. No, not at all. You have a perfect right to con-
sult your attorney. You have a perfect right to do anything you want
to do. It is a question as to what you did, not wThether you had a
right to do it. This is a free country, and
Mr. Caspar. That I know.
The Chairman. You have a right to do as you please.
The committee has a right just to know what it was that you
did.
Is there anything that you have, being as you are under oath, is
there anything, any statement that you have made here that you care
to revise or change or alter or modify ?
Mr. Caspar. To the best of my ability I told everything the truth.
As a matter of fact. I can tell you that my wife also visited Yugoslavia
in spite of not having the permission of the State Department.
Mr. Dekom. You mean she went without a proper passport?
Mr. Caspar. Passport, yes, we got a visa in Paris.
Mr. Dekom. The passport was not valid for traveling into Yugo-
slavia.
Mr. Caspar. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. How did she get a visa ?
Mr. Caspar. From the Yugoslav authorities in Paris.
Mr. Dekom. And despite the fact that her passport was not valid
for traveling into Yugoslavia ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 99
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
The Chairman. You were traveling, of course, under your proper
name.
Mr. Caspar. Yes.
The Chairman. In every respect?
Mr. Caspar. Right, and on the proper passport.
The Chairman. And you have never changed your name?
Mr. Caspar. Since I am a citizen, I have never changed my name.
The Chairman. Before you were a citizen, what was your name?
Mr. Caspar. My real name is Casparides.
The Chairman. Casparides.
The Chairman. That is the name in which you
Mr. Caspar. Came to this country.
The Chairman. And was that the name of your father?
Mr. Caspar. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. That is the name under which you were born?
Mr. Caspar. Yes, sir. I started working in a factory in Chicago
when I came, and they cut my name themselves in half and I left it
that way.
The Chairman. That is all. Thank you very much.
The committee will recess until 4 o'clock this afternoon.
(Thereupon at 11:40 a. m., a recess was taken until 4 p. m., the
same day.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
FRIDAY, MAY 13, 1949
United Senate Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 11 : 15 a. m., in room
424, Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman),
presiding.
Present: Senator McCarran.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
Senator Cain of Washington, who is present before the committee,
will present a statement.
STATEMENT OF HON. HARRY P. CAIN, A UNITED STATES SENATOR
FROM THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
Senator Cain. Very briefly, I wish to encourage further considera-
tion by your committee of the bill which the senior Senator from
Nevada recently introduced on the subject of deporting subversives.
Mr. Chairman, a few days ago, the senior Senator from Nevada
introduced a bill to provide for the deportation of subversive aliens.
At that time, I presented the case of an alien who has been guilty of
activities which are designed to injure the welfare and international
position of the United States. He is, of course, Charles Chaplin, who
has made for himself a great fortune in the United States, but has
never seen fit to seek citizenship in this great country of ours, which
has sheltered him and has, in fact, kept him in luxury for more than
35 years.
I proposed the question then as to why action had not been taken
to rid us of this alien, since he has in fact been associated with a
number of well known Communist enterprises.
Mr. Chairman, since my original presentation, I have made a more
comprehensive study of the record of Charles Chaplin in order that
the members of this committee may have a more adequate picture of
the extent to which we have permitted our generosity and hospitality
to be abused.
For many years Chaplin has given consistent support to the Com-
munist cause and to the Soviet Union. His public utterances provide
a series of eulogies for the Stalinist dictatorship, but, Mr. Chairman,
101
102 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
iii that whole record I have not been able to find a single kind word
for the United Slates. I remember that about -2 years ago the news-
paper columnist, Ed Sullivan, published three questions which he
hoped Chaplin would answer. These are the questions :
1. Why didn't Chaplin entertain United States troops or visit our wounded in
military hospitals during the war?
2. Does Chaplin prefer democracy as defined hy Russian communism or democ-
racy as ii is defined in the United States?
:;. For 30 years Chaplin has earned a lush living in the United States, aban-
doning his native land, England. Why hasn't Chaplin become an American
citizen?
Well, Mr. Chairman, as a result of these and other pointed questions
aimed at him, Chaplin held a press conference in New York City. The
headline in the New York Sun of April 15, 1947, provides a concise
summary of his reply :
Chaplin sidesteps query on Red link.
The New York Sun report of the interview contains the following
significant passages:
Charlie Chaplin refused yesterday to give a direct answer to a reporter who
asked him at a press conference whether he was a fellow traveler of the
Communists.
"That is too difficult to define," he said. "If you step off the curb with your
left foot these days, they call you a Communist. I belong to no political party
and I have never voted in my life."
He had already denied being a Communist. His press agents had announced
that at the conference he would answer any and all questions which reporters
might put, but he didn't.
The questioning eventually turned to the subject of dictators on
which Chaplin has been a fluent speaker. Let me again refer back to
the New York Sun of April 15, 1947, and I quote :
He said that he had given up the idea of making a Napoleonic film because he
doesn't like dictators.
"Isn't Stalin a dictator?" a questioner snapped.
"It hasn't been settled what that word means," Chaplin replied.
There were, Mr. Chairman, the inevitable questions about his citizen-
ship, or rather his lack of it. His answer to this pointed question was
simply, "I am not a nationalist."
The columnist, Ed Sullivan, provided us with a suitable answer to
this kind of double talk. Let me quote from his column of April 12,
1947 in the New York News :
The marines who died at Iwo Jima, the World War II paraplegics, amputees,
and the blinded must writhe at Charlie Chaplin's smug explanation that "I'm a
very good paying guest in the United States" * * * to Chaplin, the
U. S. A. is a boarding house, a motel, or a roadside inn where, in return for
taxes you get liberty, freedom of speech, jury trial, freedom of religion, and
everything else as some sort of room service. * * * Chaplin's answers
to your three questions, as reported by AP, UP, and radio commentators, demon-
strate that he believes the purpose of language is to conceal ideas, rather than
convey ideas * * * so let's put it to him simply: Does Chaplin prefer our
political philosophy, in which the state exists for the people, or does he prefer
the Communist philosophy, in which the people exist for the state? * * * In
other words, Charlie, is you is or is you ain't our baby? Are you with Uncle
Sam or against him?
Don't tell us, Charlie, that you are reluctant to discuss politics. During the
war, instead of entertaining the troops or our wounded, you delivered nothing
but political speeches for Russia, demanding a second front. So don't be
tongue-tied now, Charlie. Speak right up, because the country is tremendously
interested in your answers. * * * And Charles, don't repeat Thursday's
e>
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 103
error of saving, "I'm for the little people." Under our democracy, there are no
"little people," all of us are just people, free-born. You confused the image
of Independence Hall with the Kremlin * * * with the entire world dis-
cussing ideology, Charlie, don't tell us you are not concerned with the world's
gravest issue * * * and if you are not a '•nationalist." Charlie, what are
you— a supreme being who surveys all worlds, and owes obligation to none of
them V Speak up, Charlie, and this time no double talk.
The New Leader of April 19. 1947, gave a further report on the
Chaplin interview which will speak for itself:
Chaplin hesitated to compare Russian expansion of today with German expan-
sionism of yesterday. He echoed the Communist line by stating that Hitler
used the same techniques against the Communists as are being used today.
When told that those speaking out against the Communists today are in the
main those who also spoke out against Hitlerism, Chaplin let it die there.
It is touching, Mr. Chairman, to hear Chaplin talk of his love for
the common man. It is touching to think, Mr. Chairman, that he has
deigned to consider the poor American "nationalists," and the "na-
tionalists" of more unfortunate countries.
The New Leader of April 19, 1947, has this appropriate thing to
say on the subject :
Chaplin over and over again accentuated his belief in the common man ; his
defense of the underdog. He claimed that his films arouse "pity" for the op-
pressed of the world. This writer asked Chaplin: "Have any of the proceeds
of your recent films gone toward helping the people of Europe, for example,
rehabilitate themselves? Have these proceeds been used to aid the democratic
resistance forces?" Answer: "Er — er — I don't know. But the military used
my film, the Great Dictator, and we gave it to them whenever they requested it."
He also boasted that he had made many speeches calling for a second front.
I am sure that the men who grave their lives on the Normandy
beaches, at Salerno, in Sicily, and North Africa — I am sure, Mr. Chair-
man, that they must be grateful to Charles Chaplin that he made
speeches on behalf of a second front.
Even the men of Chateau Thierry or the Argonne Forest, the men
who were cut down in the Ludendorff drive in 1918, will also look
down with gratitude on Chaplin. I hark back to World War I, be-
cause Chaplin has sat out in luxurious comfort two wars in which his
native Britain and his hospitable United States were involved, in the
defense of those freedoms which he perverts so glibly.
His only recorded contribution to the war effort was a eulogy of
the Soviet Union which ended with these words: "Russia, the future
is yours."
This is not the first, nor the last, nor the only instance in which he
spoke in the most glowing terms of the most brutal dictatorship that
this world has ever seen. Many of us will recall that in October of
1942, he spoke on the subject of communism in Carnegie Hall, and
he said then :
I want to clarify something. For some time communism has been held up as
a big bugaboo, and we were terrified of it. People say, what if communism
spreads out all over the world? My answer to that question is: So what?
Of particular significance in the unsavory history of Charlie Chap-
lin is an incident that took place a little over a year ago; an incident,
Mr. Chairman, which skirts perilously close to treason. At that time
the House Committee on Un-American Activities had revealed that
Hanns Eisler, who had been brought into this country as a result of
pressure brought on the Department of State, was a high-ranking
104 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Comintern agent. Steps were being taken to have Eisler deported.
The entire Communist world was recruited to come to the assistance
of agent Eisler and, as might be expected, Charlie Chaplin chimed in.
The arrogance or stupidity of this person was, Mr. Chairman, almost
unbelievable. As part of his campaign on behalf of an identified
Communist conspirator, Chaplin sent a cable to Pablo Picasso,1 self-
admitted French Communist, urging him to stage demonstrations
against the United States in France. It is with the greatest feeling
of revulsion that I now read the text of his treasonable message :
Can you head committee of French artists to protest to American Embassy in
Paris the outrageous deportation proceedings against Hanns Eisler here, and
simultaneously send me copy of protest for use here. Greetings.
Mr. Chairman, I ask that the members of the committee seriously
consider this act. Here is an alien, living in luxury for 30 years in
this country, who urges a foreign Communist to stage demonstrations
against the Embassy of the United States in a foreign country, on
behalf of none other than a notorious Communist. In the words of
the Argonaut of January 2, 1948 :
For confounded impudence it would be all but impossible to find another in
this country to equal Charlie Chaplin, a man who has come to regard America
as his oyster, and with this regard disdains to hold a decent respect for the
opinions of mankind.
When reporters asked Chaplin about his association with Hanns
Eisler, he replied that he was "very proud to be his friend."
Chaplin's defense of Communists was not limited to this one man.
He has quickly jumped to the defense of other Communists. I think
we all remember the case of Gerhart Eisler, who came to this country
as the supreme representative of the Comintern. In other words, he
was the top commissar of Communist Party activities in this country.
He has been convicted of contempt of Congress and of making false
statements in connection with obtaining a United States entry permit.
Again the Communist propaganda machine was recruited into a propa-
ganda drive on his behalf. The Daily Worker of January 4, 1947,
page 4, carried a statement on behalf of Gerhart Eisler. One of the
more conspicuous signers of it was Charlie Chaplin.
Similarly, Chaplin signed a protest on behalf of Eugene Dennis
and Leon Josephson, well-known Communists who have been con-
victed of contempt of Congress.
A few years before, Chaplin spoke out publicly on behalf of Earl
Browder, who was just then being released from prison, where he
served a term for passport fraud.
Chaplin has had numerous connections with Communist fronts and
Communist-controlled organizations. Among them are the following :
1. Chaplin was a sponsor of the Congress of American-Soviet
Friendship and the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship,
which is listed by the Attorney General of the United States as a
Communist front.
2. Chaplin was a contributor to the New Masses, monthly organ of
the Communist Party.
3. Chaplin was a speaker before the Artists' Front to Win the War,
which is listed as a Communist front by the House Committee on Un-
1 Famous French painter.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 105
American Activities and the California Committee on Un-American
Activities.
4. Chaplin was a sponsor of the People's Radio Foundation, which
is listed as a Communist front by the Attorney General of the United
States. This organization was set up to procure radio stations for the
Communist movement.
5. Chaplin was a contributor to the Communist periodical Soviet
Russia Today, which was branded by the California Committee on
Un-American Activities as existing for "the sole purpose of carrying
on propaganda on behalf of the Soviet Union."
6. On November 14, 1942, page 4, Pravda, the official organ of the
Soviet Communist Party, published a telegram of greeting from
Charlie Chaplin.
7. Chaplin was a patron, in Los Angeles, of a celebration on the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the Bolshevik dicta-
torship in Russia.
8. Chaplin made a substantial financial contribution to the Wallace
campaign, which was completely sponsored by the Communist Party.
9. As might well be expected from a man with his pro-Communist
record, Chaplin was one of the sponsors of the synthetic "peace con-
ference" in New York a few weeks ago. This conference, Mr. Chair-
man, is part of the prefabricated anti-American propaganda drive
which Moscow is now busily exporting as its part in the cold war.
This relationship of Chaplin with the Communists has not been a
one-way street. The Red propaganda machine has been appreciative
of this friendship and has on many occasions informed the faithful
of the Communist Party, through its propaganda organs, that Chap-
lin's services to the Bolshevik cause have been substantial and appre-
ciated. On a number of occasions the Daily Worker, official organ
of the Communist Party, has reviewed the life and activities of Chap-
lin in the most glowing terms. The Soviet propagandist, Ilya Ehren-
burg, has lavished upon Chaplin the official approval of the Soviet
government. Chaplin received special praise at the Soviet art show
in Moscow, in November 1947. The Communist periodical Soviet
Russia Today gave him special mention on the twenty -fifth anniversary
of the Bolshevik Revolution. He received the praises of the Com-
munist dictatorship of Rumania in a broadcast from Bucharest on
January 13, 1949.
Mr. Chairman, I think this is a substantial record. It well war-
rants the conclusion that Charlie Chaplin does not believe in our sys-
tem of government, does not support our Constitution, but has given
his allegiance to the dictatorial system of Stalin. I have found no
statement of his that expresses his attitude on the subject of commu-
nism more clearly than this excerpt from a speech before 12,000 Cali-
fornia ns made a few years ago. Speaking about the Soviet rulers
and what he called the bogey of communism, Chaplin had this to say :
I think it's about time we got rid of that bogeyman.
People say they are godless men. Any country, any people who can fight for
an ideal like they have been fighting, I say they approximate godliness.
They must feel eternity in their souls. Again I say, they approximate God
and God will understand, for He is not interested in techniques.
I would only encourage, as one citizen, the fullest possible consid-
eration of the proposed legislation. I am not an authority as to
106 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
details, but I strongly support the substance and the purpose of the
legislation, Senator McCarran.
The Chairman. I am very grateful to you, Senator, because we
receive from time to time rather discouraging attitudes and when
we get a little encouragement, we are very happy to have it on the
record.
Senator Cain. May I ask one question while I am here, sir? I have
recently been advised to my complete amazement that the laws of
this land apparently are such that one who is a deportable alien very
often cannot be deported because the country of his origin or his
citizenship will not accept him. Does that happen pretty generally
to be the fact, Senator McCarran ?
The Chairman. We have information that the INS has right now
something in excess of 3,000 such cases, people that this country desires
to deport but the countries of their origin will not accept them.
Senator Cain. Well, may I ask what happens to them ? Are they
incarcerated in this country?
The Chairman. They are just turned loose here. Some of them
are criminals.
Senator Cain. May I ask my last question: Would this committee
be sympathetic if a bill were submitted on that subject for the pur-
pose of study and scrutiny by the committee ?
The Chairman. If you have anything that would suggest a solution
to the problem, I would be for it.
Senator Cain. I thank the Senator.
The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Cain.
TESTIMONY OF ELIZABETH TERRILL BENTLEY
The Chairman. Miss Elizabeth Bentley will come forward.1
Remain standing. Raise your right hand. You do solemnly swear
that the testimony that you are about to give before the committee
of the United States Senate will be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Miss Bentley. I do.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state your full name and identify
yourself by occupation, background, and experience?
Miss Bentley. My name is Elizabeth Terrill Bentley. At the
present moment I am a lecturer, although next year I will be a school
teacher. By background, I have a bachelor's degree from Vassar
College, a master's degree from Columbia University, and 1 year's
study at the University of Florence, in Italy.
Mr. Arens. How about your previous employment ?
Miss Bentley. I have 2 years' teaching experience at the Foxcroft
School in Middleburg, Va., and after that mostly business experience,
6 years running an export concern, various other business positions.
The Chairman. I am advised that you have counsel here with you.
Miss Bentley. Yes ; I do.
The Chairman. Will the counsel kindly state his name, place of
residence, and where his office is?
Mr. Egan. My name is Joseph A. Egan. I am attorney at law,
associated with Godfrey P. Schmidt, attorney for Miss Bentley. Our
office is located at 51 Chambers Street, New York, N. Y.
1 The witness appeared under subpena, accompanied by Joseph A. Egan, attorney.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 107
Mr. Arens. Miss Bentley, do you have a prepared statement to
submit to this committee on the subject matter under consideration?
Miss Bentley. No; I am sorry. I was going to but I have just
about gotten over grippe and I did not have a chance to do so.
Mr. Arens. May I invite you to direct your attention to the subject
matter under consideration, namely, proposed legislation for the pur-
pose of excluding subversive aliens and deporting subversive aliens
who may have gained admission to the United States. Will you please
express yourself with reference to factual information that you pos-
sess in regard to the entrance into this country of persons for the
purpose of engaging in subversive activity and in general subversive
activity in this country, which may be controlled and directed by offi-
cials of foreign governments who are in this country ?
The Chairman. I would like to admonish the witness in answering
that question to confine her answers to first-hand information that
you have yourself, that you gained yourself, and not to conjectures.
Miss Bentley. Would that apply, Senator, to things that I have
been told by my superiors in the Russian secret service, for example ?
Would that be conjecture?
The Chairman. If you have that and can tell from whom the in-
formation came, we will accept it. We will receive it. Tell from
whom you gained the information, when it was gained, how it was
gained, and all about it. We will accept that if you can do that, but
we want primary information here. You understand what that is.
Miss Bentley. I should start out with my connections with espio-
nage as they concern aliens.
I was informed by my superiors in the Russian secret police that a
very small percentage of Americans are involved in it, only those who
are strictly necessary, such as people who must get Government em-
ployment in order to obtain information. Of course, those would
have to be Americans, because Russians could not secure those
positions.
The Chairman. I would like to interrupt you there, if I may. You
say you obtained information from your superiors?
Miss Bentley. I was informed by my superior in the Russian secret
police of that. -i
The Chairman. Well, how were you connected with the Russian
secret police ?
Miss Bentley. I worked with the Russian secret police from 1938 on.
The Chairman. Where?
Miss Bentley. I actually had contacts with them which I didn't
realize at the time until later, long before that.
The Chairman. Where did you work with them ?
Miss Bentley. I worked with them first in New York, and then,
from 1941 through 1945, 1 worked with Government employees in the
Federal Government who were obtaining information for the Rus-
sian secret police.
The Chairman. How did it come about that you went into the em-
ploy of the Russian secret police ?
Miss Bentley. I at that time was a Communist, Senator, and I was
sent, what they called, "underground." In other words, I was put in
contact with one man who did not say it was espionage but rather
gradually led me into it, to the point that when 1941 came along, I
was so far in, I suppose, I didn't even think about it then.
98330— 50— pt. 1 8
108 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. Where were you born ?
M iss Bentley. I was born in New Milford, Conn.
The Chairman. And you are over 21 ?
Miss Bentley. Yes.
The Chairman. That is as far as you care to go ? .
Miss Bentley. I don't think there is any great secret, Senator, be-
cause all of the newspapers have mentioned I was born in 1908.
The Chairman. All right. Where were you when you were em-
ployed by the Russian secret police?
Miss Bentley. I was not employed in the sense that they paid my
wages. I was employed in the sense that I was an agent of theirs.
In other words, during that period I either secured cover jobs for
myself to pay my own way, or they secured a cover job for me to pay
my way, because you see never, except when a secret agent — Russian
police agent — is part of the Embassy, is it ever wise for you, for them
to be paid by the secret police, because it might easily be discovered
what they are doing. They must have always a sort of cover source
of money.
The Chairman. They must have a way of making a living. How
do they work that ?
Miss Bentley. That is arranged. They very often get Communist
sympathizers to set up a business and give a man a job in it. There
are numerous ways of doing it.
The Chairman. Where were you and what were you doing when
you first associated yourself or became a member of the Communist
Party?
Miss Bentley. I was finishing the last part of my master's thesis
at Columbia University campus. That was the end of '34 and be-
ginning of '35.
The Chairman. Had your studies prior to that led you up to a point
where you concluded to join the Communist Party?
Miss Bentley. I would say that my studies in Vassar had gotten
me to the point where I was a complete pushover for communism.
The Chairman. Did you find yourself alone in Vassar in that re-
gard?
Miss Bentley. No ; I would say that that is the general tendency,
not only in Vassar, but in a goodly number of colleges. Other people
have told me the same thing.
The Chairman. You found it from your own experience in Vassar,
however.
Miss Bentley. I found it from my own experience in Vassar, very
definitely.
The Chairman. I think there will be no trouble with a woman of
your fine intelligence to follow the admonition that I tried to give
you. We want to confine the information that this committee will
receive to first-hand information.
Miss Bentley. I would say that my primary information would be
through my association with the Russian secret police Among the
first two Russian agents that I knew who were aliens — at the time I
didn't know they were Russian secret agents, I was told later on —
was a man named Joseph W. Eckhardt, who was a Lithuanian, part of
the Soviet military intelligence, who at that time was sent here on
a special mission to try and smuggle airplanes to Spain during the
civil war. He was typical, I was told later by various of my contacts,
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 109
including the first secretary of the Russian Embassy that I will men-
tion later, of one of the ways that Russians got their agents into this
country by using what I would call satellite countries, countries very
close to them, but countries which they felt would not excite as much
suspicion as if an ordinary Russian came into this country. He
was a Lithuanian. He came here ostensibly as a businessman. That
is typical of a number of people who come in that way.
His assistant was a man by the name of Michael Endelmann. He
also was a non-Russian. He was of Polish extraction, born in Ger-
many. He came to this country ostensibly as a businessman. Ac-
tually he was part of the Soviet military intelligence. I have been
told, I have not been able to verify, that this man either was or is
at present working for the United Nations. I have not been able
to check that.
Those were typical of two cases where the Russians were using good,
tested people who were non-Russians, who came either from satellite
countries or quite nearby.
Later on, I had dealings with people who were members of the
Soviet Embassy. I am leaving out my first real contact with the
Russian secret police, Mr. Golos, because he was naturalized, and that
would not come in the same category.
The Chairman. You will treat that, you will deal with that?
Miss Bentley. Do you want me to deal with naturalized citizens?
The Chairman. Yes; certainly.
Miss Bentley. Mr. Jacob Golos was born in Russia, and had de-
rivative citizenship when his parents came to this country and became
citizens. He was a member of the GPU since away back in the early
twenties. He had been a Russian revolutionary since, I think, he was
six or seven. His function was to act for the Russian secret police in
collecting^ information, and also he was one of three men on the Com-
munist Party Control Commission, which controls all the people
within the Communist Party, keeps them in line, also giving him a
good opportunity to find good spy contacts there, people who could
put up money for businesses and who could otherwise help the spying.
He also was typical of the way they operated, because he was link be-
tween the Communist Party and the consulate. He ran a travel
agency called World Tourists.
The Chairman. Where was that located?
Miss Bentley. That was located in the early days in the Flatiron
Building, in New York, and later at 1123 Broadway. As the head of
that, since he was dealing with sending tourists to Russia, he con-
stantly could go in and out of the consulate and because he had at one
time written in some of the left-wing Communist papers, he also had
access to Communist headquarters without suspicion and he, therefore,
was a connecting link between the Communist Party and the Russian
consulate.
Mr. Arens. When you refer to the Russian consulate, this question
comes to my mind. To what extent are Communist activities in the
United States under the direction, control, and supervision of the
officials of iron-curtain countries who are in the United States?
Miss Bentley. The Communist Party in this country is completely
dominated by Moscow. The usual link between the Communist Party
is a man known as a Comintern agent. He may or may not be con-
1 10 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
nected with the Embassy. At the same time, centered in the Embassy
you have your Russian secret police, which handles all espionage in-
telligence work in this country, including keeping track of Russian
nationals, military, naval intelligence, and the ordinary Russian secret
police work. That all comes out of the Russian Embassy originally,
although they also, wherever they have consulates, have men there,
too, to handle the same thing. That is where it originates.
Now, that may not be a set pattern in the future. It was done in
the past. I was told by the Russian secret police that this was done
because the information can be carried by their diplomatic courier to
Russia; there is diplomatic immunity, and they can send out vital
information in code, whereas otherwise it might be difficult.
Mr. Arens. How about persons who are affiliates of international
organizations or of trading commissions, or in similar capacity ?
Miss Bentley. Exactly the same thing. Mr. Golos was in constant
contact with several people in the Soviet Purchasing Commission who
were engaged in that work, also in the Amtorg Corp. One of
my contacts, who was my Soviet superior, was the wife of the man who
was then head of Tass Agency.
Mr. Arens. Would you please identify that agency?
Miss Bentley. Tass ; that is the Soviet news agency.
Mr. Arens. In this country.
Miss Bentley. She herself had a position at Amtorg.
Mr. Arens. What is the Amtorg ? Would you identify that ?
Miss Bentley. The Amtorg is the commercial agencv that has han-
died business relations between this country and Russia for a good
many years.
Mr. Arens. To what extent did you have contacts or are there con-
tacts existing now with persons who are in this country with immunity
as affiliates of international organizations or as invitees of interna-
tional organizations ?
Miss Bentley. I don't think you would call Amtorg a diplomatic-
immunity organization. I don't believe they have it. I don't think
the Soviet Purchasing Commission has it.
Mr. Arens. Another category; international.
Miss Bentley. You are referring to the UN, or something of that
sort.
Mr. Arens. Any international organization.
Miss Bentley. As I have stated before, I think that Mr. Michael
Endelmann was or is in the United Nations. That is the extent of my
knowledge as far as the United Nations is concerned.
Mr. Arens. How about other international organizations ?
Miss Bentley. The Embassy. My main contact after Mr. Golos'
death was the first secretary of the Russian Embassy, who was the
head of the Russian secret police in this country. The man's name is
Mr. Anatoli Gromov. I think that has been brought out before. I
know that he, as first secretary, was head, because at one point I was
dissatisfied with my Russian contact and I asked to see the boss, and
I was given Mr. Anatoli Gromov. He told me that it was the policy
that the first secretary of the Russian Embassy was the NKVD man.
That is the Russian secret police.
Mr. Arens. What contacts did you have with persons who are in
the official employment of the United States Government?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 111
Miss Bextley. I had some 40 or 50 people who were giving me
information, who were working for the United States Government.
I think those were all listed last summer when I gave testimony here.
They were practically all Communists. I think there were two or
three that were not, but the rest of them were Communists.
The Chairman. Were they or did they claim to be citizens of the
United States?
Miss Bextley. They were all native-born citizens except two of
them who were naturalized Russians. Those two people were Mr.
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, who fled from Russia before the Bolshe-
vik revolution, was in China, came to this country via the West Coast,
and became a citizen; and his wife, whose name was the Baroness
Witte, Helen was her first name, she was also born in Russia, came
to this country and became naturalized. The rest of the people in
the Government that I dealt with were all native-born Americans.
The Chairman. What was the nature of your work when you were
employed by the Russian secret police?
Miss Bextley. At first the nature of my work was to be a courier.
I was to come to Washington every 2 weeks, instruct these people in
the techniques of espionage, how to get documents out of their place
of employment.
The Chairman. Instruct these people, you say ; what people do you
mean?
Miss Bextley. The Government employees with whom I was deal-
ing; in other words, the Communists who were either employed previ-
ously in the Government and whom I had transferred to me, or people
whom we had sent into the Government for that specific purpose.
The Chairmax. That is, when you use the word "government," you
mean the Government of the United States ?
Miss Bentley. I mean the United States Government ; yes.
The Chairmax. To what departments did you go for your contacts
with these people in your missions from New York to Washington?
Miss Bextley. They were employed in several different depart-
ments and they shifted during the course of the war. We had people
in the Treasury. We had people in the Air Corps. We had people
in the OSS. We had people in Nelson Rockefeller's CIAA, I think
it was called. Let me see if I have overlooked somebody. We had a
man in the Canadian Legation.
Mr. Arexs. How about the State Department ?
Miss Bextley. We had a man who got into the State Department
but gave us very little information after he got in.
The Chairmax. Was he one of your selectees, so to speak?
Miss Bextley. He had been with the CIAA ; that showed signs of
crumbling and, therefore, we urged him to go into the State Depart-
ment where he would be more useful ; yes.
The Chairmax. On your trips here, on your mission while you were
so employed, did you have occasion to go to the State Department
frequently or otherwise?
Miss Bextley. I never saw any of these people at their place of
employment. This was highly secret ; highly underground. We met
sometimes in their homes, sometimes in restaurants, sometimes on park
benches, whatever seemed to be a good method to handle it. I never
went to their offices.
112 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. When did your trips commence; that is, your trips
coming from New York to Washington?
Miss Bentley. I would say July 1941, just after Germany attacked
Russia.
The Chairman. After what ?
Miss Bentley. After Germany attacked Russia. You remember she
was attacked, I think, the end of June.
The Chairman. From then on, how frequent were your trips ?
Miss Bentley. I would say usually every 2 weeks, sometimes of-
tener, if the urgency arose. Sometimes during vacation periods, pos-
sibly not as often, but it would average at least once every 2 weeks.
The Chairman. As to the Department of Commerce, does that come
to your mind as a department in which you had those whom you com-
municated with ?
Miss Bentley. We did have a man in the Department of Commerce,
you are quite right. We had one of the men in the War Manpower
Commission but he was shifted someplace else. I forgot the War Pro-
duction Board. We had three or four in there.
Mr. Arens. How did you get them into the Government service ?
Miss Bentley. Some of them were already there. They came in the
early thirties, or the middle thirties, or the late thirties and were there.
Some of them decided to come down and try for a job and through
their own connections got in or we pulled strings to get them in, and
some we deliberately sent in. If we found them in agencies that were
of no use, like the man at the War Manpower Commission, we would
pull strings to get them into an agency that was of use, say the OSS.
We had one case of that sort.
The Chairman. Looking back over it now, during the period that
you have mentioned, about how many, approximately, did you have
in these various departments in the aggregate ?
Miss Bentley. I can't count them up exactly, but it was around 40,
roughly.
Mr. Arens. Those are direct Communist agents you are referring
to?
Miss Bentley. Yes; they were Americans, for the simple reason
that you could not possibly get a Russian in there who would be ef-
fective. They were forced to use Americans.
Mr. Arens. These 40 do not embrace Communist sympathizers ?
Miss Bentley. No.
The Chairman. They were members of the Communist Party ?
Miss Bentley. All but three. Two I would class as fellow travelers
and one I was never quite sure where he stood or why he was interested
in it.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting the dissemination
of propaganda and the organizing of Communist Party cells in the
United States by the agents of Russia ?
Miss Bentley. That is exactly what their job is. That is what the
Communist Party is set up to do, to organize cells, to bring into the
Communist Party people who will be useful for whatever purpose they
need them for, and in the case of intellectuals, pretty generally the
thing they need them for is either espionage or propaganda. Those
are the ones you need for teachers, Government employees, and so
forth. That is about what it boils down to. But they also recruit
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 113
workers for strategic plants, and they recruit farmers so that they can
tie up food production. It is a long, very intensive program, of course.
Mr. Arens. How extensive is this program ?
Miss Bentley. I think it is a great deal more extensive than people
realize because one Communist can be an extremely deadly person.
You can put one Communist in a union local, and if he is smart
enough, he can run it. That is a fair way of saying it and one Com-
munist espionage agent in one Government department, if he gets in
the right job, can do a devastating amount of damage, because I have
seen it work out.
The Chairman. You have seen it work out ?
Miss Bentley. I have seen it work out.
Mr. Arens. On the basis of your background and experience, do you
have any appraisal to make as to the relative number of persons who
are in the active direction of the Communist work in this country who
have gained admisson into the United States from abroad, as dis-
tinguished from persons who are native-born Communists?
Miss Bentley. I would say that is almost impossible to answer, un-
less you are sitting in Moscow. As I said, the only espionage which
they trust to Americans is the sort of thing where they cannot use
anyone but Americans, in other words, Government employment,
for example. But the links beyond that and your higher-ups are all
Russian-trained people. They may be from satellite countries, be-
cause Russians do not trust Americans. That has been told me over
and over again. Back in 1945, I was told that eventually there would
be a war between this country and Russia, and I was told by the first
secretary of the Russian Embassy again and again that what worried
them the most was the fact that they didn't know that they could count
on an American Communist, no matter how corrupted or no matter
how "steeled," as they called it, in the event of war between the United
States and Russia. Therefore, they have tried to limit their depend-
ence on Americans to a minimum.
They have used various means of bringing people in for espionage,
of course. I was told every member of the Russian Embassy and
consulates is working in espionage of various sorts, whether it is com-
mercial or military or Russian secret police. The same is true of the
Russian nationals in Amtorg and in Tass.
The Chairman. What was the source of your information? You
say "I was told."
Miss Bentley. I was told this by Mr. Golos, and I was told this by
Mr. Anatoli Gromov, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy, whom
I mentioned before.
Mr. Arens. Do you feel the same is true with reference to the
satellites ?
Miss Bentley. I can't give you any direct evidence but I would say
very definitely "Yes." They also told me that it was difficult to bring
in enough agents officially. Therefore, they have been sending, as I
said, the type of Mr. Eckhardt and Mr. Endelmann in, ostensibly
as businessmen from their satellite nations.
I also know that during Mr. Golos' lifetime — the Russians were
quite far-seeing at that time — they were intending to set up a program
of bringing their own agents in with war refugees or DP's, because
I remember back in those days they had started a scheme to try and
114 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
let some of these Polish refugees then in the U. S. S. R. free from
Russia to come to this country, holding their wives as hostages on the
condition that they would come in and act as Russian secret police
agents in this country. So, if they have done it that far back, they
have certainly gone a lot further along that line.
Mr. A hens. How else, by what other means are these agents sent
into the United States, other than as affiliates of the consulates and
embassies?
Miss Bentley. They come in as official representatives of Russia,
either in consulates or in commercial organizations or in news agencies.
They come in through the UN. There was one case I remember where
the ILO harbored a Soviet agent that I know.
Mr. Arens. Would you identify the ILO ?
Miss Bentley. That is the International Labor Organization, which
I understand has complete immunity (does it not?) from the laws of
any country, doesn't pay taxes, and so on.
Mr. Arens. Are any of these persons wThom you knew in the Ameri-
can Government who were giving information to the agents of the
Communists presently in the Government?
Miss Bentley. So far as I know, there is only one.
Mr. Arens. And who is what person ?
Miss Bentley. Mr. William Remington.
The Chairman. In what department ?
Miss Bentley. I understand he is still in the Department of Com-
merce, Senator. I haven't heard any differently.
The Chairman. Remington?
Miss Bentley. Yes, Mr. William Remington.
Mr. Arens. You say there is only one. You mean only one agent ?
Miss Bentley. Only one that I knew as an agent that I am quite
sure is still there. I think the others are all out.
Mr. Arens. Do you know where some of them are at the present
time ?
Miss Bentley. Well, Mr. Victor Perlo is now teaching in the Jeffer-
son School 1 in New York City. I understand that Mr. Silvermaster,
his wife, and Mr. Ullman, whom I also mentioned, are starting a hous-
ing development on the Jersey coast. They are in various occupations
now. I have been told that some of them went into the UN, but I have
no verification. That would have to be checked on.
Mr. Arens. Do you have the names of these people that you referred
to, these forty-some-odd people that were the Russian agents in our
Government?
Miss Bentley. I don't have them right now. I mentioned practi-
cally all of them, or a good many of them last summer before the Un-
American Activities Committee.
Mr. Dekom. Would you submit them to the committee ?
Miss Bentley. Yes; I would be very glad to. I will give you a
complete list of them, together with the jobs they held. Some of them
wandered from agency to agency. I can give you a complete list of
that, yes.
Mr. Dekom. May that be received in evidence?
The Chairman. Yes; that will be received wrhen it comes. That
will be received in the record.
1 Jefferson School of Social Science.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 115
(The material submitted by Miss Bentley is as follows :)
May 29, 1949.
Mr. O. J. Dekom,
Senate Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C.
Dear Me. Dekom : I am enclosing herewith the list which the committee asked
me for.
Sincerely yours,
Elizabeth T. Bentley.
List of People Involved in Giving Information to the Soviet Government *
united states government employees
Nathan Gregory Silvermaster — Farm Security Administration, Department of
Agriculture ; Board of Economic Warfare.
William Ludwig Ullmann — Treasury, Air Corps (Pentagon).
Harrv D. White — Treasury.
George Silverman— Railroad Retirement Board, Air Corps (civilian employee,
Pentagon).
Lauchlin Currie — Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt, Foreign Eco-
nomic Administration.
William Taylor — Treasury.
Solomon Adler — Treasury.
Bela Gold — Board of Economic Warfare.
SonyaGold (his wife) — Treasury.
Irving Kaplan — War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administration.
Frank Coe — Treasury.
Norman Bursler — Antitrust Division, Department of Justice.
Victor Perlo — War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administration.
Edward Fitzgerald — War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administration.
Harry Maedoff — Department of Commerce.
Donald Wheeler — Office of Strategic Services.
Harold Glasser — Treasury.
Solomon Leshinsky — UNRRA.
Peter Perazich— UNRRA.
Alan Rosenberg — Foreign Economic Administration.
J. Julius Joseph — Social Security Board, War Manpower Commission, Office of
Strategic Services.
Bella Joseph (wife) — Office of Strategic Services.
Duncan Lee — Office of Strategic Services.
Ruth Rivkin— OFFRA, UNRRA.
Bernice Levin — War Production Board.
Maurice Halperin— Office of Strategic Services.
Helen Tenney — Office of Strategic Services.
Willard Park— CIAA.
Robert Miller — CIAA, State Department.
Joseph Gregg — CIAA.
William Remington — War Production Board.
Bernard Redmont — CIAA.
Michael Greenberg — Assistant to Lauchlin Currie in White House. Foreign Eco-
nomic Administration.
Vladimir Kazakevich — teacher of Army courses, Cornell University.
Louis Adamic — Office of Strategic Services.
Peter Rhodes — Broadcasting work for the Army in Africa and Italy.
Abraham Brothman — Republic Steel Co., Reserve officer, United States Army.
OTHERS INVOLVED IN BELAYING INFORMATION
Helen Silvermaster (wife of Gregory) — photographing documents, courier.
Anatol Volkov (son of Helen) — courier.
Mary Price — secretary to Walter Lippmann, courier, copying documents.
Louis Budenz — courier.
John Abt — courier.
Earl Browder — courier.
1 The records of association with Communist fronts of some of the persons named by Miss
Bentley appears in appendix V, p. A81.
116 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
EMPLOYEES OF OTHER GOVERNMENTS
Hazen Size — Canadian Film Hoard, Canadian Legation, Washington.
Cedric Belfrage — British Passport Control (British Intelligence Service), New
York City.
Jennie Miller (wife of Robert Miller) — Chinese Purchasing Commission.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any information respecting fellow trav-
elers or Communists wTho are in the Government at the present time —
in the Government service?
Miss Bentley. No; whatever I have has been given to the FBI on
that subject.
Mr. Arens. Do you have knowledge of the presence in our Gov-
ernment at the present time of fellow travelers or Communists?
Miss Bentley. Somewhat. Yes; I have given it to the Federal
Bureau of Investigation. I would rather not mention names, because
they are checking on the persons.
The Chairman. Have you got others ?
Miss Bentley. Others that are suspected, but, I mean, it is one of
those things that needs proof on it.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any other information respecting the issue
which is before this committee, namely, the problem of entrance into
this country of subversives and the problem of deporting subversives?
Miss Bentley. Yes; there is one other aspect which is the back-
bone of the Communist Party in this country, and that is an alien
backbone. If you cut that lifeline between here and Moscow, vou
will have thrown the Communist Party off base, because people like
Earl Browder were never anything but front men. The real men
who made the decisions and who carried out the orders were aliens
sent to this country by Moscow. That even was carried to a point
where in the party organizations and the party press you had aliens
controlling it. Aliens were used as contact men with the Russian
secret police for finding new espionage contacts. For example,
Mr. F. Brown was an alien Italian — I understand he has been de-
ported back to his native Italy, or else went of his own accord — who
was on the central committee of the Communist Party for some time
and later was in charge of the Italian Communist newspaper Popolo
d'ltalia. Mr. F. Brown, in addition to his other duties, was a contact
man for the Russian secret police.
Mr. Arens. What do you mean by cutting the life line ; more spe-
cifically what do you mean?
Miss Bentley. I mean that if you deport aliens who engage in
subversive activities you are taking away from the Communist Party
the brains behind it and making it exceedingly difficult for them to
operate.
Mr. Arens. By aliens, whom do you refer to? What general cate-
gory of persons do you mean — persons born abroad and sent into the
country ?
Miss Bentley. That is correct; people like Mr. Brown, who was
never naturalized, the editor of the TJkranian Daily News, which was
a Communist publication, Mr. Tkach.1 1 don't believe was ever natural-
ized. In addition to his duties as being head of the TJkranian Daily
News, he was working with the Russian secret police. I worked with
him, together with Mr. Golos. He found other agents for us among
the Ukranians in this country.
1 Michael Tkach.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 117
Mr. Arens. Who is the present keyman of the Communist activities
in the United States ?
Miss Bentley. That I don't know.
Mr. Arens. Who are some of the key persons ?
Miss Bentley. You mean in the background ?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Miss Bentley. I don't know, because since my days I believe they
have been shifted, and it is impossible to tell you who is the keyman. I
would say very definietely that the keyman in the Russian secret police
in this country is always the first secretary of the Russian Embassy.
That is the way it has always been. I see no reason why it should have
been changed now.
Mr. Arens. In the closing moments of our morning session, we
began to inquire respecting the types of information which you as an
espionage agent had been seeking. Could you elaborate on that ?
Miss Bentley. Yes ; I would say they fell into two rough categories.
One would be what you would call nonmiltiary diplomatic informa-
tion, such as inside information on the attitude of American officials
toward Russia, inside information on secret deals between this country
and, say, Great Britain or Canada or China, or any type of information
that did not involve actual military work. The other type would be
strictly military. That would be production figures, as to how many
planes were being produced, where they were destined, what theater of
war or what country, on lend-lease ; it would be the same type on tanks,
guns, all sort of military equipment, as to how much was being pro-
duced, and where it was going. It would be information on latest
developments.
The Chairman. You say it would be or was ; you mean it was.
Miss Bentley. It was, yes. It was information on specific new
developments; for example, they were interested in RDX. We got
information on RDX.
Mr. Arens. What is RDX?
Miss Bentley. RDX is a sort of explosive. I am not a chemist
and I don't know too much about it; it recently appeared in the papers.
Particularly on the B-29 — the B-29 was a new development during
my days and we had a man who was a specialist in B-29. He was
sent out to Dayton Field to do work on them, as a result of which
we knew how they tested, how they stood up, we even knew about
projected raids on Tokyo, and so on — that type of information.
Mr. Arens. What efforts, if any, were made to obtain information
while you were in the service on atomic bomb developments ?
Miss Bentley. I was never asked about the atomic bomb. I don't
know whether it was because they didn't know of it then or because
they felt that I had no access to it. The closest I came to it was an
adviser close to General Donovan 1 in the OSS, Duncan Lee. who had
discovered that a very super hush-hush development was taking place
at Oak Ridge, Tenn. He didn't know what it was. I reported it back
to the Russians. That is the closest I came to the atomic bomb.
Mr. Arexs. To whom did you make your report?
Miss Bentley. Well, I made my reports to my superior in the
Russian secret police. At first that man was Jacob Golos ; then, after
1 Gen. William Donovan, wartime head of OSS.
1 1 8 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
his death, it consisted of two unidentified Russian police agents; and
finally, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy, Anatoli Gromov.
Mr. Arens. Where did you make your reports, and how frequently
did you make your reports?
Miss Bentley. Well, every time I made a trip to Washington, I
brought back with me all types of documents — I had microfilms of
some of the documents, some were typewritten copies, some of them
were handwritten notes which I had to retype, some of them were
stenographic notes I had taken down from men who had memorized
information and brought it out to me that way — that I revised,
checked, marked what was important, put it in a large portfolio, or
sometimes even a shopping bag if it reached that proportion, and the
day after I got back from Washington, I passed that information on
to my superior.
Mr. Arens. From whom did you obtain this information?
Miss Bentley. This information was obtained from Government
employees.
Mr. Arens. And who are the Government employees from whom
you obtained this information?
Miss Bentley. Well, it consisted of two groups ; one I call the Sil-
vermaster group, because Mr. Silvermaster was head of it; one we
called the Perlo group, because Mr. Perlo was the head of it; and
about 15 other individuals that I dealt with individually.
Mr. Arens. What department was each of these men located in?
Give their entire full names.
Miss Bentley. Well, starting with the Silvermaster group, the head
of it was Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, who at the time I first knew
him was with the Farm Security Administration. That was part of
the Agriculture Department. About the end of 1941 or 1942, under
our instructions and through some of his contacts in the Government,
he got himself a position as the head of the Middle European Division
of the Board (;i Economic Warfare, as it was then called. After he
had been there some 6 or 8 months his immediate superior was sent a
letter by General Strong,1 who was then head of G-2, informing him
that the FBI and the Navy Intelligence and the Army Intelligence had
information proving that Mr. Silvermaster was disloyal and demand-
ing his dismissal. Mr. Silvermaster brought me the original of that
letter.
The Chairman. A letter from whom?
Miss Bentley. The letter was written by General Strong, who was
head of Army Intelligence of the Army at that time. I made a copy
of the letter. I remember it quite distinctly. And we told Mr. Silver-
master to fight it, to try and keep his position. He did try, but it
began to look like a hopeless case, and we got Mr. Lauchlin Currie and
the late Mr. Harry D. White to intervene in the matter, to pull strings
and to keep Mr. Silvermaster in the position.
Mr. Arens. Who are those two people?
Miss Bentley. Mr. Lauchlin Currie was executive assistant to the
late President Roosevelt. Mr. Harry Dexter White was assistant to
Henry Morgenthau in the Treasury — Under Secretary or Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury. These men both pulled strings — they have
admitted that before the Un-American Activities Committee when
1 Brig. Gen. Allien Strong.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 119
questioned— but it began to look as though he would not be useful to us
there, because he was so smeared we were afraid that he would just be
out of the question. So we got them to release him from the Board
of Economic Warfare and sent back to the Agriculture Department,
because he was no longer useful. After I knew him, he went into the
Surplus Property Division, I think it is called, of the Treasury Depart-
ment, and he was last there before he left the Government ; whether
he left voluntarily or was put out, I don't know. That was some time
Hi's wife, Helen Silvermaster, was not a Government employee.
She helped in the photographing of documents that they brought
home and in courier work. When I could not come to Washington,
she would be a courier and bring the material up. His boarder, Mr.
William Ludwig Ullman, started in the Treasury Department. Then
he was drafted during the war, and through the intervention of George
Silverman, who was then a civilian employee of the Air Corps in that
division of the Air Corps which took care of production statistics,
Mr. Ullman was gradually put in the Air Corps in the Pentagon where
he rose rank by rank from a private to a major. He was in that part
of the Air Corps that had access to airplane-production figures. He
had an "in" to General Hildring's a office, which was then handling
what the Armv would do about Germany. That is where his value lay.
I believe that" he returned to the Treasury after the war, and he is
out of the Government, too, now.
Mr. Arens. During your visits, when you came to Washington as
a courier, did you meet with him ?
Miss Bentley. I met with all of them when they were there. Some-
times it would be all three of them. Sometimes one would be off on
a trip. Mr. Ullman was the one who went to Dayton on the B-29.
Mr. Arens. Where did you meet with them ?
Miss Bentley. At the Silvermaster house generally, except during
the summer of 1942, at which time Mr. Silvermaster was about to be
dismissed from the BEW, and because of that we were afraid he might
be being tailed by the FBI. So, they used to pick me up on the street
in their car and 'we would drive somewhere out of town and I would
get the material there.
Mr. Arens. Did you have any information respecting the Doolittle
raid on Tokyo which you transmitted as a courier ?
Miss Bentley. Yes; we knew about that raid, I guess, a week or
10 days ahead of time ; yes.
Mr. Arens. From whom did you secure the information on that
raid?
Miss Bentley. That was from William Ludwig Ullman, who was
a specialist, as I understand it, in the B-29 program.
Mr. Arens. To whom did you transmit the information respecting
the raid ?
Miss Bentley. I transmitted that to my Russian superior at the
time.
Mr. Arens. Where did you contact your Russian superior at the
time?
Miss Bentley. We had various meeting places. I can't tell you
which restaurant it was. In general, we met at one of the Schraffts
1 Maj. Gen. John H. Hilldring.
120 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
in New York for dinner or one of the Longchamps or various other
restaurants in about that price range, trying to make the meeting
appear a casual social meeting, rather than something undercover on
the street corner.
Mr. Arens. When did you sever your connections as an espionage
agent for the Communists?
Miss Bentley. That is difficult to say, because I went to the FBI
in August 1945, at which time I still had contact with the high-up
Communists, such as William Weiner, and at the same time I had
contact with Mr. Browder, who had then been ousted from the Com-
munist Party, but the FBI was interested in what he was doing, and
I had contacts with the Russian secret police. When I went to the
FBI, they asked me would I continue with these contacts so that we
could learn some useful information.
Mr. Arens. How long did you continue in that capacity?
Miss Bentley. Oh, I would say the last time I saw any of them
was in about January or February of 1947.
Mr. Arens. Have you received any threats or any reprimands from
the Communists or from your old associates in the Communist es-
pionage ring since you severed your connection with them?
Miss Bentley. Well, since they became aware of what I was doing,
I did have anonymous telephone calls, and after last summer I got
threatening letters and the usual sort of thing.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any appraisal to make, on the basis of your
background familiarity with this problem, with reference to the in-
tensity of activity of the Communists in their espionage work in the
course of the last 2 or 3 years ?
Miss Bentley. They were stepping up espionage at about the last
time I saw them because the situation had changed. This country was
not as friendly as it was previously, and they were realizing that they
must step it up. My opinion would be that they are intensifying it
now, because it is utterly vital to them that the}7 have this information.
Mr. Arens. What efforts, if any, that you know about, are being
made at the present time with racial groups or blocs in the United
States?
Miss Bentley. I can't tell you at the present time, since I am no
longer with the Communists, any more than anyone who reads the
Daily Worker, but they have been definitely aiming ever since I have
been a Communist Party member at so-called racial blocs. That is,
they have been terrifically interested in people of Slavic extraction
in this country, whether they are Czechs or whether they are Poles
or any one of that particular group.
Mr. Arens. How do they manifest their interest, in what way?
Miss Bentley. They have set up numerous organizations to work
among them. They have tried to recruit agents from among them and
so on. They have consistently shown an effort to try and do something
with the Negroes.
Mr. Arens. Who is the Negro leader of the Communist bloc among
Negroes ?
Miss Bentley. In the days when I was there, James Ford was the
authority in the Communist Party on the Negro problem.
Mr. Arens. Who is James Ford ?
Miss Bentley. James Ford is a Communist of very, very long stand-
ing, and ever since I have known him he was head of the Harlem sec-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 121
tion of the Communist Party, a member of the Central Committee. I
don't know where he is today.
The Chairman. A Negro ?
Miss Bentley. Yes; he is a Negro.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting the number of
actual card-bearing Communists in the United States?
Miss Bentley. Well, card bearing is a misnomer right now, because
they are not bearing cards. When the situation gets tight, even your
ordinary Party member discards his card, and espionage agents never
under any conditions even have one issued to them.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any information respecting the number of
Communist agents in the United States?
Miss Bentley. Espionage agent, the whole works?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Miss Bentley. Not personally, no. It has been estimated by people
I have talked to that it was around between eighty and ninety thou-
sand, I think. It is anyone's guess.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly, so we understand your testimony,
describe who falls in this category of this eighty or ninety thousand ?
Miss Bentley. By that I would say a person who is a member of the
Communist Party, in other words, under Communist discipline. He
may be an open Communist, because he is more strategic to the Party
as being an open one representing them; he may be an undercover
Communist working in education or factories or elsewhere; he may be
be engaged in sabotage or he may be working with the Russian secret
police ; but he takes his orders from the Communist Party and he is
under their discipline. That is the definition I would give of it.
Mr. Arens. On the basis of your background and experience in this
field, do you have any appraisal to make as to whether the top men in
the espionage work are citizens or aliens? Let us take them first one
group and then the other. First, the bulk of those who are the top
men, who give the directions and orders, who are the bosses.
Miss Bentley. There are no bosses in this country. The orders
come directly from Moscow and are transmitted from Moscow to this
country, but they have in this country aliens and naturalized aliens
who are in contact with Moscow in order to carry out these directives
and to see that they are carried out.
Mr. Arens. What percentage or what estimate would you make on
the relative number of the key people in this country who are aliens or
foreign-born, who have been sent into the country?
Miss Bentley. That I would not know. I cannot give you any
estimate. You don't need very many of them.
Mr. Arens. Whom did you see in our Government for the purpose
of placing Communist agents in jobs?
Miss Bentley. I personally didn't see anyone. I was supposed to
stay in the background. It was arranged through the agents them-
selves, as I said. In the case of Mr. Silvermaster. he himself arranged
with" Mr. Currie and Mr. White not only to get himself out of a bad
spot, but to help get Mr. Ullman into a better position, and he ar-
ranged with Mr. Silverman for the same purpose. In general, we
trained our agents to make what good contacts they could here in
Washington in order that should they need to get into a better job,
they would have the contact ready, although if we had, say, a man
in a good spot in an agency we would send to that man someone else
122 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
to be placed. For example, in the OSS we had Maurice Halperin,
who was head of the Latin American Division of Research and
Analysis. That was not the hush-hush division; that was the less
secret division. We had a young girl, Helen Tenney, who knew
Spanish, and we sent her into the OSS to fill out the application
forms and to shunt herself towards Mr. Halperin to get a position.
It so happened that when they saw her application forms at the door
and knew she knew Spanish, they promptly seized her for a job in
the very hush-hush division of the Spanish department of the OSS ;
she did not get that far, but that was the general routing we followed.
Mr. Akens. What makes a Communist? Why do people join the
Communist Party ? Why did you join the Communist Party and ally
yourself with this movement ?
Miss Bentley. There really are two stages. One you go through
before you even run into your first Communist. You go through a
system of upbringing in education which in my day — and it is still
going on today — tends to take whatever religion you have out of
you and to undermine your faith in democracy at a very young age,
at an age when a youngster needs something to hang onto, something
to believe in, something to fight for ; instead you are left in a terrible
state of confusion; you no longer have perhaps any belief in God.
You have been taught that our democracy has failed, because all you
have been shown in your college career is social injustices, and you
are left high and dry not believing in anything. The zeal that you
should turn towards believing in your own country and your own
religion is unfortunately sidetracked into the Communist cause, be-
cause the Communists come to you with a nice idealistic program and
tell you, "Well, the only thing we can build on this earth is a decent
life for mankind and you are part of it. Maybe you won't see it in
your day, but it will come to pass one day."
Mr. Arens. What do they believe in ? What did you believe in ?
Miss Bentley. I believed that I was going to build a world that gave
every man a decent break in every possible conceivable way, that every
man would have a chance to a decent education, to a decent job. I had
seen an awful lot of bad social conditions because my mother did
volunteer social work when I was a kid. I believed there would be
no more discrimination. That was what communism stood for to me,
because, you see, a Communist is a very unscrupulous and clever
psychologist who takes advantage of a person who is pretty con-
fused and manages to sell him this program. Then, once he gets him
in the party, then very, very gradually he conditions you by the read-
ing you do, by the associates you go with, to the point where you
simply don't believe anything else but communism and you follow
right along with it to the point where they even get you to believe
that any means justifies the end. That is as far as it gets you.
Mr. Arens. Why did you sever your connections with the Com-
munist Party?
Miss Bentley. I was very fortunate, you see, because it is usually
only the top people in the Communist Party that know what com-
munism really is, that it is a fifth column of the Russian Government.
A lot of your rank and file are not aware of that. My immediate su-
perior was Jacob Golos, and he had been shrewd enough to keep me
in the belief that I was still working for an idealistic world move-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 123
ment. He died very suddenly of a heart attack without any pro-
vision for his successor, and so as a result of that, I stepped into his
boots and was thrown right into contact with a Russian secret police
agent and with Mr. Earl Browder. The Russian secret police agent
thought that if I had gotten that far in the apparatus, which is quite
far for an American, that I must know the score, and, therefore, he
went ahead and made no bones about the fact that I was mixed up with
a thing that was not idealistic at all.
Mr. Arens. What is communism, then, if it is not an idealistic
philosophy, as you first thought it was ?
Miss Bentley. Communism as it is going on at present is simply a
fifth column of Russia, that is all. It is a materialistic philosophy,
technically known as dialetic materialism, based on the idea that there
is no God, there is no soul, there is only matter in the world. That is
what it boils down to.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any other comments to make pertinent
to the issue which you know is before this committee on the problem
of excluding and deporting subversives ?
Miss Bentley. Yes; just one, I think, which is that never have the
Russians trusted the Americans. At some periods they have trusted
them more than others. Therefore, the main key people in the Com-
munist apparatus in this country, and particularly in your espionage
apparatus, are going to be Russians or people from the Russian satel-
lite countries ; in other words, non-Americans. The Russians do not
trust the Americans because they are afraid of them in the event of a
war. Therefore, since the key people in the Communist organization
and in the Russian secret police are aliens, I feel that by passing that
bill, you are cutting the lifeline to the party, and making their opera-
tion extremely difficult.
The Chairman. Thank you, Miss Bentley.
LETTER OF GEN. JOHN THOMAS TAYLOR, DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL
LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION, AMERICAN LEGION
The Chairman. I would like to have inserted into the record at this
time a communication from John Thomas Taylor, director of the Na-
tional Legislative Commission of the American Legion, on the letter-
head of the American Legion, endorsing the bill on which hearings are
being held.
Mr. Arens. I would like to read the letter. It is addressed to Hon.
Pat McCarran, chairman, Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
My Dear Chairman McCarran: With reference to the hearings now being
conducted on S. 1694, the McCarran bill to amend the Immigration Act of October
16, 1919, I have just received from Mr. W. C. "Tom" Sawyer, director, National
Americanism Commission, the American Legion, the following message:
"Please advise Senator McCarran that the American Legion desires to be
heard in strong support of S. 1694 but is unable to have the proper spokesman
available before May 18.
"The American Legion has by repeated convention action urged that all per-
sons affiliated with organizations or governments which advocate the overthrow
of our Government by force or violence be barred, and that all aliens in the
United States holding similar views be immediately deported. S. 1694 gives clear
expression to these sentiments held by the American Legion. This bill by concen-
trating the obligations for such visa denials or deportations solely on the United
States Attorney General eliminates the many present escape possibilities and is,
we think, a strong but fair bill.
98330—50 — pt. 1 9
124 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
"At almost every national convention we hear strong criticism of the ease
with which subversive elements gain entry into the United States and the diffi-
culty of evicting them. This criticism is usually vigorous and demanding. We
respectfully urge the opportunity that the chairman of our national Americanism
commission, Mr. James F. Green, be heard in support of this legislation on May
18."
During a telephone conversation on May 11 with Mr. Richard Arens he advised
that when Chairman Green appears on May 18, on S. 1194 and S. 1196, he would
be permitted to make a request for a separate record of his views on S. 1694
for inclusion in the permanent records. This will be done, but in the meantime
the brief message above is for your use before the committee when it meets
today.
That is signed "John Thomas Taylor, director, national legislative
commission."
The Chairman. The committee will recess until Monday afternoon
at 2 o'clock.
(Thereupon at 4: 50 p. m., the subcommittee recessed to reconvene
Monday, May 16, 1949, at 2 p. m.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GKOUPS
MONDAY, MAY 16, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiclary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee .met, pursuant to recess, at 2 p. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman) presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran, Wiley, Ferguson, and Langer.
Also present : Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
Mr. Arens, you may proceed.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly stand and be sworn ?
The Chairman. Mr. Crouch, you do solemnly swear that the testi-
mony you are about to give before the committee of the United States
Senate will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Crouch. I do.
TESTIMONY OF PAUL CROUCH, MIAMI, FLA.
Mr. Arens. Will you please state your full name, address, and
occupation.
Mr. Crouch. Paul Crouch, Miami, Fla., journalist.1
Mr. Arens. With what company are you connected ?
Mr. Crouch. I am employed by the Miami Daily News, Miami, Fla.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been employed by the Miami
Daily News ?
Mr. Crouch. I have been employed by the Miami Daily News since
January of this year.
Mr. Arens. In what capacity are you employed ?
Mr. Crouch. 1 am employed in a supervisory capacity.
Mr. Arens. Have you in the course of the last several years had
any connection with the Communist Party in the United States?
Mr. Crouch. I had connection with the Communist Party as a
member of the party, as a member of many of its leading commit-
tees, and as representative of the Communist'organizations to Moscow
for approximately 17 years, from 1925 until 1942.
The Chairman. Where were you born?
Mr. Crouch. I was born at Moravian Falls, N. C.
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
125
126 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. How old are you ?
Mr. Crouch. I am 45 years of age.
The Chairman. Married or single?
Mr. Crouch. 1 am married.
The Chairman. You are an American citizen?
Mr. Crouch. I am.
The Chairman. Will you just recite the events of your life, what
schools have you attended, and so on ?
Mr. Crouch. I was born in the Blue Ridge Mountains of north-
western North Carolina. My father was a farmer, a Baptist min-
ister, and a country school teacher. I received instructions in gram-
mar schools in North Carolina, high school in Delaware, and sub-
sequently extension studies from a number of universities.
I went to work in a textile mill at Winston-Salem, N. C, my first
employment. I was there a short time. I worked in newspaper work
as an associate editor of The Fool Killer, later on a daily newspaper
at Statesville, N. C. I entered the United States Army as a soldier
for service in Hawaii in the spring of 1924, arriving in Hawaii in
August of that last year.
As previous to this time I had become interested in radical move-
ments from an idealistic point of view
Senator Ferguson. What job did you have when you first became
interested ?
Mr. Crouch. I was in newspaper work with Mr. James Larkin
Pearson.
Senator Ferguson. What?
Mr. Crouch. The Fool Killer.
Senator Ferguson. What is the Fool Killer ?
Mr. Crouch. It was a humorous monthly magazine. Mr. Pear-
son, the editor, was a Socialist, a friend of Eugene V. Debs, Upton
Sinclair, Victor L. Berger, and many other Socialist leaders. I be-
came interested in the Socialist movement from idealistic appeal, and
joined the Young Peoples Socialist League as a member-at-large.
Senator Ferguson. Did you start out first as a Socialist?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. Well, do you not think that a Socialist is just a
slow moving-picture of a Communist ? In other words, a Communist
is the Socialist in a hurry?
Mr'. Crouch. To some extent that is true, Senator, but I think that
it is very important to differentiate : socialism, the Socialist Party in
America, from my knowledge of it, has used legal means for its propa-
ganda, it does not act in a conspiratorial manner so far as I know;
the Communist Party, on the other hand, is a conspiratorial organiza-
tion. It does not plan to realize its objectives through peaceful means
but through armed insurrection, through undermining the defenses
of the country, and I think that in the methods
Senator Ferguson. Is it not because they are in a hurry that they
want to do it that way?
Mr. Crouch. That is partly true, but I think the major difference
is that the majority of American Socialist leaders believe in the
principles of democracy, not that I am defending the Socialist Party.
Senator Ferguson. Do you not believe that the Communists believe
in their principles?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEX AND NATIONAL GROUPS 127
Mr. Crouch. The Communists believe in their principles, but they
believe their principles can be achieved only by forceful overthrow of
the Government with the aid of a foreign nation.
Senator Ferguson. Go ahead and complete your line of work now ;
I wondered what you were working at when you first got into this
communism. How long were you a Socialist before you became a
Communist?
Mr. Crouch. Roughly, about 5 years, in very rough terms.
Senator Ferguson. About 5 years?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; and then I came into the Communist movement.
It was a chain of circumstances that brought me into the Communist
movement.
To continue with the general record, my background, on entering
the Army, I was not a member and I had no affiliations whatever or
connections with the Communist Party, but because of my reading, I
believed in its idealistic approach and so on. I had many commu-
nistic views, which I stated very openly. My first assignment in the
Army was to G-2, Military Intelligence.
Senator Ferguson. You were a Communist when you were assigned
to Military Intelligence?
Mr. Crouch. I was not a Communist but I had many communistic
views. I was not a member of the party. I had no connection with
the Communist Party, but I had many views and looked upon the
Soviet Union as a progressive step for the world.
Senator Ferguson. You were in sympathy with the program.
Mr. Crouch. I was in sympathy with the program.
The Chairman. You may proceed.
Mr. Crouch. I have prepared for the record and for the committee
a very detailed statement covering many fields of Communist activi-
ties among aliens in this country. I would like to present this for the
record, and I ask the Chair's permission to read from this a one-page
brief introductory statement.
The Chairman. I think it might be well for you to read the one-
page brief and maybe it would be well for you to go on with the state-
ment, because you probably may be examined by the counsel for the
committee or by members of the committee.
Mr. Crouch. Gentlemen, I would like to make a general statement
on matters concerning alien immigration as it applies to the danger-
ous subversive activities of certain alien Communists who have been
permitted to build a large and powerful apparatus in this country in
the interest of a foreign power.
Senator Ferguson. This is under oath, you understand.
Mr. Crouch. This is under oath.
Senator Ferguson. That is, the statement as well as the questions.
Mr. Crouch. The statement as well as the questions.
Senator Ferguson. Is under oath.
Mr. Crouch. Yes, sir.
The vast majority of those persons who direct the United States
branch of the Communist International are foreign-born persons who
are not naturalized citizens of this country. Men like J. Peters,
William Weiner. Jack Stachel, John Williamson, Bill Gebert — the
latter now a high official of the Polish Government — are the men who
renllv have run the Communist Party in this country in the past.
Native-born and naturalized American Communists, in the main, are
128 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
nominal party officials and are used mostly to head the various party
fronts.
A stricter enforcement of existing immigration regulations would
do something toward easing the present situation. I know of one
instance where two displaced persons were admitted to this country
under the sponsorship of a known Communist, Mrs. Celia Greenberg,
of Miami Beach. Along with stricter enforcement, in my opinion, is
the need for stricter immigration regulations.
The Chairman. When was that incident that you speak of?
Mr. Crouch. During the past 2 months.
Senator Ferguson. Do you know the name of the displaced persons
that came in under the sponsorship of this woman?
Mr. Crouch. I don't recall; they were published in the Miami
Daily News.
Senator Ferguson. Will you get them for the record and insert
them?
Mr. Crouch. I will.
(The information follows:)
The displaced persons admitted under the sponsorship of Mrs. Charles (Celia)
Greenberg were Joaquin Taub, age 27, and David Taub, age 24. Pictures of the
two displaced persons and Mrs. Greenberg were published in the Miami Daily-
News March 16, 1949. The address of Mrs. Charles (Celia) Greenberg is
645 West Avenue, Miami Beach, Fla.
Mr. Crouch. It is my carefully considered opinion, based on 17
years' experience as a ranking Communist Party leader in this country,
that this legislation is needed to curb the influx of alien Communists
into the United States.
If alien Communists were prevented from entering this country and
those alien Communists in this country were deported, then, gentle-
men, the Communist Party in the United States would be seriously
crippled.
Going into specific fields within the scope of the subcommittee's
jurisdiction, I wish to speak on the basis of my 17 years of activities
in the Communist Party.
Senator Ferguson. May I just ask him there, because I may miss it
later, you are of the opinion, then, as I understand it, that the great
difficulty is with alien Communists, that if it was left to the Com-
munists such as you had been
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. Who are native-born Americans, that this Com-'
munist Party would not amount to much.
Mr. Crouch. It would not be half as powerful as it is today.
Senator Ferguson. It would not have the subversive elements in it?
Mr. Crouch. It would not have half as many.
Senator Ferguson. Let me cite the Bentley case and the Chambers
case and some others that were agents ; do you think that it would wipe
it out entirely, or just
Mr. Crouch. Not entirely.
Senator Ferguson. Or just cripple it.
Mr. Crouch. It would cripple, but not wipe it out. Other legisla-
tion is necessary to wipe it out completely.
Senator Ferguson. You think that the tops are the Communists,
the fellows who are at the top are the Communists that operate this
subversive activities in America, they are aliens %
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 129
Mr. Crouch. A great majority, the overwhelming majority of those
who held key positions during the time I was in the party leadership
were aliens.
Senator Ferguson. Do you know any Americans that are leaders ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; I know some who have been brought into top
leadership.
Senator Ferguson. Who are they ? Differentiate between the alien
or alien-born and American.
Mr. Crouch. All right. For example, we have men like Dennis and
Foster. In my opinion, and based upon my experience and what I
have seen of the national office, even Dennis and Foster have had less
to say in the formulation of vital policies than the alien Communists
who are not known to the public and whom I mention here in my state-
ment as I continue.
Senator Ferguson. You then believe that the real brains behind the
Communist Party in America are alien -born ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. You feel certain of that?
Mr. Crouch. I do.
Senator Ferguson. Do you feel that some of these others are used
as fronts, because being native-born, they can get along with the
native-born people and, therefore, can carry on as fronts; is that your
opinion ?
Mr. Crouch. That is correct, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. Do you think that applies to Foster and Dennis ?
Mr. Crouch. To a considerable degree.
Senator Ferguson. When Browder was head, was he a native-born
or not ?
Mr. Crouch. Browder is native-born; yes. Most of Browder's
speeches, however, were written for him by Jack Stachel, foreign-born
and not a citizen.
Senator Ferguson. Is he not a citizen now?
Mr. Crouch. Jack Stachel ?
Senator Ferguson. Yes.
Mr. Crouch. I don't believe he is. I do not know personally if he
became naturalized. My impression was that he was not a citizen.
I am not certain on that point.
Senator Ferguson. Do you feel that a Communist could take the
^oath and become a citizen — that would not bother him at all, would it?
Mr. Crouch. You mean the oath would not affect his actions ?
Senator Ferguson. That is what I mean.
Mr. Crouch. No ; it would not.
Senator Ferguson. He would take it and know that he was not
going to live up to it.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Because he was a Communist.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. He would do it so he could carry on his trade
as a Communist.
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. That is your opinion, is it?
Mr. Crouch. It is.
130 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Wiley. Just one question, Mr. Chairman. Is it your con-
viction that the men you have mentioned, like Foster and Dennis, owe
primary and sole allegiance to Russia?
Mr. Crouch. Entirely, exclusively.
Senator Wiley. In other words, even if they have citizenship here,
they are disloyal to America.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. When you were a Communist, did you owe alle-
giance to Russia ?
Mr. Crouch. I did.
Senator Ferguson. You felt that your allegiance was to the Russian,
the Communist Party in Russia, rather than to the United States
Government ?
Mr. Crouch. I felt that I had to take the orders which I knew came
from Russia, rather than the orders of the American Government;
that is correct.
Senator Ferguson. That is correct? There was not any doubt
about that?
Mr. Crouch. My conscience was torn between the two but I took
the orders from Russia during the time I was in party leadership;
that is correct.
Senator Ferguson. You feel that other Communists do the same.
Mr. Crouch. They do.
The Chairman. All right, proceed.
Mr. Crouch. I have ahead}' mentioned the names of Peters, Weiner,
Jack Stachel, John Williamson, and Bill Gebert as examples of the
men wdio really have directed the Communist Party in this country
during the years I was in a position of leadership. I should use the
word "directed" in quotation marks and with qualification. The real
direction at all times has come from Moscow. The decisions of the
Russian Communist Politburo were transmitted by official representa-
tives from Moscow.
I would like to mention a few names of those I have personally
known in this country as official representatives from Moscow. They
include one Nassonov, one of the highest ranking officials of the Rus-
sian Communist youth organizations, and John Pepper, commissar
of war in Bela Kim's Soviet Government in Hungary in 1919. One
representative of the Russian -controlled Communist International
who came from Moscow7 armed with full powers to appoint and re-
move officials in this country was Harry Pollitt, general secretary of
the British Communist Party.
Senator Wiley. Did you see any authority in writing? How did
you know he had full power ?
Mr. Crouch. I met him when he spoke before a series of meetings
of the Central Committee of the Communist Party at which I was
present. He was introduced as the representative of the Communist
International to me and to the other members of the convention. I
met Pollitt for the first time in Moscow at a meeting of the Executive
Committee of the Communist International.
Mr. Arens. What type of visa did he have when he was in the
United States and you saw him in New York?
Mr. Crouch. I didn't see his passport. I don't know. I know it
was the general practice to travel on forged passports of the people
engaged in this work, but I did not see his visa or his passport.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 131
Senator Ferguson. How many times were you in Russia?
Mr. Crouch. Once for about 6 months.
Senator Ferguson. Did you study at the college there — the school,
the Soviet school ?
Mr. Crouch. I visited while I was in the Soviet Union. I did not
study as a student, but I visited the Lenin School, where Americans
were being trained. I visited the military academy, the West Point
of the Soviet Union,1 and various other schools.
Senator Ferguson. When you visited the training and the civilians,
did you know what was going on there ?
Mr. Crouch. I knew part of what was going on.
Senator Ferguson. What were they training?
Mr. Crouch. The training which American students there and stu-
dents of every country in the world were receiving was political,
including the political philosophies of Marx and Engels, Lenin's, writ-
ings of Stalin, the revolutionary program of the Communist Interna-
tional, the question of tactics, and they also received military training.
Senator Ferguson. What do you mean "military training" ? What
was the purpose of military training of these civilians?
Mr. Crouch. These people were receiving military training so they
might be able, in time of strikes and in time of revolutionary struggles
and so on, to furnish military leadership in armed insurrections to
overthrow their respective governments and establish Soviet
governments.
Senator Ferguson. We had knowledge here that they taught a man,
for instance, from Detroit, as to how to take care of water plants,
destroy water plants, and light plants, and so forth. Is that a fact ?
Is that what they were teaching?
Mr. Crouch. That is. I was shown several mimeographed mate-
rials while I was in the Soviet Union which included detailed and spe-
cific directions, data on the question of sabotage, of experiences
obtained from various civil wars, how armies could be crippled from
the rear, the effective methods of industrial sabotage, and everything
of that nature.
Senator Ferguson. You saw the memorandums which were being
taught to these boys ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes ; in English.
Senator Ferguson. Were you an expert yourself in communism, that
you didn't take this course? How did you come to get to Russia?
Were you sent over, your way paid ?
Mr. Crouch. My passage was arranged through Amtorg, as I
describe later.
Senator Ferguson. Do you describe that in there? I have not had
time to read it.
Mr. Crouch. I met Pollitt in New York the second time as the repre-
sentative in this country of the Communist International. Another
representative of Moscow in this country at one time was William
Rust, now editor of the British Daily Worker. There were other rep-
resentatives of the Communist International in this country I did not
meet personally, but have known about. Two of them were Germans.
One was Arthur Ewert.
1 Frunze Military Academy.
132 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Another representative I knew about, who represented the Commu-
nist Intel-national in this country, was known in top party circles as
Edwards. I did not personally meet this Edwards, who has been
officially identified in testimony as being also known as Gerhart Eisler.
He recently skipped his $23,500 bail and attempted to flee to Poland.
Such a far-reaching decision as that of forfeiting bail and fleeing the
country certainly was not made by Eisler alone. He would never have
dared to do so without approval and instructions from the highest
circles in Moscow.
The Chairman. What causes you or authorizes you to make that last
statement? What knowledge have you that gives you authority for
making that statement.
Mr. Crouch. Seventeen years of being subject to discipline of the
American Communist Party, in which I did not even dare to move
from one city to another without instructions from the Communist
Party. Poland is a country behind the iron curtain, within the Com-
munist orbit, and certainly no one would return to Poland on a vital
matter like Eisler's return without official decisions of responsible
Communist bodies. I know this based upon 17 years of experience of
Communist discipline. I know wThat Communist discipline means.
Senator Ferguson. Does that prove to you beyond doubt in your
mind from your experience that this man Eisler was a top man in
communistic activities in this country?
Mr. Crouch. Yes, definitely.
Senator Ferguson. When he was going back on a Polish ship to an
iron curtain satellite country, there is not any doubt in your mind that
he was one of the top men and they were getting him out of the coun-
try so he would not have to serve his time.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. You feel that the discipline is such that he
would not undertake, nor would you in the same position when you
were a Communist undertake, to go to that kind of a country, a sat-
ellite, unless you had instruction to do it?
Mr. Crouch. I would never had dared without instructions.
Mr. Arens. What would have happened had you disobeyed ?
Mr. Crouch. My opinion is that I would have been imprisoned and
probably shot.
The Chairman. Go ahead.
Mr. Crouch. The effort to save Eisler from even a short term in an
American jail is striking indication of how important he is to the
Russian Politburo. Gentlemen. Eisler was in this country for years.
Peters, Weiner, Stachel, and other nonnaturalized citizens were the
real heads of the Communist Party in this country, subject to Mos-
cow's orders, of course. They were here for years without interference
from the immigration authorities in this country, despite the constant
efforts to build an apparatus for the overthrow of the Government.
Gentlemen, Americans usually are used as nominal heads of the
party. With few exceptions, however, when an American member is
taken into the real top circles of the party it proves disappointing to
Moscow. Most Americans who were admitted to the higher circles
of party leadership were disgusted and nauseated at what they found
there. Among the sad experiences with native American Communist
leaders, I might mention here the efforts to take Americans like Louis
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 133
Budenz, Julia Stuart Poyntz, and myself, merely to mention three
names, into the circles where the real objectives and methods of com-
munism are obvious to those participating in the work.
The matter of perjury, obtaining passports under false names, and
similar illegal actions, is only a part of the daily routine, i^s one
example, when I was on the ninth floor of national Communist Party
offices one day, Peters, Weiner, and Brown a — the latter previously
known to me as Alpi, an Italian — asked me to go with a girl for whom
they would obtain a passport illegally, through fraudulent representa-
tion. Peters, Weiner, and Brown, alias Alpi, asked me to testify
under oath that I was the father of this girl, a young lady introduced
to me for the first time. I refused, and the party leaders were angry.
Before leaving the names of these leaders who were far more im-
portant in the formation of policy than the native American members,
I would like to say a few words about Peters.
Senator Ferguson. Did they get a man to act as the father of this
girl so she would get a passport ?
Mr. Crouch. I don't know. Brown, alias Alpi, remarked rather
angrily that they would find somebody.
Senator Ferguson. You have told us how strict this discipline was ;
you could refuse this when you were a Communist ?
Mr. Crouch. Principally because the party had already discovered
I was very reluctant to engage in any conspiratorial fields of work,
because the party already had been moving me out of that field and
was moving me into fields where I. as a native American, was being
used as one of their front figures ; in this capacity I was, as a native-
born American and a native southerner, too valuable for the party
at that time to take disciplinary action against.
Senator Ferguson. Were vou cooling off at that time as a
Communist?
Mr. Crouch. I was. It was a gradual, long process.
Senator Ferguson. Were you at any time wholeheartedly in favor
and sympathy of this communistic activity and regime?
Mr. Crouch. Not without misgivings and without being torn by
conscience; not without realizing that there was much that was ex-
tremely distasteful and extremely bitter, and yet I was so carried
away with certain idealism in its language that I accepted this for a
time before I found it was too much.
Senator Ferguson. Were you ever threatened so that you felt your
life would be threatened or bodily harm done to you if you left the
Communist Party?
Mr. Crouch. Not in so many words, but I had good reason to have
that feeling and to realize that there was considerable personal danger.
My testimony covers that.
Senator Ferguson. What gave you that feeling?
Mr. Crouch. The fate of one Julia Stuart Poyntz was one case
in question, and the general language that was used in the party,
and terms used to the effect that "people don't quit the party." The
general impression was given that once you are a party member
and in the party leadership, you are expected to stay there. It was
more the impression, general over-all knowledge of the tactics and
methods and what I was learning about it in the Soviet, the purges
in the Soviet Union and the methods used there, and the general
1 F. Brown.
134 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
knowledge which was confirmed just a short time after (his incident.
I believe it happened within a matter of a few months, in June of
1937, that Julia Stuart Poyntz disappeared, and all my investigations
and discussions with party members, with ex-party members later,
convinced me beyond any shadow of a doubt that she was murdered
by agents of the GPU in the United States. This is one example.
Senator Ferguson. You knew there was such an agency in the
United States.
Mr. Crouch. I knew there was for I had met, for example, the head
of the GPU in the United States at one time and had discussed activi-
ties in which he wished me to engage.
Mr. Arens. That is the secret police of the Communists.
Mr. Crouch. The GPU is the secret service of the Government of
the Soviet Union. It has agents in various countries. At one time I
met a Russian who was introduced to me in New York as the head of
the GPU in the United States.
Senator Ferguson. How large is it in the United States, if you
know ?
Mr. Crouch. I have no knowledge as to its membership. I might
add that the head of the GPU sent for me to find out whether the
Young Communist League, of which I was a national educational
director at the time, was in a position to obtain through employees
in Washington blank United States passports for the Soviet Govern-
ment.
Senator Ferguson. Were you able to get such passports ?
Mr. Crouch. I was not.
Senator Ferguson. Did you try to get them ?
Mr. Crouch. I did not.
Senator Ferguson. Did anyone try to get them ?
Mr. Crouch. I don't know.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Senator Wiley. What was your answer?
Mr. Crouch. My answer was I could not.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Crouch. Because he was for years the head of the Communist
Party's underground apparatus in this country, the man who gave
instructions to me on how to set up illegal apparatus and maintain it
in readiness for going underground at any time was J. P'eters. Peters
also directed the recruiting of American Communists for service in
the Spanish Civil War. I personally saw him give various party
organizers varying sums of money to pay fares to New York, pass-
ports, and other expenses for those recruited.
He gave me money for one recruit from the University of North
Carolina, a student from Chapel Hill who, incidentally, never re-
turned. Peters told me to advise this recruit for Spain that a passport
would be obtained for him under another name in New York upon
his arrival there. I mentioned the name of Bill Gebert, who for many
years was a district organizer of the Communist Party in this country
and a member of its central committee. Today, Gebert is a very high
ranking official of the Government of Poland.
I wish to emphasize at this time that my testimony should not be
interpreted in any way as reflecting upon the basic loyalty in the
United States of the overwhelming majority of foreign-born residents
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 135
;n this country. However, some factors should be recognized and, in
my opinion, legislation enacted to remedy them. It must be remem-
bered that alien immigrants for the most part are unable to read
English when they enter this country. A large percentage of the
foreign-language press in the United States is controlled by the
Communist Party.
Senator Ferguson. Do you cite evidence of that fact?
Mr. Crouch. I did not cite the names of the papers. For example,
I might mention the Freiheit, the Jewish-language Communist daily.
There has been, I do not know whether still published, a daily news-
paper in the Hungarian language, called Uj El ore. There was at one
time published a Greek daily paper and an Italian language paper.
Spanish language paper, and papers — many other foreign languages
at one time. There were two daily newspapers in the United States
published in the Finnish language alone by the Communist Party.
Senator Ferguson. Right there, I wonder if you could tell us where
they get the money to do this. The subscriptions and advertisements
do not pay these papers enough to survive ; do they ?
Mr. Crouch. No ; practically all of the party's presses are operated
at a loss.
Senator Ferguson. Where do they get the money now?
Mr. Crouch. Some of the money is raised from wealthy American
sympathizers, strange as it may seem. There are people of consider-
able wealth in this country.
Senator Ferguson. Can you name the people that have donated to
these papers?
The Chairman. Of your own knowledge.
Senator Ferguson. Yes ; I do not want him to give anything but his
own knowledge.
Mr. Crouch. I would not be able to recall at this time after these
years since I was engaged in this work. I do know that when I was
in the national office I saw a list of donations, running as high as $1,000,.
in one donation for the Communist press.
Senator Ferguson. From whom did you get money all of the time
that you were a Communist ?
Mr. Crouch. I received my pay from the national office of the Com-
munist Party.
Senator Ferguson. In dollars ?
Mr. Crouch. In dollars ; yes.
Senator Ferguson. That is the only kind you could use here ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes ; that is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Did you get paid while you were in Russia?
Mr. Crouch. I got paid in Russian rubles.
Senator Ferguson. Who paid you there?
Mr. Crouch. The Communist International.
Senator Ferguson. They paid you there in rubles and here in
dollars.
Mr. Crouch. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. And your support and maintenance came from
the Communists.
Mr. Crouch. It did.
Senator Ferguson. Both there and here.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
136 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. What is the form of pay, in check form or was it in
currency?
Mr. Crouch. Invariably in cash or money orders.
The Chairman. Money orders on the post office — postal money
orders ?
]\Ir. Crouch. Postal money orders or cash.
Senator Langer. Can you not tell Senator Ferguson even one name
of one of these rich people that donated? Can you not tell Senator
Ferguson even one name?
The Chairman. He did not say rich people; he said donations.
Senator Ferguson. He said large donations, too.
Mr. Crouch. Large donations.
Senator Ferguson. I think you assumed the}^ must be rich.
Senator Langer. Name one person.
Senator Ferguson. Can you answer Senator Langer ? I asked you
the same question — if you know.
Mr. Crouch. I can describe a couple of individuals and you could
check the names. I might be able to recall with great effort. One of
the men who contributed — who told me that he contributed about
$10,000 a year to the party — lived in New York, and I believe Mr.
J. Lovestone, who was secretary of the Communist Party, will be will-
ing to supply the name of this individual to the committee, since both
Lovestone and I were guests at his home on the same occasion. I could
recall incidents and his contributions amounted, as he told me, to
approximately $10,000 a year.
It must be recalled that many years have passed and these wealthy
people who made contributions kept very much in the background,
with a few exceptions. However, a check of the party press, some of
these donations were published — a matter of record — and if you would
examine the files of the Daily Worker, the files of Uj Elore, and I am
sure if you examine the files of the Freiheit you will find the names
published there of many contributors in amounts ranging from $500 to
$1,000.
Senator Ferguson. What do you think those people expected to
gain from those donations ; have you any idea what their philosophy
was?
Mr. Crouch. It is difficult to answer precisely, with absolute knowl-
edge as to what their outlook was. In my opinion, they were com-
pletely under the domination of what they considered the Marxist-
Leninist outlook on life. They read the propaganda of the party.
They felt that everything was wrong in the world, that communism
offered a way out. In other words, their outlook was far more like
the members of some fanatical religious group than members of a
political party.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Crouch. At considerable financial loss to itself, the Communist
Party for years has operated a vast number of newspapers, a number
of daily papers in foreign languages. The immigrants get their knowl-
edge of America from the Communist-controlled papers in their own
language. They are brought into all kinds of organizations controlled
by Communists. This is particularly important now since the Com-
munists have brought many central European countries under their
iron dictatorship, countries like Rumania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czecho-
slovakia, and so forth. The consular officials of these countries in the
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES TNT ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 137
United States know that immigrants from these countries have rela-
tives at home. All kinds of pressure today is possible to induce or
coerce aliens into entering the Communist-front organizations.
Before we criticize or permit any reflection upon loyalty of aliens
in this country, by and large, let us take steps to correct this situation.
First, I would like to suggest, for your consideration, legislation which
would prevent any foreign ambassador, consular, or other official of
any other country in this Nation, from supporting any subversive
group here or trying to influence aliens to enter such groups.
Mr. Arens. Do you have knowledge respecting the activities of
officials of foreign governments in this country or affiliates of inter-
national organizations in connection with so-called Communist-front
groups %
Mr. Crouch. Not specifically. Only the source material which I
have read from the press, and which is available, of course, to this
committee.
Senator Ferguson. When did you leave the Communist Party ?
Mr. Crouch. 1942.
Senator Ferguson. You had an absolute break with them ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. Did you advise them of that break or did they
just become acquainted with it ?
Mr. Crouch. The break, my break with the Communist Party,
Senator, developed progressively from 1933 until 1942, beginning
with the time when I was, as they would express it, called on the
carpet, sharply reprimanded at a party conference in Denver, Colo.,
and later before a meeting of the central committee by Pat Toohey
for the crime of failing to combat, for failing to expose the demagogic
nature of Roosevelt and his administration. I was the party organizer
in Utah in 1933, editor of the Carbon County Miner and a leader in a
mine organization and in some strikes out there. In the paper which I
edited, the Communist Party officials said they had read and reread
and could not find one word of denunciation of Roosevelt. For this I
was sharply lambasted, because the party at that time was denouncing
Roosevelt and the New Deal with every use of adjective at its disposal.
This difference increased, and it would take hours of the committee's
time to go into the various details, an increasing break in views, but
I would like to mention the period around 1936, when I read the testi-
mony of the purge trials in the Soviet Union. I had known Bukharin
and many other leaders who were on trial in the Soviet Union, and
I knew the kind of testimony that was reproduced was utterly ridicu-
lous, testimony which in my opinion based upon my years in the move-
ment, could have been obtained from them — from men like Bukharin,
whom I had seen in Moscow, had heard speak, and talked with — could
have been obtained from them only through extreme forms of torture
of himself or threats of torture of members of his family.
The realization of Soviet Russia's being a dictatorship which was
ruthlessly suppressing all opposition from without and within the
party, having people shot by the thousands, exiled to Siberia by the
millions, was a terrific shock. I talked with party members return-
ing from the Soviet Union, and while I cannot recall specific names,
the general picture which these party members presented was that of
growing difficult economic position, and the fact that no one spoke
very openly about any reported differences in the party, or in intra-
138 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
party matters. In other words, people followed the line and did
not open their months. Incidentally, in this connection, 1 was also
called in 1933, again on the carpet by one John Harvey, an American
trained at the Lenin School in Moscow, who upon his return to the
United States was a member of the Politburo of the American Party
for a time. Just back from the Lenin School, Harvey told me that
I was not hardboiled enough, that we should not have all of this soft
talk about democracy. I was guilty of bourgeois liberalism.
Senator Lancer. Where were you in 193G (
Mr. Crouch. In 1936, I was district organizer of the Communist
Party of North Carolina.
Senator Langer. These party members that you talked with, were
they here in the United States?
Mr. Crouch. They were here, just returned.
Senator Langer. Who are some of them that you talked with?
Mr. Crouch. I talked at various times with Browder, with Foster,
with Stachel, upon their return, and many more or less rank-and-file
members. There were dozens of them. And after the years, I don't
recall specific ones.
Senator Langer. Besides Foster and Browder, and one or two more
that we all know about, name some other people.
Mr. Crouch. Well, I might name, for example, such names as George
Siskind. There are many other people, but most of my work in that
period was in contact with top party leaders. Bill Gebert was one
of those. When I went to New York, most of the time I was in New
York, was spent in discussions with Brown, whom I mentioned also
by the name of Alpi, with Stachel, Weiner, Peters, and the various
other men to whom I reported on the work I was doing, and received
directions from them, discussed political line tactics, and things of
that kind.
Senator Langer. They did not know any more about the purge than
you did, did they ? They weren't over there.
Mr. Crouch. I didn't say that — don't misunderstand me. I didn't
say, for the record, certainly did not mean to, that I got any infor-
mation regarding the purge from any American Communist. My
deductions and my views on the purge were entirely my own, based
upon reading and rereading the printed testimony they gave in
Moscow. I referred to the statements of American Communists
partly, largely in connection with the economic conditions existing
in the Soviet Union.
Getting away from the matter of leaders, since the Senator asked
about names of rank and file, there was a man named K. Y. Hen-
dricks in North Carolina, in my district, whom I had known at the
Gastonia strike, who had gone to the Soviet Union, worked over there
in their factories, and was some years over there, although he faced
charges in the United States, had been convicted and skipped bail.
Hendricks returned to this country, preferring to live in the United
States at the risk of imprisonment, rather than live over there, al-
though Hendricks still remained a member of the Communist Party.
This illustrates the contradiction. Hendricks told me much about
the hardships of life there. When he returned to the United States
in the middle thirties his stories of life in Russia, if made public,
would have driven most of the Americans away from the move-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 139
merit. And yet Hendricks, who told me about the terrible conditions
over there, and in spite of the fact that he preferred to come
back to the United States and serve a sentence in the penitentiary of
North Carolina, preferred American prison to Russian freedom, still
remained in the Communist Party. This illustrates the peculiar
mentality of many Communists.
Senator Ferguson. What was he sentenced for?
Mr. Crouch. Sentenced in connection with the shooting of Chief
Adderholt, during the Gastonia 1929 strike.
Senator Ffrguson. What was his term of years?
Mr. Crouch. I do not recall. I believe his sentence was 2 or 3
years, to the best of my recollection. He served about 2 years.
Senator Langer. Was he an American citizen?
Mr. Crouch. He was an American citizen, native born, native of
the Carolinas or Tennessee.
Secondly, I would like to suggest for your consideration the possi-
bility of schools in Americanism for aliens in this country, schools
operated without cost for those attending, where English would be
taught and where the principles of democracy would be made clear
to those who have come to our shores. The radio also could be
utilized effectively in foreign languages by stations in small commu-
nities inhabited mainly by immigrants of one nationality. Our State
Department is doing a splendid job with the Voice of America. While
we are sending messages to Central Europeans behind the iron curtain,
we must not forget those aliens inside our own borders who cannot
speak the English language. The Communist Party in this country
has prepared literally tons of foreign-language material to propa-
gandize the non-English speaking foreign-born here. Cannot we
publish, at Government expense, books on the true nature and value
of democracy for distribution which will counteract the poisonous
propaganda of foreign agents ?
Senator Ferguson. You think we need a Voice of America to our
foreign-born who are unable to read and write the English language
here.
Mr. Crouch. I do.
Senator Ferguson. Do you think that the Communists are working
among them and doing great harm among them by getting them into
recruits and using them ?
Mr. Crouch. They are.
Senator Ferguson. We are missing that and going to Europe with
our Voice, rather than here. You think that we need a lot of work
right among our foreign-born here?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; in addition.
Senator Ferguson. To teach them American institutions.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. And American principles.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct ; yes.
Senator Wiley. Are they using the radio ?
Mr. Crouch. These Communists ?
Senator Wilet. Yes.
Mr. Crouch. They are using the radio. They have been using the
radio in English in the South. Not living in a foreign language
community, I am unable to say whether the Communists have been
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 10
140 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
using the radio in the foreign-language areas of the country. I could
not answer that. I don't know.
Senator Ferguson. Do they not have foreign-language hours on
various radios in large cities? Are you familiar with that?
Mr. Crouch. Yes ; I believe they do.
Senator Ferguson. Do you know whether any propaganda, Com-
munist propaganda, is put out on those hours?
Mr. Crouch. No; you see, 1 live in the South and am not in a posi-
tion to listen to the stations. I do not know what they carry. I have
no knowledge.
Senator Wiley. Any utilization of television ?
Mr. Crouch. I live in the South where we have just had television
for about a month. I don't know.
Turning to another subject in the field of the subcommittee's juris-
diction, I have already mentioned the case of Mrs. Celia Greenberg,
of Miami Beach, who has been officially identified as a Communist
and who sponsored the entry of two displaced persons into the
country.
Senator Ferguson. Do you have any idea how wealthy she is ?
Mr. Crouch. She is reputed fairly well-to-do and I have heard her
name mentioned in discussions around the office in connection with
people they were expecting contributions from. My impression is that
she is upper middle class in wealth.
Senator Ferguson. What knowledge did you have about her bring-
ing these displaced persons in ?
Mr. Crouch. The fact was published in — I got my knowledge
Senator Ferguson. Just from the paper?
Mr. Crouch. From the newspaper, seeing her picture, and imme-
diately I recognized her picture as that of a Communist. I imme-
diately called the attention of Mr. Hoke Welch, the managing editor
of the Miami Daily News, to the fact that I knew that she was a
Communist, and asked how it is possible for this Mrs. Greenberg, a
leader whom I have understood to be not only a member of the party
but a member of the county committee, to act as a sponsor for the
entry into America of two so-called displaced persons. How is it
possible? I don't know what happened subsequently. Mr. Welch,
I understand, began making inquiries into it. But I do not know
specifically what was done. I understand that they called this to
the attention of Mr. Smathers,1 the Representative from that district
in Congress, and the paper quoted Mr. Smathers saying investigations
were being made by the State Department. If I recall the language
correctly, they said the State Department was going to make sure that
such mistakes did not happen again in this respect; that they had
checked on the displaced persons without finding anything wrong,
but apparently had not checked on their sponsor. I am certain that
if a check had been made on this case, that if the Federal Bureau of
Investigation in Miami had been asked about her, the State Depart-
ment would never have accepted her as a sponsor.
Senator Ferguson. Do you think it is possible to check and ascertain
whether or not people are Communists when they are using the under-
ground so much ?
Mr. Crouch. It is not always possible.
1 Representative George A. Smathers, Fourth District, Florida.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 141
Senator Ferguson. In other words, how would I have found out
that you were a Communist back in the early days when you were
down on this paper in North Carolina — what was the name of it?
Mr. Crouch. I was not a member of the Communist Party at that
time.
Senator Ferguson. You were following the party line, and you
might as well have been a party member ; is that not right ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. For all intents and purposes. Well, suppose
these people get up and they do not join, but they are really fellow
travelers. You understand that term.
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. You were a fellow traveler at that time. How
would I have checked and found that out ?
Mr. Crouch. You would have had an investigator go to my neigh-
borhood.
Senator Ferguson. They are only human. They will go and ask
your neighbors, "Is Crouch a Communist?" Do you think your
neighbor would have known ?
Mr. Crouch. I think they would ; my neighbors, yes. They would
have told you I had very radical ideas. I might not be a Communist,
but they would have told you I had radical ideas. I made no secret
of it.
Senator Ferguson. Will you judge it by radicalism? They do not
want the word "radical" ; they want "liberal."
Mr. Crouch. In this case.
Senator Ferguson. How will you tell ?
Mr. Crouch. It is my considered opinion that in the first place, if
the Federal Bureau of Investigation had merely been asked about it,
they would have been able to inform the State Department that the
proposed sponsor was a member of the party. But as I understand
the present regulations, the present activities of the FBI are limited
primarily to gathering information, rather than releasing information,
and even other branches of the Government find it difficult to obtain
specific information as to whether anyone has a file as a Communist
with the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Senator Ferguson. So far as the legislative branch is concerned,
that is true ; I will agree with you. I will have to agree with you on
that. That is true so far as the legislative branch is concerned.
Senator Wiley. How do }'ou know these two who were taken in were
Communists ?
Mr. Crouch. I do not know. I have no knowledge whatsoever that
these two displaced people are Communists. Their sponsor is a Com-
munist, has been officially identified as such. I knew her. I knew from
the various remarks that had been made in telephone conversations
that she was a member of the county committee. I knew she was very
active in one of the leading fronts, and previously identified before a
congressional committee, in the records of that committee, as a Com-
munist. All of the committees, if their records were coordinated, and
the work of the FBI coordinated, each would have a better idea of
who the Communists in the country are, in my opinion.
Senator Wiley. It is very possible she saw the light, like you claim
you have.
Mr. Crouch. If she did, she did so very, very recently.
142 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
While the counl ry investigates displaced persons themselves, I think
it, should make an even Stricter invest igat ion of the American sponsors.
In this connection, gentlemen, I think there is a greater need for
close coordination between the immigration authorities in this coun-
try and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. If the Federal Bureau
of Investigation Mere authorized and directed to supply the immigra-
tion officials with the names of known Communists
Senator Ferguson. Do you not think there is close liaison between
Immigration and FBI?
Mr. Crouch. Partially. I do not believe that there is the complete
exchange of information in this field between the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and the other Government departments, including Immi-
gration, that is desirable. There is some coordination, it is true. I do
not believe it is true to the extent that it should be.
Senator Ferguson. You understand, then, that Immigration has its
own inspectors, and that the Immigration inspectors do not have access
to the FBI files?
Mr. Crouch. I do not have personal knowledge. My impression is
that other departments of the Government do not have.
Senator Ferguson. Have you ever heard in Communist circles that
that was true ? I do not want you guessing here.
Mr. Crouch. No.
Senator Ferguson. We need evidence; we need light.
Mr. Crouch. I have not heard any remark on that in Communist
circles.
Knowledge of the identity. of native American Communists is very
important in connection with the check on foreign visitors who may
be coming here as their guests or employees.
Another field, in my opinion, requiring careful investigation by this
subcommittee and legislation to correct weaknesses is the field of un-
restricted travel between the United States and Latin- American coun-
tries, particularly Mexico and Cuba.
In this connection, also, there is a matter of travel between this
country and abroad where there are flight stewards on air lines, par-
ticularly those on air lines where the union is under Communist domi-
nation. Cuban party leaders can enter the United States at Miami
with little or no formality. With the Pan American flight stewards
and the many other Latin- American lines, with employees under Com-
munist control, it is easy for flight stewards to act as couriers between
the Communists of the United States and the various countries of
Latin America.
Senator Ferguson. When you say it is very easy, have you any
knowledge that that was ever done ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes. I have knowledge of similar circumstantial
evidence which is quite conclusive. I might say that I know that the
union for Pan American, local 500, Pan American Airways employees
at Miami, Transport Workers Union, is Communist-controlled, and
that the officials are members of the Communist Party.
The Chairman. Where is this, now ?
Mr. Crouch. I know that the top officials of local 500 at Miami, Fla.,
which includes all maintenance and flight service, flight stewards, in
Miami, and in the Pan American Airways bases at San Juan, P. R.,
and Balboa in the Canal Zone, all being sections under control of this
local, are Communists. I personally know that the present president
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 143
of that local. Phil Scheffaky, is or recently was a member of the Com-
munist Party; that M. L. Edwards, former president, is a member of
the Communist Party. I have every reason to know that Armand
Scala, the chief flight steward, is a very active Communist and work-
ing with Charles Smolikoff of the Communist Party leadership there,
with Edwards and Scheffsky, in continuing the Communist control of
the local. Many references which I have heard around the office indi-
cate beyond any* doubt in my mind that he was acting as a chief courier
to Latin America. I know M. L. Edwards of the Communist Party
was making very frequent trips to Panama and to San Juan, P. R.,
officially on union business, and that in party circles A. E. Loverne,
of Panama, who heads the organization down there — I understand
that Loverne is not his real name ; I cannot recall his real name — is an
active member of the Communist Party. Edwards in personal con-
versations with me in New York City spoke — I cannot recall the exact
words — he spoke of the strength of the Communists down there, spoke
of various trade-union leaders as Communists, and I got the definite
inference from several days of conversation with him and with Phil
Scheffsky that Edwards was actively engaged in work for the Com-
munists, as courier in the entire Caribbean area.
Senator Wiley. What was the date ?
Mr. Crotch. The date of the conversation with Edwards and
Scheffsky in New York was December of 1946.
Senator Ferguson. Would you tell me then, in your opinion, if we
allow Communists to go out of this country, we are taking a great
chance those Communists, when they come back in, will bring back
secret information to Communists here ?
Mr. Crouch. Definitely.
Senator Ferguson. You feel that certain ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. That if they are given passports to go out, the
chances are that when they come ba<4v they will bring secret informa-
tion and that they will also carry with them information to the Com-
munists where they are going?
Mr. Crouch. Directives to the Communists of other countries and
information and reports ; that is correct.
Senator Fergusox. And some of that will be subversive, as far as
taking it out of this country and giving it is concerned ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes. Much of it is likely to be concerned with stra-
tegic military secrets of the country.
Senator Laxger. How do you know ?
Mr. Crouch. I know that from 17 years' experience in the Com-
munist Party, from my discussions with the highest Red Army gen-
eral officers in Moscow. I know from about 3 months of work in
Moscow in the anti-militarist commission of the Communist Interna-
tional— of which I was a member, in which details of work were
formulated for the obtaining of military knowledge — relaying this
knowledge to the Soviet Union was part of the task expected of
Communists, where they could obtain it.
Senator Laxger. In these 17 years that you claim, give us two or
three illustrations of what you learned.
The Chairman. Illustrations of what?
Senator Langer. Of where they got hold of military secrets.
144 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Crouch. All right. I would like to cite a case which the com-
mittee can follow up and investigate, get all of the records from the
"War Department, which I think illustrates this. I was in charge for
several years of sending Communists into the armed forces of the
country. I was instructed in Moscow in consultations with the general
staff to concentrate on Panama as the most important strategic point.
In carrying this out, I assigned a soldier by the name of Taylor to
go to Panama. He entered the Army in 1929. He was from the mine
fields of Pennsylvania. I don't recall his first name. I know his
last name was Taylor. He was a miner from the area around Wilkes-
Barre, Pa. I know that he was followed by others. I was succeeded
in the position as head of the work on the armed forces by "Walter
Trumbull. He informed me that about seven or eight soldiers were
in Panama working in the Army in connection with plans that were
prepared in Moscow, and also this culminated in the arrest of one
of the men sent in by the Communist Party. I do not recall his name.
The Chairman. An arrest where ?
Mr. Crouch. In Panama by the "War Department. He was court
martialed. His name and some facts regarding his court martial have
been published recently in a book called Labor Attorney, by Louis
Waldman. I would like to refer, and while many years have passed,
so far as recalling names, I would like to refer the committee to this
book for the name of this soldier who was sent in by the Communist
Party, and I believe that Mr. "Waldman gives considerable details
in connection with this.1
Senator Laxoer. "Well, now, we asked you a definite question. You
told this committee a few moments ago you got your information by
talking with the Red generals over there in Moscow. I asked you to
name some instances where they got hold of strategic secrets. You
are talking about a book somebody published. We are not inter-
ested in that ; at least, I am not. I want you to tell us what you
learned from these generals that you talked with.
Mr. Crouch. In talking with the generals over there I got direc-
tions for concentration points in Panama, which I carried through.
The Chairman. "What did you carry through?
Mr. Crouch. I carried through plans, sending the first soldier into
Panama and giving directions for reports back to the United States
on his progress in building a Communist organization inside the
Army in Panama. I never received from him, and I was not — I was
never personally; I would like to make this clear — I was never per-
sonally in a position to carry out other parts of those directives regard-
ing the relaying to the Soviet Union of military information obtained.
The Chairman. "Where did you find this soldier that you sent in,
and how did you get him into the military service?
Mr. Crouch. I knew him in New York in the Youmr Communist
League, and on a visit up there "Walter Trumbull and I were talking
with him. I told him we were looking for soldiers to go into the
armed forces and asked him how he would like to enter this. This
was an important task, and Mr. Taylor agreed. In compliance with
the directions, he entered the armed forces in Panama.
1 Corp. Robert Osman, charged with violation of ninety-sixth r.rtiele of war, unlawful
possession of defense plan, Fort Sherman, C Z., acquitted on retrial. (Labor Lawyer by
Louis Waldman.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 145
However, I would like to point out that after 1930 I was no longer
the head of this department. This work was directed first by Walter
Trumbull and then by Emanuel Levin, who was in charge of the
details. Party officials are usually given very little information other
than about their own specific fields of work. I was engaged in other
fields of work, so I was not in the position personally to supply such
information to Moscow.
The Chairman. What was the name of this soldier?
Mr. Crouch. Taylor was the soldier who was sent into Panama.
The Chairman. Was he the only one that went into the armed
services ?
Mr. Crouch. He was the only one who had gone into Panama before
I left. However, while I was still the head of the antimilitarist de-
partment there were several hundred members of the Communist
Party and Young Communist League who joined the National Guard,
the ROTC, and other branches like that of the armed forces. For
example, at Fort Snelling, at the National Guard camp, around 1929,
the Communists and the other Communist leaders working with those
we had sent into the National Guard were able to prepare a propa-
ganda paper. We published a mimeographed magazine called the
Fort Snelling Rapid Fire. I am sure if you wish to check with the
War Department, the War Department would be glad to supply you
with dozens of papers put out in 1929, published by the Communist
Party, based on reports from their agents inside the armed forces.
Senator Ferguson. Were you publishing this as a pamphlet for
the soldiers?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; we were.
Senator Ferguson. Communist literature ?
Mr. Crouch. We were.
Senator Ferguson. And the Army was permitting it?
Air. Crouch. The Army did not willingly permit it.
Senator Ferguson. You say they would be able to give it to us ?
Mr. Crouch. The Army would be able to give you copies of the
paper which they took away from some of the agents, from girls who
waited outside the barracks, outside the barracks to hand these papers
to the soldiers, to members of the National Guard, as they came out.
Senator Ferguson. Then it was not printed by soldiers.
Mr. Crouch. I said. I think the record will show that these papers
were printed by the Communist Party, based on information given
to them by their members inside the armed forces.
Senator Ferguson. Giving information that was secret ?
Mr. Crouch. Supposed to be secret. Soldiers were not supposed to
publish such information; no.
Senator Ferguson. Nothing was done about it ; nobod}7 arrested ;
nobody court-martialed ?
Mr. Crouch. Some of the girls were arrested, but released without
trials, and they were not — during the time I was in charge of this
field — they did not detect any of the people who were sent in by the
part}7. Walter Trumbull, who succeeded me, informed me that they
had succeeded in placing approximately a dozen, anywhere from seven
to a dozen, Communists aboard one battleship, the U. S. S. Oklahoma.
The Communist members of the armed forces smuggled Communist
propaganda aboard the battleship, stuck it up on walls and distrib-
uted it in various ways aboard the battleship.
14() COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson, As early as l!>-_!!> the Communisl Party was
active in putting their members in the United States Army and the
I fnited States Navy?
Mr. (norm. It was.
Senator Ferguson. For the obtaining of information and the
converting of people to communism?
Mr. ( Jrouch. Yes; for the additional purpose of obtaining military
training themselves.
Senator Ferguson. For the purpose of training, so they could help
to overthrow this Government \
Mr. Crouch. Correct.
Senator Ferguson. As soldiers?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. You say that as a fact?
Mr. Crouch. That is the fact, because those were the instructions
drawn up and the printed material of the Sixth World Congress of
the Communist International, which is available in the Library of
Congress from various governmental departments. I participated in
drawing up some of the material contained in the Sixth World Con-
gress. Some of this material was drawn up in the antimilitarist com-
mission, on which I worked in Moscow, and some of this published
material gives directives about converting an "imperialist" war to
civil war, and the conditions under which revolution is possible, and
so on ; the published material there.
Senator Wiley. Time and place?
Mr. Crouch. That is insignificant to the details that were drawn
up, not for publication.
Senator Wiley. Time and place of the Sixth World Congress.
Mr. Crouch. It was held in 1928, in Moscow.
Senator Ferguson. You have every reason to believe that the same
thing would be going on today ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; I certainly would draw that deduction.
Senator Ferguson. They put men in our Army for the purpose of
getting information, also for the purpose of getting training to over-
throw the Government at the right time.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Is that what you are telling us ?
Mr. Crouch. That is my belief.
Senator Ferguson. That is your absolute belief from the facts?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. Have you any Communist friends now ? Do any
of them trust you now ?
Mr. Crouch. No.
Senator Ferguson. Are you in contact with any of them ?
Mr. Crouch. I am not in contact with anyone whom I know to be
a member of the Communist Party.
Senator Ferguson. Have you been, in the last few years, in contact
with people who have felt as you have and have left or wTere with-
drawing?
Mr. Crouch. I have.
Senator Ferguson. Are there many people deserting the Commu-
nists in America?
Mr. Crouch. Yes ; from all indications.
Senator Ferguson. What can we do to make more desert?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 147
Mr. Crotch. 0>e thing would be to publish material on the facts
about the Soviet Union in terms of standards of living. I think, to
make available to American party members comparisons of the stand-
ard of living in this country — the wages paid American workers, wages
paid Russian workers, the cost of a pair of shoes, of bread, of milk in
this country — would be one of the most effective ways. I have already
mentioned one way : That is the question of reaching the alien-born
who are non-English-speaking people, who have less access to these
facts, putting this material in English, in pamphlets, on the radio, and
so on, of establishing schools in Americanism for them, where these
facts would be presented. These are some of the ways in which this
can be encouraged.
Senator Ferguson. Do you think exposure by printing names and
so forth of those who are actually Communists, that their neighbors
know they are, would have anything to do with it ?
Mr. Crouch. I do. I think also that another important factor in
making it possible for Communists to break, and especially for Com-
munists to cooperate with the Government in bringing in the facts at
their disposal to the Government, is for all employers to make it clear
that they are not going to discriminate against and victimize people
who were once members of the Communist Party, who have realized
their mistake and come forward and helped the Government.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, desertion of the Communist
Party, in your opinion, should not be held against a woman or a man
in America to keep them out of employment.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. If they come out and tell the truth that they
were Communists and actually desert the cause, they should be given
credit and taken in employment, and so forth ; is that your opinion ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes ; it is my opinion that there are hundreds of peo-
ple ; it is my conviction— of course, I do not — I want to make it clear,
I do not have specific detailed facts; I am speaking of convictions
based upon my years in the movement and my conversations with those
who have broken — that the processes would be speeded up tremen-
dously if the employers of the country made it clear that they will not
follow a policy of job discrimination against people who have broken
with the Communist Party, who place their knowledge of the Com-
munist Party at the disposal of the Government.
The Chairman. Sincerity as to desertion means a lot in that respect,
and how is an employer to judge this sincerity of the desertion?
Mr. Crouch. There have been many desertions from the Communist
Party in this country. I do not believe there has ever been a case of
one who has publicly deserted and who has publicly repudiated the
Communist Party ever returning to the Communist Party, and the
repudiation of the Communist Party should include cooperation with
the Government in exposing the party propaganda, and so on. I think
this should be sufficient evidence; that such cooperation should be
sufficient evidence to intelligent people that such a person is honestly
broken with the party and is cooperating in the interests of the
country.
Senator Ferguson. The Senator has asked you a very vital question.
These people are very deceitful. They do not hesitate to use any
deceit or any means of getting information. Suppose that you, being
a Communist, you deserted — you say you desert — the Communists
148 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
denounce you, and it is all a scheme for you to get certain employment
so that you can later return the information to them. How are you
going to tell this ?
Mr. Crouch. In this case I think that the Federal Bureau of Investi-
gation probably would be the best authority. The FBI would quickly
determine from its discussions with those people the question of their
sincerity.
Senator Ferguson. That information is not made public. The em-
ployer cannot call up the FBI and get any information.
Mr. Crouch. I realize, Senator, that there is some difficulty about
that ; but, by and large, I think that employers, using ordinary intelli-
gence, would be able to determine this factor. Let us say that Mr.
John Smith, who is not known to anyone, not known to any employer
as a member of the Communist Party, suddenly informs the Govern-
ment and releases a story to the press that he has broken with the
Communist Party, appealing to other Communists to follow his ex-
ample. There was nothing to make him do that. He was not known
before, and also in denouncing the Communist Party he has done such
damage to the party that it is very unlikely, extremely unlikely, that
the party would ever have anyone damage it seriously in order to
utilize them in strategic capacities.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, you could not get back, could
you, after telling what you are telling on this witness stand? You
would not be able to go back into the good graces of the Communist
Party in America; would you?
Mr. Crouch. I certainly would not.
Mr. Arens. You are under armed guard at this time; are you not?
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Do you feel that it is essential to have an armed
guard ?
Mr. Crouch. I do.
Senator Ferguson. Why?
Mr. Crouch. I feel that there is a real physical danger for those who
publish the facts about Communist conspiracy, who inform the public
of this knowledge. The physical danger perhaps is less after they
testify than before. The danger to me would be probably less after
this testimony than it was before, but there is still the danger. There
is also the factor to be considered that the party, and especially MVD
agents, have to weigh against each other two factors. One is the pub-
licity, the harm to them, which results from physically wiping out,
such as was employed in the Poyntz case to the best of my knowledge
and conviction, and was probabty according to the published evidence,
employed in the case of General Krivitzky,1 to weigh that on one hand.
They also weigh the fact that, if they can physically remove anyone
who has done so, that this is an act of intimidation to those who pos-
sess information and are planning to place it at the disposal of the
Government. Certainly the question of the Government providing
physical protection of individuals and their families to the point that
may be necessary is very important, and in this connection I am glad
you mentioned it, because I understand today there is no legislative
step existing in which protection can be assured, under which the
Department of Justice is able to assure a continued protection.
1 Gen. Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Espionage in western Europe
■who was murdered in Washington, D. C, in February 1941.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 149
I would like to add, since this is mentioned, that in Miami, Fla., the
physical protection necessary for myself is being paid for by my em-
ployer, because the Department of Justice does not have the legal
authority. Not every employer in the United States is going to the
expense of providing physical protection for his employees. Legisla-
tion along this line, I think, is very desirable if the committee, if the
Government in all of its branches, expects to receive the information
that is necessary today on plots and threats against our national
security.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting subversive activity
in the country of affiliates of international organizations, or of affiliates
of embassies and consulates of iron-curtain countries?
Mr. Crouch. I have no specific information in this field, not being
trusted for a long time before leaving the party. I do have informa-
tion I am citing later in my statement about the use of the Soviet
consulate at Miami, Fla., for the use of a Communist-front organiza-
tion for the purpose of raising funds. If you would like, I have a
short statement to go ahead with.
Senator Langer. Would you mind if he answered my question about
the IT years that he talked with these Russian generals, to find out
what military secrets he found out? He has not told us about any
of them yet.
Mr. Crouch. I personally have not found any military secrets.
Senator Langer. You told this committee that during the time you
were in Moscow, sir, that you talked with Russian generals and found
out strategy involving our military forces. I asked you to give con-
crete examples, and you have not done it.
Mr. Crouch. I stated the general plans that were drawn up in
Moscow ; there were many of those. I was not in any position upon
my return to carry all of them through. The specific task that was
entrusted to me, such as getting Communists into the National Guard,
I did. That is the work I did. I have not at any time stated that I
obtained military secrets for the Soviet Union. I did not obtain any
military secrets from this country.
The Chairman. All right. That is your answer. Go ahead.
Mr. Crouch. At a moment when a foreign power and satellite
foreign powers are planning physical conquest of the world, including
our Nation, it is very serious that such a situation can exist. Cer-
tainly, it calls for more investigation and for concrete legislative
action.
Gentlemen, I wish to emphasize that it is necessary to fully safe-
guard free speech, free press, and the other guaranties of our Con-
stitution. No idea, however radical it may be, should be prevented by
legislation. In fact, one cannot legislate against an ideal, nor should
any attempt be made to do so. Anyone should have the right to
advocate communism peacefully arrived at through legal and demo-
cratic processes if he wishes to do so, but we must face facts. The
American Communist Party today is not an organization interested
in establishing communism through democratic action. It is an
organization whose leaders are dedicated to civil war and armed
insurrection as the means of overthrowing the Government and
establishing a dictatorship. Such a revolution within the country
would be impossible and unthinkable without the powerful role of
a foreign power. If it were a question of the United States alone, talk
150 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEX AND NATIONAL GROUPS
of a revolution in this country would simply place one in the ranks
of lunatics. The danger to this country is that the Soviet Union has
a definite blueprint for conquering the entire world, country by coun-
try, step by step, until personal liberty will be completely extinguished
on this globe. The Communist leaders of this country are cooperating
with the Soviet Union in every kind of action seeking to undermine
the military strength of our Nation in the event of a war in the
future, a war which the Communists regard as inevitable as the
rising sun.
Turning to specific examples in this field, I would like to call atten-
tion of this committee to the fact that the Communist Party of Cuba
controls and directs movements of the Pan American Airways do-
mestic employees there. The head of the Cuban Union of Air-Line
Employees in 1947 was Alberto Rodriguez Perez. In March 1947,
Perez and two other Cuban trade-union officials came to Miami as
fraternal delegates to the Florida State CIO Convention. Perez and
the other two officials personally told me that they were members of
the Cuban Communist Party. While in Miami, they had several meet-
ings with Maurice Forge, an American Communist who was at that
time head of the air-line division of the Transport Workers Union. I
should add, however, that Forge has subsequently been removed from
office by International President Quill 1 and the executive board of his
union.
I was present at one meeting between Forge and the Cuban repre-
sentatives as their translator. Plans were laid in this discussion for
building an elaborate organization of all air-line employees in Xorth
and South America, with headquarters in Miami.
Senator Wiley. Time and place ?
Mr. Crouch. The time was March 1947. The place was in a restau-
rant on Flagler Street, about the 300 or 400 block on Flagler Street,
March 1947.
Senator Wiley. I thought j'ou dissociated from the party long
before that.
Mr. Crouch. I dissociated myself from the party, but I was a union
officer, I was editor of the Union Record, official organ of the Florida
CIO; State, publicity director of the Florida CIO, and as such, I had
to work with Communists in the trade-unions.
Senator Ferguson. Then your answer to me was not quite correct —
was it? — that you were not in contact with known Communists
recently.
Mr. Crouch. I believe I misunderstood.
Senator Ferguson. You must have misunderstood my question.
Mr. Crouch. I believed it was on intimate personal friendly terms.
Senator Ferguson. When did you advise the Communists and the
world that you had broken with them ?
Mr. Crouch. I did not. I advised the Government of the United
States.
Senator Ferguson. When did you announce publicly that you had
broken with the Communists, so that they would know that they could
not trust you any longer?
Mr. Crouch. I only announced publicly very recently. In March of
this year, in Plain Talk magazine, was my first public article denounc-
1 Michael Quill.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 151
ing the activities of the Communist Party. First, I had advised the
United States Government, immediately after the Communists had
seized power in Czechoslovakia.
Senator Fergusox. You told the FBI, in other words,
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
Senator Fergusox. That you were breaking with them.
Mr. Crouch. That I had broken with them.
Senator Fergusox. That you had broken with them. Did that be-
come known to the Communists ?
Mr. Crouch. It did not.
Senator Fergusox. That was the secret, so really when you pub-
lished the article in Plain Talk that was your first public renunciation
of communism.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct, Senator.
Senator Fergusox. So when you go back and say that you had these
contacts with these union members, CIO, in Miami, you were dealing
with them as a Communist.
Mr. Crouch. To give the details on this
Senator Fergusox. Well, I mean that straightens out the facts that
you answered me.
Mr. Crouch. Many of them, for example, Perez, based on my past
reputation, believed that I was still a member of the party. Forge
personally knew I was not, Efforts were being made through 1946
and 1947 to coerce me, to trick me back into the Communist Party. I
was subjected in Texas and in Florida to every conceivable form of
pressure to activize me in the party ; pressure which constituted the
certainty of being forced out of my job and the probability of being
blacklisted through the party. While I had then my personal con-
victions, my personal conviction was that I was facing a very real
physical danger for myself, and in spite of this I resisted all kinds of
tricks, all kinds of efforts.
For example, to make this perfectly clear, in 1946 in Texas, the
international representative of the Transport Workers Union down
there, one Ed Bock, told me to be at a conference at Houston, Tex. He
wanted me to attend a conference on trade-union work and had the
union treasury at Brownsville pay my round-trip fare. When I got
there, I found for all practical purposes it would probably be called a
Communist meeting. In the main, and among the speakers there was
the district organizer of the Communist Party, a girl, and Nat Ross, the
southern representative of the Communist Party. After he had
spoken, Nat Ross called me aside and talked with me in a restaurant,
and he said, "You should return to membership in the Communist
Party. The Communist Party is willing to forget what you have
done in the past ; your previous conflicts and so forth." The district
organizer did everything possible and a book was sent made out from
the Communist Party signed by the Communist Party of Texas.
Senator Fergusox. What do you mean a book ?
Mr. Crouch. A membership book was made out in my name in 1947.
It was sent over to Florida and was delivered to my daughter by a
Mr. Shansik, who was, according to my best information, the county
organizer of the Communist Party in Miami at that time.
Senator Wiley. What was the book ?
Mr. Crouch. A membership book in the Communist Party and
signed by Ruth Koenig, if I remember the name correctly. I think it
152 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
was Ruth Koenig, of Texas. My daughter brought the book home and
I tore it up and threw it in the wastebasket.
In New York City in September of 1946, Charles N. Smolikoff, at
that time Florida executive secretary of the CIO Industrial Union
Council and representative in Florida of the Transport Workers Un-
ion, told me he had previously spoken about details of the parly in
Miami. Then lie said, "Douglas MacMahon" — that was the secretary
treasurer of the Transport Workers Union — "tells me that you are out
of the Communist Party." He said, "How come?" I told him, "Yes,
I left the Communist Party." "You will have to get back in it," he
said. I just remained silent while he talked. Later during a big ban-
quet there he walked by and said, "Give me 50 cents." I took it out of
my pocket and handed him the 50 cents. "I am ojoing to turn this in
for your initiation back into the Communist Party," he said and
turned around and walked off.
I cite these as dozens of cases. I believe the last specific request to
return to the Communist Party was in November 1947.
Senator Ferguson. Could you get reinstated for 50 cents ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; if I was accepted by the central committee.
Senator Ferguson. How much are the dues, then?
Mr. Crouch. It is a sliding scale depending entirely upon wages.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting a contribution by
the Soviet Government to the Communist Party in Miami ?
Mr. Crouch. I would like to read my statement, finish the state-
ment, which answers that question in detail.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Crouch. It was obvious, of course, that such an organization
of two continents would have been under Communist control. It was
agreed between Forge and the Cuban Communist union officials that
Mr. M. L. Edwards, president of local 500, should make a tour of Latin
America to put such an organization into action. Edwards, I might
add, was personally known to me as an active member of the Commu-
nist Party. Phil Scheffsky, present at the meeting, also is a member
of the Communist Party. Forge, of course, knew that I was not a
party member any longer and, therefore, his remarks were very cau-
tious when I was the translator. The next day he continued his con-
ference with the Cubans with a translator he could trust. He was
named Raul Vidal.
Gentlemen, under existing international travel regulations, any
American Communist leader can fly to Havana for international Com-
munist conferences without obtaining any passport or permit from
the State Department. Also, such plans for sabotage of our country
have involved sending party members into the armed forces, obtaining
scientific secrets, and concentration of the party's activities on those
fields which would be essential to our Nation in the event of war.
The Chairman. Have you anything further in support of that last
statement than what you have given this committee this afternoon?
Mr. Crouch. I have, and what I have had has been turned over to
the Department of Justice. I have been asked by the Department of
Justice to request any interested governmental committees not to
direct questions to me along that line.
Senaor Ferguson. In other words, the FBI does not want you to
disclose that in the public hearings?
Mr. Crouch. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 153
Senator Ferguson. It is such information that they want to keep
secret ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; that is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Will you take it up with the FBI as to whether
or not you can testify before an executive session of this committee?
Mr. Crouch. I will.
Mr. Ferguson. On the same facts.
Mr. Crouch. I will be glad to, and if I receive
Senator Ferguson. May I so request
The Chairman. Yes ; you can certainly request.
Senator Ferguson. That the committee take it in executive session
if we can get it ?
Senator Langer. Who is the head of the GPU in this country ?
Mr. Crouch. I do not know.
Senator Langer. Who was when you were a party member?
Mr. Crouch. I was introduced
The Chairman. Can you answer that question ? Who was the head
when you were a party member ?
Mr. Crouch. At one time the head was a Kussian introduced to me
by the name of Charlie. He was introduced to me bv one Nicholas
Dozenberg, who was known to me as an agent of the GPU in the United
States. Mr. Dozenberg. who had dropped out of public party activities
to become a GPU agent, introduced me to this man who, he said, was
the head of the GPU in the United States.
I have no way of knowing who is the subsequent head or the present
head of the GPU. I have no knowledge at all.
That is why the Communist Party has spent so much time, effort,
and money on centers like Detroit, Pittsburgh, the bay area in Califor-
nia, the marine industry generally, and now the international airlines
with a hub in Miami, Fla.
There is one additional important matter I would like to cite in con-
clusion. That is the role of Soviet consulates in giving aid to the
Communist forces in this country; also the use by the Soviet Govern-
ment of Amtorg and similar trading agencies for Communist work. I
ATOuld like to cite the fact that about 2 years ago in Miami, Fla., a
dinner was given with the Soviet consul as the guest of honor, and this
dinner raised about $2,000. The money was turned over to the Ameri-
can-Soviet Friendship Society, then headed in Miami by two Com-
munists, Irving Gold and Shirley Hanna. These $2,000 were contrib-
uted by the Soviet Government to the Communist Party in Miami,
just as much as if a check had been written by the treasurer of the
Kremlin. I wish to add that my own passage to the Soviet Union and
the passage of George Mink, a fellow passenger, were arranged
through Amtorg. This Mink later became an agent of the GPU.
Gentlemen, I hope that this hearing will only be the beginning of
the widest investigation by Congress into all of these fields and that
it will quickly be followed by legislative action at the earliest possible
moment. Under existing legislation, deportation proceedings against
top Communist leaders are followed by endless appeals requiring
months and even years before they are finally decided in courts. In
the meantime, the alien Communists continue their day-to-day activi-
ties. Why can we not take legislative action which would restrain
those on appeal from any Communist activity, and also other legisla-
lf)4 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tion which would speed up the court action and final disposition of
the case so that it would not drag on indefinitely ?
Gentlemen, my decision to inform the Government of my knowledge
of Communist activities obtained during 17 years in its ranks was
made immediately after the seizure of Czechoslovakia and the death
of Jan Masaryk. I realized that the military and the physical danger
to the Nation is no delusion and is no remote threat at that. At what-
ever costs to myself, including serious physical danger, I realized it was
my duty to my Nation to let the Government and the people know what
really is going on behind the Red curtain in this country.
During my 17 years in the Communist Party under the influence
of its false idealistic appeal, I personally recruited many hundreds of
members into the party. I would like to appeal to those members to
follow my example, to realize the mistake I made and the mistake they
made, and to go to the United States Government immediately and
place all knowledge they may have at the disposal of our country. In
the Communist Party, as it exists here in America, we are not fighting
an idea or a philosophy ; we are fighting an organized conspiracy con-
trolled and directed by a foreign government aimed at the physical
destruction of our independence and freedom. It is time for us to
realize this danger and to take action before it is too late.
Senator Langer. You say you recruited several hundred in this
country ?
Mr. Crouch. Yes; I have.
Senator Langer. Would you mind giving the committee the names
of them? I do not mean now, but write them out, the names and
addresses.
Mr. Crouch. I will be — I have.
Senator Ferguson. Will you make up a list and give it to the
chairman?
Mr. Crouch. I will give the chairman the names of all that I can
recall, specific information about the places in which they are located,
and so on.1 I would like to make a request that such list should not
be made public, because many of those people are no longer today in
the Communist Party. Many of the people, I am sure — it is my per-
sonal belief — have left the Communist Party. How many have left
and how many are in, I do not know. I am certain there are still
many there. One, for example, who I know left the Communist
Party, to cite a case, was Alexander Wright, Negro longshoreman,
in Norfolk, Va., whom I recruited into the Communist Party. After
2 or 3 years in the party, and after learning more about its program,
he saw that the Communists were interested not in building his union
but in using his union to build the Communist Party, so he left the
Communist ranks.
So many of those I recruited have already left. My guess is there
are some "hundreds in the party whom I personally recruited. I
would like to make this appeal to any publicity that my statements
might receive, to join my example and to aid the Government in
every possible way; that they are under the false illusion that they
are fighting for progress, fighting for the cause of labor, and that
every action that they do, that they think under these illusions is in
the interest of liberty, is in the interest of wiping out liberty here
1 Certain additional information submitted by the witness appears on p. 155.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 155
and abroad, which if successful would bring the world under com-
plete domination of totalitarianism for perhaps centuries to come.
Senator Ferguson. I think there is one vital question, and that
is for the American people to learn that this is a conspiracy, that com-
munism is a conspiracy dominated by a foreign power ; that they are
revolutionary in their thoughts, that they will not hesitate to carry
out their policies even though it means the destruction of the United
States or any other country that is not Communist.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Do you feel after your 17 years of experience
with these people that that is an absolute fact ?
Mr. Crouch. Absolute and unquestionable, well documented by the
hundreds of pamphlets and books and everything ; above all, by knowl-
edge to me because of my personal experience in the party, sitting in
these meetings, seeing what was done, seeing how indifferent they
were to such questions as perjury, the forging of passports, and things
like that.
Senator Ferguson. You feel then that you want to convey to this
committee, as well as to the public, that this is not a political party,
that communism and the Communist Party of America is not a polit-
ical party.
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. It is a revolutionary party, it is a conspiracy
under the domination of the Soviet Union to overthrow the capitalistic
system.
Mr. Crouch. Correct.
Senator Ferguson. Is that correct ?
Mr. Crouch. That is correct.
Senator Ferguson. Is there any doubt in your mind that that is
true?
Mr. Crouch. There is not the slightest doubt, not even any remote
doubt; there is absolute knowledge that that is true.
The Chatrman. Anything else? Any further questions?
Thank you very much.
The committee will be in recess subject to the call of the Chair.
(Thereupon at 5 : 05 p. m., a recess was taken subject to the call of the
Chair.)
(Following is part of the additional information submitted by the
witness on the instructions of the chairman:)
Miami Daily News.
Miami, Fla., September 20, 1949.
Mr. O. J. Dekom,
Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
Washington, D. C.
Deah Mr. Dekom : During the course of my testimony before the subcommittee
last May I was directed to submit the names of people I remembered who were —
to my knowledge — members of the Communist Party.
I am preparing the lists in three sections. The first section, important Com-
munist Party members not generally known as Communists to the public, is
enclosed. The other two sections under which I am grouping all names I can
recall, will be submitted in the near future.
As the chairman is reported by the press to be in Europe at the present time I
am sending this list to you. Please call it to the attention of the acting chairman
and to members now in Washington, and to the chairman's attention on his return
from Europe.
98330— 50— pt. 1 11
156 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
If the subcommittee desires me to testify in executive session and identify all
names submitted as party members I will be glad to do so at any time, and to
give any additional details and information.
I am leaving Miami September 28 by plane for New York, where I am to
testify as an expert witness in deportation proceedings against Betty Gannett.
Proceedings will start September 29. I have no idea how long I will remain in
New York in connection with the case.
Respectfully and sincerely yours,
Paul Cbouch.
Individuals I Have Personally Known Who Were — To My Knowledge —
Members of the Communist Party. Submitted by Direction of the Sub-
committee To Investigate Immigration and Naturalization, Committee of
the Judiciary, United States Senate
Submitted in three sections: (1) Individuals important in the Communist
Party whose affiliation is not generally known; (2) important leaders of the
Communist Party generally known to the public; (3) rank-and-file members not
publicly known as Communists.
Section 1
Joseph Gelders : Formerly of Birmingham, Ala., moved to New York. Active on
district Buro, Alabama district, Communist Party. Head of Communist ap-
paratus in Southern Conference for Human Welfare. Won confidence of
President and Mrs. Roosevelt, visiting them at the White House and Hyde
Park. Served as secretary for Representative Geyer (do not know whether he
was on congressional pay roll or not) ; under direction of the Communist Party
national committee drafted antipoll tax bill which Representative Geyer
introduced.
Howard Lee : Young southern attorney and youth leader, won confidence of
Mrs. Roosevelt and was frequent White House visitor. Leader of Southern
Conference for Human Welfare, Youth Congress, and other Communist Party
fronts. During the war Drew Pearson in his column sharply denounced the
failure of the War Department to promote Howard Lee and make him an
officer in the Army.
Rev. Malcolm Cotton Dobbs : Ordained minister. Head of League of Young
Southerners, active in Southern Conference for Human Welfare and other
Communist Party fronts ; friend of Howard Lee and worked closely with him
in various Communist activities. Frequent visitor at the White House 1937
to 1939.
Dr. Eric E. Erricson : Professor of English at University of North Carolina for
some 15 years (or more), recently left University of North Carolina and is now
with another college in the State. Was head of Communist Party branch of
professors and students at University of North Carolina 1932 through 1937
(and I do not know how much longer). Is one of best known educators in
North Carolina. Communist Party name "Spartacus."
Rev. Don West : Ordained minister, poet, author, now professor at Oglethorpe
University in Georgia. Cofounder of Highlander Folk School at Monteagle,
Tenn. North Carolina district trade-union director of the Communist Party in
1935 under name of Jim Weaver. Next year became district organizer of
Kentucky district, Communist Party. Later was a contributor to Southern
News Letter and other party-front publications. One sister. Belle, is married
to Bart Logan, who succeeded me as Carolina district organizer. One sister
is married to Nat Ross, Communist Party national committee representative to
the southern districts. Another sister has spent years in Moscow as Daily
Worker correspondent, writing under name of Jeanette Weaver. Was active
in Southern Conference and other party fronts.
Gilbert L. Parks: Owner of hotel at Port Royal. S. C. and owner of square-
mile island facing Parris Island Marine Base: member Harvard Club. Was
business manager of magazine edited by Mrs. Roosevelt before her husband's
• lection as President of the United States. Was assistant to Rex Tugwell as
Resettlement Administrator. Friend and neighbor of Leon Keyserling, now
economic adviser to the President. (Parks introduced me to Keyserling at the
latter's Beaufort, S. C, home.) Parks was member district committee. Com-
munist Party in the Carolina district during 1937. Attended Chattanooga
conference of southern Communist Party leaders with Browder present. In
1938-39 active leader of Southern Conference for Human Welfare.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 157
James Porter : Brother of Paul R. Porter, of the State Department and United
Nations. Communist Party organizer for Norfolk, Va., in period about 1934-36 ;
then went to Iowa and Communist Party State organizer. Attended many
central committee meetings at which I was present between 1934 and 1937 or
1938. Understand that at present James Porter is head of the coke division of
the United Mine Workers for the State of Wisconsin. (Note: When James
Porter was important Communist Party official his brother, Paul R. Porter,
was national leader of extreme left wing of the Socialist Party with active sup-
port from the Communists. Paul R. Porter's booklet. Which Way for the
Socialist Party? (now in Congressional Library but not available elsewhere)
praised enthusiastically in Daily Worker review, March 21 or 22, 1937).
Leo Shiner : Miami attorney. Formerly OPA official in Washington ; moved to
Florida about end of war : was head of Sugar Enforcement Division of OPA for
the State. Active "undercover" Communist leader. Selected to head "under-
ground" apparatus in Miami if Communist Party is declared to be illegal and
known leaders are arrested.
Dr. H. David Prensky : Miami Beach dentist. Official of the American Veterans
Committee (AVC) ; formerly regional commander of AVC. Member of Dade
County Committee of the Communist Party, active as an officer of the Uni-
tarian church in Miami for purpose of carrying on Communist activities.
Clarence Hiskey : Atomic scientist ; Reserve officer of United States Army. See
hearings regarding Clarence Hiskey, including testimony of Paul Crouch,
hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Repre-
sentatives, May 24, 1949 — Government Printing Office.
Joseph Weinberg : Prominent atomic scientist.
Dr. David Bohm : Atomic scientist ; university professor ; understand he serves
on loyalty board with Albert Einstein. In 1941 was active in Communist Party
in Alameda County, Calif.
Dr. Frank Oppenheimer : Atomic scientist ; brother of J. Robert Oppenheimer ;
active member Communist Party, Alameda County, Calif., in 1941.
Jacquenette Oppenheimer (Mrs. Frank Oppenheimer): Member of Alameda
County Committee of Communist Party and department head, 1941.
John P. Davis : Negro leader ; Washington, D. C, resident. Important leader in
Communist Party for many years. Has many trade-union and political con-
nections. Active in Southern Conference and other fronts. Once head of
Negro Congress.
Frank Diaz : International vice president, Cigar Makers Union, AFL ; member
Florida State Committee, Communist Party.
James Nimmoe : Miami organizer, Laundry Workers Union, AFL; member Dade
County Committee of the Communist Party (Negro).
Raul Vidal : Pan American Airways employee in Miami. Active Communist.
Close friend of Bias Roco and other Communist Party top leaders in Cuba.
Naturalized citizen. Brother-in-law of the consul general of Cuba in Miami.
Dr. Addison T. Cutler : White professor at Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.
Very active member of Communist Party when I knew him in 1939-41.
Prof. David Robison : White professor at Fisk University, was member State
committee, Communist Party, 1939-41.
Marcel Scherer : National director of Communist work among scientists for
many years; in later years worked through FAECT, a CIO union. Wife is
Lena Davis, one time Politburo member and formerly New Jersey district
organizer of Communist Party.
Rudolph Shohan : Once a top national leader of the Young Communist League —
organizer for a dozen Western States — Shohan dropped out of all public work
in order to become one of the most important international couriers. For
years was liaison man between the Communists of the United States and
Canada. Present whereabouts unknown. His former wife, Reva Gilbert,
trained in the Lenin School in Moscow, is now Mrs. James W. Ford. Shohan is
a nephew of —
Mrs. Nat Vanish : Mrs. Vanish and her husband are owners of the Acme Furni-
ture Store in Oakland, Calif. Very active in Communist front Jewish organiza-
tions. Understand they now face deportation proceedings.
Anna Cornblath : (Actually Mrs. Emanuel Levin, having been married to Levin
for more than 21 years.) Husband now district organizer of Communist
Party at New Orleans ; he was once national chairman of Workers Ex-Service-
men's League and directed bonus march on Washington. Anna has held many
important positions in the Communist Party for over 20 years, worked in
158 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
national office. Is placed under this section because of her success in obtain-
ing naturalization as American citizen in 1944.
Mrs. Francis J. Gorman: Maiden name, Mary K. Bell, daughter of Colonel Bell
of Brookings institute. Was member of a Governmenl employees branch of
the Communist Party before her marriage to Francis J. Gorman, then presi-
dent of the United Textile Workers. She frequently attended central com-
mittee meetings of Communist Party.
Israel and Sarah Peltz (brother and sister) : Once active leaders of Young Com-
munist League in Washington, were trying to obtain Government jobs in early
thirties. No knowledge subsequent careers.
Gare (or Gore) : Don't recall lirst name and not sure of spelling of last
name. Was news or telegraph editor of Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times during
latier part of 1930"s and until late 1939 or early 1940, when he left the staff of
the Times and moved away from Tennessee. Don't remember where he went.
(Information could be obtained from the Times.) He was leading member
in a group of about six editorial staff members of the Chattanooga Times and
Chattanooga News in the Communist Party.
Edwin McCrea : International representative Food and* Tobacco Workers Union
in North Carolina. Refused to answer questions by House Un-American
Activities Committee re Communist Party affiliations although he succeeded
me as Tennessee district organizer in 1941.
Irving Gold : Until recently important undercover leader of the Communist Party
in Florida. As head of Soviet-American Friendship Society, he was once
liaison man between Soviet consulate in Miami and the Communist Party.
A dinner for the Soviet consul in Miami raised $2,000 which Gold spent under
party directions. Left Miami about a year ago ; present whereabouts unknown.
Lorent Franz: Young attorney or law student; member Alabama district com-
mittee, Communist Party, 1938-41. Has repeatedly denied Communist Party
membership in official investigations. Very active in Southern Conference
for Human Welfare.
Alton Lawrence : State secretary Socialist Party of North Carolina and at the
same time member of district committee, Communist Party, 1935-37. Lived
at Chapel Hill, cooperated actively with Dr. Erricson in Communist Party
activities on University of North Carolina campus.
Maurice Forge: Formerly international vice president of Transport Workers
Union, head of air transport division ; removed from office by last convention ;
chief strategist in Communist Party move to form new independent air line
union. Forge is assumed name; real name Herman, is native of Russia;
obtained citizenship through fathers naturalization. Member Young Com-
munist League and Communist Party many years.
Fred Swick, Ed Bock, M. L. Edwards, Armand Scala, Thomas Murray : Commu-
nist Party members, associates of Maurice Forge, former officers air transport
division, TWU-CIO, now trying to form new Communist-controlled union in
air-transport industry.
Paul Crosbie : New York insurance man. Close friend of Gilbert L. Parks. Very
active undercover member of CP.
Paul Schlipf : Plead of Alameda County CIO Industrial Union Council ; very
active CP member.
George Gray : Oakland, Calif., business agent of Steelworkers' Union.
Maurice Travis : International president, Mine, Mill and Workers Union, CIO.
Was active member YCL and CP in Oakland, Calif., in 1941. (Recent press
reports that he has resigned CP membership to sign non-Communist affidavit —
previously had not publicly admitted CP membership. )
Paul Heide : Close associate of Harry Bridges, business agent in Oakland of
ILWU-CIO. Leading undercover member of CP. His wife and brother ac-
tive in CP and leading officers in unions. (Brother : Ray Heide.)
Harry Bridges : Note : As member of California district bureau I helped make
decisions on policy which Bridges carried out. Schneiderman transmitted de-
cisions to Bridges and brought reports from him to district bureau.
Clifford Odets: Well-known playright.
Paul Chown : Active member of Communist Party in Oakland, Calif. Was busi-
ness agent of Steelworkers Union, CIO, in Oakland ; resigned during latter
part of 1941 to take Government position, on Labor Relations Board staff for
San Francisco area.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 159
Saundra Martin : Business agent, Electrical Workers Union, CIO, for San Fran-
cisco-Oakland area. Attended national conventions of Young Communist
League and was one of national representatives of Young Communist League
to a world conference in Moscow. Was for a time Alameda County organizer
of Young Communist League.
Rev. Gerald Harris : Alabama State vice president Farmers Union. Was one of
leaders in Southern Conference for Human Welfare. Active CP member.
Lives on farm near Birmingham.
Martha Stone: Now living at Trenton, N. J. Former wife of Phil Frankfeld,
prominent party leader. She was once a leading official of YCL, dropped out
of all public activities for special work, apparently one of leading OGPU
agents in this country. According to information from former CP members
she appears to have been actively connected with kidnap-murder of Juliet
Stuart Poyntz and is reported to have traveled to Mexico in connection with
plans for murder of Trotsky. Is said to have worked closely with two other
OGPU agents, George Mink and S. Epstein (the latter having obtained pass-
port under name of "Sam Stone").
Miami Daily News.
Miami, Fla., September 28, 1949.
Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen : I am enclosing section 2 of the list of Communists I have
known during the years I was a member of the party. This section, including
118 names, is of important national and district officials and leaders of the
Communist Party. Most of them are avowed Communists or have been publicly
identified with the party. Only those I personally know as Communists are
included. Such leaders as Thompson of New York and Hall of Ohio are not
included because I did not personally know them. I have not included anyone
who has to my knowledge broken with the party, but it is probable that some
of them have left the party without public announcement or without publicity
having come to my attention. It has been reported recently that Max Bedacht
and James W. Ford have been expelled but I have no definite confirmation, so
their names remain on the list. (Some may now be out of the country.)
A short list of former Communist International and OGPU agents also is
enclosed.
Respectfully yours,
Paul Crouch.
Communist International and OGPU Agents in the United States
Louis Gibarti : Communist International agent in this country and possibly still
here. Native of Hungary. Worked in Berlin as assistant to Willi Munzen-
berg in anti-imperialist work in period around 1927-29. Came to United States
about 1929. I saw him frequently during next 10 years (approximately) al-
though I knew little of his specific work, although it was connected with colonial
activities. Was not a Comintern rep as Pollit and others were ; but he was
an agent to carry out certain specific work. I believe I saw him last in 1940
or 1941. not certain of date. He attended most CP conventions and central
committee meetings, where he was very inconspicuous.
Nicholas Dozenberg : Personally introduced me to head Russian agent of OGPU
in the United States of America. Reputed to have been one of Stalin's trusted
international agents. Native of Latvia ; once national organization secretary
of CP ; dropped out of public activities to take over OGPU work. Served prison
sentence for distribution of United States money counterfeited in the Soviet
Union. Now living in Florida.
S. Epstein : Once editor of Freiheit, Jewish Communist daily. Reputed to have
been actively connected with murder of Juliet Stuart Poyntz (with George
Mink the actual murderer). Used name "Sam Stone" for obtaining passport.
1 ()() COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Important National and District Leaders of the Communist Pauty
Jack Stachel
Steve Nelson
John Williamson
William Z. Foster
!•'. Brown (Alpi)
< !harles Dirba
Roy Hudson
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
William Weiner (A. Blake)
< '.r.-l Winters
William L. Patterson
Anthony Bimba
Martin Young
V. J. Jerome
Clarence Hathaway
William W. Weinstone
Rob F. Hall
Paul Cline
Morris Rappaport
Pat Toohey
Douglas L. MacMahan
Herbert Benjamin
George Gray
William Simons
Helen Kay
Louise Todd
Emanuel Levin
Betty Gannett
William Schneiderman
Eugene Dennis
Gilbert Green
Alexander Bittelman
George Siskind
Nat Ross
Phil Frankfeld
A. Benson (Katzes)
Ben Gold
Henry Winston
Alfred Wagenknecht
James S. Allen
Alexander Trachtenberg
Ella Reeve Bloor
Robert Minor
George Morris
Ted Wellman
James Allender
I. Amter
Lena Davis
Arnold Johnson
Ann Burlak
Elizabeth Lawson
Bart Logan
Rudy Lambert
Ben Davis
Irving Potash
Beatrice Shields Johnson
John Steuben
Charles Drasnin
Ruth Koenig
Margaret Cowl
Norman Talleritire
Harrison George
I Iy ( rordon
Pettis Perry
Anna Rochester
Karl Brodsky
Florence Plotnick
Grace Hutchins
H. Puro
Tony Minerich
H. E. Briggs
Sam Hall
Oleta O'Connor Yates
Thomas R. Farrell
■ — - — Forrest (Utah org.)
Gertrude Haessler
Ben Gray
A. B. Magil
Otto Huiswood
< harle.i N. Sinolikoff
Morris Childs
John Harvey
Kennith May
Louis Weinstock
Sadie Van Veen (Mrs. Amter)
Si Gerson
Joseph Brodsky
John Marks
Bernadette Doyle
Jack Strong (I. Sapphire)
Homer Brooks
D. Flaiani
John J. Ball am
Wert Taylor
Fred Ellis
Alice Burke
William Gropper
Otto Hall
Don Henderson
Francis Martin
Harry Haywood
Louis Colman
Jane Speed (in Puerto Rico»
Karl Reeve
Esther Cooper
Max Bedacht (expelled?)
Edward F. Strong
Andy Brown
Tom MyerscougD.
Fred Biedenkapp
Anna Damon
George Kaufman
James W. Ford (expelled?)
William F. Dunne
Nathaniel Honig
Donald Burke
Michael Cold
Rudy Lambert
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 161
Miami Daily News,
Miami, Fla., September 21, 19Jf9.
Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
Washington, D. C.
Gentlemen : Since my testimony before your subcommittee last May I have
learned of two matters which I believe should be called to your attention.
1. The ense with which active Communist leaders have been able to acquire
American citizenship in recent years.
Example: Mrs. Emanuel Levin (Anna Cornblath), granted United States cit-
izenship in 1944. For more than 21 years she has been married to Emanuel Le-
vin, one of the most prominent Communist leaders in this country and at present
CP district organizer in New Orleans. He was chairman of the Communist-front
Workers Ex-Servicemen's League and organized the bonus march on Washington.
For at least 21 years — to my personal knowledge — Mrs. Levin herself has been
a leading Communist Party member and frequently worked in the national of-
fice of the party in responsible positions. Why does the Government grant citi-
zenship to such prominent Communist leaders?
2. The Soviet Government's use of American soil as a basis for murder con-
spiracy, in the case of L°on Trotsky. I knew that "Jackson," the murderer of
Trotsky, had spent some time in the United States before going to Mexico. It
was only recently that I learned that while he was in the United States (before
going to Mexico to murder Trotsky) "Jackson" — under another name — was reg-
istered with the State Department as an agent of the Soviet Government. Source
of this information : Frank Jackson, formerly naval intelligence official
in Washington. Jackson told me he questioned the man who later mur-
dered Trotsky at length in an effort to get him to admit what United States
intelligence then knew — that he was a part of the OGPU apparatus. In Mexico
the Soviet murderer adopted the name of Frank Jackson, the United States offi-
cial who had questioned him in Washington. t
Respectfully yours,
Paul Ceouch.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 1, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. G.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 30 a. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran, chairman, presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran, Eastland, Langer, and Donnell.
Also present : Senator Kilgore.
Also present : Messrs. Kichard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
This hearing is conducted by the subcommittee with reference to
Senate bill 1832,1 in order that the Senate of the United States and its
committees may have information so that they may intelligently vote
upon the bill seeking to protect the interests of this country internally
from enemies that have been coming to us and are coming to us.
The Chairman. First of all, the resolution passed by the full Judi-
ciary Committee, authorizing the chairman of this committee or any
member of this committee to issue subpenas for the producing of wit-
nesses, papers, property, or other items, before this committee or any
subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee, will be inserted in the record
at this point, giving the date of its enactment.
Under date of March 9, 1949, the Special Subcommittee to Investi-
gate Immigration and Naturalization, pursuant to Senate Resolution
137 of the Eightieth Congress, as amended, unanimously adopted the
following-quoted resolution :
Resolved, That any member of the Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immi-
gration and Naturalization, pursuant to Senate Resolution 137 of the Eightieth
Congress, as amended, be and is hereby authorized to cause to be issued any and
all subpenas for persons, papers, property, or other items in the matter of the
investigation of the immigration and naturalization system.
There will be inserted in the record at this point two subpenas issued
by the chairman of this subcommittee, one for Mr. John E. Peurifoy,
Assistant Secretary of State, and another for the Honorable Tom C.
Clark, Attorney General of the United States.
(The subpenas referred to are in the files of the committee.)
During the course of the last year and one-half a subcommittee of
the Senate Committee on the Judiciary has been conducting an inves-
tigation of our immigration and naturalization system. In the course
1 The text of S. 1832 appears on p. 2.
163
104 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
of tliis investigation substantial factual information has been assem-
bled by 111*1 subcommittee regarding subversive activity in the United
States by agents of foreign governments. Much of this information
has come from confidential sources. Some of this information has
been acquired from the secret files of security agencies. As chairman
of both the subcommittee and of the Judiciary Committee, I am keenly
conscious of the need to protect sources of information and the dangers
of premature disclosure of details in specific cases.
I should, therefore, like to make this clear: I am not requesting
that the security agencies of the Government publicly divulge either
sources of information or detailed facts in specific cases which are
currently under investigation or in which criminal prosecution is im-
minent. I am determined, however, that the nature and extent of
this problem shall be clearly revealed to the American people. This
can only be done when those agencies of our Government which are
in the best position to know make a revelation of the basic facts.
You are here, Mr. Attorney General and Mr. Peurifoy, in response
to a subpena duces tecum, purposely made broad enough to cover all
the files of the Department concerning certain individuals named
therein. But I want to state now for the record what I have already
told you individually and in private conference. This committee is
not asking you here and now to give up secret files with the custody
and protection of which you are charged or to make public disclosure
of specific information in any individual case. We are not asking
that the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation be bared to public
view. We are asking for information, not for information extracted
from your files, but for information concerning the basic facts of the
situation which your files show to exist.
To avoid any possible misunderstanding as to just what this com-
mittee means by basic facts, I hand you now a list of questions.
I will ask the Attorney General to respond first. I do not ask you
to answer these questions now unless you see fit to do so. I do not
want you to try to answer them from your own knowledge, memory,
and information. But I ask you to follow these questions as the staff
director reads them, and then I want you to take these questions back
to your Department, have the necessary inquiries and research made,
and come back before this committee 1 week from today and answer
these questions fully and fairly. That is what this committee is ask-
ing you to do, and you can do it without physically producing a single
file, without impeding any pending or prospective investigations or
prosecutions, without revealing any confidential sources of informa-
tion. The only question I want you to answer today is: Will you do
it ? I do not want you to respond until you have heard the questions
which the clerk will now read.
Attorney General Clark. Before he reads them, Mr. Chairman,
could I make a statement, sir?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
STATEMENT OF HON. TOM C. CLARK, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
UNITED STATES
Attorney General Clark. As I understand it, the committee is not
requiring or insisting that we produce the files that they subpenaed,
from your statement.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 165
The Chairman. The committee is asking for the information which
these questions will call for. I understand that you do not have
the files here and you are not producing them.
Attorney General Clark. We do not have them, and, as I say, if the
committee were insisting on the files themselves, I wanted to read this
statement that I was going to file for the record. And since I am
here at this time, I would like to file it.1 It may not be necessary to
read it, but since the chairman has introduced a subpena I would
like to show our position on the subpena, which is well known.
These files, Mr. Chairman, as you well know, are files that list for
the most part officials or employees of the United Nations or foreign
governments. For example, among the 168 names, there were 4 that
were duplications, so that leaves 164 names of individuals, and the
subpena asks that I produce the files that I have on those individuals.
Just to give you an idea of the type of file that is asked for:
The name of the wife of the representative to the UN Security Council
is one of the persons. Another is the former Assistant Secretary-
General of the United Nations. Another is the editor of the Polish
Press Agency. Another is the vice chairman of a foreign purchasing
agency in the United States. Another is a clergyman. Another is an
ambassador of a foreign country, not our ambassador, but of a foreign
country to Belgium. Another is an ambassador from a foreign
country to France. Another is an ambassador of a foreign country to
Moscow. Another is a minister of foreign trade, a cabinet officer of
a foreign country. Another is a minister of the interior, a cabinet
officer of a foreign country. Another is a consul general of a foreign
nation here in the United States. Another is a former ambassador
to the United States of a foreign country. Another is a vice premier
of a foreign country. Another is an ambassador to the United States
of a foreign country. Another is a vice president of a peoples assem-
bly of a foreign country. Another is an ambassador to the United
States of a foreign country. Another is a military attache of a
foreign embassy in the United States. Another is a cultural attache
in an embassy in the United States. Another is a counsellor of an
embassy in the United States. Another is a professor. One, for
example, was a senator in the senate of a foreign country.
That type of information, of course, is information that deals
almost — I would say — exclusively with our foreign relations. Of
course, it has considerable bearing on the internal security of the
United States insofar as some of these people had been, and some
presently are, in the United States.
The Chairman. Mr. Attorney General, right there, let me say to
you : It is not the names of the individuals that we are interested in.
It is what they are doing that we are interested in. If this committee
had reason to believe — and it has reason to believe — that those whom
you have just mentioned are engaged in subversive practices in this
country, it is within the jurisdiction of this committee to ask you to
bring the information to us. TVe are not asking for the files. We are
asking for the information.
Attorney General Clark. If there was subversive activity being
carried on by these people, I am sure the FBI would have that infor-
1 The statement of the Attorney General was made part of the record and appears on
p. 173.
166 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
nuition, and if it was sufficient for prosecution and these people were
subject to prosecution, you can be sure they would be prosecuted. Of
course, under the law there are some people who come here from
foreign countries who are not subject to prosecution. If they were
subject to prosecution, such as Gubichev,1 such as Radek,2 whom we
prosecuted in Seattle, you can bet your bottom dollar that they would
be prosecuted and prosecuted completely. There has been no Attorney
General more anxious to prosecute in proper cases.
Now, if it is just information, general information, that you want,
Mr. Chairman, as I have told you and as I told your assistant, I have
always cooperated with the Judiciary Committee, as you well know,
under three chairmen ; before I was Attorney General, with Senator
Van Nuys,3 and with yourself, Senator, and subsequently Mr. Wiley,4
and then yourself again. I have always appeared. No one had to
serve a subpena on me, because I have always appeared from a tele-
phone call. And frankly, Mr. Chairman, I was surprised when I was
served with a subpena, because I have always volunteered whenever
anyone wanted me to come to the Judiciary Committee. I look upon
the Judiciary Committee as one of the closest things in my work.
The Chairman. You should not have been surprised, Mr. Attorney
General, because I went down at your solicitation to your Department
with members of my staff and asked for this information, and I was
very frankly told by yourself and Mr. Peyton Ford that I would not
get it.
Attorney General Clark. Well, I do not agree with that interpreta-
tion of it, Mr. Chairman. As a matter of fact, after you left my office
on the Monday before you issued this subpena without giving me any
notice at all, I had instructed the various divisions in the Department
to gather the information. And I have here, sir, a memorandum that
was sent to me, after a conference with your assistant, by three men in
my Department, in which they say just what your assistant wished
and I told them what we could do about it. We were gathering that
information when, on the radio, I was advised that I was subpenaed to
produce 168 very confidential files. They are very confidential, very
secret, in that they involve very delicate problems. I only wish that
Dean Acheson were here and that it were not necessary that he be in
Paris dealing with the many complications of our foreign affairs, so
that he might tell you just how delicate a situation this is, insofar as
the files that you have subpenaed and asked me to bring here are
concerned.
The Chairman. I do not think he knows any more about it than the
witness we have subpenaed here, Mr. Peurifoy, because Mr. Acheson
has not been there the length of time that Mr. Peurifoy has.
Attorney General Clark. Mr. Acheson is pretty well informed and
I have found Mr. Peurifoy, whom I have known very favorably for a
number of years, to be exceedingly well informed on these matters.
The Chairman. That is right.
1 Valentin Gubichev, and employe of the UN, arrested in New York on espionage charges.
2 Karl Radek, noted Soviet journalist, who was one of those executed in the great Stalinist
blood purge.
3 The late Senator Frederick Van Nuys, of Indiana, chairman of the Senate Judiciary
Committee in the 78th Congress.
4 Senator Alexander Wiley, of Wisconsin, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee
in the 80th Congress.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 167
Attorney General Clark. We work very closely on these matters.
We do not work publicly on them, of course; they are matters on
which you cannot work publicly.
If what the chairman wants is what I told you last night, sir, what
I told you last week and the week before last, general information,
then whatever information I can give consistent with the public
interest you may rest assured that I will give and give gladly.
The Chairman. Mr. Attorney General, you made that same state-
ment to me on Memorial Day. You asked for an interview with me
on Memorial Day.
Attorney General Clark. That is right, sir.
The Chairman. You came to my office, did you not? And you
asked me to send a member of my staif down to your office on yesterday,
and I did. You suggested that. And he stayed down there until 5
o'clock and got nothing and came away. What is the use of making a
stump speech here?
Attorney General Clark. I am not making a stump speech, sir. I
am just telling you that I went to your office on Memorial Day because
I did not know whether you knew the importance and the delicate
nature of this subpenaed information.
The Chairman. Do you think I have been 16 years on this committee
without knowing the nature of a subpena or the nature of what I am
calling for ? Do you not give me credit for some sense ?
Attorney General Clark. Definitely, sir. I have a very high regard
for the chairman, as I do for all the members of the Judiciary Com-
mittee. At the same time, there were four duplications on the sub-
pena, which rather indicated that it was drawn rather hurriedly, Mr.
Chairman. So I thought that as Attorney General. I owed myself, the
Department, and the Senate, and yourself, sir, the duty of coming up
and talking it over with you, and I thought we agreed. Then you sug-
gested that Mr. Arens come down yesterday, which was wholly agree-
able to me. and he came down.
The Chairman. He came directly to your office, did he not ?
Attorney General Clark. That is right. And I called up my first
assistant, the Assistant Solicitor General of the United States, too,
and an assistant attorney general, whom I instructed in Mr. Arens'
presence to give him all the information that they possibly could.
Kow. it takes time, Mr. Chairman, to get this information. We have
many, many problems in the Department of Justice. We prosecute
over 50,000 criminal cases every 3-ear. And we cannot get up informa-
tion on 108 names overnight. It takes time. We have been trying
to do that. I want to try to, if I can, and I shall give you all possible
information consistent with the public interest.
The Chairman. All right, General. Will you listen to these ques-
tions \
Read the questions, Mr. Arens.
Mr. Arens (reading) :
(1) How many Communists or Communist agents are known to the Depart-
ment to have entered the United States as affiliates of international organiza-
tions or as affiliates of foreign governments during each of the following periods :
The past 5 years, the past 2 years, the past year, the first quarter of 1949 ; the
month of April 1949, the month of May 1949?
(2) How many aliens who entered the United States as affiliates of interna-
tional organizations, and how many aliens who entered the United States as af-
filiates of foreign governments, are known to the Department to have been engaged
1(38 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
in espionage or related activities, or other activities of a subversive nature, prior
to such entry?
(3) How many of such aliens, in each class, arc known to the Department to
be engaged or to have been engaged in espionage or related activities, or other
activtiea of a subversive nature, in this country'.''
(4) Describe a typical pattern of such espionage or other subversive activity,
and appraise the extent and scope of such activity.
(5) How many aliens to whom visas have been issued as affiliates of inter-
national organizations or as affiliates of foreign governments in the course of
the last 5 years, have been excluded by the Attorney General from admission
into the United States?
(6) Does the Department have knowledge of Communist spy rings now exist-
ing in the United States which include as active participants aliens who entered
this country as affiliates of international organizations or as affiliates of foreign
governments?
(7) If so, describe the typical pattern of such spy ring.
(8) To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or
distribution of subversive propaganda and the organization or promoting of
subversive groups in the United States to be under the control and direction
of aliens who have entered the United States as affiliates of international organ-
izations or as affiliates of foreign governments?
(9) To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or
other subversive activity in the United States to be engaged in by persons who
are aliens, foreign-born, or of foreign-born parents?
(10) Describe the extent, scope, and nature of the activity or activities
of those organizations which have been proscribed by the Attorney General as-
subversive organizations.
(11) According to the information in the possession of the Department, how
many aliens have been deported from the United States in the course of the last
10 years under the statutes which provide for the deportation of subversives?
The Chairman. Now, Mr. Attorney General, a copy of those will
be furnished to you.
Attorney General Clark. I would appreciate that, sir.
The Chairman. The question is: Will you answer them?
Attorney General Clark. So many as it would be consistent witu
the public interest for me to answer, I shall answer; yes, sir. Of
course, it calls for quite a lot of detailed information. Those that I
can answer, as I have consistently said, consistent with the public
interest, I shall certainly answer. I will be happy to get up what
answers we can insofar as the public interest will permit it.
The Chairman. When will you be able to furnish that information
to the committee, in your best judgment?
Attorney General Clark. Well, I heard the questions read over for
the first time a moment ago, sir. I will, as always, dispatch the pro-
cedures in the Department as fast as I can, and I will advise you. I
can let you know, possibly, this afternoon or tomorrow.
The Chairman. All right.
Senator Donnell. Will the Attorney General let the chairman
know this afternoon when he can give the information?
Attorney General Clark. When I can get it; yes. I would rather
not guess right now. A lot of this is in detail and you have to break
it down by quarters, by months. There is a lot of detail in it.
The Chairman. All right. Let the chairman know as early as you
can, this week if possible, when it will be convenient for you to come
before this committee and furnish us answers to these questions.
Attorney General Clark. Well, sir, I will do that, answers consist-
ent with the public interest.1
1 The testimony of the Attorney General is resumed on p. 298.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 169
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Chairman, do you have another series of ques-
tions for the Department of State, or does this include us, too ?
The Chairman. This includes you, too, except that there is a ques-
tion here to which there is an alternate. The staff director will read
the alternate question. That is, one question addresses itself to the
State Department.
Will you read that, Mr. Arens?
Mr. Arens. It is an alternate question, as the chairman said, Mr.
Peurifoy. All the other questions are the same, except question No. 5.
[Reading] :
In how many instances, if at all, has the State Department or any agency or
officer thereof insisted upon the entry into this country of an alien concerning
whom a recommendation has been made by the Visa Division of the Depart-
ment that the entry of such alien is against the security interests of the United
States?
STATEMENT OF JOHN E. PEURIFOY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF
STATE
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Chairman, my reaction is the same as the At-
torney General's, namely, that I will do everything I can to answer
these questions, insofar as the public interest is concerned.
I would like to either read to you or hand to you, sir, a letter ad-
dressed to you, by the Acting Secretary, Mr. Webb, concerning the
subpena that was issued to me in the Department.1
The Chairman. Do you have charge of these files?
Mr. Peurifoy. They are under my immediate jurisdiction.
The Chairman. Have they been removed from your jurisdiction
since the subpena was served?
Mr. Peurifoy. No, sir.
The Chairman. In any way ?
Mr. Peurifoy. In other words, the head of the Department, of
course, is responsible for everything in the State Department.
The Chairman. Are you the head of that Department?
Mr. Peurifoy. No, sir ; Mr. Acheson is Secretary, and Mr. Webb is
the Acting Secretary in his absence. I am Assistant Secretary and
under me the security work of the Department of State is carried on.
The Chairman. In other words, the files are in your custody?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. And the subpena was served on you ?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is correct, sir. It was served on my office, to be
technical, but I have accepted it.
The Chairman. You will not raise the technicality of nonservice '(
Mr. Peurifoy. No, sir.
The Chairman. In other words, whatever information is called for
by these questions, you can, from the files and the records under your
custody and control, answer the questions?
Mr. Peurifoy. If, as to these files, it is in the public interest.
The Chairman. I say : you can answer ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Oh, yes, sir.
The Chairman. Now, then, how many people are there who have
access to these files in your Department? How many employees?
How many personnel, one day with another ?
1 The letter referred to appears on p. 171.
170 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Peurifoy. I have a Security Division in which there are about
80 or 90 people.
The Chairman. Do you think, Mr. Peurifoy, that those 80 or 90
people, highly trained, undoubtedly, and very worthy of confidence,
are any more worthy of confidence than 9G Senators under oath?
Mr. Puerifoy. Well, certainly I have the greatest respect for
The Chairman. I do not care about your respect. I am not asking
for that. Do you think they are any more worthy of confidence?
Mr. Puerifoy. I think the answer to that, sir, is not a question of
Senators against the employees of the Security Division. I think the
answer is embodied in the letter of the Acting Secretary of State to
you.
The Chairman. I know, but I am speaking to you, now. You are the
witness under subpena.
Mr. Peurifoy. Shall I read this letter ?
The Chairman. No. Not just now. You can read it later on. I just
want to ask you again the question : Do you think that the 80 em-
ployees that have access to these files, one day with another, are any
more worthy of confidence than this committee, as we will put it, the
five members who are under oath to uphold the Constitution of the
United States?
Mr. Peurifoy. Well, answering you personally, sir, I would trust
the five members of this committee with any information I have, as
an individual. But I think that each of us is competent in our respec-
tive fields, or let us say, has more judgment in our respective fields,
perhaps, than others may have. I am talking about the Senators now.
I assume that all the members of your staff have also been security-
cleared, and so forth.
The Chairman. Certainly. Now, Mr. Peurifoy, just one or two
more questions. These files being in your custody, you have access to
them personally, do you not?
Mr. Peurifoy. I do, if I have occasion to look at them, sir.
The Chairman. And when you seek to have access to a particular
file, you call for that file ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. And that file has either a key number or a designat-
ing initial ?
Mr. Peurifoy. I believe that is right. I am not sure about that.
Maybe it is handled alphabetically ; I am not sure.
The Chairman. In other words, you do not have to call for a file by
the name of the party on whom the file is made ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes; I do.
The Chairman. If you call for Covinsky or Maduski or someone
else, the clerk knows the file?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is the way I have to get them, Senator. They
mav have another system in the Security Division identifying the files.
The Chairman. I see. Mr. Peurifoy, I ask you to take with you to
your office the statement that the chairman made at the outset of this
meeting, and these questions. The Senate of the United States and
the Congress of the United States have before them a very important
bill, a bill that is seeking to protect the people of this country. For
national security, the bill is introduced, and for no other reason. The
staff of this committee, working over a year and a half, through two
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 171
Congresses, has found certain information that gave rise to the neces-
sity for information from your Department and from the Department
of Justice. That information we believe should be presented to the
Senate of the United States, that they may intelligently act upon a
bill that is pending, that is introduced for the purpose of protecting
the people of this country and this Government. For that reason, we
ask you now, in all fairness, to give us full information based on these
questions, in answer to these questions that we have propounded.
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Chairman, I want first to assure you and the
members of this committee that there is no one in this Government
more interested in protecting the national security than I am. I think
I have demonstrated that in the past.
The Chairman. I think we are all equal in that, you and the mem-
bers of this committee.
Mr. Peurifoy. I would certainly assume that, sir.
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Petjrieoy. As for the second part of your question, I assure you
that I will do everything within my power to give this committee such
information as we possibly can. And it may be, after examining these
questions, that we can do that, sir. If I may be permitted to, I would
like to read this to the committee.
The Chairman. You may read the letter, certainly.
Mr. Peurifoy. This is addressed to the chairman. [Reading:]
Department of State,
Washington, May 31, 19J,9.
Hon. Pat McCarran,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate.
My Dear Senator McCarran : Reference is made to the subpena duces tecum
directed to Assistant Secretary of State John E. Peurifoy by the Subcommittee on
Immigration and Naturalization of the Senate Judiciary Committee. The sub-
pena, returnable June 1. 1949, commands Mr. Peurifoy to appear before the sub-
committee and bring with him the files of the Department of State concerning
more than 160 persons named in a list attached to the subpena.
In the opinion of the Department of State, disclosure of materials contained
in the departmental files of the type in question would be contrary to the public
interest, and would be detrimental to the conduct of the foreign relations of the
United States.
It should be noted, in the first place, that these files contain extensive mate-
rials that have been obtained by United States diplomatic and consular establish-
ments abroad from confidential sources. Disclosure of these materials, and their
sources, would not only hamper the future work of the missions abroad, but
would also place many of the sources in personal jeopardy.
Moreover, these files contain intelligence and investigative materials which
have been furnished to the Department of State by other agencies of the Govern-
ment. Section 161 of the Revised Statutes (U. S. C. title 5, sec. 22) lodges re-
sponsibility for the custody, use, and preservation of departmental records and
papers with the head of each executive department or agency. Pursuant to this
statute, the heads of executive departments and agencies have prescribed regu-
lations concerning their documents and materials. The agencies of the Govern-
ment prior to making available intelligence and investigative materials to the
Department of State have advised this Department that the contents of their
.reports may not be disclosed without specific prior approval by them. These
agencies have declined to approve disclosure of their materials contained in
files such as those covered by the subcommittee's subpena.
In April 1941. the Attorney General considered the question of furnishing,
upon request, to the chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on
Naval Affairs certain reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In an
opinion which decided against compliance with the request, the Attorney Gen-
eral made the following statements, wheih I believe are relevant in considering
the subcommittee's subpena issued to Mr. Peurifoy :
98330 — 50— pt. 1 12
172 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
"It is the position of this Department, restated now with the approval of and
at the direction of the President, that all investigative reports are confidential
documents of the executive department of the Government, to aid in the duty laid
upon the President by the Constitution to 'take care that the laws be faithfully
executed,' and that congressional or puhlic access to them would not be in the
public interest. * * *
"Disclosure of the reports at this particular time would also prejudice the
national defense and be of aid and comfort to the very subversive elements
against which you wish to protect the country. For this reason we have made
extraordinary efforts to see that the results of counter espionage activities and
intelligence activities of this Department involving those elements are kept
within the fewest possible hands. A catalog of persons under investigation or
suspicion, and what we know about them, would be of inestimable service to
foreign agencies ; and information which could be so used cannot be too closely
guarded.
•Moreover, disclosure of the reports would be of serious prejudice to the future
usefulness of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As you probably know, much
of this information is given in confidence and can only be obtained upon pledge
not to disclose its sources. A disclosure of the sources would embarrass infor-
mants— sometimes in their employment, sometimes in their social relations, and in
extreme cases might even endanger their lives. We regard the keeping of faith
with confidential informants as an indispensable condition of future efficiency."
Authorization for the disclosure of confidential materials contained in or con-
fidential information derived from the files of executive departments and agencies
can only be given in accordance with section 161 of the Revised Statutes, referred
to above, upon the responsibility of the head of the department or agency con-
cerned. These Federal officers are not alone in their concern for the safeguard-
ing of confidential materials in the executive departments and agencies. Con-
gress itself by appropriate legislation has recognized the need for maintaining
the security of such materials.
The Department of State notes that a very large number of the persons
named in the subcommittee's list are officials of foreign governments or persons
connected with the United Nations whose status has been governed by the Char-
ter and by the headquarters agreement between the United States and the United
Nations. Departmental files of the sort covered by the subcommittee's subpena
contain materials that relate to confidential negotiations conducted by the
United States in the field of foreign affairs. Disclosure of the contents of
such files would seriously embarrass the conduct of foreign relations by the
United States, in negotiations with other governments and with the United
Nations and in the participation of the United States in the United Nations.
As you know, the implementation by the United States of the headquarters agree-
ment has been the subject of close scrutiny in the United Nations General As-
sembly, and has at times been used for vigorous propaganda attacks upon the
United States. It is of great importance to the interests of the United States
that no steps be taken which could furnish ammunition for such attacks or
which could predispose members of the United Nations against the United States
with respect to its implementation of the headquarters agreement.
For the reason stated above, and with the specific approval of the President
and pursuant to his direction, I must respectfully refuse to permit disclosure
of departmental files of the sort covered by the subpena, and Mr. Peurifoy will
not be permitted to produce them or testify as to their contents.
Sincerely yours,
James E. Webb,
Acting Secretary.
Senator Donnell. May I ask if Mr. Peurifoy has stated for the rec-
ord when he will be able to advise the chairman as to the date at which
he will be able to secure and furnish to the chairman and to this sub-
committee the information requested, so far as consistent with the
public interest?
Mr. Peurifoy. I will try to do that by late this afternoon or to-
morrow, sir.1
1 The testimony of the Assistant Secretary of State is resumed on p. 336.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 173
Senator Donnell. May I ask also, Mr. Chairman, whether the let-
ter from Attorney General Clark has been ordered to be inserted in
the record?
The Chairman. It is so ordered.
(The letter referred to is as follows:)
Department of Justice,
Washington, D. C, June 1, 19.'t9.
Hon. Pat McCabran,
Chairman. Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization,
Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Mr. Chairman : I have received a subpena, bearing the date of the
2()th of May 1040, to produce before the Immigration and Naturalization Sub-
committee of the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate on June 1, 1949, the
files of the Department of Justice in the case of each of 168 persons whose names
appear on a list attached to the subpena.
The persons listed are, for the most part, officials or employees of the United
Nations or of foreign governments. The treatment of persons in this category
relates not only to the conduct of our foreign relations but to the maintenance of
our internal security.
Files pertaining to matters of this character are of an extremely confidential
nature. After conferring with Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, and after careful consideration, I have concluded that
it is not in the public interest that they be produced.
On the basis of detailed study, it is the considered judgment of this Depart-
ment that the President and the heads of executive departments are not bound
to produce papers or give information to congressional committees when they
deem the papers and information requested to be confidential and their produc-
tion not to be in the public interest. And the determination of what informa-
tion and which papers are confidential and the circumstances in which their
disclosure would not be in the public interest is solely for the Executive to
determine.
The position of this Department is no different from that taken by the House
Judiciary Committee in 1879 in the case of George F. Seward. Seward was
consul general of the United States in China. He appeared before a House Com-
mittee on Expenditures which was in charge of investigating his official conduct.
A subpena duces tecum had been served upon him to produce certain books and
papers. Seward refused. He was brought before the House to show cause at
its bar why he should not obey the House through its subpena. The House
referred the incident to its Judiciary Committee.
Benjamin F. Butler, chairman of the Judiciary Committee, submitted a report
stating that Seward was not in contempt ; that in contemplation of law, under
our theory of government, all the records of the executive departments were
under the control of the President of the United States. Although the House
.sometimes sent resolutions to a head of a department to produce such books and
records, nevertheless, in any doubtful case no head of a department would bring
before a committee of the House any of the records of his office without permis-
sion of, or consultation with, the President of the United States. The report
pointed out that all resolutions directed to the President of the United States,
if properly phrased, would contain the clause : "If in his judgment not incon-
sistent with the public interest" (H. Rept. No. 141, Mar. 3, 1879, 45th Cong.,
3d sess., p. 3).
"And whenever the President has returned (as sometimes he has) that, in
his judgment, it was not consistent with the public interest to give the House
such information, no further proceedings have ever been taken to compel the
production of such information. Indeed, upon principles, it would seem that
this must be so. The Executive is as independent of either house of Congress as
either House of Congress is independent of him, and they cannot call for the
records of his action or the action of his officers against his consent, any more
than he can call for any of the journals and records of the House or Sen-
ate" (Ibid.).
Finally, the report stated that the highest exercise of the power calling for
documents would be, in the course of justice, by the courts of the United States,
but the House would not permit its journals to be taken from its possession
by one of its assistant clerks and carried into a court in obedience to a subpena
174 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
duly issued by the court. The report Indicated the perils incident to divulging;
to any committee of the Boose 'state s screts," to the detriment of the country.
"Somebody must judge upon this point. It clearly cann t be the House or
its committee, because they cannot know the Importance of having the doings
of the executive department kept secret. The head of the executive depart-
ment, therefore, must be the judge in such case and decide it upon his own re-
sponsibility to the people, and to the House, upon a case of impeachment brought
against him for so doing, if bis acts are causeless, malicious, willfully wrong,
or to the detriment of the public interest"' (Id. at pp. 3-4).
Since the founding of the Government the Presidents of the United States
have, from time to time, held information of various types to be confidential, and
have refused to divulge or to permit the divulgence of such information outside
of the executive branch of the Government. In 1796, for example, President
Washington declined to comply with a request of the House of Representatives
to furnish it with a copy of the instructions to ministers of the United States
who had negotiated a treaty wuth Great Britain. The House insisted on its
right to the papers as a condition of appropriating funds necessary to imple-
ment the treaty. In declining to comply, President Washington stated : "As
it is essential to the due administration of the Government that the boundaries
tixed by the Constitution between the various departments should be preserved,
a just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office * * * forbids
a compliance with your request." (See Richardson, Messages and Papers of
the Presidents, vol. 1, pp. 104, 196.) Later, President Jefferson refused to allow
two members of his Cabinet to supply documents at the trial of Aaron BUrr. In
1825 President Monroe declined to comply with a request from the House of
Representatives to transmit to the House certain documents relating to the
conduct of naval officers. In 1833 President Jackson refused to comply with a
Senate request that he communicate to it a copy of a paper purporting to have
been read by him to the heads of the executive departments relating to the re-
moval of the deposits of public money from the Bank of the United States. In
1886 President Cleveland supported his Attorney General's refusal to comply
with a Senate resolution calling for documents and papers relating to the re-
moval of a district attorney. Similarly, in 1843, a resolution of the House of
Representatives called upon the Secretary of War to communicate to the House
the reports made to the War Department by Lieutenant Colonel Hitchcock
relative to the affairs of the Cherokee Indians, together with all information
communicated by him concerning the frauds which he had been charged to in-
vestigate. The Secretary of War advised the House that he could not com-
municate information which Colonel Hitchcock had obtained in confidence, be-
cause it would be grossly unjust to the persons who had given the information.
The House, however, claimed the right to demand from the Executive and
heads of departments such information as may be in their possession relating
to subject of deliberations of the House. President Tyler, in a message dated
January 31, 1843, said in part :
"And although information comes through a proper channel to an executive
officer, it may often be of a character to forbid its being made public. The officer
charged with a confidential inquiry, and who reports its results under the pledge
of confidence which his appointment implies, ought not to be exposed individually
to the resentment of those whose conduct may be impugned by the information he
collects. The knowledge that such is to be the consequence will inevitably prevent
the performances of duties of that character, and thus the Government will be
deprived of an important means of investigating the conduct of its agents"
(Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 4, pp. 221-223).
The reports of Colonel Hitchcock concerning the delegates of the Cherokee
Nation were not communicated by President Tyler to the House. The reasons
given by the President for the failure to send the papers and documents referred
tf> were that suggestions, anticipated projects, and views dealing with the per-
sonal character of persons would not be of aid to Congress in legislation, and their
publication would be unfair and unjust to a Federal official and inconsistent with
the public interest.
These are only a few of the precedents to be found in the history of our
Government.
The sound public and constitutional policy expressed in these precedents has
perhaps its best-known application with respect to congressional requests for
information contained in the confidential reports of investigative agencies of the
Government and in the files and records relating to the loyalty of Govern-
ment personnel. With respect to the former, Attorney General Jackson on April
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 175
30, 1041, wrote to the chairman of the House Committee on Naval Affairs declining
to furnish that committee with certain reports of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion. In his letter, which Attorney General Jackson indicated was written with
the approval of and at the direction of the President, he reviewed the practice
of a number of his predecessors as Attorney General and of a number of Presi-
dents, which practice was in accord with the position taken. The practical
reasons which demand in the interest of sound Government administration that
such reports be held confidential were stated by Attorney General Jackson, as
follows :
"It is the position of this Department, restated now with the approval of and
at the direction of the President, that all investigative reports are confidential
documents of the executive department of the Government, to aid in the duty
laid upon the President by the Constitution to 'take care that the laws be faithfully
executed,' and that congressional or public access to them would not be in the
public interest.
"Disclosure of the reports could not do otherwise than seriously prejudice law
enforcement. Counsel for a defendant or prospective defendant could have no
greater help than to know how much or how little information the Government
has, and what witnesses or sources of information it can rely upon. This is
exactly what these reports are intended to contain.
"Disclosure of the reports at this particular time would also prejudice the
national defense and be of aid and comfort to the very subversive elements
against which you wish to protect the country. For this reason we have made
extraordinary efforts to see that the results of counser-espionage activities and
intelligence activities of this Department involving those elements are kept
within the fewest possible hands. A catalog of persons under investigation or
suspicion, and what we know about them, would be of inestimable service to
foreign agencies ; and information which could be used cannot be too closely
guarded.
"Moreover, disclosure of the reports would be of serious prejudice to the
future usefulness of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As you probably
know, much of this information is given in confidence and can only be obtained
upon pledge not to disclose its sources. A disclosure of the sources would
embarrass informants — sometimes in their employment, sometimes in their social
relations, and in extreme cases might even endanger their lives. We regard the
keeping of faith with confidential informants as an indispensable condition of
future efficiency.
"Disclosure of information contained in the reports might also be the grossest
kind of injustice to innocent individuals. Investigative reports include leads
and suspicions, and sometimes even the statements of malicious or misinformed
people. Even though later and more complete reports exonerate the individuals,
the use of particular or selected reports might constitute the grossest injustice,
and we all know that a correction never catches up with an accusation."
It has long been recognized that the personnel records of the Government
contain information of a highly confidential nature which is not to be disclosed
except where the public interest might require such disclosure. President Tyler
declined to comply with a resolution of the House of Representatives which
called upon him and the heads of departments to furnish information regarding
such members of the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses as had applied
for office. In so doing, President Tyler stated :
"Applications for office are in their very nature confidential, and if the reasons
assigned for such applications or the names of the applicants were communicated,
not only would such implied confidence be wantonly violated, but, in addition,
it is quite obvious that a mass of vague, incoherent, and personal matter would
be made public at a vast consumption of time, money, and trouble without
accomplishing or tending in any manner to accomplish, as it appears to me, any
useful object connected with a sound and constitutional administration of the
Government in any of its branches.
"In my judgment a compliance with the resolution which has been transmitted
to me would be a surrender of duties and powers which the Constitution has
conferred exclusively on the Executive, and therefor such compliance cannot
be made by me nor by the heads of departments by my direction" (Richardson,
Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 4, pp. 105-106) .
The Constitution lodges the executive power in the President. Among his
duties conferred upon him by the Constitution and statutes is that of appoint-
ing those persons who are to aid him in executing the laws. It is within the
President's discretion whether information which has been elicited for the pur-
1 7() COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
pose of enabling him to discharge his duty may be divulged by the executive
bramh. William Howard Taft, following his term as President and prior to
his appointment as Chief Justice, wrote with respect to this subject in his book,
our chief Magistrate and His Powers, at page 129.
"The President is required by the Constitution from time lo time to give
Congress information on the State of the Union, and to recommend for its
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient, but
tbis does not enable Congress or either House of Congress to elicit from him
confidential information which lie acquired for the purpose of enabling him to
discharge his constitutional duties, if he does not deem the disclosure of such
information prudent or in the public interest."
In this connection it is not inappropriate to call attention to the admonition
of President Washington in his Farewell Address :
"It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country
should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration to confine them-
selves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of
the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroach-
ment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one. and thus
to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism * * *" (Rich-
ardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 1, p. 239) .
Moreover, as pointed out by Attorney General Jackson in the opinion above
referred to, "This discretion in the executive branch has been upheld and re-
spected by the judiciary. The courts have repeatedly held that they will not
and cannot require the Executive to produce such papers when in the opinion
of the Executive their production is contrary to the public interest. The courts
have also held that the question whether the production of the papers would
be against the public interest is one for the Executive and not for the courts to
determine." Ample judicial authority is cited in Attorney General Jackson's
opinion. But particular attention is called to Boske v. Comingore (111 U. S. 459) ,
where the Supreme Court upheld regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury
limiting the use to which certain internal-revenue records could be put, saying
(at pp. 469-470) :
"* * * w< (Jo not perceive upon what ground the regulation in question
can be regarded as inconsistent with law. unless it be that the records and papers
in the office of a collector of internal revenue are at all times open or right to
inspection and examination by the public, despite the wishes of the Department.
That cannot be admitted. The papers in question, copies of which were sought
from the appellee, were the property of the United States, and were in his
official custody under a regulation forbidding him to permit their use except
for purposes relating to the collection of the revenues of the United States.
Reasons of public policy may well have suggested the necessity, in the interest
of the Government, of not allowing access to the records in the offices of collectors
of internal revenue, except as might be directed by the Secretary of the Treasury.
The interests of persons compelled, under the revenue laws, to furnish informa-
tion as to their private business affairs would often be seriously affected if the
disclosures so made were not properly guarded."
The views set forth herein should not be construed as establishing a policy
on the part of this Department of never furnishing information or documents to
congressional committees upon their request. Each request will be considered
on its merits, and will be complied with in appropriate cases where in the
judgment of this Department the public interest will not be adversely affected
and where the action would be consistent with the policies, orders, and directives
of the President. As Attorney General Jackson pointed out in his opinion above
referred to :
"Of course, where the public interest has seemed to justify it, information as
to particular situations has been supplied to congressional committees by me
and by former Attorneys General. For example, I have taken the position that
committees called upon to pass on the confirmation of persons recommended
for appointment by the Attorney General would be afforded confidential access
to any information that we have — because no candidate's name is submitted
without his knowledge and the Department does not intend to submit the name
of any person whose entire history will not stand light. By way of further
illustration, I may mention that pertinent information would be supplied in
impeachment proceedings, usually instituted at the suggestion of the Depart-
ment for the good of the administration of justice."
It is stated in the press that you intend to release certain confidential informa-
tion contained in your files relating to internal security matters. Since the
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 177
Federal Bureau of Investigation is charged with protecting the internal security
of the United States. I most sincerely urge upon you that before such informa-
tion is made public the matter be cleared with this Department. If you have any
information which you believe should be furnished to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, I should be glad to receive it for appropriate action.
On May 16, 1!)49, at a conference in this Department I advised you of the type
of information we could furnish your committee and it was agreed, I thought,
that we should prepare it. It is now being prepared. You will be informed as
soon as this work has been completed, ami at that time we will make available
to you as much of the material as then proves possible, consistent with the
public interest.
I desire, of course, to cooperate with your committee at all times. I am
convinced, however, that it is my duty in the public interest to take the position
stated in this letter. The President has reviewed the matter and has advised
me that he not only concurs in this position but directs me to take it.
Sincerely yours,
Tom Clark, Attorney General.
The Chairman. The matters sought by this committee are set out
in the questions propounded to the respective officers who have re-
sponded to the subpena.
Senator Doxnell,. May I ask one further question, if you will per-
mit an interruption ?
The Chairman. Yes.
Senator Doxxell. I was not clear as to whether the alternate ques-
tion that was asked of Mr. Peurifoy was in substitution for a question
to the Attorney General, or whether it was in addition.
The Chairman. It was in substitution. He will immediately see
that. One is to the Department of Justice and the other is to the
Department of State.
There being nothing further to come before the committee at this
time, the committee stands adjourned.
Attorney General Clark. Mr. Chairman, I am here out of respect
to the committee. You said a moment ago that I was here in response
to the subpena and you can view it that way if you wish, but I have a
high respect and regard for the great Judiciary Committee of the
United States Senate, for its chairman, and for its members, and I
am here in response to that high regard and respect that I have.
The Chairman. Thank you, sir.
(Whereupon, at 11: 15 a. m., the committee recessed, subject to the
call of the Chair.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 8, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2 p. m. in room 424, Sen-
ate Office Building, Senator James O. Eastland presiding.
Present : Senators Eastland, Wiley, Langer, and Donnell.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members; Robert B. Young, professional staff, Committee on
the Judiciary.
TESTIMONY OF GEORGE PIRINSKY, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE
AMERICAN SLAV CONGRESS *
Senator Eastland. The committee will come to order.
The first witness is Mr. George Pirinsky.
At this point in the record we will insert the subpena duces tecum
issued to Mr. Pirinsky.
(The subpena duces tecum is in the files of the subcommittee.)
Senator Eastland. Will you stand, please?
You do solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to give be-
fore the Judiciary Committee of the Senate of the United States is the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you God ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I do.
Mr. Arens. Will you state your full name, please?
Mr. Pirinsky. My full name is George Pirinsky. I am the execu-
tive secretary of the American Slav Congress, whose headquarters are
205 East Forty-second Street, New York City.
Mr. Arens. Have you always used the name of George Pirinsky ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have used the name Pirinsky and also I used the
name of George Nikolov Zaikov.
Mr. Arens. You are here in answer to a subpena duces tecum, Mr.
Pirinsky ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes. I would like to make a statement in connec-
tion with the subpena.
Mr. Arens. You may proceed.
Mr. Pirinsky. On May 27, I was served with a subpena, issued by
this subcommittee, commanding me to appear before you today and to
bring with me certain records of the American Slav Congress.
1 Accompanied by Joseph Forer, attorney.
179
180 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
This subpena is extremely broad in its scope, does not specify any
documents with any particularity, or even with reference to any time,
and is vaguely worded. Nothing in this subpena indicates, nor have
I been informed of, the purpose for which this material is sought. In
addition, the subpena apparently directs the preparation of lists and
copies, rather than merely the production of existing records.
Under these circumstances, it is a fair inference that the subpena
is merely a fishing expedition designed to harass and interfere with
the functioning of a going organization.
Nevertheless, I have brought a mass of material with me, which I
now deliver to the subcommittee. If this material is not adequate for
the purposes of the subcommittee, I should be glad to consider supple-
menting it if the subcommittee will inform me what else it wants and
why.
Since the subcommittee seems to be interested in the American Slav
Congress, I wish to state a few words concerning this organization.
The basic principles of our organization are stated in the constitution,
which was adopted at our Second American Slav Congress in Pitts-
burgh, in the fall of 1942. I feel confident that when you examine
the constitution of the American Slav Congress
Senator Eastland. I suggest that part of the statement is not re-
sponsive to the subpena duces tecum. Now, the witness is under oath,
and you, Mr. Arens, may proceed to ask questions.
Mr. Pirinsky. Senator, I just want to tell you in one paragraph
the purpose of the constitution I am bringing here, of the organization,
of what it says.
Senator Eastland. Of the constitution of the organization that you
are bringing?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right.
Senator Eastland. You may proceed.
Mr. Pirinsky. I feel confident that when you examine the constitu-
tion of the American Slav Congress, a copy of which is in the material
1 have given you, you will find that its principles and aims are dedi-
cated to the promotion of the democratic traditions of the United
States and the provisions of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
The purpose of the American Slav Congress is stated clearly in article
2 of our constitution, which says :
The American Slav Congress is a nonpartisan organization of freedom-loving
Americans of Slav origin, dedicated to the strengthening of the democratic
processes in the cultural, political, social, and economic advancement of our
country and its friendship and cooperation with the Slav nations of Europe for
the establishment and preservation of a just and durable peace for all democratic
nations of the world.
The American Slav Congress is the organization under whose lead-
ership millions of Slavic- Americans made an outstanding contribution
to the war effort of the country, for which the late President Roosevelt
commended it very highly. In a letter, referring to the contribution
of Americans of Slav descent to the building of America and the
activities of the American Slav Congress, Roosevelt wrote :
You who have helped to build the United States in factory and on farm, and
have contributed so richly to the national culture, need not be told the meaning
of America, nor of her blessings. And you who send your sons into battle and
forge the weapons of war that spell victory need not be cautioned to keep your
courage high and your faith firm.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 181
The American Slav Congress remains true to Roosevelt's domestic
and foreign policies of social improvements at home and friendship
and cooperation with all freedom-loving peoples abroad.
We especially supported and continue to fight for his policy of
friendship between the American people and the peoples of the Slavic
countries, with whose devotion to the cause of freedom and peace we
feel well acquainted. We believe that a policy of friendship and
cooperation between 145.000,000 Americans and 300,000,000 Slavs in
Europe — the two main forces that brought about the defeat of the
Axis Powers — cannot but result in friendship and cooperation among
all freedom-loving peoples of the world for the building of a just and
lasting peace. We consider this to be the key to the solution of the
present division of Europe and the world into hostile camps and the
turning of the tide toward understanding and peace.
The organization was built mainly on a meeting at which former
Attorney General Francis Biddle was present, on December 7, 1941,
in Detroit. Mich. It was a defense-bond rally organized jointly with
the Treasury Department and the Slavic groups in the city of Detroit.
It was at that rally that Mr. Biddle, before speaking, was called to an
emergency meeting at the White House and, before leaving told us of
the attack at Pearl Harbor.
He appealed to our people gathered at the banquet there to unite
their forces and do everything possible to help speed the day of victory
over the Axis aggressors. So it was in response to that call — although
some beginnings were made before in founding the Slav Congress in
Pittsburgh in 1938 — that the American Slav Congress came into exist-
ence on a Nation-wide scale.
About a few months later, a Nation-wide convention was called in
Detroit, with 3,000 delegates. Mr. McNutt 1 was the principal speaker
sent from Washington to address the convention. We were urged to
help win the battle of production. American Slavs constituted about
50 percent of the workers in heavy industry and thus we were in a
position to make a contribution to the winning of the battle of pro-
duction, which we did.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, I wonder if we could new interrogate
the witness on the subject matter here?
Senator Eastland. I suggest the witness finish his statement, and
then you may proceed, Mr. Arens.
Mr. Forer. Mr. Chairman, I am appearing as counsel. I wonder
if you would explain for my benefit and also for the purpose of the
record, just what participation it is the practice of this subcommittee
to allow counsel?
Senator Eastland. Do you mean what participation is allowed you,
sir?
Mr. Forer. That is correct, sir.
Senator Eastland. You may advise the witness.
Mr. Forer. That is exactly what I want to find out ; that is, what
participation is allowed.
Senator Eastland. You may advise the witness as to his rights.
Mr. Forer. And nothing else ?
Senator Eastland. You may advise him as to his rights.
Would you kindly identify yourself for the record?
1 Paul V. McNutt, Federal Security Administrator.
182 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Forer. Of course, sir. My name is Joseph Forer. I practice
law in the District of Columbia; my office address is 1105 K Street
NW.} Washington, D.C.
Mr. Arens. Are you the counsel for Mr. Pirinsky ?
Mr. Forer. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. Have you been the counsel for Mr. Gerhart Eisler?
Mr. Forer. Yes, but what does that have to do with this ?
Mr. Arens. Have you been the counsel for Emil Costello ?
Mr. Forer. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Have you been counsel for Claudia Jones ?
Mr. Forer. Just a minute.
Mr. Chairman, I object to this line of questioning. It obviously has
one purpose, to smear Mr. Pirinsky. I will not participate any further
in it.
Senator Eastland. I do not think that questioning has anything to
do with the issue. You may put a statement in the record, if you
desire.1
Mr. Arens. Mr. Pirinsky, when did you first gain admission into
the United States ?
Mr. Pirinsky. In 1923, August 1.
Mr. Arens. Are you still an alien ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Pirinsky. To this question, I would like to say the following:
That I have an immigration deportation trial on the 21st of this month,
and I feel that it would be unfair to ask me now to answer this ques-
tion. I will take the stand then and state my political beliefs.
Mr. Arens. You are under a deportation order at the present time ?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right.
Mr. Arens. What is the membership of the American Slav Con-
gress?
Mr. Pirinsky. We do not have dues-paying members. It is not an
individual-membership organization. The American Slav Congress
is a very loose federation of cooperating organizations which come and
go any time they want to. We just issue an appeal to all of the Slavic
organizations, as during the war, for instance, to send delegates to a
convention. Actually, there is no affiliation fee; there is nothing —
just those that come to take part in discussions, as, at that time, the
main question of winning the war, and then they go home. When
we issue some appeal, those who agree with the policies and the pro-
gram of the Congress participate in one or other forms. It is not a
dues-paying organization, and has no membership list.
Mr. Arens. How many persons are affiliated with the American Slav
Congress even though they may not be actual members ?
Mr. Pirinsky. We don't know ourselves, because sometimes the na-
tional organization or some organizations send one or two representa-
tives. We really have not figured out how many members there are
in the organizations that have sent delegates or observers to our con-
vention.
Mr. Arens. What publications are issued by the American Slav
Congress ?
1The statement detailing the record of Joseph Forer appears on p. 216.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 183
Mr. Pirinsky. The Slavic American, a magazine.
Mr. Arens. What is the extent of its circulation ?
Mr. Pirinsky. It is about 8,000 copies.
Mr. Arens. Do you have a mailing list with you, of the publication ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I was not asked to bring any mailing list of the
publication.
Mr. Arens. Have you, since you were admitted into the United
States, made any trips to Soviet Russia ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No ; I haven't.
Mr. Arens. What contacts, if any, have you had with affiliates of
international organizations or with affiliates of consulates or embassies
who have come from behind the iron curtain ?
Mr. Pirinsky. We had a convention in 1946 in New York, and we
invited representatives of the Slavic Committees of Europe to come
to the convention and bring us greetings from the people that fought
on our side during the war. We don't have any organizational ties.
We have gone to the embassies to ask them to cooperate with us in
bringing such guests or fraternal delegates from there, or asking them
to send us some publications. We don't have organizational ties. We
have exchanged greetings with them on various occasions and, as I
stated, a few of them came to the conference and they spoke at Madison
Square Garden; they spoke at our convention there as guests from
Europe. They were mostly people that were in the underground
liberation movement during the war. For instance, General Koslov,1
one of them, was the leader of the White Eussian partisans. He
used to tell us how he went to the meetings of the Slav Committee
in Moscow over German lines. Others were from the other Slav coun-
tries ; Reverend Fiala 2 from Czechoslovakia. I am not sure that is the
right spelling.
Senator Eastland. You are a citizen of what country?
Mr. Pirinsky. I was born in Macedonia at the time that was under
Turkey. In 1912, the Balkan War broke out; and, after that, the
Second Balkan War, and Macedonia was divided between the three
Balkan countries that fought Turkey. My part of Macedonia was
given to Bulgaria; so at that time I became a citizen of Bulgaria,
because of that division of the country. That was under King Boris.
I have not renewed my citizenship in Bulgaria ; so, actually, I am a
citizen of the world.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Pirinsky, who is G. Dimitrov?
Mr. Pirinsky. G. Dimitrov?
Mr. Arens. Yes, sir; George Dimitrov.
Mr. Pirinsky. Are you referring to the present Prime Minister of
Bulgaria ?
Mr. Dekom. The former secretary general of the Comintern.
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know him. I read in the newspapers that
he is the Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
Mr. Arens. What contact have you had with him ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have had no contact,
Mr. Arens. Have you written articles for the Daily Worker in
New York?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
1 Gen. Vasili Koslov.
2 Frantisek Fiala.
184 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Did you write an article under date of August 31, 1935?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall.
Mr. Arens. How frequently have you written articles for the Daily
Worker?
Mr. Pirinsky. Very rarely.
Mr. Arens. What records have you produced in evidence in answer
to the subpena duces tecum ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have all the press releases, all the pamphlets of the
meetings, the financial reports, bank statements.
Mr. Arens. Has not Mr. Dimitrov sent greetings and messages to
the American Slav Congress?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes. He did at the time of the Third Congress,
when they had those delegates.
Mr. Arens. Have you received any messages or greetings from Mr.
Stalin ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Mr. Stalin also sent greetings to that Congress, ex-
pressing the wish for friendship between the American people and
the people of the Soviet Union.
Mr. Arens. Are you a member or have you ever been a member of
the Macedonian- American People's Union?
Mr. Pirinsky. The Macedonian-American People's League. Yes.
I am the national secretary since it was founded.
Mr. Arens. Are you a member or have you been a member of the
United' Committee of South Slavic Americans ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes; I was a member.
Mr. Arens. Have you been or are you now a member of the Amer-
ican Committee for Yugoslav Relief?
Mr. Pirinsky. No ; it is not existing now.
Mr. Arens. Were you at one time a member?
Mr. Pirinsky. The Yugoslav committee? Yes: I was.
Mr. Arens. Do you know whether or not these organizations have
been listed by the Attorney General as subversive organizations ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think they have been.
Mr. Arens. And the American Slav Congress has been listed ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Outrageously, yes. We protested, and we stated
that there is no basis for such listing of the American Slav Congress
by the Department of Justice, whose former chief was the one that
initiated it.
Mr. Arens. Have you written eulogies on George Dimitrov in cer-
tain publications?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes. At the time of the Leipzig trials, I praised
him very highly for his courage to stand up against the Nazi when he
called for the fight against fascism.
Mr. Arens. Who are the members of the board of directors of the
American Slav Congress, or the controlling group ?
Mr. Pirinsky. We have the officers ; that is, the executive commit-
tee— Mr. Leo Krzycki.
Mr. Arens. Where is he now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. He went as a delegate to the Paris Congress for
Peace, and I understand he is returning to the country.
Mr. Arens. Do you know whether or not he is a citizen?
Mr. Pirinsky. I believe he is. He is American-born.
Then we have Prof. Jan Marsalka. He is also a delegate to that
Congress, and I understand they are returning together.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 185
Then, Stanley Nowak, from Detroit, is the national secretary. I
am the executive secretary. Sam Nicolauk is the treasurer. Charlie
Musil is the financial secretary. These are the officers of the American
Slav Congress.
Mr. Arens. What do you do for a living, Mr. Pirinsky ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I am a full-time paid executive secretary of the
American Slav Congress.
Mr. Arens. You are paid by the American Slav Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right ; since Pearl Harbor Day.
Mr. Arens. What are the dues of the organization or the source
of income of the organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. There are no dues. We just appeal to Slavic Amer-
icans and to organizations, whoever wish to support the program of
the American Slav Congress, to contribute.
Mr. Arens. By whom were you elected or appointed ?
Mr. Pirinsky. By the national conference.
Mr. Arens. The Slavic American journal follows the party line
of the Communist Party ; does it not ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No; it doesn't. It follows the program of the Amer-
ican Slav Congress.
Senator Eastland. What is the difference between the program
of the Communist Party and the program of the Slav Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Is that the purpose of this hearing, to discuss the
differences ?
Senator Eastland. No, sir ; I would like to get that information.
Mr. Pirinsky. The main purpose of the program of the American
Slav Congress during the war was to help win the war. After the
war, we felt that we should continue the efforts to help build a lasting
peace. That is the basic policy of the American Slav Congress. I
would like to see the people of the United States and the people of
the Slavic countries in friendship and cooperating. Here at home,
we were consistently following the policy of the late President Roose-
velt, who wrote a few messages to the congress, and President Truman
also was to come to address the second congress in Pittsburgh. I
wrote him a letter, and he replied that he would try by all means to
be at the congress, but Mr. Ickes 1 came, because of a previous engage-
ment by President Truman. The letter he sent is dated August 11,
1944, when he was a Senator.
Mr. Arens. What is the difference, Mr. Pirinsky, between the party
line of the Communist Party and the basic tenets or positions of the
American Slav Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I know what the policy of the American Slav Con-
gress is, and that is what I stand for and feel responsibility for carry-
ing out the policies. Outside of that, I am not responsible. I don't
think that is the purpose of the hearing.
Mr. Arens. You were one of the organizers of the Macedonian-
American Peoples League?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right.
Mr. Arens. What is the purpose or objective of that organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. The main objective of that organization — it was
founded in reaction against a situation that existed among Macedo-
1 Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior.
186 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
nian- Americans here. Some Fascist leaders, Macedonians who were
living in Bulgaria, came to this country and founded the Macedonian
Political Organization, with headquarters in Indianapolis. These
people were telling our Americans of Macedonian descent that Hitler
will be the one to liberate Macedonia. At the same time they were
carrying on assassinations of progressive Macedonian leaders. So,
our organizations came into being as a reaction on the part of Macedo-
nian Americans of their indignation and the protest of the policy of
that organization. So, we formed the Macedonian People's League
to fight against this policy of fascism that was being injected into the
minds of our people, and also to protest against the assassinations and
killings.
Generally, we support the fight of the Macedonian people for free-
dom. After the two Balkan wars, Macedonia remained oppressed.
It was divided between the three Balkan countries, and we felt that
whatever moral support can be given here to encourage this people to
continue to work for their national independence should be done by
us.
Senator Eastland. That is the policy of the Tito Government; is
it not?
Mr. Pirinsky. That was a long time before we even knewT of Tito.
Senator Eastland. Today it is to "liberate" Macedonia; is it not?
Is that not the policy of the Russian Government and the policy of
Tito?
Mr. F'irinsky. It is the policy — Macedonia, for instance, is divided
between the three countries now. Some Macedonians are in Greece.
Senator Eastland. That is right.
Mr. Pirinsky. Some are in Bulgaria and some in Yugoslavia.
Senator Eastland. One of the aims in the civil war in Greece of
those who have. revolted against the Greek Government is to liberate
Macedonia ; is it not ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't think that is the aim of the civil war. I
think the civil war in Greece started in December 1944, when the
British troops intervened in the internal life of Greece and imposed
again the King back to the Greek people that they had rejected.
Senator Eastland. Is it not one of the aims of the revolutionary
leaders of Greece to liberate Macedonia from Greece ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Senator, the history of the Macedonian movement is
a long one.
Senator Eastland. Answer my question, please. Is that or is that
not one of the aims ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I haven't read in the newspapers that that is the
aim of the people that are fighting in Greece now, to liberate Mace-
donia. I think the Macedonians are participating in that fight, and
these Macedonians want to see a democratic Greece and to live in
peace with the people of Greece. That is, I view the events that are
taking place that way.
Senator Eastland. Do you think they want to liberate Macedonia ;
that is, take Macedonia from Greece ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Who ? The Macedonians ?
Senator Eastland. Yes.
Mr. Pirinsky. All Macedonians, I understand, want to unite into
one Macedonia that will not be a part of any Balkan state, but will
have independence like other nations.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 187
Senator Eastland. That is right ; they are fighting on the side of
the guerrillas in Greece.
Mr. Pirinsky. I understand many Macedonians have joined.
Senator Eastland. That is the Macedonian liberation movement ; is
it not?
Mr, Pirinsky. No ; it is not.
Senator Eastland. It is to free Macedonia ; is it not ?
Mr. Pirinsky. As far as I know, there is no Macedonian libera-
tion movement now.
Senator Eastland. Did you not say that your organization favored
an independent Macedonia?
Mr. Pirinsky. To free Macedonia, yes ; we do.
Senator Eastland. That is one of the issues in the civil war.
Mr. Pirinsky. No ; I think the main issue in the civil war is to abol-
ish monarchy and establish their own democratic government there.
In such a Greece, I understand that the Macedonians will be also
given the right to speak their language and to live as free citizens.
The Macedonians were oppressed by the Greek King before and now.
They resent this oppression like the American people here resented
the British oppression in 1776. As a matter of fact, the slogan of the
Macedonians, when I was there, was the same as the slogan of Patrick
Henry : "Give me liberty or give me death."
Senator Eastland. What is the slogan now? We are talking about
the civil war in Greece at this time.
Mr. Pirinsky. I think the civil war in Greece was provoked by the
British intervention.
Senator Eastland. There are no British soldiers now in Greece;
are there ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think there are some still — quite a few there, help-
ing in the training, and things like that.
Senator Eastland. That is the reason there is a civil war there
now, because of the British soldiers there now; is that right? Is that
what you say?
Mr. Pirinsky. Because the British intervened and tried to impose
the king back to the Greek people. I think that was the main reason
for the civil war.
Mr. Arens. What is the membership of the Macedonian-American
People's League in the United States?
Mr. Pirinsky. About 500, approximately.
Mr. Arens. What literature or publications are issued by this
organization ?
Mr. Pirinsky. It doesn't have any publications. It reports its
activities, or it writes about its activities, in a newspaper in Detroit,
the Narodna Volya, but it does not have its own publication. That
is an independent publication in Detroit.
Mr. Arens. Do you receive any money for your services in that
organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. No, unless they call me to a meet in a-. They pay the
expenses. I used to be paid by the Macedonian People's League before
Pearl Harbor Day. I am now and used to be national secretary of the
organization. Then, after that dinner at Pearl Harbor Day in De-
troit, Mich., I was in charge of the arrangements committee, and it
was decided to form the Slav Congress ; so I became a paid function-
ary of the American Slav Congress after Pearl Harbor.
98330 — 50 — ut. 1 13
188 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Ahkns. Have you been a special correspondent for Narodna
Volya, the Communist paper in Detroit?
Mr. Pirinsky. Not a special correspondent, but I have written
articles.
Mr. A.RENS. Will you please explain the documents which you have
brought to the committee in response to the subpena? "Will you please
identify them?
Mr. Pikinsky. This is the stationery of the American Slav Con-
gress, the national committee.
Senator Eastland. That will be received in the record as exhibit
No. 1 at this point.
(The document was marked "Pirinsky Exhibit 1" and appears in
Appendix VI, page A85.)
Mr. Pirinsky. These [indicating] are the employees of the Ameri-
can Slav Congress.
Mr. Arens. That will be marked "Exhibit No. 21' in the record at
this point.
(The document was marked "Pirinsky Exhibit 2" and appears in
appendix VI, page A85.)
Mr. Arens. By the way, what is your salary as executive secretary
of the American Slav Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. $75 a week.
Mr. Arens. What is the position of each of the other employees who
are listed on exhibit 2?
Mr. Pirinsky. I stated already that Mr. Musil is the financial secre-
tary. He works on a magazine. Others are office workers.
Mr. Arens. What is the next document?
Mr. Pirinsky. This is the financial statement from the inception
to December 31, 1945.
Mr. Arens. That will be marked "Exhibit No. 3" in the record
at this point.
Is the American Slav Congress tax-exempt ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No.
Senator Eastland. Are donations to the American Slav Congress
tax-exempt?
Mr. Pirinsky. I beg your pardon ?
Senator Evstland. Are donations to the American Slav Congress
tax-exempt?
Mr. Pirinsky. No; they are not tax-exempt.
Mr. Arens. What the Senator means is : If someone makes a contri-
bution to the American Slav Congress, can he deduct that as a contri-
bution for tax-exemption purposes?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't think so.
Mr. Arens. Exhibit No. 4 is the American Slav Congress financial
report for the year 1946. Exhibit No. 5 is the American Slav Congress
financial report for 1947. Exhibit No. 6 is the American Slav Con-
gress financial report for 1948.
( The documents were marked "Pirinsky Exhibits 3, 4, 5, and 6," and
appear in appendix VI, page A85 et seq.)
Mr. Arens. Let the record show that the witness has submitted cop-
ies of the Slavic American for the fall of 1948, summer of 1948, spring
of 1948, the winter of 1947, the fall of 1947.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 189
Mr. Pirinsky. Here is the minutes of the first convention that was
called in Pittsburgh, Pa., 1938, that is, the Tri-State Conference of
Slavic Organizations.
This is a pamphlet dealing with the first Nation-wide conference at
Detroit, Mich., at which Mr. McNutt spoke.
Here are two copies of the Voice of the American Slav.
Mr. Arens. This must be another publication in addition to the
Slavic American ?
Mr. Pirinsky. There were just these two copies, as I understand.
Here is a folder, and here are program books after each conference
or convention.
Mr. Arens. We will identify all the publications, which have been
furnished and described by the witness, as "Exhibit No. 7."
(The documents were marked "Pirinsky Exhibit 7" and filed for
the information of the subcommittee. A list of the publications ap-
pears in appendix VI, p. A105.)
Mr. Pirinsky. Here are all the press releases and resolutions of
which we happened to have copies.
Mr. Arens. That will be exhibit No. 8.
(The documents were marked "Pirinsky Exhibit 8'' and filed for the
information of the subcommittee ; constitution in appendix VI, p. 106. )
Mr. Pirinsky. Here are the bank statements.
Mr. Arens. That will be marked "Exhibit No. 9."
(The documents were marked "Pirinsky Exhibit 9" and filed for the
information of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Forer. You will want that back, Mr. Pirinsky.
Mr. Pirinsky. We especially want that back; that is, the bank
statements and receipts.
Mr. Arens. We will send this back to you. Will it be agreeable
to you if this be returned to your attorney or do you desire that it be
directly returned to the American Slav Congress ?
Mr. Forer. No ; I suggest that it go directly to the American Slav
Congress.
Mr. Pirinsky. I think it should be returned to the American Slav
Congress.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Pirinsky, is it your testimony that you were one
of the organizers of the Macedonian- American People's League?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Did you or did the organization receive, in recognition,
the greetings of the secretary general of the Comintern %
Mr. Pirinsky. We received a greeting from George Dimitrov to our
conference in Chicago immediately after he came back from the trial
in Leipzig. He was not, as far as I know from reading the newspapers
at that time, the secretary general. He had just been liberated from
the Fascist jail in Germany, and coming backhand hearing of our con-
ference he sent a greeting. He stated in the greeting that his parents
are Macedonians; so he feels that it was proper for him to send a
greeting.
Mr. Dekom. Did that greeting from Dimitrov contain the following
statement :
Only the Soviet system, as the experiences of the great Soviet Union glaringly
proved, can guarantee the final liberation and the complete national unification.
In this spirit, I wholeheartedly wish success to your convention?
190 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Pirinsky. The national liberation and unification of Mace-
donia?
Mr. Dekom. I am quoting from the Daily Worker of August 31,
1935.
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall the exact content of the greeting. It
was a greeting.
Mr. Dekom. Where did the greeting originate? From what coun-
try and what city did it originate?
Mr. Pirinsky. 1 think it came from the Soviet Union, since he went
there after he was liberated from Germany.
Mr. Dekom. Was this greeting part of an article written by you
for the Daily Worker?
Mr. Pirinsky. It might have been; I don't recall.
Mr. Dekom. May I show you the issue and ask you if it was?
[The Daily Worker of August 31, 1935,1 was shown to the witness.]
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Did you know a person by the name of Peter Grigorov?
Mr. Pirinsky. In my course of activities I know thousands of people
throughout the country, but I don't know if I am brought here to be
questioned as to whom I know and whom I don't know.
Senator Eastland. Answer the question, please.
Mr. Pirinsky. I know many people throughout the United States.
Yes; I know him.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us where he is now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he is in Bulgaria.
Mr. Dekom. Does he or did he hold, to your knowledge, an official
position ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know what position he has there.
Mr. Dekom. You say he does or does not ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Maybe he does; I don't know. I haven't been in
Bulgaria.
Mr. Dekom. Did you know a man by the name of Victor Sharenkov ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes; I do.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know what he did in this country?
Mr. Pirinsky. He was president of the Bulgarian- American Peo-
ple's League and also he edited the paper in Detroit.
Mr. Dekom. Would you name the paper ?
Mr. Pirinsky. The Narodna Volya.
Mr. Dekom. Is the Bulgarian-American People's League one of
those listed by the Attorney General as subversive ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No.
Mr. Dekom. Where is Victor Sharenkov now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. In Bulgaria, I think. I read in the paper he has
returned.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know a man by the name of Boleslaw Gebert or
"Bill" Gebert?
Mr. Pirinsky. What is the purpose of asking me? I told you I
know thousands of people.
Senator Eastland. Answer the question, please.
Mr. Dekom. Did you know a person by the name of Boleslaw
Gebert?
1 The full text of the article will be found in appendix VI, p. A108.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 191
Mr. Pirinskt. Yes ; lie is the president of the Polonia Society. He
also participated in the activities of the American Slav Congress.
Mr. Dekom. He participated in the activities of the American Slav
Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he attended the convention.
Mr. Dekom. The Polonia Society that you mentioned, is that part
of the International Workers Order ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I believe so.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know whether or not it is listed by the Attorney
General as subversive ? x
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Where is Boleslaw Gebert now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. You do not know that he is in Poland now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. It might be. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Did you know Alexander Eizov ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes; I do.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell Us what his activity here was and your
connection with him ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I understand he was a student.
Mr. Dekom. Where is he now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think in Bulgaria.
Mr. Dekom. Did you know a man by the name of Mirko Markovich ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes ; I do.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell us what he did here ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he was editor of a Serbian paper in Pitts-
burgh.
Mr. Dekom. Would you give us the name of the paper?
Mr. Pirinsky. The Slobodna Rec.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he is in Yugoslavia ?
Mr. Dekom. He is in Yugoslavia ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know whether or not he has recently been
arrested for Cominf orm activities in Yugoslavia ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know a man by the name of Anthony Minerich ?
Mr, Pirinsky. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know anything of his activities ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he works on a Croatian paper in Pittsburgh.
Mr. Dekom. And the name of that paper is?
Mr. Pirinsky. Narodni Glasnik.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know that he was an official of the Young
Communists' League and of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I do not know that,
Mr. Dekom. Did you know a man by the name of Stephen Loyen
or Stjepan Lojen?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think he has attended also the Conference of the
Slav Congress, but I don't recall exactly.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know.
1 The International Workers Order is listed as "Communist" by the Attorney General,
see appendix II, p. A8.
192 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Chairman, we will introduce into the record the
fact that Stephen Loyen is now in Yugoslavia.1
Mr. Pirinsky, in the latest issue of the Slavic American, whose
picture is that on the front page?
Mr. Pirinsky. Fadeyev.2
Mr. Dekom. Would you identify him for the committee?
Mr. Pirinsky. He was one of the delegates to the peace conference.
Mr. Dekom. From what country ?
Mr. Pirinsky. From the Soviet Union.
Mr. Dekom. He was the Soviet delegate to the recent peace con-
ference in New York? 3
Mr. Pirinsky. That is what I read in the newspapers. I did not
meet him.
Mr. Dekom. Did the American Slav Congress ever send any dele-
gates to a foreign country for any activity?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes; we sent fraternal delegates to the congress in
Belgrade, in 194G.4
Mr. Dekom. Would vou name the delegates?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall all of their names.
Mr. Dekom. Would you submit them for the record, as soon as you
can refresh your memory ?
Mr. Pirinsky. You will find them in some of the material that I
submitted, because we published all this. This is all a public record.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know Steve Nelson ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes ; I know him.
Mr. Dekom. Could you identify him ?
Mr. Pirinsky. What do you mean ?
Mr. Dekom. Is he the same Steve Nelson who is the Communist
Party organizer in Pittsburgh?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell us your connection with him?
Mr. Pirinsky. He is a Croatian ; he is a Slav. I have met him in
some of the restaurants in New York where Yugoslavs eat there.
Mr. Arens. Have you been to the Yugoslavenski Dom 5 in New
York City?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. What has been your connection with the Yugoslavenski
Dom in New York City?
Mr. Pirinsky. I am one of the members of the corporation.
Mr. Dekom. Who is the president of that ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I go there mostly for meetings of the American Slav
Congress.
Mr. Arens. It is a fact — is it not — that the Yugoslavenski Dom is
Communist-controlled ?
Mr. Pirinsky. That I wouldn't say.
Mr. Arens. Are you a stockholder in the Yugoslavenski Dom ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
1 Stephen Loyen's return as a repatriate to Yugoslavia is reported in the newspaper
Slobodna Dalmaclja (Free Dalmatia), official organ of the (Communist) People's Front
of Dalmatia. September 1, 1047. p. 1.
8 Alexander A. Fadeyev (Fadeev), secretary general of the Union of Soviet Writers.
3 Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace, arranged by the National Council
of the Arts. Sciences, and Professions, March 25—27, 1949.
1 The first postwar All-Slav Congress.
5 Also known as the Jugoslavenski-Americki Dom or the Yugoslav-American Home.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 193
Mr. Arens. How long have you been a stockholder in the Yugo-
slavenski Dom?
Mr. Pirinsky. Since it was organized. I bought a share for $50.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever heard of a Bulgarian Communist
newspaper called Saznanye?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell us what your connection with Saznanye
was?
Mr. Pirinsky. I was contributing to the paper.
Mr. Dekom. You mean money or articles?
Mr. Pirinsky. Articles.
Mr. Dekom. Under what name were you contributing articles?
Mr. Pirinsky. Under my name and the name that I have from the
old country. In the old country, my name was George Nikolov Zaikov.
They usually have three names there. When I came to this country,
I started to write in the newspapers under the name of Pirinsky in
order to save my younger brother and other members of the family
who are living in Fascist Bulgaria and who were being prosecuted
because I was opposing the Fascist government.
Senator Eastland. You came to this country in 1926 ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No ; 1921.1
Senator Eastland. You changed your name at that time?
Mr. Pirinsky. I did not change it. I started to write under this
name.
Senator Eastland. In 1921 ? 1
Mr. Pirinsky. Around 1924, 1925, or 1926 ; I don't recall now.
Senator Eastland. Did Bulgaria have a Fascist government at that
time?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes ; before I left the country. I left the countrv on
the 10th of July 1923.
Senator Eastland. You wrote under this name, now, frankly,
because you were a Communist and you thought your people in Bul-
garia would be prosecuted for that reason?
Mr. Pirinsky. I started writing under this name — first I started
writing poetry at that time. I felt that I would use some other name.
I think this is usually done by writers. The political purpose was
because in 1923, on June 9, the Fascist forces overthrew, through a
coup d'etat, the Peasant government. I was just graduating from
high school.
Senator Eastland. It was a government that was violently anti-
Communist ; was it not ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Winch ?
Senator Eastland. The government in Bulgaria at that time.
Mr. Pirinsky. It was pro-Nazi. Professor Tsankov 2 and the others
sold Bulgaria to Hitler.
Senator Eastland. But Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933.
Mr. Pirinsky. Before that they established fascism in Bulgaria;
that is, before Germany.
Senator Eastland. And sold Bulgaria to Hitler in 1924? That is
what you are testifying.
Mr. Pirinsky. I also said that the Bulgarian Fascists started even
before Hitler.
1 The witness subsequently stated this date was 1923.
2 Prof. Aleksander Tsankov, last Bulgarian Prime AJ
rime Minister during1 Nazi occupation.
194 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. In the Yugoslavenski Dom organization, is there" a split
at the present time between the Tito faction and the Coniinform
faction ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know, because I have not attended any
meeting. I just bought a share of $50.
Mr. Arens. By faction, do you sympathize with the Tito faction or
the Cominform faction?
Mr. Pirinsky. 1 have not been at any of their meetings to discuss
the question.
Mr. Arens. When was the last time that you were in attendance at
one of the meetings?
Mr. Pirinsky. I was in the Yugoslavenski Dom three days ago, but
it was at a meeting of the American Slav Congress. I spoke there. I
have not attended the meetings of the corporation.
Mr. Arens. Which group do you sympathize with in your views,
the Tito faction or the Cominform faction?
Mr. Pirinsky. Is that the purpose of this hearing?
Senator Eastland. I do not think that is pertinent. You do not
have to answer that question.
I would like to know what dealings, if any, you have had with
officials and parties or representatives of the Russian Embassy, the
Polish Embassy, the Yugoslav Embassy, the Czechoslovak Embassy,
the Rumanian Legation, the Bulgarian, or Hungarian Legations?
Mr. Pirinsky. Some of these embassies I have not been to at all.
I don't know anybody. The other embassies, like the Soviet Embassy,
I have gone there to ask them — especially around the Third Congress
of the American Slav Congress — to help us bring some of these
cultural forces here to attend our conference and bring greetings.
For cultural relations with the Slavic countries, we go sometime and
ask them also for some of their publications, so that we can read also
from their side what is taking place.
Senator Eastland. Whom did you contact at the Russian Em-
bassy ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know the people. I haven't been there for
about 3 years. At the time our delegates were here, they had a recep-
tion for the delegates.
Senator Eastland. What other embassies have you had contact
with ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have been in the Yugoslav Embassy.
Senator Eastland. Whom did you contact there?
Mr. Pirinsky. Mr. Kosanovic,1 the Ambassador.
Mr. Arens. What was the purpose of your contacting him?
Mr. Pirinsky. To establish this cultural relation with Yugoslavia,
to ask them to send delegates to the conference of the American Slav
Congress.
Senator Eastland. Have you been contacted in the United States
by any agent or representative of the Communist Party of any coun-
try in the world, and have you been contacted in the United States
by any representative or agent of any foreign government?
Mr. Pirinsky. Some of these people have written us and some of
them also came to the office for a copy of the Slavic American.
Senator Eastland. Who was that?
1 Sava N. Kosanovic.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 195
Mr. Pirinsky. From the Yugoslav Embassy, nobody has come, as
I remember. From the Soviet Embassy, I don't recall of anybody
coming to the office here.
Senator Eastland. You say no one from the Soviet Embassy has
contacted you?
Mr. Pirinsky. Nobody has come to the Slav Congress.
Senator Eastland. Have they contacted you anywhere?
Mr. Pirinsky. No; I have come to ask them for this material. I
have come to their consulates.
Senator Eastland. Have you been contacted by any representative
of the Soviet Embassy, the Soviet Government, or Communist Party
in any other place in this country ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall. If they wanted some publication or
things like that, maybe I have given it to them, but I don't recall of
anyone coming to the office of the Slav Congress to contact us.
Senator Eastland. Have you been contacted by any representative,
any agent, any employee of the United Nations?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall. I went to the United Nations a few
times and I spoke there in the lobby with some of the Slavic repre-
sentatives there. I was interested in this situation in Greece and I
spoke to them of-it.
Senator Eastland. To whom did you speak?
Mr. Pirinsky. I spoke to the Yugoslav delegates, to the Bulgarian
Professor Mevorah,1 who was here at that time.
Senator Eastland. What was the purpose of that meeting?
Mr. Pirinsky. The United Nations? They were discussing the
Balkan situation; the Balkan Commission had made a report on
Greece.
Senator Eastland. What did you have to do with it?
Mr. Pirinsky. I didn't have anything to do with it. I wanted to
find out what the situation was in Greece and what their stand was;
that is, are they against or for the Greek Government there.
Senator Eastland. What was your position?
Mr. Pirinsky. My position is that of representative of the Mace-
donian-American People's League. I am strongly opposed to the
present regime in Greece.
Senator Eastland. Have you been contacted by any agent or repre-
sentative of the Communist Party or any affiliated organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't know which are the affiliated organizations
of the Communist Party. I have spoken in the Yugoslav Home 2 there
with Steven Nelson, for instance.
Senator Eastland. Have you ever been employed by the Communist
Party?
Mr. Pirinsky. No; never.
Senator Eastland. Have you ever been affiliated with the Commu-
nist Party?
Mr. Pirinsky. That was the question that came up at the beginning,
and I stated that I am having immigration hearings on that question.
Senator Eastland. Were you ever contacted by Gerhart Eisler?
Mr. Pirinsky. No.
Senator Eastland. Were you ever contacted by J. Peters?
1 Nissini Mevorah. Bulgarian Minister to the United States.
2 Also known as the Jugoslavenski-Americki Doni or the Yugoslav-American Home.
196 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Pi kin sky. No.
Senator Hastland. Did any representative of an international or-
ganization from any of the Iron Curtain' countries — and by that I
mean the Balkan satellites of Russia — ever contact you in the United
States?
Mr. Pirinsky. No. They came to our conventions as delegates.
Senator Eastland. That is the only time you were contacted?
Mr. Pirinsky. The only time I met with these people, that I re-
call. I might have on other occasions where I have asked them for
their publications or they have asked for our publications, but I don't
recall.
Mr. Dekom. Have any members of the legations, consulates, or the
United Nations delegates or officials of iron curtain countries, other
than the delegates at the 1946 convention, spoken before any of the
Slav Congress meetings?
Mr. Pirinsky. Not that I recall.
Mr. Dekom. You do not recall ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No.
Mr. Dekom. Would you give us the names of all delegates who
came there in 1946 ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I think they are mentioned here in this folder that
I gave you, dealing with the Third American-Slav Congress. All
their names are there ; their pictures are there, and some of their state-
ments. I do not recall all of them.
Mr. Dekom. What is your connection, that is, the connection of
your organization and not you personally, with the All-Slav Commit-
tee in Moscow, or the All-Slav movement in Moscow ?
Mr. Pirinsky. We don't have any connection. We exchange greet-
ings, usually on the occasion of New Year, and so forth. Sometimes
we write them for their publications.
Mr. Dekom. Has there ever been any connection between them ?
Mr. Pirinsky. No organizational connection. The American Slav
Congress is fully independent.
Mr. Dekom. Has any action of the American Slav Congress ever
been taken in response to an appeal or a request of the All-Slav Com-
mittee or Congress in Moscow ?
Mr. Pirinsky. During the war, they appealed to all Slavs through-
out the world to fight fascism. We were in full agreement with that.
That was our purpose.
Senator Eastland. Before Germany attacked Russia?
Mr. Pirinsky. There was no Slav Congress at that time, Senator.
Senator Eastland. You were with the Macedonian People's League
at that time, were you not, in 1940 and 1941 ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Before Germany attacked Russia, what was the
position of that organization ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall exactly what was the position. We
have been opposed to fascism since the organization was founded.
Senator Eastland. But when Germany and Russia were allies, was
not the Macedonian People's League favorable to Russia and the Nazis
at that time ?
Mr. Pirinsky. We never have been favorable to the Nazis. We
always have opposed the Nazis.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IX ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 197
Senator Eastland. Did it not support that combination of those
two countries?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't think so; I don't recall.
Senator Eastland. Did you not write anything around that time?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't recall if I have written anything around
that time. Ma}Tbe I have.
Senator Eastland. You say maybe you have?
Mr. Pirinsky. Maybe I have ; I don't recall.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Pirinsky, are you now or have you ever been a
member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I decline to answer this question on the basis of
self-incrimination in connection with the trial that I have.
Senator Eastland. Is it a crime to be a member of the Communist
Party?
Mr. Pirinsky. No. I have stated my views on many occasions very
openly, but I feel in view of that trial
Senator Eastland. What are the views that you have stated Mr.
Pirinsky?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have that trial and I think that question I will
answer then, 2 weeks from now.
Senator Eastland. Mr. Pirinsky, I want you to answer that ques-
tion.
Mr. Pirinsky. I beg your pardon?
Senator Eastland. I want you to answer that question.
Mr. Pirinsky. Which question ?
Mr. Arens. The question is : Are you now or have you ever been
a member of the Communist Party?
(Mr. Pirinsky consults with his counsel, Mr. Forer.)
Mr. Pirinsky. I refuse to answer, as I say, on the ground that
it might incriminate me.
Mr. Arens. Is it a crime to be a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Pirinsky. Not at all; I don't consider it a crime.
Mr. Arens. Then how could you be incriminated by answering
the question, assuming you answered the question affirmatively ?
Mr. Pirinsky. With this witch hunting going on throughout the
country, and then, I don't want to establish any precedent for any-
body being hauled here and asked about his political opinions. This
is the only reason.
Mr. Arens. If you are not a member of the Communist Party,
how could you incriminate yourself by answering the question \
Mr. Pirinsky. It is very hard to say in the present situation.
Mr. Forer. Mr. Chairman, may I ask the Chair to rule on whether
he considers it proper when a man claims a constitutional privilege
that counsel for the committee should try to talk him out of the claim
of privilege ?
Senator Eastland. I think he has the right to show that it is no
crime. If it does not incriminate him, he is not privileged. He
is in contempt of Congress.
Mr. Forer. In all deference to the committee, the man has claimed
his privilege and is here acting on the advice of counsel. At that
point I think you should recognize that he is privileged or rule that you
do not recognize that he is privileged and not try to talk the witness
into doing something else.
198 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. I would like to submit respectfully to the acting chair-
man of the subcommittee that in a court of law if a witness claims
that his answer would incriminate him, counsel 1ms a right to inter-
rogate the witness upon the area in which he would be incriminated if
he should answer the question.
Mr. Forer. That is not the case at all, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Donnell. I suggest, Mr. Chairman, that we go into ex-
ecutive session to discuss that.
Senator Eastland. Very well. The committee will proceed into
executive session.
(Whereupon, the committee proceeded into executive session.)
Senator Eastland. You are excused, Mr. Pirinsky, but you are not
discharged. We will have some more questions for you in a minute.1
Mr. Alfred A. Neuwald, alias Mathew Torok.
TESTIMONY OF ALFRED A. NEUWALD (OR MATYAS TOROK),
NEW YORK, N. Y.
Mr. Arens. Will you be sworn, Mr. Torok ?
Senator Eastland. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are
about to give before the Judiciary Committee of the United States
Senate will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Neuwald. I do.
Senator Eastland. The subpena issued to Mr. Neuwald will be
placed in the record.
Mr. Arens. Will you state your full name, please?
Mr. Neuwald. Alfred A. Neuwald.
Mr. Arens. What other names have you gone under in the course
of your lifetime, Mr. Neuwald ?
Mr. Neuwald. I used to write some Hungarian articles under the
name Mathew Torok, which is Hungarian. That is all.
Mr. Arens. Would you speak a little louder, please. I have a little
difficulty hearing you or understanding you.
Mr. Neuwald. I have a sore throat.
Mr. Arens I see.
Mr. Neuwald. Mathew Torok.
Senator Eastland. Are you represented by counsel ?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes, sir, Mr. Forer.
Mr. Arens. Will the counsel kindly identify himself?
Mr. Forer. Joseph Forer. I believe I identified myself previously
in connection with the previous witness. The same identification will
serve.2
Mr. Arens. What is your occupation or business?
Mr. Neuwald. Right now, I am unemployed since December.
Mr. Arens. What was your employment prior to that time ?
Mr. Neuwald. I was manager of a transport company in New York
City.
Mr. Arens. What was the name of the transport company?
Mr. Neuwald. Danubia Transport Co., Inc.
Mr. Arens. What did this transport company do ?
1 The testimony of George Pirinsky is resumed on p. 207.
2 See p. 181.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 199
Mr. Neuwald. Almost exclusively shipping relief packages to
Hungary. Rumania, Czechoslovakia, and that is all.
Mr. Arens. What contacts did you have in the course of your asso-
ciation with this firm with the Hungarian Legation in Washington?
Mr. Neuwald. I had some contacts, not only out of this connection.
For a while in 1947, it was planned, we heard from Hungary, that
duties will be imposed on packages to Hungary, various packages to
Hungary, so I did my best to persuade the Hungarian consulate and
especially the Hungarian Legation not to impose duties, because that
would add to the hardship of the Hungarian people, because many
people couldn't send packages from here to Hungary when the duties
would make it more expensive.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly tell us about your contacts with the
Hungarian Government representatives in this country in recent years,
that is, since the war?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes. I am not prepared much about the dates, but
I will try to recall as good as I can.
I don't know the date exactly, but I think the first contact I really
had with the legation was when the wife of the Hungarian President,
Zoltan Tildy, Mrs. Tildy, visited this country. At that time a
kind of reception committee came together of Hungarian-Americans,
and a smaller committee of five was appointed to talk to Mrs. Tildy
and talk to the committee and arrange a meeting in New York, where
Mrs. Tildy could talk to the Hungarians, the Americans of Hungarian
descent. I was one of that committee of five. I remember the other
names, the Reverend Takaro,1 the Baptist Reverend Kocsis 2
Senator Eastland. Are you an American citizen ?
Mr. Neuwald. I am not yet. I am very sorry.
Mr. Arens. I just wanted him to explain what he was doing there,
Senator. The rest of those names, please.
Mr. Neuwald. There are two. I think Mr. Abris Silverman, an
art dealer. Fifty-seventh Street. That much I remember. Then we
had long discussions
Mr. Arens. You have two more names, I believe.
Mr. Neuwald. Five altogether, myself included. I think that is
four. I don't remember the five.
Mr. Dekom. Would you try to refresh your recollection and get the
name of the fifth member for the committee ?
Mr. Neuwald. I will try and if I remember I will tell you. But
right now I don't remember the fifth. I am not prepared. I didn't
know why I was coming here.
Mr. Arens. All right, sir. May I ask you when did you gain ad-
mission into the United States?
Mr. Neuwald. In 1934, January 31, I came as an immigrant.
Before that, I came here as a visitor.
Mr. Arens. Where were you born ?
Mr. Neuwald. I was born in Hungary in a part of Hungary which
later became Czechoslovakia. So I became automatically a Czecho-
slovakian citizen. When I came to this country, I traveled with a
Czechoslovak passport.
Mr. Arens. What association do you have with persons of Hun-
garian origin who are in the United States ?
1 Rev. Geza Takaro. whose testimony appears on p. 864.
2 Rev. Emery Kocsis.
200 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Neuwald. I have been secretary, first, in Los Angeles, of a
branch of the Hungarian-American Council for Democracy.
Mr. Arens. Now tell us about that organization and move on to
the next organization.
Mr. Neuwald. I recall that, I think in 1943 in Chicago, a meeting
came together and issued a statement in which they declared that
Americans of Hungarian descent should do their utmost to help the
war efforts of the United States and help to liberate Hungary from
the Fascists and Hitler. This publication was published in Hun-
garian and I think in American-language papers, some English-
language papers. That was all that we had.
Mr. Arens. What was the membership of the organization?
Mr. Neuwald. No membership of the organization. We never had
membership of the organization.
Mr. Arens. But you were secretary of the organization.
Mr. Neuwald. Yes; branch secretary of the Los Angeles branch
because I lived there until 1945.
Mr. Arens. Did that organization work among persons of Hun-
garian descent ?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes. The whole activity of this organization was
to hold meetings and talk to the people, to do your best to buy your
war bonds, to save, the usual war work, but we never had any organiza-
tion, just a few people, a president and secretary and treasurer.
Mr. Arens. Who were the other members of the organization, other
officers, other than yourself?
Mr. Neuwald. The national president was a wonderful man you
all know, Bela Lugosi, who was a star of Hungarian descent. The
national secretary was a man. Dr. Moses Simon. Back in Hollywood,
the chairman was a very well-known playwright, the author of
Ninotchka and many other films. His name is Melchior Lengyel. I
was secretary of that branch. The treasurer was a Mr. Deutsch. I
don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Is your organization still in existence ?
Mr. Neuwald. No. Long ago it stopped to exist.
Mr. Arens. Tell us about some other organizations with which you
have been affiliated.
Mr. Neuwald. I think in 1944, I am sure, in the summer, I had a
long conversation with the Catholic priest of Los Angeles, Matyas
Lani, and a gentleman from Washington. His name is Dr. Tibor
Kerekes. He is a professor of the Georgetown University. We came
to the conclusion that a relief organization should be prepared for
the people of Hungary in case the war should end victoriously, natu-
rally, and all Hungarians in this country should join the efforts and
send relief to the people of Hungary.
Senator Eastland. Did you send those packages ?
Mr. Neuwald. Not only packages, but clothing, a relief organiza-
tion.
Senator Eastland. Were they sent to the government or to indi-
viduals in the country?
Mr. Neuwaid. Not individuals. It shod ' be organized somehow
so that the most needy people should get the aid.
Senator Eastland. Who handled it over there?
Mr. Neuwald. I will come to it if you will allow me, Senator.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 201
Mr. Arens. Is this the Hungarian- American Council for Democ-
racy you are speaking about ?
Mr. Neuwald. I am speaking about the relief organization which
was formed, and later in 1945, I think, the first days of April 1945,
I became the associate secretary of that relief organization. For that
organization I worked for exactly 1 year. I was not rehired because
it started to save on expenses.
Mr. Arens. May I ask you how many persons of Hungarian descent
in the United States did you make contact with for this organization
you are talking about now ?
Mr. Neuwald. Personally, I really can't count, because we had meet-
ings, relief meetings. Right now, I am sometimes embarrassed be-
cause people know me and I don't know them.
Mr. Arexs. I don't mean how many you knew personally, but how
many persons were contacted by the organization through their mail-
ing lists or their meetings ?
Mr. Neuwald. I think all Hungarian organizations in this coun-
try have been contacted.
Mr. Arens. How many persons, though ?
Mr. Neuwald. I don't want to make any hasty statement. The
number of Hungarians in this country and the number of members in
the organization is a big question mark to all of us. Some say there
are a million Hungarians here. Others say only half a million. Some
say this organization has 50 members. Others say 4,000. We don't
know.
Mr. Arens. Did your organization undertake to contact as many
persons of Hungarian descent in the United States as possible?
Mr. Neuwald. Correct. All the reverends, all the organization
secretaries, all the churches were asked to go to the members, col-
lect clothing, collect money, and we should through our organization
send it to Hungary. Now I come to the distribution. This relief
organization was under the control of the President's War Relief
Organization,1 a committee here in this country, here in Washington.
As much as I know, we did have a permit to send all these shipments
to Hungary. The relief organization established its own office in
Budapest.
Senator Eastland. Your organization?
Mr. Neuwald. The relief organization.
Senator Eastland. Your relief organization?
Mr. Neuwald. It was all Hungarians. It was not mine. I was
secretary. I was paid by the organization.
Senator Eastland. It had its own office in Hungary?
Mr. Neuwald. It had a representative, a small office in Hungary.
By the way, at the beginning, now I recall, the military representative
of the United States, Colonel Kovacs,2 did wonderful work overseeing
the distribution of the relief material to the people of Hungary.
Mr. Dekom. You testified a moment ago you were an official of the
Hungarian-American Council for Democracy, of which Bela Lugosi
was national president.
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Is that one of the organizations listed by the Attorney
General as Communist?
1 President's War Relief Control Board.
- Col. George Kovacs.
202 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Neuwald. Yes. Later it became. When this listing came out,
the council created — it didn't exist. It was just a paper name.
Senator Eastland. Have you ever done work for the Communist
Tarty?
Mr. Neuwald. No; I never did.
Senator Eastland. What Communist -front organizations are you
affiliated with?
Mr. Neuwald. I am not affiliated with any organization which to
my knowledge is Communist.
Mr. Dekom. What was your connection with the International
Workers Order?
Mr. Neuwald. I knew the secretary. I knew several members of
it. I think I have — I don't know whether I still have, because I didn't
pay my things for a thousand dollars insurance in this organiza-
tion
Mr. Dekom. You were affiliated with that organization as a mem-
ber or policyholder ?
Mr. Neuwald. If you call that to have a $1,000 insurance policy,
then I have a $1,000 policy.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know whether or not that organization has
been listed as Communist by the Attorney General of the United
States?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes ; I do. I know it has.
Mr. Dekom. Do you knowa man by the name of John Florian, or
Florian Janos?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes ; I know him.
Mr. Dekom. Will you identify him, please?
Mr. Neuwald. I think he is back in Hungary now. He was the first
secretary of the Hungarian Legation and I met him several times.
Mr. Dekom. What was the nature of your relationship with Mr.
Florian?
Mr. Neuwald. That question leads me to another organization
which I was working for and with. That was in 1947, when about
the same people, the same reverends, the same Americans of Hun-
garian descent, came together and decided that in the view of the fact
that 19-18 would be the centennial year of Louis Kossuth's revolution
against the Hapsburgs we should celebrate the centennial here in the
United States. At that time we came with this idea to the minister
from Hungary, Prof. Rust em Vambery, and made the first contact
with the legation regarding the celebration. We made the first con-
tact with him and with the legation that the Hungarians would like
to celebrate this centennial here in this country. At that time I think
I met him for the first time. I am not sure, because it wasn't impor-
tant to me, but I think I met him.
Senator Eastland. You say you never have done any work for the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Neuwald. I never have.
Senator Eastland. Have you ever been affiliated with the Com-
munist Party?
Mr. Neuwald. Being an alien, Senator, I think I should be excused
from answering this question because it might incriminate me. I
don't want to seem
Senator Eastland. Who told you to say that?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 203
Mr. Neuwald. I asked, my counsel just before.
Senator Eastland. Is he your counsel?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Did you employ him?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Senator Eastland. When did you employ him?
Mr. Neuwald. Just yesterday.
Senator Eastland. Who sent you to him?
Mr. Neuwald. Do I have to answer that?
Senator Eastland. Yes ; you have to answer that.
Mr. Forer. Mr. Chairman
Senator Eastland. You keep quiet. Wait a minute. I want you to:
answer that question.
Mr. Xeuwald. I went up to a lawyer I know in New York.
Senator Eastland. Who was that lawyer ?
Mr. Neuwald. Martin Popper.
Senator Eastland. He can decline if he wants to, but if he declines
it is at his peril.
Mr. Forer. I am advising him of his rights.
Mr. Arens. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party?
Mr. Neuwald. I refuse to answer this question because it might
incriminate me.
Senator Eastland. You refuse to answer?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Would you prefer to be called Torok or Neuwald?
Mr. Neuwald. Neuwald.
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us what type of connection, what type of
work or service, or what activities you engaged in, in connection with
Mr. Florian of the Hungarian Legation?
Mr. Neuwald. I was informed, as secretary of the centennial com-
mittee, that finally the Hungarian Government would give a visitor's
visa to all those Americans of Hungarian descent who would go to
Hungary to the centennial celebrations in Hungary. The Legation
asked me, Florian and Dr. Sik,1 the Minister from Hungary, asked me
whether I would be kind enough to give them information as the Secre-
tary of the centennial committee, whether the persons they were going
to ask could be regarded as visitors, centennial visitors to Hungary,
in which case they would get a visa.
Mr. Dekom. Isn't it a fact that your function was to pass on the
reliability, as far as the Communists were concerned, of the people
who went over, that you would be consulted to pass upon visa
applications ?
Mr. Neuwald. Absolutely not. The matter of fact is that I recall
I don't know how many hundreds and hundreds of such yellow sheets
have been shown to me. I remember I think, except two or three cases,
I always said, yes; these people should be accepted as centennial
visitors, because I really did my utmost to help these people to go
back to Hungary and visit Hungary after so many years of war and
trouble from Europe.
Mr. Dekom. Would you tell the committee why a Communist offi-
cial would have you. who are presumably an American immigrant,
1 Andrew Sik.
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 14
204 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
pass upon visa applications of other American citizens of Hungarian
descent '.
Mr. Neuwald. I don't know what you mean.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Florian was an admitted member of the Commu-
nist Party.
Mr. Neuwald. To me Mr. Florian was sitting in the consulate of
Hungary and asked me, as the secretary of the organization, my opin-
ion, which was 99 percent affirmative, yes, those people should go.
Senator Eastland. He was requested to leave this country by the
Government of the United States; was he not?
Mr. Neuwald. I think I read it in the paper but I am not sure
whether that is the case or not.
Mr. Arens. Do you know whether or not Mr. Florian was a mem-
ber of the Communist Party?
Mr. Neuwald. I know it from the papers that he was always called
a member of the Communist Party but I never discussed with him
this point.
Senator Eastland. Is it not true, now, that you are the head of the
Hungarian branch of the Communist Party in the United States?
Mr. Neuwald. I was what ?
Senator Eastland. It is true, is it not, that today you are the head
of the Hungarian branch of the Communist Party in the United
States?
Mr. Neuwald. That is absolutely not true.
Senator Eastland. You say under oath that that is false?
Mr. Neuwald. I say it under oath.
Mr. Arens. Will you then answer the question, Are you now or
have you ever been a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Neuwald. I still have to refuse because it may incriminate me.
Senator Eastland. Were you in the Army during the First World
War?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes, sir.
Senator Eastland. The army of what country?
Mr. Neuwald. I was in the Hungarian Army.
Senator Eastland. Were you in combat?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes, sir.
Senator Eastland. You came to this country in what year?
Mr. Neuwald. I immigrated to this country in 1934.1
TESTIMONY OF PAUL MARLK, FORMER CONSUL GENERAL OF
HUNGARY
Mr. Arens. Will Mr. Marik please come forward ?
Would you kindly be sworn ?
Senator Eastland. Do you solemnly swear in the testimony you
are about to give before the Judiciary Committee of the Senate of
the United States will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but
the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Marik. I do.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Marik, would you kindly state your full name for
the record?
Mr. Marik. Paul Marik.2
1 The testimony of Alfred Neuwald is resumed on p. 207.
- The witness appeared under suhpena.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 205
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly identify yourself by occupation and
residence ?
Mr. Marik. I was a former Hungarian consul general in Cleve-
land, Ohio. Before that, I was counselor of the Hungarian Legation
here and for a time I was Charge d'Affaires at the Hungarian Le-
gation.
Mr. Arens. How long were you associated in these respective ca-
pacities which you have referred to?
Mr. Marik. Since December 1945.
Mr. Arens. When did you sever your connections with the Hun-
garian Government?
Mr. Marik. I severed connections in February 14, 1948.
Mr. Arens. Why did you sever your connection ?
Mr. Marik. For political reasons.
Mr. Arens. What do you mean by that ?
Mr. Marik. For political reasons, the Cardinal Mindszenty trial.
Mr. Arens. Are you personally acquainted or do you know the
witness who has just been speaking?
Mr. Marik. Yes ; I met him several times. I didn't know him as
Mr. Neuwald. I used to know him as Mr. Torok.
Mr. Arens. Upon what occasions have you met him or had contact
with him ?
Mr. Marik. I had contact with Mr. Torok as director of the Danu-
bia Transport Co., New York, and also as the secretary of the centen-
nial committee in New York.
Mr. Arens. What committee is that?
Mr. Marik. The centennial committee was formed in New York
under the patronage of Minister Vambery 1 to celebrate the anniver-
sary of the 1848 revolution.
Mr. Arens. Upon what occasions have you seen him in the consu-
late where you were employed or engaged ?
Mr. Marik. He never appeared at the consulate where I was em-
ployed or engaged, because I was in Cleveland and I had nothing to
do with the New York consulate. I saw Mr. Torok once up in the con-
sulate in New York, when I visited the New York consulate on of-
ficial business connected with the Cleveland and the New York con-
sulates.
Mr. Arens. What was the nature of his business at that consulate ?
Do you know ?
Mr. Marik. I couldn't tell you what was the nature. I know he
called on Mr. Florian who was in charge of issuing visas there.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever seen them together ?
Mr. Marik. I saw them at the time up at the consulate in New York ;
Mr. Florian had some documents in his hand, I believe; I am not
positive. There was a third man present, a clerk called Mr. Cserna.2
Mr. Dekom. What were they doing?
Mr. Marik. They were sitting in a room. I entered the room only
to say "'hello'' and "gpodby" to Mr. Florian, and there I saw Mr.
Torok and the third man.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever seen them passing or studying visa
applications?
1 Rustem Vambery.
- Zoltan Cserna.
.—
206 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Marik. No; not as far as I know.
Mr. Dekom. What is your knowledge on that subject?
Mr. Marik. The Hungarian Government in L947 steadfastly re-
fused to give visas to American citizens. On the other hand, the Hun-
garian World Federation in Budapest invited Hungarians all over
the world to come and visit Hungary in ID IS. The visa applications
started to stream into the New York consulate and they were referred
back to Budapest. Those applications were submitted to Budapest
and they were refused. Then Mr. Torok and some of the other mem-
bers of the committee protested at the Legation, saying that the Hun-
garians are invited to go over to Hungary and they are refusing to
give them visas. Minister Vambery forwarded the protest to Hun-
gary and was instrumental in obtaining the Ministry's permission to
issue a limited number of so-called centennial visas for American cit-
izens of Hungarian origin who wanted to visit Hungary in 1948.
Then Mr. Florian was sent up to New York to pass on those applica-
tions. I later became the consul general at Cleveland but I was not
authorized to pass on those applications. All the visa applications had
to be forwarded to New York, to the consulate there.
Mr. Arens. Do you know why that procedure was established?
Mr. Marik. I have no exact knowledge, but I presume it was so that
Mr. Florian, who was known to be a trusted member of the Hun-
garian Communist Party, should pass on those applications.
Mr. Arens. Do you knowT whether or not Mr. Florian was a mem-
ber of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Marik. Oh, yes. He was very proud of it.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know his connection with the Hungarian secret
police?
Mr. Marik. Rumors in Budapest had it that he was connected with
the Hungarian secret police. I don't know whether it is true or not.
It is just rumors.
Mr. Arens. We don't want rumors. We want only knowledge that
you have.
Mr. Dekom. What is your knowledge of the role of Mr. Torok in the
issuance of these visas ?
Mr. Marik. Nothing definite, except what I heard and read of Mr.
Alth's statement. Mr. Alth,1 by the way, is the former Hungarian
consul in New York. I have a very high regard for his integrity.
Mr. Dekom. Where is he now ?
Mr. Marik. In Houston, Tex. He resigned from the service.
Senator Eastland. You say Mr. Florian was a Communist ?
Mr. Marik. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Do you know anything about this gentleman's
connection with the Communist Party?
Mr. Marik. No. I know that Mr. Torok was secretary of the Amer-
ican-Hungarian Council for Democracy, which later was named a sub-
versive organization, but I did not know and couldn't say whether he
was a member of the Communist Party or not.
Senator Eastland. Was he considered a Communist around the
table?
Mr. Marik. He was considered an extreme radical, I should say.
Senator Eastland. A fellow traveler with the Communists?.
i Aurel Alth.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 207
Mr. Marik. Yes. Whether he was actually a member of the Com-
munist Party, I have no knowledge.
Senator Eastland. But an extreme radical ?
Mr. Marik. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Was this gentleman, Mr. Torok, around the con-
sulate frequently ?
Mr. Marik. I can't speak for the consulate in New York. As I say,
I was not stationed there. The members of the consulate would be
able to tell you that information. I was in New York only for 1 day
for a short visit when Mr. Florian was there.
Senator Eastland. He constantly associated with Communists ?
Mr. Marik. I beg your pardon ?
Senator Eastland. He constantly associated with Florian and other
Communists ?
Mr. Marik. That was in New York and I wouldn't be able to tell
you. I will have to emphasize that I was stationed here in Washing-
ton and also in Cleveland, Ohio, rather than New York. All this
that we are referring to, sir, has taken place in New York.
Mr. Dekom. Was he ever to your knowledge at the Legation in
Washington ?
Mr. Marik. Oh, yes : he called in 1946, when the Legation was estab-
lished. I believe Mr. Torok was there. Then he was there again some-
time in 1947.
Senator Eastland. What name did he use then ?
Mr. Marik. Always Torok. This is the first time I heard that he
was called Neuwald.
TESTIMONY OF GEORGE PIRINSKY AND ALFRED NEUWALD—
Resumed
Mr. Dekom. Is any member of your family, Mr. Neuwald, in
Hungary now, any member of your immediate family ?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes; my only sister. Not my only; the only sister
living is in Hungary and Czechoslovakia and remaining alive. That
sister is my oldest sister. The others have been killed by Hitler. She
is 70 years old. She has two daughters. A brother of mine is now
in Hungary. His name is Eugene Neuwald. He is visiting there.
Mr. Dekom. Your brother?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes ; my brother.
Mr. Dekom. He is visiting Hungary?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. No other members of your immediate family?
Mr. Neuwald. Nobody else. The sister of mine and two daughters
of hers, and a brother who is visiting there.
Mr. Dekom. Have you or your wife been in Hungary since the war?
Mr. Neuwald. I have been in 1917 for exactly 19 days, for business
reasons for my company, Danubia Transport. I spent 19 days there.
Mr. Dekom. Your wife has not been in Hungary ; is that your testi-
mony?
Mr. Neuwald. My wife was never in Hungary.
Mr. Dekom. Did you provide any travel facilities, I mean steam-
ship tickets or things of that sort for persons who wanted to go abroad ?
Mr. Neuwald. No. We planned to have some facilities for these
people. We talked to the steamship companies to make reservations
208 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
but the whole tiling didn't work out, this whole plan. This committee
gave up that undertaking.
Mr. Dekom. You only handled parcels. You did not take care of
travel arrangements; is that true?
Mr. Neuwald. There was an organization; there wras a company
here, not a business company, the name of which was Travel to Hun-
gary, Inc.. which 1 helped establish and which did not sell but tried
to facilitate to get tickets through steamship lines.
Mr. Dekom. How did the company earn its money!1 Did it get a
percentage or how ?
Mr. Neuwald. It tried to make a service charge, but the end result
was that we lost lots of money and had to make it good.
Mr. Dekom. Did John Florian ever consult with you with reference
to any person wdio wanted to travel to Hungary ?
Mr. Neuwald. The only consultation which, as I told you before,
was a certain amount of these visa applications had been shown to me
as the secretary of the centennial committee. The question was, Do
you or don't you regard this person as a bona fide centennial visitor \
Mr. Dekom. What other kind of persons would there have been,
other than bona fide centennial visitors?
Mr. Neuwald. Business travelers, commercial things, making some
other visits in Hungary.
Mr. Dekom. For example? Commercial, business (
Mr. Neuwald. To visit the family and having visits with the family
having nothing to do with the celebrations there.
Mr. Dekom. Then you were consulted on the issuance of visas?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. By Mr. Florian ?
Mr. Neuwald. By Mr. Florian.
• Mr. Dekom. I see.
Senator Eastland. He testified to that.
Mr. Neuwald. I have forgotten the name you mentioned before.
Mr. Marik. Alth? Cserna?
Mr. Neuwald. Cserna, I emphasize very much
Senator Eastland. Why were you selected ?
Mi'. Neuwald. Because I was secretary of that centennial committee.
Senator Eastland. Because they knew you would select the kind of
people, the type of people that they desired. That is true, too, is it
not?
Mr. Neuwald. No. If they had that idea in mind, Senator, very
soon they had to give up that idea, because, as I mentioned before,
maybe except two or three people, everybody was recommended. I was
one of those people.
Senator Eastland. Has an attempt ever been made to deport you?
Mr. Neuwald. No; not any question ever. They never questioned
me. This is the first questioning since I have been in this country in
front of any official body.
(Brief recess for executive session.)
Senator Eastland. The committee will come to order. Let the
record show that a majority of the subcommittee is now present,
Senator Langer, Senator Donnell, Senator Eastland being in attend-
ance.
Mr. Neuwald, will you please stand? Do you solemnly swear the
testimony you are about to give before the Immigration Subcommittee
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 209
of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate of the United States is the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Netjwald. I do.
Senator Eastland. Are you now or have you ever been a member of
the Communist Party?
Mr. Netjwald. Senator, as I stated before, I have to refuse to answer
tli is question because it might incriminate me.
Mr. Young. On what "rounds are you relying in standing mute, sir?
Mr. Netjwald. What is that ?
Mr. Young. Upon what grounds are you relying when you stand
mute?
Mr. Forer. He stated them already.
Senator Eastland. I want the record to show there is a quorum
present. Why do you refuse to answer the question, Mr. Torok?
Mr. Netjwald. I am not legally educated enough to explain that.
My conviction is that if I answered that question
Senator Eastland. You understand the question.
Mr. Xeuwald. I understand the question. I think it might incrim-
inate me later.
Senator Eastland. Is it a crime to be a member of the Communist
Party?
Mr. Xeuwald. I don't think it is a crime in this country to be a
member.
Senator Eastland. How would it incriminate you ?
Mr. Forer. May I make the same objection I made before ?
Senator Eastland. No, sir.
Mr. Neuwald. I am afraid to touch this question because it might
incriminate me whatever I say.
Senator Eastland. What political organizations do you belong
to in the United States, Mr. Torok ?
Mr. Neuwald. On the same ground I would refuse to answer this
question. It might incriminate me.
Senator Eastland. What subversive organizations in the United
States do you belong to ?
Mr. Neuwald. I don't regard organizations subversive. I stated
before, I have been secretary of the Hungarian-American Council for
Democracy which became, was at least in the opinion of Attorney Gen-
eral Clark, subversive. I have an insurance policy from the
Senator Eastland. Is that the only organization you belong to, of
which you are a member?
Mr. Neuwald. I have an insurance policy from the International
Workers Order, $1,000 insurance.
Senator Eastland. Are you now or have you ever been a
Communist ?
Mr. Neuwald. I have to refuse to answer on the same grounds. It
might incriminate me.
Senator Eastland. What contact, if any, have you had with agents
or representatives of the Russian Government ?
Mr. Neuwald. Never any.
Senator Eastland. What contacts have you had with agents or
representatives of the International Communist movement ?
Mr. Neuwald. Knowingly, I have never had any contact. If I
met one, I didn't know that he is a member of any organization.
211 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Eastland. Your attorney is present. You have an attor-
ney present ?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes, sir.
Senator Eastland. On the advice of the attorney you stand mute
and refuse to answer the question about your political affiliations.
Mr. Neuwald. That is right.
Senator Eastland. Mr. Pirinsky ?
Mr. Forer. Is this witness excused ?
Senator Eastland. He can sit back there. I am not going to excuse
him.
Senator Langer. I would like to ask him a few questions if I may.
Senator Eastland. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are
about to give before the Immigration Subcommittee of the Judiciary
Committee of the Senate of the United States is the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I do.
Senator Eastland. What is your name?
Mr. Pirinsky. George Pirinsky.
Senator Eastland. What is your office with the American Slav
Congress ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I am the executive secretary of the American Slav
Congress.
Senator Eastland. Are you now or have you ever been a member of
the Communist Party, Mr. Pirinsky?
Mr. Pirinsky. I have stated already that I refuse to answer that
question on the ground that it might incriminate me. I explained
I have an immigration case in 2 weeks based on this matter.
Senator Eastland. Is it a crime to be a Communist?
Mr. Pirinsky. I don't think so.
Senator Eastland. Why do you decline to answer?
Mr. Pirinsky. I stated already, in view of this hysteria and witch-
hunting that is taking place about the country, I don't want to con-
tribute to it in any way.
Senator Eastland. You do not think the American people should
protect themselves from the traitors?
Mr. Pirinsky. Well, I wish I was in another position to have a
discussion of that, but I am not in position here to debate it.
Senator Eastland. Are you now or have you ever been a Com-
munist ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I say I refuse to answer that.
Senator Eastland. Are you now or have you ever been affiliated
with the Communist movement in the United States?
Mr. Pirinsky. The same answer.
Senator Eastland. You decline to answer on the advice of }Tour
attorney, is that true?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is correct.
Senator Eastland. He is present ?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right.
Senator Eastland. Senator Langer?
Senator Langer. What did you say your name was?
Mr. Neuwald. Alfred A. Neuwald. N-e-u-w-a-1-d.
Senator Langer. How long have vou been here in the United
States?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 211
Mr. Neuwald. I emigrated to this country in 1934.
Senator Langer. You are a citizen of this country ?
Mr. Neuwald. I am not a citizen.
Senator Langer. You never took out your first papers ?
Mr. Neuwald. I have the first papers."
Senator Langer. When did you get them ?
Mr. Neuwald. Almost immediately when I came to this country
I applied for the first papers.
Senator Langer. Almost immediately ?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Senator Langer. Could you give us the year and the place?
Mr. Neuwald. In New York City. I don't remember exactly the
year.
Senator Langer. Approximately, the approximate time.
Mr. Neuwald. Approximately 1935.
Senator Langer. Did you try to get your second papers ?
Mr. Neuwald. Senator, it has a little story if you don't mind my
telling you.
Senator Langer. Go ahead and tell your story.
Mr. Neuwald. I wrote and published several travel books between
that time when I came until 1938, and I was engaged in hotel publicity.
So between 1934 and 1938, the middle of the year 1938, I think
August, I had to travel and had to spend time in Europe. The title
of my book, little booklet, was "The Europe You Do Not Know," for
the typical tourist, a thing describing the beauties of Europe. I came
in 1938 back to the United States. On the basis of the entry permit.
From 1938 until 1945 I changed my domicile a little too much. I
lived in California and I came back to New York. I spent about
8 months on war work in Virginia, in building work near Williams-
burg. I had a job there. I moved around and I never had the 5
years. Then I applied. When I applied for citizenship my first
papers had expired. So just now I really sincerely hope that I am
going to apply for citizenship and get it. My belief is very much
shattered now because of this.
Senator Langer. How do you make your living, what kind of job,
what kind of work?
Mr. Neuwald. I was, until the middle of December, manager of a
transport company, and since December, that company didn't work
out. I am without a job. I am trying to do something for myself
and my very newly born daughter.
Senator Langer. How many children have you ?
Mr. Neuwald. Just one, a 10-month-old daughter.
Senator Langer. You have a wife?
Mr. Neuwald. Yes.
Senator Langer. Where are you living now ?
Mr. Neuwald. New York City.
Senator Langer. This American Slav Congress
Senator Eastland. He is not connected with that organization,
Senator.
Mr. Pirinskt. That is my group, not his.
Senator Langer. Is this gentleman with any group? You are
here just as an individual ? What is your name, sir?
Mr. Forer. My name is Forer. I am counsel for these gentlemen.
Senator Langer. You live in New York, too ?
212 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Foeer. No; I live in Washington.
Senator Langer. What is your name?
Mr. Forer. Joseph Forer. F-o-r-e-r.
Senator Langer. You are just trying to make an honest living over
here, are you?
Mr. Neuwald. T am. There was never a charge against me. I never
was questioned anywhere since I was in this country. This is the
first time I have appeared.
Senator Langer. How old were you when you came over here?
Mr. Neuwald. About 32.
Senator Langer. Thirty-two years old. What school did you go to?
Mr. Neuwald. What is that?
Senator Langer. What schools did you go to in your home state?
What country did you come from ?
Mr. Neuwald. I was born in a part of Hungary which became
Czechoslovakia in 1918.
Senator Langer. How far from Vienna ?
Mr. Neuwald. About 75 miles.
Senator Langer. North or south or east or west ?
Mr. Neuwald. South.
Senator Langer. Were you ever in a little town called Mitteklorf ?
Mr. Neuwald. Mitteklorf is near Vienna. I think I went through
there. I lived in Vienna for several years before I came to this
country. Did you wish to ask me why I came over?
Senator Langer. Why ?
Mr. Neuwald. I came before I emigrated to this country twice as a
visitor, visting my brother who was here since 1914. I liked the
country very much. I had a good living in Vienna. I was an insur-
ance man with an insurance company. But somehow I fell in love
with America and I came over of my own choice. I stayed, thinking
that America should be my country.
Senator Langer. You told the truth when you came in and got your
papers. You came under your own name ?
Mr. Neuwald. I came under my own name.
Senator Langer. Did you tell them why you came here?
Mr. Neuwald. That name Torok is an accident, because I wrote
sometimes a few articles under the name Torok, and since Hungarians
love their Hungarian so much and Neuwald is a typical German name,
the Hungarians know me under the name Torok. I always pay my
tax under the name Neuwald. It is really an accident. Torok is
identical to Neuwald. I want to emphasize that I never used the name
of Torok as a hiding or cover name, because everybody who was close
to me knew that my name was Neuwald.
Senator Langer. I would like to ask you one question but you had
better ask your lawyer before you answer it. Have you ever done
anything since you got over here against the Government of the United
States ?
Mr. Neuwald. I don't have to ask my lawyer.
Senator Langer. You don't have to ask your lawyer?
Mr. Neuwald. Because I never did.
Senator Langer. You figure if you had been a citizen you would
have been a good one, is that right?
Mr. Neuwald. I had a peculiar theory regarding my activities in
this country. I told to myself even if I am not a citizen, I am living
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 213
in this country, and I really try to do my best for this country and
for my fellow people, so somehow I became always engaged in charity
work, in social work, and people came to me. I think I knew how to
talk to people and get people organized. So really from the Catholic
Church down to all kinds of people. That is why I can't answer cer-
tain questions. All kinds of people were in contact with me. I re-
member I did my best. I can say that to you in real conscience and
truthfully.
Senator Langer. You still want to become a citizen, do you not?
Mr. Neuwald. I would like to.
Senator Langer. If you were a citizen you would be a good one?
Mr. Neuwald. I would try my best.
Senator Langer. You are the gentleman who is an officer of the
American Slav Congress?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right.
Senator Langer. What is your name ?
Mr. Pirinsky. George Pirinsky. It is the organization that was
founded on Pearl Harbor Day in Detroit, Mich.
Senator Langer. What is the purpose of this organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. It was founded for the purpose of helping to win
the war. That was the purpose.
Senator Langer. To win the war.
Mr. Pirinsky. That is right. Former Attorney General Biddle
was present at the banquet at which the organization began.
Senator Eastland. Let me ask you this question: Did he later
cite that organization as a Communist-front organization?
Mr. Pirinsky. No. It was cited by the present Attorney General,
but to tell you frankly, I have more respect for the opinion of the
late President Roosevelt about our organization than about the opin-
ion of Mr. Clark.
Senator Eastland. I asked you about Mr. Biddle.
Mr. Pirinsky. No ; he has not cited our organization. He was the
one who called upon us to organize.
Senator Langer. The theory of that was that you people who
had relatives over in the old country could do a very, very fine job
by telling them of actual conditions here.
Mr. Pirinsky. The late President Roosevelt sent us a greeting in
which he stated that America is proud of her citizens of Slavic descent,
and he further stated that you who have helped build this United
States in factory and farm and have contributed so richly to the na-
tional culture need not be told the meaning of America or her bless-
ings. Then he said, you who send your sons into battle and forge
the weapons of victory need not be cautioned to keep your courage
high and your faith firm. We were 100 percent behind the policies
of the late President Roosevelt. We still insist now that we should
live in friendship between the people of the United States and the
people of the Slavic countries, the two main forces.
Senator Langer. It would be just like the Sons of Norway or the
Iberian Society?
Mr. Pirinsky. That is correct.
Senator Langer. Or the German- American Club or something
else.
Mr. Pirinsky. Like all others.
214 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Langek. You call it the Slav Congress, and Biddle came
to your dinner.
Mr. Pirinsky. Senator Myers1 spoke at our dinner in 1946 at
the Astor Hotel and praised the organization. President Truman
sent me a letter. We asked him to come to speak in 1944 in Pitts-
burgh, at our national convention which we called to support the late
President Roosevelt for a fourth term. President Truman wrote that
he would very much like to, that he would check it with the Demo-
cratic National Committee to find out if he is available on that date.
He couldn't come, so Mr. Ickes2 was the one to come. Then former
Senator Tunnell 3 came to talk to us. Senator Magnuson 4 was present.
Congressman Sadowski,5 of Detroit, is one of the honorary members
from Detroit, Mich., on the Michigan committee.
Senator Langer. About how many members have you?
Mr. Pirinsky. It is not a dues-paying organization, with individual
membership. It is a coordinating body of various organizations
throughout the country. They say that during the war they said the
Slavic Americans constituted 51 percent of the workers in the heavy
war industries. They said that we people were in a position to make
a special contribution to the battle of production. We did. We or-
ganized blood donors.
Senator Langer. When did you come over?
Mr. Pirinsky. I came in 1923.
Senator Langer. When did you apply for citizenship?
Mr. Pirinsky. The third month after I came.
Senator Langer. Are you a citizen now?
Mr. Pirinsky. No; I am not. I was refused because I came to
northern Minnesota, the Mesabi Range. At that time I found the con-
ditions of the miners in northern Minnesota very bad. They were
given only $4 a day with big families. They couldn't support them.
I say, Why don't you ask for a little more wages? They say they
tried to ask, but still the Steel Trust has everything in his hands. I
said this is a democratic country. It shouldn't be like that. They
said it shouldn't be, but these are the conditions. It seemed to me
that was wrong, so I became active in the fight of the miners of north-
ern Minnesota to have the right of union for better wages. To the
Steel Trust that was an un-American thing. So I was blacklisted.
I couldn't find a job in northern Minnesota.
Senator Langer. When was that ?
Mr. Pirinsky. That was 1924. At that time it was considered a
crime to belong to a union. I fought for the right to belong to the
union, and I was blacklisted.
Senator Eastland. Would you let the attorney ask a question?
Mr. Arens. Mr. Neuwald, I invite your attention to section 859 of
the Revised Statutes, as amended, which reads as follows :
No testimony given by a witness before eitber House or before any committee
of either House or before any joint committee established by a joint or concur-
rent resolution of the two Houses of Congress shall be used as evidence in any
criminal proceeding against him in any court, except in a prosecution for perjury
committed in giving such testimony, but an official paper or record produced by
him is not within the said privilege.
1 Senator Francis J. Myers, from Pennsylvania.
2 Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior.
3 Senator James M. Tunnell, of Delaware.
4 Senator Warren G. Magnuson, of Washington.
6 Representative George Sadowski, of Michigan.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN" AND NATIONAL GROUPS 215
I invite your attention to this section which relates to privileges
against incrimination in the statutes of the United States.
Mr. Neuwakl, are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party?
(Mr. Neuwakl conferring with his counsel.)
Mr. Neuwald. I have to give the same reply, that I am not in a
position to answer because it might incriminate me.
Senator Eastland. The chairman is acting chairman of the sub-
committee, Mr. Neuwald, and I demand that you answer the question.
Mr. Neuwald. As stated before, on advice of my counsel, I have
to refuse to answer the question.
Mr. Arens. Now, Mr. Pirinsky, Mr. George Pirinsky, are you now
or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party ?
Senator Donnell. Read the statute to him, also.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Pirinsky, may I read you the same statute which
I just read.
Mr. Pirinsky. I heard it. I listened to it.
Mr. Arens. Section 859 of the Revised Statutes as amended with
reference to privilege against incrimination, reads as follows :
No testimony given by a witness before either House or before any committee
of either House or before any joint committee established by a joint or concur-
rent resolution of the two Houses of Congress shall be used as evidence in any
criminal proceeding against him in any court except in a prosecution for per-
jury committed in giving such testimony, but an official paper or record pro-
duced by him is not within the said privilege.
I ask you now, Mr. George Pirinsky
Mr. Forer. Excuse me, Mr. Counsel. May I say a word to the
acting chairman?
Senator Eastland. Yes, sir.
Mr. Forer. Since the committee seems to be so interested in legal
sources, I suggest that the committee consider not only the statute
that was. read by its counsel just now, but I suggest also it consider,
before it takes any action in the case, C ounselman v. Hitchcock,
United States Reports. I call it to the committee's attention rather
than discuss it.
Senator Eastland. Thank you, sir. Proceed.
Mr. Arens. Mr. George Pirinsky, I ask you this question : Are you
now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Pirinsky. I again answer, as I did previously, that I decline
and refuse to answer.
Senator Eastland. As chairman of this subcommittee, I demand
that you answer that question, Mr. Pirinsky.
Mr. Pirinsky. I say again, on the same ground and on advice of
counsel, I refuse to answer the question. I want to protest against
this.
Senator Eastland. Any questions?
Senator Donnell. No questions.
Senator Eastland. Anything else? Any further questions?
Senator Langer. Nothing else.
Senator Eastland. The committee will now recess until 10 : 30 in
the morning. We won't need you any more.
(Thereupon, at 4:35 p. m., the subcommittee recessed until 10:30
a. m., Thursday, June 9, 1949.)
216 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Record of Joseph Fouek
Attorney for Southern Conference for Human Welfare, Washington committee.
Washington Star, January 7, 1948, page A-5.
Attorney for Abram Flaxer. Washington Times-Herald, February 3, 1948,
page 17.
Attorney for Hanns Eisler. Daily Worker, September 25, 1947, page 2.
Attorney for Roy Cole and Louis Jones. Washington Post, February 5, 1948,
page 4-B.
Attorney for Louise Bransten Berman. New York Star, September 21, 1948,
page 1.
Food. Tobacco, and Agricultural Workers Union, CIO Local 22. Counsel for
Robert Black, W. C. Sheppard, and Edward McCrea. Daily Worker, July 24,
1947, page 3.
Attorney for Emil Costello. Washington Post, June 28, 1947.
Attorney for Gerhart Eisler. Gerhart Eisler v. The United States of America,
Supreme Court of the United States, October term, 1948, District of Columbia,
No. 255.
Civil Rights Congress. Attorney for Gerhart Eisler. Daily Worker, November
20, 1947, page 3.
Attorney for Gerhart Eisler ; signed brief to appeal conviction. Daily Worker,
November 11, 1947, page 3.
Attorney for tenants' organization, Brentwood Village, D. C. Washington Post,
July 16, 1948, page 19.
Progressive Citizens of America, Montgomery County chapter. Speaker, Silver
Spring meeting, November 14, 1947.
Signer of statement against Mundt anti-Communist bill. Washington Post,
May 18, 1948, page 15 (advertisement).
Progressive Party, District of Columbia. Platform committee chairman. Wash-
ington Star, July 10, 1948, page A-10.
Wallace for President Committee, Washington, D. C. Chairman of platform
committee. Washington Star, June 30, 1948, page A-10.
Attorney for James Branca. Washington Times-Herald, May 30, 1949, page 2.
Washington Committee for Democratic Action. Member.
National Lawyers' Guild, Washington, D. C. Member. Washington Times-
Herald, June 3, 1949, page 1.
American League for Peace and Democracy. Member. (Hearings, Committee
on Un-American Activities, page 6413.)
United Public Workers. Attorney. Daily Worker, January 27, 1948, page 1.
Writer of article attacking FBI. Member, constitutional liberties committee,
National Lawyers' Guild. The Worker, August 7, 1949, page 2, section 2.
Attorney for Claudia Jones, Communist. Daily Worker, October 13, 1948,
page 11.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
THURSDAY, JUNE 9, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. G.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 2 p. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman) presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran, Langer, and Donnell.
Also present: Messrs. Kichard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The subcommittee will come to order. The sub-
committee is proceeding with further hearings on Senate bill 1832.
The Chair wishes to state at this time that on May 13 the committee
instructed Miss Elizabeth Bentley to furnish for the record the list of
persons who, to her knowledge, were involved in relaying information
to the Soviet Government. Miss Bentley was informed she would con-
tinue under subpena until such time as the list was received by the
chairman. In accordance with these instructions, Miss Bentley sub-
mitted her list last Thursday, at which time it was received by the
committee and was ordered to be made a part of the record. Accord-
ingly, Miss Bentley has been excused and is now excused from the
subpena.
TESTIMONY OF LOUIS FRANCIS BUDENZ, CRESTWOOD, N. Y.
The Chairman. You do solemnly swear that the testimony that you
are about to give before this subcommittee of the Committee on the
Judiciary of the Senate of the United States will be the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Budenz. I do.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state your full name, please ?
Mr. Budenz. Louis Francis Budenz.1
Mr. Arens. And your address, please ?
Mr. Budenz. Crestwood, N. Y.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Budenz, will you kindly identify yourself by voca-
tion or occupation ?
Mr. Budenz. At the present time I am assistant professor of eco-
nomics at Fordham University in New York: prior to that time I was
a professor at Notre Dame University ; and prior to that time I was
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
217
218 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
managing editor of the Daily Worker. I could go back further, but
I think that identifies me.
Mr. Arens. What are the periods of time during which you were
managing editor of the Daily Worker ?
Mr. Budenz. Roughly, 1940 to 1945; that is, I was president of the
corporation controlling the Daily Worker for the Communist Party,
and during that period I also acted as managing editor.
Mr. Arens. What is the Daily Worker?
Mr. Budenz. The Daily Worker is the official organ of the Com-
munist Party of the United States.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Budenz, this subcommittee is considering the prob-
lem of the exclusion and deportation of subversive aliens. You have
been invited to appear here primarily with the view of supplying the
subcommittee with such information as you have in your knowledge
on this problem. As I understand it, you have a prepared statement,
and I invite you at this time to present it.
Mr. Budenz. This statement, which, of course, was gotten up this
morning after I had learned something of the nature of the inquiry,
will have to be supplemented occasionally by an oral amendment or
two or an oral supplement. In addition, as you will note, I suggest
to the committee that I be permitted to file a memorandum which will
give more strength and detail to this statement.
The Chairman. Very well.
Mr. Budenz. As I understand, the committee, in ordering my ap-
pearance here, desires me to state what I know about the following
phases of alien activity within the United States :
(1) The extent to which aliens or persons of alien origin are in-
volved in the Communist movement.
(2) Officials of foreign governments associated with Amtorg,
United Nations, consulates, embassies, who are involved.
(3) Concentration of efforts, means, methods, purposes, or work
among the foreign-language groups, such as the American Slav Con-
gress.
On each of these matters I shall have to be more general today than
would be the case if I had the opportunity to consider the subject more
thoroughly. If the committee desires, as I have stated. I shall later
on supplement these statements with a written memorandum, in order
to assure accuracy.
As to the first point, the Communist Party in the United States,
so-called, is directed exclusively by aliens. It is also shot through, in
its various organizational subdivisions throughout the country, with
alien personnel. These political tourists, sent in here by Moscow in
the main but some of them adopted later after their arrival here, have
been ordered here by Moscow in order to steel the party here for com-
plete service to the Soviet dictatorship. An American will be used,
for instance, as a Communist International representative in China
and the Philippines, as was Earl Browder before he became general
secretary of the Communist Party here. Incidentally, as was James
Allen, former foreign editor of the Daily Worker, that being prior to
his return to America to assume active Communist work here. But
an American will never be used in a responsible leading position as a
channel of communication with Moscow from this country, unless he
has as a superior an alien sent in for that purpose. This, then, is a
general world pattern pursued by the Kremlin : that the direct respon-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 219
sibility shall be in the hands of aliens in any respective country in
which operations are carried on. It is the fixed design of Moscow to
employ aliens in the most responsible positions in every country.
This assures that nostalgia and patriotism may be reduced to the
minimum in the steeled ranks of Stalin's servants.
The native Communist leader, therefore, is always under the control
of a superior who is an alien or an ex-alien, the latter having received
his citizenship merely in order to serve the Kremlin more effectively.
The Communist Party organization in this country, which is the fifth
column of Soviet Russia in our midst and nothing else, can be likened
to a tree. The roots are the political tourists, leading Communists
such as the Eislers, the Peters, a man like Ferruccio Marini, who went
by the name of Fred Brown.
Gerhart Eisler was the Communist International representative
here for years. J. V. Peters was the head of the conspiratorial ap-
paratus for the Communist International, working with the Soviet
secret police here. Ferruccio Marini, or Brown, was the organiza-
tional or military director for the Communist International of the
Communist Party here. The last of these men has returned to Italy
upon orders, undoubtedly from the Communist International, just as
Peters and Eisler have both returned to Europe.
The Chairman. Who was the last, you say, of these?
Mr. Budenz. Ferruccio Marini. a verv tall man with a dark beard
and black hat, rather dramatic in appearance; known as Fred Brown,
however, and writing under that name in the Party Organizer for
years, that is, the paper serving as party organizer of the Communist
Party. He was the military and demonstration authority, and inci-
dentally, the organizational authority for the Communists here.
The Chairman. Where did he live, to your knowledge?
Mr. Budenz. He lived on Staten Island in New York for a time.
He had a sort of a small farm out there, or at least a small residence
out of the confines of the city proper. He lived in some other places,
but I know of the Staten Island residence. He has, however, lately
departed for Italy.
The Chairman. Was he a writer for the Daily Worker?
Mr. Budenz. Only in the sense that his reports on organization were
sometimes referred to in the Daily Worker. His name undoubtedly
appears in the Daily Worker connected with certain articles. He was
. not a writer proper, he was located on the ninth floor of 35 East
Twelfth Street — the rather notorious ninth floor, which is the na-
tional headquarters of the Communist Party. So far as 90 percent
of the Communist Party members were concerned, they did not know
specifically of his existence. They knew of Fred Brown and of his
organizational writings, but of him as a personality they knew very
little. That is the case with the other gentlemen mentioned.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Budenz, in view of the fact that you have men-
tioned Eislers name, do you have any information respecting Hanns
Eisler, the brother of Gerhart Eisler, and how he was admitted into
the country?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, sir. I could not go into the question of how he
was admitted into the country because I want to be accurate and would
have to refresh my memory on details. That, however, is a matter of
national knowledge. This is a rather noted case, it is on the records
of a number of Government agencies and I would not want to be in
98330— 50— pt. 1—15
220 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
detailed conflict with them out of just a lapse of memory on a point
or two.
The Chairman. The best evidence is somewhere else?
Mr. Budenz. That is right; it is all in official records.
The Chairman. The only trouble is that this committee has a great
deal of trouble getting the best evidence.
Mr. Budenz. I can say in a general way from my knoAvledge in the
Communist movement that Hanns Eisler was admitted to America^
though a Communist, and after a great deal of difficulty of getting him
in. However, he had been here before, and it is about that that I
wanted to mention. He came over here in 1940, I would say, from
Moscow, that is, direct from Moscow. He had been there made the
head of the Red music bureau. This Red music bureau, the Inter-
national Music Bureau, had been created by the Kremlin for the pur-
pose of spreading sedition in various countries among musicians and
music critics.
The Chairman. What was the name of it?
Mr. Budenz. The International Music Bureau in Moscow.
He arrived here to receive a $20,000 scholarship from the Rocke-
feller Foundation in order to develop new forms of music. This neces-
sarily was used to develop certain forms of music, but was also used
by Mr. Eisler to promote sedition in America. That I know, because
I have been in a meeting where he produced for the benefit of the Com-
munist leaders all of these revolutionary songs he had written — the
Comintern song, "We Are Ready to Take Over,'1 and other songs in-
tended to inflame people against the government of the countries in
which they lived.
Mr. Dekom. You indicated there that in your opinion Gerhart Eisler
left on instructions from Moscow. Would you enlarge on that state-
ment ?
Mr. Budenz. That necessarily has to be in part what people call
speculation, but it is based on my sound experience in the Communist
movement. It is also based on discussions in regard to devices used
by Reds to move illegallv from country to country. After all, Poland
is a satellite of Soviet Russia. It would be impossible, knowing the
Communist movement as I do, how it is regimented, with the iron
discipline that is in it, for Gerhart Eisler to move one step out of
America, especially with the connivance of these two governments^
Poland and Czechoslovakia, unless he had received specific orders-
from Moscow. The discipline is such that he would have immediately
been degraded as professor of Leipzig University, and he certainly
would not have been honored, according to the Communist sense of
"honor," by being elected to be one of the 35 members of the Red-
controlled People's Council of Eastern Germany. He is received with
the greatest honor by Moscow's chief agents in Germany, and cer-
tainly, had he taken this move in defiance of Moscow, he would not
have been so received.
The Chairman. When you use the words "he would not have taken
this move," you mean his movement out of this country?
Mr. Budenz. Most decidedly. You cannot, in the Communist
movement, make a move like that just in this negative sense, so far as
Moscow is concerned. If Moscow does not oppose it, then Moscow
proposes it, or at least agrees with it. The discipline is such that there
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 221
is no middle ground. You have no initiative on your own part
whatsoever.
We then have seen the roots of this fifth-column tree to be the
political tourists sent into this country, symbolized by Gerhart Eisler
and by J. V. Peters, who was a much more important person in direct-
ing espionage and other activity in this country than has yet been
developed. Unfortunately, much of his activity remains under
obscurity because it was obscure operations.
The Chairman. Just there, please. I think it is fair to say that in
a conversation had with a very high official of this Government, the
chairman of this committee made the statement that Mr. Eisler was
the leading Communist of this country while he was here. That was
taken issue with very sharply, that he was not the leading Commu-
nist of this country. What would you say, based on your own
experience ?
Mr. Budenz. Of course, I have no desire to have any quarrel with
anybody.
The Chairman. I am not quarreling with anybody.
Mr. Budenz. Nonetheless, Mr. Eisler was the leading Communist,
so far as America is concerned, the leading Communist. He was the
representative of the Communist International apparatus. The Com-
munist Party of the United States could not move on any important
matter without Mr. Eisler's consent, while he was that Communist
International representative of it. The leadership, William Z. Foster,
Earl Browder, or whoever it was, had to consult with Mr. Eisler,
whether he was here under the name of Edwards or Berger, and I
know from my personal experience. I have seen it, in other words, in
the flesh, and, therefore, I know.
As to whether Mr. Eisler got further directives, beyond instructions
as CI representative from the Embassy of the Soviet Union through
some obscure Soviet secret-police agent — obscure in the sense of appear-
ing obscure — that is something I cannot tell you from my own direct
experience. But, so far as America is concerned, so far as every active
Communist in the national headquarters of the Communist Party of
America was concerned, Comrade Edwards, or Hans Berger, was the
man who channelized Moscow's instructions to the political committee
(or Politburo) of the Communist Party. One of his chief sources of
contact was Jack Stachel, who has always been a leading man in that
respect. Therefore, Mr. Eisler certainly is the No. 1 Communist, or
rather was;, during his residence here in the United States. The proof
of this fact is the elaborate preparation made to rescue him and the ease
with which he is received into very high quarters abroad. We will
hear more of him, incidentally, in the future, in my opinion.
The trunk of the tree consists of the Fosters, Browders, and others in
the open party. The branches are composed of those who are members
in reality but who act publicly as non-Communists.
The sap of directives from the alien roots goes through the trunk of
the open party to those men and women in the branches who act in
American life as though they are not Communists. Therefore, the
entire stimulus for the party, all of the most important directives,
come through these alien political tourists up through the open party —
the trunk as I call it — to the people in the branches, the concealed
Communists, who are moving about in American life, even protesting
that they are not Communists.
222 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
In each of these divisions of this Communist organization — or tree —
aliens are placed in key, though often obscure positions. That is,
obscure so far as public scrutiny is concerned. But the percentage of
aliens increases and the power of aliens rises as we get nearer to the
roots. That is, nearer to the contact with Moscow, nearer to the place
from which policy issues. The Communist Party leadership functions
on directives received from Moscow. These directives are channelized
to the party leadership by the Communist International representa-
tive and the apparatus around him. Until recently, this representative
was Gerhart Eisler, alias Edwards, alias Hans Berger. With him was
associated J. V. Peters, who was responsible for the espionage of the
Communist International, in cooperation with the Soviet secret police
in this country.
How do I know that ? Because Mr. Peters told that to me himself
when, after he had directed many questions to me which indicated that
he had a background knowledge of things, I asked him, "Was I privi-
leged to know why he directed these inquiries at me?"
"Yes, you have justified that confidence," he said. He told me that
he was the liaison officer, or link between the Communist International
apparatus and the Soviet secret police in this country.
Mr. Arens. By "Soviet secret police in this country," just what do
you mean ?
Mr. Budenz. I can speak from my personal experience only on that
score. I have reported on orders of the political committee to mem-
bers of the NKVD in the United States. That has been stated many
times, however; it is nothing new. It was in connection with the
Trotsky case, but for 3 years I reported to the members of the Soviet
secret police, meeting them two times a week, at least, in various
restaurants in New York City and in the Hotel Stevens in Chicago.
Mr. Arens. "Where is Peters now? Has he left, too, like Eisler?
Mr. Budenz. Peters has left, the same as Eisler. He has returned to
Hungary. I intend to deal with that in just a moment, if you please.
Supporting the activities of these men within the party organiza-
tion itself were several scores of other aliens sent in here under
Moscow's directions. In order to bring them in, in a number of in-
stances, use was made of the secret conspiratorial fund, which was in
the hands of a committee of three when I was associated with the
Communist Party leadership. The presence of this fund cannot be too
strongly emphasized. The committee in charge of this fund was
headed by Robert William Werner, whose real name is Welwel Warsz-
over. He is an alien who was convicted during the Hitler-Stalin pact
period of having conspired to misrepresent his citizenship. Although
he was born in Russia, he swore he was born in Atlantic City. The
Atlantic City records had been tampered with to sustain his assertion.
That was established. Although convicted of fraud upon the Govern-
ment in this case, he never served his sentence ; he was excused because
of alleged heart trouble.
The Chairman. When did he take that oath ?
Mr. Budenz. That I am not quite certain of at this moment. It was
in connection, I believe, with wishing to travel abroad.
The Chairman. To use it for a passport ?
Mr. Budenz. That I would not be certain of for the moment.
The Chairman. How do you know he took such an oath ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 223
Mr. Budenz. That is a matter of public record again, Senator. I
knew it very vividly.
The Chairman. Where is the record ? Could you advise us where
we can get the record ?
Mr. Budenz. I think he was convicted either in New York or Wash-
ington, in the Federal court. He was convicted in the Federal courts.1
The case was quite vivid in my memory then, but it is quite some time
ago. The whole story of the conviction is in the Daily Worker of
1040.
Other members of the committee when I was in the party were
Lemuel Harris — offspring of a Wall Street brokerage house, I under-
stand— and the late Charles Krumbein, then treasurer of the Com-
munist Party. This fund is not only used to bring in alien Com-
munists into the United States, but to send them into South America.
It is also employed to finance illegal trips of native and alien Com-
munists to Moscow and to other centers, when they travel on false
passports or other illegal means. To the best of my knowledge, at
least up to the moment when I left the Communist Party in October
1045, Mr. William Weiner was the financial tsar of the Communist
Party.
Mr. Arens. Do you mean in the United States?
Mr. Budenz. In the United States.
The Chairman. Does your discourse deal with that phase? You
say "financial tsar"— what did that comprehend? What are we to
understand by their financial set-up ?
Mr. Budenz. I believe, Senator, that I shall cover that in a moment,
but in order that I will not miss it, I would like to say this : The Com-
munist set-up, organizationally, has no democratic inkling in it. The
functioning of the Communist organization does not permit the use of
parliamentary law. They only learn parliamentary law to exercise
it in other organizations to destroy or control them. Within the
Communist Party the entire control comes from above. The national
committee meets and the leader gives a report just like a teacher to a
class. The whole national committee agrees with that leader for 3
days running, except that they explain how they are going to carry
out the new policy which he has just enunciated. After the 3 days
of unanimity, the leader makes the summary and that is the decision
of the national committee.
The Chairman. That was the decision he handed them in the first
place.
Mr. Budenz. That is correct; always, over, and over, four times a
year.
The Chairman. Why waste the 3 days ?
Mr. Budenz. For two reasons. First to test out whether they are
loyal. There is a special committee to see to that. Everything they
say is taken down in shorthand or by some other stenographic device.
Then that is very carefully gone over. In addition to that, the com-
rades also show how they are going to carry this out. They explain
the organizations they are going to penetrate, the unions they are going
to capture, the people in public life they are going to approach, things
of that sort.
1 Welwel Warszower was convicted of violation of 22 U. S. Code, sec. 220, 22 U. S. C. A.
§ 220, by the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New Tork.
Affirmed by United States Supreme Court February 17, 1941, 321 U. S. 342.
224 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Where does he get his orders, this national leader (
Mr. Budenz. It happens that these orders are always in perfect
harmony with the policy of Moscow at that particular moment.
Mr. Arens. Where does he get his orders?
Mr. Budenz. He gets his orders from the Communist International
representative, who was Gerhart Eisler while I was in the party.
That begins to explain the financial set-up. The financial set-up
is equally dictatorial, and bureaucratic, The secret financial fund of
which I speak is used, for example, to move a man into South Amer-
ica. There are many planted in South America, either a number of
alien Communists from here or of native Communists, under direc-
tions. Most of those who go to Mexico and other parts of Latin
America are alien Communists. These secret trips have to be financed
and they are financed by Weiner.
For example, when Browder makes his secret trip to Moscow on a
false passport — which we now know that he did — lie has to go to
Weiner for finances. He cannot put the details on the books of the
Communist Party. When Mr. Dennis goes to Moscow — as we know
that he did — on illegal passports, he gets his money from a similar
source.
Mr. Arens. To what extent is this fund used to bring alien Com-
munists into the United States ?
Mr. Budenz. It is used for that purpose, and it is also used to create
auxiliary funds. For instance, the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com-
mittee was a direct product of Weiner's creation. That is, the Joint
Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, from which Eisler functioned while
here, was created by the secret fund committee in order to have a
wider field of raising money.
The Chairman. What does the fund amount to from day to day,
if you have any knowledge of that subject ?
Mr. Budenz. That is a complete mystery, known only to Mr. Weiner
and the members of the fund. You see, if Communist Party leaders
have some emergency difficulty, if they have to take a vacation, if they
are ill, when their children are born, things of that character, they are
paid in cash out of this secret fund. It has a wider use than just this
business of helping aliens, though it is used definitely for that purpose.
Mr. Arens. To what extent is this secret fund used for the purpose
of bringing alien Communists or agents into this country ?
Mr. Budenz. Originally, it was one of the chief means, and is yet,
so far as I know, although now it is expanding its activities through
the creation of such committees as the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee
Committee. I return to that in order to be accurate, because I know
of the connection between Weiner and the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee
Committee, I know that Lemuel Harris, the next man I am going to
mention, was very active in raising money for the Joint Anti-Fascist
Refugee Committee.
Mr. Arens. How did they use this money to bring alien Communist
agents into the United States ? What do they do ?
Mr. Budenz. Mr. Eisler is an exhibit, they brought him in. They
brought others whose names I might recall if I had time to look over
a list or something like that. I knew of a number of others. They
would have constant communication with the Communists abroad and
through that means bring them in. As a matter of fact, I sat with
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 225
Mr. Harris when he was going over a list of those who still had to be
brought over to the Western Hemisphere.
Mr. Arens. I observed a few moments ago that you made mention
of the use of this fund for the purpose of the international travel of
Communist agents in this country, and I observed particularly your
reference to travel between here and Mexico. How free is the move-
ment of Communist agents between the United States and Mexico,
to your knowledge %
Mr. Budenz. Those that I know of have gone rather freely ; that is
to say. I can give you an example.
There is Comrade Chester, whose real name is Sinister, I think has
received his first papers. He is alien-born. He is a well-known — in
the party, I mean — as a secret agent. Many of these secret agents,
incidentally, are linked up with the financial machinery. Chester was
allegedly the assistant financial man or was in New York State, but
he moves back and forth between here and Mexico.
Mr. Arens. And he is an alien Communist?
Mr. Budenz. He is foreign-born, at least. I think he has received
his first papers. Of course, those things you do not know fully about
all the time.
The subdivision of this secret conspiratorial committee was the
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, directed by both Weiner and
Harris, to my knowledge. It must be remembered that the Joint
Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee was the center of Eislers activities.
From thence he sent Felix Kusman almost every day, or at least to
my knowledge quite frequently during the week, to the national head-
quarters of the Communist Party with his directives to the party
leadership.
The names of aliens functioning in the Communist Party could be
given at some length. As an illustration, there is the case of A. W.
Mills — that is his name in the United States, or was until recently —
who, according to my latest information, is still secretary of the
International Workers Order, the Communist front in the insurance
field. No man or woman, incidentally, can be an officer of the Inter-
national Workers Order unless sponsored or endorsed by the leading
committee of the Communist Party, the political committee, or Polit-
buro (now known as the national board). Everyone who serves in
any office in the IWO or the International Workers Order must
receive the approval of this political committee.
Mills, who was born in Russia and was ordered for deportation as
early as 1936, has been in this country illegally for many years. He
is responsible for some of the most violent episodes in the history of
the unemployment movement, and specifically, the bonus march to
Washington. At least it has been so reported to me by leading mem-
bers of the political committee.
In 1940, during the Hitler-Stalin pact, when the Communists were
halting our production of war munitions through strikes in the Allis-
Chalmers Co. and elsewhere — in order to aid Hitler's victory — I was
ordered to meet Mills secretly in Columbus, Ohio. I was in the open
party, but most of the important members had gone underground.
You had a very great difficulty in locating them. At that moment I
was attending and reporting the convention of the United Mine Work-
ers in Columbus, in 1910. Through a local member of the Communist
226 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Party, who picked me up at Neil House, I was conveyed to the out-
skirts of Columbus, where I met Mills in a small restaurant, He was
then operating under cover, seeking to stimulate disguised Commu-
nists to create strikes in munition industries. He gave me two reports
on this matter to take to the national headquarters of the Communist
Party, cautioning me to keep them on my person at all times. I have
heard that Mr. Mills may be up for deportation again. He has re-
mained here so long because Soviet Russia refused to receive him in
1936. We seem to have no option but to leave him free to carry on his
activities.
At the moment, as I have indicated, Moscow is recalling a number
of its agents who have been here. We see this in the "escape" of
Gerhart Eisler with the connivance of Czechoslovak and Polish sat-
ellite states. Eisler is worth much more than $25,000 to Moscow —
or twenty-three thousand-odd dollars, which was his bail — and the
Kremlin will gladly see that his bail is paid indirectly. It must be
remembered that the Civil Rights Congress, which produced this bail,
is completely under control of the Communist Party and cannot func-
tion in any way without the direction of the Soviet fifth column here.
Incidentally, I think I should underline that. The Civil Rights
Congress, which went on Mr. Eisler's bail, is completely, body and
soul, under control of the Communist Party. It was created by the
combination of two organizations — the International Labor Defense
and the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, both of them
Communist fronts. The International Labor Defense was the name of
a similar organization running around the world for the protection
of Communists. In other words, the heart of this organization is the
International Labor Defense, a purely Communist creation; that is,
created by Moscow in many other countries, in addition to the United
States, for the defense of Communists.
This recall of the Soviet agents, in part, is also seen in the "volun-
tary" return of J. V. Peters to Hungary and of John Santo [Szanto]
to Rumania.
Originally, the threat had been made by the high-powered and
highly paid counsel for these men that their deportation would be
postponed for at least 2 years through Supreme Court appeals. This
tactic has now been dropped, and our immigration laws are partly
being complied with by Moscow, which is a miracle. But it is a mira-
cle due to the fact that Moscow clearly wants to recall these men
merely for its own purposes.
It is clear that these men are being recalled for two purposes,
which had been called to my attention over and over again when I was
in the Communist Party :
(1) To train new espionage and subversive agents for the United
States. This is somewhat important since it is now more difficult
to get people to go over to the Lenin School in Moscow, which was
formerly the place where subversive and espionage agents were
trained for America.
(2) To be able to organize a deadly propaganda against America
in the respective countries to which these men have returned. We
can, therefore, expect a new influx, under many guises, of Communist
aliens for the purpose of steeling and directing the Soviet fifth col-
umn here.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 227
I might add here that the word "steeling" is frequently used in the
Communist ranks to indicate that they are under the complete direc-
tion and guidance of Stalin, and will show the same steel that he
shows in his person and leadership. That is a famous expression in
the Communist movement : uto steel ourselves as the great and inimita-
ble Stalin x has steeled himself."
The interesting thing to observe is the domination of the Communist
Party by alien personnel and the association of that personnel in the
domination of natives, who are particularly effective when posing as
non-Communists.
In addition to the oral directives transmitted to the party here, there
is also the saturation of the party with documents and publications
originating in Moscow. Every active Communist must read these
documents and publications zealously, in order to understand what he
should do and how to present the case for immediate Soviet purposes
within this country. One of these publications is Xew Times, pub-
lished as a supplement of the Soviet trade-union magazine, Trud, and
coming to this country in beautiful translation in weekly editions.
This is in reality the name in disguise of the Communist International
magazine, and it contains directives which the Daily Worker staff,
the editorial board and other active Communists must follow, as, of
course, best they can under American conditions.
Mr. Arexs. Who is the recipient of these publications ?
Mr. Budexz. This publication comes through the Four Continents
Book Co., which is a registered Soviet agent.
Mr. Arexs. It is registered under the Foreign Agents' Registration
Act?
Mr. Budexz. It formerly was not, but it got caught and is now
registered. It changed its name and then registered. The Daily
Worker staff — each member, that is — receives free a copy of each
weekly edition. It is also placed on certain newsstands in New York
and, in some of the other larger cities, around university libraries and
the like for the benefit of these men in the branches of the tree, the
Communists acting as non-Communists. They dare not come around
the Communist headquarters frequently, but if this literature is at
these newsstands, they can come and purchase it and observe what is
going on.
Another publication which we should know much more about than
is the case yet is the official organ of the Cominform,2 coming here in
English translations from Bucharest, Eumania. It is worth while
noting that these publications at the present are making a world drive
for stimulating a deeper study by active Communists of Joseph Stalin's
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This is the
great propaganda and educational drive of the Communists, during
the last 6 months particularly.
This basic Communist book has as its central point the necessity
for the overthrow of the United States Government by violence.
Generalissimo Stalin is specific and detailed in this regard, naming
the United States in particular as a nation whose Government must be
shattered and completely destroyed by violence if the purposes of the
Soviet dictatorship are to be served. He does this in his Foundation
1 Stalin means man "of steel." His real name is J. V. Dzugashvili.
2 For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy.
228 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
of Leninism. Specifically, this matter is dealt with in chapters 4 and
G of this volume, though that thought runs through the whole book.
In fact, so that you won't misunderstand those phrases — that is, direct-
ing the imperialistic war to civil war, and the necessity of turning an
imperialist war against your own country — those phrases are under-
lined or italicized all through the book so they will be thoroughly
understood as the basic idea of the Soviet dictatorship and its agents.
There is also such a publication as Political Affairs, the official
theoretical organ of the Communist Party in the United States. By
its reprints from Soviet journals — which have not been noted too much,
I am sorry to say — it acknowledges the complete thought control of
Communists by the Kremlin. Every delicate indication of new Soviet
policy is reflected in the articles in Political Affairs, but specifically
in the reprints from Soviet publications. This goes to the extent
of making it necessary for the Communists here to hold the same views
on biological science which Stalin has dictated for the Soviet scientists.
Witness the article in the February Political Affairs by I. Laptev,
The Triumph of Mitchurin Biological Science, taken from Pravda
on September 11, 1948. These articles, recopied or republished from
Pravda and the other Soviet journals, must be read diligently, must
be mastered by the active Communist, and must be used in his work.
As to the second point indicated here in regard to the use of em-
bassies of the satellites and other such matters, you must understand
that I left the Communist Party before the Soviet Union had ob-
tained control of any satellite save those of the Baltic countries. In-
deed, as I left, I made a public statement prophesying the coming
"creeping blitzkrieg," as I called it, which would engulf nation after
nation in Europe and Asia and aimed at the attacks on the United
States. That was a public statement I made when I left the party,
and that is now confirmed by the "creeping blitzkrieg" which con-
tinues to go forward and is now very much alive in China, alining
500,000,000 people on the other side of the fence, if it is successful.
Therefore, I cannot tell you of my own knowledge much of the activity
by the satellite states, because they came into existence as such after
I left the party.
Mr. Arens. May I ask you at this point, Mr. Budenz, just as an aside,
of a matter I know will be of interest to the Senators here? When
you were managing editor of the Communist Daily Worker, what
was the party line which you promulgated and disseminated through
your publications here with reference to the policy on China ? What
approach did the Communists in this country undertake on China ?
Mr. Budenz. There were two directives which the party had here
that it must carry through : To see that there was a Red victory in
Poland and in China. We were advised very decisively that China
was the key to Asia and that Poland was a jumping-off place for the
conquest of Europe, particularly with its great supply of coal.
Therefore, the whole campaign in 1945 was — and this was brought
home to us by Earl Browder when he was leader at that time of the
party — that we must achieve the moral disarmament of America so
that it would permit the Red conquest of China and of Poland. The
fact is that very extensive activities were pursued in that respect;
that is, to bring about the idea that the Chinese Communists were
not Communists at all ; that they were merely agrarian reformers. I
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 229
have documents in my possession — with which I cannot burden the
committee today — which show the adoration for Stalin by the Chinese
Communists officially. They have an official document which pro-
claimed, "Stalin has many of the attributes which we connect with
the Divinity." We can imagine, therefore, that they certainly have
a very close Communist connection with the world leader of the
Communists.
The Chairman. Do you know of your own knowledge or do you
have any information of young Chinese having been taken to Moscow
and there indoctrinated? Has that not been a policy going on for
years ?
Mr. Budenz. That is a policy going on for years. My personal
knowledge would be what is legally termed "hearsay," but I can say
morally here — because it was well known through the party — that that
was done. We have the military leader of the Communists, Chou
En-lai, who was sent to Moscow. He also was given an extensive trip
to other countries at the expense of the Communist movement. So
it has been with others. That applies not only to Chinese; it applies
to every nation on the face of the earth ; that is,'the Communists within
those nations. We have had a great delegation ourselves to Moscow
in the Lenin School. I shall indicate that the present general secretary
of the Communist Party was trained in the Lenin School, and specifi-
cally in espionage and things of that sort.
Mr. Arens. You mean the present general secretary of the Commu-
nist Party in the United States?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, sir; Eugene Dennis. His name that he bears
now is Eugene Dennis ; his original name is Francis E. Waldron.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Budenz, why is it that so many of these men
have aliases? What is the reason for that?
Mr. Budenz. There are several reasons, all very convenient to con-
spiracy. One of them is that these aliases are used on false passports
to Moscow, Latin America, or other countries. The case of Browder is
classic in that respect; that is, using the name of a man — the exact
name escapes me just for a moment — who was a Soviet espionage
agent himself. One of the names he probably used was that of a
Soviet espionage agent, At the same time, he was knee-deep in the
plot to get the false passport of the Soviet spy Nicholas Dozenberg.
That is one purpose, to get these false passports so they may have free-
dom of movement back and forth.
Eisler also had the name "Liptzen" x coming into the country, and
going out you will recall, representing him as a naturalized Ameri-
can, but with the picture of Eisler on the passport. He went back and
forth that way.
There is a second reason. When these Reds are in America, they
wish to conceal their identity here from the authorities. Therefore,
if you hear that Edwards is up on the ninth floor of the Communist
headquarters, you won't associate that with Eisler very quickly if
you are looking for Eisler. You may, if you become skilled in the
way the Communists take these names. Normally, you would not.
Peters has so many names that I just get dizzy trying to keep track
of them all. That was connected with the second purpose, to conceal
his identity. Each time he took a new name it was because he was
1 Samuel Liptzen.
230 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
dealing with a different person or sets of persons. The Soviet secret
police here use the same device. One man was known as Roberts, then
as Rubinovitch when he registered at the Stevens Hotel in Chicago,
but to Miss Ruby Weil, when I introduced him to her, he was known
as John Rich. Consequently, there is quite a turn-over in these names.
In that way, they avoid the authorities for years. That is a very con-
venient device for them.
There is a third reason, too : it enables them much more easily to
function in another country because they may have a whole record
here as Peters or Alexander Stevens or some of the other names that
Peters took. If he goes back to another country — that is, from Hun-
gary to France — he eventually may appear with a very good French
cognomen, and it would be very difficult to say he is Peters unless
you see his picture and know something about him.
Part of the expectancy in 1945, however, of Communist leaders
here, concerning the achievement of Red rule in Poland and China,
was the hope of being able to set up agents more easily by means of
the satellite states.
Mr. Arens. What do you mean by that? I do not quite under-
stand you.
Mr. Budenz. The political committee of the Communist Party
had before it in 1945 instructions as to the necessity at all costs of
forwarding Communist conquest in eastern Europe and in Asia, one of
the arguments for America being that the ease of communication for
Soviet agents would be heightened by the many channels thus opened.
We must remember that when Communists discuss these plans,
especially in the political committee or in the national committee,
they explore it from all angles. That is supposed to be dialectical
thinking. They try to give to those who are dealing with the matter
as rounded-out a picture as they can of what the whole thing repre-
sents. There was nothing more emphatically put forward, as I have
said, than the urgency of us American Communists living up to our
position in the greatest imperialist country in the world, as we called
it, than the necessity of disarming America on Poland and China.
One of the reasons given was that there would be an easier access
of movement back and forth for the Stalinite agents from the Soviet
fatherland to the United States.
Mr. Arens. How would that come about ?
Mr. Budenz. Through the use of more agents.
Mr. Arens. You mean through their diplomatic channels?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, sir; those are the channels used today and used
before that, and those are the channels mentioned.
Mr. Arens. Am I clear in my impression that your testimony is at
this time substantially as follows :
That, with the control of China and other satellite countries by the
Soviets, they would have their embassies and consulates as conduits
through which they could introduce into this country additional
agents? Is that substantially what you are saying?
Mr. Budenz. Yes ; as witness the statement of Browder.
Mr. Arens. Is it your testimony at this time that they are doing it
at this time?
Mr. Budenz. I cannot say of my own knowledge that they are. I
can say this : that it follows completely the pattern of Soviet ruthless-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 231
ness and policy. We must understand that the Soviet dictatorship,
through these writings of Stalin and Lenin and the rest, which we
quoted today, as I have shown, have committed themselves to the de-
struction at all costs of the American Republic.
It is sometimes hard for Americans who have not been Communists
to appreciate that. They intend to carry that out with all the ruth-
lessness that we have seen characterizing their actions in many quar-
ters. Therefore, without having what you call legal evidence, but
from my own definite knowledge of Communist discussions and activi-
ties and tactics, I say that it is impossible that the satellite consulates
are not being used for that purpose because the leaders of those coun-
tries, when you examine their statements in the official organ of the
Cominform, have all declared war against the United States — not
active military war yet, but cooperation with Soviet Russia in war.
There is a statement in the recent issue of the Cominform publication
by the present leader of Poland, who says very definitely that Po-
land is committed to destroying American imperialism. Therefore,,
that, plus the ruthlessness with which the Communists carry on their
activities, makes this a certainty, without legal support, that these
consulates are acting in that fashion.
The Chairman. When you were in the Communist Party in the po-
sitions that you make mention of, were the consulates and. the em-
bassies used, to your knowledge?
Mr. Budenz. Not to my direct knowledge. But through my gen-
eral knowledge, without having gone along personally with the cour-
ier, I can say the means by which Eisler got his almost miraculous
information came through the agencies of the Soviet diplomatic serv-
ice. That was mentioned a great number of times and, as a matter
of fact, once or twice it was mentioned very directly that word had
come from the Soviet Embassy to Comrade Berger to this and that
effect. The fact of the matter is that in law, of course, that is hear-
say; therefore, I must stress that I was not present when any of these
contacts were made and would not be. That is not the Communist
method of procedure.
Senator Donnell. I just want to ask you, Mr. Budenz, you referred
to this book concerning the life of Stalin ; did you not?
Mr. Budenz. This is Stalin's own work.
Senator Donnell. Is it an autobiography?
Mr. Budenz. It is the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union.
Senator Donnell. Is that book widely circulated in this country?
Mr. Budenz. Very, yes.
Senator Donnell. Can it be bought at newsstands and from news
dealers ?
Mr. Budenz. No, but you must still have a Communist book store
in "Washington.1 It can be got there.
Senator Donnell. You can get it at the Communist book store ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes. You can get it at the Communist book store in
New York also, below the Daily Worker on East Thirteenth Street.
As a matter of fact, it is very generously displayed. It is a red book;
you cannot miss it.
1 The Washington Cooperative Book Shop at 916 Seventeenth Street NW., Washington
D. C, cited as subversive and Communist by Attorney General Tom Clark. See appendix
II, p. 9.
232 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Donnell. Some months ago, at this very table, there testi-
fied Mr. Foster — William Z. Foster1 — before either the full com-
mittee or a subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee. I cannot quote
him with exactness, and I may have incorrectly interpreted his re-
marks, but the impression I got was that the contention is made at
times, at any rate, that some of this Communist literature that uses
language about the Army, and so forth, is figurative language, and
is not intended to be literal. Do you mind telling us whether or not
your belief is to that effect or whether it differs from that '.
Mr. Budenz. My knowledge is that it is literal ; that is to say, we
were constantly instructed in Daily Worker staff meetings and in
many other ways constantly brought to our attention what these
words meant. In addition to that, they are literally being carried
out. How could Mr. Foster explain what happens in Hungary, Czech-
oslovakia, China, and every place else, which is in complete accord
with this program ?
Senator Donnell. I want to make it clear that I' am not under-
taking to quote with exactness, and I might be in error in the con-
clusion that I drew as to what he said, but I certainly derived from
his testimony that that contention was made there.
Mr. Budenz. That is the part of the language which Lenin recom-
mended to the Communists — that they are privileged to deceive the
representatives of the imperialist states because they are only members
of the executive committee of the ruling class and must be overthrown.
Stalin specifically says that the bureaucratic "apparatus" — which is
liis word for meaning the set-up here under the Constitution of the
United States, the Army and the judicial arm — must be smashed by
violence and destroyed completely so that no semblance of it remains.
He asked the question specifically, as Lenin did : "Does this apply
to the United States of America?" And the answer is that it em-
phatically does apply to the United States of America. That is
reiterated over and over again to the Communists in their secret
schools, the schools on Marxism, Leninism, their Daily Worker staff
meetings, everywhere that they have an opportunity to return to their
fundamental principles and purposes. It is so frequently asserted and
reiterated and published in the Communist publications of the past
under the guise of referring to the history of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union that it would be no difficulty at all to locate it
over and over again.
There is no doubt at all from what I know that the offices and con-
sulates of the Soviet satellites are being used extensively for all sorts
of subversive purposes directed against the security of the United
States. That is based on this analysis that I make. This analysis,
incidentally, is not merely speculation. There has been a constant
connection between the foreign Communist movements — if you wish to
call them that — and the people of those countries who are Communists
here. That has been a constant interlocking relationship back and
forth, and this has all been under the discipline of the Communists,
a discipline which Americans as yet do not understand at all because
Communists can never reason why whatsoever — they obey the orders
they are given. This relationship, therefore, is only carried' to a
higher stage when it is used now under the cover of official cloaks.
1 William Z. Foster, chairman of the Communist Party of America, appeared before the
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, on May 28, 1948.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 233
The public statements by the Communist leaders of this country
tell quite plainly of their hostility toward the United States, a hostility
which the Communist conspirators always carry into action. Every
statement made, every article written, must be written and read in a
dynamic way, finding the directive in it, with the idea that an active
Communist does not read for the purpose of just enlightening him-
self; he reads for the purpose of enlightening himself in order to act
as quickly as possible upon that enlightenment. All he seeks is the
directive, and that is the instruction from above given to Communists
as to how to proceed.
As to Amtorg, it was a well-known fact at Communist headquarters
that it was used for subversive purposes.
Mr. Akens. Mr. Budenz, for the enlightenment of the Senators,
would you tell what Amtorg is in this country?
Mr. Budenz. Amtorg is the Russian trade agency.
Mr. Arens. In this country now?
Mr. Budenz. That is correct. My own personal knowledge of that
is very limited. I only know that from constant reiteration of the
fact from national headquarters of the Communist Party.
Senator Donnell. Is it a corporation?
Mr. Budenz. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Under the laws of what State or country is it
incorporated?
Mr. Budenz. It is incorporated here,1 I am sure, but I don't know
its definite form of organization. They have these agencies through-
out the world. I do know, however, that the supposed rule 'that
members of the Amtorg staff should not participate as Reds within
the United States is not«observed, because on several occasions — and I
recall one immediately — J. M. Budish, of the Amtorg staff, was very
active in seeking to obtain recognition of Soviet Russia. He ap-
proached me in that respect when I was not a Communist, because I
unfortunately had been very active in that field myself, getting many
resolutions in labor unions and the like; and he wanted a list of all
those who had taken action in this respect, although he warned me that
this work was being done a little off the beaten path of what Amtorg
was supposed to do.
Mr. Arens. Is Amtorg the organization which has recently been
identified in the press as an organization which has been shipping
atom-bomb information or materials to Russia?
Mr. Budenz. That is correct.
Mr. Arens. Is this organization an agent of a foreign power oper-
ating in this country?
Mr. Budenz. That is right; it is openly an agent of the foreign
power. There is no secrecy involved.
Senator Donnell. Where is its New York address ?
Mr. Budenz. It is down on Madison Avenue.2 I know right where
it is ; I know it very well, because we were supposed to avoid it, espe-
cially when getting in contact with Soviet agents, and they were also
supposed to avoid it so as not to be identified by any staff member while
engaged in secret work. It is on Madison Avenue ; I cannot give you
the exact address for the moment. It is just below midtown in New
York.
1 Amtorg is incorporated in New York.
2 210 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.
234 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Donnell. Is there any effort made to conceal the identity
of Amtorg there, or is it operated as an ordinary business establish-
ment ?
Mr. Budenz. No; it is an open business establishment.
Senator Donnell. Does it carry its name in the telephone directory ?
Mr. Budenz. Certainly, not only that, but it is registered here as
coming to this country to engage in trade. It is not a secret organi-
zation. Unfortunately, Senator, just at the moment I am not privi-
leged to reveal some further information on this question which would
strengthen my statement, because I have not yet been able to link up
one Soviet agent with whom I dealt in Amtorg, although I am sure that
I am about to do so. I cannot pursue the question any further until I
am certain. I do not want to make wild statements.
Of course, in addition, we have the notorious case of World Tour-
ists, headed for years by the late Jacob Golos,1 former head of the
Control Commission of the Communist Party, and one of the chief
Soviet espionage agents in this country. I know of this activity of
Golos- from personal experience and in many conversations with him.
It may be interesting to know that Golos was an alien all his life
in this country, and that because of this fact, when he died, I was
asked to write the obituary, knowing him very well. In that obituary
it was said that, although he had been a great friend of the Com-
munist Party, he had never been a member of it, That was done at
the request of Earl Browder, which at that time I agreed to, and we
wrote the obituary to that effect. As a matter of fact, for years Golos
had' been head of the Control Commission, whose members held the
lives of Communists politically in their hands. I don't mean literally
the physical life, although that might be possible, too, but certainly
their political life was in his hands of the Control Commission.
With that commission you had to tile all your biography down to
the smallest detail; that is, all your associates throughout your life,
your relations to your family, your financial condition, anything at
all that would show the circle in which you operated and the weak-
nesses you had, or connections that mi<rht be of value to the party.
As a matter of fact, while head of this Control Commission, and thus
in control of all the information in regard to Communists, Mr. Golos,
alien all these years, was at the same time directing espionage through
the World Tourists.
It should be noted, however, that there is a committee within the
Communist Party for contact with the Soviet consulate and embassy,
and with Amtorg and other such agencies. This committee does not
say that is its purpose even within the party, but that is its purpose.
When I was in the party one prominent member of this committee
was Alexander Trachtenberg, head of the International Publishers,
who had a legitimate cover for his relations with Moscow by publish-
ing English translations of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin. This
threw him into constant touch and communication with Soviet repre-
sentatives of various sorts. Mr. Trachtenberg, incidentally, has now
succeeded Golos to the powerful place as head of the Control Com-
mission of the Communist Part}7, although it now has a new title,
the National Review Commission. It was to that commission that
1 For the story of Jacob Golos, see the testimony of Elizabeth T. Bentley, p. 106.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 235
Mr. Browder made his appeal, to Mr. Trachtenberg as its head, for
reinstatement in the Communist Party-
Mr. Arens. Is Alexander Trachtenberg an alien sent to this country ?
Mr. Budenz. Trachtenberg is a native of Russia who has been in
this country for many years. It is my understanding that he has
received his citizenship. He was a left-wing Socialist when he first
came into this country, and very quickly thereafter he became first
a concealed Communist and then an open Communist.
Mr. Akens. Would you give us a word further, before you proceed-
to your next general subject, respecting this contact with the Soviet
consulates, the embassy, and Amtorg with this committee, the Control
Committee?
Mr. Budenz. This special commission, as- it is called, which is not
the Control Commission, has as its function the contact with Soviet
sources of information, whch means Soviet consulates and embassy
and Amtorg here. Once more, I have not been present when these
contacts have been made. That is the purpose for the creation of the
commission, however, and it exists for that purpose, and it is under-
stood in the political committee and even by a considerable number of
members of the national committee that that is the purpose of this
commission.
Mr. Arens. That is the commission that is now headed at the present
time by Trachtenberg?
Mr. Budenz. No. The commission which I said was headed by
Trachtenberg is the Control Commission, which controls the political
integrity of the members of the Communist Party from the Communist
viewpoint.
Mr. Arens. Is he the head of this commission that maintains liaison
between the consulates and embassy and Amtorg, and the local Com-
munist groups?
Mr. Budenz. That is a commission of which Trachtenberg is a
member.
Mr. Arens. Who is the head of it?
Mr. Budenz. That I am not advised. As a matter of fact, I don't
think it has a head ; I think they all operate it together. As a matter
of fact, the late Mr. Joseph Brodsky has referred to that commission
in talking to me about a very specific case, and he mentioned no head.
It receives its directives from secret Soviet channels and the Com-
munist international representatives.
Mr. Arens. Where is Trachtenberg now?
Mr. Budenz. In New York, at the International Publishers Co.,
which is a Communist publication society or corporation which pub-
lishes the translations of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin. It publishes
all of the important Red theoretical works, either in popular form or
in book form, for the members of the Communist Party and the others
who wish to consult them.
Mr. Arens. Who else are members of this organization, this
commission ?
Mr. Budenz. Other members that I remember included the late Jacob
Golos ; the late Joseph Brodsky, for many years attorney for the Com-
munist Party; Alexander Bittehnan, chief theoretician of the Com-
munist Party here and an alien from Russia whose deportation hear-
ing was recently held; Jack Stachel, member of the political bureau
for the Communist Party ; and one or two others. A recent member
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 16
236 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
of this committee was Eugene Dennis, present secretary of the party,
who had been trained in espionage at the Lenin School of Moscow.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Chairman, may I ask Mr. Budenz a question ?
The Chairman. Senator Donnell.
Senator Donnell. Do you know who the present chief counsel is
for the Communist Party in the United States ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, I do. I can see his face right now. He was con-
nected with Brodsky. The name starts with an F, but I cannot think
of it for the moment. He takes care of all the legal technical matters
for the Communist Party.
Senator Donnell. Is he a New York lawyer ?
Mr. Budenz. That is right ; Freedman is the name.1
Senator Donnell. Is he participating in this criminal case?
Mr. Budenz. No. He looks after technical legal matters. That is,
up to the time I left the party, he did. I don't know what happened
since. He was, as a matter of fact, more and more taking over the
functions that Brodsky used to exercise.
Senator Donnell. Do you recall the name of the firm of which Mr.
Brodsky was a member, if he was a member of a firm ?
Mr. Budenz. I do not, although I have been there many times.
Senator Donnell. Where was the office ?
Mr. Budenz. In New York City, not far from the Daily Worker;
it was in central New York City. I knew Brodsky very well long
before I was a member of the. Communist Party. I have been in his
office on a number of occasions, but it is one of those things where
you go almost without knowing the address.
Senator Donnell. Was there any concealment of his representation
of the Communist Party, or did this man Brodsky permit it to be gen-
erally known that he was the lawyer for the Communist Party?
Mr. Budenz. There was both. It was known and yet, of course,
many of his activities were very secret. He told me. for instance, of
how they persuaded Golos to "take the rap/' as he put it, for all of
their foreign agents here at the time when there was an enforcement
taking place of the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Golos pleaded
guilty and got a comparatively light sentence in return for his pleading-
guilty. Then as a result, many of the other agents were not prosecuted.
At least that is the way Brodsky represented it to me. He was talking
about a case in which they thought maybe it would be essential that
some action like that be carried out again in another field, and men-
tioning that, he referred to the case of Golos and that Golos was
ordered by this commisison — that is why I know about the existence
of this commission very vividly, although I know about it from many
other sources — to "take the rap1' for the rest of the Soviet agents here.
Brodsky also said that Golos did it quite reluctantly.
As I have said, a recent member of this committee was Eugene
Dennis, present sceretary of the party, who has been trained in espion-
age in the Lenin School of Moscow, or at least so it was said in his
favor within the party's leading circles.
On the third point, the Communist Party has an elaborate machine
for dealing with foreign-language groups. Today I cannot do justice
to this subject and will have to put some of that in a memorandum
which I shall volunteer to send to you. It relies upon them to furnish
1 David Freedman.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 237
Soviet agents to be sent back to their own respective countries when
necessary. It also uses those whom it can develop within these groups
as contacts with foreign agents of their own nationality.
This is done quite frequently. For a number of years, in order to
stimulate this work, there was a. special commission on foreign lan-
guage groups which met regularly on the ninth floor of the Communist
headquarters in New York. The reason I know about this is that they
detected that I was a frustrated Irishman and put me in charge of
directing activities among the Irish. My mother's name, I am proud
to say, was Sullivan, and my ancestors on that side come from Coun-
ties Cork and Kerry. This was learned from my biography within the
party, and after that I had no rest in regard to Irish activity. I was
put on this commission because of the fact that they were trying to
group all foreign groups, even those that spoke English. I met with
that commission for a very long time, meeting on the ninth floor of the
Communist headquarters in New York. This commission or commit-
tee was directed by Mrs. Irene Browder, wife of the former Com-
munist general secretary. Earl Browder, who is a registered agent —
the fact that the former general secretary of the Communist Party is
now a registered Soviet representative shows in itself close alliance
between Communists and Moscow — which throws light on the foreign
relationship in that respect, too — the alien relationship.
The foreign-language group commission directed the Communist
propaganda in every Communist Party foreign-language paper in
this country. There is, of course, a number of such here and I am sure
that your committee has a list of those papers, but I shall be glad to
furnish any that you may want. We know right offhand there was
a Lithuanian daily, a Hungarian daily, a Yiddish daily, and several
other dailies in the foreign-language field in addition to a great num-
ber of weeklies.
Mr. Dekom. Can you identify the names of any of them if the com-
mittee submits them to you ?
Mr. Budexz. Yes. I can name the Uj Elore.
Mr. Dekom. How about the Magvar Jovo, its successor in New
York?
Mr. Budenz. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. The Slobodna Rec in Pittsburgh?
Mr. Budenz. Yes. That, however, was not a daily.
Mr. Dekom. That is published three times a week.
Mr. Budenz. Something like that.
Mr. Dekom. The Narodni Glasnik, in Pittsburgh ?
Mr. Budenz. That is right. There is a Russian paper, too.
Mr. Dekom. The Russky Golos?
Mr. Budenz. That is right. As a matter of fact, the Russky Golos
had on its staff this military expert for the Daily Worker ; the man
who wrote under a title of Veteran Commander 1 in the Daily Worker
was connected with the Russky Golos. I can get his name.
Mr. Dekom. How about the newspaper, Narodna Volya in Detroit?
That is a Bulgarian language paper; do you recognize that name?
Mr. Budenz. I don't for a moment. There is a Rumanian paper.
Mr. Dekom. The Romanul-American I
Mr. Budenz. Yes.
* Sergei N. Kournakoff.
238 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. There is a Polish paper, the Glos Ludowy, in Detroit ;
is there not ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes; I know that ; I have been out there to their offices.
Back to this last-named paper, I have made a number of visits to the
foreign-language papers in Detroit.
Mr. Dekom. That is the Glos Ludowy?
Mr. Budenz. Yes. That was in connection with the whole cam-
paign around Poland, incidentally, to get information to keep fresh
on the Polish campaign because of its great urgency in the party,
at least, ordered by the Communist International.
Mr. Dekom. Can you tell the committee who the leaders of that
group were? Did you have any contact with Boleslaw Gebert?
Mr. Budenz. Yes; I know him very well. I did not recognize that
pronunciation. I am not so apt at the original pronunciation of some
of these names.
Mr. Dekom. He went under the name of "Bill" Gebert.
Mr. Budenz. "Bill" Gebert : yes. The thing is that he is head of
the Polish work and of the Polish bureau of the IWO, which indi-
cates how the IWO is used and the manner in which the IWO is used
for double purposes.
The Chairman. What is the IWO?
Mr. Budenz. The International Workers Order, the insurance cor-
poration of which Mr. Mills has been the general secretary. He has
been since Max Bedacht quit. Bedacht was a member of the National
Committee of the Communist Party, former general secretary of the
party, and then general secretary of the IWO. There is a very close
affinity between the two organizations, the Communist Party and the
IWO.
Mr. Gebert has been recently — when I left the party specifically —
for a number of years head of the Polish bureau of the IWO, and like-
wise from there penetrating out to affect a number of people in the
Slav field; that is, Louis Adamic, Leo Krzycki of the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers, and other men originally not so close to the Com-
munist movement. Gebert has been commissioned to carry on that
activity. Before that he was the secret party representative in Detroit
in the penetration of the automobile industry, and before that, district
organizer of the Communist Party in Chicago.
Mr. Dekom. Are }7ou aware of the fact that he returned to Poland
aboard the Batory and is now an official of the Polish Government ?
Mr. Budenz. That does not surprise me. No, I am not definitely
aware of it, though I recently heard something to that effect.
Mr. Dekom. You mentioned the name of Louis Adamic a moment
ago. Would you enlarge on any knowledge that you have of your
relationships — of the relationships of the party with him, or his re-
lationships with the party?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, I could. I have told this several times in regard
to Mr. Adamic, because he was one of those examples which could
best show the activity of the party in striking down the morale of
people and in getting them under the party's control. To my knowl-
edge, Mr. Adamic was never an official member of the Communist
Party. However, it was due to my constant nursing of Mr. Adamic,
on orders of the political committee — since I had known him for a
number of years — that I finally induced him to meet with the officials
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 239
of the party in charge of the foreign language field. The man at that
time was A. Landy. We had many meetings up in that hotel on
Lexington Avenue where Adamic stays a great part of the time when
he is in New York. As a result, Mr. Adamic agreed with Mr. Landy
to carry out the party policies and agreed to man the whole committee
which he was forming on Yugoslavia with people chosen by the party.
Mr. Dekom. That is the United Committee of South Slavic- Amer-
icans which was formed in Pittsburgh ?
Mr. Budenz. I am not sure whether it was that. Yes, I think that
was it.
Mr. Dekom. Which later formed a relief organization, the American
Committee for Yugoslav Relief.
Mr. Budenz. That is correct. It had its office in New York, though.
Mr. Dekom. Is it your testimony, then, that Louis Adamic agreed to
do the work which was assigned to him by the party?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Would you define that work more fully?
Mr. Budenz. That work was to penetrate the ranks of the Slavic-
Americans, winning their cooperation, specifically, with the Tito Gov-
ernment in Yugoslavia. Also, from there, cooperating with Gebert
and bringing together the Polish, Yugoslav, and other Slav groups
behind Soviet policy. It has much more details than that, but that is
the agreement in general.
Mr. Dekom. Are you aware of the fact that Mr. Adamic has now
or has recently been in Yugoslavia, where he was received by govern-
ment officials and has been in conference with them ?
Mr. Budenz. I have heard something of that. It is interesting to
note that he is now on Tito's side of the question, because one great
point that was raised originally in regard to the party's attitude
toward Mr. Adamic here was that he allowed his sympathy with the
Slovenes, of which he is one, to overshadow some of the concepts he
was developing. You must remember that Mr. Adamic became very
bitter at Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill. He thought they had
blocked him from making a trip like that before, and out of that
bitterness the party immediately sought to obtain fruits, and that
was why these contacts were reestablished with Mr. Adamic.
Mr. Dekom. Can you expand on the activities of Leo Krzycki,
please? Will you define what those activities were?
Mr. Budenz. He has been known to me for many years on a friendly
basis. As a matter of fact, for more than 20 years I have known him
very well. The thing is that Leo Krzycki is of Polish descent, an
officer of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, and was more and
more worked on by the party and by Gebert. In fact, Gebert told
me one day of his entire plan in regard to Krzycki, and only a half
hour later, I met Krzycki and he told me of the plan Gebert laid
down to me. He had just been in conference with Gebert.
Mr. Dekom. Could you recall that for the committee?
Mr. Budenz. Leo said that the time had come when men had to
take a stand and he was going to take a stand. That is, he was going
to take a stand among the Slavs for the great Slav State of Russia
and for cooperation of all the Slavs in behalf of what he called Soviet-
American friendship.
240 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Mr. Budenz, do you have information respecting the
issuance of passports to the International Brigade volunteers in the
civil war in Spain ; that is, to young men who went from this country
to Spain?
Mr. Budenz. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What is your information?
Mr. Budenz. It should be better organized and I cannot do it to-
day, but I will give you at least a general view of it. All these men
were financed by the Communist Party, by this secret fund, and in
addition to that, a special treasurer was sent over to France, David
Leeds, who had been treasurer of the New York State Committee
of the Communist Party for many years. Indeed, you will find, if
you can investigate it, that many of these big front meetings, in-
cluding some of the great meetings to organize the American work-
ers in this country, were financed by cash handed out by Mr. Leeds ;
that is, he paid for the hall with funds advanced out of the party
treasury. The party has a bigger treasury than you think. It can
go out, and finance all the meetings, and it gets the money back, you
understand.
The Chairman. Where does this treasury come from ?
Mr. Budenz. Of my own knowledge I cannot say, but it certainly
is supposed to come in part from Moscow. It also is to be raised in this
country among those who have the means and who have the feeling of
sympathy toward the party. The party has many, many such people
in this country, upon whom it can draw.
Mr. Arens. Could you tell us about these young men who were given
these passports in the International Brigade and sent to fight in the
Spanish Civil War?
Mr. Budenz. Yes. They were brought here and drilled. They
were brought up-State in New York and drilled at Camp Beacon, par-
ticularly. It was known then as Camp Nitgedaiget, the Communist
Camp at Beacon, N. Y. They were also drilled at other Communist
camps. Then they were sent across in an organized fashion, in viola-
tion of the law, and every bit of the way they were directed by Com-
munist representatives.
Mr. Arens. Did they have American passports ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, they had American passports, many of them to
France, and then they slipped across the border.
Mr. Arens. You say "in violation of the law." What do you mean ?
Mr. Budenz. Many of them violated the law in going to Spain.
They were not supposed to go to Spain. They were supposed to go
to France and back. As a matter of fact, it was quite an issue for a
while, but it was dropped.
Mr. Arens. How many young men were taken or sent from this
country by the Communists for that purpose ?
Mr. Budenz. By the way, A. W. Mills was in on that, too. He
helped to organize that in this country. That was his activity for
quite a while under cover.
Mr. Arens. What happened to these young men after they got
over there, as far as their passports were concerned ?
Mr. Budenz. They were smuggled across the Spanish border or got
across in any way they could. As a matter of fact, many of them had
difficulty in getting back. Sometimes their passports were given to
other people.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 241
Mr. Arens. Who did that ?
Mr. Budenz. That was done under the direction of the Communist
apparatus.
Mr. Dekom. You mean the Communist apparatus took their pass-
ports away from them ?
Mr. Budenz. In many instances.
Mr. Dekom. And then gave them to someone else ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. For what purpose ?
Mr. Budenz. For the purpose of moving back and forth in various
countries. I can give you more information on that. This has to be
a little desultory. I can give you more on this matter. I did n'ot
know it was going to come up today. However, I can state that it was
an organized plan ; it was acknowledged by Mr. Browder, because he
made a trip to see them. Also, by many others. But the thing is
that they were brought to certain camps and there trained and drilled
with certain military men in charge. I don't know who they were. At
any rate, they were then sent in an organized fashion to Europe, the
idea being to get to France and to Spain as best they could ; that being
organized likewise. Mills was a very important person in that activ-
ity, and, as I indicated, a special fund was in Paris in the hands of
David Leeds for the Americans going there.
Mr. Arens. While we are on this question of Spain, what was the
official party line with reference to Spain when you were managing
editor of the Communist Daily Worker?
Mr. Budenz. The official party line was to establish a Red Spain
as one of the means to infiltrate Latin America. It was to do this
through furthering the Republic, but through destroying everybody
else also. That is a Communist tactic. That is the coalition govern-
ment proposal for China. That was the reason they inveigled this
Yugoslav back to Yugoslavia. Pardon me for not momentarily re-
membering his name.
Mr. Dekom. Do you mean Ivan Subasic ?
Mr. Budenz. That is it. They inveigled him back to Yugoslavia,
so that he would not be a name around which opposition could rally
outside, and they offered him the most flattering position in the gov-
ernment. Before he went, poor fellow, it was already planned by the
Reds that he have his throat slit politically. They saved his life, but
slit his throat politically. The reason I knew that was through an
accidental cable that the British Communist Party sent me ; that is,
wondering who Subasic was and what to do about it. I went to
Landy. He stated, "The British comrades are indiscreet, you cannot
tell about him the way we want. He is just going over there to be
sacrificed. We cannot give that information in an open cable."
He said for me to wire a cable back that information obtained from
a number of Slav organizations showed that Subasic was at present
desirable and working with the party, though his continued loyalty
could not be vouched for. That is the best we could do, and over in
London the Reds were supposed to know conspiratorial language as
well as the Communists here.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly proceed with your statement?
Mr. Budenz. To carry on with the use of the foreign-language
groups, the party has established a number of Communist fronts. One
242 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
of the chief of these is the International "Workers Order, which is
divided into foreign-language divisions. That is for the purpose of
making this penetration more effective.
Mr. Arens. How many foreign-language divisions are there?
Mr. Budenz. That I can't say, specifically. It is a matter of record
in the IWO organizational set-up.
Mr. Arens. Are there as many as 15 ?
Mr. Budenz. That is right. Each one has a bureau headed the
same as Gebert directed the Polish Bureau.
Mr. Arens. In other words, there is a head of Hungarians in the
foreign-language Communist section ?
Mr. Budenz. Not Communist section, it is the International Work-
ers Order; although there are also leaders here of the Hungarian
Communists as such.
Mr. Dekom. While you are on that subject, is it not a fact that many
of these nationalities section leaders later became and are today the
heads of foreign-language Communist fronts ; that is, they have been
taken from the IWO and put in charge of these fronts ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, and beyond that, the IWO is a sort of refuge
for broken-down Communist organizers. I mean, broken-down partly
physically, or if for a moment they have lost out in a trade-union or
in Congress or some front groups. If they are Communist sympa-
thizers they can get a job in IWO. For example, John Bernard, up
in Minnesota, was on the IWO organizers' pay roll for a time. I
know of offers to at least one other defeated Congressman who was
working with the Communist Party. I believe for a time he accepted
that to sort of bridge him over. There are also a number of trade-
union organizers, as I indicated, who if they are defeated temporarily
in their union, get to be IWO organizers. Sometimes they stay there,
but frequently they try to use that as a jumping-off place to get back
to office in the union or for expanded front activities.
In regard to Spain, though, the question was asked as to the party's
attitude on Spain, and there you may be interested to know that the
moving picture Blockade was written by John Howard Lawson under
orders of the political committee of the Communist Party. He was
the author of that production and he is one of the most noted Com-
munists of that group of writers. So that gives the attitude on
Spain, which was to employ "democratic" propaganda for the achieve-
ment of a Red Spain.
In addition, there are a number of controlled organizations, created
for specific groups and circumstances. Among these are the American
Slav Congress, in which Krzycki operated quite extensively; the
United Committee of South Slavic Americans, where Adamic was
very active for a time and really remained so for quite a while ; the
American Committee for Yugoslav Relief, which had difficulties as
soon as Tito began to fight with Stalin ; and the Macedonian-American
People's League. The activities of the Communists among the Mace-
donians here is very intense, as I know from these reports.
Mr. Arens. Who is the head of that group ?
Mr. Budenz. That I can't recall for the moment, though I do know
it. I was going to say I can't recall offhand all these people, because
my meeting was in this casual fashion, once a month or so at the
party headquarters. But I do know from these reports that that was
the case.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 243
Mr. Dekom. Do yon recall the name of George Pirinsky ?
Mr. Budenz. Yes, I do ; I do recall his name. I was about to men-
tion it. I knew him as editor of the Macedonian-Bulgarian publica-
tion, a weekly. He was ordered for deportation in 1937 and that inci-
dent is known to me, since I was associated about that time with work
in the Middle West, Also I was then working with the Minority
Groups Commission in the party. I recall Pirinsky largely under
his assumed name of Nicoloff. I recall now that he was the leader
of the Macedonian Red group in this country.
The thing is that this Macedonian group was considered important
in order to help Tito also. We must remember they played a part,
because the Macedonians might have gone asunder had it not been for
influence playing upon them from America. Therefore, they were
very valuable for building up a Communist regime in Yugoslavia
which would become a superstate among the people. The other or-
ganizations are the Bulgarian-American People's League and the
National Council, Americans of Croatian Descent.
To sum up :
There is a complete and extensive apparatus existing in this coun-
try for the purpose of directing native Communists through alien per-
sonnel. This apparatus begins with .the connection of the political
committee of the Communist Party with Moscow through the alien
agents of the Communist International. It then proceeds to branch
out into many ramifications, with its driving force in the political
tourists sent in here to function in various departments of American
life.
Now, we are aware that the Communists have a tactic of taking up
causes which are worth while and hiding behind them, so we have this
tactic of the Communists hiding behind the foreign-born. They
claimed Eisler was a refugee when that certainly threw discredit upon
all genuine refugees. They likewise have the American Committee for
the Protection of Foreign-Born, a purely Communist-created organi-
zation which rushes into print on behalf of Stalin's alien agents as
though any effort to check any alien activity in the United States
which is directed by Moscow is an attack upon the foreign-born.
We know that any persecution of the foreign-born as such is thor-
oughly anti-American. All our ancestors came from abroad, as a
matter of fact, even if we are fourth generation or so, from Europe.
Therefore, we cannot consider, even from our own viewpoint, that a
stand against the foreign-born as such is a sound policy. But Red
conspiracy is something different. This is a case of aliens sent in
here by Moscow direction, or after they are here being used by Mos-
cow direction and education against the United States. That is a
completely separate question and the two should not be confused.
The Communists seek to confuse them. They do a disservice, a very
serious disservice, to the foreign-born, by seeking to advance this con-
fusion. Of course, that is precisely what they plan, under any and
all circumstances.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Budenz, you have stated here today in certain areas
that if you would have the opportunity to refresh your recollection
and perhaps make reference to some material which may be available
to you, you will be able to present to the subcommittee more specific
information in certain areas, particularly, as I recall, in the area of
the foreign-born groups and alien groups in this country. I should
244 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
like, if you care to express yourself, to know the approximate time
when you feel you would be able to get this information better as-
sembled. Would a week or two be sufficient?
Mr. Budenz. I should think 2 weeks would be required. At the
moment, I am correcting examination papers and that is a rather ex-
tensive job. However, I could say 2 weeks, and hope it would be suf-
ficient.
Mr. Arens. We will communicate with you at that time.
I want to pose one other question, which I believe Senator Donnell
has in mind, with reference to your own particular background and
your own reasons for leaving the party. Is that what you had in mind,
Senator Donnell ?
Senator Donnell. Yes.
Mr. Budenz. My background is that I am a fourth generation
American. My great-great-grandfather on my German side was one
of the first settlers of Indianapolis.
Senator Donnell. I had in mind, Mr. Budenz, the reasons for your
leaving the party. I did not particularly have any matters of ancestry
in mind.
Mr. Budenz. I was not particularly trying to emphasize those fea-
tures either, but you asked about the background, and in speaking of
the background, you naturally begin with ancestors. I might say that
every Hoosier is patriotic. Some of them do not remain in Indiana
very long, but they never forget Indiana. Therefore, I had to bring
that in.
With respect to leaving the party, people join the Communist Party
for different motives, as in all other organizations, but there is one dom-
inant motive originally for the Reds; that is, their sense of injustice
at some abuse or other which they, in their impatience, distort. That
is, they may feel there is a discrimination against Negroes, as I do, or
that labor has been exploited too much, as I felt, and then out of that
distortion — and it is not always a distortion of the facts that an abuse
may have existed, but it is a distortion of the manner in which the rem-
edy is sought.
For example, we are impatient with the monopolies, and correctly
so, in my opinion. But the Communists in their hatred of that condi-
tion go on to advance the greatest monopoly of all — the slave state, the
sole employer who can destroy you and your family and relatives and
your children — that takes all the manhood out of you. That is the
story of the Soviet Union which I learned at the Daily Worker. It
was given to us in the code concerning the things we could not write
about, specifically the concentration camps in the Soviet Union. Orig-
inally, we were ordered to defend these camps as reform institutions,
and iater on, in 1943, we were told not to say a word about them.
Mr. Arens. How many are there in the concentration camps in Rus-
sia?
Mr. Budenz. That has to be surmised. I don't believe anybody
knows, including even the dictatorship. But the point is that we have
this book on forced labor in Russia1 which says 15,000,000 to 20,000,000.
They do show 125 concentration camps, where they are located, so they
have a basis for their estimates. We received much information at the
Daily Worker, showing that slave labor existed on a tremendous scale.
But that is not the sole thing to consider.
1 Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor in Soviet Russia.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 245
The thing that I learned is, secondly, the complete control of the
Communist's intellectual processes which the Kremlin demands, not
only in Soviet Russia, but here in America. This became finally some-
thing which you could not bear up under any more. For example,
when an instruction comes to any Communist, whether it be myself
or Mr. Foster, who was here, or anyone else, you do not ask, "Is there
any element of falsehood connected with it?" or "How much of this
view is valid?" That is, you cannot accept some of it and drop some.
When a decree comes from Moscow, the Red leader says immediately,
"How does this happen to be the most magnificent utterance ever made
on this subject up to this moment?" Stimulated with this thought, he
proceeds from that conclusion to carve out arguments as to why it is
the best conclusion that could be reached.
In some years that method of thinking, if you wish to call it that,
completely destroys you. You do only that 'which you are told, no
matter how you may vocally tell liberals and other people whom you
meet, trade-union leaders and many others, what your reasons for this
are, I met many distinguished men in public life whom I tried to
convince and sometimes did convince that they should follow the
policy recommended by the Communist Party— not as Communists,
but as citizens of America — and this counsel was all reasoned out from
the conclusions sent from Moscow.
You can see how the line changes, and the Reds change with it.
One instance, I think, will illustrate this best of all, and show you
the mental condition the Communist finally gets himself into. There
is the case of Earl Browder, for 15 years the head of the Communist
Party here. At every one of the national committee meetings, of
which I told you, the national committee members used to rise and
say, "This report made by Browder, which was from 2 to 4 hours long,
is the most magnificent utterance we have ever heard. It again marks
him as the greatest Marxist-Leninist genius on the Western Hemi-
sphere." And on and on along that line.
It was admitted later when Browder was declared to be a revision-
ist— that is, a traitor — that many of these statements praising Brow-
der's reports had been written before anyone knew what he was going
to say at all. That is symbolic of the method of the so-called leadership.
Mr. Arexs. Is Browder an agent of the Kremlin?
Mr. Budexz. I stated that he was a registered agent of Soviet
Russia.
The thing I want to call your attention to is that Browder could
have made his peace and' would have made his peace, but the Kremlin
needs a scapegoat. He was chosen as a revisionist and traitor for
advocating what Moscow had previously advocated. At that time,
when he advocated the peace between the United States and the
Soviet Union — which was a cardinal sin, and Jacques Duclos, the
general secretary of the French Communist Party, specifically said
it was impossible — this device was used by Moscow to give a blow
at Browder; that is, that peace between the United States and the
Soviet Union is impossible. That is the whole burden of the Duclos
theme, though written in Communist-Aesopian language. You can
see it there in print — that Browder was condemned as a revisionist
and traitor for having spoken out for peace between the United States
and the Soviet Union. But that is exactly what Moscow had wanted
246 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
said when American lend-lease was essential; it is exactly what
Duclos had stated in France.
Why was Browder treated in this fashion ? Because after the cold-
war policy was decided upon, he was perfectly useless to Moscow.
He could not go around any more with the new program, after all,
but his sacrificial role could be useful for stimulating all the Com-
munists to step into line. You should have seen them step into line
with the new policy, shouting "revisionist" and "traitor" and at-
tacking Browder in the most vituperative fashion. They wanted to
go the limit in the cold war now; they wanted to show their zeal in
the matter. Finally, Browder went to Moscow to show them he would
do what Stalin wanted him to do, and he was commissioned a Soviet
agent. He registered as such here in Washington.
You say this method of destruction of a faithful Eed is ruthless?
What is more ruthless today than the Communist leaders being com-
pelled to declare they are in accord with the leaders of France and
Italy in stating that they would welcome Soviet troops on the soil of
their native land at the moment when they are being tried seriously
in New York ? But the Communist is supposed to immolate his repu-
tation, his whole being, at the feet of Moscow. That is driven home —
everything for the party — and, of course, today the party is Stalin.
That consciousness came home to me, and I realized that I was
morally wrecked, that I was only an order blank, and that the orders
came from very far away indeed. I said to myself, "Well, I don't
know much about Stalin, but at least I know he is a public figure. But
suppose the general secretary of the Leningrad Party should be the
head of the Soviet Union, and that he would order some new cam-
paign ? I would have to obey without reasoning and understanding."
Of course, today the man rising is Georgi Malenkov, but in those days
the general secretary of the Leningrad Party was supposedly slated to
be the world leader in case Stalin died.
To sum it up : This business of constantly receiving orders and trying
to execute them, while it has an advantage of keeping you from think-
ing, and, therefore, thinking how to carry them out, it has a debilitating
effect on a person after a number of years, and that, I recognized, was
something to be checked. Then I saw out of that how I had distorted
the picture of the world, and how this Slav empire was certainly not the
answer to the emancipation of the working people that it had promised.
Instead of doing that, it brought about the enslavement of mankind. I
had to turn to some place for morality, and since I had been educated
and reared in the Catholic Church, I turned to it for morality, a convic-
tion which, incidentally, also ran somewhat parallel to the recognition
of the position in which I would eventually be in the Communist
Party
The Chairman. What do you mean by that expression "ran
parallel"?
Mr. Budenz. Of course, a person does not make up his mind suddenly
on the several things that sometimes develop at the same time. My
feeling that I should return to recognition of religion, and that religion
for me was the Catholic religion, came about the same time as I began
to recognize what the Communist international movement was doing
to me.
The Chairman. Did you give up your religion when you accepted
the Communist principles?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 247
Mr. Budenz. I gave up my religion before I became a Communist,
but the thing is that the Communist leader cannot have a religion. He
must be a militant atheist, though he may not express it. At this
moment, that is a condition of leadership; that is, a Communist may
permit uneducated workers, as Lenin says, to retain for a time some
of their religious convictions if they are very strong and emphatic fol-
lowers of the Communist line in general, but that is only in order to
gradually explain to them the exploiting character of religion. That
is very clearly set down in Lenin's writings.
The Chairman. You have to give up your belief in theosophism to
become thoroughly imbued with communism?
Mr. Budenz. You have to give up your belief in God no matter how
that belief may express itself. Stalin says in the History of the Com-
munist Party of the Soviet Union — though it is a reiteration it is con-
sidered very good, because it is simply expressed — in chapter 4, that
historical materialism is the foundation stone of Marxism-Leninism,
that is, of the philosophy upon which communism is based.
Mr. Arens. What do you mean my "historical materialism" ?
Mr. Budenz. That is to say that we live in a world purely material-
istic, without a divinty or spiritual being. That is the foundation
stone of communism. From that you proceed to seek to establish for
the animal man, who has no other existence, an earthly paradise. That
is not the way it is phrased, but that is the logic. Therefore, you
have the promise of the Socialist state and the Communist society.
Many people forget that there is the promise of the Communist
society. The Socialist state which exists today in Soviet Russia is
said to have placed the means of production and distribution in the
hands of the dictatorship of the proletariat, although we know that is
the dictatorship of the 13 oligarchs sitting in the Kremlin. But they
claim they have the dictatorship of the proletariat and that they are
going to extend it to the world. But out of this state, after the man
becomes perfected through socialism, the state shall voluntarily wither
away. What guaranty have you of that? None whatever, except
the word of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, the four great scientists
of socialism. The state shall wither away and man, having become
perfect under socialism, shall no longer quarrel with his neighbor; he
shall be prefectly adjusted. The state shall be done away with, all
armies and courts shall be ended, and money shall be abolished, and
each shall give according to his ability and receive according to his
need. That is the Communist side; that is the mesmerism that led
Corliss Lamont to be a Communist, also, this man Lem Harris, both
of whom have plenty of silver spoons in their mouths — that is, their
belief that this will lead to the messianic future the Communists
depict.
Mr. Dekom. Has there been any indication in the Soviet Union that
the state, the police, and the army or the control system have begun
to wither away ?
Mr. Budenz. To the contrary, all of this is constantly being strength-
ened. As a matter of fact, in 1939, Joseph Stalin, at the Eighteenth
Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — incidentally,
Senator, this is a good indication of how American Communists have
to drench themselves in Soviet allegiance by having to read all these
documents of the various party congresses of the Communist Party of
248 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
the Soviet Union. And at this one, Stalin said that we will have to
postpone indefinitely the withering away of the state; that you can-
not attain the withering away of the state until the encirclement of
socialism by capitalism is transformed into the encirclement of capital-
ism by socialism. In other words until the world proletarian dicta-
torship is established, with Soviet world conquest, Then you can
hope for the withering away, but we will postpone that now, because,
Stalin there claims — and this is a sample of Communist dialectic — the
stronger the dictatorship becomes, the quicker it will wither away of
itself.
Mr. Arens. On the basis of your experience and background in
Communist organization work and Communist activity in this country,
could you express to the Senators the seriousness of the Communist
threat in this Nation ?
Mr. Budenz. Of course, I hesitate to do so because so many feel that
an ex-Communist is necessarily filled with one idea. However, we
all have a responsibility. I have a great desire to make amends for
the disservice I did America through a number of years.
The American Nation, in my humble opinion, although having seen
what is happening, and knowing still what is happening in the Com-
munist movement, has no appreciation of what great danger this
Nation is in. I say that quite calmly in the hope that it will not be
regarded as hysterical, but that it will be regarded as approaching
reality.
We have a regime in Kussia which says that it plans to destroy the
United States. It has not said that once ; it has said it on every fun-
damental occasion, and it insists that every Communist (as esssential
to their training) read the articles which still have that thought. This
includes not merely the document I referred to, which Stalin wrote,
but the program of the Sixth Congress of the Communist Interna-
tional, which was reiterated and strengthened by the Seventh Con-
gress. Those are the fundamental programs of the Communist Inter-
national, and they laid down there very specifically that the world
proletarian dictatorship must be established by violence. And this
world conquest includes the United States. This is the basis, and it is
not yet appreciated by Americans. How could they fully appreciate
the ruthless determination of this dictatorship to achieve its objective?
Something should be learned of it from the state of other lands which
are under the Soviet heel. These lands are being conquered not for
themselves alone, but first of all to destroy our foreign markets, to cut
down that 10 percent of our trade which is in foreign trade, to stimu-
late a disintegration of the American economy, and, at the same time,
to place in the hands of the Soviet Union an increasing number of
men and women who can be expended endlessly as the Soviet dictators
know how to expend them in the war against the United States.
I cannot see how we can avoid these declarations by the Soviet
Russian leaders, so specific and so constantly restated.
Mr. Arens. Assuming that that is their objective, how serious is the
threat at the present time, internally in the United States, from the
Soviet agents and the Communist-front organizations, against our
institutions?
Mr. Budenz. So far as the winning of a considerable section of the
American people to communism per se is concerned, even if there were
a depression here, I have enough confidence in the American people's
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 249
understanding to know that they will not embrace communism in it-
self. The grave danger is that they will embrace all sorts of move-
ments, causes, and activities which are disguised efforts of the Com-
munists. In that way, and not just in depression times but even to-
day, they could put a block on American action and paralyze the will
of the American people so that we would not know how to proceed
vigorously, whereas the Soviet Union, having no democratic relations
with the people so far as obligation is concerned, can carry out its
own purposes very rapidly. It can cause minorities to become arti-
ficial majorities in a very short time. That, I think, constitutes a real
danger, particularly when we consider this form of the Communist
organization, which I pointed out, this treelike form, which can use
so many people in these branches; that is in different walks of life,
acting as though they are not Communists, but being used for those
purposes.
Mr. Arens. What is the ratio of actual Communists to non-Com-
munists who are fellow travelers, we will say?
Mr. Budenz. That is very difficult to ascertain. It is not in that
way that the Communist movement measures its strength, although
it would like to have more loyal members. It measures its strength
on their key positions, where they are located. The theory is that
one Communist should be at least as 1,000 men, if not more, and this
is gained in part by key positions. For instance, if you are a head
of the United Electrical and Machine Workers Union — I don't mean
Fitzgerald ; l he was nothing but a tool when I knew him, but Matles,2
Emspack,3 and Ruth Young4 — 90 percent of the leadership of that
union are Communists, whereas 90 percent of the membership is not
Communist. In leadership there, you are in a position of authority
by which you can move 500,000 Americans; and they have moved them
to a degree, in accord with their program. So, it is the key positions
into which the Communists get themselves that are of value.
There are only 100,000 Communists, at the most, in the country;
70,000, as far as dues are concerned. They influence 2,000,000 beyond
the periphery, but their strength cannot even be measured by these
numbers. I do not think that they can panic or paralyze the country,
but I think we should recognize that they have a method which we
do not think is as effective as it really is.
The Chairman. Mr. -Budenz, we will have to suspend very shortly.
You will remain under subpena and you will be excused at the call
of the Chair. In the meantime, you will prepare to supplement what
you have already testified by such data as you could produce at a
later day. We will probably give you in the neighborhood of 10 days
or 2 weeks to prepare that. Your address is known to the members
of the staff of this committee; is that right?
Mr. Budexz. Yes.
The Chairman. Xoav, let me say that yesterday the chairman of
this subcommittee was unable to be present due to attending other
committees. I am advised that certain witnesses called before the
committee refused to testify as to their being Communists, on the
i Albert J. Fitzgerald, president, United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of
America (CIO).
2 James J. Matles, director of organization.
3 Julius Emspack, secretary-treasurer.
* Ruth Young, executive secretary.
250 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS-
ground that it would tend to incriminate them. The answer or posi-
tion taken by the witness must of necessity come under the fifth amend-
ment of the Constitution, which provides that a witness may not be
required to testify against himself.
I have not presented this to the committee, and I express it only
as the view of the chairman : that, where a witness takes the position,
in answering a question propounded to him, that he might, by his
answer, tend to incriminate himself, he must be the judge of his own
incrimination, and, if he knows that his answer would incriminate
him, then he must know his own criminal responsibility as to whether
or not he is in part or in whole guilty of a crime and that his answer
would be tending to convict him of that crime.
Communism is not a crime under the law of the country. We have
never made it a crime to be a Communist. 80, one who says he would
not answer a question as to whether or not he is a Communist cannot
take the position that, by answering the question, if he said he was a
member of the Communist Party, he would be incriminating himself.
However, one who takes that position as a witness places himself in
that category; and the conclusion must come that, knowing his posi-
tion, he seeks to take refuge under the provisions of the Constitution.
So far as the Chair is concerned, he would not attempt to cite these
witnesses, but would take them on their own face value and on their
own answer that, if' they answered in the affirmative, they would be
thereby incriminating themselves and, therefore, they refuse to answer.
So, as far as the Chair is concerned, I would not attempt to cite these
witnesses. Their answer stands for their own judgment on themselves.
The committee will stand at recess, subject to the call of the Chair.
(Whereupon, at 4 : 05 p. m. the committee was recessed, subject to
the call of the Chair. )
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GKOUPS
SATURDAY, JUNE 18, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. 0.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 11 a. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman) , presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran, Eastland, and Donnell.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The subcommittee will come to order.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Fainaru, will you please stand and be sworn?
TESTIMONY OF HARRY FAINARU, MANAGING EDITOR, ROMANUL-
AMERICAN, DETROIT, MICH.1
The Chairman. You do solemnly swear that the testimony you are
about to give before this subcommittee of the Committee on the Judi-
ciary of the Senate of the United States will be the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Fainaru. I do.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly state your full name and identify your-
self by occupation ?
Mr. Fainaru. My name is Harry Fainaru, managing editor of the
Romanul-American. I will say it in English, if you want me to:
Rumanian-American.
The Chairman. Rumanian-American.
Mr. Fainaru. That is right, that is the English name for the name
I just mentioned.
The Chairman. Where is it published ?
Mr. Fainaru. Detroit. I am the managing editor of the paper lo-
cated at 2144 East Grand Boulevard, Detroit 11, Mich.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly give your date and place of birth?
Mr. Fainaru. I am born in Rumania, August 30 — that is the old
calendar, you know — 1889.
Mr. Arens. When did you enter the United States ?
Mr. Fainaru. I believe in 1920.
Mr. Arens. You entered in 1920 ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
1 The witness appeared under subpena, accompanied by Maurice Braverman, attorney.
251
98330— 50— pt. 1 17
252 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Are you a naturalized citizen ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Mr. Arens. When were you naturalized?
Mr. Fainaru. In 1927.
Mr. Arens. What is the circulation of your paper?
Mr. Fainaru. With regard to that I would like to inform the com-
mittee that our paper, like any other paper, publishes annual reports
which are published in the paper during the month of October, as
you probably know. I would like to ask the Chairman if it would be
permitted, before you continue asking me further questions, that I
read a statement to the committee?
The Chairman. I think if you answer the questions and then make
the statement it will be more in conformity with our procedure.
Mr. Arens. Could you give us an estimate as to the circulation of
your paper?
Mr. Fainaru. I would say on the average about 2,500. That is a
weekly publication.
Mr. Arens. Yes. Do you have a copy of your paper with you by
any chance?
Mr. Fainaru. Oh, yes. Mr. Chairman, may I read the statement
now?
The Chairman. No; we will ask you questions and then you can
make your statement.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been associated with this publica-
tion?
Mr. Fainaru. Since 1937.
Mr. Arens. What was your occupation prior to your affiliation with
the paper?
Mr. Fainaru. Well, I had several but I don't think that such ques-
tions are relevant to the contents of this subpena.
The Chairman. Well now, listen, the committee is going to be the
judge of that. You will kindly answer the questions.
Mr. Fainaru. I do think, Mr. Chairman, that such questions on the
basis, at least of the subpena, are irrelevant, and I think that as you
will understand, it seems to me that the contents here, according to
my own judgment, is really a flagrant violation of the freedom of
the press.
The Chairman. We will be the judge of that too, so you go ahead
and answer the questions. The committee will be the judge of all
those things.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state for the committee what your
occupation was prior to your affiliation with this paper.
Mr. Fainaru. Oh, I did tutoring.
Mr. Arens. Where?
Air. Fainaru. And languages, private. I worked in a shop ; that is,
I worked in several shops.
The Chairman. What kind of shops?
Mr. Fainaru. Knitting mills.
The Chairman. Knitting mills?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right. Well, I guess that would cover quite a
few. I still would like to ask the chairman to permit me to read this
statement.
. COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 253
The Chairman. As soon as you answer the questions. Just answer
the questions and we will get through here and move along with our
business. The questions will be propounded to you and the com-
mittee will pass on whether they are relevant, material, or competent;
that is a matter for the committee to determine.
Senator Donxell. Mr. Chairman, may I ask that the question be
entered whether these are all of the occupations that he has been
engaged in?
The Chairman. Were you engaged in other occupations than those
you have mentioned, of working in the shop and teaching; that is,
before you went into the position with this paper?
Mr. Fainaru. Not within my knowledge, not besides teaching, work-
ing in shops in different capacities. I don't think so unless my memory
escapes me, but I do not think so.
The Chairman. That is the best of your recollection that those were
all of your occupations prior to going into the position with the paper,,
is that right?
Mr. Fainaru. Yes.
The Chairman. You do not recall any other occupation?
Air. Fainaru. Not besides teaching and working in factories.
Mr. Arens. What were you teaching?
Mr. Fainaru. I taught languages.
Mr. Arens. To whom?
Mr. Fainaru. To pupils.
Mr. Arens. In your home?
Mr. Fainaru. Both in my home and I also taught in the adult educa-
tion project.
Mr. Arens. What other names have you used other than the name
Harry Fainaru ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is my name, sir.
Mr. Arens. What other names have you gone under?
Mr. Fainaru. I am sure that you know very well that as a news-
paperman
The Chairman. Just answer the question. What other names have
you gone under ? Have you gone under any other names ?
Mr. Fainaru. No.
The Chairman. None at all ?
Mr. Fainaru. No ; except I used pen names in the paper, if that is
what you mean ?
Mr. Arens. WThat pen names?
The Chairman. What other pen names did you use?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't think
The Chairman. Never mind that.
Mr. Fainaru. I stand on my constitutional rights.
The Chairman. What is your constitutional right in that regard?
Mr. Fainaru. I think that article I of the Constitution states —
that is, Article I of the Bill of Rights, states very definitely that there?
can be no abridgement of the freedom of the press.
The Chairman. Nobodv is questioning the freedom of the press;
that has nothing to do with the names that you used.
Mr. Fainaru. Mr. Chairman, I do consider, while you gentlemen
may be lawyers and I am not — I claim ignorance to legal matters — I do
think as a citizen that I know something about our own Constitution.
254 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. If you will just kindly answer that question, you
will get along very nicely. If you do that, we will get along fine here.
Just answer the question which is very simple to answer. What other
names did you use, whether they be pen names or whatever you call
them. What other names did you use?
Mr. Braverman. Mr. Chairman, may I ask a question ?
The Chairman. What is your name ?
Mr. Braverman. Maurice Braverman.
The Chairman. Where are you from ?
Mr. Braverman. Baltimore, and I am an attorney representing him.
The Chairman. You may represent him.
Mr. Braverman. May I ask what the matter is which is under
inquiry ?
The Chairman. The matter under inquiry is S. 1832: that is the
matter of inquiry.
Mr. Braverman. I am not too familiar with the subject matter of
the bill, 1832. Could I have a brief summary of the bill ?
The Chairman. You can have a copy of the bill.
Mr. Braverman. Senator, there is nothing in the subpena that says
anything about that.
The Chairman. If you will proceed, please, to answer the question.
What other names have you used ? I do not care whether they were
pen names or pencil names or what they were.
Mr. Fainaru. I still believe
The Chairman. I am not asking what you believe.
Mr. Braverman. May I consult with my client ?
The Chairman. Just let him answer the question. What is the use
of wasting time ? Answer the question.
Mr. Fainaru. Do you mind if I consult with my attorney ?
The Chairman. Answer the question and then consult with your
attorney. Consult with your attorney about names that you have
used — why ?
Mr. Fainaru. Because it is my considered judgment that to ask an
editor of a newspaper what names he has been using in the capacity
as a newspaperman is an abridgment of the freedom of the press.
The Chairman. That is a matter for the decision of this committee
and for the Congress of the United States. Now proceed to answer
the question.
Mr. Fainaru. Well, I used even initials.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Fainaru. If that satisfies you, but I still protest, Mr. Chair-
man ■
The Chairman. Did you go by any other name ?
Mr. Fainaru. Sure, I used all kinds of names because in a news-
paper
The Chairman. What other names?
Mr. Fainaru. When you have a newspaper which is small
The Chairman. Never mind that, tell me what names you used.
Mr. Fainaru. Look
The Chairman. I am not looking; tell me what names you used
and then we will look.
Mr. Fainaru. You are the chairman of this committee
The Chairman. Listen, it is going to save you a lot of trouble if you
answer that question.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 255
Mr. Fainaru. I am not trying to evade a question but I want to find
out from you, Mr. Chairman of this committee, whether or not it is
legitimate to ask an editor of a newspaper to tell a committee what
names he has been using in that capacity.
The Chairman. Yes ; it is legitimate and I, as chairman, instruct
you. Now proceed, sir, to answer the question.
Mr. Braverman. Mr. Chairman, may I consult with my client?
The Chairman. Just a minute, just let him answer this question.
You should have consulted with your client before this. Let us move
along. If you have an answer to your question go ahead.
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know whether I did, but I did. I told you I
used initials.
The Chairman. Did you use any name ?
Mr. Fainaru. I used" a name on a column called Pavel Marin. I
don't use any name.
The Chairman. You do not use any name ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right, when I write in my newspaper.
The Chairman. All right. You were asked if you used any names.
Mr. Fainaru. May I read my statement ?
The Chairman. Have you fully answered the question ? Have you
used any names?
Mr. Fainaru. To the best of my recollection.
The Chairman. Remember, you are under oath.
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Senator Donnell. I suggest that the record show that the counsel
of this witness has been handed a copy of S. 1832.
The Chairman. What initials did you use?
Mr. Fainaru. I beg your pardon?
The Chairman. What initials did you use ?
Mr. Fainaru. My own, H. F.
Mr. Arens. What other names did you use as a nom de plume or as
a designation of writings that you have published?
Mr. Fainaru. Frankly, I don't recall.
Mr. Arens. Did you use other names ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I recall.
Mr. Arens. What was your name at birth ?
Mr. Fainaru. Well, I don't know. I remember the name when I
was born, but as far back as I can remember it was Fainaru.
Mr. Arens. Is it your statement to this committee that you have
not used other names other than Harry Fainaru to go by and to be
called by and designated by ?
Mr. Fainaru. You mean here.
The Chairman. Anywhere.
Mr. Fainaru. Well, I think you gentlemen ought to be at least more
specific if you want a fair answer. You ask me, now you come out
and ask me what my name was at my birth.
Mr. Arens. What other names have you used other than Fainaru ?
Mr. Fainaru. Other than Fainaru?
]\Ir. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Fainaru. I told you a few that I recollect.
The Chairman. Tell us the few. What few do you recollect?
Mr. Fainaru. I beg your pardon.
The Chairman. What few do you recollect ?
256 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Fainaru. H. F., Pavel Marin
The Chairman. And?
Mr. Fainaru. When I became a citizen, if that is what you are
looking for, I translated the first name into American but the second
name is still the same.
Mr. Arens. What was your first name ?
Mr. Fainaru. Herscu, H-e-r-s-c-u, but that was changed when I be-
came a citizen.
Do you mind if I read my statement ?
The Chairman. Just a minute.
Mr. Arens. You are appearing before this committee in answer to
a subpena duces tecum, a subpena which requires you to produce cer-
tain documents?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Mr. Aren. Did you bring those documents or records with you ?
The Chairman. Did you bring the documents with you ?
Mr. Fainaru. Yes, I did, some.
The Chairman. Will you produce them, please?
Mr. Fainaru. I would like
The Chairman. Produce the documents if you have them, never
mind what you like.
Mr. Fainaru. In connection with this subpena, Mr. Chairman
The Chairman. I am not going to sit here and argue with you. If
you have those documents with you, I want them produced and turned
over to the chairman of this committee.
Mr. Fainaru. All right. Here is one.
Mr. Arens. May I ask, if the chairman please, to ask the witness
on each particular document. that was requested?
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Arens. A list of all present and former officers and employees
of Romanul-American, do you have that with you?
Mr. Fainaru. A list of all present ?
Mr. Arens. And former officers and employees of Eomanul-
American.
Mr. Fainaru. I have a list that I presented to you over there which
corresponds to the report made to governmental authorities last
October.
Mr. Arens. Does this list include the former officers and employees
too?
Mr. Fainaru. Within my knowledge, within my knowledge. I
think there is one exception, that three people in that report that you
have there are no longer officers.
Mr. Arens. What are their names?
Mr. Fainaru. The name is Nick Opris, O-p-r-i-s, Louis Apopolson,
and Charles Oltean.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, I should like to mark this newspaper
clipping which the witness has just submitted as "Exhibit No. 1" and
ask that it be received as part of the record at this point.
The Chairman. It will be so marked and so received.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 257
(The clipping was marked "Fainaru Exhibit 1" and is as follows:)
Statement of the Ownership. Management, Circulation, etc., Required by
the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, as Amended by the Acts of March 3,
1933, and July 2, 1946
Of ROMANUL AMERICAN published weekly at Detroit, Mich., for October 1,
1948.
State of Michigan,
County of Wayne, ss :
Before me, a notary public, in and for the State and County aforesaid, person-
ally appeared Maria Mila, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes
and says that she is the business manager of the Romanul American and that
the following is, to the best of her knowledge and belief, a true statement of the
ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation) of the aforesaid
publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of
August 24, 1912, as amended by the acts of March 3. 1933, and July 2, 1946,
(embodied in sec. 537, Postal Laws and Regulations) printed on the reverse side
of this form, to wit :
1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and
business managers are :
Publisher : Roumanian American Publishing Association, Inc., Detroit, Mich.
Editor (edited by a committee).
Managing editor : Harry Fainaru, Detroit, Mich.
Business manager : Maria Mila, Detroit, Mich.
2. That the owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must
by stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stock-
holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If
not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners
be given. If owned by a firm, company, or other unincorporated concern, its
name and address, as well as those of each individual member, must be given.)
Roumanian American Publishing Association, Inc., 2144 East Grand Boulevard,
Detroit, Mich. Stockholders: Maria Mila, 17217 Marx, Detroit, Mich.; Harry
Fainaru, 2144 East Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. ; Nick Kish, 5767 Sheridan,
Detroit, Mich. ; Charles Oltean, 4434 Seventh Street, Ecorse, Mich. ; Nick Opris,
1879 Sweeney Street, North Tonawanda, N. Y. ; Nicholas H. Catana, 722 South-
field Road, Lincoln Park, Mich.
That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or
holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities
are : None.
4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stock-
holders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and
security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases
where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company
as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation
for whom such trustee is acting, is given ; also that the said two paragraphs con-
tain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circum-
stances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not
appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a
capacity other than that of a bona fide owner ; and this affiant has no reason to
believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct
or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by her.
5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or
distributed through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12
months preceding the date shown above is 2,768.
Maria Mila, Business Manager.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 28th day of September 1948.
[seal] John J. Nowak,
Notary Public, Wayne County, Mich.
(My commission expires June 5, 1950.)
The Chairman. What is the next one ?
Mr. Arens. Do yon have a list of the persons
Senator Donnell. Pardon me, Mr. Chairman, I do not think the
witness has told us yet whether or not this list contains the names of
258 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
all prior employees and officers. He says he has given us a list and that
some are not now officers, but he does not say whether the list contains
the names of all the earlier employees and officers.
Mr. Arens. I was under the impression it contained all but three.
Senator Donnell. I understood that he was supplying this list and
that three of that list are no longer officers.
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Senator Donnell. I understood that what Mr. Arens read to him in
substance was that he was to bring in a list of all present and prior
officers and employees.
Mr. Arens. That is right.
Senator Donnell. He has given us a list of some but he does not give
us a list of the prior«officers and employees.
The Chairman. That is correct.
Mr. Fainaru. That list is as per October 1948.
Senator Donnell. Yes.
Mr. Fainaru. From that list, three that you have there, you know,
three are no longer members of the corporation.
Mr. Arens. Do you have a list of the officers with you who were
officers and who no longer are officers ?
Mr. Fainaru. I told you the three that I mentioned subsequently
are no longer officers.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Chairman, as I understand it, this gentle-
man has produced here a list of the persons who in September 1948,
the date of this affidavit on this clipping being September 28, 1948,
were then officers of this publication ; is that right ?
Mr. Fainaru. Yes.
Senator Donnell. He has told us that three persons listed in that
are no longer officers. May I ask him, Mr. Chairman, whether or not
there are persons not mentioned on here who were previously officers
or employees of this publication and if so, do you have the list of those
persons who were previously officers or employees who are not listed
on this exhibit 1 ?
Mr. Fainaru. No ; I don't have that.
Senator Donnell. Were there persons other than those listed on
exhibit 1 who were previously officers or employees of the publication?
Mr. Fainaru. I couldn't tell you that. To the best of my recollec-
tion, I think that is the list with the exception of the three that I just
mentioned.
Senator Donnell. You do not think there were any other persons
who were officers or employees before September 1948, except those
who are listed in exhibit 1 ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not to the best of my recollection.
Senator Donnell. All right.
Mr. Fainaru. The only thing that has to be done, if I should be
mistaken, is to check, but I inquired and I wanted to have the list and
I got this clipping which is based on the report that we send every
year to the Government.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Arens. Now, do you have a list of the contributors to the
publication ?
Senator Eastland. You mean financial ?
Mr. Arens. No; who contributed material, articles.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 259
Mr. Fainaru. At this point I think that it is asking me to divulge
the trust given to us by the people who contribute to the paper.
The Chairman. The question is, Have you got that list?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't have it.
The Chairman. You were asked to bring it?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
The Chairman. You did not do it ?
Mr. Fainaru. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. Why not ?
Mr. Fainaru. Because it is impossible to do a thing like that.
The Chairman. Do you have it in your possession?
Mr. Fainaru. No.
The Chairman. Do you have it in the paper you are working for ?
Mr. Fainaru. I have a number of papers.
The Chairman. Do you have a list of the writers that have
contributed?
Mr. Fainaru. No; we do not keep track of the writers who write.
They send articles, we publish them, and that is all.
The Chairman. No matter who sends an article, you publish it ; is
that right?
Mr. Fainaru. If it is in accord with the position of the paper.
The Chairman. Go ahead.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly produce a list of all officers outside
the United States, including agents of foreign governments, foreign
correspondents, or foreign newspapers which have submitted mate-
rial or information for publication in the Romanul-American ?
Mr. Fainaru. Would this committee ask any editor, whether it is
the New York Times or the Washington Post
The Chairman. That is not the question. You are not answering
the question. Listen to the question and answer it.
Mr. Fainaru. I am listening.
The Chairman. Then answer it.
Mr. Fainaru. I think I am within my constitutional rights to re-
fuse to supply to this committee the sources of the information of our
paper or of any other paper and I deem it that I would be in con-
tempt of my newspaper profession if I would present to this commit-
tee sources of information that I gathered and I obtained for my
newspaper.
The Chairman. Do you refuse to do that ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right, on my constitutional grounds.
The Chairman. All right.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Chairman, I assume that the chairman by
the use of the term "all right" does not mean it is all right ?
The Chairman. I do not.
Mr. Fainaru. May I read my statement?
The Chairman. No ; you answer the questions.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Dekom has a number of names he would like to ask
the witness about.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Fainaru, did you know a person by the name of
Alexander Lazareanu ?
Mr. Fainaru. I have known Mr. Lazareanu and I have known
many other people. As a newspaperman I see loads of people, even
Senators and Congressmen.
260 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Will you tell us your relationship with Mr. Lazareanu ?
Mr. Fainaru. My relationship was as a newspaperman and from
what I know he was the press attache of the Rumanian Legation.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive any money from Mr. Lazareann?
Mr. Fainaru. No; I never received any money from Mr.
Lazareanu.
The Chairman. Do you mean to say that you did not receive any
money from the party named ?
Mr. Fainaru. From whom ?
The Chairman. The party named ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
The Chairman. You never received any money ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive any money indirectly from him,
through other persons, which came from him ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know Mihai Ralea ?
Mr. Fainaru. He was Minister of Rumania in Washington.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive any money or checks from him?
Mr. Fainaru. Never.
Mr. Dekom. Nor through him ?
Mr. Fainaru. Never, except for subscriptions of the newspaper if
they received the check. That I don't know. I am not in the busi-
ness— I mean I don't tackle that phase of the newspaper. If they
received the check for the subscriptions to the Legation, that is a
different matter.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive any money from or through any
person in the Rumanian Legation in Washington or the so-called
Rumanian consulate in New York, except for subscriptions?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. You did not?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Did your newspaper or other members of the staff of
the newspaper, to your knowledge, receive money transmitted through
the Rumanian Embassy in Washington or the Legation in New York
City?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I know of, sir.
Mr. Arens. The consulate in New York ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I know of.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever publish or arrange for publication of
books, pamphlets, for which money came from the Rumanian Lega-
tion or Mr. Lazareanu?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Did your organization publish a book against King
Michael of Rumania ?
Mr. Fainaru. Certainly.
Mr. Dekom. Did you receive any money for that from Mr. La-
zareanu or any other person connected with the Rumanian Govern-
ment ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive from Mr. Lazareanu any infor-
mation which you published in your paper ?
Mr. Fainaru. I still maintain that any sources
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 261'
The Chairman. You can answer that "Yes" or "No." Just answer
it "Yes" or "No."
Mr. Fainaru. Mr. Chairman, I still feel
The Chairman. That is all it calls for, "Yes" or "No;"
Mr. Fainaru. I don't think I can answer "Yes" or "No." I feel that
I am a newspaperman and I have a right to obtain any information
from whatever sources.
The Chairman. What about that question, can you not answer
"Yes" or "No"?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't feel that I should answer, on constitutional
grounds.
The Chairman. You are refusing to answer?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right.
Air. Dekom. Did you ever receive from Mr. Lazareanu articles
which you published in your paper, either that he himself wrote or
that he transmitted to you from other sources?
Mr. Fainaru. I receive a lot of material from all kinds of sources,
the Rumanian Legation just as well as the Polish Embassy and French
Embassy and so on, just as well as I received from the State Depart-
ment.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever receive from Mr. Lazareanu photostatic
copies of documents from the Rumanian Government ?
Mr. Fainaru. I still maintain that I am within my constitutional
rights not to answer questions as to sources of information.
The Chairman. Do you refuse to answer that last question ?
Mr. Fainaru. I do on the basis of article I of the Bill of Rights of
our Constitution.
The Chairman. Proceed.
Mr. Dekom. Did Mr. Lazareanu write articles for the Romanul-
American ?
The Chairman. That can be answered "Yes" or "No."
Mr. Fainaru. To the best of my ability, to the best of my recollec-
tion, no.
Mr. Arens. To what extent, if any, did you make confidential re-
ports to the Rumanian Legation in Washington?
Mr. Fainaru. I never made any confidential reports to anyone. I
am not in the employ of the United States Government.
Mr. Arens. To what extent did you make reports, even though they
may not have been confidential, written reports or typewritten reports,
to the Legation, Rumanian Legation ?
Mr. Fainaru. I am not in the habit of making confidential reports,
sir.
Mr. Arens. Did you make any reports to the Rumanian Legation
here ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I remember.
Mr. Arens. Do you read Rumanian ?
Mr. Fainaru. Evidently.
Mr. Arens. Would you mind, for the benefit of the committee, read-
ing a little of this photostatic document a here and see if you can iden-
tify it ? Could you just translate it as you read it, please ?
The Chairman. Translate as you read, if you can.
1 This document was subsequently identified as "Riposanu Exhibit 2" and a translation
appears on p. 273. The photostatic copy submitted in evidence was filed for the informa-
tion of the subcommittee.
262 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever seen that report before? [Handing
document to the witness.]
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know this one. I can see it.
Mr. Arens. Can you translate it?
Mr. Fainaru. Sure.
Mr. Arens. Would you do so, please ?
Mr. Fainaru (reading) :
The information that we give here has a single end, to help to cement friendly
relations between our adopted land and our land of birth and to continue in the
struggle to isolate and defeat fascism wherever it may raise its head.
Do you want me to read further ?
Mr. Arens. Do you say you have or have not any recollection of
writing that ?
Mr. Fainaru. No.
Mr. Arens. Would you say that you did not prepare it ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
The Chairman. The question was, Would you say you did not pre-
pare the document ; to which you answer, "No, sir"?
Mr. Fainaru. That is right ; to the best of my ability, I would say
I did not prepare it.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Fainaru. I don't see anything wrong in it.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever read that particular report before?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't recall about it.
Mr. Dekom. Did you play any part in preparing that report ; supply
the information for that report ?
Mr. Fainaru. As a newspaperman, I discuss questions with many
people.
Mr. Dekom. I mean directly, not as a newspaperman ?
Mr. Fainaru. You must realize I am a newspaperman of a particu-
lar newspaper and as such I am concerned with the country of my
birth and the country of my adoption. It would be very unnatural if
I weren't interested in things Rumanian.
Mr. Dekom. Did you help prepare that report? Or provide the
information for that report?
Mr. Fainaru. I had discussions with many people from my own
organization, if that is what you mean, about what reactionary forces
among the Rumanians there are, what the policy is
Mr. Dekom. Did any member of your staff prepare that?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever have that report in your possession be-
fore?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't recall. I don't recall, because I get a lot of
stuff in my office just like any other newspaper.
Mr. Arens. Have you submitted any report ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not to my knowledge.
The Chairman. To the Rumanian Legation?
Mr. Fainaru. Not to my knowledge, but I certainly did discuss with
people and as a newspaperman I wanted to find out, for instance, about
Rumania and in that capacity I did just like any other newspaperman
would do.
Mr. Arens. Have you ever been offered any money by attaches of
the Rumanian official family here in Washington or in New York?
Mr. Fainaru. No, sir.
communist activities in alien and national groups 263
Mr. Arens. I just wanted to elaborate on that last question. Has
anyone else, other than members of the official family of the Rumanian
Government in the United States on behalf of the Rumanian Govern-
ment offered you money ?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I know of.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever reprint articles from Rumanian Commu-
nist newspapers such as Scanteia?
Mr. Fainaru. Our newspaper, like any other newspaper, reprints
articles from many newspapers, including Scanteia. I still protest
against this kind of questioning.
The Chairman. Answer the question "Yes" or "No." A "Yes" or
"No" would have answered that question.
Mr. Fainaru. I don't think I have to answer "Yes" or "No." I do
think that it is the privilege of a newspaper to reprint from any news-
paper, whether it is English, French, Greek, or Chinese; that is the
privilege of the freedom of press.
The Chairman. Who is questioning that? The question is, Did
you?
Mr. Fainaru. I question the right of the gentleman to ask me a
question like that.
The Chairman. Read the question, Mr. Reporter.
(The pending question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever reprint articles from Rumanian Communist news-
papers such as Scanteia?
The Chairman. Answer that "Yes" or "No."
Mr. Fainaru. I would say that our newspaper and myself have
reprinted articles from many other newspapers and also including
Scanteia.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever publish any attacks against any person
because he or she attempted to collaborate with the United States ?
Mr. Fainaru. I think if you will examine our newspapers you will
find out what our editorial policy is, and what our editorial policy is,
in my opinion, is not in the province of this committee.
The Chairman. Read the question, Mr. Reporter. I want you to
listen to the question and answer it.
(The pending question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever publish any attacks against any person because he
or she attempted to collaborate with the United States?
Mr. Fainaru. I say that-
The Chairman. Just answer the question "Yes" or "No" and then
you can make any explanation you wish.
Mr. Fainaru. I don't think the nature of the question warrants my
answer because
The Chairman. Do you refuse to answer the question ?
Mr. Fainaru. It is a violent attack on the freedom of the press.
The Chairman. Do you refuse to answer the question or will you
answer it ?
Mr. Fainaru. I say that our position of the paper is to work — —
The Chairman. Do you refuse ? Or will you answer ? That is all
there is to it — one of the two, you certainly do. Do you refuse or wiU
you answer ?
Mr. Fainaru. That isn't
The Chairman. Nevermind. You can answer ?
264 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Fainaru. I can answer how I see fit.
The Chairman. Do you refuse to answer the question propounded
to you or will you answer it ?
Mr. Fainaru. We believe in collaboration between the United States
and the present Rumanian Government.
The Chairman. That was not the question propounded to you at
all. Read the question, Mr. Reporter.
(The pending question was read by the reporter as follows :)
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever publish any attacks against any person because he
or sbe attempted to collaborate with the United States?
Mr. Fainaru. Not that I remember, not that I recollect — to launch
an attack upon a person because he wants to collaborate with the
United States, since our own paper stands for collaboration between
the United States and the Rumanian People's Republic.
The Chairman. You did not ?
Mr. Fainaru. I do not understand, sir, the very nature
The Chairman. You do not understand ?
Mr. Fainaru. No ; because it is so inconsistent.
The Chairman. What is it you do not understand about that
question ?
Mr. Fainaru. This is it : The question is whether we attacked any
person because he is for collaboration with the United States. It is
a very vague question because the question is, for what? Because
we are for collaboration between the two countries. Our paper is for
that. Whatever publication we issued is to establish friendly rela-
tions between the two countries.
The Chairman. Nobody is asking you about your paper. Did you
ever publish any article ? The reporter will read the question to you
again if you want it read.
Mr. Fainaru. I would like to see the article. I cannot answer
questions in this manner.
The Chairman. You say you cannot answer it?
Mr. Fainaru. No ; because I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. What is the connection between your paper and the
International Workers Order or any of its branches or affiliates ?
Mr. Braverman. May I consult with my client? He asked me a
question.
The Chairman. When did you become his counsel ?
Mr. Braverman. Mr. Chairman, I became his counsel yesterday.
The Chairman. Yesterday?
Mr. Braverman. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. I do not think it is necessary.
Mr. Braverman. Mr. Chairman, he received a subpena not knowing
what the inquiry was, merely as to bringing along a list of material
that was already public knowledge, material that
The Chairman. That has nothing to do with the question pro-
pounded here. Let him answer the question.
Mr. Braverman. He may have to be advised to refuse on his con-
stitutional rights.
The Chairman. Let him answer the question. Read the question,
please.
(The pending question was read by the reporter, as follows:)
Mr. Dekom. What is the connection between your paper and the International
"Workers Order or any oi' its branches or affiliates?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 265
The Chairman. Can you answer that question?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't exactly know whether I can. Do you mind
if I consult with my attorney ?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Fainaru. Our paper supports the activities, the program, of the
order and especially of the Romanian-American Fraternal Society,
which is the fraternal organization among Rumanian- Americans — one
of the fraternal organizations.
Mr. Arens. What money have you received from those organ-
izations ?
Mr. Fainaru. In what sense do you mean money ?
Mr. Arens. Other than for just subscriptions?
Mr. Fainaru. Do you mean for publicity?
Mr. Arfns. For publicity or for support of your paper ?
Mr. Fainaru. Well, the support does not come from the order as
such, if that is what you mean. The lodges, the membership, organize
affairs, banquets, picnics, and what have you. They individually
contribute and this you will find even in the paper. We have pub-
lished that regularly ; whenever we have a campaign, we publish the
people who contribute just as the organizations who contribute.
Mr. Dekom. Is it not a fact that the International Workers Order
is listed as a Communist-front organization by the Attorney General?
Mr. Fainaru. What has that to do with this ?
The Chairman. Do you know whether it is a fact or not ?
Mr. Fainaru. Do I know ? I am a newspaperman.
The Chairman. Then you do know it is a fact. What is the use
of parrying with this thing \
Mr. Fainaru. I know it is a fact that the Attorney General listed it.
The Chairman. That is all you were asked for.
Mr. Arens. How many times in the course of the last year have you
been in contact, either by personal visits or by communication by tele-
phone or correspondence, with the officials of the Rumanian Govern-
ment in the United States or attaches of the Rumanian official family?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know.
Mr. Arens. What would be your best estimate ?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know ; a few times. Whenever I had a chance.
If I was in Washington I would go over.
Mr. Arens. When was the last time that you were in contact with
such persons?
Mr. Fainaru. I don't know. I don't recall exactly; possibly in
May or April.
The Chairman. Of this year?
Mr. Fainaru. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What contact have you had with them since you have
received this subpena ?
Mr. Fainaru. Since I received this subpena ?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Fainaru. Xo contact whatever, but I do expect to visit them.
Mr. Arens. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Fainaru. That is the $64 question. I wonder whether this
committee would ask any editor
The Chairman. Just answer the question.
266 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Fainaru. Whether the New York Times
The Chairman. Never mind what you think ; answer the question.
• Mr. Fainaru. I still maintain
The Chairman. Never mind what you maintain.
Mr. Fainaru. This is not relevant to the subpena.
The Chairman. Are you going to answer that question or not ?
Mr. Fainaru. You know very well; you know very well, because
this is a public record, there is a public record of my membership. I
think it is irrelevant. I think it is a complete violation of the Consti-
tution in asking such a question. You wouldn't ask any other editor
his political affiliation.
The Chairman. Are you a member of the Communist Party?
Mr. Fainaru. I told you.
The Chairman. What is it?
Mr. Fainaru. It is a public record that I am.
The Chairman. You are then?
Mr. Fainaru. I said that anybody who knows anything about my
activities knows that I am, but I protest against
The Chairman. That you are what?
Mr. Fainaru. A member of the party.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Fainaru. But I protest against this questioning.
The Chairman. Any questions, Senators?
This witness will not be excused from the subpena. You will be
held under subpena here subject to the call of this committee.
Mr. Braverman. He has a right to return to Detroit?
The Chairman. He may return to Detroit, but he will be subject to
recall. His expenses will not be paid to Detroit and back here again.
He will be called here on Monday or on Tuesday, whenever the com-
mittee reconvenes.
Mi-. Arens. May I suggest, too, that he be requested to stay here
for the purpose of hearing the testimony of three other witnesses on
this matter?
Mr. Braverman. Just on procedure, Senator?
The Chairman. Yes.
Mr. Braverman. Am I to understand that he is to stay in Washing-
ton for an indefinite period ? He is an editor of a newspaper.
The Chairman. Not at all. At the end of the day's proceedings, we
will let you know as his counsel. We want him to remain here now.1
Mr. Braverman. For the balance of this proceeding?
The Chairman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer for the record the
subpena which was issued to Mr. Fainaru.
The Chairman. That may be done.
(The subpena is in the files of the subcommittee.)
TESTIMONY OF PAMFIL RIPOSANU, FORMER FIRST COUNSELOR OF
THE RUMANIAN LEGATION
Mr. Arens. Mr. Riposanu, will you kindly raise your right hand
and be sworn ?
The Chairman. You do solemnly swear that the testimony you
are about to give before the subcommittee of the Committee on the
1 The testimony of Harry Fainaru is resumed on p. 293.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 267
Judiciary of the Senate of United States will be the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Riposanu. I do.1
Mr. Arens. You may proceed to read your statement.
Mr. Riposanu. My name is Pamfil Riposanu. My occupation was
a lawyer in Bucharest, and after the coup d'etat, after 1944, 1 became
Secretary General of the Presidential Council of Ministers of Rumania,
first in the government of General Sanatescu, and I was Secretary
General of the Presidency until 1946.
In 1946, I was appointed first counselor and Charge d'Affaires in
"Washington, D. C. I was there until February. In February 1947,
I left Washington, and I came back on August 19, 1947. I decided to
resign on August 26, 1947, because at that time there was a great
purge in Rumania by the Communist Party. They dissolved the oppo-
sition party, the democratic party of Rumania — that is, of Dr.
Maniu — and they arrested him. As a protest, I resigned.
During my political career. I was a member of the Rumanian Na-
tional Peasant Party, which is and always has been the real demo-
cratic party in the country. Although we were always opposed to
communism, the creed of our party was to try to find an understand-
ing with Russia, which was our largest and most powerful neighbor.
During the war, the National Peasant Party was opposed to nazism,
and its leader, Dr. Iuliu Maniu, was greatly restricted by the authori-
ties. At this period, I was attorney and good personal friend of Petru
Greza, the present Prime Minister of Rumania.
Mr. Dekom. I have here a copy of Dr. Petru Groza's book, In
Umbra Celulei or In the Shadow of the Cell. He mentions his friend,,
one Riposanu.
Mr. Riposanu. From the beginning to the last page he mentions
my name as being his best friend.
'Mr. Dekom. He is now the Prime Minister of Rumania X
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. This is his book ?
Mr. Riposanu. This was written while he was in jail.
Mr. Dekom. Thank you.
Mr. Riposanu. He was arrested for a period of time, and I had oc-
casion to visit him in prison almost every day, and at the same time I
visited Mr. Iuliu Maniu. Therefore, I am in a position to know, to dis-
close, that the man who saved Groza's life at that time was the greatest
democratic leader of the Rumanian people, Dr. Iuliu Maniu. Today
this man, a man of 76 years, is in chains, sentenced to life imprison-
ment by the same government whose present head he saved from a
Nazi execution squad. I myself am forced to live in exile as a result
of the totalitarian nature of that same government.
I have been asked to testify on the activities of the Rumanian Com-
munist officials in this country, on the basis of my experience as a
diplomatic official of the Rumanian Government.
After I arrived in the United States, the Foreign Ministry appointed
to the Legation a man by the name of Alexander Lazareanu, whom
I had never met before in my life. At the beginning, he appeared to
be a humble employee in his job as cultural attache. However, after
the fake election of 1946 — I came here before the election— when the
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
98330— 50— pt. 1 18
268 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Communists completely seized power by falsifying the election ret urns.
Lazareanu let me know that he would from that time on be the master
mind of tlu> Legation.
I found out later that he was the agent of the Communist Party and
the Rumanian secret police. He was the direct representative of Ana
Pauker, the Communist dictator of Rumania, and was appointed at
her direction. Ana Pauker who also holds the rank of a colonel of
tanks in the Soviet Red Army, has made herself since that time For-
eign Minister of Rumania. She is also one of the top members of the
Cominform.
Lazareanu was in contact with and under the direction of the Soviet
secret police (NKVD), a certain man here, I think Boldin, from the
Russian Embassy. He was always in contact with the Russian
Embassy in Washington. He used to travel many times to Detroit,
Cleveland, and Chicago, and other places where there are many Amer-
icans of Rumanian descent. He has done a great deal of traveling
back and forth between Bucharest and Washington. He distributed
some books of Communist propaganda in America — Cleveland, Ohio,
and others. He made some speeches. He was very clever. He tried,
for instance, to buy radio time of a Rumanian program for one hour,
in Detroit, for propaganda purposes and other things.
There was a Rumanian hour on the Detroit radio. He offered to
pay for this hour, to be used for the Communist propaganda, and he
made this olTer to certain men whose names I have already submitted
to the committee. He offered a sum of money for this hour to be used
under the direction of the Legation.
The chief propaganda agency through which the Rumanian Com-
munist officials worked in this country is the Communist newspaper
Romanul-American, published in Detroit.
Mr. Arens. Is that the same paper that was identified here or dis-
cussed by the previous witness ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Is this it? [He shows the witness a copy of the Ro-
manul-American.]
Mr. Ripsoanu. Yes. The editor of this paper is a former member
of the staff of the Daily Worker of New York. Fainaru is his
name, but his real is name is Herscu Froim. He published many
articles in the Michigan Herald, a Communist paper, too. He took an
active part in the strike of the Automobile Workers Union in Detroit.
He is a well-known Communist.
Mr. Arens. This person is the witness who just previously ap-
peared ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Fainaru?
Mr. Riposanu. He is the same. He had always attacked the Amer-
ican policies when they were not in accord with the policies of the
Soviet Union. In addition to that, this newspaper has reprinted
directly, word for word, many articles from the Communist newspa-
pers in Rumania. Let me cite an example for you. While I was
Secretary General of the Presidency of the Rumanian Government,
with the rank equivalent to an Under Secretary in the United States
I tried very hard to work for collaboration between the leftists and
the democratic parties, as well as work for collaboration between our
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 269
nation and the United States. For this, I was later attacked very vio-
lently by the Communist press in Rumania.
I was' accused of all sorts of crimes and was labeled an "American
spy" and, of course, being paid off in American dollars. One of the
most significant articles against me accused me of conspiring and plot-
ting against the Rumanian Government with the vice president of the
Rumanian National Peasant Party. It was stated in the article that
from July 6 to July 12, 1947, 1 was in the city of Brasov. This is very
amusing, because I was actually during that entire period in the city
of Bucharest — some 200 kilometers away. I did not leave that city for
one moment. For this, I had the best proof — the best alibi in the
world — I lived in the house of the Prime Minister, Mr. Petru Groza.
I could not be in two places at the same time. All his guards could
see me every day and every night.
These articles were reprinted word for word by the Romanul- Amer-
ican in Detroit, with the most serious accusations made against me,
because I worked for collaboration with the United States. Let me
emphasize this : that these charges were made against me by a news-
paper published here in the United States.
Mr. Dekom. Dr. Riposanu, do you have photostatic copies of those
articles?
Mr. Riposanu. I think I have.
Mr. Dekom. Would you submit them in evidence?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Arens. As a word of explanation. Doctor, these photostats pur-
port to be, first, copies of articles appearing in the Communist papers
in Rumania?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Arens. And secondly, copies of
Mr. Riposanu. This one is from Rumania, and the same in the
United States, the Romanul-American.
Mr. Dekom. Was that a word-for-word reprint?
Mr. Riposanu. It was. It appeared like an original article, however.
The Chairman. Who was the publisher of the American paper that
reprinted it?
Mr. Riposanu. It is written on the first page of the paper — Fainaru ;
his name is on there.
The Chairman. Is that the same paper that was referred to by the
witness that just preceded you?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes ; the same paper.
Senator Donnell. I suggest that those photostats be identified as
exhibits.
Mr. Arens. This will be Riposanu exhibit No. 1.
The Chairman. It will be marked and received.
(The newspapers were marked "Riposanu Exhibit No. 1" and filed
for the information of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Riposanu. These newspapers were published in the United
States, of course.
At one time — it was in 1916 — I was Charge d' Affaires
Mr. Arens. In the Rumanian Legation?
Mr. Riposanu. The legation in Washington. Lazareanu came to
my office and asked me to give Fainaru $300.
Mr. Arens. Is this Fainaru the same Fainaru who just testified?
270 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Riposanu. Yes. He had to ask me, because I was Charge
d' Affaires at that time. Minister Ralea was in Bucharest and I was
head of the legation and, of course, had charge of the money. He told
me that Minister Ralea had been regularly paying Fainaru $300 a
month and that he had come to get it now. Lazareanu asked me to give
him $300 because, he told me, he was paid every month $300 for his
newspaper. I refused to pay, because I did not want to pay for any
Communist activities.
I know from other members of the Legation, such as Vogel,1 press
attache, that Lazareanu tried to buy another paper, Solia; that is, to
pay for the publication of articles along the Communist lines.
Mr. Arens. Is that another paper in the United States?
Mr. RirosANU. Yes. It was the paper of the church, but from cer-
tain men of Detroit he tried to buy this paper in order to write articles
in his line.
Mr. Arens. I see.
Mr. Riposanu. It was for publication.
Mr. Dekom. You do not mean actually to buy outright?
Mr. Riposanu. Just so they would be under their order.
Mr. Dekom. To follow the Communist line ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Subsidize?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes. He made a certain offer to a certain priest in
Detroit, whose name is in your file.
There was very close vigilance over members of the Legation. For
the 6 months that I was in Washington, every step of mine was fol-
lowed. I do not know how, or wjio, but when I went to Bucharest in
March 1947, 1 saw a dossier in which was a list of all the persons whom
I visited in Washington, all the people who had been in my house as
visitors. When I visited, for instance, the Army and Navy Club in
Washington, they made a great fuss over it. The reports of the secret
police said—
Riposanu was reported with the head of the American Army —
and the name of a certain officer, who happened to be a good friend of
mine, from Washington, was given.
When I returned to Rumania in March 1947, I was shown a dossier
of my telephone conversations in Washington. I was told that one
report was sent through the Russian Embassj7 to the Russian secret
police in Moscow7 and that another report was sent to the Rumanian
secret police. Therefore, I have good reasons to believe that even my
telephone conversations must have been overheard and recorded by
some means unknown to me and then sent to both Russia and Rumania.
Mr. Dekom. That is, your telephone at home?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Not in your office ?
Mr. Riposanu. In my house.
Mr. Dekom. You rented a house ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Arens. It is your conclusion that your private house in Wash-
ington was tapped?
Mr. Riposanu. I cannot say, but I saw all of the conversations.
1 The testimony of Alfons Vogel appears on p. 289.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 271
Mr. Dekom. Was that in Bucharest ?
Mr. Riposanu. In Bucharest, in a dossier of the police. I had the
opportunity to see this dossier and all my conversations were recorded
with London, Paris, Washington, and all.
In my opinion, the Communist governments of all satellite coun-
tries use everyone — not only diplomats, every person, every chauffeur,
every man who is sent here — for espionage and propaganda. That is
my opinion. They use every man from the Legation for this purpose.
This is true of all satellite countries, because, you see, nobody can leave
the country now without having his visa approved by the secret police.
Always, when a man leaves the country, whether it is Rumania, Hun-
gary, Poland, they have to have a visa from the secret police. In every
country, in the secret police is a Russian, who is the real boss behind
the national chief of the secret police. In my country, for instance,
is a man with the name of Nikonov.
In my opinion, members of the legations from iron curtain coun-
tries are sent to the United States for the purpose of engaging in
espionage and subversive activities. The purpose of this network
of espionage is very clear in my mind and nothing secret. They try
to execute step by step what Stalin himself wrote in his book — world
domination.
Unfortunately, most people don't believe what Stalin expresses in
his own words in his Foundations of Leninism, as we did not believe
Hitler when he wrote his Mein Kampf. But later we saw that Hitler
followed step after step what he wrote in his book. Nothing else but
the forces of the Allied Powers could put a stop to Hitler's aims.
The Nazi Fuehrer — the man with the little mustache — has disap-
peared in the ruins of Berlin, but unfortunately for mankind his role
has been taken over by the man with the big mustache from the Krem-
lin, who is working hard to accomplish the work of his "younger
brother."
Mr. Arens. Doctor, you are here in response to a subpena ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes. Mr. Chairman, I would like to offer for the
record the subpena.
The Chairman. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Would you say from your knowledge of the
Rumanian officials of this country, that Russia has a far-reaching
and competent police force at work in the city of Washington ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes. All agents who are sent now in the so-called
Rumanian Legation, Bulgarian, and satellite countries, are nothing
else than simply agents of the Russian secret police.
Senator Eastland. And the secret police is very active here?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Would you say the same thing is true with other affili-
ates coming from those governments, such as trading commissions,
members of press agencies, and affiliates of international organizations
from those countries?
Mr. Riposanu. Nobody can leave those countries without having a
visa from the secret police and it means this man must be cleared ex-
tensively— all his life, how he believes, and what is his creed. Nobody,
unless he is a Communist, can leave the country.
Mr. Arens. To what extent are the Communist activities in the
U. S. A., on the basis of your experience, controlled and directed by
272 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
officials or attaches of the foreign governments v ho are in this
country '.
Mr. Riposanu. I think all of it is under the domination and control
of the Soviet Embassy, bnt not. openly. They try to hide that they are
under the control of the Soviet Embassy, but they report. I
remember when I was in my country and because I was close to the
Premier — because I could say I saved his life — I was in the position
to see some dossiers and always they were sent through Moscow. It
means that all reports were sent not only within the particular coun-
try, for instance from Rumania to Rumania, but also to the secret
police of Moscow.
Mr. Arexs. Do you have information respecting payment of money
for dissemination of propaganda through the Rumanian Legation
in Washington, other than the payment which you have referred to
on this one paper ?
Mr. Riposanu. I do not have others; I was only a few months in
Washington, because, in the meanwhile, there were changes in my
country. I think other members of the organization that worked — ■ —
Mr. Arens. Are you familiar with the Communist organizations
which have been designated by the Attorney General as Communist-
front organizations ?
Mr. Riposanu. Some of them.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any observations to make with respect to
the control and organization of the Communist fronts in the United
States by agents, either in embassies, consulates, or international
organizations ?
Mr. Riposantj. I cannot understand the question.
Mr. Arens. Do you have any comment to make respecting whether
or not the Communist-front organizations in the United States are
under the control and direction of agents of foreign powers who are
sent into the United States ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes. You have in the United States, of course,
persons of many different origins. I think every legation works in
its so-called national group. For instance, Lazareanu was well known
as a Communist. He worked among the Americans of Rumanian
descent. I think — I don't know — other legations work in the same
way.
Mr. Arens. But you can speak from knowledge about the Rumanian
Legation ?
Mr. Riposanu. That is correct. He had orders to work among
the Rumanians and Americans of Rumanian descent who are located
in Chicago and all over the United States.
Mr. Arens. Thank you very much.
Mr. Dekom. Dr. Riposanu, I will read you the name of an organi-
zation.
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. The Alianta Romanilor Americani Pentru Democratie,
which is the Alliance of Romanian Americans for Democracy?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Have you a comment to make on that organization?
Mr. Riposanu. No.
Mr. Dekom. Is it a Communist organization?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 273.
Mr. Riposanu. I don't know, but I think it is registered on the
Attorney General's list.
Mr. Dekom. I hand you a photostatic copy of a report. Can you
identify it for the record ?
Mr. Riposanu. I received the report in the Ritz Hotel the first day
I arrived in the United States. It was in the delegation of Americans
of Rumanian descent in New York. Then the original of this memo-
randum was presented to Minister Ralea in the name of the Romanul-
American. It goes on about the Groza government, about the situa-
tion here, about the role and the attitude of leaders and organiza-
tions of Americans of Rumanian descent.
Mr. Dekom. Are any attacks made in that against American persons
or Members of Congress ?
Mr. Riposanu. It is an attack against a certain Hon. Congressman
George Dondero, of Michigan, for he addressed a memorandum to the
United States Congress concerning the problem of Bessarabia. This
memorandum was in fact dealing in the biggest part about the ques-
tion of Bessarabia, a Rumanian province seized by Russia. "The
report," said the Romanul-American. "is full of lies."
Mr. Arens. Doctor, will you identify that document again, please?
What is that document that you hold in your hand ?
Mr. Riposanu. It was handed in at the Hotel Ritz in New York,
in the first days that the Rumanian Legation arrived here.
The Chairman. That is now marked for identification in the hearing
as what (
Mr. Arens. Exhibit No. 2, sir.
The Chairman. It will be marked and received.
(The photostat was marked "Riposanu Exhibit No. 2" and filed for
the information of the subcommittee. The translation is as follows :)
[Translation]
Memorandum
The information which we give here has a single goal — to assist in cementing
the ties of friendship between our adopted country and our country of birth,
and to continue the fight to isolate and defeat fascism wherever it attempts to
raise its head.
We consider every manisfestation of fascism, regardless under what mask it
presents itself, as a deadly danger to our adopted country and a deadly danger
to the new democracies, among which our fatherland is included.
Three important groups exist among Rumanian Americans here in America :
1. The liberal group organized around the Union and League R. A. S.
[Romanian-American Society] with the newspaper America.
2. The workers' group organized around the Romanian-American Fraternal
Society of the International Workers Order, with the newspaper Romanul
American [Romanian- American].
3. The church group, which is in fact divided in additional subgroups with the
newspaper Solia [Mission].
In the latter group there were also included elements of the Foaia Poporului
[People's Journal] and two other newspapers which have appeared recently and
are published at intervals of a month, two, or three, months. The newspapers in
question are : Adevarul [Truth] and Lumina [Light].
Besides these newspapers, there is also the magazine written in the English
language — the New Pioneer — edited by Mr. Theodore Andrica, the organ of the
organization Cultural Association for Americans of Romanian Descent. The
editorial committee of the magazine, besides Mr. Andrica, is made up of the
274 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
priest, George Babutiu (Greek Catholic) and Miss Sylvia Damian, with Mr. loan
Burnea as principal collaborator. The politics of this group is similar to that of
the church group.
II
In order to have a clearer picture of these groups and of their activities, with
regard to new Rumania, it is necessary to give a summary of their position during
the time of World War II.
The newspaper Romanul American (formerly Desteptarea [Awakening])
carried on an intensive campaign for the unification of our national groups in
order to keep our adopted country from falling into the talons of fascism and
to assist our country of birth to escape from these talons.
In October 1941 we succeeded in achieving the unity of our national group,
creating the Alliance of Romanian-Americans for Democracy which has played
an extremely important role during the entire time of the war, but a much less
important one since the end of the war.
The Alliance of Romanian-Americans for Democracy is composed of: The
Union and League R. A. S. ; R. A. Fraternal S. of the IWO, the national benefit
and insurance society with a workers character ; the Junior League ; the League
of Romanian Volunteers of World War I ; and the Baptist Association (the latter
only until the year 1943 ) .
Independent local organizations, parishes, political, social, and women's groups
took part in the local sections of the Alliance.
Since the beginning of the Alliance, the Rumanian Orthodox Episcopate has
conducted a vicious campaign against it and against the compotent organizations,
slandering the organizations and their leaders.
SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE "ALLIANCE"
The activities of the Alliance are divided into two principle phases :
((.•<) On the political and ideological theme.
(6) War activities, as for example, the buying and giving to the armed forces
of our country' over 20 ambulances, the buying of war bonds, donations to the
Red Cross, to the USO (the Service organizations on all fronts, as well as here
in the training camps, for our soldiers), donations of blood, charity donations,
etc.
In the ideological and political field, there was carried on an intense campaign
among Rumanian-Americans and among Americans against the Fascists and
against the saboteurs of the United Nations.
This campaign was directed at the Fascist clique which organized itself
politically in the organization Free Romania, which was an instrument of
former King Carol II. Besides Solia, they had the Graiul Romanesc [Rumanian
Voice] and the magazine in English, Free Romania.
The ideologists of these publications were the priests Stefan Opreanu,
Gligheriu Moraru, and the editor George Zamfir, who was condemned to imprison-
ment for fraud.
Not only that this clique did nothing to help the victory of the United Na-
tions, not only that it attacked the Alliance, but it never attacked the Antonescu 1
government. Their entire ideology in the Glasul Romanesc [Rumanian Voice]
resembled the ideology of Mein Kampf. Once they published an editorial which
was translated almost word for word from Mein Kampf.
The Alliance of Romanian Americans for Democracy, with its component
societies and organizations, and the newspapers Romanul American and Ameri-
ca have conducted an energetic campaign to unmask the activities of those named
above, demanding that they be arrested and their press suppressed.
The campaign was carried out with success when the three mentioned above
were arrested, tried, and condemned to approximately 2 years in prison and
fined, and their press suppressed. They were pardoned — not fully — by President
Truman immediately after his installation in power.
The other important political campaign was that against the former King
Caron II [Carol] when he tried several times to enter the United States. The
attempts of the former King were destroyed by the activities of the Alliance
and the newspaper Romanul American.
1 Gen. Ion Antonescu, the head of the Kumanian Government during the Nazi occupa-
tion, leader of the Iron Guard, the Rumanian Fascist organization.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 275
The Alliance functioned even in Rumania under the auspices of the OWI,1
a Government propaganda agency. The Alliance was entrusted with prepara-
tion of speeches which were delivered on one hand by Mr. Louis I. Bozin, the
secretary-treasurer of the Alliance, and on the other hand by Mr. Peter Neagoe,
Speeches were also delivered by Mr. Carol Davila, the former Rumanian Minister
in Washington, as long as his attitude was correct. Now, Mr. Davila has for
more than 8 months been against the Groza 2 government.
Mr. Andrica, the Priest Babutiu, the Priest Spataru (Greek Catholics), as well
as the Romanian Orthodox clergy, have never ceased making attacks against
the progressive and democratic forces of the country. During the entire time
of the war, the Alliance and its component organizations, spearheaded by the
newspapers Romanul American and America, which supported the Alliance,
published manifestos, booklets, and other material on both a national and local
scale aimed at the unification of our group and the American people to urge
the Romanian people to withdraw from the war on the side of Nazi Germany.
We condemned the dictate of Vienna3 and we urged the necessity that Tran-
sylvania should be definitely returned to Romania.
* With the liberation of Rumania from the Nazi-Antonescu yoke, the Alliance
again took a positive stand for the unity of the three great powers — the United
Srates, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain as the sole guarantee for a just and
enduring peace and one which would permit the countries to enter upon the road
of democracy.
With regard to Rumania, the Alliance refused to take a position opposed to
the Groza government although Mr. Davila, who was its honorary President,
tried in July 1945, to forcibly lead the Alliance into a position contrary to the
Groza government by threatening to resign as honorary president. The leader-
ship of the Alliance, nonetheless, rejected the demand of Mr. Davila.
Mr. Davila went so far as to try to influence the newspaper Romanul American
not to attack Mr. Iuliu Manin " anymore, but without success. The gentleman
also demanded that the Alliance should unite with the priests who are opposed
to the Groza government. In the face of the correct and democratic position
of the Alliance, Mr. Davila was forced to resign.
Although the Alliance has done very little on a large scale, nonetheless, its
national officers have issued various declarations on behalf of the unity of the
three great powers, in favor of the Groza government, and for the reintegration
of Transylvania in the democratic body of new Rumania.
IV
Despite the fact that pressure upon the Union and League and upon the news-
paper America (particularly since they were always for Maniu) has been very
great, it has not yet happened that they have fallen victim to this pressure.
Thus, the position of the newspaper America, although none too positive and
clear toward the present Rumanian Goverment, still it cannot be said that they
are against it. It must, however, be pointed out that as a result of the pressure
of certain reactionary circles from the Union and League, it has published from
time to time articles which could not be considered favorable to the Groza govern-
ment nor the Soviet Union. In other words, the position of the newspaper
America is sometimes hesitant.
The reactionaries and Fascists who opposed the Alliance of Romanian-Amer-
icans for Democracy are now in front of the opposition to the Groza government,
against the Soviet Union, and are carrying on a campaign which is beginning
to penetrate our large masses.
Foaia Poporului, Solia, and in a more openly Fascist way, Lumina and
Adevarul are carrying on a dirty campaign. Lumina is the organ of the so-
called Rumanian National Committee for Democracy. The open leaders of this
committee are Rudi Nan of Youngstown, Ohio; George Stanculescu, former
1 Office of War Information.
2 Petru Groza, present puppet Prime Minister of Rumania.
3 The Treaty of Vienna, signed under Nazi auspices, returned to Hungary part of the
territory of Transylvania which was annexed by Rumania after World War I.
4 Iuliu Maniu was the head of the Rumanian Peasant Party and the leader of the demo-
cratic forces of Rumania. He was the only leader to emerge in postwar Rumania who had
the genuine support of the people. He was arrested by Communists on the usual trumped
np treason charges.
276 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
functionary of the Rumanian Consulate in Cleveland, Ohio; the priest loan
Truta, also of Cleveland; the priest George Babutiu, also of Cleveland; and
the priest loan Spataru of Youngstown, Ohio (the last two are Greek Catho-
lics). With them is Theodore Andrica, who is in the capacity of American
journalist, has been in Rumania and who at the present is getting ready to go
there anew; the priest Alexander Cucu of Akron, Ohio (former Guardist* in
Rumania, who was put in a concentration camp here in America during the war
as a dangerous person to the security of our adopted country) ; the priest George
Moldovan of Farrell, Pa. (an old former Guardist in Rumania). Also with
them are Nicholas Martin Neamtu, counseler of the Episcopate, the priests
Glicherie Moraru, Stefan Opreanu, and others less known. With this group
there were secretly Andrei Popovici, former consul in New York, George
Anagnostache, former consul in Cleveland, and others, such as Nicholas T. Cucu
and loan Cucu (two brothers) [who are] very active in their work of dis-
ruption and anti-Soviet propaganda and against Mr. Groza and his collaborators.
Their propaganda is carried on with the knowledge and under the guidance
of Maniu. It is said that they have even received money from the country
[Rumania]. The newspapers Lumina and Adevarul are distributed free. The
same [is true of] Foaia Poporului and the New Pioneer. The circulation of the
newspapers Solia and Foaia Poporului does not exceed 1,000 copies each.
In the meetings that they have, and in the press, their propaganda is similar
to that of Goebbels : The Red Army kills thousands of Rumanians, violates girls
of 8-10-12 years of age, steals everything, despoils the people's wealth. The
<Jroza government is a Communist government. The Jewess, Ana Pauker, runs
the government, liberty does not exist in Rumania. The people die of hunger
and everything they have is taken away from them. Maniu has the support of
the majority of the people. He is the idol of the people. He is the great cham-
pion of the Rumanian democracy, etc., etc., etc.
Briefly, these are the things propagated by the Manist opposition here. Finally
there are the Rumanians who have [recently] come from the country, par-
ticularly, the young ones, and all of them sing the same tune. According to our
information, these elements are instructed by a conspiratory organization in
Rumania, tied up with Maniu and the Iron Guard. They also receive some
instructions by means of ships when they come here.
There has never been more violent anti-Soviet and anti-Groza propaganda car-
ried on than that carried on by these elements. In step with this propaganda,
is an intensive anti-Semitic campaign asserting that "Russians and Jews run the
country."
When the Hungarian reactionary-chauvinistic clique of America began a
campaign that Transylvania should be given to Hungary, they were silent and
only when they were unmasked by the newspaper Romanul American, did they
begin to see something in the form of a memorandum presented to a reactionary
representative from the State of Michigan by the name of Dondero,2 which memo-
randum was inserted in the Congressional Record (official gazette) by this
representative. Actually, this memorandum dealt largely with Beassarabia 3
and is full of lies against the Groza government and accusations against the
Soviet Union concerning the present situation, and very little concerning
Transylvania.
This memorandum was handed to Representative Dondero by Nicholas Mar-
tin Neamtu, the counselor of the Orthodox Episcopate here, and it is said that it
was prepared by Andrei Popovici.
During the time of the war, the newspaper Romanul American and the R. A.
Fraternal S. of the IWO were the most important instruments in the political area
as well as in the organizational area, just as they have been since Mr. Groza came
into power. In our opinion and that of others, the Romanul American is the most
important and effective organ in exposing and unmasking of the Manists and of
other Fascists and pro-Fascists and anti-Semites. It is the most important and
useful organ in bringing into the light of day the questions pertaining to new
Rumania and the program of the Groza government and the democratic forces of
our mother country.
1 Member of Iron Guard in Rumania.
2 Representative Oeortre Dondero.
3 Bessarabia is the former northeastern province of Rumania which was annexed by
Soviet Russia during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 277
This and the fraternal newspaper published notices, held popular meetings, and
have published a brochure in the English language, The Truth About Rumania,
which had a large distribution, as well as an important echo among Americans
and among Rumanian-Americans. Mr. Davila firmly insisted that the brochure
should not be published (when he designed in July 1945), because it unmasked
Maniu. As can be seen, the newspaper Romanul American is the only newspaper
here that is carrying on an effective fight in exposing Maniu's treacheries.
VI
We have decided to inform the Groza government about the situation here and
about the role and attitude of our group.
We hope that this information will persuade the Rumanian Government to take
into consideration the attitude and fight of this group, the only one which has
stood completely and openly with the action of the present Government and the
Democratic National Front from the beginning, considering it beneficial for the
Rumanian people and as the true path of real democracy in conformance with
the political traditions of our adopted country, as symbolized by the program of
the lamented and great President Roosevelt.
When diplomatic relations between our adopted country and our country of
birth are reestablished, we hope that the new Rumanian representatives here will
facilitate the process of strengthening these relations by democratic ways.
It would, indeed, be a tragedy sif, with the reestablishment of the legation, the
representatives of new Rumania would allow themselves to be drawn into mis-
takes and would accept as coworkers the former functionaries of the legation
and consulates. All of them, from the greatest to the smallest, are dangerous ele-
ments to the cementing of friendly relations by democratic means, and in many
cases are susceptible to fascism.
And just as America requests and has press correspondents and agents who
send reports from Rumania, it is necessary that new Rumania should have here
press agents and press correspondents who can inform public opinion about
Rumania and Rumanian opinion about America.
It is absolutely necessary that our Rumanian newspapers in America, together
with the rest of the press, should i-eceive all kinds of news from Rumania, not
only on political questions, but also on the progress which the people is making
in all the areas of its national existence, economic, political, social, organizational,
and cultural.
It is necessary that our Rumanian press should receive such information,
especially from Transylvania and from Banat, since a large majority of American-
Rumanians are from Transylvania and Banat.
It is also necessary that the Orthodox Church here should have a church head
who would conform to the vital interests of the Rumanian churches and the
Rumanian people, and who would help to cement the tides of friendship between
us here and our brothers at home.
Mr. Arexs. "Who is it that transmitted this document to you?
Mr. Riposaxu. Two American Rumanians who have been in the
delegation, who received the Rumanian Legation in New York. It
was in September 1946.
Mr. Dekom. Who are those?
Mr. Riposaxu. A man named George Vocila. Fainaru, and others.
It was handed in the name of the newspaper Romanul-American.
Mr. Dekom. Do you see any of the persons who were part of that
delegation in this room, for example, the gentleman on your left
[Mr. Fainaru] ?
Mr. Riposaxu. Yes.
The Chairman. What was that delegation ?
Mr. Arexs. Would you again clarify for the record who this dele-
gation was and where it was and what was transmitted ?
Mr. Riposaxu. It was many people from Detroit, Cleveland, and
Chicago. I did not know at that time these people. Then there re-
mained only a few of them. Among these were the president of the
organization of Rumanians, the Union and League, the represen-
tative of this newspaper Romanul-American, and Vocila.
278 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. There were three men that handed you this
memorandum ?
Mr. Riposanu. Only two.
Mr. Arens. Who of the two ?
Mr. Riposanu. Voeila or Fainaru.
Mr. Arens. It was handed to you in your presence ?
Mr. Riposanu. That is correct.
Mr. Arens. In the name of this newspaper ?
Mr. Riposanu. In the name of this newspaper, they wrote in the
contents of the memorandum.
Mr. Arens. How many persons of Rumanian descent are there
in the United States ?
Mr. Riposanu. I think over 200,000.
Mr. Arens. To what extent is there Communist cultivation or dis-
semination or propaganda among persons of Rumanian descent in the
United States ?
Mr. Riposanu. There are not too many, but they tried always to
keep and occupy the key positions in all organizations. For instance,
the biggest organization of Americans of Rumanian descent is in
Cleveland, Union and League.
Mr. Arens. Is it your testimony that this activity is controlled by
the consulates and the legations and representatives sent into the
country ?
Mr. Riposanu. I don't think only through legations, there were cer-
tain people in legations who had this charge. Usually, the man who
had the trust of the Communist Party, not the chief of the Legation
or the chief of the mission. He could be a chauffeur or a doorman.
Mr. Arens. You mean his official position might be that of
chauffeur?
Mr. Riposanu. Lazareanu was the cultural attache, but he was the
head. We had a driver, for instance, a chauffeur in the legation,
Sterian.1
Mr. Arens. To what extent do these diplomats or semidiplomats,
persons enjoying immunity under our laws, actually address these
groups and visit with them and meet with them and talk with them ?
Mr. Riposanu. Lazareanu used to travel very often among the
Rumanians. He sent books for Communist propaganda. You can
find one of their so-called friends of the Communists in Cleveland,
Ohio, the former president of the Union and League of Rumanians.
The Chairman. Any questions ?
Senator Donnell. Doctor, in your statement on page 4, near the
bottom, you say that Lazareanu came to your office and asked you to
give Fainaru $300 ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Is this Fainaru the same man who was on the
witness stand just before you this morning ?
Mr. Riposanu. It was not for the man but for the newspaper which
he represented.
Senator Donnell. Yes. Lazareanu came to your office and asked
you to give for Fainaru $300 for the newspaper?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Where is Lazareanu?
1 Vasile Sterian.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 279
Mr. Riposanu. Lazareanu was put out of the United States because
later they found out he was not only the cultural representative but
was the representative of the Cominform and for that reason the
United States Government asked the Rumanian Government that he
be recalled.
Senator Donnell. So Lazareanu was expelled from the United
States?
Mr. Riposanu. At the demand of the United States Government.
It was proved who was Lazareanu.
Senator Donnell. I understand from your statement that Lazar-
eanu told you that Minister Ralea had been regularly paying him $300
a month ?
Mr. Riposanu. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Where is the Minister, Ralea?
Mr. Riposanu. He is in Rumania.
Senator Donnell. Did you look over the payments of the Lega-
tion at any time and find out whether these payments had been made?
Mr. Riposanu. I did not, because that was not my work. It was
other employees who did this.
Mr. Braverman. Mr. Chairman, I want to make a statement. My
client (Mr. Fainaru), asked for the right to make a statement and
he was not allowed to make it. This witness was allowed to make his
statement.
The Chairman. He will have the opportunity of making the state-
ment,1 not right now, but he will have the opportunity.
TESTIMONY OF MIRCEA METES, FORMER FIRST SECRETARY OF
THE RUMANIAN LEGATION
Mr. Arens. The next witness is Mr. Metes.
The Chairman. Will you raise your right hand, please?
You do solemnly swear that the testimony that you are about to
give before this subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary
of the Senate of the United States will be the truth, the whole truth,
and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Metes. I do.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly identify yourself by name, occupa-
tion, and residence?
Mr. Metes. My name is Mircea Metes.
Mr. Arens. You are here in answer to a subpena to appear before
this committee ?
Mr. Metes. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Do you have a prepared statement?
Mr. Metes. Yes.
Mr. Arens. You may proceed.
Until September 6, 19-18, I was First Secretary of the Rumanian
Legation here in Washington. I was assigned in the summer of 1946,
and since that time I have not returned home. I resigned from the
Legation because my thinking and my ideals were different from
those of the people who are now ruling Rumania. I was subpenaed
before this committee to testify on what I know concerning the activ-
ities of the personnel of the Rumanian Legation outside of their legal
1 See p. 203.
280 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tasks and of the activities of Communists among the Rumanians in
this country. From my own personal observation and experience I
can state that the personnel of the Rumanian Legation are engaged
in — ■
(1) Undermining the loyalty of Americans of Rumanian origin
by means of propaganda and Communist organizational work.
(2) Maintaining contact with Communists and pro-Communists
for the purpose of obtaining information about the United States
and about Rumanians living in this country.
(3) Operating a secret police cell in the Legation to spy on the
people there and to terrorize them.
These facts I know from my own experience ; I have personal
knowledge of them. I not only watched the operation of the secret
police unit, but I have had occasion to learn directly of their plans
to set up Communist organizations among American citizens of
Rumanian origin.
In order that you may understand the situation, I would like first
of all to explain conditions in the Legation itself. During a part of
my term with the Legation, there was a cultural counselor by the
name of Alexander Lazareanu. ^rom his actions and his authority,
it was obvious to all of us that Lazareanu Mas the representative of
the secret police and of the Communist Party in the Legation.
He was very timid when he first came here. He did no work in
the Legation. He tried just to meet people and to contact people.
He tried first to contact people at different legations here in Wash-
ington from behind the iron curtain, and then in January 1947, he was
sent to Bucharest by Mr. Raiea, the Rumanian Minister in the United
States, supposedly to get in touch there with leaders of the political
parties in Rumania and to arrange that the staff of the Legation would
be increased and that the former salary levels be restored.
I know, however, because it was told to almost everyone in the
Legation that one of the real purpc ses of Mr. Lazareanu's trip to
Rumania was to try to replace Mr. Riposanu. who was supposed to
go for a trip to Rumania on an official mission. We did not believe
it was possible, but Lazareanu succeeded. We did not believe it be-
cause Mr. Riposanu. when Antonescu ruled Rumania, was one of the
men who helped Dr. Groza, the present Prime Minister.
When Lazareanu came back 2 months later, he had an order from
his information ministry that he was appointed as chief of the press
delegation here in Washington. He also became the chief adviser to
Mr. Ralea, the Minister, who made no minor or major decision without
the advice of Mr. Lazareanu.
The Legation staff was composed of representatives of various
ministries. Most of them were from the Foreign Ministry, I mean
the counselors, secretaries, attaches, and others. Lazareanu and Vogel
were working for the cultural and press services and belonged to the
Ministry of Information.
Lazareanu and his henchmen were constantly spying on everybody
in the Legation and sending back reports to Bucharest. They went
to extreme and even ridiculous ends to accomplish this purpose. One
day, I had to go to the basement, where some old records were stored,
to look up some old material. When I turned on the light, I saw
Sterian, who was supposed to be the chauffeur of the Legation, stand-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 281
ing on top of a box. He was slightly stooped over because the ceiling
was low. I noticed that someone had bored holes in the basement
ceiling and Sterian was listening in on the conversation which people
were having in the room above. You might be interested in knowing
that Sterian was at one time a bodyguard to the Communist dictator
of Rumania, Ana Pauker, and was obviously an agent of the Rumanian
secret police. He even took it upon himself to open other people's
mail, even personal mail. I believe also that Mr. Sterian was a mem-
ber of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Rumania.
Mr. Dekom. And he was here as a chauffeur?
Mr. Metes. »He was here as a chauffeur of the Legation. He was
recalled on demand of the Department of State and sent back to
Rumania.
Lazareanu later became chief of this press service. He assumed the
responsibility for all the work of the press service of the Legation.
Since he became chief of the press delegation, he did no more work
than he had done before. It was always Mr. Vogel : who worked on
the press bulletin for which the material was taken from American
newspapers, from Associated Press releases, and from the teletype, to
inform Mr. Ralea.
Among the most important duties of Lazareanu was to send in-
formation about everything that happens in the United States, to keep
liaison with the leftists and with the Communist Party of the United
States, and with the legations from behind the iron curtain.
Here is how it happened that I saw these things. In August 1947,
while Mr. Ralea was in Europe, Mr. Mardarescu,2 who was Charge
d" Affaires, called me into his office. Mr. Lazareanu was also there.
Mr. Mardarescu, in the capacity as the active chief of the mission, said,
"Mr. Metes, we want to ask you to do something."
I sat down. First Mr. Mardarescu spoke to me and then Mr.
Lazareanu. Lazareanu said :
Mircea, since you are a Transylvania-horn Rumanian, since your wife is the
daughter of a priest, and since for the most part the Rumanian-Americans came
from Transylvania, you can understand them better, they can understand you
better, and they can trust you. You are the only one. since Riposanu is no
longer a member of the Rumanian Legation, who will be able to help us.
Transylvania is one of the northern provinces of Rumania. People
from Transylvania emigrated to the United States before the First
World War, some 45 or 50 years ago.
Mr. Dekom. There is also a difference in dialect ?
Mr. Metes. Yes; old-time Transylvanians speak a language which
is quite different from the language of old Rumania. They have also
been under entirely different cultural and historical influences. I
think 999 out of 1,000 Rumanians in the United States came from
Transylvania.
Mr. Lazareanu told me :
You will be able to get their confidence. It will not be very difficult work for
you. First, you are to inquire about the number of Rumanian people ; secondly,
what kind of political beliefs or leanings they have, what kind of organizations —
not just political, but also religious, cultural, and sport organizations — they have.
You will be sent there from the Legation. The Legation will pay your expenses,
but you must not tell them what mission you have there ; just that you made a
1 For the testimony of Alfons Vogel, see p. 289.
2 Vlad G. Mardarescu, counselor of legation.
282 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
trip for pleasure, and to become acquainted with your people from Transylvania.
Then, after you are there 5 or 10 days, you will come back and you will make
a report about what you did there, about what information you got from these
people. On another occasion, you will be sent back, also for a so-called pleasure
trip, to Cleveland and Detroit, and other cities in which there are Rumanians,
and try to make small political organizations, or to advise the already existing
organizations, no matter whether they had religious or cultural affiliations, to
federate or to form a coalition under the leadership of "progressives" in order to
become stronger.
"Progressives" was the word they used very often to describe extreme
leftists or Communists. They never spoke in the Legation of the Com-
munist Party or the members of the Communist Party as "Commu-
nists." They were "Progressives," all of them.
Lazareanu continued :
But you must not call these organizations political organizations at first.
You should only suggest that they be organized, because organizations and
organized people are stronger than a people completely dispersed.
Then you will have to contact those Rumanians who we know have leftist
leanings and have them take over the leadership of the organizations you will
form.
You must not call these organizations Communist organizations, but just pro-
gressive organizations. You have to inform them about what happened in
Rumania, about the new freedom of the Rumanian working and peasant classes,
about the freedom of everybody who works in Rumania ; and to let them know
that Rumania is completely independent ; that just Wall Street and the Ameri-
can warmongers say that Rumania lost its independence, is a part of Russia, is
ruled by the Russians, and it has to follow the Russian line.
Afterward, you will be able to establish one or two small organizations, but
not directly connected to you — you must not have any direct connection with
these organizations. You will leave them in charge of the people who we know
are truly and certainly "progressive" and go on to others.
I said : "Yes, it is true, I am from Transylvania, but I have no politi-
cal inclinations and I really do not like to play politics. I have never
played politics in my life. I am not the most suitable person to be
sent there, maybe I will make mistakes and the Legation will have
trouble. I do not consider these Rumanians as a Rumanian colony
in the United States. They are not Rumanian citizens, but American
citizens, and I think if the American authorities hear about our doings
there, not only myself, but the Legation, will have some repercussions
and not a pleasant position here. We do not have the right to mix
into American interior affairs. I think you will have to think more
about this offer before starting this work.
"Secondly, I do not consider this Rumanian minority in the United
States politically very important to the United States, because they are
no more than 100,000 or 150,000 people. In comparison with the popu-
lation of the United States, it does not represent an electoral or politi-
cal force at all. Furthermore, they are very divided, not just politi-
cally, but religiously and culturally, and it is dangerous even to try
to organize them.
"Thirdly, if I go there and try to organize them, I have to tell them
things which they like to hear, because I cannot just get in touch with
them and tell them to get organized.
Suppose I would be able to establish a small organization there,
what importance would this organization have on United States in-
ternal politics or in Rumania?"
They said, "You are wrong. You are wrong, first, because it is not
important that such an organization must have millions of members.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 283
It is enough to have a nucleus first. This organization will grow and
they will get more people. I agree with you that you will never be
able to introduce into this organization all the Rumanian- Americans,
but later, 5 or 10 years later, when the moment comes, we will have
here a small organization on which we can count."
I said, "Yes, maybe you are right, but really I prefer not to be sent
out in this capacity. I do not think I am the right man for this job.
If you think otherwise, I ask you to wait until Mr. Ralea returns and to
speak to him. It is a sufficiently important thing not to make a quick
decision."
Lazareanu said, "I am sure Mr. Ralea will have the same opinion
as I have."
I said, "Yes, but even so, let's wait a little."
They agreed. They did not ask me until Mr. Ralea returned. After
his return Mr. Ralea told me, "You know, Mr. Metes, I intend to send
you for a short trip to Cleveland and Detroit."
I said, "Yes, Mr. Mardarescu and Mr. Lazareanu told me some weeks
ago about these things, but really, I do not think that this assignment
will be suitable for this trip." I tried to explain to him my position.
I suggested that someone else be sent there, even Mr. Lazareanu. But
Lazareanu said, "I would go there, but my appearance is not a Tran-
sylvanian appearance; I have a kind of Jewish face and I cannot
say that I am a Transylvanian. I cannot say, even if I speak Ru-
manian well, that I am a person from Transylvania." He also said,
"You have another factor that helps you; your wife is the daughter
of a Transylvanian priest."
After I spoke to Mr. Ralea, he asked me if I spoke to Lazareanu, and
I told him that I had. Later, at a small meeting we had with Mr.
Lazareanu, Mr. Vogel, and Mr. Mardarescu, Mr. Ralea said, "I have
the same opinion as Mr. Metes has concerning this matter."
Lazareanu immediately began to restate his arguments; but Mr.
Ralea said, "No, I prefer to send a cable to Bucharest and ask the
Foreign Ministry if such activity is or is not indicated."
Later on, some of the people from the Legation went to Cleveland
and other places. I believe these trips were for organizational pur-
poses. My opinion is confirmed by the fact that they tried to hide
from me, even to deceive me, about their travels. I would like to tell
the committee about one such instance in the summer of 1948.
One day, I had to obtain the monthly signatures on the salary state-
ments. I went to the offices of Preoteasa, Magureanu,1 and Lazareanu,
but none of them was in. I was told that they had not come in that
day, but no one knew where they were. I thereupon called the home
of Lazareanu (where Preoteasa also lived), and Madame Lazareanu
answered. She told me that Preoteasa had left Washington last night
with Lazareanu to go to Cleveland.
The next day, I asked Magureanu whether he had been away, and
lie, surprised at my question, said, "Yes; I was in New York with
Lazareanu."
Later on. I asked Lazareanu, "Did you go to Cleveland yesterday?"
He said, "No ; I was in New York. Just Mr. Magureanu and Mr. Pro-
teasa were in Cleveland." The fact is that they all three were in
Cleveland. Madame Lazareanu said they went to Cleveland, when I
psked her.
Grisore Preoteasa. Minister Counselor. Constantin Margureanu, First Secretary.
98330—50 — pt. 1 19
284 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
One of the most important links in the propaganda chain of the
Rumanian Legation is the Rumanian Communist newspaper — "pro-
gressive newspaper," they used to call it — Romanul-American, pub-
lished in Detroit. It is edited by Harry Fainaru and George Vocila.
This newspaper describes everything that happens in the United
States, or that is done by the United States, as completely wrong ; and
everything that happens in Russia and in the countries behind the iron
curtain as wonderful. For someone like myself, who has seen condi-
tions in Rumania under the Communists, this attitude is completely
ridiculous. Everything in this country is unimaginably better than
in Rumania, even before the war, when we had no Communist govern-
ments and conditions were very much better than they are now.
Mi*-. Dekom. In the light of your own personal experiences, would
you discuss the comparison between life in the United States and life
in Rumania?
Mr. Metes. I was considered wealthy in my country. My father
was a lawyer, and I had more opportunities in my country than the
average Rumanian. I had a car ; I had a telephone ; I had a bathroom.
I really tell you that I never could imagine that a workingman or
a former peasant from Rumania could have here, or anywhere in the
world, such a good life as they do in America. I saw some Rumanians
who came 45 years ago, knowing nothing about anything, two or three
or four grades in elementary school, having here the best material
situation I could imagine for myself there in Rumania. I myself
did not have in Rumania what these people have, and I was considered
in my country wealthy. I know a family of four or five people who
have four cars, two bathrooms — and he is not an intellectual. When
the man came here, he was a poor Rumanian peasant from Tran-
sylvania.
To return to the subject of the Romanul-American, Fainaru and
Vocila were always invited to the Rumanian Legation for receptions,
and so forth. They came very often to the Rumanian Legation, and
they always spoke first with Mr. Lazareanu and then sometimes
they saw also Mr. Mardarescu or Mr. Ralea.
Mr. Lazareanu came back from his trip to Rumania after Ana
Pauker took over the Foreign Ministry in the fall of 1947. He brought
with him an important lot of papers in a small suitcase. They were
photostatic copies of documents and important for propaganda
reasons — Rumanian official documents taken from files of the Foreign
Ministry, the Ministry of Justice, or the Ministry of Interior.
I saw many of them on Lazareanu's desk ; not all of them, because
there were hundreds concerning Rumanian political leaders who were
refugees in the United States or in Europe ; also concerning Rumanian
political leaders in jail in Rumania — Mr. Maniu, Mr. Leucuta,1 and
others. After this set of documents were brought here, Mr. Fainaru
began a series of articles based on these documents in the Romanul-
American.
I recognized them immediately because, by chance, I saw one of the
photostats laying on the desk of Lazareanu and the same photostatic
copy appeared in the Romanul-American. It was about Mr. Niculescu-
Buzesti, one of the former Rumanian Foreign Ministers.
I asked Lazareanu, when I saw the newspaper, if he wrote the
article. He said, "No ; it is Fainaru 's article."
1 Aurel Leucuta, Minister of Economy in the post-armistics coalition government.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 285
"But," I said, "even if you did not write the article (it was written
in a better Rumanian language than Fainaru is able to speak or
write), the photostatic copy is yours."
He said. "Oh, no; it is not mine. It is the Foreign Ministry's."
I said. ''Yes, but is the Romanul- American the Rumanian Foreign
Ministry's official gazette to get such photostatic copies?"
He said, "No; it is the only way to fight these * * * (and he
used very unpleasant words to characterize the so-called reac-
tionaries)."
I also believe that Lazareanu, as well as other members of the Lega-
tion, wrote articles for this newspaper occasionally, because some of
the Rumanian articles in this newspaper are too well written in the
Rumanian language to be considered written by Fainaru, or any other
Rumanian who did not finish his studies in Rumania. This is ob-
vious, because the Rumanian-Americans speak Rumanian very badly.
Even if they speak it correctly, they speak the language of 45 years
ago in Transylvania.
Perhaps, also, some English articles are written by Lazareanu, be-
cause he speaks English well. He made phonetic English studies in
London, and he writes English well.
I also have knowledge of the fact that Fainaru received money from
Minister Relea. I was the bookkeeper and cashier of the Legation,
and I paid the salaries and had to check all the bills that came in. All
the bank statements were brought to me for checking.
When we arrived in this country, we opened a general account in
the American Security Trust Co. under the name of the "Legation
of Rumania." At the same time, Mr. Ralea opened a bank account
for his personal use and for so-called special expenses. This account
was also at the American Security Bank under the name of "Mihai
Ralea, care of Legation of Rumania." This statement was sent di-
rect to Mr. Ralea, because it was his personal account.
Once, by error, the postman delivered to the wrong person, an
envelope with Ralea's bank statement. The statement was perhaps
so folded that he saw just the "Legation of Rumania" through the
window of the envelope, and he brought this statement to my office.
I don't remember exactly whether the statement was sent from the
American Security Bank or another one.
Since the envelope was similar to the envelopes we always received
our bank statements in, I opened it.
Later, I took out the checks to go over them. I checked one ; it was
for Brentano's Book Store. The second one was "Pay to the order
of H. Fainaru, $600," and then written out "Six hundred" with the
signature of Mr. Ralea.
Mr. Arens. Is that H. Fainaru, the same Fainaru who testified this
morning ?
Mr. Metes. Since I do not know another person with this name,
since Mr. Fainaru. who is sitting here, was seen by me in the Legation
as a guest of the Legation, as a guest of the Minister, as a guest of
Mr. Lazareanu, I don't think it is possible for it to be another one.
But to the best of my knowledge, this Mr. Fainaru must be the same
as H. Fainaru, whose name was written on that check. I am sorry I
did not know enough and I was not attentive enough to make a photo-
static copy, just to show the truth. It is too late, but I remember
the check exactly. I saw "H. Fainaru," and I was surprised, because
286 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
I could not imagine — it was not the normal checking account of the
Legation, because that was used to pay salaries, electricity, and other
expenses of the Legation. There was assigned to the Legation and
handled by the Minister a so-called special fund. In Rumania, the
Finance Ministry calls this special fund the "fund for higher inter-
ests of the state."
This special fund is allocated to different departments in the coun-
try. For instance, the War Department, the Department of the In-
terior, and the Department of Foreign Affairs used to have a higher
special fund in order to be able to spend this money for certain in-
formation they have to buy.
Perhaps the committee would be interested if I explained that the
Rumanian budget has a provision concerning the creation of a "fund
for higher interests of the state." All other normal funds, appropri-
ated specifically for a specified purpose, must be justified by docu-
ments, but not the special fund.
At the Legation, if I had to pay a bill, I had to get a receipt, trans-
late the receipt into the Rumanian language and send it to the Ru-
manian Foreign Ministry. The special fund was justified only by
the person who handled the money directly to the chief of the depart-
ment. In this case, the special fund has to be justified by Mr. Ralea
directly to the Foreign Minister. This money was used to pay for
information and propaganda purposes.
We all knew that Mr. Lazareanu got from Mr. Ralea from this spe-
cial fund for different purposes. Sometimes when he gave the money,
I was there. The bills for the normal expenses of the press service
came directly to me to pay from the other fund.
Mr. Arens. What was the amount of the fund ?
Mr. Metes. I don't remember exactly. I remember, first, it was
$30,000. Then, a few months later — I don't recall, because I did not
handle this money — he asked for and received more money. When
Ralea left on a trip to Europe, or even here in the United States, he
used to give a certain amount to Mr. Lazareanu for so-called expenses
of the press service. What is strange is that the expenses of the press
service were paid through the regular way from the Legation's ac-
count. So, I don't know what other kinds of expenses Lazareanu
might have had.
When I saw Fainaru's name on a check, I was surprised, and realized
that it was not a statement of the Legation's, because I did not remem-
ber paying Fainaru from the Legation's account at any time. I knew,
because I used to check the books of the Legation.
We did make payments to Brentano's, because we bought books
there for the Legation or the Government.
I had made payments to the Romanul-American and America, an-
other newspaper published for Rumanians, for some advertisements
concerning packages to Rumania. But these checks were made out
to the order of America, or Romanul-American, but never to "Mr.
Fainaru," or any person in particular.
I put the checks back in the envelope with the statement. I went
to Mr. Ralea and gave him the envelope.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know of other instances in which money from
the special fund was paid out?
Mr. Metes. Yes. In February 1948, 1 sent the salaries for the peo-
ple at the so-called New York consulate.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 287
Mr. Crivelescu, the vice consul, sent a servant, a Rumanian citizen,
from New York to Washington with some papers. I say "so-called con-
sulate" because this consulate was opened without asking the normal
permission of the Department of State. One year later, this consulate
had to be closed at the request of the State Department.
When the servant arrived in Washington, I wanted to use this oppor-
tunity, in order to send the salaries to New York, without having to
go through the formalities of registered letters and such things. I
put the checks in an envelope. Before I sealed the envelope, Mr.
Lazareanu came to me and gave me a little white sheet of paper
folded over, and said, "Please put this paper in ; there is $300 in the
envelope. Seal it, but not with the normal glue, but also with the
official seal of the Legation, sealed with sealing wax, and give it to
the servant to take to New York."
It was a sheet of paper about the size of that [indicating] stenotype
paper — a little wider maybe — folded in two or three. He left my
office and I opened this paper and I saw written there, "Dear Nelu" —
Nelu is the first name of Crivelescu — "I send enclosed herewith $300
for our friend 'M' " — just the letter 'M.' — "Please try to get a receipt
from him and if it is not possible to get such a receipt, then you will
have to make a receipt and I will countersign that payment was
really made. You will know why I send the money."
I put the money in the envelope, sealed it, and gave it to the servant.
That day, and not very much later, the telephone rang at the Lega-
tion. This was not a switchboard telephone and when someone called
the Legation the bell rang everywhere where there was an extension.
One was on my desk and I picked it up and I said "Hello, Rumanian
Legation." Lazareanu or somebody else said "We are speaking." He
had picked up the telephone before I did. I listened for awhile. He
said "Dear Nelu, I sent that money for our friend, Mr. May. Then
he explained to him that he should give this money to "our friend" and
to try to get a receipt. On several other occasions, I heard about infor-
mation being given to the people at the Legation from this source
concerning relations and and difficulties and quarrels among Rumanian
and Hungarian political refugee leaders here in the United States.
To fully understand these activities of the Rumanian Communists,
I may perhaps try to explain to you their attitude, their beliefs — those
beliefs which move them. In the fall of 1947, for example, one of the
members of the Rumanian staff, Mr. Vasiliu,1 who was the third secre-
tary, and myself, were called to the Minister's residence. Mr. Ralea
tried to make a friendly speech to us. He tried to emphasize all the
defects of the capitalistic system and to describe for us the Commu-
nist Party's fight for what he called "freedom and democracy." That
was one of his favorite phrases "freedom and democracy." In con-
clusion he said :
I want to draw your attention to the fact that this is not a novel, not a story,
it is true. More than half of the people of the world are directed toward com-
munism. Maybe these people have a serious reason for doing it. Sooner or
later, you can be sure, Socialist and Communist rule will be established all over
the world.
Mr. Vasiliu, the third secretary of the Legation, had been accused
by Sterian, the chauffeur-spy member of the Communist Party, of
1 Mireea Vasiliu, Third Secretary.
288 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
having meetings with Mr. Riposanu, already considered a dangerous
political refguee and a big reactionary. Vasiliu, a young man about
25 years old or 26 years old, was very, very embarrassed and afraid,
because he knew exactly what would happen to him on going back to
Rumania with any such recommendation from Mr. Sterian.
Ralea called Vasiliu and me to the residence to influence us to go
back to Rumania and to join the Communist Party if it were possible,
and to become good Communists. That speech lasted over an hour
and a half, but the point of it was that since half the people living in
this world are going toward communism, perhaps it is something
good and in a period of time, the whole world will be Communists.
The same opinion was, of course, held by Lazareanu and some of
the others. I remember one particular instance, almost 3 weeks after
I sent in my resignation. One Friday night at 11 : 30, Mr. Preoteasa,
the charge d'affaires and Mr. Lazareanu came to my apartment and
they tried to convince me to go back to Rumania.
T was no longer a member of the Legation. I had sent my resigna-
tion by cable to Rumania, so there was nothing to explain, because I
was very, very clear.
They stayed about 35 or 40 minutes, trying to convince me to go
back. They said, "Don't you think you are a traitor?" I said, "To
whom? To the Communist Party, or my country? My country is
ruled by 2,000 people and since I have some education, I remember
that the population of Rumania is over 17.000,000. I don't think
those 17,000,000 people living there would consider me a traitor of the
Rumanian people."
They said, "If you do not go back, don't forget, your family is there.
Your family will suffer for your action."
Mr. Chairman, that was the worst blackmail I could ever imagine
from a so-called diplomat, because that is what they were sent here
for, to be diplomats.
When their persuasion and threats failed to intimidate me to go
back to Rumania, they said, "Five or ten years later you will have to
answer for this."
I said, "To whom?"
They said, "To the people."
I said, "What people? There are so many people in the world."
They said, "To the American people, even to the American people."
The implication in their threat is that the Communist Party would
take over the United States in 5 or 10 years. Maybe they wanted
to say that 5 or 10 years later the American people would be under
Communist rule where everybody is afraid, where the secret police
and the jail are always behind the people.
This is my statement, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Are there any questions ?
Mr. Arens. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman. Thank you Mr.
Metes.
The Chairman. Very well, Mr. Areiis, call your next witness.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Vogel, will you please stand and raise your right
hand ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 289
TESTIMONY OF ALFONS VOGEL, FORMER PRESS COUNSELOR,
RUMANIAN LEGATION
The Chairman. You do solemnly swear that the testimony you are
about to give before the subcommittee of the Committee on the
Judiciary of the United States Senate will be the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Vogel. Yes, so help me God.
Mr. Arexs. Mr. Chairman, at this point in the record I should like
to insert the return of the subpena served on Mr. Vogel.
(The subpena is in the files of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Arexs. Will you identify yourself by name and occupation and
residence ?
Mr. Vogel. My name is Alfons Vogel. I have no occupation at this
time, and I live in Scarsdale, N. Y.
Mr. Arexs. You are here in response to a subpena ?
Mr. Vogel. Yes.
Mr. Arexs. To appear before this committee?
Mr. Vogel. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arexs. What affiliations have you had in times past with the
Rumanian Government?
Mr. Vogel. I was appointed in July 1946, as press counselor to the
Rumanian Legation in Washington, D. C.
Mr. Arexs. How long did you serve in that capacity ?
Mr. Vogel. I served as press counselor for the first 6 months.
When Mr. Lazareanu,1 who was on the staff of the Legation, came back
from Rumania in March 1947, he informed me, after an observation
of mine, that it is of no use to make suggestions like the one I made
during the conversation, because he is the new chief of the press serv-
ice, and that I have to follow his orders. I was very amazed, in any
case, and I asked, "Why is it?" I told him, "You have never been a
newspaperman and I have been a very active newspaperman."
He said, "You are a sports writer, that is all."
I said, "Nevertheless, sports writer or music reviewer, I am a pro-
fessional newspaperman, and you have never been a newspaperman.
And suddenly he was appointed press counselor. He was before that
cultural counselor of the Legation.
He came over 1 month later than I did. I came over on September
14, 1946, and he came in October, the 12th or 13th, 1946. During the
first 6 months, in any case, I got the impression, while officially press
counselor of the Legation, that I could not act normally, such as I
understood it. It is true that I had been for the first time in diplo-
matic service. I was previously an active lawyer and sports writer
and juridical writer. I was not perhaps too experienced in the diplo-
matic service, but nevertheless I thought out of what I have learned
at law school and what I have read on different occasions, that the
first mission, the first duty of a diplomat is to try to keep in shape the
relations between the two different countries. Ours was a special case,
because Rumania has been in the Axis, and I thought my duty would
be to try to show to the American people and to the American public
opinion the truth, that the Rumanian people are very democratic
minded, very religious, they like their property and they are against
Alexander Lazareanu.
290 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
totalitarianism. But my first steps, I saw, did not agree with the
views of some people of the Legation and I was hindered in my
activities.
They have asked me to print a bulletin ; for instance, to write about
Rumania.
I told them, "Now, I am only several weeks here in the country, and
besides, as I see the American press, it is of no use, for instance, to
spread a bulletin about Rumania. There are in the United States
almost 140,000,000 inhabitants and we cannot issue a bulletin to reach
the masses of the American people."
Mr. Arens. In what publications or how was this information to be
disseminated ?
Mr. Vogel. They did not tell me exactly. But one of the ways they
told was just to take a telephone book or telephone books from all over
the country, for instance, as one way, of which they gave me an ex-
ample, because I asked, "How would you distribute such a bulletin ?"
"Besides," they told me, "We will get addresses from friendly organ-
izations we have here, with names of Rumanians and names of friends
of Rumania and so on." They did not tell me exactly.
Mr. Arens. How were you to disseminate the information or propa-
ganda, by letters or bulletins ?
Mr. Vogel. A bulletin, a periodical bulletin which they asked me to
print. I told them, "Besides that, we need a budget."
Mr. Arens. What is the name of this bulletin or publication which
is disseminated to these persons ?
Mr. Vogel. The Rumanian News, I guess. The official one, issued
by the Legation, was the Rumanian News, I guess.
Mr. Arens. What is the extent of its circulation ?
Mr. Vogel. When I was with the Legation, there were 700 copies,
and it was not printed.
Mr. Arens. Have you had any contact in the course of your affilia-
tion with the Rumanian Embassy, with Mr. Fainaru, one of the pre-
vious witnesses ?
Mr. Vogel. I saw him several times at the Legation.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever seen this newspaper [indicating] be-
fore?
Mr. Vogel. The Romanul- American, yes ; we have, in the Legation.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know what the political line of this newspaper
is?
Mr. Vogel. My opinion is that it is Communist.
Mr. Arens. What information, if any, do you have respecting the
payment of money to Mr. Fainaru or his paper by the Rumanian offi-
cials in this country ?
Mr. Vogel. I have two recollections, exactly. Once, I saw on Mr.
Lazareanu's desk a slip of paper handwritten in red with some items.
It was quite a slip of accounting. One item that I recall exactly was :
"Mr. H. F." and I did not know any other person as "H. F." except I
know Mr. Harry Fainaru. Underneath it was "for brochures."
Maybe seeing it once, and not knowing maybe some details, some
amplications, some amplifjang explanations, it wouldn't mean too
much, but it was just during the period when we got at the Legation
almost 10 copies — maybe there were 12 — and, as I testify here under
oath, I wouldn't be able to say exactly 10 or 12 copies — of the booklet
against His Majesty, King Michael, of Rumania.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 291
Mr. Dekom. Who published that booklet ?
Mr. Vogel. It was printed ; yes, sir. Then Lazareanu came in with
an envelope with some of the booklets, and handed me the booklet, and
said, triumphantly — "Look how we work."
From one point of view, I understood the nuance in his tone — "how
we work." That meant, number one, "I don't work in the way they
understood." Number two, that they understood their "duties."
I looked in the booklet and I saw it was the usual smear propa-
ganda, not almost generally against the Royal House, against the
Dynasty, but directed against King Michael. Maybe I am not dynas-
tic from a structural point of view. My personal belief is in the
usual republican — I mean the usual American republican spirit. I
prefer a president to be elected, as you have it here, for instance, and
to be committed to the constituents and to the people. Nevertheless,
I knew personally some of the members of the Royal Family in
Rumania and my opinion is that they helped a lot to improve that
country.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly confine your next comment to the
information you may have respecting the transmission of money to
Mr. Fainaru?
Mr. Vogel. Yes, sir.
When I got this booklet, I asked Lazareanu, "Where did you print
it — here in Washington?" Because I knew there is no print house
with Rumanian letters in Washington.
He said, "No, it is from Detroit." This, you know, meant, in any
case it was through "friends."
I told him, "That is quite expensive."
He said, "Well, I did arrange everything; I managed to arrange it."
I "congratulated" him on being able to do that. Then, seeing the
slip of paper with the name "H. F." and the amount of money — $400
or $500 — the amount of money was mentioned beneath it — "for bro-
chures" and the amount of money $400 or $500 — I can't recall exactly —
I could see that.
The same afternoon Minister Ralea met me on the stairs and he told
me, "Why did you tell me that Lazareanu steals money from the Lega-
tion and tries to put it in his pocket ?" He said, "He explained to me
this morning everything about where he spent $2,200." The $2,200
was an amount of money which I knew, from the First Secretary of
the Legation, was the balance of an account for the press.
I used to get money from this account, for instance, to pay the
news services, the papers we had, to pay for pencils, to pay for en-
velopes we needed, but the rest I did not get a cent in any case.
I know now where he paid a part of this amount of $2,200. When
1 saw this "H. F." and "for brochures," I connected with it the bro-
chures Lazareanu brought me. That was one time.
Mr. Dekom. Before you go on, did the brochures have any indi-
cation as to where and by whom they were printed?
Mr. Vogel. I don't recall. The only thing I recall is that Lazareanu
told me that they came from Detroit.
Mr. Aeexs. Will you continue with your other instance, please?
Mr. Vogel. Yes, sir. Another time — we were on the third floor —
and near mv room was the switchboard, in a small room. Once I had
to go inside — I don't recall for what — and I opened the door, because
292 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
I thought nobody was in there, because Lazareanu's office was on
the corridor, the second or third room, and this room was for a
secretary.
I opened without knocking — it was quite a public room, I would
say — and when I opened the door, I saw inside Lazareanu and Mr.
Fainaru, and Lazareanu was handling bank notes — dollars — it is
easy to differentiate the size of a dollar bill from other currency —
to Mr. Fainaru. I could have thought, "Maybe there is nothing in
the whole matter" but Lazareanu, as soon as he saw me, quickly put
the money back in his pocket like this [indicating]. I apologized
for entering without knocking, and went out.
Those were the two occasions I know of in connection with money,
between the two of them.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know of any instances when the people of
the Legation or Lazareanu have tried to buy or bribe or subsidize
other newspapers?
Mr. Vogel. Yes. Once he instructed me to discuss the matter with
an individual — I don't know exactly what the person's title is-^to
buy the paper Solia, which was mentioned, because Solia was a paper
founded by one of the Rumanian churches here, which was against
the Rumanian Government's activities, I would say.
I asked him, "Why don't you do that?"
He told me, "They know I am a Communist and you are not a
Communist."
I told him, "Well, but it is very dangerous to do such a thing." I
speak from the legal point of view, as a former lawyer, that they
just wanted to bribe somebody to buy campaigners in this way.
Several times afterward he told me, "Well, we find the means
to do it." Once also he told me, "I am in connection with somebody
to buy a radio broadcast in Detroit." But, of course, as they did not
use to talk too much to me, I do not know too much.
Mr. Dekom. Were you ever asked to speak before any leftists or
pro-Communist groups?
Mr. Vogel. Yes. I was asked in 1947, January or February. It
was a meeting at the beginning of February of 1947.
The Chairman. Who asked you?
Mr. Vogel. Officially, the Minister of the Rumanian Legation,
Mihai Ralea.
The Chairman. Where?
Mr. Vogel. Here in Washington. The meeting was at Detroit.
At the same time, I had to leave for Paris on February 6th for admin-
istrative matters of the Legation to see Foreign Minister Tatarescu,1
and I asked Minister Ralea, "How could I go?" It was, I guess, in
Detroit — it is written in the paper Roumanul-American, a January
1947 issue, and you can find it easily.
I asked him "How could I go the 3d or 4th of February if I have
to leave from New York to sail on February 6?" I did not want to
go because I did not want to be a tool for communistic purposes.
He told me, "Why do we have to ? Lazareanu, always he has to say
something. He had designated you to go." He said, "Before he left,
he told me you have to go there."
I answered him, "Why I especially ?"
1 Gheorghe Tatarescu.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 293
He told me, "Because you are not a Communist and that would be
much better for us."
I told him, "Professor (he is a professor) , it would not be possible
for me. I want to go to Providence, R. I., before sailing overseas, for
family business, and it would not be time enough for me to go there
before leaving the United States, to see some of my family."
He said, "O. K., we will get somebody else." The next day, he told
me, "Mr. Riposanu will go there." Mr. Riposanu went, and when he
came back and I had an opportunity to talk to him, he was very
disappointed in what he had seen. He told me it was a kind of a
Communist gathering. The attendance was very poor, about 110 or
120 people, if I recall correctly.
. Mr. Dekom. Mr. Chairman, we ask that the witness be kept under
subpena, but excused temporarily.
The Chairman. Very well ; it is so ordered.
Are there any more witnesses ?
Mr. Akens. Mr. Chairman, we have no more witnesses, except that
Mr. Fainaru wanted to make a statement, and I want to ask him one
question before he proceeds with his statement.
The Chairman. Very well. You are under oath still, so will you
take the stand?
TESTIMONY OF HARRY FAINARU, MANAGING EDITOR, ROMANUL-
AMERICAN, DETROIT, MICH.— Resumed
Mr. Arens. I would like to invite your attention to one of the laws
of the United States, Mr. Fainaru, and then ask you a question with
reference thereto. I invite your attention to the Foreign Agents Reg-
istration Act, which provides for the registration of any individual
affiliated or associated with or supervised, directly controlled, financed,
or subsidized, in whole or in part, by any foreign principal.
I ask you whether or not you or your paper have registered under
this act?
Mr. Fainaru. No, we didn't register, because we are an American
newspaper for Rumanian-Americans.
Mr. Arens. Have you registered under this act ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, because I am an American citizen.
Mr. Arens. Has your paper ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, because we are an American newspaper, written
for Rumanians ; that is, for Americans of Rumanian descent.
Mr. Arens. I believe you had a statement which you wanted to read.
Mr. Fainaru. My name is Harry Fainaru; I am a citizen of the
United States of America. I am managing editor of the newspaper
Romanul-American, located at 2144 East Grand Boulevard, Detroit 11,
Mich.
As a citizen I am fully aware that among the many functions of con-
gressional committees are also the power to investigate with a view of
providing corrective measures that would strengthen the democratic
processes and institutions of our country. But I was shocked to re-
ceive a subpena from the Immigration and Naturalization Subcommit-
tee of the Senate Judiciary Committee of the United States Congress,
whose contents direct me to violate the Constitution of the United
States and its Bill of Rights, which I pledged to uphold and defend
294 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
under oath, just as you, the members of the above-mentioned commit-
tee, have given your oath when you took your seats in the Senate of
the United States.
There is a United States law which requires every newspaper to
publish annually a report concerning its ownership and circulation.
The newspaper Romanul-American, like any other newspaper, has
complied with the law. Any inquiry that goes beyond that law is a
clear violation of the Constitution and its Bill of Bights, a violation
of the freedom of the press.
The subpena served on me by your committee (Commanded me to
bring along the following :
* * * a list of all present and former officers and employees of the Roman-
ul-American, a list of all persons who have been officers, employees, agents,
contributors of the Romanul-American ; a list of all persons who do now or have
in the past had ownership, either in part or in whole, of the Romanul-American,
or any of its facilities ; a list of all persons, agents, associations, corporations,
or other organizations which have furnished the Romanul-American with in-
formation for purposes of publication in its columns ; a list of all sources outside
of the United States, including agents of foreign governments, foreign corre-
spondents, or foreign newspapers, which have supplied material or information
for publication in the Romanul-American, either directly or indirectly ; and a
list of all foreign publications, including newspapers, pamphlets, and books from
which material has been copied, condensed, or used, either directly or indirectly,
for publication in the Romanul-American.
My newspaper has complied with the law, and there is now on file
with the proper governmental authorities, statements as to the owner-
ship and circulation of my newspaper. It is obvious, therefore, that
this inquiry is not set up for any legitimate purpose of government but
is part of an attack on the basic American freedoms, including the ab-
solute freedom of the press.
It is further obvious that the contents of the subpena as quoted
above is so far-reaching in scope, so daring in its un- Americanism,
that I consider it my sacred duty — as a citizen of this country, as a
journalist and editor, and as a member of the American Newspaper
Guild — to call it to the attention of the entire American press, to the
editors and publishers of this country, and to the American people as
a whole, that the implications inherent in this subpena, if carried to
its logical conclusions, would destroy the fundamental rights of the
freedom of the press, which have been won by our people with their
blood.
I would be held in contempt by the entire newspaper profession of
this country if I allowed this attack on the freedom of the press to go
unanswered.
Article I of the ten original amendments to the Constitution states :
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or pro-
hibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the
press * * *.
Viewed in the light of the above constitutional article, and in the
light of our long history of the freedom of the press, the contents of
the subpena constitutes a flagrant violation of article I, and commands
me further to commit a similar violation, which, under oath, I pledged
to uphold and defend.
Mr. Arens. Are you familiar with the freedom of the press in Com-
munist. Soviet Russia ?
Mr. Fainaru. No, I was not there. But I know what I read in the
papers.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 295
It is obvious that by the very wording of the subpena, the Com-
mittee has usurped its congressional powers, and by implication,
attempts to effect a smear or to question the patriotism of the news-
paper I edit. Therefore, as managing editor of the Romanul-Ameri-
can, I state that conformity to policies of agencies of government is not
a test of freedom of the press, but rather, it is a subversion of that
basic freedom.
The newspaper Romanul- American is dedicated to the principle of
the freedom of the press as guaranteed by the Constitution but it does
not thereby sacrifice its constitutional right to take an independent
position on any public question which it considers to be in the best in-
terests of its readers and the American people.
From its inception, it has been a fighter and defender of the rights
of man, a fighter and defender of the civil and democratic liberties of
the American people, of which the Americans of Rumanian descent
are an integral part.
It has a long and honorable record in the struggle for peace, de-
mocracy, security and freedom for the common man, in the struggle
for the rights of labor. Naturally, it does not identify the interests
of the Nation with those of Wall Street and the men of the trusts.
William Cullen Bryant, one of America's distinguished editors and
poets, posed the question of the freedom of the press very precisely in
1837, when he said :
The right to discuss freely and openly, by speech, by the pen, by the press, all
political questions, and to examine and animadvert upon all political institutions
is a right so clear and certain, so interwoven with our other liberties, so neces-
sary, in fact, to their existence, that without it we must fall at once into despotism
or anarchy * * *.
We deem it our sacred honor and privilege to serve the people of
this country, made up of men and women of all races, creeds, colors,
and nationalities. It is for that reason that our newspaper rallied
the Americans of Rumanian descent during the hour of our Nation's
greatest peril. To rally them behind the war program that was to
defeat the destroyers of our basic human and constitutional rights,
and to unite them for battle so that our country would not suffer the
fate suffered by our kin in Rumania, when they were thrown into a
criminal Fascist war by the traitor, Gen. Ion Antonescu, and the
so-called political refugees of the Grigore Niculescu-Buzesti, Cretzianu
and Radescu * type who, unfortunately, have been embraced by certain
people in our own State Department as "ardent democrats and
patriots."
Just as we dedicated all of our energies and abilities during the
war in the interests of our Nation, so are we dedicated now to the
preservation of the peace, to the preservation of the rights and liber-
ties established by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, which no
one must be allowed to tamper with, including especially the protec-
tion of the rights of all minorities and those of the foreign-born —
citizens and noncitizens alike.
In accord with this principle, our newspaper has fought and will
continue to fight against the outrageous use of the weapon of deporta-
1 The late Grigore Nicolescu-Buzesti, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Rumania.
Alexandre Cretzianu, former Rumanian Ambassador to Turkey, and former secretary-
general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Nicolae Radescu, former Prime Minister of Rumania.
All three of these men found refuge in the United States.
296 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tion in order to intimidate foreign-born Americans. It is no accident
that this weapon has been used especially against labor leaders and
leaders of working class organizations by Wall Street, in order to
weaken labor and divide the American people in their opposition to
the Wall Street program.
In view of the above considerations, I ask that this committee with-
draw this subpena and thus contribute to the maintenance of the free-
dom of the press, instead of violating that provision of the Consti-
tution which clearly guarantees it.
The Chairman. Are there any questions ?
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, that is all I have.
The Chairman. Mr. Fainaru, you will be regarded as being under
subpena.1
The committee stands adjourned, subject to the call of the Chair.
(Whereupon, at 2 p. m. the committee was recessed, subject to the
•call of the Chair.)
1 The witness was released from subpena on July 25, 1949. Correspondence to Harry
Fainaru, dated January 13, 1950, was returned with the following notation : "Sorry, Mr.
Fainaru is not connected with this office anymore. Romanul American, 2144 E. Grand
J3oulevard, Detroit 11, Michigan."
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS
AND NATIONAL GKOUPS
FRIDAY, JULY 15, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Suobcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2 p. m. in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman of the com-
mittee) presiding.
Present: Senators McCarran (presiding) and Eastland.
Also present : Senators Magnuson, McGrath, Miller, O'Conor, and
Ferguson.
Also present : Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
The record will disclose that some weeks ago we submitted certain
questions to the Department of Justice and also to the State Depart-
ment bearing on the subject matter of the bill S. 1832. Sometime
thereafter the Department of Justice rendered answers, by way of a
communication to the chairman, to the questions as propounded. The
State Department on that occasion did not render answers.
Later we communicated with the State Department, and have their
answers, which will come up tomorrow at the hearing.
The chairman of this committee thought best that the questions and
their answers be not submitted or made public during the time that
certain trials were in progress, one in New York and one here in the
city of Washington. Those trials having been concluded and disposed
of, the Attorney General and his assistants ate now before the com-
mittee, and the questions and answers will go in the record, and then
the Attorney General will read the questions and give his answers as
submitted. Then, on each question and each answer that is given,
any member of the committee or the counsel may interrogate the At-
torney General.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, if you please, I should like to place in the
record at this time the letter of transmittal from the Attorney General
which accompanied the information in answer to the questions sub-
mitted by the chairman.
The Chairman. The letter of transmittal will be inserted in the
record.
297
298 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
(The letter referred to is as follows :)
Department of Justice,
Washington, D. C, July 14, 19Jfi.
Hon. Pat McCakran,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Senator : Attached hereto are answers to the 11 questions pro-
pounded to the Department of Justice on June 1, 1949, by the Special Subcom-
mittee to Investigate the Immigration Laws, under Senate Resolution 40, Eighty-
first Congress, during hearings on S. 1832, a bill to amend the Immigration Act
of October 16, 1918.
In conformity with my advice to your subcommittee at that time, the questions
have been answered insofar as it has been deemed consistent with the public
interest. In harmony with this, I recall that the chairman stated that he was
not requesting the divulgence of either sources of information or detailed facts
in specific cases which are currently under investigation or in which criminal
prosecution is imminent, nor the production of secret files, the custody and pro-
tection of which is a responsibility of this Department, or to make public dis-
closure of specific information in any individual case.
With these considerations in mind, the questions have been answered to the
best of this Department's ability. Some of the questions, because of the confi-
dential nature or the availability of the type of information involved, are more
or less detailed than others. For example, to answer question 6 in more detail
than has already been answered in question 3, which is related, would call for
information concerning possibly existing internal-security situations and neces-
sarily involve cases which would be currently under investigation. To answer
question 2 in detail, which relates more to foreign than to domestic intelligence,
would require months of work and considerable manpower which is urgently
needed in current operations of the Department. For an example in this re-
gard, the information and statistical analysis upon which the answer to ques-
tion 9 is based required several months of research and careful study.
I should state in conclusion that this letter and attachments are in response
to the subcommittee's request for replies to its 11 questions and should not be
construed as an expression of the views of this Department with respect to the
bill under consideration.
Hoping that the accompanying material will be of assistance to your subcom-
mittee, and with kind personal regards, I am,
Sincerely,
Tom C. Clark, Attorney General.
The Chairman. The Attorney General may now read the questions
and give his answers as they are submitted to us. As each answer is
given, members of the committee or counsel for the committee may,
after the answer is given, interrogate the Attorney General.
All right, General, you may proceed.
STATEMENT 0E HON. TOM C. CLARK, ATTORNEY GENERAL 0E THE
UNITED STATES; ACCOMPANIED BY PEYTON FORD, THE ASSIST-
ANT TO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL ; MICHAEL J. HORAN, SPECIAL
ASSISTANT TO THE ATTORNEY GENERAL; WATSON B. MILLER,
COMMISSIONER 0E IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERV-
ICE; AND L. PAUL WININGS, GENERAL COUNSEL, IMMIGRATION
AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE
Attorney General Clark. The first question is :
How many Communists or Communist agents are known to the Department
to have entered the United States as affiliates of international organizations or
as affiliates of foreign governments during each of the following periods: The
past 5 years; the past 2 years; the past year; the first quarter of 1949; the
month of April 1949 ; the month of May 1949?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 299
To answer this question, it must be assumed that representatives
from iron-curtain countries are Communists or Communist agents.
Based on that assumption, the following statistics are submitted.
Countries included are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rumania, U. S. S. R., and Yugoslavia. By
way of explanation, it should be pointed out that these statistics reflect
the number of admissions to the United States under subsections 3(1)
and 3 (7) of the Immigration Act of 1924, as amended (8 U. S. C,
203 (1) and 203 (7) ), as recorded by the Immigration and Naturali-
zation Service of the Department of Justice. They do not necessarily
reflect the total number of visas issued in these categories, which is a
matter within the jurisdiction of the Department of State. In other
words, the total number of admissions may exceed the total number
of visas issued, inasmuch as a person to whom such a visa was issued
may have made several trips to and from the country on the same visa.
It should also be pointed out that, aside from recording the admission
of persons possessing 3 (1) and 3 (7) visas, the Department of Jus-
tice has no jurisdiction over the admission of persons in these catego-
ries (8 U. S. C, 136 (r), 215; 22 U. S. C. 288d). It should also be
noted that not all of the countries involved were designated as "iron
curtain" 5 years ago.
The following statistics are as of May 1, 1949. Complete figures for
the month of May 1949 are not yet available.
Table 1
Period
5 years ended June 30. 1948
2 vears ended June 30, 1948
Year ended June 30, 1948. .
Julv 1 to Dec. 31, 1948
Jan. 1 to .Mar. 31, 1949
April 1949
Total
Sec. 3(1)
6,563
5.725
2.192
1,430
778
520
316
247
230
152
46
31
Sec. 3 (7)
838
762
258
69
78
15
Senator Ferguson. Could you tell us what' 3 (1) is?
Attorney General Clark. 3 (1) is diplomatic.
Senator Ferguson. What is 3 (7) ?
Attorney General Clark. 3 (7) is UN.
Senator Ferguson. So, there are no others coming in except diplo-
matic and UN.
Attorney General Clark. That is what the question asked for,
"international organizations or as affiliates of foreign governments."
Senator Ferguson. And you assume that they are all Commu-
nists because they are part of the government and it is a Communist
government ?
Attorney General Clark. That is right; they are either representa-
tives of a Communist government to the UN or representatives of
their own government here in the consular service.
Senator Ferguson. Sometime ago eight men came across on a
diplomatic visa and went out to a plant in Buchanan, Mich., and
worked in that plant to learn to makes axles. Would that kind of
people be included in this diplomatic group?
Attorney General Clark. If they had diplomatic visas, yes, sir.
98330— 50— pt. 1-
-20
300 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson. If they had diplomatic visas? Do you know
whether or not we are admitting any people to do that kind of job
who are not under a diplomatic passport ?
Attorney General Clark. Not to my knowledge.
Mr. Ford. They came in, I am advised by Mr. Miller, as 3 (1) 's.
Mr. Miller. The Hastings Equipment Co. at Buchanan, Mich.
Senator Ferguson. The Clark Co.
Mr. Miller. That is the one.
Senator Ferguson. They came in as diplomats ?
Mr. Miller. Officials under 3(1), not diplomats ; officials of foreign
governments, because all industry in Russia is nationalized, and shop
foremen and superintendents and so forth could thus be called officials
of the Russian Government.
Mr. Ford. Diplomats are officials of a foreign government.
Senator Ferguson. Would that be a similar passport to what the
Senator would use if he went into one of these countries ?
Mr. Ford. Yes, sir.
Attorney General Clark- I am not too familiar with some of these
things on passports. They are all issued by the State Department.
However, I have with me some immigration officials.
Senator Ferguson. I want to clear up one point.
Attorney General Clark. This is supposed to include all of the
visas that were issued in the 3(1) category and 3(7).
Senator McCarran. 3 (l)'s are diplomatic?
Attorney General Clark. Those are officials of a government, Mr.
Miller tells me.
Mr. Ford. Diplomatic.
The Chairman. Officials of a government or diplomatic?
Senator Ferguson. How would a man who is going to take training
as a workman to make these axles be classed as a diplomat or how
would he be a government official within the meaning of that?
Mr. Ford. I do not know, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. Mr. Miller, you are familiar with the eight men
out at Clark Equipment Co. ?
Mr. Miller. Yes, sir ; we kept pretty good track of them while they
were there and where they went after that. Our answer to that ques-
tion was gleaned by an investigation we were able to make informally ;
and we were told that, because all or nearly all the industrial economy
in Russia was nationalized, these persons, who might have just been
shop foremen or superintendents, could be classified as officials of the
Russian Government.
Mr. Ford. It is up to the foreign government to designate anybody
they want to do so.
Senator Ferguson. That is what I want to get at. So that, when
they want to send agents in like those eight men, they would send
them in as diplomats ?
Mr. Miller. As so recognized by this Government.
Senator Ferguson. They could not come in as visitors, because
Communists are not admitted as visitors.
Attorney General Clark. We will not let them in, just as we turned
down three or four the other day.
Senator Ferguson. They are excluded ; are they not ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 301
Attorney -General Clark. Yes, sir. However, very often it de-
pends on the government, I suppose. The only experience I had in
it was when they had a meeting in New York about a month or two
ago and officials of the government came in. I think Russia had
three or four and some of the others.
Of course, the Immigration and Naturalization Service has no su-
pervision over the 3 (l)'s and 3 (T)?s. They would not know why
the}^ were issued. You might ask Mr. Peurifoy about this.
Senator Ferguson. You say you made the best investigation you
could?
Mr. Miller. Quite informal. Because of the two classifications, we
have statutory prohibition against putting them under bond or, even
after their status has expired, to attempt to send them out of the
United States without the assent of the State Deparment.
Senator Fergusox-. Why could you not make the complete inves-
tigation even though you cannot put them under bond?
Mr. Miller. Because of section 15 of the act of 1924.
Senator Fergusox. You think that prevents you ?
Mr. Miller. I know it does.
Senator Fergusox. Where did those people go after they left the
Clark Equipment Co.?
Mr. Miller. They separated. One or two of them went to other
plants where small contracts were being executed on behalf of the
Soviet Government, the said contracts having been negotiated through
the Russian purchasing corporation known as Amtorg.
Senator Fergusox. Are any of those people still in this country?
Mr. Miller. We were able to note the departure of all of them, sir,
with the exception of one, and in that instance we think there was a
gross error in the spelling of the name and we were not able and we
have not yet been able to note his departure.
Senator Fergusox\ So, there could be one still remaining now ?
Mr. Miller. There could be one still remaining.
Senator Ferguson. How long ago did they come in?
Mr. Miller. I have forgotten the date, sir; but you and I dis-
cussed that at the time, I believe.
Senator Fergusox. I remember.
Mr. Miller. Because they did more than a year ago, and it was an
axle contract.
Senator Fergusox. Yes ; there was a contract. They made a con-
tract with the company through the State Department.
The CuAimrAX-. How long were they in this country ?
Senator Ferguson. He said better than a year ago.
When did the last one leave, Mr. Miller?
Mr. Miller. I do not have the figures with me, sir ; but they come
and go, of course. It is my recollection that we checked the last one
of them in the fall of 1948. As to the last one, we could not make
identification of or locate the man.
Senator Ferguson. Does that leave your department rather up in
the air in relation to these people after they get in here ? You cannot
do much about it ?
Attorney General Clark. Sometimes we make representation to the
State Department as to the activity of people who are here under these
visas. Then they have authority. Mr. Peurifoy would know more
302 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
about the details of that. We ask that people be withdrawn. That
has happened in the past.
Senator Ferguson. Are these people you give us the number that
have come in or that you believe are here at this date ?
Mr. Ford. I think the question will answer it, if you will read
the question.
Senator Ferguson. As of May 1. That would mean that the
many were remaining that you had checked. Is that correct ?
Mr. Ford. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. That could not be right. From July 1 to
December 31, 316.
Attorney General Clark. That is the number that entered, accord-
ing to the question.
Mr. Ford. You cannot be accurate on it, Senator, because they
could come and go on one visa. One man might enter 10 times.
Attorney General Clark. This is the number of individual visas
that were issued ; is that right ?
Mr. Ford. Number of admissions.
Mr. Horan. The Service records the admission of the people under
these visas. In other words, a person who possesses one visa that may
have been issued may enter 10 times and be recorded by the number
of admissions that have been under a 3 (1) visa. In other words,
it does not necessarily mean that there are 6,563 visas issued; it
means that that many admissions were had under the 3(1) visa.
The Chairman. In other words, one individual holding a visa may
come in any number of times ?
Mr. Horan. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. How do you know it is the same individual every
time?
Mr. Horan. If he is in possession of the visa issued to him, he is the
same one, but the Service just records the number of admissions.
The Chairman. Could not someone else come in on his visa ?
Mr. Horan. No. sir
The Chairman. Why not?
Mr. Horan. It is not issued to him. He could not, according to law.
Mr. Ford. Certainly he might.
Attorney General Clark. It is improbable, however. They have
descriptions of people.
Senator Ferguson. I wonder if I could ask whether this date April
1949 is just one single date. Is that the whole month of April; 46;
31 and 15 ?
Attorney General Clark. That is 46 admissions.
Mr. Arens. If the Senator please, I should like to clear up one point.
Mr. Miller can check me on this, but the approximate figures that we
have are that, since 1938, 151,000 Government officials, 3 (l)'s, have
been admitted into the United States. Since that period, 8,520 3 (7) 's,
affiliates of international organizations, have been admitted into the
United States through 1948. Now, is it the testimony of the Depart-
ment here that the Department and the Immigration Service does not
have power to exclude any of those aliens ?
Attorney General Clark. Under these visas ?
Mr. Arens. As 3 (l)'sand3 (7)'s?
Mr. Miller. Would you like to have the law which applies to the
situation read into the record ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 303
The Chairman. What is your answer under the law as you construe
it?
Mr. Miller. The law is perfectly clear.
The Chairman. What is your answer?
Mr. Miller. The answer is "Yes," Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Yes, what?
Mr. Miller. The Immigration and Naturalization Service or the
Department of Justice cannot apprehend the people and force their
departure from the country without the consent of the Secretary of
State.
The Chairman. How about excluding them ?
Mr. Miller. We can exclude persons in category 3 (7) under certain
circumstances. The Attorney General has the power, also, after in-
vestigation, to admit under provisions of the law called the ninth
proviso of the act of 1917. Not many are excluded, however.
Senator Ferguson. What is the law about excluding? You say the
Attorney General has discretion?
Mr. Miller. The Attorney General has discretion under the ninth
proviso of section 3 of the act of 1917 to admit persons temporarily
otherwise excludable, which is invoked very, very seldom, and very
sparingly.
Mr. Arens. It is clear, is it not, that it is the view of the Department
in interpreting the law that it has no power to exclude a 3 (1) or a
3 (7)?
Mr. Ford. That is correct.
Mr. Miller. That is right, sir.
Mr. Arens. As a practical matter, the Department has not excluded
any 3 (l)'sor3 (7)'s?
Mr. Miller. May I state a case where exclusion might be made?
That would be a person coming in other than under formal circum-
stances, such as a correspondent who has a sort of cachet or charter
to the United Nations, although a representative of a communistic
newspaper in Europe. That sort of person could be excluded.
Senator Ferguson. Do I understand that, if any check was to be
done on exclusion of 3 (l)'s and 3 (7)'s, it would have to be done by
the State Department in not issuing the visa ?
Attorney General Clark. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. After they get the visa and then they come in?
Attorney General Clark. Yes, sir.
Senator Ferguson. And they stay in practically as long as they
want to without much investigation because of the nature of this
section?
Attorney General Clark. If we should find that it is not to the in-
terest of the United States that they stay here, we would make repre-
sentation to the State Department.
Senator Ferguson. Have any been excluded under that?
Attorney General Clark. Yes.
Mr. Ford. The question is, Senator, whether they maintain their
status as 3 (l)'s and 3 (7)'s.
Senator Ferguson. That is rather a broad classification. As you
say, they are working for the government.
Attorney General Clark. Sometimes they lose their diplomatic
status by the change in diplomats, things like that.
304 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson. Does this diplomatic status go so far that if
he were down here in Washington he would have immunity from
arrest ?
Mr. Ford. That is a question of international law.
Senator Ferguson. And where he lives is Russian territory?
Mr. Ford. It is a question of international law which is very com-
plex and very confused.
Senator Ferguson. International law has not been codified.
Mr. Ford. There are marked differences of opinion.
Attorney General Clark. Some countries claim that anybody con-
nected with a consulate enjoys diplomatic immunity, and therefore is
not subject to arrest. Others say they have to be in the diplomatic
class.
Senator Ferguson. What do we say ?
Attorney General Clark. That is our position, as we understand it :
that all of our people are.
Mr. Ford. We took the position in the Gubitchev 1 case that he did
not enjoy diplomatic status. The Russians said he did.
Senator Ferguson. Would you say the eight men at Clark Equip-
ment Co. had diplomatic status?
Mr. Ford. No, sir.
Senator Ferguson. You would have said not?
Mr. Ford. Yes, sir.
Senator _ Ferguson. Therefore, their visas technically should not
have been issued under the classification ?
Mr. Ford. No; that classification goes to two things: Diplomatic
status and officials. There is a difference.
Senator Ferguson. What about officials ? Would you say they were
officials?
Mr. Ford. They say they are officials.
Attorney General Clark. If we had the facts indicating violation
of Federal law, we would say that we would have the right to prose-
cute them because they would not enjoy what we would claim to be
immunity from prosecution. We have done that in two cases: The
Redin 2 case and the Gubitchev case. We would have done that, I
assume, in the Carr 3 case if we had had the evidence.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, their official status would not
give them diplomatic immunity?
Attorney General Clark. That is right.
Mr. Arens. I wonder if I could make one more inquiry to make this
clear. If a person presents himself at a port of entry in the United
States with a visa as an affiliate of a foreign government or a visa as an
affiliate of an international organization, it is the view of the Justice
Department that, under the law, notwithstanding the fact that the man
may be excludable as a subversive if he did not have one of these two
visas, because of the fact he has a 3 (1) visa or 3 (7) visa the Depart-
ment cannot stop him ? Is that not true ?
Mr. Miller. That is correct.
The Chairman. That is your answer?
1 Valentin Gubitchev, a UN employee who was arrested on espionage charges.
2 Lt. Nicolai Redin, of the Soviet Navy, who was charged with espionage in Seattle and
acquitted.
3 Sam Carr, organizing secretary of the Communist Party in Canada, who was convicted
in Canada of being a Soviet espionage agent following the exposure of a Sovet spy ring
in Canada and the United States by Igor Gouzenko, former code clerk at the Soviet Embassy
in Ottawa.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 305
Attorney General Clark. As I understand it, yes.
Mr. Arens. Since 1938, there have been approximately 150,000
3 (l)'s admitted and approximately 8,000 3 (7)'s admitted.
Mr. Miller. As disclosed by the annual report of the Attorney
General.
The Chairman. Of that number, how many have been excluded, or
deported ?
Mr. Arens. None have been excluded, as I understand it, because
the Department takes the view that they do not have power under
the law.
Senator Ferguson. You mean this Department, the Department of
Justice?
Mr. Arens. The exclusion is only a function of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service. I am speaking only of the exclusions.
Attorney General Clark. In addition to the statistics shown above,
there have been 11 known Communists admitted from countries other
than those listed above, who were accredited to international organ-
izations under sections 3 (2), 3 (3), or 3 (T) of the 1924 act, as
amended.
Table 2.— Number of admissions of aliens as government officials, their families,
attendants, servants, and employees under sec. 3 (1) of the Immigration Act
of 1924, as amended, by specified countries of last permanent residence (years
ended June 30, 1944 to 1948, and July 1, 191,8 to April 1949)
Country of last permanent residence
Total
1944-48
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
July 1948
to April
1949 1
Total.
5,725
1,616
1,634
1,045
910
520
430
Bulearia
7
322
7
104
1
3
551
76
4,493
161
2
107
1
39
5
117
2
25
14
Czechoslovakia -
20
4
2
7
71
66
Estonia
Hungary. -- ..
5
1
33
30
Latvia - -
Lithuania
3
94
16
227
31
Poland--
30
1,552
8
141
5
1,444
31
166
724
51
120
55
546
40
63
Rumania - _- --
4
U. S. S. R. (European and Asiatic)
Yugoslavia. .
178
75
• Preliminary.
Table 3. — Number of admissions of aliens as members of international organiza-
tions under sec. 3 (7) 1 of the Immigration Act of 1924. as amended, by specified
countries of last permanent residence (years ended June 30, 1946 to 1948, and
July 1948 to April 1949)
Country of last permanent residence
Total,
1946-48
1946
1947
1948
July 1948
to April
1949 2
Total
838
76
504
258
162
Bulgaria
4
115
3
60
1
33
2
Czechoslovakia
22
26
Estonia ..
Hungary. .
6
4
2
1
Latvia
Lithuania
1
ion
6
489
111
1
28
4
136
53
P.Jand
Rumania
2
47
5
76
2
306
53
19
U. S. S. R. (European and Asiatic)
85
Yugoslavia
29
• Clause added by act of Dec. 29, 1945
2 Preliminary.
306 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Could I ask one question here, General, if you please?
In your table here you list persons to whom visas have been issued,
those who have come from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. In your
opening comment you made the assertion that persons coming from
iron-curtain countries are deemed to be Communists. You have Lat-
via, Lithuania, and Estonia included there. Is it not fair to say that
these officials who arrived prior to the taking over of their countries
by Communists are not in that category ? You did not mean to imply
there that those persons would be ?
Mr. Ford. That is why we put the last sentence in on the first page.
Attorney General Clark. That is 5 years ago.
Mr. Arens. That just clarifies the record that the statement of
persons coming in from iron-curtain countries being classified as Com-
munists would not embrace these people from the Baltic States before
they were taken over by the Communists.
Attorney General Clark. The second question is :
How many aliens who entered the United States as affiliates of international
organizations and how many aliens who entered the United States as affiliates
of foreign governments are known to the Department to have been engaged in
espionage or related activities, or other activities of a subversive nature, prior
to such entry?
The Department of Justice in this field is confined primarily to
domestic espionage, counter-espionage, sabotage, subversion, and re-
lated matters affecting the internal security. Foreign intelligence is
handled by the Central Intelligence Agencj\ While some information
of this type is made available by the Central Intelligence Agency to
the Federal Bureau of Investigation of this Department, it would
be impossible to furnish complete data in reply to this question unless
all the persons in this category, for an indefinite number of years as
the question would indicate, were checked against all the files of the
FBI which would require months of time and considerable personnel
to accomplish. Even if this were done the answer would not be con-
clusive because this is primarily a responsibility of CIA.
The Chairman. I would say that the committee has the information
from the Central Intelligence Agency and we will make that a part
of the record following the appearance of the State Department to-
morrow.
Attorney General Clark. Question No. 3 is :
How many of such aliens, in each class, are known to the Department to be
engaged, or to have been engaged, in espionage or related activities, or other
activities of a subversive nature, in this country?
The Department of Justice has espionage and intelligence investiga-
tions pending concerning approximately 685 aliens, not all of whom,
however, are necessarily confined to the above classes. Approximately
4 percent of the foregoing investigations involve persons attached to
the United Nations at New York City. This is not to imply that these
parties are actively engaged in espionage or intelligence work but
merely that available information requires these investigations and
that they are presently in progress.
Four : Describe a typical pattern of such espionage or other subversive activity,
and appraise the extent and scope of such activity.
An example of an alien attached to a foreign diplomatic establish-
ment engaged in attempted espionage activity in the United States
is the following case from the files of the Department, concerning a
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 307
military attache of an embassy of an iron-curtain country in Wash-
ington, D. C.
The attache arrived in the United States subsequent to 1945 and
remained in his diplomatic capacity until his departure prior to 1949.
It has been determined that the attache was under instructions to
organize a military intelligence network in the United States. The
general staff of this country is known to have issued specific detailed
instructions to the attache in Washington in 1946 regarding the organ-
ization and objectives of these intelligence operations.
Intensive investigation of the attache was begun shortly after his
arrival and continued until his departure. This investigation dis-
closed that his principal contacts in the United States were certain
other naval and military attaches and consulate personnel of his own
and other iron curtain countries.
The investigation also reflected that the activities of the attache
were apparently aimed at developing individuals who were associated
with foreign-language groups and publications in this country. He
was known to have been engaged in the purchase of considerable equip-
ment, usually through United States brokers.
It was reported that the attache sent regular reports to his superiors
in his own country concerning developments in the United States,
but there has been no definite evidence developed that he obtained
other than information from public sources. The investigation re-
flected that the attache was, without question, dedicated to organizing
an intelligence network in the United States to obtain espionage infor-
mation, but from sources available it would appear that he was not
successful.
It may be, therefore, that other iron-curtain countries have issued
instructions of a nature similar to those known to have been issued
to the attache in the foregoing example, outlining the objectives of
intelligence activity in the United States. Such cases as the so-called
Canadian espionage -case, the case of Nicolai Redin who was tried in
Seattle in 1946, and others, indicate that aliens attached to official
establishments may be active in intelligence activities or in directing
such activities. It may be recalled that Igor Guzenko, the code clerk
who defected in Canada in 1945, estimated that 60 percent of all per-
sons attached to the official establishments of one iron-curtain country
are engaged in intelligence activities of some character.
The success or failure of a foreign intelligence network, dedicated
to espionage or other subversive activities in the United States, will
of course be influenced by the number of individuals recruited by them
in the United States who have access to the kind of information
sought by the intelligence service or who are in a position to engage
effectively in other subversive activity.
Other examples are as follows : There is the case of an employee of
an iron-curtain country's consulate whose main duty apparently was
developing the Communist Party among national groups in the United
States-. This employee is suspected of having submitted data through
the embassy of the employing country and appeared to be a close
friend of the head of that country's intelligence service. This
employee does not participate openly in Community Party activity in
this country but has maintained his contacts through the leaders of
the nationality groups.
308 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Another person and his wife, who are active in the American-Rus-
sian Institute, the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (both organ-
izations have been named by the Attorney General, pursuant to Exec-
utive Order 9835, as Communist organizations), and many other
organizations, are reported to be the medium of exchange between the
consulate of an iron-curtain country and the Communist Party of the
United States.
An employee of the United Nations is reported to be a contact of a
suspected agent of an iron-curtain country. Another employee, who
is suspected of working for the intelligence service of an iron-curtain
country, is believed to have obtained a United Nations position through
an embassy official of that country.
Another person who is the subject of an investigation has departed
from the United States to an iron-curtain country, reportedly carry-
ing a diplomatic pouch containing information regarding intelligence
matters in the United States. This person was closely associated with
an iron-curtain country's official.
Numerous reports have been received that a certain newspaper
published in the United States was subsidized by an iron curtain
country. The publisher of this newspaper has reportedly maintained
close contact with the diplomatic officials of that country and has
printed news favorable to that country.
An official of an iron-curtain country's legation serves as super-
visor and controls all activities on behalf of the Communist Party
among a nationality group. In that connection it is reported that
the Cominform ordered each of the satellite countries to organize
in each ministry of foreign affairs a section for political counter-
espionage.
Mr. Arens. May I ask a question here, Senator ?
Does the Immigration and Naturalization Service or Depart-
ment of Justice receive CIA intelligence reports on persons who are
seeking admission into the United States?
The Chairman. What is CIA?
Mr. Arens. Central Intelligence Agency.
Attorney General Clark. I am sure the FBI would exchange infor-
mation of that type.
Mr. Arens. Even though the Immigration and Naturalization
Service or the Department of Justice knew of the activities of these
people whom you have described here in answer to this question prior
to their admission in the United States and even though the Immi-
gration and Naturalization Service may have known that these indi-
viduals were coming into the United States to engage in these activ-
ities, under the existing law the Immigration and Naturalization
Service and Department of Justice are powerless to exclude them?
Is that true ?
Attorney General Clark. I have made representations successfully
to our State Department that did exclude them, but under the law we
would have no authority to exclude them under these categories.
Mr. Arens. That is your understanding, too, of the law, Mr. Com-
missioner ?
Mr. Miller. Yes, Mr. Chairman and, as the Attorney General said,
upon negotiation when we exchange viewpoints with the Department
of State agreement has been reached.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 309
Mr. Arens. Do you know of a single case in the course of the last
10 years where the State Department has refused to issue a visa to
a person applying as a 3 (1) or 3 (7) ?
Mr. Miller. I am not sure I have that information. We would not
have that information generally.
Attorney General Clark. I know of some personally in the last 3
months. I believe they were 3 (l)'s and 3 (7)'s. It was this meeting
in New York. I think they did exclude some in those categories.
Mr. Arens. It would not be exclusion technically but failure to
issue visas ?
Attorney General Clark. That is right. Under the law, as you
have indicated, we would not have authority at all.
Question No. 5 is :
How many aliens to whom visas have been issued as affiliates of international
organizations or as affiliates of foreign governments in the course of the last 5
years have been excluded by the Attorney General from admission into the
United States?
None. The Attorney General is without authority to exclude per-
sons possessing 3 (1) and 3 (7) visas (8 U. S. C. 203 (1), (7) ) . Aliens
in these categories are exempt from the exclusion statutes (8 U. S. C.
136(r);22U.S.C.288d).
Mr. Arens. May I ask you right there, General, and perhaps Mr.
Winings might be able to give an answer to this question, with respect
to the headquarters site agreement through which the 3 (7) 's come,
section 6 provides as follows — section 6 of annex 2 :
Nothing in the agreement shall be construed as in any way diminishing,
abridging, or weakening the right of the United States to guarantee its own
security and completely to control the entrance of aliens into any territory of
the United States other than the headquarters district and its immediate vicinity
as to be defined —
and so forth. Do you have a comment to make on that ?
Mr. Winings. I was going to say that I think the extract as you
read it speaks for itself. If the person is coming to the United Nations
Headquarters, he is authorized without our interference to proceed to
and from the headquarters area.
We do under section 6 have authority to limit him to the head-
quarters area if he is an admissible alien under our law, but we can-
not keep him out of the United States as such. We can keep him out
of the territory of the United States which is not composed of the
headquarters district and vicinity.
Mr. Arens. Do you care to comment on the operation of this sec-
tion insofar as the Justice Department is concerned in trying to keep
people in the so-called headquarters district ?
Mr. Winings. That is a legal question. I think probably I am not
•competent to discuss it.
Attorney General Clark. It is difficult to do. Of course we do have
regulations in the Immigration Service, particularly on reporters
and newspaper people.
The Chairman. You would have to keep the individuals under con-
tinual surveillance.
Attorney General Clark. To be 100 percent effective, we would.
It would be almost impossible to do that with these large numbers.
For example, we have provided that newspaper people, of which
there are quite a number sent here from iron-curtain countries, not
310 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
only have to enter the United States on the east coast but they have
to go to the headquarters of the United Nations and remain there.
You will remember there was quite a discussion in the newspapers at
one time when I denied the right of one of the newspaper reporters
to come down to Washington with I believe the Prime Minister of
France or some country over there, and later we let him come down
for one afternoon. We have the regulations to implement the statute
you mentioned, sir.
The Chairman. Does Gubitchev come under that category ?
Attorney General Clark. We contend that Gubitchev is not immun-
ized by his papers that are here. That is why we are prosecuting him.
He claimed, as did the Russians, that he was in the diplomatic cate-
gory.
The Chairman. He is a little out of his regimen as a newspaper
reporter.
Attorney General Clark. He was not in the newspaper category.
He was connected with the Russian Government.
Mr. Winings. He was an architect assigned to the Russian dele-
gation of the United Nations.
Attorney General Clark. He was not a newspaperman?
Mr. Winings. He was not.
The Chairman. Did you say he was an architect?
Mr. Winings. Engineer or architect.
Attorney General Clark. He was connected with the Russian
group that was with the United Nations.
Question No. 6 is :
Does the Department have knowledge of Communist spy rings now existing in
the United States which include as active participants aliens who entered this
country as affiliates of international organizations or as affiliates of foreign
governments?
As will be noted, this question calls for information concerning
internal-security matters in the United States, which include as active
participants aliens affiliated with international organizations and
foreign governments.
In order to answer this question, the Department would have to dis-
close information concerning matters presently under active investiga-
tion. It is believed that the disclosure of such information would be
inconsistent with the public welfare by reason of the national-security
interests involved.
The Chairman. I might say we have further information covering
this point also from the Central Intelligence Agency.
Attorney General Clark. Yes.
Question No. 7 is :
If so, ('.escribe the typical pattern of such a spy ring.
The answer to this question would likewise require the disclosure of
information concerning cases under active investigation, which it is
believed would be contrary to the public interest. However, as a
typical example of the type of case which would be involved, refer-
ence is made to the case concerning the attache as set forth in answer
to question 4.
Question No. 8 :
To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or distribu-
tion of subversive propaganda and the organization or promoting of subversive
groups in the United States to be under the control and direction of aliens who
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 311
have entered the United States as affiliates of international organizations or as
affiliates of foreign governments?
Presented herewith are data relating to propaganda activities of
agents of foreign principals in iron-curtain countries who are regis-
tered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (22 U. S. C. 611 et
seq. ) . It should be pointed out, however, that the fact of filing pro-
paganda as defined in the act does not in any way indicate that it is
subversive. The requirements of the act are that political propa-
ganda transmitted through any instrumentality of interstate or for-
eign commerce shall be appropriately labeled and copies thereof shall
be filed with the Librarian of Congress and the Department of Justice.
Under section 4 (c) of the act, copies of the propaganda are available
for public inspection at the Library of Congress. That portion of the
following data concerning propaganda activities conducted by foreign
embassies and consulates in this country relates to information which
was obtained from sources other than registration under the Foreign
Agents Registration Act, since diplomatic officials are exempt from
registration under section 3 (a) of the act as amended.
A compilation of data regarding registrants from iron-curtain coun-
tries according to citizenship indicates the following : American citi-
zens, 73 ; aliens, 35. These figures represent not only individuals who
are registered as agents of foreign prinicipals from these countries but
also officials and other persons in policy-determining positions in cor-
porations or associations who have registered as agents from the
countries involved and who are required to file the so-called exhibit-A
forms.
Mr. Arens. Before you get into the specific ones you allude to in
your statement, do you care, as Attorney General of the United States,
to make an appraisal on the basis of your experience and background
as to the extent to which the Communist "apparatus" in the United
States is under the direction and control of agents who are sent into
the United States? You set forth a number of particular instances
of Communist activity which are under the direction and control of
agents. I wonder if you would care to make an over-all appraisal.
Attorney General Clark. We have some evidence to that effect that
the line of the Communist Party here is the line of the foreign govern-
ment. As far as any direct connections are concerned, those are
matters which I would rather not discuss at this time. They involve
the case in New York. However, I think you could read the propa-
ganda that is put out and go through some the picket lines that I have
to go through every time I make a talk anywhere and you can recog-
nize it pretty easily.
Mr. Arens. Do you care to elaborate on that, General, and make any
general appraisal as to whether the Communist "apparatus" in the
United States is under the direction and control of a foreign power
or whether it is a home-grown product?
Attorney General Clark. As I say, that is one of the problems in-
volved in this case in New York, and I would rather not comment on
it any further than I have.
BULGARIA
The only information available concerning propaganda activities
carried on by Bulgaria concerns the distribution of an English-lan-
guage magazine entitled "Free Bulgaria", which is published in Sofia,
312 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Bulgaria. This publication is distributed by the Bulgarian Legation
in Washington. There is no information available on the number of
copies distributed or the number of recipients.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The press department of the Czechoslovak newspapers in New York
City distributes a Czechoslovak news bulletin, published Monday
through Friday, to Czechoslovak newspapers in this country. In the
past, the consulate general has also distributed an English-language
biweekly magazine, The Central European Observer, published in
London, but it is not known whether this publication is still being
distributed here.
LATVIA
Mr. Rudolf Shillers. registration No. 284, 5529 Hudson Street, New
York 14, N. Y., is registered as an agent of the Latvian Minister and
Charge d'Affaires, Washington, D. C. He describes his activities on
behalf of his foreign principals as that of following up the American
press concerning articles and essays about Latvia and other Baltic
countries, writing press reports, cooperating with relief organizations
whose activities are beneficial to Latvian displaced persons.
Registrant reports that he made one speech on November 18, 1948.
Other than that, he reports no propaganda activities and does not
list expenditures on behalf of a foreign principal.
LITHUANIA
Mr. Anthony O. Shallna, registration No. 182, 305 Harvard Street,
Cambridge 39, Mass., is registered as an agent of the Lithuanian
Government. Registrant describes his activities as that of "honorary
consul of Lithuania" at Boston.
He lists no expenditures on behalf of a foreign principal and
states that he made six speeches at political rallies. Independence Day
exercises, and before professional and business groups.
POLAND
(1) The Gdynia America Line, Inc., registration No. 81, 32 Pearl
Street, New York City, is registered as an agent of the Gdynia
America Shipping Lines, Ltd., of Gdynia, Poland.
Registrant distributes press release advertising its steamship serv-
ices. It also conducts radio programs designed to advertise its
passenger and cargo services. Registrant reported that it conducted
2G Polish-language broadcasts, 26 Italian-language broadcasts, and
39 French-language broadcasts. The broadcasts in Polish and Italian
were in the nature of weekly programs over Station WHBI, Newark,
N. J., and Station WHOM, New York City. The French-language
broadcasts consisted of spot announcements during the "French Hour"
over Station WBNX.
(2) The Polish Press News Agency (PAPRESS), registration No.
372, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is registered as the United
States agent of the Polish Press News Agency, Warsaw, the semi-
official news agency of Poland. Registrant reports no distribution
of news releases in this country.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 313
(&) Mr. Randolph Feltus, registration No. 381, 128 East Fifty-sixth
Street, New York City, is registered as a public-relations adviser to
the Polish Ambassador to the United States. Registrant in his last
supplemental statement reports no distribution of any propaganda
in this country on behalf of the Ambassador.
(4) Mr. Andrzej Liwnicz, registration No. 383, 299 Madison Avenue,
New York City, is registered as an agent of the State-owned film
monopoly, Film Polski of Warsaw, Poland.
Registrant stated that $6,725 was expended by him on behalf of
his foreign principal.
During the month of November 1948, he reported five film show-
ings at two schools, the Polish consulate and the Polish Research
and Information Service in New York, and at the Polish Embassy
in Washington, D. C. In Ma}7 1949, he informed this office of the
distribution of five different 16-mm. film titles and miscellaneous
Polish newsreels which were exhibited by two schools, the Polish
Research and Information Service, the Polish Embassy, and one
individual.
(5) Mr. Leopold Szor. registration No. 410, 151 East Sixty-seventh
Street, New York City, is registered as an agent of Dr. Wilhelm Billig,
general director, Polish Radio, Warsaw.
Registrant stated that his expenditures amounted to $2,000.
Registrant's activities include the sending of radioscripts to War-
saw and broadcasting UN news daily to Warsaw from the British
Broadcasting Corporation's studios in New York City. The UN broad-
casts over BBC were discontinued on December 15, 1948. Registrant
reported 12 radio programs over the Polish radio, Warsaw, and 13
Sunday broadcasts over station WHBI, Newark, N. J., for the Gdynia
America Line, Inc.
(6) The Polish Research and Information Service, registration No.
473, 250 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City, is registered as
the official information office in this country of the Press and Informa-
tion Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Gov-
ernment in Warsaw.
Registrant reported that his expenditures on behalf of the foreign
principal amounted to $70,515 (approximately).
Registrant engages in the following informational activities in this
country :
1. Prepares publications and distributes to newspapers and other publications,
press services, libraries, educational institutions, and, in some case, public
officials :
(a) Biuletyn Polski, a Polish-language news bulletin published Monday
through Friday. Registrant reported that from January 1, 1949, to May 1,
1949, there were 67 issues of this publication, 250 copies being distributed per
issue.
(b) Vocational Education, described by registrant as a report. During
May 1949, 5,000 copies of this report were distributed.
(c) The Polish Army Learns About Brotherhood, was described by regis-
trant as a report. On March 31 and April 15, 1949, 400 copies were distributed.
(d) Jewish Life in Poland, a bimonthly publication. On March 31 and
April 15, 1949. 1,200 copies were distributed.
(e) Social Welfare in Poland, was described as a report. On March 31 and
April 19, 1949, registrant reported that a total of 5,400 copies were distributed.
(f) Cultural Life in Poland is a bulletin. On February 22 and March 14,
1949, 6.000 copies were distributed.
(g) Poland of Today, an English-language monthly magazine. During the
period March 5-14, 1949, registrant reported a circulation of 15,000 to 16,000
314 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
copies, which is probably the correct monthly circulation for this publication.
For the month of February 1949, registrant reported the same circulation
figure as given above.
(h) A pamphlet containing a statement by the chairman of the Polish Dele-
gation to the UN ; 800 copies were distributed in February 1949.
(i) Poland and the Ruhr Question, a pamphlet, 800 copies of which were
distributed in February 1949.
(;') The Polish Minister on Human Rights, a pamphlet, 800 copies of which
were distributed in February 1949.
2. Distributes copies of broadcasts received from Poland, known as Warsaw
Daily Broadcasts, to the press attaches at the Polish Embassy in Washington
and the Polish Legation in Ontario, Canada, the director of the Polish Press
News Agency in New York City, and to the Federated Press in New York City.
Registrant reported that copies of Warsaw Daily Broadcasts were distributed
to four named individuals daily.
3. Distributes documentary films and photographs and participates in
exhibitions.
4. Conducts research, on request, on various problems of Polish life.
5. Officials associated with registrant have delivered lectures on Polish
matters.
Rumania
The Rumanian Legation in Washington distributes at irregular
intervals an English-language press bulletin entitled "Rumanian
News." No figures are available on the distribution of this pub-
lication.
u. s. s. E.
(1) Helen Black, registration No. 6, 15 West Forty-fourth Street,
New York City, is registered as an agent of Press Photo and the
Literary-Musical Agency (Presslit), both of Moscow.
Registrant reported that during the period her expenditures on be-
half of her foreign principals amounted to $4,447.45.
On behalf of Press Photo, registrant sells photos and mats re-
ceived from the U. S. S. R. to newsphoto agencies, newspapers, maga-
zines, and book publishers in this country. Registrant reported the
following figures as covering the distribution during the latter half of
1948 of photographs on behalf of Press Photo : July, 169 ; August, 52 ;
September, 154 ; October, 72 ; November, 62 ; December, 36.
During the period from July 1 to December 31, 1948, registrant re-
ported that on behalf of the Literary-Musical Agency she negotiated
for the publication of 14 books and 2 plays.
(2) The Four Continent Book Corp., registration No. 94, 38 West
Fifty-eighth Street, New York City, is registered as an agent of the
All-Union combine, Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, Moscow.
Registrant reported that its expenditures on behalf of its foreign
principal for the period July 1 to December 31, 1948, amounted to
$13,564.61.
Registrant sells Soviet books, pamphlets, periodicals, and news-
papers in this country and exports American books and publications
to the U. S. S. R.
The following figures were given for publications distributed in
excess of 35 copies :
January 1949 : 4,100 copies of Russian-language books in 54 different titles ;
2,140 copies of 14 different periodicals ; 4,310 phonograph records.
February 1949 : 2,350 copies of Russian-language books in 25 different titles ;
1,250 copies of 12 periodicals.
March 1949 : 3,650 copies of Russian-language books in 35 different titles ;
4,182 copies of 13 periodicals.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 315
April 1949 : 1,750 copies of Russian-language books in 25 different titles ; 2,435
copies of 13 periodicals ; 150 copies of 2 kinds of maps ; 2,200 copies of colored
picture postcards on 22 different subjects ; 775 phonograph records.
(3) Artkino Pictures, Inc., registration No. 103, 723 Seventh Av-
enue, New York City, is registered an an agent of Sovexport Film of
Moscow. Registrant distributes Soviet films in this country.
Registrant reported that during the 6-month period covered by the
supplemental statement its expenditures on behalf of its foreign prin-
cipal amounted to $19,351.13.
Registrant reported that during the period from August 23, 1948, to
February 22, 1949, it released 12 new films and 5 news films. Reg-
istrant also gave the following information :
Month
Films distributed
Soviet
German
35-mm. bookings for —
Soviet films
German films
January 1949 _
Februarv 1949
March 1949. . .
April 1949
58 copies
51 copies
56 copies
52 copies
C copies..
14 copies.
16 copies.
do...
20 theaters. _
16 theaters. .
18 theaters..
16 theaters.-
12 theaters.
9 theaters.
27 theaters.
16 theaters.
(4) Earl Russell Browder, registration No. 374, 55 West Forty-
second Street, New York City, is registered as an agent of three
Soviet publishing houses, all located in Moscow — the United States
Publishing House of the Council of Ministry of the U. S. S. R., the
State Art Publishing House of the Committee on Art Affairs of the
Council of Ministry of the U. S. S. R., the Publishing House of the
Central Council of Trade-Unions.
For the 6-month period ending March 31, 1949, registrant stated
that his expenditures on behalf of the foreign principals amounted
to $948.46.
On behalf of his foreign principals, registrant negotiates with
American publishing houses for the publication of Russian books in
this country (books are submitted to publishers in Russian or in Eng-
lish translation) and offers articles received from the U. S. S. R. for
publication by newspapers and periodicals in this country. During
the 6-month period ending March 31, 1949, registrant reported that he
had negotiated for the publication of four books and had given five
lectures.
(5) World Tourist, Inc., registration No. 485, 18 West Twenty-
third Street, New York City, is registered as an agent of the All-
Union Joint-Stock Company Intourist of Moscow. Registrant acts
as a tourist agency, selling tourist and travel documents, tickets, and
so forth, but reports no dissemination of travel, tourist, or other pub-
licity material in this country.
(6) The New York bureau of the Telegraph Agency of the
U. S. S. R. (TASS), registration No. 464, 50 Rockefeller Plaza, New
York City, is registered as an agent of the Telegraph Agency of the
U. S. S. R., Moscow. Registrant transmits news from this country to
the U. S. S. R., but reports no dissemination of information in this
country.
(7) The Embassy of the U S. S. R. in Washington, D. C, dis-
tributes an English-language magazine, published twice monthlv,
entitled "U. S. S. R. Information Bulletin."
In addition, the Em-
98330— 50— pt. 1-
316 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
bassy has distributed various press releases from time to time, such
as the lengthy four-part release distributed in the United States in
February 1948, entitled "Falsificators of History."
YUGOSLAVIA
(1) Mr. Monroe Stern, registration No. 386, 1520 Sixteenth Street
NW., Washington, D. C., is registered as the information officer
for the Yugoslav Ambassador to the United States. Registrant
answers inquiries and assists in the preparation of speeches and state-
ments made by the Ambassador and helps prepare pamphlets and
other publications distributed by the Embassy.
According to information supplied by registrant, the Yugoslav
Embassy issues, on occasion, press and news releases (with a circula-
tion varying from 15 to 350 during the year 1948) and distributes
various pamphlets and publications of diverse circulation (e. g., on
one occasion in 1948 the circulation of one pamphlet was 400; on
another, 10,000) .
Registrant reported on October 25, 1948, that 4,500 copies of the
publication News of Yugoslavia were distributed. He also reported
on September 29, 1948, the distribution of 5,000 copies of The UN-
Cooperation Must be Secured, which is a pamphlet containng a speech
by Mr. Edvard Kardelj, the chairman of the UN delegation from
Yugoslavia.
(2) Tanjug, registration No. 493, 36 Central Park South, New
York City, is registered as the United States agency for the Yugoslav
news agency Tanjug of Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Registrant reported the following figures for expenditures on behalf
of its foreign principal: October 1948, $1,558.36; November 1948,
$10,381.49; December 1948, $1,402.59; January 1949, $2,794.73: Feb-
ruary 1949, $1,281.17; March 1949, $2,674.09.
Registrant distributes press releases based on material transmitted
from Yugoslavia to a mailing list consisting, as of December 1948, of
approximately 490 newspapers, periodicals, news services, or interested
individuals or organizations in this country ; distributes photographs
received in single copies from Belgrade; and transmits news reports
to Belgrade.
An example of activity on the part of persons attached to an em-
bassy of an iron-curtain country is as follows :
In 1947, the Department was informed that a meeting of leaders of
an iron-curtain country nationality from the United States, Canada,
and the country's Embassy, Washington, D. C, was held in New York
City. This meeting was called for the purpose of discussing policy
and certain differences of opinion which had arisen concerning future
activities of the elements of this iron-curtain country in the United
States. Represented at the meeting, according to the Department's
source of information, were persons affiliated with the Nationality
Groups Commission of the Communist Party of the United States;
Serbian Section, Communist Party, U. S. A. ; Croatian Section, Com-
munist Party, U. S. A. ; Macedonian Section, Communist Party, U.
S. A.; American Slav Congress: Slovenian Section, Communist Party,
U. S. A. ; and Croatian Section of the Communist Party of Canada.
After a general policy meeting among these individuals, two per-
sons from the country's Embassy in Washington were introduced, and
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 317
there was a general discussion of the United Committee of South
Slavic Americans. The latter organization has been designated as
Communist under Executive Order 9835.
In the course of discussions, it was pointed out that several represent-
atives felt that the United Committee should be made a part of the
American Slav Congress (another organization which has been desig-
nated as Communist under Executive Order 9835).
Mr. Arens. You are speaking, of course, of the Yugoslav Embassy
as you referred to before ?
Attorney General Clark. Yes.
One of the persons from the Embassy is reported to have stated that
the poor condition of affairs with regard to the United Committee must
be blamed on the Communist Party and no one else, and that the
United Committee was the responsibility of party members. He is
reported to have criticized those who felt that there was no need for
this organization, and mentioned that various debts incurred by the
committee could be taken care of; and that, in order to implement suc-
cessfully the continued activities of the organization, the party must
assign responsibility to comrades in New York. Pittsburgh, Detroit,
Chicago, and elsewhere to work with the committee. This person also
reportedly stated that it was not desirable that the United Committee
of South Slavic Americans become a mass organization like the Ameri-
can Slav Congress and that, if necessary, the Embassy was ready to
help by sending two or three people from the particular iron-curtain
country into the various localities to speak at such meetings as could
be arranged. He reportedly advised that the Communist Party had
assumed leadership in the particular iron-curtain country and that
the Communists in the United States must, in their own way, assume
leadership and take the responsibilities for carrying on the work of
the organization.
The other person from the Embassy delivered an address echoing
the sentiments of his colleague. After the discussions, the following
conclusions wTere accepted by the various representatives attending the
meeting :
(1) The American Slav Congress should be the Communist
Party's top organization in the United States, and it will continue
to work as a mass organization.
(2) Certain specific Communist Party members were to be as-
signed responsibility for the work of the United Committee of
South Slavic Americans in the indicated cities of the United
States.
(3) The American Committee for (this particular national-
ity's) Relief and the American Association for Reconstruction
in the particular iron-curtain country would continue on their
existing basis.
Mr. Arens. Again, General, it is obvious that you are speaking of
the American Committee for Yugoslavia Relief and the American
Association for Reconstruction in Yugoslavia ?
Attorney General Clark. I was mistaken when I said that was
Yugoslavia. This example is an embassy, but it is not necessarily the
Yugoslav Embassy. It is an embassy here in Washington, D. C, how-
ever.
Mr. Arens. General, I have just one observation. It is apparent —
is it not ? — from the facts which you have developed here, that there
318 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
is a direct tie-up — at least, in the instances which you have set forth —
between the affiliates of the foreign governments and your Commu-
nist "apparatus" in the United States ?
Attorney General Clark. I would not be in a position to go any
further than I have in this statement. I think the statement is pretty
clear on that; and, having these cases pending over the country, I
have gone over this statement very carefully. If I said anything ad
libbing here, I might say something that affects those cases. I do
not think what I have written here would. I know you understand.
Mr. Arens. I understand, General.
Attorney General Clark. The ninth question is :
To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or other
subversive activity in the United States to be engaged in by persons who are
aliens, foreign-born, or of foreign-born parents?
Espionage and subversive cases are not classified on a basis of the
nationality of the participants and suspects. Hence, current statistics
in this regard are not practicably available. However, after several
months of research, a statistical analysis has been made, based on a
careful study of 4,984 of the more militant members of the Communist
Party, United States of America, as of 1947.
Of that 4,984 cases analyzed, it was found that 2,202 or 44 percent
of the individuals studied were either of Russian stock (i. e., born in
Russia or of Russian or mixed parentage, with at least one parent born
in Russia) or were married to persons of Russian stock. Thirty-seven
percent of the individuals studied were of Russian stock, and 7 percent
were married to persons of Russian stock, making the total 44 percent.
These 2,202 cases may be further broken down as follows :
A. Subjects of Russian stock :
1. Subjects born in Russia
(a) Aliens 79
(6) Naturalized citizens 756
Total 835
2. Parents born Russian
(a) Both parents 742
(6) 1 parent 277
Total 1,019
Total subjects of Russian stock 1, 854
B. Subjects married to Russian stock :
1. Spouse born Russian 88
2. Parents of spouse born in Russia
(a) Both parents 185
(6) 1 parent 75
Total 260
Total subjects married to Russian stock 348
Total subjects of, or married to Russian stock 2, 202
It was further found that an additional 614 subjects of the individu-
als studied, or 12.5 percent of the 4,984, were either of stock from the
countries adjacent to Russia (Poland, Finland, Rumania, Lithuania,
Turkey, Latvia, and Estonia) or were married to persons of such
stock.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 319
The following is an analysis of these 614 cases :
A. Subjects of stock from countries adjacent to Russia :
1. Subjects born in such countries :
(a) Aliens 36
(6) Naturalized citizens 334
Total 370
2. Parents born in such countries :
(a) Both parents 134
(6) 1 parent 56
Total 190
Total subjects of such stock 560
B. Subjects married to such stock :
1. Spouse born in such country 15
2. Parents of spouse born in such country :
(a) Both parents 20
(6) 1 parent 19
Total 39
Total subjects married to such stock 54
Total subjects of, or married to, such stock 614
Combining the statistics relating to Russian stock with those relat-
ing to stock from countries adjacent to Russia, it will be seen that 2,816,
or 56.5 percent of the 4,984 cases analyzed, were either of stock from
Russia or the adjacent countries or were married to persons of such
stock.
In addition, it was found that 1,739 individuals, or 34.9 percent of the-
total 4,984 subjects, were either of stock from other foreign countries
or were married to stock from other foreign countries.
The following are the statistics :
A. Subjects of other foreign stock :
1. Subject born in other foreign countries :
(a) Aliens 102
(&) Naturalized 795
Total 897
2. Parents born in other foreign countries :
(a) Both parents 327
(&) 1 parent 270
Total 597
Total subjects of other foreign stock 1,494
B. Subjects married to other foreign stock :
1. Spouse born in other foreign country 84
2. Parents of spouse born in other foreign country :
(a) Both parents 77
(6)1 parent 84
Total 161
Total subjects married to other foreign stock 245
Total subjects of, or married to, other foreign stock 1, 739
320 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Thus it will be seen that a total of 4,555, or 91.4 percent of the
4,984 subjects, were either of foreign stock or were married to persons
of foreign stock; 3,908 of these, or 78.4 percent of the total 4,984 sub-
jects, were of foreign stock, and 647, or 13 percent of the total 4,984
subjects, were married to persons of foreign stock.
In only 429, or 8.6 percent of the 4,984 cases, were the subject and his
parents, and if married the spouse and the spouse's parents, all born
in the United States.
To recapitulate —
Number Percent
1. Subjects of, or married to, Russian stock ..:
Subjects of, or married to, stock from countries adjacent to Russia
Total of Russian and adjacent countries.-.
2. Subjects of, or married to, other foreign stock
3. Total, all foreign stocks
4. Subject and parents and if married, spouse and parents all born in the United
States
5. Total
2,202
614
2,816
1,739
44.0
12.5
56.5
34.9
4, 555
429
91.4
8.6
4,984
100.0
According to the World Almanac, 1947, the 1940 census reported
34,576,718 persons of white foreign stock in the United States, includ-
ing 2,610,244 persons of Russian stock. The total white population
of the United States was reported as 118,214,870 and the Negro popu-
lation was reported as 12,865,518, making a total population of
131,669,275.
Accordingly, less than 2 percent of the white population consisted
of Russian stock, yet 44 percent of the subjects of these 4,984 cases
were either of Russian stock or married to Russian stock.
Stock from the countries adjacent to Russia consisted of 3,971,077
persons, or less than 3 percent of the total white population of the
United States, yet 12.5 percent of the subjects of these 4,984 cases
were either of stock from these countries or were married to persons
of such stock.
White stock from all other foreign countries consists of 27,995,397
persons, or about 24 percent of the total white population of the
United States, yet 34.9 percent of the subjects of these 4,984 cases were
either of such stock or married to persons of such stock.
Only approximately 30 percent of the white population of the
United States consisted of foreign white stock, yet 91.4 percent of the
subjects of these 4,984 cases were either of foreign stock or married to
persons of foreign stock. Seventy-eight and four one-hundredths
percent of the subjects of these cases were of foreign stock and 13
percent of the subjects were married to persons of foreign stock.
On the other hand, only 8.6 percent of these subjects were born in
the United States of parents born in the United States and, if mar-
ried, had native-born spouses of native-born parents, although about
70 percent of the white population consisted of native stock.
It should also be noted that of the 4,984 cases studied, 217, or 4.3
percent, were aliens.
The membership of the Communist Party has fluctuated consid-
erably during the past 2 years. In January 1947 the Communist
Party, U. S. A., claimed 74,000 members ; in February 1948 it claimed
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 321
68,000 members; in August 1948, 60,000 members; and in October
1948, 59,000 members.
Ten: Describe the extent, scope, and nature of the activity or activities of
those organizations which have heeu proscribed by the Attorney General as
subversive organizations.
Presumably this question is concerned with the organizations which
have been declared by the Attorney General to come within the scope
of Executive Order No. 9835, relating to the loyalty of Government
employees, wherein the Attorney General is charged with the responsi-
bility of furnishing to the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service
Commission the names of organizations which, after appropriate inves-
tigation and determination, he has designated as totalitarian, Fascist,
Communist, or subversive, or as having adopted a policy of advocating
or approving the commission of acts of force or violence, to deny others
their rights under the Constitution of the United States, or as seeking
to alter the form of government of the United States by unconstitu-
tional means. The considerations below refer specifically to the
organizations which have been designated as Communist and sub-
versive pursuant to the afore-mentioned Executive order.
The activities of Communists among various groups follow a gen-
eral pattern, each presumably intended to meet the special require-
ments of the group. For activity among youth there are the teen-age
clubs, summer camps, dances, and high-school and college organiza-
tions. Among national minority groups and racial groups, the activi-
ties are planned to accentuate nationality and racial differences, to
emphasize any discrimination, to retard Americanization, and to
prevent their successful assimilation into our way of living. In their
activities among labor groups, Communists continually aim to create
a feeling of class consciousness. Thus the pattern, while different to
meet the needs of each group, is always gaged toward the same aim of
pitting class against class, group against group, in an endless effort
to foment strife, discontent, confusion, and disorganization.
Dealing in general with the question of the extent, scope, and nature
of the activities of the organizations which have been designated as
Communist and subversive pursuant to Executive Order 9835, it may
be observed that the extent of the activities of these groups varies
with the vScope of their activities. Some organizations extend not
only within the continental United States but to the Territories as
well. Others, which by their titles are designed to influence minority
groups, operate only where those groups are found. They extend
geographically according to the nature of the group, whether it be
an organization operating among youth, labor, racial minorities, for-
eign-nationality groups, or groups brought together for some specific
cause or purpose.
The scope of their activities is generally indicated by the names
of the organizations themselves. Some clearly were organized for
the purpose of fostering American policy favorable to the current
policy of a foreign state; others are designed to promote the defense
of specific individuals or to serve generally as legal defense or legal
aid groups for Communists, or others whose cases can be rendered into
causes celebres to serve the ends of the Communists; others again are
designed to teach Communist dogma and tactics. The nature of the
activities of these organizations follows the general pattern of at-
322 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tempted infiltration, followed by the obtaining of strategic control,
except, of course, in those cases where the organization is created by
the Communists themselves. Many times actual Communist control
is disguised through the use of apparently innocent individuals in
seemingly key positions, whereas real control rests in the hands of
persons who appear to occupy lesser positions. The nature of the
activities varies with the objective of the organization ; if it is designed
to raise funds, there may be a few formal meetings other than a large
conclave with attendant publicity; others whose purposes relate to
indoctrination operate through meetings in local branches or lodges,
through schools, through publicity campaigns, through the form of
handbills, pamphlets, and organization publications.
Mr. Arens. May I ask you one question ?
As you probably know, the Senator's bill, S. 1832, provides for the
exclusion and expulsion of persons who are affiliates of subversive
organizations proscribed by the Attorney General. Without at this
time getting into the details of the bill, would the general care to
express himself respecting the extent of the investigation and the
care which is used by the Department of Justice as a prerequisite to
the proscription of a particular organization as a Communist organi-
zation ?
Attorney General Clark. First, let me say, back in 1946, 1 think, we
got from all the agencies of the Government whatever information
they had on these various organizations and that was turned over to
about 30 lawyers in the Criminal Division. It was sifted through
those lawyers. Then I organized each of the assistant attorneys gen-
eral, including Mr. Ford, the assistant, the Solicitor General, and the
Assistant Solicitor General, into a panel and each one of those organi-
zations was then reviewed by this group of assistant attorneys general,
the assistant, Solicitor General, and Assistant Solicitor General.
When they narrowed them down, if they all agreed I went over them
and I would place them on the list. If they did not agree, then we
would have a meeting, usually at lunch, at which we would discuss
each of the organizations that was not agreed upon. We might ask
for more information from the FBI or whatever sources furnished the
information.
Mr. Arens. As a prerequisite to the proscription, there were FBI
reports as to the activities of the organization or a careful investiga-
tion of the organization ?
Attorney General Clark. Not only FBI but we got them from every
agency that had any investigative groups or had any investigation. It
was all correlated among all the agencies of the Government,
Mr. Arens. How many organizations have been proscribed by the
Attorney General as subversive organizations ?
Attorney General Clark. I do not know the exact number but the
total is about 170, 1 would say.
Mr. Ford. I do not know the total either.
Attorney General Clark. There are two lists. Some are Fascist,
some are Nazi. The total would be around 170 or 175.
Question 11 is:
According to the information in the possession of the Department, how many
aliens have been deported from the United States in the course of the last 10
years under the statutes which provide for the deportation of subversives?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 323
As of April 15, 1949. 3,278 warrants of deportation had been issued
which were not enforceable by reason of a refusal by the aliens' coun-
tries of origin to issue passports or other travel documents with which
to effect deportation. Of the aliens covered by these warrants, 2,147
are iron-curtain nationals and of that number 1,180 are Russians. Of
the 3,278 deportation orders, 112 were specifically issued under the act
of October 16, 1918, as amended, which relates to subversive classes.
Senator Magnuson. Mr. Clark, could I ask a question right there?
Attorney General Clark. Yes.
Senator Magnuson. Supposing it is determined that an individual
was subversive and let us assume that his origin was an Iron-Curtain
country and that country refused, either deliberately or otherwise,
to accept him ; then is there any other course we can pursue ? Is there
any other place we can send him or must he just stay here ?
Attorney General Clark. We can send him to only two places and
those two only under the agreement of those countries. The two
places are the place of birth and the other is the place from whence
he came to the United States. As a consequence we have, as I have
pointed out many times, Senator, some 4,000 alien Communists in the
United States who, as I described it, are walking the streets.
Senator Magnuson. They could be here by design?
Attorney General Clark. Definitely, some of them are.
Senator Magnuson. They could be here because their country will
not issue the passport to allow them to come back.
Attorney General Clark. That is right.
Senator Magnuson. In order to deliberately keep them here.
Attorney General Clark. I believe that is true in several instances.
Of course they could go to another country if they were able to get a
visa and wanted to get a visa, but they have to apply for it themselves.
I cannot force them to go, you see. I think one visa has been issued
by the Russians since 1945. With that exception we have not been
able to obtain any.
Senator Magnuson. Would you favor legislation that would allow
the Attorney General some procedure whereby these people could
either be sent to seme place? If they are deemed to be subversive,
surely they should not be allowed to walk the streets, particularly
where it is evident there has been a design on the part of the country
not to issue the passport in order to keep them here.
Attorney General Clark. Well, sir, we proposed that legislation
in 1948 and it was Senate bill 1987.
Senator Magnuson. Which is pending now.
Attorney General Clark. It authorizes the Attorney General to
take into custody those people in instances along the line you pointed
out and pending their receipt of visa papers. That legislation has
had a pretty rugged and rocky road in the last few years.
Mr. Arens. Irrespective of the reason for the failure of these per-
sons to be deported, it is true, is it not, that in the course of the last
10 years only 10 persons have been deported under the anarchist or
Communist deportation statutes?
Attorney General Clark. I do not know the exact number. I think
it is in the statement, though. Let us take Eisler,1 for example. We
could not deport him unless he got a visa.
1 Gerhart Eisler who escaped on the M S Batory on May 6, 1949.
324 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. Who is that?
Attorney General Clark. Eisler, the fellow who ran away.
So the number of actual deportations is not a fair guide from the
standpoint of the number we have attempted. As I stated here a
moment ago, 3,278 warrants have been issued. I am sure you have
read in the papers in the last year or two of the many hearings that
have been helcl incident to deportation. We have been a little more
successful in the last GO days. Mr. Miller can tell you more of the in-
dividuals, but we have gotten more of them away in the last 60 days.
But even then you can count them almost on one hand. That is suc-
cess compared to what we have had in the past.
Senator Magnuson. With respect to these people who are deemed to
be, or in your opinion are, subversive in which there has been an at-
tempt made to deport them and that attempt has failed because of
legal limitations and they are, as you pointed out, walking the streets,
does the Department keep them under surveillance at all times?
Attorney General Clark. We cannot do that, Senator.
Senator Magnuson. There are just too many?
Attorney General Clark. It would take an average of 25 people to
watch a person 24 hours a day in a city like New York. It would be
a physical impossibility to watch 4,000.
Senator Magnuson. So that because of lack of legislation and the
limitation of the present laws, at least 3,278 less the number that has
actually been deported, which are very few, are just walking the
streets and doing what they can do ?
Attorney General Clark. I think we have four up in Ellis Island
that they filed habeas corpus on the other day. One of them came up
today and I think three Monday. With those exceptions and unless
they are charged with other offenses, assuming they are not charged
with other offenses, why your thinking would be right.
The Chairman. They are at large?
Attorney General Clark. That is right.
Mr. Ford. One thing I might point out, Of that number, 3,278, all
of those do not fall within the proscription of the 1918 act. Those
are just numbers.
Mr. Arens. Do you care to make any general observation respect-
ing the difficulty under the present law of deporting a man under the
subversive statute, exclusively under the subversive statute ? I under-
stand you try to catch them frequently on other grounds even though
they may be subversive.
Attorney General Clark. Of course, it is difficult for us to get
conclusive evidence of their subversiveness aside from the difficulties
that Senator Magnuson has brought to light here with reference to
the visa, which is very difficult. We have not had as difficult a time
with the proof as we have had with the visas. After the hearing,
why of course they can appeal and take the matter up with the Board
of Immigration Appeals and they bring it up to me and some of them
take it to the Supreme Court. We have taken up quite a number.
Mr. Arens. An alien Communist is under the law deportable, is he
not?
Attorney General Clark. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. You have difficulty, however, in establishing in an indi-
vidual case, do you not, whether or not the subject of your deportation
proceedings is a Communist ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN *\LIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 325
Attorney General Clark. That is true, difficulty in proving it.
Senator Magnuson. I cannot help making this observation.
It is difficult for the average layman and American citizen who does
not approve of these people at large, like all of us, to understand the
legal technicalities involved and therefore of course the Attorney
General gets the blame whether he can do it or not.
Mr. Foed. We get it both ways, Senator. There is no way to win.
The Chairman. The Attorney General gets the blame but the coun-
try gets the bulk of the subversiveness.
Attorney General Clark. Of course those who are active, such as
in the case of New York, why we bring suits against them. However,
it is very, very hard at this time not only because of difficulties of
proof but the difficulty as to the visas.
Mr. Arens. May I ask another question for further enlightenment
of the Senators on the law ?
Under the existing law other than in the categories of 3 (1) or
3 (7), the Immigration and Naturalization Service has a discretionary
power, does it not, to exclude from the United States a person who
in the judgment of the Immigration and Naturalization Service is
coming to the United States to engage in activities detrimental to
the public interest ?
Attorney General Clark. We not only have that authority but we
exercise that authority. Just last week we exercised it, I have for-
gotten the name of the town but it was up on the Canadian border.
Mr. Arens. In that type of case it is not necessary, is it, for the
Immigration and Naturalization Service to prove membership in the
Communist Party or to prove overt action ?
Attorney General Clark. We usually have the information our-
selves or we are able to obtain it from other sources, sometimes out-
side the United States, that are very helpful.
Mr. Arens. Under the present law the statute which vests the Attor-
ney General with power to exclude from the United States those per-
sons who on the basis of the information satisfactory to the Attorney
General are coming to the United States in detriment of public safety
is not applicable to persons who come with 3 (1) or 3 (7) visas? la
that true?
Attorney General Clark. Yes, sir; that is right.
The Chairman. All right, will you proceed, General?
Attorney General Clark. In addition to the foregoing, there are 416
cases in which warrants of deportation have been issued in which final
passport refusal has not as yet been received, but in which cases there is
every reason to suppose that deportation cannot be effected because of
such refusal. There are 91 of the 410 pending cases which involve per-
sons who are subject to deportation under existing law to iron-curtain
countries.
At the present time there are under investigation with a view to
deportation, or under actual deportation proceedings, the cases of 833
aliens who, prima facie, are deportable under the act of October 16,
1918, as amended. Assuming that all of these aliens will eventually be
ordered deported, it is expected that these orders will be nonenforceable
in the majority of the cases for the reason that the countries of origin
will refuse to issue travel documents.
From July 1, 1948, to May 31, 1949, there have been five persons
deported under the subversive statutes. Persons classed as subversive
326 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
■or anarchistic are deported under the act of October 16, 1918, or under
the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as amended by the Alien
Registration Act of 1940, and may therefore include persons other than
persons engaged in communistic activities.
Mr. Arens. When you say persons under the existing law, that does
not include, does it, persons who were admitted into the United States
with 3 (1) or 3 (7) visas, namely those persons who have been ad-
mitted as affiliates of foreign governments or persons admitted as
affiliates of foreign organizations?
Attorney General Clark. That does not include them.
Mr. Arens. The word "persons" does not embrace 3 (1) 's or 3 (7) 's?
Attorney General Clark. As used here, it would embrace it.
Since April 1, 1948, nine other persons known to be subversives who
were under warrants of deportation have departed from the United
States at their own expense.
In a number of other cases aliens were deported or permitted to
depart voluntarily for causes such as illegal entry or admission without
proper documents, although they were also suspected of being of a sub-
versive class. This was done in order to expedite deportation since
proof of entry without documents can be established more readily than
can subversive activity.
Mr. Arens. We discussed a moment ago, General, the fact that the
Justice Department does not have power to exclude anyone with a 3 (1)
or 3 (7) visa. Now do the general expulsion statutes as distinguished
from exclusion apply to3 (i)'sor3 (7)'s?
Attorney General Clark. The statutes themselves do not. Of course,
in some instances, as I have pointed out, we do call the circumstances
to the attention of the State Department and they use their influence
to have them withdrawn.
Mr. Arens. The only way a3 (1) or 3 (7) who is in the United States
and who is a subversive can be expelled from the United States is by
representation made by the Justice Department to the State Depart-
ment which would then withdraw his diplomatic status ? Is that true ?
Attorney General Clark. I would say that they would make repre-
sentations to the foreign country from whence he came and he was
persona non grata and then they would hope that the country would
withdraw him. Of course, eA7ery time we do that we usually get some
persona non grata ourselves and they ask us to withdraw some of
our people. So it is a reciprocal problem. It is one that is used
against us whenever we use it just as when we have some case some-
times against one of the parties who is here from some foreign source,
why we might suffer some cases in our Embassy which we say are not
true cases, that is, they are not based on true facts, but the Govern-
ment claims they are.
Mr. Arens. Is it clear that under the existing laws the Department
of Justice has no power to deport a person who is in the United States
with a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) visa?
Attorney General Clark. That is right.
There are two or three things I should like to point out, Mr. Chair-
man, if I could. There are about 3,500,000 aliens, I understand, in
the United States today. We naturalized about 1,800,000 of them
during the war. I would not want my testimony or the statistics
that have been drawn here by the various divisions of the Depart-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 327
ment of Justice to be a reflection in a general way on the aliens of this
country who are now residents here. Most of them are law-abiding
people. Our country has been made great by alien blood and I would
not want my testimony to be taken as a reflection on that great body
of people who now reside here.
There are some, as I have indicated here, who are engaged in some
activities that are against our system and I think we can take care
of them all right, but I would not want this to be construed as an
indictment of that whole group.
The Chairman. What did you say was the number of the Com-
munist Party as reflected by that last report ?
Attorney General Clark. Fifty-nine thousand.
The Chairman. In the United States?
Attorney General Clark. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. By Communist Party, do you mean card-bearing Com-
munists and not the group which would embrace the fellow travelers ?
Attorney General Clark. They have abandoned their card system
in large part, so I would not say they are card-bearing but I would
say they are the ones to which they lay claim to according to the rec-
ords.
Senator Magnuson. What we call the American Communist Party
or underground Communist Party that carry the cards of the Inter-
nationale ?
Attorney General Clark. It is the American Communist Party.
Senator Magnuson. Those who in some States legally register as
Communists and vote as such ?
Attorney General Clark. That is true.
Senator McGrath. Why does the Communist Party publish the
number of their membership? Other political parties do not do it.
Attorney General Clark. They are bragging.
Senator McGrath. I was wondering if they do not publish false
figures to hide the fact that they may be growing larger and stronger
rather than weaker. The figures you have indicated here show a
drop of 10,000 each year. I would not think the party would be
proud to publish those figures. Do you happen to know the source
from which they come ?
Attorney General Clark. We got them from the FBI. I would say
not only from the public figures but from our information the party
is not nearly as strong as it was, I would say a year ago.
Senator McGrath. Do you think the figures are an accurate reflec-
tion of the development of the party ?
Attorney General Clark. I think they are bragging some.
The Chairman. That is, you mean the party in the United States?
Attorney General Clark. Yes, sir.
Senator Magnuson. What was the Communist vote in the last
Presidential election ?
Mr. Ford. They did not have any ticket.
Senator Magnuson. Is there a break-down in the States where they
had candidates?
Mr. Ford. I presume there is.
Senator Magnuson. I wonder if they do not take these figures from
the votes they get from the avowed Communist candidates in the
various States.
328 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Attorney General Clark. These are supposed to be based on their
records.
Mr. Ford. These are their own figures.
Mr. Arens. General, do you want to make an observation, if you
please, respecting your estimate of the number of persons who are
under party discipline who may not be actually members of the Com-
munist Party?
Attorney General Clark. Those who deal in the problem say that
possibly there would be 10 to 1 who were absolutely dominated, but
according to those people who are versed in it, I would say that there
are 10 so-called fellow travelers to one actual Communist. I would
not want you to think that I believe those 10 are dominated by the 1,
but as shown by the Communist front organizations that we have on
the list there are many who are not out-and-out dues-paying Com-
munists. At the same time thev follow the line either through igmo-
ranee or design. It is estimated by those who are versed in this
activity or this problem that it would run about 10 to 1.
Senator O'Conor. General, according to your other statement to the
effect that you did not wish your testimony considered as reflecting
on the great number of persons, I rather got the opposite impression
that really through analysis you were expressing yourself as of the
belief that the great majority are loyal.
Attorney General Clark. Overwhelmingly.
Senator O'Conor. And that the number of the others would be
relatively small.
Attorney General Clark. That is true, sir.
Senator O'Conor. I do not wish to ask any specific question because
you have indicated that because of the pendency of certain litigation
you do not want to pass on them. Do you feel that the Department
or other agencies of the Government are advised as well as could be
expected of the movements and activities of subversive individuals in
the country?
Attorney General Clark. I certainly do. I think you could rub out
those words "as well as could be expected." I think we are advised.
Senator O'Conor. I realize of course, just as you have indicated,
that you cannot have 100 percent surveillance all the time, nevertheless
through all sources of information you and others in the Federal
Government are advised of what is transpiring whether it be United
Nations employees or others and do know what is going on.
Attorney General Clark. It is our job, and I think we are on top
of it 100 percent.
I should like to say this : Of course, what I do in these cases is try
to enforce the law. Sometimes I am criticized very severely, because
I would not let somebody come into the United States, some musician.
we will say. I remember a case. But I have no discretion in those
matters. The law says that I shall not permit a Communist to enter
the United States except in the exceptions as pointed out by the coun-
sel and by myself. So I have no discretion. I have to carry out that
law. So, when a fellow reaches the United States, and I say he cannot
come in, why, there is a hullabaloo about it, about Clark being tough
or rough or something of the kind. It is because I am carrying out
the law. I do not mean that I am critical of the law. I want it under-
stood that my job is to enforce the law and to try to do it in this field
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 329
as well as other fields that are under the jurisdiction of the Department
of Justice.
The Chairman. The trouble is. General, that through other ave-
nues in the law your hands are tied and there are those coming into
this country by the hundreds and thousands that you cannot reach.
Senator Magnuson. And those who are here, too.
The Chairman. And those who are here, too.
Mr. Arens. Under section 3 of the Immigration Act of 1917 there
is exclusion of subversives, but the ninth proviso permits the Attor-
ney General to admit for temporary periods otherwise inadmissible
aliens. You have discretionary power there?
Attorney General Clark. Yes. We exercise that sparingly; too
sparingly, some people say.
The Chairman. Are there any further questions?
If not, we thank you, General, for appearing before us today.
Attorney General Clark. We thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Mr. Winings, will you come up here?
Will you state your name, place of residence, and your official posi-
tion, if any?
STATEMENT OF L. PAUL WININGS, GENERAL COUNSEL, IMMI-
GRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE
Mr. Winings. My name is L. Paul Winings, general counsel of
the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of
Justice, and my residence is AVashington, D. C.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been affiliated with the Immigra-
tion and Naturalization Service?
Mr. Winings. Directly for about 22 years and indirectly for 26
years.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been general counsel for the Immi-
gration and Naturalization Service?
Mr. Winings. Since January 1945.
Mr. Arens. You have a thorough familiarity with the immigration
and naturalization statutes?
Mr. Winings. I should have. I hope I have some familiarity
with it.
Mr. Arens. Would you express yourself in resume form with refer-
ence to those statutes which provide for the exclusion of subversive
aliens from admission into the United States ?
Mr. Winings. The act of February 5, 1917 (39 Stat. 874), in sec-
tion 3 provides for a limited classification of persons who might fall
in what has come to be described as subversive persons category. It
provides for their exclusion.
By the act of October 16, 1918, which, as you will observe from the
date, followed very closely upon the basic Immigration Act of Febru-
ary 5, 1917, Congress extended and enlarged the classification of per-
sons who have come to be known as subversive aliens.
By the tenth proviso of section 3, which is codified as title 8 U. S. C.
136, Congress chose to include a provision that the provisions of the
Immigration Act of 1917 should have no application to accredited
officials of foreign governments and members of their official staff
and families.
330 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The act of 1918, sometimes called the Anarchist Act, has ever since
its enactment been construed in pari materia with the act of 1917 since,
while it directed the exclusion of aliens, it provided no machinery. It
added simply to the additional classes who could be excluded under
the immigration laws or could be deported under the existing immi-
gration laws. Hence, government officials and their families have
been held to be admissible upon identification as being in that class
without our ability to do more than to identify them and to make
certain that they were of the class which they claim as government
officials or members of the government official family.
Mr. Arens. Would you allude to the 3 (7) category, the inter-
national organization category ?
Mr. Winings. In 1945 — I believe the date of approval was Decem-
ber 29 — Congress passed the International Organizations Immunities
Act, which prescribed that certain organizations in which the United
States participated or for which it appropriated funds for the work
should have the privilege of having members of foreign countries
coming to the United States as representatives of foreign countries to
these international organizations admitted under the same provisions
as respects their entry and departure from the United States as al-
ready had been accorded to foreign government officials and their
families.
Mr. Arens. And the headquarters site agreement, if you please?
Mr. Winings. Among the international organizations listed is the
United Nations headquarters. When the United States invited the
United Nations, and the United Nations accepted the invitation, to
establish the seat of the United Nations headquarters within the bound-
aries of the United States, an agreement was entered into which was
approved by the Congress, in which provision was made that the rep-
resentatives of the member states were to be permitted to proceed to
the seat of the United Nations without impediment in their transit to
and from such seat of the United Nations. We were permitted to stop
them long enough to find out that they were properly accredited rep-
resentatives of the foreign state destined to the United Nations head-
quarters, and in that respect they are treated just like government for-
eign officials.
Mr. Arens. How many international organizations are there to
which a person receives 3 (7) visas?
Mr. Winings. I regret that I cannot give you the exact number but
I could furnish that for the record.
Mr. Arens. Can you give us an estimate on that ?
Mr. Winings. I would say somewhere around 30 or 40 at this time.
I may add that the International Headquarters Agreement Act
provides that the international organization meeting the qualifications
laid down in the act must also be recognized as such by the President
and he declares his recognition through Executive orders which he has
issued from time to time recognizing- various international oro-aniza-
tions. Many of these organizations are affiliates of the United Na-
tions ; operate under the charter of the United Nations.
Mr. Arens. Now, Mr. Winings, would you look at the other side
of the coin and give a general description of the expulsion provisions
of the immigration law applicable to subversives with particular
reference to the applicability of those statutes to persons who are in
possession of 3 (1) or 3 (7) visas?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 331
Mr. Winings. As I said before, with reference to the exclusion of
government officials, the provision of the statute is that the act shall
not have application to them and the act includes not only provision
for exclusion but also for expulsion ; and if the act has no application
to them, then of course the provision on expulsion has no application
to them either.
Mr. Arens. In addition to that, the act provides, does it not, that
no 3 (1) or 3 (7) can be expelled from the United States without the
approval of the Secretary of State?
Mr. Winings. That is so, but subsequent to the passage of the act of
1917 and a considerable number of years later — in fact it was in 1941,
I believe, although I am subject to correction on the exact date —
Congress amended the law to provide that if Government officials
should abandon their official status within the United States, then of
course they no longer were entitled to be regarded as Government
officials, but also put a limitation on our right to remove them by
saying they should not be required to depart without first obtaining
the consent of the Secretary of State.
Mr. Arens. In other words, is it true that under the existing law
even though a 3 (1) or 3 (7) abandons his status as a 3 (1) or 3 (7),
he cannot be forcibly removed from the United States without the
approval of the Secretary of State ?
Mr. Winings. That is correct ; that is the way I understand the law.
Mr. Arens. Now, Mr. Winings, would you kindly direct your atten-
tion to S. 1832 which was introduced by the chairman, Senator Mc-
Carran, to amend the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918, as
amended. Are you familiar with the provisions of this bill?
Mr. Winings. Well, I must admit to some familiarity with it but
I do not believe that I am in a competent position to express an
opinion upon the policy or viewpoint of the Service or the Department
on the bill since we have not been requested formally for it.
Mr. Arens. I am not asking at this time for an expression of
opinion on the policy phase of it. I am asking you to direct your
attention to the bill if you will do so. As a matter of fact, you con-
sulted with the representatives on the staff of Senator McCarran on
the language of the bill, did you not?
Mr. Winings. Yes; I tried to help; I tried to be a helpful tech-
nician in carrying out what I understood was the staff's wishes in
the matter.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly proceed to give an analysis of the
bill from the standpoint of the changes in the existing law which
the bill would accomplish and make if you will, please, appropriate
references to the existing law ?
Mr. Winings. I confess, first of all, I did not come prepared to make
such an anatysis. I had not intended to testify concerning this act.
Mr. Arens. May I ask you specifically on each particular section.
Inviting your attention, first of all, to section 3 of the bill, which
prohibits the issuance of a visa to any alien who seeks to enter the
United States for the purpose or a purpose of engaging in certain
acts, under the existing law it is true, is it not, that a visa cannot
be issued if the consul officer knows or has reason to believe that the
alien seeks to enter the United States for the purpose of engaging
in activities detrimental to the security interests of the United States?
Mr. Winings. Th«+ ;r; substantially the present law: yes.
98330— 50— pt. 1 22
332 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Now would you glance at this first section, which em-
braces any alien, and elaborate as you read the provisions of the sec-
tion on the changes in the law which would be consummated or effected
should this bill be enacted?
Mr. Winings. Just reading it here, it occurs to me that some of the
provisions could be included under the existing authority of the
consul, if he so read it. For instance —
obtaining or transmitting information, not available to the public generally,
respecting the national security.
I assume that consul could, under existing law, if he thought a
person coming for such a purpose was contrary to the national security,
deny a travel document.
Mr. Arens. In essence, this first section here reenacts the existing
law but makes it applicable to any alien; is that not true?
Mr. Winings. That is right.
Mr. Arens. In other words, under the operation of this section as
proposed in the bill, all aliens or any alien who seeks to come to the
United States to engage in these subversive acts which are substanti-
ally the subversive acts proscribed in the present law, would be re-
fused a visa. Is that not true?
Mr. Winings. I so understand it, yes.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly direct your attention to section 3,
subsection (c). May I read it and then we will get your elaboration
on the effect of this as compared to the present law. Subsection (c)
of section 3 reads as follows :
The Attorney General shall exclude and deport from the United States any
alien who applies for admission if the Attorney General knows or believes
that said alien seeks to enter the United States with the purpose of engaging
In any of the activities set forth in categories (1), (2), or (3) of subsection
(a) of this section.
Would you compare that with the exclusion and expulsion provisions
of the existing law?
Mr. Winings. As I see it, the new provision which has been added
in categories (1), (2), and (3) are additional to those in existing law
and, as you stated before, it seems to me that they would apply to all
aliens irrespective of their status or office, whereas no such provisions
are in existing law and I do not understand that this provision would
necessarily exclude a foreign government official merely because he
might belong to, let us say, a subversive organization unless he fell
within one of the three categories in this bill.
Mr. Arens. It excludes him, does it not, only if that individual, ir-
respective of his status, is seeking to come to the United States for the
purpose of committing certain overt acts which are proscribed in the
bill?
Mr. Winings. One of the three additional categories added bv the
bill?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Winings. I so understand it.
Mr. Arens. Now I invite your attention to those provisions of the
bill, particularly subsection (b) of section 3 and subsection (d) of
section 3 with reference to the proscription by the Attorney General
of subversive organizations.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 333
Mr. Winings. I have examined those, Mr. Chairman, but I regret
to say that I feel I should not be required to testify off the cuff about
a thing as important as this. I was not invited to testify about this
particular bill, as I understood it.
Mr. Arexs. I am not asking you to testify as to policy.
Mr. Wixixgs. My position requires me to have some responsibility
for my opinion on the law itself. I hesitate to be so free to express it
off the cuff.
Mr. Arexs. May I then ask you, with the permission of the chair-
man, if you will kindly review the present law applicable to exclusion
and expulsion of subversives and review those provisions of S. 1832
with the view of priming yourself to give an analysis on the basis of
your being an expert in the field of immigration and naturalization
law ?
Mr. Wixixgs. You mean I should prepare myself for a future
time?
Mr. Arexs. Yes.
Mr. Wixixgs. I shall be glad to do that, with the consent of my
department.
The Chairman. I think you had better do that.
Mr. Arexs. I think that will be all for today. We will call you on a
later day.
The Chairman. The subcommittee will stand in recess until 10
o'clock tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 4 p. m. the subcommittee recessed until 10 a. m.
Saturday, July 16, 1949.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS
AND NATIONAL GKOUPS
SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate the
Immigration Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washingon, D. C .
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 a. m. in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran, chairman of the sub-
committee, presiding.
Present : Senators McCarran and Ferguson.
Also present, Senator Miller.
Also present, Messrs Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
On }7esterday we had before us the Department of Justice in reply
to our subpena, issued some weeks ago. In response to question-
naires that we put out to the Department of Justice and to the Depart-
ment of State, in making a study of S. 1832, the committee today, as
yesterday, has before it, in response to its subpena, Mr. Peurifoy, of
the Department of State, and Mr. L'Heureux, of the Visa Division, and
other members of the State Department, to make answer to the ques-
tions propounded to them in the questionnaire.
You may proceed, Mr. Arens.
Mr. Arens. The witnesses today, if the committee please, are Mr.
John E. Peurifoy, Deputy Under Secretary of State, and Mr. Herve
J. L'Heureux, who is Chief of the Visa Division of the Department
of State.
Mr. Peurifoy, I respectfully suggest that you read the correspond-
ence which has been transmitted from yourself to the chairman of
this committee, and allude to the correspondence which he transmit-
ted to you, with reference to the series of questions which were pro-
pounded under date of June 1, at which time you and others appeared
t>efore this committee.
Senator Ferguson. Has the State Department filed answers as the
Attorney General did?
The Chairman. They have filed answers, although perhaps not as
completely as has the Department of Justice.
335
336 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
STATEMENTS OF JOHN E. PEURIFOY, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF
STATE, HERVE J. L'HEUREUX, CHIEF, VISA DIVISION, AND SAM
BOYKIN, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS,
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Mr. Peurifoy. Would you like me to proceed to read ?
Mr. Arens. If you please.
Mr. Peurifoy. The letter is dated June 14, 1949.
Senator Miller. From whom is the letter ?
Mr. Peurifoy. I am addressing this letter to the committee, Senator.
The letter is as follows :
Department of State,
Washington, June Ik, 19l{9.
My Dear Mr. Chairman : When I appeared before your committee on June 1,
1949, you handed me a list of questions to which I promised to provide you with
the answers, provided it should be found to be in the public interest to do so.
The questions concerned related principally to the extent of infiltration of
espionage, propaganda, or other subversive agents of foreign governments into
the United States under cover of the privileges and immunities granted under
international law and the statutes of the United States to the diplomatic and
official representatives of foreign governments and the officers and employees of
recognized international organizations.
I have requested the appropriate officers of the Department to assemble and
examine the pertinent files and advise me of their evaluation of the information
contained therein in the light of the specific questions to be answered, in order
that a determination could be made concerning the question whether the infor-
mation may be furnished for the public use of your committee without prejudice
to the security and other interests of the United States, including the conduct
of foreign relations.
In the light of the foregoing explanation, the available files of the Department
have been examined and the report I have received as requested is such that
I have no hesitancy in giving it to you.
This letter repeats the questions and then my answer is given.
1. How many Communists or Communist agents are known to the Depart-
ment to have entered the United States as affiliates of international organiza-
tions or as affiliates of foreign governments during each of the following
periods : The past 5 years : the past 2 years ; the past year ; the first quarter of
1949; the month of April 1949; the month of May 1949?
The answer is :
The Immigration and Naturalization Service' of the Department of Justice
maintains official records regarding the admission of aliens to the United States.
Therefore, the Department may officially furnish statistical information relating
only to the issuance of visas to persons applying for entry into the United
States.
Affiliates of international organizations normally receive official visas under
section 3 (7), and affiliates of foreign governments normally receive official
visas under section 3 (1), of the Immigration Act of 1924. Since persons, apply-
ing for official visas under either of the above categories, usually are not subject
to exclusion from the United States under the excluding provisions of our
immigration laws, they are not required to state whether or not they are
Communists. In such categories, the fact that an individual is a Communist is
not in itself a basis under the law for the refusal of a visa.
Accordingly, it is not possible for the Department to submit the accurate num-
ber, or a reasonable estimate, of Communists who have been issued visas for
the purpose of coming to the United States in the categories referred to above.
Persons known to be Communist agents and who are known to be seeking to
enter the United States for the purpose of engaging in subversive activities are
not issued visas.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Chairman, might I interpose a question at this
point ?
The Chairman. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 337
Mr. Arexs. Does the Department of State receive intelligence re-
ports respecting the background of persons who have applied for
visas as affiliates of international organizations, or as affiliates of
foreign governments?
The Chairman. Do you, Mr. Peurifoy, wish to answer that, or Mr.
L'Heureux ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes ; we do get reports.
Senator Fergusox. That is, before they get their visas?
Mr. Arexs. If the case is referred to the State Department, fre-
quently the consul will act on it in the first instance.
Senator Fergusox. That is what I mean. He does not necessarily
get in touch with you, does he ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He does not.
Mr. Peurifoy. Under the law, he has the authority, but he may
refer the case to the Department for an advisory opinion.
Mr. L'Heureux. The consul will normally refer the case to us if
lie has received information, of a reasonably serious nature, that is
adverse, and he wants an advisory opinion.
Senator Fergusox. Do you not assume that everyone who makes
an application for a visa under 3 (1) or 3 (7) from Kussia or its
satellites is a Communist ?
Mr. L'Heureux. We naturally assume that ; yes.
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes ; we assume that.
Senator Fergusox. I suppose that, under the same circumstances,
they assume that anybody from the United States who gets a visa to
their country is a capitalist. That would be true, would it not?
Mr. Peurifoy. I think so ; yes.
Mr. Arens. Does the Department have a recollection of any case in
the course of the last 5 years where a visa has been withheld from
a person applying as an affiliate of an international organization, or
as an affiliate of a foreign government, upon the basis of security
reoorts transmitted to the Department?
Mr. Peurifoy. I believe I have the answer to that question in sub-
sequent correspondence.
The Chairmax. You can answer that now, if you wish.
Mr. L'Heureux. I have no recollection of any such case.
Senator Fergusox. I am glad you answered that, because I happen
personally to be one that was excluded from going into Russia,
under similar circumstances.
Mr. Peurifoy. I might add, sir, that the Assistant Secretary of
State was also in that same group.
Senator Fergusox. He was also excluded.
I do not know why we may have been excluded, but it could have
been because we were capitalists. But there would be a reason for
looking in.
These tilings should not be as a matter of course, should they?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
When a person seeks to enter as an official, under section 3 (1), the
United States, as other countries, has a sovereign right to refuse to
receive him.
Senator Ferousox. So under that, they refused admission to the
Under Secretary and my party.
Mr. L'Heureux. They need give" no reason.
338 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson. They just stalled for a while, and then turned it
down.
Have you ever turned one of their applications down?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes, but not on the basis of an adverse report
alone.
Senator Ferguson. I do not know what report they had on us.
Mr. L'Heureux. We have refused to admit certain persons.
For instance, we have refused to admit the Hungarian delegation
to the so-called Shapley Peace Conference in New York City a few
weeks back, which was a retaliatory measure for their having required
our Minister to leave Hungary.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, you do try to have reciprocity in
these things, do you not?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
Mr. Arens. In order that these points may be clear, let me ask:
It is true, is it not, Mr. L'Heureux, that from June 30, 1938, through
June 30, 1948, approximately 151,000 admissions have been recorded
of persons who possessed visas as affiliates of foreign governments and
that in the same period of time approximately 8,500 plus admissions
have been recorded of persons who posses visas as affiliates of inter-
national organization ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I believe that is true, although those are not our
statistics. Those are the statistics of the Department of Justice, are
they not ?
Mr. Arens. They are Immigration statistics.
Mr. L'Heureux. My recollection is that visas were issued in the
past 5 years to approximately 75,000. So if these statistics go back to
1938, that would be reasonable.
Mr. Arens. Before we proceed with the letter, is it the testimony
of the Department that, to the recollection of its officials who are
testifying here today, a visa has not been refused on the basis of
security reports to a single individual applying either as an affiliate
of a foreign government or as an affiliate of an international
organization ?
Mr. L'Heureux. As far as I know, that is true.
Mr. Arens. You are now head of the Visa Division of the Depart-
ment of State, are you not ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I am in charge of the Visa Division and have been
since September 1947.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly proceed with the letter, Mr. Peurif oy ?
Mr. Peurifot. The letters continues :
Assuming that a large number of such officials, coming from the Soviet Union
or other countries having Communist-controlled governments, are Communists,
there has been prepared a statistical report (copy attached) for the use of your
committee, relating to official visas issued to officials of those countries. How-
ever, it must be emphasized that while most of the Communists coming to the
United States as officials may be assumed to have come from the Communist-
controlled countries, others may have come from other countries. It is not
practical to identify such officials who may be Communists for the visa records
even on an estimated basis.
Senator Ferguson. Why is that, Mr. Secretary ?
If they are officials, you do not question them ; is that right ?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is right.
I said that we assumed that they are Communists.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 339
Senator Ferguson. That is, if they are from Communist countries ;
is that right ?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is right.
I have a break-down here of certain countries and the number of
visas that have been issued from the different countries, which I am
submitting for the record.
The Chairman. It will appear in the record at this point.
The material referred to is as follows :)
Diplomatic and official sec. 3 (1)
issued
visas
Sec. 3 (7) visas issued '
Fiscal years
p
bo
Fiscal years
a
ja
bo
3
oo
be-.
O Oi
.COS
OO
be—.
3 ^
O Oi
4J r- 1
Nationality — country
bo
S3
bo
J3
bo
J3
bo
3
3
J3
3
3
.G
Ctt
000
coo
o
■*f
OoO
Ooo
is£
Tj«
i-T}.
x: ■?!
>>h
03
t~~T
t--9<
<Hfl
•*> b
a>
Xla>
■CO=
^ a
t. <3
ja o>
.Co
i— i
•*?■
00
09
d
to
oo
3
a
a
db
<
CO
O
o>
<;
ha
^
l-s
>->
U. S. S. R
3,739
829
230
105
6
3
545
448
153
51
3
l
Poland 2
610
300
146
58
31
13
163
139
42
35
2
l
Romania ..
93
92
49
11
2
2
3
3
2
Hungary
Yugoslavia
110
80
33
12
19
2
5
5
3
2
1
193
373
106
205
57
99
36
51
23
17
9
10
114
148
105
115
43
50
17
36
22
9
2
C zechoslo vakia 3
2
Bulgaria
7
4
11
4
8
8
3
1
3
3
1
Latvia
1
6
1
4
2
4
2
2
2
1
Total
5,135
1,624
622
287
102
41
988
825
297
142
40
6
1 International Organizations Immunities Act of Dec. 29, 1945"(Public Law 291).
2 Figures for last 5 years include visas issued before Communist control.
3 Figures for last 2 and 5 years include visas issued before Communist control.
Note. — Figures may not be complete for the period January through March 1949 and April 1949.
Senator Ferguson. But a man may come in from England as an
official and still be a Communist. You would not question him along
that line, would you ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. If he is a public official, or if he is a UN delegate,
you would not question him, would you ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right, sir.
The Chairman. But if he had been actively engaged in Communist
activities abroad, would you not look into that ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir.
Mr. L'Heureux. We would look into it and consider the facts, but we
would not question him personally.
Mr. Arens. You would be advised by the intelligence agencies of
this Government ; is that it ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true. Or we would be advised from re-
ports that we collected ourselves.
Mr. Arens. Approximately what is the rate of flow of these reports
which come to the Department with reference to affiliates of interna-
tional organizations, or affiliates of foreign governments, who are
applying for 3 (1) or 3 (7) visas?
Mr. L'Heureux. I cannot answer that.
Mr. Peurifoy. Do you mean the number of reports?
you mean ?
Is that what;
340 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Yes.
If I am wrong, I would like to be corrected, but I am just saying this
to clarify the record.
The consul officer certifies to the Security Division those doubtful
cases, or which are doubtful in his mind, on the 3 (1) 's and 3 (7)'s, does
he not ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes, if they are serious enough.
Mr. Arens. Approximately how many of those cases per week or
per month are referred to the Department? I am referring to the
doubtful cases referred by the consul in the 3(1) and 3 (7) category.
Mr. L'Heureux. I would say an average of about eight a month.
Senator Ferguson. Can you tell us whether he ever turned anyone
down because of an adverse report ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I could not tell you. But he (the consul) has not.
as far as I know.
Every single visa that is issued to an official, whether it is under
section 3 (7) or 3 (1), is reported to the Department, and, likewise,
refusals should be so reported. But a consul would not refuse an
official visa without the authorization of the Department.
Mr. Arens. This figure that you gave of about eight a month, does
that apply to cases where the consul feels they are doubtful ?
Mr. L'Heureux. These are cases where the consul has information
either himself that he sends in to us, or he has reason to believe, from
reports that he has received, that there may be information of sub-
versive activities.
Mr. Arens. Then the Department receives security reports on those
individuals; is that it?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes; we do. We ask the intelligence agencies
here for such information.
Mr. Arens. Your testimony here this morning is that you have no
recollection, as Chief of the Visa Division, and Mr. Peurifoy as
Deputy Under Secretary of State, of a single case in which an appli-
cation has been filed under 3 (1) or 3 (7) and has been turned down;
is that true ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is my recollection. At least, I have no
recollection of any case that has been turned down. It is possible;
but I do not recall any.
Mr. Arens. We will get into the internal organization of the De-
partment later, but now I would suggest, if it be agreeable with the
Chairman, that we proceed with the questions.
Senator Ferguson. Before you proceed, let me ask this :
If I make an application under either one of these sections, does
that come to Washington ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Not necessarily.
Senator Ferguson. So if there must be some doubt in the consul's
mind there before he would send it to Washington, you are saying
that 8 or 10 cases come here a month ; is that it?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. Out of those 8 or 10 per month, you have never
turned one down; is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. And he has not turned down any that ever
came to him ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 341
The Chairman. Apparently none of them have been turned down.
Mr, Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, when you say you have not turned any
of them down, do you mean that the final decision in the Department
has been not to turn any of them down?
Mr. L'Heureux. I mean there have been no visas withheld by the
•consul or anyone else.
Mr. Arens. When you say that you have not turned any down, you
are not speaking of the Visa Division, are you, but you are speaking
of the ultimate decision, are you not?
Mr. L'Heureux. I am speaking of the Department of State, as an
organization.
Mi-. Arens. We can discuss the procedure later on, but it clears
through the various desks and the higher echelon in the Department ;
Is that not true ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. Mr. L'Heureux, why is not the same practice
used to get reciprocity behind iron-curtain countries that is used for
public officials? You realize that no public official here is cleared by
one of their embassies for a visa without delay and their sending it
over there and acting on it.
Why is not the same practice followed in your Department ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I could not answer that. Senator, because that is
a policy matter.
Senator Ferguson. Can you answer that. Mr. Secretary?
Mr. Peurifoy. I am afraid I cannot.
Senator Ferguson. I am just trying to find out why we do not have
reciprocity.
Mr. Arens. As a matter of fact, is it not true. Mr. Peurifoy, that
men such as Mr. Dean Rusk x and Mr. Henkin,2 who are not here today,
are the ones, as I understand, who in the procedures — which we will
discuss later — make these policy decisions?
Mr. Peurifoy. They take into consideration the total picture. The
Visa Division makes a recommendation on a particular case and they
consult the various parts of the Department, including Mr. Rusk and
the Office of the United Nations Affairs.
Ultimately, if there is disagreement, it goes to the Under Secretary
of State, and then sometimes to the Secretary of State, on individual
cases.
The Chairman. Who initially formulates the policy?
Mr. Peurifoy. The Visa Division initiates the action in the case.
The Chairman. I am talking about the policy, now. Who initially
formulates the policy ?
Mr. Peurifoy. If there is a question in the minds of the Visa Divi-
sion, they will make a recommendation and send it to higher authority.
They will consult the political officer from the country from which the
person is applying.
As I understand it, sometimes it goes right on up to the top.
Mr. L'Heureux. That happens rarely, but it does.
Mr. Peurifoy. There have been occasions.
Mr. L'Heureux. There have been occasions where a case has gone
to the Secretary and, on a few ocasions, to the Under Secretary.
1 Dean Rusk is Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs.
2 Louis Henkin is expert on international organization affairs. Office of United Nations
Affairs.
342 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson. You are talking about individual cases ; are vou
not?
Mr. Peurifoy. But you do that on cases where there are questions.
You do not really have a general policy on that. You have to examine
each one on its merits, it seems to me.
Senator Ferguson. Yes; that is what you seem to be doing. It is
individual cases rather than a policy to send them all over here, or
keep them all there.
Mr. Peurifoy. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. But they send applications for their countries
over there.
Mr. Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, has there been a single instance in which
the Visa Division security officers have made an adverse recommenda-
tion on an application for a3 (1) ora3 (7) visa in which that adverse
recommendation was sustained in a higher echelon in the State De-
partment ?
Mr. L'Heureux. It would follow, from my previous answer, that
no visa has been withheld.
The Chairman. Is your answer to that "No ?"
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. How many adverse recommendations have you
had from your visa officers?
Mr. L'Heureux. It is not necessarily a recommendation, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. How many adverse reports ?
The Chairman. Or suggestions.
Senator Ferguson. You can call them whatever you wish.
How many have there been saying that, in effect, "Here is material
that shows that this person should not be admitted?"
Mr. L'Heureux. When it pertains to an official in the 3 (1) or 3 (7)
category and we have reports where we think that such a person
should not come in, or would not come in normally, under normal law,
if he were not an official, and the Visa Division believes that his entry
might be prejudicial to the interests of the United States, we bring out
these facts in a memorandum and attach to it the intelligence reports
that are on file in the Department and send them to the pertinent
political desk, or to the United Nations unit in the Department, if it
pertains to United Nations officials.
Senator Ferguson. How many of that kind of reports have you
sent up to somebody in a given period ?
Mr. L'Heureux. They would include all the cases that I have men-
tioned, the average of eight a month, possibly, from the field.
Senator Ferguson. Would all of those go up to a higher official ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Not necessarily to a higher official, but it would
be to a political desk.
Senator Ferguson. Would all of the eight a month go to this so-
called political desk?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. How many of those had what you would call
adverse reports?
Mr. L'Heureux. They would all have adverse reports.
Mr. Peurifoy. You mean they would all have derogatory informa-
tion.
Senator Ferguson. But it would not all be derogatory information ;
is that right?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 343
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Mr. Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, this adverse information is information
in addition to membership in the Communist Party or affiliation with
a Communist organization, is it not?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right. That is merely on the basis we
would refuse the person if he were not an official, over and above the
fact that he is a Communist.
Mr. Arens. You assume they are all Communists or communis-
tically inclined if they come from those areas ; do you not ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes.
Mr. Arens. This information you are speaking of is information in
addition to that; is it not?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. Apparently, you cannot tell me what this in-
formation is, and I do not know what it is; and, therefore, I cannot
place a direct question. But you have had information in these reports
which shows that these people were not good security risks who came
in here; is that true?
Mr. L'Heureux. They did not present a direct threat to the public
safety.
For instance, they may have engaged in some kind of activity in
some other country before coming here, allegedly.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, they may have been espionage
agents in other countries; is that it?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. But you felt that that fact alone did not indi-
cate they were acting as agents in coming here; is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right, that they were not coming here for
that purpose.
Then, concerning political relations with that country, certain stages
of negotiations and reciprocity, it was decided they should come in
notwithstanding this adverse information.
In no instance do I know of a case that, in my own opinion, pre-
sented a direct threat to the public safety where such a person came in.
Senator Ferguson. Could you tell us what your definition is of a
direct threat to the public safety ?
Mr. L'Heureux. It would be a person who would be known by us to
be an agent, and we feel reasonably certain that he was coming here to
accomplish some definite act of espionage.
Senator Ferguson. How would you ever know of such a case ?
Mr. L'Heureux. We would know from reports that he is alleged to
have been passing out propaganda information, passing out leaflets,
espousing the Communist cause. He may have been the leader of a
Communist organization in some country, but I do not know of a case
where he actually committed some drastic act against the country.
The Chairman. Against what country ?
Senator Ferguson. In other words, if he dynamited a bridge in Eng-
land and got out of England and went back to Bulgaria, you would not
let him in here ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. But if he did not dynamite the bridge and he
was there to dynamite it, and if you had 'information to that effect,
and lie got back to Bulgaria, he could get in here ; is that what you say
now?
344 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. L'Hefreux. It is not a question of whether I am making the
decision, or whether the Department is, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. We have to have an individual here to represent
the Department.
The Chairman. All right, Mr. Arens.
Mr. Arens. If you received information, Mr. L'Heureux, and Mr.
Peurifoy, from a security report on an individual to the effect that that
individual had applied for a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) visa, and that that person
had, in addition to membership in the Communist Party, been super-
vising the placing of espionage agents in various installations in other
countries, would you regard that as a case in which the individual
should not be issued a visa for admission into the United States?
Mr. L'Heureux. If you had nothing but those facts and I had to
make the decision, I would not permit such a person to come in.
But, naturally, the State Department may have considerably more
information than just that. You would have that information plus
something else.
The responsible officials of the Department have to consider the
different stages of negotiations and different matters pending with
that country, and reciprocity, exchange of personnel, and so forth.
So that, while I, as an individual, or as the Chief of the Visa Division,
who is charged with the administration of the law, or as just a plain,
good American citizen, should say, "This person should not come
in," when you tie that adverse information in with the conduct of
foreign relations, there may be another decision made.
Senator Ferguson. Have you had such a case ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall it.
Mr. Arens. If you received a report to the effect that the applicant
was in the military counterintelligence organization of a foreign power,
would you recommend declination of the issuance of a visa ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I personally would ; yes, sir.
Senator Ferguson. Did you have such cases that went to a higher
desk and were not turned down ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall. There was one case, that I vaguely
remember, where there was information of that sort, but it was not
confirmed. It was just that it was alleged that he was going there
to be a tool of the Communists, and nothing more. What they mean
by a tool of the Communists means that he is coming to explain and
propagate the Communist philosophy.
Then the question is: Is he coming for more than that?
That is all we had, you see.
Mr. Arens. If you received a report on an individual to the effect
that he was director of the activities of the espionage of a foreign
government and was being sent to this country to exercise surveillance
over certain of the Communists in the United States, would you turn
down that application ? ^
Senator Ferguson. You are asking whether he would personally
turn down such an application ; is that right ?
Mr. Arens. Yes, sir.
Mr. L'Heureux. I would, definitely, on those facts, unless I was
charged with some other responsibility which I had to coordinate that
with the question of letting this person in.
Senator Ferguson. Did you have that kind of case?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall it.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 345
Mr. Arens. If you received a report to the effect that a particular
individual was affiliated with a branch of the intelligence service of
an iron-curtain country and was being sent to this country to promul-
gate the work of that intelligence service, would you turn down that
file?
Mr. L'Heureux. The answer is the same.
Senator Ferguson. Did you have that kind of case?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall one.
Mr. Arens. If you received a report to the effect that a particular
individual was prominent in the intelligence service of a foreign coun-
try and that he and his wife were active organizers of the Communist
Party and, presumably, were being sent into this country to promul-
gate that work, would you turn down that file ?
Mr. L'Heureux. The reply is the same.
Senator Ferguson. I assume the answer would be the same to my
question.
The Chairman. Let us get that clear.
Mr. L'Heureux. You see, Senator, I do not pass on these cases per-
sonally. I have men under me in the Security Section of the Visa
Division. One is in charge of the Security Unit, and he consults with
the Assistant Chief of the Visa Division, whom you all well know,
Mr. Alexander, and the case does not necessarily come to me.
Senator Ferguson. Who is the man through whom this would go ?
Mr. L'Heureux. It would go through this security man in the
Visa Division.
Senator Ferguson. What is his name?
Mr. L'Heureux. Mr. Larkin.1
Senator Ferguson. Is he here today?
Mr. L'Heureux. He is not here today.
Then it would go to Mr. Alexander.2 It would be coordinated with
the Security Division of the Department of State.
The Chairman. It would not go to you at all ; is that it? And, yet,
you are Chief of the Visa Division.
Mr. L'Heureux. There is an awful lot of work to do in the Visa
Division.
The Chairman. I understand, but here is a case that is to be turned
down.
Air. L'Heureux. There was a case, before the telegram authorizing
the issuance of the visa was sent out
The Chairman. Will you just refer to the question just propounded ?
Mr Arens. Let me ask you a similar question, on another file.
If you had received information respecting a man who was direct-
ing Communist propaganda activities in another nation and was pre-
sumably being sent to this country to develop secret Communist cells
in the United States, would you turn that file down ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would turn him down unless there was other evi-
dence that countermanded that.
Senator Ferguson. Why would not that kind of case get to you?
That was the chairman's question.
Mr. L'Heureux. That case would get to me, but not for decision,
Senator. It would be initiated in my division and sent up to the
political desk for political considerations.
1 Richard C. Larkin.
2 Robert C. Alexander. Assistant Chief, Visa Division
346 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
The Chairman. It would come to you for your decision, in your
division, would it not?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not make decisions on officials.
The Chairman. Who does make the decisions in your Department,
will you tell me? You have told us the course that it would take;
that you would decide a case adversely and then you would send it up,
but no case has ever been turned down.
Who makes the decision ? We want to get him here. Who makes
the decision in the Visa Division, of which you are the Chief?
Senator Ferguson. Mr. Arens read you a case. Let us consider
that case as a hypothetical case. Where would it go for decision?
Mr. Arens. Let us take the next case and ask him about that, Sen-
ator, if you please.
Senator Ferguson. All right, we will take the next case and perhaps
we might get the question answered.
Mr. Arens. Would you turn down the application of a person who
applies and for whom information was available to the Department
that that individual had been a Communist organizer, who had par-
ticipated in a Communist revolution and had planted a bomb in a
cathedral in a foreign country, which blew up and killed 500 people?
Would you admit that person ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I, personally, would not ; no.
Senator Ferguson. That is almost the same as my bridge case, only
it is much worse.
Senator Miller. You say that personally you would not. Would
there be a superior authority, or higher authority, that could?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. Who would that person be? Can you give us
the channel through which it would go ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Covering each country, there is, what we call a
political officer, who may be a Foreign Service officer or a departmental
officer. There is a man on the French desk that looks after all of the
French applications.
Senator Ferguson. Can you follow a particular case?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is what I intend to do.
There is one that covers the Russian desk.
To take a case with an adverse report, obviously, I would not au-
thorize the issuance of a visa. I would refer that case.
Senator Ferguson. To whom ?
Mr. L'Heureux. If it were a Soviet application, it would be referred
to the officer on the Russian desk.
Senator Ferguson. Did you say you would not pass on it?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would not pass on it.
Senator Ferguson. You would just send it to the Russian desk;
is that it ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I merely bring out these adverse facts because
political considerations determine whether this person should be re-
ceived as an official, or not.
Assuming that he is coming under 3 (1) as an official of his govern-
ment, not to the UN, but to our Government, it would go to the
Russian desk, and the political officer there would probably say, "Well,
notwithstanding that, we think that he should come in."
Senator Ferguson. Does he have authority to pass on that ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He has authority to pass on that.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 347
Senator Ferguson. So all we would have to do to find out what case
this was, what country was involved, would be to call that man from
that political desk and he could tell us whether or not he approved the
application ; is that correct ?
Mr. L'Heureux. If he may disclose the facts.
Senator Ferguson. I am not asking for names or anything else.
We are trying to get the policy. We are trying to formulate a law
for the policy. We will never be able to pass a law that will take
care of individual cases. We will have to have a policy.
Mr. L'Heureux. This political officer may say, "Now, we have this
information from this source that counterbalances this fact. In view
of our relations with the Soviets on this particular thing, and this
person whom they are trying to send here, we think, notwithstanding
that, he should come in."
If I do not agree with his conclusions, I will then take it up with
the Office of Consular Affairs at the present time.
Senator Ferguson. Who is the officer in charge of consular affairs ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is Mr. Sam Boykin, who is Director of the
Office of Consular Affairs.
Senator Ferguson. Would he review all of them, whether French
or English or any other ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He would not review it. He is in the administra-
tive end. But he would see to it that the case got up on a higher
echelon.
Senator Ferguson. Then he would be a messenger, would he not ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He is the Director. Administratively, he would
see that the case got into the higher channel.
Senator Ferguson. Where would it go then ?
Mr. L'Heureux. It would go to the Assistant Secretary of State.
Senator Ferguson. Who is that?
Mr. L'Heureux. At the present time it would be Hickerson, would
it not ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Perkins * is the new man. He has not come in
yet. He would be heading that.
The Chairman. Who has it been in the past?
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. John D. Hickerson, Director of the Office of
European Affairs. He now is Assistant Secretary in charge of United
Nations Affairs.
Senator Ferguson. Had he been the officer in charge?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. What are the duties of that Office ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He can determine that that person should come in ;
and if I get a directive from him through channels from the Office of
Consular Affairs, then I send a telegram authorizing the issuance of
the visa.
Senator Ferguson. Then you do not know the reason why after you
get word from him ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not.
Senator Ferguson. Are you the appealing officer from the first
desk, so-called, that it would go through? You said that you could
take it to Mr. Boykin, that you could appeal.
1 George W. Perkins.
98330— 50— pt. 1 23
348 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. L'Heukeux. I could appeal ; yes. I could appeal in the respect
that if I felt strongly enough that this person should not come in I
could ask that it go to a higher echelon.
Senator Ferguson. How many appeal cases have you had in the
past ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I personally have had three to five in the past
2 years.
It is estimated that about 10 were appealed on that basis to a higher
echelon in the past 5 years.
Senator Ferguson. That is 10 in 5 years; is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. You have had about five of them, is that it?
Mr. L'Heureux. Three to five.
Senator Ferguson. You have appealled only in three to five cases ;
is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. You lost all your appeals; is that correct?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
The Chairman. Have not the appeals from your decision been
much greater than five ? Are there not a number that go across your
desk that are turned down?
Mr. L'Heureux. They are not really appeals, in the sense of the
word, Senator.
The Chairman. I know that, but they have been called appeals
here.
Let us get more simple terms. Is it not true that one month with
another there are anywhere from 5 to 10 that you do not approve of
that go to a higher echelon that are there approved?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not approve of them in the first instance,
because I do not know the political considerations that would coun-
teract.
The Chairman. You are avoiding my question.
Is it not true that one month with another there are anywhere
from 5 to 10 of which you do not approve, which you send on to a
higher echelon, where they are approved ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
The Chairman. That is what I wanted to get.
In every instance that you have had that category where you have
not approved of them, they have gone to a higher echelon and have
there been approved ; is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Mr. Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, would you turn down the application
or recommend unfavorable action on the application of an individual
who was reported to be the leader of a terrorist band in a foreign
government and concerning whom you would receive information
that he had shot more people than you and I could bury in a forth-
night, who would be applying for a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) visa?
Mr. L'Heureux. That would follow the same procedure.
The Chairman. Would you turn it down ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would. I do not have the authority to turn it
down, but I would not authorize the issuance of the visa without send-
ing it up for further consideration.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 349
Senator Ferguson. Mr. L'Heureux, Mr. Arens has mentioned now
more than five cases and you have only made appeal in five cases.
Can you tell us why appeals were not made in these cases?
I am taking for granted that counsel would not read you a question
without some basis of fact.
Mr. Arens. There should be a distinction made between appeal and
referral, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. We can even consider both referral and appeal.
Mr. L'Heureux. I assume that if all these cases came to the Visa
Division, that they were referred to a higher echelon.
Senator Ferguson. However, how do you account for the fact
that appeals were made, as you say, in 10 cases in 5 years, and he has
already read you a number of cases and there are more? Would
you not appeal that kind of a case ? Would you not appeal the case
of the man who dynamited the cathedral and killed the people?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would definitely feel like keeping such persons
out.
Senator Ferguson. But would you not appeal it? Would you not
take it up through Mr. Boykin's desk and on up ?
Mr. L'Heureux. They are not all sent up that way.
f You can take, for instance, the 3 (7) cases.
Senator Ferguson. Let me ask counsel : Do you contend that was
a 3 (7) or a 3 (1)?
Mr. Arens. I would rather not. Senator, because of directions from
the chairman, make any elaboration on what we are doing here.
Senator Ferguson. It is not for the purpose of disclosing names
or identities.
Mr. Arens. It is persons to whom visas have been issued either as
affiliates of international organizations or as affiliates of foreign
governments.
Mr. L'Heureux. We have more latitude when they come in as
representatives of the governments rather than under 3 (7).
Senator Ferguson. You said 3 (7) .
Mr. L'Heureux. 3 (7) is United Nations and other international
organizations.
Senator Ferguson. What would happen if that was a United
Nations case?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would refer it to the United Nations unit in
the Department.
Senator Ferguson. Whose desk is that ?
Mr. L'Heureux. UNI.
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Rusk was previously Assistant Secretary in
charge of United Nations Affairs, and that is the one over which Mr.
Hickerson is going to assume jurisdiction when he returns from his
vacation.
The Chairman. Has Mr. Rusk been in charge?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes. ;
Senator Ferguson. After the case gets on the Russian or French
desk, or the UN desk, does it take the same channel through Mr,
Boykin on up ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. You are really the appealing officer from the'
UN desk, are you not?
350 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. L'Heureux. There is no procedure for it.
Senator Ferguson. I understand that. It is not like a court case.
But suppose he turns you down, who says, "I want it reviewed by
Mr. Boykin's desk." Do you? '
Mr. L'Heureux. I would ; yes.
Senator Ferguson. Would anybody else?
Mr. L'Heureux. One of my assistants.
Senator Ferguson. You have not had from both those desks more
than 10 cases.
Mr. L'Heureux. Where we felt that the person really should be
kept out notwithstanding, that is true. I would turn them down on
the basis of those adversely known facts, but there may be other
facts, Senator.
We have to evaluate the source ; we have to evaluate other facts that
are connected with it.
Senator Ferguson. How do you suppose we are going to get in-
formation to pass a law or to try to protect ourselves or do anything ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I really do not know, Senator, unless some pro-
cedures could be worked out where we could go into executive session,
and if the executive official could give us authority we could disclose
a little more.
Senator Ferguson. The reason why we want the information is so
that Congress can act. I do not want to bring anything out here that
would affect our security.
Mr. L'Heureux. We have to consider security, and we must con-
sider the conduct of foreign relations and other matters.
Mr. Arens. Do you feel the same way Mr. Alexander felt after he
testified before the staff of the subcommittee about a year ago on this
matter ?
The Chairman. I do not understand your question.
Mr. Arens. Could you relate for the committee what happened
in the case of Mr. Alexander when he was before the committee staff ?
The Chairman. I doubt the propriety of bringing that up. It is a
very sore spot with the chairman of this committee, and I think it
never should have happened. I think somebody should be repri-
manded for it, but it is not involved in this hearing.
Let me ask one question here: If a notorious killer in a foreign
country, a member of the Communist Party, and notoriously so, was
to apply for a visa, would he be granted such from your desk?
Mr. L'Heureux. As an official, or otherwise ?
The Chairman. In any capacity ?
Mr. L'Heureux. He would not be granted such a visa unless I re-
ceived a directive from a superior officer in the Department, but then
only if I am satisfied that he is not inadmissible.
If this person were not coming as an official, and I considered that
he was not admissible under the law, I would not obey any directive
that would direct me to break any law.
But if he is coming as an official, the Department of State is re-
sponsible for making that determination that he should come in.
The Chairman. Assuming that he was an official, that case would
go to the United Nations desk, would it not?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes; if he is coming in under 3 (7), or to the
pertinent political desk, if he is coming under 3 (1).
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 351
The Chairman. Perhaps some of these questions may tax your
memory, but do you recall any case, however flagrant it may have been,
that you sent to the United Nations desk without your approval that
was not approved by the United Nations desk ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall a single case.
Senator Ferguson. Do you know of any case at any other desk that
was turned down ?
Mr. L'Heureux. No, sir ; I do not.
Senator Miller. I would like to ask a hypothetical question so that
I might follow this proceeding a little closer.
Suppose that you, for \vhat appeared to be justifiable reasons, re-
fuse to issue a visa and the person making the application referred
that to some higher source; are there any instances where you have
been directed to issue a visa in a case of that type ?
I might clarify that. Are there instances where you would have
refused a visa which you have subsequently been directed to issue
from higher sources ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Are you still speaking of officials ?
Senator Miller. Yes. There could be nobody but an official to di-
rect you to do it.
Mr. L'Heureux. But I am referring to the applicant being an offi-
cial, coming as an official.
Senator Miller. I do not care whether it is an official or whether
it is a person who belongs to any of these tabooed groups that we have
been speaking of.
Mr. Peurefoy. If he were an ordinary citizen of a country, would
he not be stopped right there ?
Senator Miller. We have been talking about appeals and referrals,
and one thing and another, have we not, practically all morning ?
Mr. L'Heureux. We have been talking about persons coming in as
officials of their government who are not inadmissible under our nor-
mal immigation laws.
Those cases I do not refuse without a directive from superior auth-
ority in the Department. I do not pass on the merits of official cases.
I merely refer them higher if there is any reason why I believe the
person should not come in.
But when it comes to other persons, who may be inadmissible
under our excluding provisions, who do not have the benefit of
the tenth proviso of section 3 of the act of February 5, 1917, the consul
alone is responsible for refusal of the visa.
We do not refuse the visa in the Visa Division. We merely give
the consul an advisory opinion pertaining to the security aspects of
the case.
Where we inform the consul that this person is not admissible under
the law, the consul withholds the visa.
Now, there is no such thing as an appeal in that case. There may
be instances of cases of that sort.
Senator Miller. You are carrying this thing off into procedural
matters in which I am not interested in connection with my question.
I want to know whether there are any cases in connection with
the matter that we have under discussion that you would have turned
down had you not been interfered with by some superior and a visa
issued. I think you can just answer that yes or no.
352 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Perhaps my question was not quite clear.
Mr. L'Heureux. I have never been given a directive to issue a visa
where I thought the person should not receive a visa.
Senator Miller. Do you know of any instances where they have
been admitted where they otherwise would have been refused the is-
suance of a visa ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Do you mean by the consul ?
Senator Miller. Yes.
Mr. L'Heureux. There have been consuls who have issued visas
who perhaps did not have all the information or perhaps erred in
judgment. There have been instances where if I had been acting as
consul I would not have issued the visa.
Senator Miller. I took it, from your former answer, that there were
probably instances where there had been admissions in cases where
you would not personally have done it in your official capacity.
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
The Chairman. You have contradicted your statement there. I
think you did it inadvertently, but you made a direct contradiction.
Mr. Arens. We can clear it by one question.
Mr. L'Heureux, is there any instance, to your knowledge, of a 3 (1)
or a 3 (7) in which a visa has been refused after the Visa Division had
been given adverse reports on the individuals ?
Mr. L'Heureux. No, sir.
Senator Ferguson. I am assuming on every one of these cases that
you appealed, that you acted as really the appealing officer; that you
would not have issued the visa, and then the visas were all issued.
Now you have answered Senator Miller's question the other way.
Mr. L'Heureux. I thought he was referring to persons other than
officials, if they are not officials
Senator Ferguson. Your answer would not have been correct on
the record. I wanted to get it straight.
Mr. Arens. Is it clear now, Senator ?
Senator Ferguson. Yes ; it is clear now.
The Chairman. You get three different categories of answers and
they contradict each other.
Mr. Arens. I wonder if I could ask something to clear the record
once more.
Is there any instance, to your knowledge, Mr. L'Heureux, or to your
knowledge, Mr. Peurifoy, first of all, in which a visa has been refused
to any applicant who applies as an official of a foreign government, or
as an affiliate of an international organization ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I know of none.
Mr. Arens. Is that your answer, Mr. Peurifoy ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes. Mr. L'Heureux is speaking for me.
Senator Ferguson. You have no personal knowledge ; is that it 1
Mr. Peurifoy. None at all.
Mr. Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, would you issue a visa to an individual
who applied as a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) who had been convicted and sent to
jail in a foreign nation for operating a Communist center and who
was reported to be the chief of the Cominform agents in a capital of a
foreign nation?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would not, on the basis of those facts alone.
The Chairman. You say, "I would not on the basis of those facts
alone."
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 353
If those facts stated to you were presented to you as facts, would you
issue the visa under any consideration ?
Mr. L'Heureux. It being an official, I do not pass on it, Senator, but
having those facts, I would refer those to the next echelon, who may
give nie the directive to authorize the consul to issue the visa.
The Chairman. Then you would have to issue the visa on the
directive that came from the higher echelon, against your own better
judgment; is that right?
Mr. L/Heureux. That may be.
Senator Miller. That is the question I was trying to get answered.
Senator Ferguson. You have done that in these 8 or 10 cases a
month; is that right?
Mr. L'Heureux. In the cases of officials.
Bear in mind, Senator, out of these 8 or 10 cases that are referred to,
I am usually satisfied regarding the reasoning of the political officer or
the higher official of the Department that it is inescapable ; that we
must let this person in in view of the existing situation ; that I think
his attitude is quite reasonable.
Senator Ferguson. You said there were about 10 cases like that ; 5
in the last 2 years and 10 in the last 5 years.
Mr. L'Heureux. Where I personally was not convinced that they
were right. But that is not abnormal.
Senator Ferguson. I am not criticizing you at all. I am just trying
to get the information.
The Chairman. There is no criticism. We are trying to get infor-
mation as to the operation.
Senator Ferguson. You asked a question, Mr. Chairman, on which
I would like to elaborate.
Now, you said if that was in the file alone, that they were Commu-
nists. What kind of mitigating circumstances could you get for that
kind of a person?
Mr. L'Heureux. We might want to send a man to that same coun-
try for some particular purpose.
Senator Ferguson. You would not want to send the same kind of
a man, would you ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I mean the same status of official. I do not mean
a man of the same character, but a person of the same official status,
being sent to the country from where this man is coming, and we want
our man over there for a particular purpose.
It is possible that the person who is responsible for making that
decision may feel that if we refuse that man, our man may not get to
the other country. Or there may be some other reasons.
Senator Ferguson. Then, as I understand that, this is really what
happens : A man like the one that dynamited the bridge can get into
this country because you want to get some man into the other country
for some purpose ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I said that is a possiblity. I do not recall that
case at all.
Senator Ferguson. But that is true ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is a possibility ; yes, sir.
Senator Ferguson. In other words, you would let that kind of a
man in here on a mission just because you want to get a public official
or a UN delegate into his native country ; is that right ?
354 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not say that I would, Senator, but I say that
is a possibility.
Senator Ferguson". I am talking about the Department.
Mr. L'Heureux. That is a possibility, that is true. But I do not
recall that case, and I do not know why they acted that way, if the De-
partment or the consul knew the facts.
Senator Ferguson. But you do not think that any other nation be-
hind the iron curtain ever admitted any of your public officials that
they thought would conduct themselves like that, do you ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true. I do not think so.
Senator Ferguson. You do not think they ever let into their coun-
try a man that they thought was going to be an espionage agent, do
you?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true ; and I doubt if we ever let one in our
country that we thought was coming here for that purpose.
Senator Ferguson. Why do you think that this kind of people that
Mr. Arens has been referring to would come to this country ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I really do not know, because I am not familiar
with those cases.
The Chairman. Let us proceed.
Mr. Arens. I would like to pursue this line of questions a little
further.
Would you admit to the United States an ambassador who had pre-
viously been in the United States actively organizing and working
among Communist-front organizations designated by the Attorney
General as subversive organizations, on a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) visa?
It would be a 3 (1) visa in that instance.
Mr. L'Heureux. I would not have anything to do with that case at
all. An ambassador is not referred to the Visa Division.
Senator Ferguson. He does not come in as an ambassador.
Mr. Arens. He comes in with a 3 (1) visa, Senator.
Mr. L'Heureux, would you admit into the United States, or would
you question the application of, a foreign diplomat who had previously
been in the United States as editor of a foreign-language Communist
newspaper?
Mr. L'Heureux. That, again, would depend upon the purpose of
his coming here, and the reasons why the political officers felt that he
should come, notwithstanding.
Mr. Arens. Would you admit into the United States an individual
who had applied for a 3 (1) or a 3 (7) visa for whom you had re-
ceived information that this individual was an experienced saboteur,
assigned to confidential tasks in the United States, and the ringleader
of a spy network in the United States, working with a designated
foreign-language group ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I would not.
Senator Ferguson. Mr. L'Heureux, do you think it is possible that
such a person could have entered the United States with a visa if that
was in the file, or if that was known to the visa officer ?
I do not care how high you go up to the present with that kind of
case.
Mr. L'Heureux. I cannot conceive of it, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. Would there be any surrounding circumstances
that would allow that kind of a case to come in ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I cannot conceive of any, Senator.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 355
Senator Ferguson. No matter whom you wanted to get into his
country, you would not say that that man or woman could get in ; would
you?
Mr. L'Heureux. I personally definitely would not, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. Do you remember any such case that you ap-
pealed ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not.
Senator Ferguson. Do you remember any case with similar facts
in it?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not.
Mr. Arens. Mr. L'Heureux, would you permit the issuance of a
visa, or would you give an adverse recommendation on an individual
who made application for a visa as a 3 (1) or a 3 (7), for whom you
had information that this individual had frequently been in contact
with a Soviet intelligence agent in the capital of a foreign govern-
ment, and that he was in close contact with Communist circles in
various countries which he visited, and that he had in other coun-
tries been in contact with known Communist intelligence agents?
Mr. L'Heureux. That could only be determined in the light of all
the facts that the Department of State would be in possession of at the
time.
Whether those facts alone would render him undesirable if he were
sent as an official of his country, the Department would have to deter-
mine on political grounds.
Senator Ferguson. When you say an official of his country, I come
back to a case that I know about, of eight men being sent here under
official guise, going up to Buchanan, Mich., to work in a factory to
learn how to make and supervise the making of axles, at the Clark
Equipment Co. I think that was the name of the company.
Could those people come in under any such visa if that derogatory
information was in the file?
Mr. L'Heureux. They could, Senator, if the Department of State
deemed they were officials under section 3(1).
If they were sent here by the Russian Government as officials of
their country, on a mission, and the State Department recognized
that mission as official, they would not be inadmissible.
Senator Ferguson. Would that be so even though the mission was
such as to just go in as workmen or supervisors in the factory to
learn how to do this thing under the terms of a contract, a regular
civilian contract, and they wanted to get axles?
They wanted to know how to make them in the future. They
wanted to get plans and specifications.
That person would be in officially ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes.
Senator Ferguson. When you refer to them as "officials," you do
not mean that they hold a public office in their country at all, or that
they are coming here in relation to any public office ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. If their country designates them as "officials,"
they come in as such ; is that right ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. So it may be that the work they are doing is not
official at all ; is that true ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
rings
356 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Ferguson. But if they designate them under this category,
you issue that kind of a visa ; is that correct?
Mr. L'Heureux. If their government designates them as "officials"
and sends them here as officials on an official mission, the State Depart-
ment could determine that it is not an official mission according to our
concepts, and they could be refused admission.
But if we acquiesce in the official designation, then they have all
the rights and privileges under the law.
Senator Ferguson. Have you ever turned any down that were not
officials ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not recall, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. You did not recall any cases where you disputed
the fact that they were coming in as officials ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not.
Mr. Peurifoy. Mr. Chairman, if Mr. Stalin were to apply for a
visa to come to this country, and we know he was convicted of espio-
nage in his own country and sent to Siberia — and I assume Molotov
and Vishinsky would be in the same category — the Department would
issue a visa.
Mr. Arens. Would you issue them visas, if they applied for them, if
you knew they were coming here in order to organize Communist spy
Mr. Peurifoy. If it were know that was the purpose of their visit,
I would say "No."
The Chairman. What would be your answer if that were only a
partial purpose of their visit ?
Mr. Peurifoy. I would say "No."
The Chairman. Will you proceed with the reading of your letter,
Mr. Peurifoy?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir. [Reading :]
2. How many aliens who entered the United States as affiliates of interna-
tional organizations and how many aliens who entered the United States as
affiliates of foreign governments are known to the Department to have engaged
in espionage or related activities, or other activities of a subversive nature,
prior to such entry?
At present the Department knows of three cases of aliens who received visas
"as affiliates of foreign governments," and no cases involving "affiliates of inter-
national organizations," who engaged in espionage or related activities, or other
activities of a subversive nature, before their entry into the United States, with
respect to the above cases confirmed reports concerning such activities were fur-
nished to the Department subsequent to their entry into this country. If the
Department had received this information before the visas were issued, they
would not have been granted. None of these individuals is presently in the
United States. All have been declared persona non grata.
In a number of other cases the Department has received unconfirmed reports
indicating the individuals within the above categories may have engaged in such
activities. However, the information, after a most serious consideration, was
believed to be too indefinite or lacking in confirmation to warrant action.
Senator Ferguson. The information with reference to the three
aliens who received visas as affiliates of foreign governments was re-
ceived while those people were in this country ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir.
Senator Ferguson. Were they sent out of the country on that
account ?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 357
Mr. Akens. At this point, if the chairman please, I would like to
produce for the record a letter from the Director of the Central In-
telligence Agency, in response to a letter which was transmitted by
the chairman to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and
state that the chairman directed the staff to select from our files 100
typical names and transmit those names to the Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency, with the request for answers to certain questions
contained in the Senator's letter to the Director of Central Intelli-
gence Agency.
I should like at this time to read the latter of the chairman to the
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and then the response
of the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency to the chairman's
letter.
The letter from the chairman to the Director of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency is dated June 30, 1949, and reads as follows :
United States Senate,
Committee on the Judiciary,
Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
June 30, 1949.
Rear Adm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter,
United States Navy Central Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Admiral Hillenkoetter: There is attached to this letter a list of the
names of 100 persons. This is a partial list of those persons to whom visas
have been issued for admission into the United States either as affiliates of inter-
national organizations or as officials or employees of foreign governments, and
their families.
Without disclosing the name or indicating the identity of any such person, and
without revealing the sources of information contained in the files of the Central
Intelligence Agency, you are respectfully requested to furnish me an answer to
each of the following questions, for inclusion in the public record of the Senate
Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee:
1. How many of the persons whose names appear on the attached list
have been engaged in subversive activity prior to their assumption of official
duty in the United States as affiliates of international organizations or as
officials or employees of foreign governments? The term "subversive ac-
tivity" as used in this question denotes active participation in foreign intelli-
gence organizations or active Communist organizational work, rather than
mere membership in the Communist Party.
2. Describe a typical pattern or typical patterns of such subversive ac-
tivity and a typical background or typical backgrounds of such persons who
have been engaged in such subversive activity.
3. Describe in general terms the extent to which foreign governments are
utilizing their officials and employees in this country, and their membership,
in international organizations, for active intelligence work against the
United States.
4. Describe in general terms the extent to which foreign governments are
utilizing their officials and employees in this country, and their membership in
international organizations, for active direction of and participation in
subversive organizations in the United States.
I should be obliged if you will cause your answers to the foregoing questions
to be transmitted to me as soon as possible.
WifYi kindest regards, I am,
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
Attached to that letter were the names of 100 persons taken from
the files of the subcommittee.
Senator Ferguson. May I ask whether the hypothetical cases you
have been reading to the witness and asking him questions about were
included in the 100 cases ?
358 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Some were and some were not. We just took a cross
section of 100 names. We have considerably more than that.
Senator Ferguson. Was the data similar to the data of the cases you
gave?
Mr. Arens. Yes, sir.
The letter from the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency to
the chairman is dated July 13, 1949, and is as follows :
Central Intelligence Agency,
Washington 25, July 13, 1949.
The Honorable Pat McCarran,
Chairman, Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington 25, D. C.
Dear Mr. Chairman : This is to acknowledge receipt of your letter of June 30,
1949, requesting answers to certain questions contained therein for inclusion
in the public record of the Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee of the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
I wish to point out that section 102 (d) (3) of the National Security Act of
1947 (Public Law 253, 80th Cong.), which established the Central Intelligence
Agency, specifically provides that the Agency shall have no police, law-enforce-
ment, or internal security powers and functions. For this reason our answer to
question 1 of your letter, concerning the list of 100 foreigners which you attached,
is restricted to our knowledge of the activities of these persons abroad and not to
their activities in the United States. The latter information is completely within
the jurisdiction of other agencies of the Government.
Similarly, our answer to question 2 of your letter is based on typical patterns
and backgrounds of subversive activity engaged in by Soviet and satellite diplo-
matic officials abroad.
In view of the reasons set forth above, we have not given detailed answers
to your questions 3 and 4. However, the patterns set forth in our answer to
question 2 may well be duplicated in this country. The extent to which it is
being done, however, and the details of this apparatus lie completely within the
jurisdiction of the FBI of the Department of Justice, and detailed answers, if
available, must come from them in view of the legal limitations on CIA as to
internal security functions.
Question 1 : "How many of the persons whose names appear on the attached
list have been engaged in subversive activity prior to their assumption of official
duty in the United States as affiliates of international organizations or as officials
or employees of foreign governments? The term 'subversive activity' as used
in this question denotes active participation in foreign intelligence organizations
or active Communist organizational work, rather than mere membership in
the Communist Party."
Answer : In view of the definition of "subversive activity" contained in this
question, we have organized our answer in accordance with this definition :
(a) Thirty-two of the individuals named in your attached list have reportedly
or allegedly been engaged in active work for the intelligence services of their
respective countries.
(o) Twenty-nine of the individuals named in your attached list are high-
ranking Communist Party officials. It must be assumed that by virtue of their
positions they are working ardently for the benefit of their governments. This
activity, by definition, and in the light of known Communist methods, must be
considered to be subversive and against the interests of the United States.
(c) Twenty-one of the individuals named in your attached list have reportedly
or allegedly been engaged in active Communist organizational work of an under-
ground or subversive nature outside their homelands.
(d) Fifteen of the individuals named in your attached list are not included
in our files with data pertinent to the questions asked.
(e) Three of the individuals named in your attached list reportedly show
definite pro-American sympathies and/or disaffection with Communist ideology.
Question 2: "Describe a typical pattern or typical patterns of such subversive
activity and a typical background or typical backgrounds of such persons who
have been engaged in such subversive activity."
Answer: Typical pattern. — (a) Reporting on political, economic, industrial,
and military conditions of the country concerned. This activity is carried out
both through the collection of overt information from newspapers, periodicals,
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 359
or radio, and through agents placed within strategic installations. As a corollary
to this activity, an attempt is made to recruit and place agents against the time
when the diplomatic official is required to return to his homeland.
(ft) Arrangement of communications facilities through which agents can make
their reports either to Soviet or satellite diplomatic installations within the
country, or directly to the homeland. In this connection, reports have been
received of attempts of these officials to organize Communist Party cells among
seamen serving on vessels sailing to the homeland. These seamen are then
utilized as couriers.
(c) Surveillance of, and controlling, the activities of Soviet and satellite dip-
lomatic personnel assigned to the country concerned as well as the activities
of delegates from the homeland who enter the country to attend conventions
or meetings, assuring that such personnel do not defect or become politically
unreliable through contact with western influences.
(d) Disseminating party line propaganda within the foreign country. Also
sending propaganda about conditions in the country back to the homeland in the
form of articles designed to encourage unfavorable sentiment against this
country.
(e) Work with immigrant groups who have settled in the country from the
homeland or with citizens with former homeland connections. This activity is
apparently regarded as particularly important. Attempts are made to activate
Communist groups within immigrant elements. Immigrants are encouraged to
send the more stable currency of the country back to the homeland where,
when exchanged at an official rate, it represents a considerable income for the
homeland government. Efforts are made to recruit immigrants to work for the
homeland government and to use their established businesses, such as shipping
or export-import firms, as a cover for the intelligence activities of the homeland.
Networks are organized within immigrant groups in order to check native per-
sonnel abroad, to control immigrants and former natives and indoctrinate them
in the party line. Strong efforts are made to break up an anti-Soviet or anti-
satellite sentiments among immigrant groups. Attempts are also made to estab-
lish financial and commercial contacts with the immigrant groups for the benefit
of the homeland.
(/) Act as intermediaries between the Communist Party of the foreign coun-
try concerned and the Communist Party of the homeland. Maintain communica-
tions and often procure funds for the homeland Communist Party.
(ff) Organize presure groups within the foreign country concerned in order
to combat certain political or military measures being considered by that country
which are deemed unfavorable toward the Soviet-satellite axis.
Typical background. — Soviet and satellite diplomatic officials who have been
selected to carry out espionage or subversive activities in foreign countries vary
widely in their backgrounds, qualifications, and training. A study, however,
of available background information has disclosed certain characteristics which
it may be of interest to note.
Primarily, the official chosen is an individual in whom the Communist regime
of his homeland places the greatest confidence as to political reliability. He is
often an old line Communist who has served the party faithfully over a period
of years. Many of these satellite officials have spent some time in the Soviet
Union and some have served in the Soviet Army. Others have gained their
position in the Communist hierarachy through their service with partisan
guerrillas during the war.
Many of the officials have records of long time diplomatic careers in the service
of their countries. These often are described as unscrupulous and opportunistic
individuals who find it to their advantage to serve faithfully the regime in
power. That they serve well is implicit in the confidence which the Communists
apparently place in them.
It is of interest to note that many of these officials have had legal training
and have practiced as lawyers. Quite a few also have journalistic backgrounds.
Not much mention is made of technical espionage training, although it may be
assumed that many, particularly the old line Communists and those who have
visited the U. S. S. R., have received indoctrination of this type.
It is of further interest that the wives of many of these men are ardent Com-
munists in their own right and occasionally even act as agents themselves. They
are mentioned as exerting strong influences on their husbands.
In conclusion, these officials do not appear to be, in most cases, men of high
moral standards or idealistic motivation. Many of them are described as clever,
unscrupulous, opportunistic, ambitious, and given to shady financial deals or
occasional blackmarketing.
360 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
I hope that this information may he of value to you in connection with your
subcommittee's investigation. If there is any further assistance with I can
render, please feel free to call upon me in this connection.
Sincerely yours,
It. H. HlLLENKOETTER,
Rear Admiral, USN,
Director of Central Inteligence.
The Chairman. All right, Mr. Peurifoy, will you proceed with your
letter.
Mr. Peurifoy (reading) :
3. How many of such aliens, in each class, are known to the Department to be
engaged, or to have been engaged, in espionage or related activities, or other
activities of a subversive nature, in this country?
The information requested in question 3 relates primarily to the work of the
Department of Justice. At present the Department of State knows of three cases
of aliens who received visas as affiliates of foreign governments who engaged in
espionage or related activities, or other activities of a subversive nature in this
country. These three aliens also engaged in such activity before coming to the
United States and were therefore the same aliens referred to in answer to
question 2. These aliens have been declared persona non grata as previously
indicated and are no longer in the United States.
The Department of State knows of no such case involving "affiliates of Inter-
national Organizations." There is, however, the case of Gubitchev which is
presently before the court for a determination.
In a number of other cases the Department has received unconfirmed reports
indicating that individuals within the above categories may have engaged in
such activities. However, the information, after a most serious consideration,
was believed to be too indefinite or lacking in confirmation to warrant action.
Senator Ferguson. Were these three prosecuted?
Mr. Peurifoy. No, sir. They were declared persona non grata and
returned to their homeland.
Senator Ferguson. No prosecution was had ?
Mr. Peurifoy. No, sir.
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true. I doubt whether you could have
prosecuted.
Senator Ferguson. Why not, if they had been engaged in subversive
activities ? Here is what you say :
who engaged in esiponage or related activities, or other activities of a subversive
nature in this country.
Mr. L'Heureux. While they were here they enjoyed diplomatic
immunity.
Senator Ferguson. Did they ? The eight men I mentioned in Mich-
igan did not enjoy diplomatic immunity.
Mr. Peurifoy. These three were attached to the embassies here in
Washington.
Senator Ferguson. Then they did have specific diplomatic im-
munity.
Mr. L'Heureux. The eight men you referred to did not have diplo-
matic immunity in any sense.
Senator Ferguson. That is what I wanted to ascertain. The reason
there was no prosecution in the cases of these three men w<as that they
had diplomatic immunity?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
The Chairman. Did these three to which you refer come into this
country by permission over your desk, or did they come in by authority
of a higher echelon ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 361
Mr. L/Heureux. They originated in the field. I am not familiar
with the three specific cases, except to say that they were diplomats.
Mr. Peurifoy. The visas in those cases were issued by the consuls
in the field since they were coming to embassies here.
The Chairman. Is there any one present with whom you can check
that?
Mr. Peurifoy. I would like to have Mr. Boykin comment.
STATEMENT OF SAM BOYKIN, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF
CONSULAR AFFAIRS
Mr. Boykin. xVt the time they came, we had no information to this
effect. It was only after they arrived here that we received the
information.
Senator Ferguson. That is indicated in the answer to the second
question.
Mr. Boykin. The second and third questions involve the same
people.
The Chairman. Then those cases did not pass over Mr. L'Heureux'
desk at all ?
Mr. Peurifoy. That is right.
The Chairman. They did not go through the Department of State
at all?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
The Chairman. They came in through the consul in the field and you
had no knowledge of their coming in, I take it?
Mr. Peurifoy. We probably were informed.
Mr. L'Heureux. We would get the report of the issuance of the
visa, but we were not informed prior to the issuance.
The Chairman. When a visa of that kind is issued in the field to a
member of the Diplomatic Corps who is known to have been active in
Communist activities before applying for permission to come into this
country, do you not go into the matter and enlighten yourselves as
to that person's activities in the past ?
Mr. L'Heureux. Do you mean whether the consul does ?
The Chairman. I would think the State Department itself would
do that.
Mr. L'Heureux. Bear in mind that these men normally apply to the
consul for a visa. They are coming in as officials designated by a
foreign government. They are not inadmissible under the law. The
consul may, so to speak, set up a lookout notice on the individual.
Short of that, he will issue the visa because the law specifically makes
them admissible. They are not inadmissible.
The Chairman. In other words, there is no way of checking people
of that type?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
The Chairman. So they come in carte blanche, you might say.
Mr. Peurifoy. May I continue?
The Chairman. Go ahead.
Mr. Peurifoy (reading) :
4. Describe a typical pattern of such espionage or other subversive activity,
and appraise the extent and scope of such activity.
Since the Department of State does not have the responsibility for uncovering
espionage and related activities concerning the internal security of the United
362 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
States, it is unable to answer this question. The Department understands that
this question was similarly directed to the Department of Justice, which agency
is primarily responsible for such acticities.
It is understood that agency will furnish the information desired.
5. In how many instances, if at all, has the State Department, or any agency
or officer thereof, insisted upon the entry into this country of an alien concern-
ing whom a recommendation has been made by the Visa Division of the .Depart-
ment that the entry of such alien is against the security interests of the United
States?
The Visa Division is charged with the responsibility of formulating initially
advisory opinions of the Department relating to the technical and security
aspects of visa cases. The Visa Division states that it does not recall more than
approximately 10 cases in which its original recommendation that visas be re-
fused on security grounds have not been accepted by the superior officers of the
Department within the last 3 years. In these cases the responsible officers of
the department dealing with all other phases of the conduct of foreign relations,
as well as the question of the security factor involved in the issuance of visas,
concluded that the security phase of each case was not sufficient to outweigh
other aspects, such as the question of free speech, free access to the United
Nations, reprisal or retaliation by foreign governments against officials of the
United States entering or stationed in other countries, and other aspects of the
conduct of foreign relations. In none of these cases does the Visa Division con-
sider that the security of the Nation was jeopardized.
6. Does the Department have knowledge of Communist spy rings now existing
in the United States which include as active participants aliens who entered
this country as affiliates of international organizations or as affiliates of for-
eign governments?
Question 6 relates primarily to matters of internal security within the United
States and concerns the responsibility of the Department of Justice. The De-
partment of State has no knowledge of Communist spy rings now existing in
the United States which include as active participants aliens who entered this
country as affiliates of international organizations or as affiliates of foreign gov-
ernments.
7. If so, describe the typical pattern of such a spy ring.
Since the Department has no knowledge of such activities, it is unable to
answer this question.
8. To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or distri-
bution of subversive propaganda and the organization or promoting of subversive
groups in the United States to be under the control and direction of aliens who
have entered the United States as affiliates of international organizations or as
affiliates of foreign governments?
Question 8 relates primarily to matters of internal security within the United
States and concerns the responsibility of the Department of Justice. The De-
partment of State only has such knowledge of the information requested in this
question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to which agency
the question has also been directed. It is believed that agency will provide the
appropriate reply.
9. To what extent do the records of the Department show espionage or other
subversive activity in the United States to be engaged in by persons who are
aliens, foreign born, or of foreign-born parents?
Question 9 relates primarily to matters of internal security within the United
States and concerns the responsibility of the Department of Justice. The De-
partment of State only has such knowledge of the information requested in this
question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to which agency
the question has also been directed. It is believed that agency will provide the
appropriate reply.
10. Describe the extent, scope, and nature of the activity or activities of those
organizations which have been proscribed by the Attorney General as subversive
organizations.
Question 10 relates primarily to matters of internal security within the
United States and concerns the responsibility of the Department of Justice.
The Department of State only has such knowledge of the information requested
in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to which
agency the question has also been directed. It is believed that agency will pro-
vide the appropriate reply.
According to the information in the possession of the Department, how many
aliens have been deported from the United States in the course of the last 10
years under the statutes which provide for the deportation of subversives?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 363
Question 11 relates primarily to matters of internal security within the
United States and concerns the responsibility of the Department of Justice. The
Department of State only has such knowledge of the information requested
in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to which
agency the question has also been directed. It is believed that agency will
provide the appropriate reply.
Sincerely yours,
John E. Peurifoy,
Deputy Under Secretary.
Mr. Chairman, shall I continue and read your letter of June 17 to
me?
The Chairman. If you will, please,
Mr. Peurifoy. The letter written by the Chairman, dated June 17,
is as follows :
United States Senate,
Committee of the Judiciary,
Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
June 17, 1949.
Hon. John E. Peurifoy,
Beputy Under Secretary, Department of State,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Secretary : Reference is made to your letter of June 14, 1949, in
reply to a list of questions which I submitted to you when you appeared on
June 1, 1949, before the Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee of the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
Upon reading your letter of June 19, 1949, I find that some of the questions
are unanswered and that the answers to other questions are incomplete. More
particularly, I invite your attention to each of the following questions which
were submitted to you which are either unanswered or the answers to which
are incomplete :
1. On page 3 of your letter, in reply to the second question which was sub-
mitted to you with reference to espionage or related activities, or other activities
of a subversive nature prior to entry by certain aliens, the following appears :
"In a number of other cases the Department has received unconfirmed reports
indicating that individuals within the above categories may have engaged in
such activities. However, the information, after a most serious consideration,
was believed to be too indefinite or lacking in confirmation to warrant action."
You^are respectfully requested to furnish me with the information respecting
the number of such other cases in which the Department has received such un-
confirmed reports ; the nature of the activity referred to in the unconfirmed
reports ; and, the extent of inquiry which was made to confirm or discredit the
information in the unconfirmed reports.
2. On page 3 of your letter, in reply to the third question which was submitted
to you respecting espionage or related activities or other activities of a subver-
sive nature in this country by certain aliens, the following appears :
"In a number of other cases the Department has received unconfirmed reports
indicating that individuals within the above categories may have engaged in
such activities. However, the information, after a most serious consideration,
was believed to be too indefinite or lacking in confirmation to warrant action."
You are respectfully requested to furnish me with the information respecting
the number of such other cases in which the Department has received such un-
confirmed reports; the nature of the activities referred to in the unconfirmed
reports ; and, the extent of inquiry which was made to confirm or discredit the
information in the unconfirmed reports.
3. On page 5 of your letter, in reply to the eighth question which was sub-
mitted to you respecting control and direction by certain aliens of espionage,
distribution of subversive propaganda, and the organization or promoting of
subversive groups in the United States, the following appears :
"The Department of State only has such knowledge of the information re-
quested in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to
which agency the question has also been directed."
You are respectfully requested to furnish me with a reply to the eighth ques-
tion, irrespective of the sources of the information, of which the Department of
State has knowledge.
98330 — 50— pt. 1 24
364 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
4. On page 5 of your letter, in reply to the ninth question which was submitted
to you respecting espionage or other subversive activity in the United States by
persons who are aliens, foreign-born, or of foreign-born parents, the following
appears :
"The Department of State only has such knowledge of the information requested
in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to which
agency the question has also been directed."
You are respectfully requested to furnish me with a reply to the ninth ques-
tion, irrespective of the sources of the information, of which the Department of
State has knowledge.
5. On page 5 of your letter, in reply to question 10 with reference to the extent,
scope, and nature of the activity or activities of those organizations which have
been proscribed by the Attorney General as subversive organizations, the follow-
ing appears:
"The Department of State only has such knowledge of the information re-
quested in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to
which agency the question has also been directed."
You are respectfully requested to furnish me with a reply to the tenth ques-
tion, irrespective of the sources of the information, of which the Department of
State has knowledge.
6. On page 6 of your letter, in reply to the eleventh question with reference
to the number of aliens who have been deported in the course of the last 10
years under the statutes which provide for the deportation of subversives, the
following appears:
"The Department of State only has such knowledge of the information re-
quested in this question as was furnished to it by the Department of Justice to
which agency the question has also been directed."
You are respectfully requested to furnish me with a reply to the eleventh
question, irrespective of the sources of the information, of which the Department
of State has knowledge.
I should be obliged if you will cause your answer to the foregoing questions
to he transmitted to me as soon as possible.
With kindest regards, I am,
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
In reply to your letter of June 17, Mr. Chairman, I wrote the fol-
lowing letter, dated June 22 :
Department or State,
Washington, June 22, 1949.
My Dear Mr. Chairman : The Department has received your letter of June
17, 1949, requesting further information with respect to the list of questions
which you submitted to me on June 1, 1949, and which the Department answered
on June 14, 1949.
The Department is glad to submit the additional information which has been
specifically requested by you as follows :
Question No. 2 : The Department has received unconfirmed reports that seven
officials of foreign governments and seven officials of international organizations
may have engaged in subversive activities prior to the time they were issued
visas. The Department has also received unconfirmed reports that three officials
of foreign governments and three officials of international organizations may
have engaged in subversive activities prior to coming to the United ' States ;
however, such information was not received until after the visas had been
issued.
In all these cases the allegations were carefully considered and it was deter-
mined that even if the allegations were true, the presence in the United States
of the aliens concerned would not endanger the public safety
Senator Ferguson. That answer does not seem to me to be in con-
formity with the testimony here this morning.
The 14 people referred to in the first 2 lines of your answer and the
6 officials mentioned later in that paragraph are not duplicates ?
Mr. Petjrifoy. That is correct, sir.
Senator Ferguson. Now, we have here from the Intelligence De-
partment many more than those. Why does not your Department have
that information ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 365
Mr. L'Heureux. That is explained in a subsequent letter, Senator.
This information was based upon cases we were able to get hold of.
Our cases are filed alphabetically by name.
Senator Ferguson. Did you not have the 100 names?
Mr. L'Heureux. We did not have the 100 names, sir.
Senator Ferguson. You have never seen the 100 names?
Mr. L'Heureux. Personally, I have not.
Mr. Arens. What you mean is that those 7 cases you are talking
about are 7 you could readily pull from your files, which cases would
be consistent with the 100 that were referred to by the Director of
the Central Intelligence Agency?
Mr. L'Heureux. Yes, sir.
Senator Ferguson. That is consistent up to seven, but the admiral
lists many more cases.
Mr. Arens. I would like to make a statement off the record.
Senator Ferguson. Then even though they have been subversive
agents, they did come in ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true, Senator.
Senator Ferguson. Could you not keep them out by appealing to
the so-called desk of the United Nations?
Mr. Peurifoy. We could turn them down.
Senator Ferguson. That is what I am talking about.
Mr. L'Heureux. We could turn them down if they presented a
direct threat to the public safety of the United States.
Senator Ferguson. Where is there any law that states that there
must be a direct threat to the security of the United States before
you can turn them down? You are a judge as to whether or not there
is a direct threat involved, are you not?
Mr. L'Heureux. The Department is ; yes.
Senator Ferguson. So you can turn down a United Nations agent?
Mr. L'Heureux. Section 6 of the act of August 4, 1947, states that —
nothing in the agreement shall be construed as in any way diminishing, abridg-
ing, or weakening the right of the United States to safeguard its own security
and completely to control the entrance of aliens into any territory of the United
States other than the headquarters district and its immediate vicinity.
Senator Ferguson. Then you have absolute discretion under your
law. In other words, our domestic law has not been changed at all
except insofar as it relates to the immediate vicinity of the United
Nations buildings?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
Senator Ferguson. Then you have the power to turn down people
such as those Admiral Hillenkoetter mentioned ?
Mr. L'Heureux. If it is the" considered opinion of the Secretary, or
those to whom he has delegated the authority to act, that individuals
present a security threat, I would say that, under this section, we
have the authority to withhold the visas.
Senator Ferguson. Admiral Hillenkoetter, in his letter dated July
13, states: i
Thirty-two of the individuals named in your attached list have reportedly
or allegedly been engaged in active work for the intelligence services of their
respective countries.
Twenty-nine of the individuals named in your attached list are high-ranking
Communist Party officials.
Twenty-one of the individuals named in your attached list have reportedly
or allegedly been engaged in active Communist organizational work of an
underground or subversive nature outside their homelands.
366 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
You will note the number of individuals there. How do you ac-
count for the variance as between the number of cases you have turned
down and those numbers?
Mr. Arens. And that is only a cross section.
Mr. L'Heureux. I cannot account for that, because I would have
to pull out those files to see whether we had that information and
what additional information we had.
Now, there is nothing in the set-up in the State Department that
requires me to make any kind of an appeal. I do not pass on cases
of officials. That is done by the responsible officers on the political
desk in UNI. As Chief of the Visa Division, when I am in the process
of sending an authorization to the consul to issue a visa and, if in that
case I feel they have overlooked some factors, I will ask the consul to
look into that matter. I do not do it in all cases because there is no
use ; they are not normally inadmissible.
The Chairman. Does the State Department have a security agency
that checks these cases?
Mr. L'Heureux. We have a Security Division.
The Chairman. Why are not these cases referred to that Division ?
Mr. L'Heureux. They are referred to that Division.
The Chairman. After they were referred to that Division, never-
theless, they were cleared?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true, Senator. All of the information of
an intelligence nature that the Visa Division procures, it procures
through the means of the Security Division.
The Chairman. Do you not have reports of the character of those
of the Central Intelligence Agency? Have you contact with them
at all ? Do they give you no information ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I think they do.
Mr. Botkin. They do, Senator.
Mr. Arens. You get the regular CIA reports ; do you not ?
Mr. Peurifoy. I would like to ask Mr. Boykin whether they give
us the same information they have in their files.
Mr. Boykin. I have no way of knowing whether they have given
us the same information they have given the Senator. I do not know
whether these are specific cases they are referring to, either.
Senator Ferguson. Do you seek that information?
Mr. Boykin. Yes, sir ; we are very anxious to get that information.
Senator Ferguson. Now, Mr. L'Heureux, you mentioned something
about the immediate vicinity of the United Nations. What agency
has charge of seeing to it that the law is obeyed and that these people
who are not entitled to go to other places in the United States are not
permitted to leave the United Nations and its vicinity? What agency
has charge of that ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That would come under the Department of Justice.
Senator Ferguson. Do you know how many cases they have of keep-
ing people within the immediate vicinity of the United Nations?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not, sir.
Senator Ferguson. Have there been any such cases ?
Mr. L'Heureux. There have been some cases. I doubt whether they
have restricted those who are entitled to official status under section
3(7). They have restricted some who came under section 3(2), such
as correspondents, for instance, and other invitees.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 367
Senator Ferguson. Are they United Nations officials?
Mr. L'Heureux. They are United Nations officials in this- sense:
They are not representatives. They are invitees or accredited officials.
Senator Ferguson. You do not have to permit those into the coun-
try at all ?
Mr. L'Heureux. We must permit them transit to the site. We do
not have to permit them to go anywhere else.
Senator Ferguson. How many are confined to the site; that is,
how many United Nations officials have been confined to the site and
the immediate vicinity?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not know of any officials, classified under
3 (7) who have been confined to the site.
Senator Ferguson. You do not know of any that have been con-
fined to the site ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right, sir.
The Chairman. They come and go at liberty.
Mr. L'Heureux. Those officials who are inadmissible under our
law and who do not get the benefit of the section 3 (7) status, come
in as invitees. They come in as invitees under section 3 (2) or a
limited visa that permits them to proceed from the port of entry,
directly to the site and its vicinity, and transit on the way out. They
are not permitted to go to other places.
Senator Ferguson. No one has ever been confined to the site or the
immediate vicinity?
Mr. L'Heureux. Quite a few of these cases under section 3 (2) have
been confined to the immediate vicinity.
Senator Ferguson. How many ?
Mr. L'Heureux. I do not know offhand, but it would exceed 12 or
15.
Senator Ferguson. Those 12 or 15 came in as agents of some kind?
Mr. L'Heureux. They came in as newspaper correspondents or as
consultants, etc.
Senator Ferguson. Gubitchev was what?
Mr. L'Heureux. He came under section 3 (7) .
Senator Ferguson. Was he a consultant ?
Mr. L'Heureux. No, sir.
Mr. Boykin. He was a member of the secretariat.
Senator Ferguson. Then he was an official under section 3 (7) ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is right.
Senator Ferguson. And he was not confined to the site and the
immediate vicinity of the site ; is not that correct ?
Mr-. L'Heureux. He came in under section 3(7).
Senator Ferguson. Apparently you do not get my question. At the
time he was arrested, he was not on the site of the United Nations
or its immediate vicinity ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true, but he was not restricted.
Senator Ferguson. That is true ; he was not restricted.
The Chairman. All right, let us proceed.
Senator Ferguson. And nobody has been restricted under his
category ?
Mr. L'Heureux. That is true.
368 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Peurifoy (reading) :
Question No. 3: The Department has received allegations that five officials
jf foreign governments and four officials of international organizations may have
been engaged in subversive activities in this country. The Department believes
that disclosure of further information on these cases would be incompatible
with the public interest.
Questions Nos. 8 and 9: The Department is unable to answer questions Nos.
8 and 9 because such information as it possesses was supplied by the Department
of Jutice for the Department's information in connection with individual visa
cases and, therefore, is incomplete and does not afford a basis for a compre-
hensive description of an organization engaged in subversive activity.
Question No. 10 : The Department does not have sufficient information to
describe the scope and nature of the activity, or activities, of those organizations
which have been proscribed by the Attorney General as subversive organizations.
Question No. 11 : The Department of State does not maintain records on the
deportation of aliens from the United States since it is not charged by law with
this responsibility.
Sincerely yours,
John E. Peurifoy,
Deputy Under Secretary.
I would like now to read a letter from the chairman to me, dated
June 27 :
United States Senate,
Committee on the Judiciary,
Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and Naturalization,
June 27, 19ft.
Hon. John E. Peurifoy,
Deputy Under Secretary, Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Secretary : Reference is made to your letter of June 14, 1949, and
your letter of June 22, 1949, in reply to certain questions which were submitted to
you by myself, with reference to the problem of exclusion and deportation of
subversive aliens.
In order to further clarify the information which you have transmitted to me,
you are respectfully requested to furnish me with complete information on each
of the following questions :
1. In how many cases in the course of the last 5 years has a visa been issued to a
person as an affiliate of an international organization or as an affiliate of a foreign
government, in which the Department of State had received reports, confirmed or
unconfirmed, indicating that such person may have been engaged in subversive
activity prior to the issuance of the visa? The term "subversive activity" as used
in this question denotes activity of a subversive nature in addition to member-
ship in the Communist Party. If it is impracticable for you to transmit to me the
specific number of such cases, I should be obliged if you will transmit to me the
best available estimate of the number of such cases.
2. In how many cases in the course of the last 5 years has a visa been withheld
from a person applying for a visa as an affiliate of an international organization
or as an affiliate of a foreign government, in which the Department of State had
received reports, confirmed or unconfirmed, indicating that such person may have
been engaged in subversive activity prior to the filing of the application for the
visa? The term "subversive activity" as used in this question denotes activity
of a subversive nature in addition to membership in the Communist Party. If it is
impracticable for you to transmit to me the specific number of such cases, I should
be obliged if you will transmit to me the best available estimate of the number of
such cases.
I should be obliged if you will cause your answer to each of the foregoing ques-
tions to be transmitted to me as soon as possible.
With kindest regards, I am,
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
The Chairman. Did you answer that letter?
Mr. Peurifoy. Yes, sir. Shall I read my reply ?
The Chairman. Yes. I think you had better proceed and com-
plete the record.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 369
Mr. Peurifoy. My letter in reply to the letter I have just read was
dated July 11, and is as follows :
Department of State,
Washington, July 11, 19Jt9.
The Honorable Pat McCakran,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate.
My Dear Chairman : Receipt is acknowledged of jour letter of June 27, 1949,
in which you request the answers to two additional questions concerning the
issuance of visas to affiliates of international organizations and affiliates of for-
eign governments.
In the consideration of this additional request, it should be pointed out that
derogatory reports of any nature, received in the Department of State, which
may affect an alien's admissibility into the United States, are filed alphabetically,
under the name of the alien concerned, for ready reference in the event the ques-
tion of issuing a visa should arise.
It is estimated that there are approximately 1,000,000 visa files in the
Department at present. In order to furnish you with precise figures, or reason-
ably accurate estimates concerning the cases falling into the categories described
in your letter, it would be necessary to review these files which would con-
sume approximately six man years of work. You will readily appreciate that
this is not administratively feasible, bearing in mind the constant, heavy flow of
normal work and the limited personnel available.
The information previously furnished to you in my letters of June 14 and 22,
1949, was obtained from those files which could be located through sundry mem-
oranda and notations made by units of the Visa Division and through the mem-
ory of several officers of the Department responsible for the processing of visa
cases of foreign officials coming to the United States.
It is regretted that the filing system of the Department does not readily make
available the detailed information requested by your Committee, although this
system has been found very practicable in carrying out the responsibilities
placed upon the Department by the immigration laws.
For the reasons stated the Department is unable to furnish you with the exact
number or a reasonable estimate of cases during the last 5 years where a visa
has been issued to a person as an affiliate of an international organization or as
an affiliate of a foreign government in which the Department of State had re-
ceived certain allegations, confirmed or unconfirmed, indicating that such persons
may have engaged in subversive activities prior to issuance of the visa. Any
estimate, therefore, would be speculative and the Department considers it con-
trary to the public interest in the conduct of foreign relations to furnish an
estimated figure without a real basis for such an estimate.
With respect to question No. 2, the Department has no recollection of any
case, in the course of the last 5 years, where a visa has been withheld from a
person applying as an affiliate of an international organization or an affiliate of
a foreign government, upon the basis of subversive activities of the nature
referred to in your letter.
Sincerely yours,
John E. Peurifoy,
Deputy Under Secretary.
The Chairman. We have arrived at the hour of 12 o'clock Saturday
noon, and we probably have a day's work to do in our offices, so it will
be impossible to conclude this matter today with you, Mr. Secretary.
We will have to find a day which will be convenient to you and
convenient to the committee on which to meet again.
We have some questions to propound with reference to whether or
not the State Department has knowledge of certain activities. We
will probably relate the activities of these subversive individuals who
have come into this country and other matters pertaining thereto.
Now, I am not able to say to you right now when we can meet. The
regular meeting of the committee is on Monday, and we have a very
heavy agenda for that day. On Tuesday we are going to have a spe-
cial meeting on a special bill which Judge Patterson is interested in.
370 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Our meeting with you will probably have to be later on in the week.
The committee will stand adjourned, to reconvene at the call of the
chairman.
Thank you very much.
(Whereupon, at 12 noon, the hearing was recessed, to reconvene
upon the call of the chairman.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GKOUPS
WEDNESDAY, JULY 27, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization or the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. €?.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 2 p. m., in the Senate
District Committee room, the Capitol, Senator O'Conor, presiding.
Present : Senators O 'Conor and Langer.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Frank W. Schroeder and Otto J. Dekom, professional
staff members.
Senator O'Conor. The meeting will come to order.
I might state for the record that it is at the request of the chairman
of the Judiciary Committee that I am presiding this afternoon, and
will be very pleased to accord the opportunity to the witness to pro-
ceed with his statement.
Might I first ask that you be sworn, please. Raise your right hand.
In the presence of Almighty God, do you swear that the testimony
that you shall give in this hearing shall be the truth, the whole truth,
and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Valuchek. I do.
TESTIMONY OF ANDREW J. VALUCHEK, PRESIDENT, SLOVAK
NATIONAL ALLIANCE
Senator O'Conor. What is your full name ?
Mr. Valuchek. Andrew J. Valuchek.1
Senator O'Conor. Your residence ?
Mr. Valuchek. 2 Elinore Place, Yonkers, N. Y.
Senator O'Conor. And your business or occupation?
Mr. Valuchek. I am a newspaper man.
Senator O'Conor. Just so that we may have sufficient identifica-
tion, will you state what organization or organizations you repre-
sent, if any, today in this hearing ?
Mr. Valuchek. I am the president of the Slovak National Alli-
ance of America; supreme president, Slovak Gymnastic Union
Sokol; vice president, Czechoslovak National Council; managing
editor of the Czechoslovak daily.2
Senator O'Conor. For what period of time have you been occupy-
ing the position that you now hold ?
1 The witness appeared under subpena.
2 New Yorsky Dennik.
371
372 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Valuchek. I have been with the newspaper f.or about 20
years and I have held office in these organizations for quite a number of
years.
Senator O'Conor. You may proceed, and might I ask you at the
outset if-you have a statement that you desire to make?
Mr. Valuchek. I have, Mr. Chairman.
Senator O'Conor. If so, will you just proceed in your own way?
Mr. Valuchek. I have been active in American-Czechoslovak
affairs for the past 20 years. I have held many offices in American-
Czechoslovak organizations and served on many committees. Thus, I
can say without fear or contradiction that I know intimately and well
the life of persons of Czechoslovak descent in almost every phase and
sector.
That is the reason why I can say that 95 percent of Americans of
Czechoslovak descent are loyal American citizens, firmly believing
m our way of life and are uncompromising in their faith in democracy
as we know it and practice it in America. There are many reasons
why they are good American citizens. Those who migrated from the
old Austrian-Hungarian Empire found a haven in this country.
They have found here freedom, opportunity to a livelihood, and have
realized that they have become equals in every sense of the word.
They worked very hard, they prospered, they built churches, organ-
ized their organizations and societies, sent their children to school,
and have become real Americans.
They have not forgotten their motherland and have striven to give
their own brothers and sisters the same opportunities and freedoms
they have here. Thev were successful. Under the leadership of men
like T. G. Masaryk,1 E. Benes,2 M. R. Stefanik,3 and with the help of
our great President and humanitarian, Woodrow Wilson, Czechoslo-
vakia became and proved to be a good child of the United States. This
made Americans of Czechoslovak descent very proud and happy and
more thankful to our country. When Munich came, they fully real-
ized that enslavement of Czechoslovakia became a temporary set-back
for their people and that Czechoslovakia would be free again. They
have contributed much to the liberation of that unhappy land and
have given much to our war effort in the lives of their sons, their ma-
terial goods, and their energies on the home front.
After World War II, when the Nazis were defeated and Czechoslo-
vakia was free again, the}^ thought that finally there was to be peace,
not only for a short period but for all time. Soon they became appre-
hensive about the international situation. They became worried, per-
plexed, and disheartened. And here the Communists and their sup-
porters felt that they would find fertile soil and opportunity for their
propaganda. They used three very powerful weapons which were
at their disposal : Newspapers, organizations, and agents and
collaborators.
First, as to newspapers, the Communists have two weeklies, one pub-
lished in the Czech and the other in the Slovak language. They are
the Ludove Noviny, whose address is 1916 East Street, Pittsburgh,
Pa., and edited by Calvin Brook, a naturalized American citizen.
1 Thomas G. Masaryk, first president of Czechoslovakia.
2 Eduard Bene§. last President of democratic Czechoslovakia.
3 Milan R. Stefanik, French general of Czech extraction who was one of the liberators of
Czechoslovakia during World War I.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 373
Calvin Brook, whose name originally was Kalman Brueek, is the
ideological leader of the Slovak Communists and the interpreter of
the official party line. He contributes frequently to the Daily Worker
and serves as the press agent for the American Labor Party, the Amer-
ican Slav Congress conventions, and is the instigator of countless
demonstrations in his community. Typical is the article which he
published in the Ludove Noviny as recently as June 9, 1949, under the
title of "Workers of the Pressed Steel and the Cold War."
The factory of the Pressed Steel Co. of McKees Rocks, Pa., which employs
about 3,000 workers, mostly Slovaks and other Slavs, will be closed in a few
weeks, because it does not have orders. At Pressed Steel they manufacture
freight cars * * *
If Pressed Steel will be closed, McKees Rocks will change into a ghost town—
a dead city * * *
The workers of Pressed Steel ask the Government to place orders for 500,000
cars. They claim that if the Government of the United States can give billions
of dollars to Chiang Kai-shek, the German King of Greece, the German capitalists
of the Ruhr, it could also take care of the workers of McKees Rocks. But there
is one catch to this. The present rulers of Washington — Nazi Germans, Fascist
Greeks, dictatorial Chiangs, and Turks — are much closer than are our workers
in McKees Rocks. One of the reasons for growing unemployment in the United
States is, after all, the Marshall plan and the Atlantic Pact * * *
Of course, the main reason for our growing unemployment is the capitalistic-
system * * *
There is another thing. The Soviet Union announced that she is willing to
buy in any country 1,000,000 cars. She is willing to pay for them in gold. But
the State Department, influenced by pro-German, Vatican, and Wall Street ele-
ments, does not want to give permission for this order.
In the same issue. Calvin Brook is announcing preparations for a
conference of the Executive Committee of the Progressive Party,
which is to take further steps in mobilizing the Slavs of McKees
Pocks.
Brook's purpose is not only to cause discontent and trouble among
the American-Slovak workers of the industrial area of Pennsylvania,
but falls neatly into the pattern of the work of other Communist
agitators and Soviet agents in America.
I have that issue if you would like to have it.
Senator O'Conor. That is of June 9 ?
Mr. Valuchek. The June 9 issue, that is correct.
Mr. Dekom. We will mark that "Exhibit 1."
Senator O'Conor. We would like to have it so marked.
(The document referred to was marked as "Valuchek Exhibit 1" and
is included in the files of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Valuchek. The second Communist Party paper that deserves
mention is the Nova Doba, a Czech weekly, published at 1510 West
Eighteenth Street, Chicago, 111., and edited by a vicious Communist
agent and provocateur, Gustav Pikal.
It is not by coincidence that Pikal, in the issue of July 15, 1949,
under the title, "Depression and the Iron Curtain," blames the Mar-
shall plan for our economic difficulties and, in glowing terms, talks
about the prosperity that he claims can be found today in the coun-
tries of the so-called peoples' democracies, thanks to the Soviet Union.
There are two newspapers that play second fiddle to the Communist
press and parrot the statement of Communist propagandists that
"nothing happened in Czechoslovakia," but that, to the contrary,
everything is rosy and prospering there. They are the monthlies,
Free Czechoslovakia, organ of the remains of the Czech National
374 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Alliance, and the Vek Rozumu, official organ of the Czech Rationalists
of America.
Mr. Dekom. I would like to ask a question. You said that the
newspaper Ludove Noviny is published at 1916 East Street, Pitts-
burgh. Is that not the address at which a number of Communist
Party foreign-language papers are published ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. It is the headquarters of Communist publications in
the Pittsburgh area ?
Mr. Valuchek. Of the foreign-language group, sir.
The most active are the Czech and Slovak sections of the Inter-
national Workers Order. The national president of the Slovak
Workers Order is Karol Korenic and the head of the Czech Workers
Order is Charles Musil, both naturalized American citizens.
Mr. Dekom. Is that the organization that is listed as a Communist
organization by the Attorney General ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. And Charles Musil, is he the financial secretary of the
American Slav Congress ; is it the same man ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes, sir.
Their work is supplemented by the American Slav Congress, in
which both officers hold high office.
The Communists also control and influence the United Czechoslovak
Societies of New York. To counteract the relief work of the Slovak
National Alliance which collected funds for Czechoslovak relief under
the sponsorship of the official relief agency, American Relief for
Czechoslovakia, the Communists and others who cooperated with
them, set up the National Committee to Aid Slovakia, with branches
in Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Chicago branch was headed by Karol
Korenic, the Pittsburgh branch by V. S. Platek. The guiding genius
was Calvin Brook, who acted as secretary. The organization is still
in existence.
Another sad case is that of the Czech National Alliance, whose
president, Adolph Kacer, wrecked that organization due to his stand
on the present situation in Czechoslovakia.
As far as the American Slav Congress is concerned, many of our
good Americans of Czech and Slovak descent were members during
the war, when the organization worked in the lines of our war effort
and supported the United States Government, but when the first
trends of loyalty to Soviet Russia and to communism began appear-
ing, one after another began resigning their membership and severed
all connections with this organization, so that today only real Com-
munists and fellow travelers remain. I have read the report of the
House Committee on Un-American Activities on the American Slav
Congress and I suggest that it check its sources and correct the ma-
terial the report contains in order that countless innocent people
should not be harmed.
Mr. Arens. Were you a member of the American Slav Congress
yourself at one time ?
Mr. Valuchek. No, sir.
Senator O'Conor. Did you ever have access to their meetings, and
attend them and observe and hear what transpired ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes. In my capacity as a newspaperman and, of
course, being head of two Slovak organizations, naturally there was
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 375
considerable pressure put on me for these organizations to join the
American Slav Congress. The Slovak Sokols voted not to join. So
did the Slovak National Alliance. As a matter of fact, it was rather
amusing when I listened to the testimony of Mr. Gunther,1 who was
the former president of the American Slav Congress. He is the one
that put the pressure on us to join the American Slav Congress. Of
course, at that time, as I said in my statement, the organization to all
purposes appeared to be a loyal one.
The third group is agents and collaborators. Just as dangerous,
and perhaps more so, to our way of life, are the agents, collaborators
and fellow travelers. There are two types, those connected, officially
or unofficially, with the Czechoslovak diplomatic service, and the
American citizens, who are in their service.
As to the Czechoslovak diplomatic corps : On October 4 and 5 of
1948, the Czechoslovak National Council of America, a spokesman of
the democratic Czech and Slovak organizations, held its congress in
Chicago. The resolutions committee, of which I happened to be elected
chairman, passed a number of resolutions, affirming our loyalty to
America, our democracy, and our way of life. Among these resolu-
tions was one addressed to the people of Czechoslovakia. I quote from
the resolution :
Americans of Czechoslovak descent, who, with the effective aid of our new
homeland and their Presidents, Wilson and Roosevelt, contributed so much to
the creation of the Czechoslovak Republic and to its liberation from the Nazi
oppression, view with considerable dismay the suppression of civil liberties and
the destruction of democracy in their old country. We are heartbroken by the
destruction of freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and particularly by the
crucifixion of all those who remain loyal to the democratic principles of Masaryk
and Benes. We keenly sympathize and feel with the unfortunate, suffering people
of Czechoslovakia, our brothers and sisters, and we firmly protest against the
introduction of dictatorship, so foreign to the spirit of Czechoslovak history and
the freedom-loving traditions of the Czechoslovak people.
This resolution incensed no less a person than the present Czecho-
slovak Ambassador, Dr. Vladimir Outratra, who wrote each president
of a national organization belonging to the Slovak National Congress
the following letter :
December 15, 1948.
I have received your letter of December 8, which contained the decision of the
convention of the presidents of some Czech and Slovak organizations in America,
held on the 4th and 5th days of this month. In accordance with your wishes
I will transmit the contents of your deliberation to the Government of the
Czecholovak Republic. Although I do not expect the Czechoslovakian Govern-
ment will deem it necessary to take any attitude toward this decision, I think
it could do no harm if I, not as a representative of that Government to the United
States, but more as a honest member of the Czech Nation and a proud citizen of
the Czechoslovak Republic will make a few remarks.
When I read the resolutions of the convention, a question comes to my mind :
Who is speaking these known sentences? According to your letter, they are the
Czech and Slovak organizations ; in other words, somebody else than the humble
American citizens of Czech and Slovak extraction, who themselves, or their fathers
came to this land in order to find a better livelihood and still retain at least some
recollection of the fact that they belong to the Czech or Slovak Nation. Accord-
ing to your letter, they are the people who have a sincere and friendly interest
in the fate of the Czech and Slovak Nation in this moment of their great historic
crisis, who (as you state) actively participated in both movements for the crea-
tion of Czechoslovak Republic, her liberation from the yoke of nazism and who
1 Blair F. Gunther.
376 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
point out to the tradition of two great Presidents of their new country, Woodrow
Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt. According to your resolution, they are
American citizens, who highly value liberty, reject dictatorship, and, in the spirit
of these principles, quite properly (according to your resolution) believe that
the people of Czechoslovakia should have the same rights to arrange their politi-
cal, commercial, social, and cultural life in accordance with their own desires and
necessity. They are the people, who know and who respect (I again quote) "the
spirit of our history and liberty-loving traditions of the Czechoslovak people."
And yet * * * words, in this resolution, concerning our Republic, are worn-
out phrases, which throw dirt upon our peoples' order, which a preponderant
majority of the Czech and Slovak people with such enthusiasm and with such
sacrifices support, those words are well known. * * * I hear them and read
them often, in different versions, but basically they are the same, maybe accord-
ing to the principle of the late Dr. Goebbels, that a lie becomes stronger than
truth if it is repeated often enough. This is the • way Hitler spoke about
Czechoslovakia to his friends, when he planned to occupy our country and ex-
terminate our nation ; this is the way Sudeten German speak about Czecho-
slovakia, when they are making plans to return to Czechoslovakia with foreign
aid and say how they will take revenge upon us, because we moved them out ;
this is the way international munition makers and bankers speak, who try to
bring about a war and destroy the world with atoms ; this is the way the fanatical
enemies of the Slavs speak, who want to give Germans weapons again and raise
them to become the hangmen of our nations ; this is the way the foreign capital-
ists and mine-owners speak, who would like to take from our farmers their
land, our workers their factories, and exploit further our people, as they did
for centuries ; this is the way the emigrant, bankrupt politicians speak, who
have nothing to lose and who are willing to let our beautiful country be destroyed
and who are willing to exterminate her people to the last Czech and Slovak,
as long as a foreign army will with bayonets place them again in their old
jobs ; this is the way Prince Otto von Hapsburg speaks in the circle of his noble
friends, when they dream of the resurrection of the old Austria. Such voices
were also heard in the past. Whenever in history our common people achieved
some success, reactionaries and traitors flooded us with slander and lies ; this
is the way they spoke about the young American Republic. * * * This is the
way all Fascists, Nazis, monarchists, revisionists, anti-Semites, Ku Klux Klans,
Cagoulards, etc., speak, no matter what international reaction is called.
But, humble American citizens, and above all, those of Czech and Slovak
descent, how do they find themselves in such bad company? There could not
be very many among them who would sympathize with nazism, who would want
the Germans to return to Czechoslovakia, who would ask for Germans to be
rearmed against the Slavs, who are desiring war, and who would be willing
to sacrifice Prague and Bratislava, to be destroyed by war, so that somebody
would get back his former estates, factories, and ministerial posts?
It seems that something is out of order. It seems that some people fell prey
to refined and antidemocratic propaganda and that because of lack of true in-
formation or, because of personal prejudices, let themselves be led into a situation
where they are throwing dung into their own nest and serve the enemies of
mankind in .general, as well as the enemies of their nation and their parents.
And only to these people — I mean honest ones — I address this letter. I would
like to pose them a warning question, Do you know in what company you find
yourselves? Do you know what interests you are serving with your slanders
of the Republic and with the insults of the Czechoslovak people and their Gov-
ernment? Why do you permit yourselves to be instigated by the so-called emi-
grees, that is, irresponsible people with selfish interests, who will first misuse
you and then will run away? Do you not think that it would be wiser and decent
to wait with your decision and watch, not to curse, because right now everybody
curses?
The road to Czechoslovakia is wide open to every decent person, either Czech
or Slovak, American or anybody else, whose eyes are not blinded by prejudices
and interests of personal gain. One can personally discover how the Czecho-
slovak people live and work, what type of a government they have, what they
like, and what they are trying to do. The Czechoslovak people are working
feverishly to build a new and more just social order, and value every expression
of sympathy, and will remember all those who, in this difficult historical period,
will display their friendship, but will not forget insults, either.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 377
I wish, Mr. President, that you and the members of your organization would
as soon as possible, completely unsnare yourselves from the trap of propaganda,
so diabolically inimical to the Czech and Slovak people.
I remain,
(Signed) Dr. Vladimir Outeata.
Mr. Dekom. Do you have a copy of that letter ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes.
Senator O'Conor. I was going to ask one or two questions about it.
You have completed the reading of the letter ; have you I
Mr. Valuchek. Yes.
Senator O'Conor. You have stated that it was transmitted to the
presidents of different organizations.
Mr. Valuchek. National organizations.
Senator O'Conor. Can you tell us in what number, or approximately
the number, or indicate the extent of circulation ?
Mr. Valuchek. About five. There are five national organizations,
and each president received that.
Senator O'Conor. Of what combined membership would you think
the five would be?
Mr. Valuchek. Probably in the vicinity of about 100,000.
Mr. Dekom. May we receive this letter as exhibit 2 \
Senator O'Conor. Yes, and it will be so marked.
(The document referred to was marked "Valuchek Exhibit 2" and
is included in the files of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Valuchek. I do not quote this letter as a sample of the diplo-
mats of the so-called people's democracies, but I do charge that the
Czechoslovak Ambassador overstepped the bounds of his rights and
responsibilities, not only as a diplomat but as a guest of the United
States, by his abuse of American citizens, loyal to American democracy,
and by a direct threat to Americans who enjoy all democratic freedoms,
even that of expression.
Among the other agents, I would like to mention the following:
Dr. Ervin Munk. When Munk was sent to the United States,1 there
was quite a number of protests from American Czechoslovaks toward
his appointment.
Zdenek Palma, now consul in Pittsburgh; Helen Vrabel, Pauline
Svobodova, in Washington, and Emil Zerman-Zuckerman. Zdenek
Palma and Frantisek Vrba particularly deserve special mention. On
March 7, 1949, the eastern division of the Czechoslovak National
Council, as was customary, held a Masaryk celebration in the Bohemian
National Hall in New York City. The speakers were to be Hon. J. J.
Bennett, deputy mayor of New York City, Hon. John Gibson, Under
Secretary of Labor, and, from the Czechoslovak side, Dr. P. Zenkl,
the president of the Council of Free Czechoslovakia, and Dr. Jan
Papanek, the secretary of that organization. We also had on our
program Mr. Petrak,2 a well-known Slovak singer, who left Czecho-
slovakia not long ago, and is under contract to the management of
City Center in New York City.
The Czechoslovak Communists of New York tried to break up the
celebration with all means at their command, but without success.
So they planned their own on March 1 in the same hall. Mr. Vrba
1 As counselor to the Czechoslovak Embassy.
2 Rudolf Petrak.
378 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES EST ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
used pressure and threats in order to force Mr. Petrak off our pro-
gram and to sing instead at the Communist affair. I have a copy of
the letter which I would like to introduce in evidence, which was sent
to Mr. Petrak.
Mr. Petrak : After I returned from my recent trip to Czechoslovakia, I learned
about the attitude you took in connection with your appearance at the January
Exposition of Czechoslovak Industries in New York.
Later, I heard that you refused to appear at the celebration of the birth of
T. G. Masaryk, sponsored by the United Czechoslovak Societies of New York
and held in the presence of the Ambassador, Dr. Outrata, and our consulate.
And, to make it worse, I read in the New Yorske Listy of February 27 that
you will sing at the affair of the Zenkls, Papaneks, and other emigrants.
I do not write to you to debate with you; if one little speck of conscience
remains with you, you will bitterly regret the fact that you placed your career
before your own nation.
But I would like to remind you of our conversations of last spring and summer.
You know well what our consulate did, in order that we might accommodate
you in the case of your wife. You agreed with me about those people who left
and who use the good offices of our country in order that they might work
against our government and our country.
I bring this to your attention at this time, when you took your first step on
the side of Zenkls and Papaneks, on the road of shame and treason to the people
of your land.
If you do not have shame enough to stop on this road, I am ashamed of you.
I compare our talks with those of last year with your present action, and I see
that you are no different from other emigrants, on whose side is lie.
It is sad that you have done this for the first time due to circumstances in con-
nection with a man, whose motto was "Truth will prevail."
Fbantisek Vrba.
Mr. Dekom. In other words, this official of the Czechoslovak Gov-
ernment, Mr. Vrba, brought pressure on a person in this country to
dissociate himself from an anti-Communist organization or a non-
Communist organization.
Mr. Valuchek. That is right. Of course, the threats did not work,
and Mr. Petrak, after considerable harassment and pressure, did sing,
as he wished, at the celebration sponsored by the democratic element,
held in a democratic tradition.
The main speakers at the Communist celebration, sponsored by the
United Czechoslovak Societies of New York, were Dr. Outrata and
Professor Marsalka,1 whose record is familiar to this committee.
Frantisek Vrba, another member of the consulate, travels very often
between the United States and Czechoslovakia. He also attended
special training last year, which lasted 6 months, in Communist tech-
nique and work in Czechoslovakia.
Helen Vrabel is one of the chiefs of the Czechoslovak consulate gen-
eral, with tremendous influence, even though she is an American citi-
zen by birth and was the former national president of the Slovak
Workers Order. She was defeated at the last convention by Karol
Korenic, and now holds a post as national vice president in that
organization.
Janette Feder, another member and employee of the Czechoslovak
consulate, is the wife of the writer for the Daily Worker, Mr. Sillen.2
Mr. Emil Zerman, a naturalized American citizen, acts as an agent
for the Czechoslovak consulate, bringing them reports about current
1 Prof. J. M. Marsalka, "dropped from the teaching staff" of Tale University as of June
30. 1949, New York Times, April 12, 1949, p. 4, cl. 5.
2 Samuel Sillen.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 379
happenings in the so-called Czech district of New York and particu-
larly among those unfortunate refugees who had to flee from the Com-
munist terror in Czechoslovakia.
Senator O'Conor. Is there any doubt about that? You said you
believed.
Mr. Valuchek. He is a naturalized citizen. I believe that he is a
naturalized citizen.
Senator O'Conor. All right.
Mr. Valuchek. I am almost sure that he is.
Senator O'Conor. I wanted to make it plain that you are not
doubting.
Mr. Valuchek^ This statement is true. The only thing I believe
that he is a naturualized American citzen.
Senator O'Conor. I so understood, but I wanted to see exactly what
you were qualifying. That is all right. Proceed.
Mr. Valuchek. Perhaps this incident might be amusing, but its
implications are serious. Last year, Mr. John Kijovsky, a member of
the Czechoslovak consulate in New York City, called the editors of the
New Yorske Listy, a Czech daily in New York, and attacked them for
spreading lies about the people's democracy x of Czechoslovakia. Hp
claimed that they libeled the Government by printing a story that
several nuns were executed in Slovakia, which he claimed could not
happen. The editors checked the story and discovered that Mr. Ki-
jovsky made an error. He read wrong. Instead of Slovakia, the story
mentioned Slovenia (part of Yugoslavia) — something Mr. Kijovsky
in his zeal to protect the people's democracy of Czechoslovakia mis-
read.
The American Sokol Organization and the Slovak Gymnastic Union
Sokol are patriotic and democratic American organizations. They
• have contributed much to the material and physical development of the
United States, both being cited for the work in the field of physical
education. These organizations planned to send a strong delegation to
attend the Sokol Slet, which was to be held in Prague in July 1948.
However, after the tragic death of one of the most beloved sons of that
unfortunate land 2 and after the destruction of Czechoslovakia's de-
mocracy, both Sokol organizations canceled all their plans and called
on' the tour.
This was a great blow to the present regime, and thus counter-
measures had to be taken. They could not prevail upon the Sokols to
go ; so, the}^ enlisted two individuals, Karol Korenic and Adolph Kacer,
to lead delegations to the Sokol Slet, which, same as the Sokol organ-
ization in Czechoslovakia, was taken over and controlled by the
Communists.
Karol Korenic led a delegation of the Slovak Workers Order,
toured Czechoslovakia, made speeches praising the regime and damned
the leaders of the American Sokol. He also attended the interna-
tional congress of the so-called Czechoslovak Foreign Institute,
held in July 1948 in the auditorium of the faculty of philosophy of
the Charles University. He claimed that he represented the Amer-
ican Czechs and Slovaks and stated that "the ordinary Americans of
1 "People's democracy" is a euphemistic term applied by Communists to their form of
dictatorship.
President Ednard Benes.
98330 — 50— pt. 1 25
380 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Czechs and Slovaks had nothing in common with their leaders" and
that "they are thankful to Czechoslovak people for their heroic strug-
gle in February, when they rid themselves of the mistakes of the
past."
Mr. Dekom. What is the significance of that date in February ?
Mr. Valuchek. In February the Communists took over the Czecho-
slovak Government.
Mr. Dekom. That was February 8th, was it not?
Mr. Valuchek. That is correct, February 8th.
Adolph Kacer led the delegation of the Czech National Alliance, a
remnant of a once great organization, which he destroyed. The
Czechoslovak press in Czechoslovakia, under the title "We do not train
our bodies for Truman," stated :
Brxo (VO). — On Monday Adolph Kacer, the president of the Czech National
Alliance, who left New York several days ago, arrived in Brno. Because the
American Sokol Organization refused to participate in the Slet, Kacer informed
the newspapermen that the Czech National Alliance took over this duty and will
try to bring a strong delegation of American Czechs to the old country. Kacer
refuted the propaganda of the ill-famed Dr. Papanek against Czechoslavakia.
* * * Kacer does not believe in war. A great number of American youth,
particularly soldiers of the front age, are against war. During the exhibition
of a large Sokol assembly, Kacer stated : "We do not train our bodies for
Truman."
But even this did not change the spirit nor the attitude of the Czecho-
slovak Sokols. They knew that the American Sokols are not coming,
and they knew why. As a result, when they marched on that great field
of the Strahov Stadium, in Prague, in defiance of the Government
leaders who were present in full force, forbidden American flags ap-
peared all over the field, provoking wild demonstrations for the United
States and for our American way of life.
Another former editor of the Ludovy Dennik, now Ludove Noviny,
needs mention, and that is Rudo Martanovic, who, although a natural-
ized American citizen, is now in Czechoslovakia as a member of the
Czechoslovak Parliament, president of a district board, and who writes
articles appearing in that newspaper attacking United States Ameri-
cans of Slovak descent who support our way of life.
The Communist agents in New York City try to intimidate the mer-
chants in the so-called Czech district by organizing boycotts against
them for their antipeople's attitude and by threats of reprisals
against their loved ones in Czechoslovakia. Since about one-sixth of
the total population of Czechoslovakia is in the United States, there is
hardly a single family that does not have relatives overseas. One can
imagine how strong this threat can be, if not checked.
Besides, the Czechoslovak Government owns and controls a number
of corporations in the United States. For example, the Centroglass,
of which the manager is Mr. Rudolfo, a man applying for American
citizenship. These corporations are in the complete service of the
Czechoslovak Government, and the American citizens heading those
corporations are nothing but dummies, carrying out orders of their
Communist bosses.
The statements made by the Czechoslovak diplomatic representa-
tives, by the leaders, or the editors in their newspapers, serve two pur-
poses : One, to confuse the American reader and to win him over ;
second, to serve as a sounding board for Czechoslovakia. These Com-
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 381
munist newspapers are circulated in Czechoslovakia to create the false
impression that these statements are made in the United States and
thus are the opinions of many Americans. Thus, they help strengthen
the Communist cause.
The Americans of Czechoslovak descent are and have been sorely
tested and pressured, not only by the Communists; but the Fascists
have tried to win them over.
Some were lost. Hitler, in carving Slovakia out of Czechoslovakia,
tried a diabolical scheme to win over the Slovaks. He put Joseph Tiso
at the head of the so-called Slovak state. He and his henchmen, like
Karol Sidor, Koneta Culen, F. Durciansky, Dr. Hrusovsky, Dr. Kraj-
covic,1 and others, tried hard during World War II to influence Amer-
ican Slovaks to fight for the so-called Slovak state, even though this
artificial state on Hitler's orders declared war against the United
States. But they have failed. The Slovak League of America was
fostering Tiso and his program. Its leaders, like the late Joseph
Husek, Dr. Peter Hletko, Philip Hrobak, Bosak, and others, still rant
about Tiso and his Nazi-created state, but a few pay attention to them.
Americans of Czech and Slovak descent felt proud of the United
States Army for its mighty victory over Hitler's Germany, and were
glad to all Quislings, all Tisos, met their just reward, as war criminals
before the justice of the Allied tribunals.
Americans of Czechoslovak descent today also are proud of our
American democracy, our way of life, knowing full well that, if we
were successful against the Nazi threat to our democratic institu-
tions, we as Americans, united and strong, will successfully meet all
challenges and that we will point the way to a better life, free of
hatreds, of animosities, of good will, of democracy, justice, and free-
dom to all mankind.
I would like to make one additional statement; that is, about the
Czechoslovak political refugees. We have quite a number in America.
Some of them served in the Czechoslovak diplomatic force, and some
of them fled to the United States. They are helping us a great deal.
We are proud of the contribution that they are making in our fight
against communism, and we hope that many of them will come, par-
ticularly those who are political leaders of the former democratic
Czechoslovakia. We would really be happy if some way could be
found that these people could come and tell us their story. They
would be sent to the mining communities and some of the other com-
munities in which the Communists are trying to get a stronghold.
Senator O'Conor. You mean would come under what auspices?
Mr. Valuchek. Under the Displaced Persons Act, if some provi-
sion would be made for these people to come and give us a hand in
this fight.
Senator O'Coxor. Right in that connection, do you consider that
the machinery that is set up is sufficiently protective to give assurance
to the American people that, by the advent of such individuals as you
now mention, they could be admitted without great risk that many
more of the undesirable kind to which you also have made reference
would find it possible to enter the country ?
1 Ambassador Karol Sidor ; Constantin Culen, Member of Parliament and government
spokesman ; F. Durfiansky, Minister of Foreign Affairs ; Franti§ek HruSovsky, Member
of Parliament and official historian ; Vojtech KrajeoviC, official of the National Bank.
382 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Valuciiek. I believe so.
Senator O'Conor. Will you just amplify on that slightly and say
why you think so?
Mr. Valuciiek. Of course, it is very easy to check, because Czecho-
slovakia is a small country. We know who were the political leaders
who fought against communism. I think there would not be too
much difficulty in admitting those people. They are faced with one
difficulty, and that is this : They don't qualify as farmers. They don't
qualify as workers, because most of them are highly educated, have
degrees, lawyers, or other professions of that type. They are having
considerable difficulty meeting the requirements of the Displaced Per-
sons Act.
Mr. Arens. Under the present law, there is a provision for a group
of these Czechoslovakians to the extent of about 2,000 ; is there not ?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes. The only thing that hurts them is the fact
that they must qualify as to date; and, you see, the Czechoslovak
democracy fell in 1948 and these people began fleeing after February
1948. It meant that they could not — most of them could not qualify.
That is, under that act.
Senator O'Conor. You think the date set virtually nullifies the prin-
cipal intent?
Mr. Valuchek. That is right.
Senator O'Conor. And really excludes those who would be most
desirable to have as being the antidote to such Communist under-
takings.
Mr. Valuchek. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Valuchek, you made reference in your statement
concerning the persecution of certain church people, which one of the
Communist officials defended. Is it not a fact that we now know
that the Czechoslovak Communist government is persecuting the
churches and is destroying and murdering the clergy?
Mr. Valuchek. Yes; they are. Of course, the classic example is
that of Archbishop Joseph Beran.
Mr. Dekom. And he actually fought against the Nazis.
Mr. Valuchek. Yes. He has quite a career. He was very coura-
geous during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. He refused to
bow before the Nazis; and, as a result of that, they made him clean
the streets of Prague, which he did. He was in the concentration
camp and was saved by the American Army. He is a very simple
and courageous man, a man of very humble origin. Today he is in
the forefront fighting the Communists. The Communists are smarter
than they were in Hungary. Probably, they will not use the same
methods to try to destroy him, as you know they did not arrest him
yet. But he is so limited in his actions that it is just as effective as
if they had placed him in jail.
Mr. Arens. Have you had occasion in the course of the last several
years to be in Czechoslovakia ?
Mr. Valuchek. No, sir.
Mr. Dekom. We asked you a little while ago if you had ever been
a member of the American Slav Congress, and you replied "No."
Did you have any objection to our asking that question ?
Mr. Valuchek. No, sir. I don't see any reason. I have nothing
to hide. I am a loyal American citizen.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 383
Mr. Dekom. Would you have any objection to saying whether or
not you have been a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Valuchek. No, sir. I never was and never will be.
Mr. Dekom. Do you have any objection to answering that question?
Mr. Valuchek. No, sir; I do not, Of course, I suppose some of
the Communists have. I don't know why, why they should be ashamed
of their beliefs, just as we are not ashamed of our beliefs. But, if
they are, there must be certain reasons why they are ashamed of their
beliefs. I have seen some of the testimony or read some of the testi-
mony, and it seems that that is a question that they always like to
evade. To me, as an American citizen, I can't see why they should
refuse to answer that question. If they believe in those principles,
they should admit it.
Senator O 'Conor. And, yet, it is a part of their creed to deny it,
and they are authorized to deny it at any time the question is asked.
Mr. Valuchek. To me, that is the great mystery.
Senator O'Conor. Well, Mr. Valuchek, we are very much obliged
to you for your testimony, and it will be, of course, carefully recorded
and placed before the entire committee. We are grateful to you.
Mr. Valuchek. Thank you very much.
Senator O'Conor. With that, we will recess.
. (Thereupon at 3 : 20 p. m., a recess was taken.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
THURSDAY, JULY 28, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 : 40 a. m., in room 424
of the Senate Office Building, Senator Pat McCarran (chairman)
presiding.
Also present : Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
The Chairman. The subcommittee will be in order.
TESTIMONY OF J. ANTHONY MARCUS, PRESIDENT, THE INSTITUTE
OP FOREIGN TRADE
Mr. Arens. The witness today, Senator, is Mr. J. Anthony Marcus.
Mr. Marcus, will you kindly stand and raise your right hand and be
sworn ?
The Chairman. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about
to give before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary
of the United States Senate will be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Marcus. I do.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Marcus, will you kindly identify yourself by resi-
dence, occupation, and background?
Mr. Marcus. My name is Joseph Anthony Marcus, president of the
Institute of Foreign Trade, 535 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The
institute is a private organization to advise American firms in their
foreign-trade work : exports and imports.
Mr. Arens. Would you tell us a word about your background ?
Mr. Marcus. I came to this country in 1910 from Russia as a young
immigrant boy, with the munificent sum of $14.28 and three English
words in my vocabulary. Starting in an iron and steel plant, by the
end of the third year I was in the United States Immigration Service as
interpreter at Galveston, Tex.
Upon securing American citizenship, I passed the Civil Service
Commission examination and was engaged by the FBI in Chicago.
Having contemplated a foreign-trade career, I went to the Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
The Chairman. How long were you with the FBI ?
385
386 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Marcus. I was there a short time, because I really had passed
the examination for the commercial attache's service; and, when an
opportunity presented itself in the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, I came here in January of 1917.
The Chairman. I see.
Mr. Marcus. During the war, in 1918, I was borrowed by the Sec-
retary of Labor as special- agent. I conducted investigations on the
prospective emigration from the United States to the various eastern
European countries. Then I was sent to Puerto Rico. My report on
labor conditions in Puerto Rico was published in 1920, and it at-
tracted Nation-wide attention.
In 1920, I resigned from the Department of Commerce and went
as the first American relief director to Russia. From there, I was
sent to Hungary — from the "Red terror'' to the "White terror." For
4 years, I was relief and rehabilitation director in Poland. Latvia,
and Lithuania, building houses, organizing banks, and rehabilitating
the economy of those countries.
Immediately thereafter, I entered the service of the American Hair
& Felt Co., in Chicago as their buyer in Russia and the whole of
Europe. Subsequent to that, I represented the Studebaker Corp.
in Russia and eastern European countries. Following that, I was
connected with the American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp.
as their director of the U. S. S. R. department.
Throughout the years, I have visited the Soviet Union on many
occasions. I speak not only Russian but a great many of the other
languages in that country.
The Chairman. Where, in Russia, were your born ?
Mr. Marcus. I was born in Brest-Litovsk — I call it the "famous
city where the infamous peace was sighed" — and was educated and
brought up in Saratov on the Volga.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Marcus, in the course of your business career and
your career as an employee or official of this Government, have you
had occasion to come in contact with the organization known as
Amtorg ?
Mr. Marcus. To a certain extent with the Amtorg. In 1933, I was
appointed as foreign-trade adviser here in Washington. I was at-
tached to the AAA and the RFC. During that time, I had some
contact with the Amtorg, but my contact with Amtorg predated that
period. I had already been in the Soviet Union a great deal and had,
naturally, always been referred to the Amtorg, because that is the
Soviet Government foreign-trade monopoly outpost in the United
States.
Mr. Arens. What is Amtorg ? Would you describe it ?
Mr. Marcus. Amtorg was incorporated in the State of New York
in 1921. There was only one American citizen, of Russian birth, act-
ing as a member of the board of directors. It is a company wholly
owned by the Soviet Government.
The Chairman. Is "Amtorg" a combination of initials?
Mr. Marcus. American Trading Corp.
Mr. Arens. What is Amtorg; what is its purpose, and what does
it do in this country ?
Mr. Marcus. It is the "eye" of the needle through which the Ameri-
can corporations, both on the buying and selling end, must go if
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 387
they want to carry on any transactions with the Soviet Union. They
have always had a staff to attend to the technical work, but the actual
buying" and selling is done by so-called buying commissions, which
come and go. Those so-called buying commissions represent the
various industries of Russia.
For instance, a commission will arrive representing the heavy
industries. They are looking for some equipment in America, rolling
mills or the like. When they arrived here, they set up offices in the
Amtorg headquarters and they are given cards as representing such-
and-such an industry in Russia, under the Amtorg. Then contacts
are made for them with the respective industries. They travel far
and wide, visit plants, laboratories. A great many of them carry
photographic apparatus, as I have had many occasions to see.
For instance, I was traveling, when I was with the American
Radiator & Standard Sanitary, with an engineer called Remizov.
We came to the Trenton plant of the Standard Sanitary Corp., and he
was interested in seeing how we make vitreous china. He immediately
flashed out his photographic apparatus. I said, "No, hold on; no
photographing here."
They come under the pretext of buying. But when they do actually
buy, they buy only samples, in order, in violation of the patent rights,
to copy them in the Soviet Union.
I have here, for instance, a photostat of a report. When the com-
mission returns to Russia, they write a report, and many times it is
published in the newspapers. In that report, Malkov, the chairman
of the commission, and Myasnikov, the chief engineer of the glass
project (remember, this commission had come to America with the
idea of buying equipment for the glass industry; in reality they
represented the manufacturing plants producing machinery for the
glass industry) , stated :
We secured more than 7,000 shop drawings —
he does not say how, by hook or by crook —
of the latest machinery and mechanisms for the equipping of our factories.
Then follows the specific machinery which will be used.
All these machines will be manufactured —
the report said —
by our industries and installed in our new glass plants. We also purchased new
machines. One of the two machines we purchased is to be installed in [such-
and-such] a factory.
In other words, they bought samples and secured the shop drawings.
Mr. Arens. Now, Mr. Marcus, how many people are brought into
this country as affiliates of this trading corporation of the Russians?
Mr. Marcus. There were times when there were hundreds of them
roaming around this country. They were visiting various plants and
factories. For instance, I will give you a little example: In 1937,
I was in the National Hotel in Moscow, when Bogdanov, the former
chairman of the Amtorg (whom I had known for many years), tele-
phoned that he wanted to see me. An engineer by the name of
Shevelev was to go to the United States. I said, "What for?" And
he replied : "To buy equipment for the industries manufacturing bath-
tubs, air-conditioning, heating, and ventilating."
388 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
He proceeded to the United States before I left, and when I ar-
rived here I found that he had already visited a great many plants.
He was particularly interested in the making of seamless tubes, and
pipes. They wanted to copy our methods. Mr. Shevelev never bought
a dollar's worth of equipment in the United States. He got his infor-
mation and went back to his country a happy man, probably to be
promoted.
The Chairman. How much travel did he do in the United States ?
Mr. Marcus. He spent 2 months here, and he went from coast to
coast.
Mr. Arens. What kind of visas do these people have who come here
under the auspices of Amtorg ?
Mr. Marcus. I understand that they secure visas very readily, with-
out much difficulty. There is no way, for instance, of finding out
who they are or what they are. They are all Communists. If they
were not, they would not be sent to this country, obviously, except
in rare instances where the Soviet Government might send a very
great scientist or engineer who, in his heart, is probably anti-Commu-
nist. But then, they have his wife and children over there as hos-
tages ; so he naturally has to behave.
Air. Arens. What is the subject of your dissertation here this
morning ?
Mr. Marcus. The subject is something that has been close to my
heart for a great many years. I have been witnessing this filching
of American technological know-how over a period of 25 years, and
I became very hot under the collar early last year when I visited
an editor of a leading magazine and told him that I had been wanting
to do an article on the subject of Soviet industrial espionage in Amer-
ica, not to bolster myself but to put our people on guard. And, to
show you how imperative it is to put our people on guard, may I
tell you this experience : This editor said, "Go ahead and write it."
After writing it, they said, "Well, we have been told by some Gov-
ernment agency that it would not be advisable to needle the Russians."
Mr. Dekom. What agency was that ?
Mr. Marcus. He told me that an official of the State Department
had told him not to needle the Russians, and so my article was rejected.
Finally, Mr. Don Levine,1 editor of Plain Talk magazine, published it.
Shortly after its publication, I ran into Mr. Lammot du Pont in the
Waldorf-Astoria during the National Association of Manufacturers
convention last December. He said, "Marcus why get 'het' up about it ?
Let the Russians steal our technological know-how. They won't know
what to do with it anyway."
When I asked him where he got that misinformation, he said a friend
of his had sent his executive vice president to Russia in 1933 or 1934
and he gave him that information, that they can go ahead and take
all of our technological information but they won't know what to do
with it.
Now, Mr. Chairman, I have seen the Russians' industrial develop-
ment rise from the ashes of the First World War, the civil war, and the
famine of 1921 to 1923. I have been to places in 1922 and 1925 when
there wasn't a pump to be had. T walked into a tannery in Kharkov
1 Isaac Don Levine.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 389
and saw the way they were drying cattle hair. I was at that time
bii3Ter of cattle hair for the American Hair & Felt Co.
I said, "Why, I won't buy that hair for any price." They were dry-
ing it in the sand. I said, "Build an inclined table of common boards
and you will be able to dry it in the sun." They said, "Where are we
going to get the boards ? " Mind you, with all of the forests in the world
in Russia, the richest country in the world in forestry, not to have
boards. Just to give you an illustration, they had no machinery what-
ever for the processing of hair.
But look at them today. "Whereas in 1933-34 there wasn't a single
airplane, a single submarine, army tank, turbogenerator, or one of the
thousand and more items of equipment of their own manufacture
which the country has today; they have learned from stealing our
technological know-how.
When men of such vital corporations like the du Pont Co. can harbor
such erroneous notions — and I don't blame the man, he has never been
there and he has never had personal contact with them — how many
thousands of other executives in the United States harbor such ridic-
ulous notions ? Is it any wonder that the Russians can come over here
and get away with murder ?
Now, this has been broadcast in the United States, that "Why, of
course, let them take it ; they won't know what to do with it anyway."
For instance, I was in a factory in Hamilton, Ohio, late in 1939, and
I saw a huge machine, about 252 feet long, for the boring of howitzers
from both sides.
Mr. Arexs. Those are guns ?
Mr. Marcus. Yes; they are huge guns, up to 22 inches in diameter.
Three engineers were there from Russia witnessing the manufacturing
of that machine.
Mr. Arens. Were these men brought in as affiliates of Amtorg?
Mr. Marcus. That is right; brought in under the Amtorg because
the contract was signed with Amtorg. And these men were sent in,
not local residents, but thej represented the arms manufacturing
branch of the Soviet Government.
The Chairman. Where was this machine that you saw ?
Mr. Marcus. In the plant of the General Machinery Corp., Hamil-
ton, Ohio.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Marcus. Now, I was there by accident, on some other business,
and I talked to those engineers. From the day the first casting was
made, they had several sets of those engineers come and go.
The Chairman. Russian engineers?
_ Mr. Marcus. Yes ; in order to learn the process of manufacturing
similar machines over in Russia.
The Chairman. How did those engineers get in here ?
Mr. Marcus. They secured visas telling the American Embassy in
Moscow that they were coming in connection with the contracts which
they placed with the American corporation.
The Chairman. How much time did they put in in this country,
if you know ?
Mr. Marcus. From the beginning of the construction of the machine
until it was packed and shipped.
The Chairman. Well, the machine was packed and shipped?
390 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Marcus. Shipped, and tliey took along with them also all of the
technological know-how, the blueprints and the shop drawings.
Now, this is an important thing. When an American manufacturer
wants to buy textile machinery, for example, all he is interested in is,
"Will the machine work?" and he is not interested in the technology
incident to the construction of the machine. But when a Russian
firm — a Russian branch of the monopoly economy — places an order in
the United States, they insist upon the shop drawings and the blue-
prints.
I want to give you another illustration. Here is a photostat which
I shall be very glad to leave with you for the record. While in
Moscow in 1937, representing the American Radiator & Standard
Sanitary Corp., they tried to get information from me. They invited
me to deliver a lecture to the leading engineers of that industry. They
expected to get some information ; and, instead of that, I delivered a
pep talk on the superiority of American equipment. So, failing that,
they gave me a banquet before my departure, thinking that under the
influence of liquor I would talk. And, since I am a teetotaler, they
were under the table and I got information out of them, but I didn't
give them anything.
Failing in the second attempt, the director of the industry sent this
letter to me. In this letter he asks for photographs, blueprints of all
the equipment which our companies made and, going a step further,
he wrote: "Also, blueprints and photographs of the machinery used
in the manufacture of the equipment."
Mr. Arens. Mr. Marcus, have you undertaken to do anything about
this from the standpoint of stopping this industrial espionage ?
Mr. Marcus. Reading in the papers recently that a number of
American firms were being prosecuted by the Department of Justice
for monopolistic activities — and I am against monopoly in all forms
because I believe that our liberties can and will be destroyed, either by
private monopoly or by governmental monopoly — I wrote to the De-
partment of Justice, to the Attorney General, and I suggested the
thought that it seemed to me unfair that native American corporations
.should be prosecuted for monopolistic activities and a foreign govern-
ment should be allowed to come here and practice monopoly on an
unprecedented scale.
Mr. Dekom. Through an American corporation ?
Mr. Marcus. Like the Amtorg Trading Corp.
I received a letter some 3 weeks ago, saying that "inasmuch as it
is a foreign government operation, we cannot do anything about it."
I am not a legal person, and I presume that they do not have the nec-
essary legislation. Maybe it would be a good idea for the Congress
of the United States to give them legislation to handle matters of this
kind. I think it is particularly imperative now, because until 1945, the
conclusion of the war, we had only one foreign trade monopoly of the
Soviet order with an Amtorg here. Now we have foreign trade monop-
olies in Czechoslovakia, in Poland, in Rumania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia,
and all of the rest of the Soviet satellite countries.
Mr. Arens. You mean to imply that each of the iron curtain coun-
tries will send its trade representatives here ?
Mr. Marcus. Definitely.
Mr. Arens. For industrial espionage?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 391
Mr. Marcus. Definitely.
Mr. Arens. May I invite your attention now, Mr. Marcus, to your
prepared statement, with particular reference here to the Amtorg Corp.
Then you will be at liberty to present the other parts of your prepared
statement.
Mr. Marcus, I wanted to bring out one more fact with reference to
the Amtorg.
In 1938 one of our subsidiaries of the American Radiator & Stand-
ard Sanitary Corp. was manufacturing oil-refining equipment for
Russia. The engineers would always come to inspect the process of
manufacturing in groups. "While one would inspect the manufac-
turing, others would roam around the shop and try to pick up
whatever they could. Shortly before the shipment was made, one
of ,fhe engineers invited me to lunch, and he was unusually solicitous.
When we came back to the office, he said to me, "I would like very much
to get some information from you about the heat exchangers used in
the oil-refining equipment." I said, "Well, I would not be able to?
remember what you want, so write it down." Here is the original in
his own handwriting, and the name of the engineer is P. S. Koulagin.
Here is what he wanted : He wanted to know what material we used
for the canal entrances in pipe bundles and also "changes in specifica-
tions of material depending upon the working temperature and pres-
sure; limits of application of grade cast iron, alloyed cast iron, copper,
steel, and so on; changes in specifications according to liquids or vapors
that pass through it; the influence of passing liquids upon the metal
of the pipes, water, acids, ammonia, sulfuric products, and so on;
methods of protecting the body of the heat exchangers from corro-
sion ;" and much more.
Now, why was this so important to him ? While in the Soviet Union,
a couple of the engineers of the oil-refining industry confided to me
that, out of the 38 oil-refining plants, 31 were obsolete. They were
sorely in need of that equipment.
The Chairman". When was this incident ?
Mr. Marcus. This particular incident was in 1037.
The Chairman. Well, now, since that time they have had access to
the German oil-refining plants, have they not?
Mr. Marcus. Ours is the best, ours is the most advanced. They
used to lose millions of tons of gasoline through evaporation because
they didn't have proper storage facilities. Their oil-refining equip-
ment was produced with the antiquated Winkler-Koch system.
Mr. Arens. How many of these persons are in the United States or
come into the United States over any given period, just from Amtorg,
if you know \
Mr. Marcus. It rises and falls. In 1936, for example, there was in
this country the Minister, at that time, of the Food Industries, and
until recently Minister of Foreign Trade, Anastassy I. Mikoyan. He
has been kicked upstairs in recent months. He came here with a whole
entourage of engineers, and they visited a great many of the industries
manufacturing food machinery. I can tell you that I personally sold
them a machine for the manufacture of paper cartons for milk.
They bought only one machine, and with that machine we had to
give them all of the technological know-how. Of course, I made them
pay through the nose. But the experiences of a great many firms like,
392 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN A\JEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
for instance, the very big corporations, have been different. A repre-
sentative of one of these firms came to my chief, the chairman of the
board of American Radiator Corp., Mr. Clarence M. Woolley. He
called me in and said :
Here is the head of a very large corporation. He has had difficulty with the
Amtorg ; he has sent his engineers to Russia ; he has received engineers from
Russia in his plants ; he has given them all the information they asked for ; and
no orders have followed.
So I was asked to look into the matter. I interviewed the engineers
who had been to Russia for that company. I asked them how they
went about answering their inquiries, and they showTed me volumes of
blueprints and processes that they had revealed to them. I said : "You
will never get a penny's worth of orders from them. You have given
them all the technological information they wanted, and why should
they place orders with you?" *
This is not an isolated case. This has happened to thousands of
American corporations, and this is going to happen to many more
now that the satellite countries have set up similar foreign-trade
monopolies, unless we take action or unless we erase such erroneous
notions as that held by my good friend, Mr. Lammot du Pont.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information respecting the pilfering of
patent rights by the Russians ?
Mr. Marcus. That is an easy matter. I have seen many engineers
in the Amtorg offices. They used to get the Patent Office's monthly
publication regularly, and they had local people, who knew English
well, to scan them very carefully. From those they would naturally
take out whatever they thought was of importance to them, and then
buy a copy, buy a sample of that equipment and copy it over there,
without any regard to patent rights.
I found libraries in Moscow and in Leningrad especially devoted
to collecting catalogs of American industrial firms. Every industrial
firm, practically, in America has been getting postal cards and letters
asking them to send their catalogs. They have thousands and untold
thousands of them in those libraries. Because our catalog writers are
not accustomed yet to dealing with a vicious monopoly like the Soviet
Union, they prepare catalogs giving very detailed information regard-
ing their machines, equipment, and processes. When an American
company official reads it he is not going to violate the patent rights.
But over in Russia the abundance of information given in our indus-
trial catalogs is of great value to the totalitarian filchers who have no
morals or ethics.
Mr. Arens. Now, I invite your attention to your prepared state-
ment, in which I understand you elaborate and specify in greater
detail the material which you have been discussing here in your oral
statement.
Mr. Marcus. I hope that you will grant me the opportunity to read
a few statements that I have made preparatory to entering this thing,
because it is a very important item to me.
Mr. Arens. You mean the introductory background part of your
statement ?
Mr. Marcus. Yes.
Allow me to thank you for the privilege of coming here to testify
in connection with Senate bill 1832, introduced by Senator Pat
McCarran.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 393
What makes this bill imperative at this moment? For more than
three decades a Red plague has been raging on this globe. Modern
means of transportation and communication have made its invasion
and infection of the unthinking or mentally deranged men and women
of this country a comparatively easy matter. It has already caused
considerable annoyance and economic losses to our people. It prom-
ises a great deal more damage in the future unless checked in time.
It is therefore to be hoped that the bill under discussion here will help
check the infection emanating from the diseased mentalities of the
Kremlin occupants.
Before discussing the bill and offering a few suggestions for its im-
provements, it might be well to answer the question: Why am I
here ?
I am here, Mr. Chairman, because I owe an eternal debt to this
country, as do many millions more immigrants. I came here from
Czarist Russia as a lonely immigrant boy in 1910, seeking the freedom,
economic and educational opportunities which were denied to me in
the country of my birth. Over there, young as I was, I was willing
and ready to lay my life down to gain such opportunities. Here in
America they were mine for the mere asking and on equal terms with
the native-born citizens. Within 4 years after landing here with the
munificent fortune of $14.28, with an English vocabulary of three
words — "street" and "hurry up'' — I not only made my way from
modest beginnings in industrial plants to a post in the United States
Immigration Service but had managed to save up money to bring over
from Russia my widowed mother and six brothers and sisters.
This was made possible, not by my exceptional talents or industry,
but by the free institutions which the founders of this Republic had
established for all the people, including the immigrants. Had I re-
mained in Russia, I would have been doomed to a life of mediocrity,
poverty, and, since the rise of the Soviet tyranny, I would have most
likely landed in one of the execution chambers of the secret police or
in one of the innumerable slave labor camps.
The life of a person is entirely too short to enable him to repay so
great a debt to the generous, warm-hearted, and fair-minded people
of America. Untold millions who have flocked to these shores have
received similar hospitality and have been afforded similar opporuni-
ties. In a modest way, I have tried through the years to make some
repayment. Time will not allow me to go into detail on this subject
at present. Suffice it to say that ever since landing on American
soil I have felt that since my ancestors had contributed nothing to
make this country free, prosperous, generous, progressive, and cul-
tured ; since my ancestors did not struggle and die in the process of
clearing the wilderness, fighting the Indian wars, freezing in the cov-
ered wagons as they blazed a trail from coast to coast for future set-
tlers, suffering hunger and thirst while building this great continent,
the least I could and should do is to help preserve its liberties for all
time to come. The same duty devolves upon every immigrant here.
Prior to the First World War, countless thousands of immigrants
came here without any intention of becoming full-fledged members of
this democracy. They were bent on exploiting our political and eco-
nomic opportunities and returning to thejr homelands as soon as
America had served their purpose. They were aided in this plan by
394 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
our failure to make school attendance for adults compulsory. Our
foreign-language newspapers helped to keep alive their interest in
their homelands for selfish reasons. In many instances, the home gov-
ernments were interested in the flow of dollars from these shores, sent
by the immigrants to their families overseas; in others, as in the case
of German}7, the building of alien islands on our soil was a strategic
consideration. A book was written some years before the war en-
titled "Unser Amerika" 1 — "Our America" — by a German whose name
escapes my memory right now, pointing out that this country was
built by the Germans for strategic purposes, of course.
Since the conclusion of the First World War, a new type has made
his way here. Some have discovered that one did not have to labor in
factories, mines, mills, or fields to earn a living. One could earn a
much better living, and satisfy their exaggerated ego besides, by stir-
ring up political and labor trouble among their compatriots, promising
paradise on earth a la Stalin to the uninformed, unthinking, and
ungrateful.
Mr. Chairman, I think that this is very important, because there
are hundreds and hundreds of organizations in the United States that
have very large memberships, and, as I will point out later in
this presentation, they are being pressed by their relatives abroad, who
are being pressed by their respective totalitarian governments, to do
their bidding on our soil. This is a very opportune time to discuss
that.
Reluctantly, I must confess that too many of my fellow immigrants,
both naturalized and those still aliens, are largely responsible for the
subversive movements plaguing this country today. The Socialist
movement, the product of that frustrated Prussian madman, Karl
Marx, was brought over here by immigrants who had devoted years of
their lives abroad to the tearing down of their tyrannical governments
and establishing of the monopolistic, totalitarian states which now op-
press hundreds of millions. Despite that they had found here the
freedoms which they had striven to attain at home. Force of habitr
apparently, made them continue to spread their nefarious doctrines
wherever they settled. Crowding- into our congested cities, they
formed islands within this country — a "little Germany" here, a "little
Italy" there, a "little Poland, Russia, Hungary, Rumania," and so
forth, all over the continent. We made it compulsory for their chil-
dren to attend our schools and learn to become real Americans, to be
sure, but left the adults to shift for themselves. They remained aliens
to our language and at heart. Men who had come here without shirts
on their backs grasped our great economic opportunities and dedi-
cated themselves to the amassing of fortunes. They soon forgot that
had they remained in the countries of their birth they would never
have amounted to anything. They would not admit that their success
was not due to their wisdom or their superior talents, but to the far-
sighted statesmen of America who had created institutions of freedom
which opened, even to the humblest immigrant, avenues of successful
expression in all fields of human endeavor.
These truths, alas, are only too often forgotten by my former fel-
low immigrants. It is even more true of the recent arrivals, strange as
it may sound. The earlier comers, at least, toiled in our industries and
1 Unser Amerika, by Colin Ross.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 395
contributed much to the country's economy. Some of the more recent
comers seem to feel that America owes them something. They insist
upon a place at the top rung of the ladder, and they often attain it at
the expense of our long-established citizens. Anyone who has been in
contact with such people since 1933 is as convinced as I am of the
arrogance of some of them, and their utter disregard for the welfare
of their benefactors is a discredit to them.
The following two glaring examples are worth telling because they
illustrate the seriousness of the problem. Of course, I could tell you
thousands of examples, but I will confine myself to two typical ones.
Three weeks ago. on July 7, the New York Times published an inter-
view with a venerable editor of a foreign language newspaper on the
occasion of his eighty-ninth birthday. He had come to our shores in
his late twenties, nearly 66 years ago, without a nickel, as he said. In
Russia, he had good reason to revolt against the czarist regime, and
he did. Fleeing for his life, he settled here. Although this country
afforded him the very liberties for which he was willing to die on the
Russian barricades, instead of adjusting his thinking to the ideals of
Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, he has been devoting his
journalistic talents to the propagandizing of the unscientific balder-
dash of that arrogant Prussian Karl Marx — the Socialist class strug-
gle— throughout his 66 years in this country. At heart he is still as
alien as when he first landed here.
And speaking of socialism, I might quote what the great Winston
Churchill said recently :
The Socialists are the handmaids and heralds of communism, and prepare the
way at every stage and every step for the future advance of communism.
This is important to remember, because a great many of our people
sometimes fall into the error of thinking that, "Well, he is only a
Socialist." But who are the Communists of America, if not the
former Socialists ?
To be sure, this editor has been fighting the Communists since my
meeting with him in Moscow in 1925. He seems to entertain the
illusion that his brand of socialism would be better, more democratic.
No matter who is at the helm of that monopoly state, all liberties
must vanish because it provides only one employer and a concentra-
tion of power which is bound to lead to tyranny and enslavement of
the many.
Case 2 refers to an immigrant who had come here penniless in his
teens. By the time he was 10, he had amassed a fortune great enough
to permit his retirement from business. He employed his wealth
and position to spread the Socialist doctrine of class warfare in
America. Immediately after the Soviet revolution in 1917, he helped
found the Communist Party in America and the International Pub-
lishing Co., which engages in publishing Communist and subversive
publications under the leadership of that well-known Communist,
Alexander Trachtenberg, another immigrant American. The oncom-
ing of the First World War brought him back to business: he added
more to his fortune. In the early thirties, he retired from business
for good to devote his entire life to undermining our institutions. He
secured, in the late twenties, a 15-year concession in Russia to intro-
duce the acetylene industry there. Despite his Communist fanati-
cism, despite his contribution to the cause of red fascism in America
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 26
396 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES in alien and national groups
and in Russia, the government functionaries in Moscow began making
his life bitter almost the day after the mixed company, Ragaz, was
formed. Ragaz is Russian-American Gas Co.
They insulted him, they ignored his guidance based on long expe-
rience in the industry, they showed no respect for his sincere friend-
ship, they squandered his money. Within 4 years he was compelled
to withdraw from the concession, leaving behind an invaluable in-
dustry for Russia's industrial development. Without the acetylene
gas industry, of course, they couldn't develop their iron and steel
production. Yet, despite the fact that his native Russia had denied
him all economic and spiritual opportunities under the Czar and
Stalin, he nevertheless returned to America to continue active work
in the Communist movement.
Mr. Arens. What is the name of the man you are talking about?
Mr. Marcus. Mr. A. Heller.
Mr. Chairman, these are not isolated instances, much to my regret.
The presence here of large bodies of ethnic groups, alien at heart and
spirit to our way of life, is the outgrowth of lax immigration laws.
It is therefore heartening to see the Congress awaken to the situation,
as exemplified by the Senate bill 1832. It is even more encouraging
to find such passages in Senator McCarran's introductory remarks on
the floor of the Senate when he said :
The cold fact is that agents of international communism move freely across
our borders to .engage in espionage, sabotage, anti- American propaganda, and
subversive activities ; to plot almost with impunity the destruction of our free
institutions.
The problem of digesting the millions of immigrants already here
is great enough without adding more newcomers of an undesirable
caliber. On the basis of my nearly 30 years of close contact with the
operations of the Soviet Government here and abroad, I most earnestly
urge you to heed this warning. I am likewise in wholehearted agree-
ment with your worthy chairman when, in the same address, he stated :
Occasionally aliens who come to this country as immigrants do not leave behind
them their loyalties to foreign governments and foreign ideologies. Some of
them engage in subversive activity, organize or join Communist organizations,
or engage in propaganda activities among their neighbors * * *
Agents of communism have used the customary courtesy extended by the
United States to representatives of foreign governments, including diplomats,
consuls, and other representatives, as a screen behind which to engage in espionage
and other activities designed to overthrow our Nation by force and violence * * *
I might add to this that not only organizations of former immi-
grants, but welfare organizations, philanthropic organizations, are
involved. I will give you one illustration.
In 1935, there came to my attention an organization called the
American Biro-Bidjan Committee. The Soviet Government, some
years ago, set up in the Far East a territory to be settled exclusively
by Jews. Since many of the Jews in eastern Europe at that time
were in very serious plight, the Soviet Government made a gesture
offering to bring 1,000 Jewish families from Poland, Latvia, and
Lithuania, and 500 single persons, provided the American organization
would pay their transportation to the Russian border.
A very fine New York citizen, former Congressman W. W. Cohen,
was the head of it, and that is how I came to know all of its functions.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 397
The executive director of that organization turned out to be a former
employee of the Amtorg, who held everything in his hands.
Mr. Dekom. Was that J. M. Budish ?
Mr. Marcus. Yes. He was a great confidant of the top officials of
the Amtorg.
In 1936, while on a business mission to Moscow for the Reed Con-
tainer Co., I made up my mind to investigate as to the real intentions
of the Soviet Government, because up to that time not a single Jewish
family or single person had been moved from eastern Europe. They
were collecting money in the United States and they had already trans-
ferred funds to the Soviet agency handling such problems in Moscow.
I talked to the top government functionary in Moscow, by the name
of Tshutskayev. He hemmed and hawed and hemmed and hawed,
and I got the impression that they would never allow them to come in.
So when I returned, I said forthwith, "Disband the organization.
You are collecting money under false pretenses." However, the or-
ganization was continued. When the war came, it became a very active
welfare organization, and has been sending hundreds of thousands
of dollars' worth of food supplies, medical equipment, and medicines
to Russia. Not a single man or woman has been shipped to Biro-
Bid j an from Europe.
This organization has had some of the leading Americans appear
before it to help induce other Americans to contribute. It sounded
very plausible. Why not help those who had suffered so much ? But
in reality, it was but a front to help give a good impression to the
nefarious work of the Soviet Government, and at the same time, to
help steal American industrial know-how. For instance, I was here
in Washington helping a committee during the war when I received
a telephone call from a big manufacturer and industrialist, telling me :
"They have been trying to get me to ship a couple of machines to
Biro-Bidjan." My advice was : "Don't you dare. They will be copied
and you will never get an order." He never shipped any machines.
The lightness with which our people have been taking this serious
threat to our security is alarming indeed. By buying samples of our
equipment, by deceiving our firms with promises of larger orders in the
future — a future which never came and never will come, as long as the
Soviet Government exists — they have managed to carry away from
here technological know-how worth to them billions of dollars, with-
out which their economic progress since 1928 would have been im-
possible, without which their country would have been easy prey to the
Hitler war machine. All that should have been as clear as day to any-
one, and more so to an American industrialist who once headed so vast
a company as the du Pont concern. But he is not alone in entertaining
such foolish and erroneous notions.
The number of direct economic and political spies from the Soviet
Union operating here may not be very large at this time, but the
ground work has already been laid during the past 20 or more years.
Their ideological agents, if not always paid, and fellow-travelers, have
been strategically distributed throughout our industrial areas.
For instance, I saw a woman in Detroit some years ago who used
to work in the Amtorg office, a very ardent Communist. I asked
her what she was doing there. "I have been sent here," she replied.
398 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
She had been sent to get a job in an industrial plant in order to be-
able to organize a cell through which to steal industrial information.
It is comparatively easy to carry away a blueprint or a shop drawing
from a plant, have it microfilmed or photostated, and return it the next
morning without detection.
Mr. Dekom. Did she tell you that?
Mr. Marcus. Oh, yes ; she knew me very well.
Mr. Dekom. What did she say, specifically?
Mr. Marcus. She didn't tell me that she was there to steal ; she said,.
"I have been sent here," and that is all.
Of course, I know what she was sent there for, because after all,
she had a young child in New York.
Every member of the Soviet diplomatic mission, from the Ambas-
sador to the janitor, every commercial representative here under the
pretext of buying our machinery, every man and woman serving their
interests in the United Nations — all of them without exception — are
not considered as having done their duty unless they have engaged in
some form of espionage while on our soil. They would surely find
their way into some slave-labor camp if they failed to bring something
from the hated capitalist countries.
While in Russia, I used to read the Tass 1 dispatches from the Soviet
Government news agency in America. Located in the offices of the
Associated Press in New York, it specializes in unearthing only the
dark side of events here. When it reaches the offices of the agency
in Moscow, it is further edited to suit the nefarious goal of the Soviet
propagandists to inflame the Russian people against us, to play up
strikes and crime without regard for truth. At the same time, our
newspaper men in Russia are kept prisoners in their homes or re-
stricted areas. Every word they write is carefully scrutinized and
blue-penciled. They cannot interview people, enter plants or villages
to see life for themselves.
The Chairman. You put that pretty broadly, and you make it
universal. Would you have the committee understand that that, in
your judgment, is the universal practice; that these people are sent
over here solely for the purpose of some communistic activity?
Mr. Marcus. We must once and for all make it clear in our minds
that we are dealing with a people who are fanatical, who are zealous
crusaders for their nefarious cause, just as the early Christians were
crusaders for their religion. These men who are sent here cannot
return, they will be considered derelict in their duties, unless they
have brought something with them of value to their government.
In Russia, for example, the American representatives are restricted
to areas and they must not move or travel at will, and certainly never
in the history of Soviet Russia has a mass meeting or any kind of
a meeting been organized at which an American representative ever
appeared as speaker. But in this country, subversive organizations
have frequently invited the Soviet Ambassadors Gromyko and Troyoi-
novsky,2 and they have appeared at many public gatherings as speakers.
We have failed to appreciate the Soviet concept of reciprocity. One
Russian Communist once said to me, "Reciprocity,, to. our mind, is
'You give us everything and we give you nothing'."
1 Tass is the official Soviet news agency.
2 Andrei Gromyko and A. A. Troyoinovsky.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 399
If I had anything to do with the policy of our Government, I "would
say this : Supposing we have 20 American representatives in the Amer-
ican Embassy in Moscow; I would insist that not one more than 20
should be allowed to be here in the Soviet Embassy in Washington.
Supposing they restrict our representatives in their movements, in
their activities, I would restrict the Soviet Embassy personnel's move-
ments and their activities in the United States to a similar degree.
It may incur a little hardship upon our apparatus, governmental
apparatus, but we must do that. Not until we do that will the Soviets
realize that we mean business. We haven't started it. And if they
yell, as they surely will — and the fellow travelers of the Henry Wallace
camp will surely yell "murder'"' — I would remind them of the old
Russian adage, "You cooked the porridge ; you lap it up."
Until we do that. Mr. Chairman, the Russian Government will just
walk all over us. Why not, as long as we let them ?
The Chairman. Well, you have an industrial phase in there, also.
In other words, if we crack down, so to speak, as you woiild have us,
what do vou think would be the action of our industrialists through-
out this country ? The industrialists say, "Why, you are stopping these
people from coming here to make purchases."
Mr. Marcus. I am glad you have brought up this question. Prior
to recognition in 1933, the Soviet Government dangled before our in-
dustrialists billions of dollars of orders that were going to flow to
our companies.
The Chairman. That is right.
Mr. Marcus. And what happened ? A drop in the purchases in the
United States. I have the figures right here, which I going to read
to you.
During the 20 years prior to the outbreak of the war, the total pur-
chases of the Soviet Government in the United States amounted to
about $1,200,000,000. Now, Mr. Chairman, remember that $1,200,-
000,000 covered cotton, livestock to replenish the famine disaster,
leather, and only about $700,000,000 worth or $600,000,000 worth of
American equipment. They had no plants to manufacture tractors or
automobiles, as yet. So they bought here about $50,000,000 worth of
tractors. But today, until the break between Yugoslavia and Russia,
they were selling to Yugoslavia tractors at a cost of $20,000 apiece,
typewriters $200 apiece. And that is how they are exploiting their
own Communist friends.
Mr. Dekom. Many of those markets used to be American markets,
■did they not, so that by selling them equipment we have actually cut
off our own markets?
Mr. Marcus. That is correct. I would like to conclude the reply
to your question, which I consider very, very vital. By selling the
equipment to Russia during the 20 years prior to 1939, we have ruined
•our markets in other countries. The Soviet Government has no inten-
tion now, momentarily, to wage war against us, but an economic war
has already been raging over a long period of time. The Soviet Gov-
ernment may manufacture a tractor at a terrific cost and undersell it
abroad in order to hurt American markets.
From now on, gentlemen, as long as the Soviet Government lasts,
there will be economic war, and the stronger the Soviet industrial
plant gets, the greater the economic war will be against us. Every
400 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
time we sell a piece of equipment to them — since we are not selling
to a normal market where the equipment will be installed in a factory
to manufacture shoes or clothing or what have you, but is bought for
the specific purpose of copying it and manufacturing it — it is going to
plague us in foreign markets. As I stated before, I had investigated
the oil-refining industries in Russia and found that out of 38 plants,
34 were obsolete. Yet in 1947, they were offering or selling oil-refining
equipment to Yugoslavia.
The Chairman. Modern oil equipment ?
Mr. Marcus. Oil-refining equipment of their manufacture. Why?
Because they want to impress and capture the imagination of the
workers of the world with their boasted accomplishments. You cannot
find out, or the average Communist won't believe if you told him, what
is going on in the Soviet Union : that there are 10 to 14 million men
and women in slave-labor camps. He sees Soviet tractors running
on his farm, he sees Soviet automobiles and Soviet oil-refining equip-
ment, and he thinks that that is marvelous.
I would not be surprised that a great deal of the oil-refining equip-
ment sold to Yugoslavia was American, from which they had torn off
the labels and put their own labels on. They do that all the time. They
did that during the war to our tanks and our airplanes and everything
else that we sent them.
In unguarded moments, members of the so-called buying commis-
sions from the Soviet Union whom I met here, in Germany, Poland,
England, and other countries, have admitted to me that they must
report something of a confidential nature or their heads won't be
worth much. To many of them it was distasteful, but they were help-
less. When under the influence of liquor — I am a total abstainer —
my host or guest would often talk of the things he would like to find
out in America or some other country, or had already laid his hands
on it.
The center o^ the Soviet economic spy system in America has been
and still is the Amtorg Trading Corp. of New York. While an Amer-
ican corporation, it is wholly Soviet-owned. All buying commissions
make their headquarters there ; the contacts are made from there ; it
is the "eye" of the needle through which American buying or selling
firms must go in order to transact business with Soviet Russia ; it is
Stalin's trading outpost on our soil. While no American firm may set
up a trading outpost in Russia, we allow a foreign monopoly to come
here and make us do business with a supermonopoly in total disregard
of our antimonopoly laws.
Early in 1932, a new vine chairman of the Amtorg Trading Corp.
arrived in New York. His name was Nikolai Gavrilov. He knew
nothing of business and still less about doing business in the United
States. A leading American Communist spilled the beans once when,
in my presence, he said that Gavrilov was not there for business; he
was a leading NKVD man, a secret police functionary. It so happens
that he had a little fight with him in Moscow and that is why he made
that remark. I suppose he regretted it later. Giving little attention
to business, Gavrilov traveled in this country, talked to leading busi-
nessmen, and showed a keen interest in our political and industrial
doings. Such men have been coming and going at will, while our
diplomatic staff was always severely restricted, their movements
guarded and held down to a minimum.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 401
May I tell you another thing. Some years later after this Gavriloy
had gone back to Moscow, I was sitting in my room in the National
Hotel in Moscow when I received a telephone call from him. He
wanted very much to have me take dinner with him. How did he
find out that I was there ? I suppose, through his relationship with
the secret police. I saw him quite a number of times. He was always
mysterious. His questioning — I was always on guard — always re-
lated to political questions, political information. So I was sure that
what the American Communist had remarked about him in New York
was correct.
Bad as it was prior to the last war, since its conclusion matters have
taken a turn for the worse. The satellite nations — Czechoslovakia,
Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Lithuania, Latvia, Bulgaria, and so
forth — have millions of their former nationals in this country, some
naturalized and many not. They, in turn, have millions of relatives
and friends in their former homelands. Having served as relief and
rehabilitation director in some of those countries after the First "World
War, I know to what extent the American relatives have been con-
tributing generously to the welfare of their kinfolks at home. This is
especially true after the inhuman suffering they had experienced as a
result of the Second World War. By bringing pressure to bear on
those relatives overseas, by reprisals or threats thereof, they can and
do exert pressure on their American relations to do the biddings of
their Communist governments which are under domination by the
heartless masters in the Kermlin.
I might mention that the late Henry Ford told me in 1932, for
example, that the Polish workingmen in his plants proved to be among
the most resourceful and imaginative, with more ideas for improving
production coming from them than from any other nationality in
his plant. Now, the Poles in this country are not Communists, but
they love their relatives in their native land; we have millions of
Poles here and they have millions of relatives in Europe. It is com-
paratively easy to bring pressure to bear upon them here to do some-
thing for their relatives at the command of their Communist govern-
ment. It is such an innocent little thing to filch a blueprint or a shop
drawing or a chemical process and send it over to one's native country.
Mr. Chairman, why is there no peace in Europe 4 years after the
conclusion of the most titanic struggle against the aggressors ? Why
must our people continue to bear staggering taxation in order to help
the European countries and on our own rearmament? The reason is
that there is in the Soviet Union an irreconcilable aggressor govern-
ernment — and I want to emphasize the term "irreconcilable." Noth-
ing, gentlemen, that we can say or do can ever alter their course,
never — a barbaric force which has banished all morality, all ethics, all
sense of justice and fair play in dealing with its own people and the
rest of the world ; it had declared war upon us and the other civilized
countries almost the very first day it came into being.
I might tell you an incident that comes to my mind at this moment.
I arrived on September 5, 1920, in Revel, Estonia, to receive shiploads
of relief supplies — food, clothing, medicine, and so on — and I was
then to proceed with trainloads to Russia and the Ukraine. I visited
the local Soviet legation and the first thing they did was to send to
my hotel room immediately, the very same day I was there, a terrific
402 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
load of the most wonderfully gotten up propaganda, books and jour-
nals in French and in English. That is in their nature. They have
gotten a religion, the religion of Karl Marx, and they are going to
ram it down the throats of people as long as they are permitted to
do so.
As long as there is even one country in the world where men are
still free, the Kremlin will not rest. It knows that even the feeblest
flicker of the light of liberty anywhere on earth will keep the flame
of hope and the yearning to be free in the breasts of its own people.
That is why it is afraid of this citadel of liberty — the United States
of America. Our influence upon the freedom-loving Russian people
is too devastating for the Soviet masters. You have never seen a
former Russian woman walk up to the registry window in America
and get money from Russia ; but I have seen that time and again in
the Moscow post office, whenever I would go for registered mail.
Once I saw a woman in tatters come up to the registry window ; the
clerk first ripped open an envelope from America and took out the
contents — a letter and a $20 bill. The clerk made a note of the number
of the bill and returned the contents to the woman.
For generations America has been sending hundreds and hundreds
of millions of dollars in immigrant remittances to friends and relatives
in Russia and in the eastern European countries. This is still con-
tinuing.
Every entry of the Soviet Government into international organiza-
tions is for the avowed and sole purpose of fomenting strife, of boring
from within, of nullifying all sincere efforts of civilized mankind to
establish lasting peace.
The Soviet marshals of destruction are the fanatical disciples of the
Prussian madman Marx whom they emulate even in their speech, in
their dealings with colleagues in all international activities. A great
many of us have been shocked by the rudeness of the Soviet repre-
sentatives, the way they deal with United Nations colleagues by their
arrogant speeches. But there is a reason for that action. The behavior
of a Vishinsky or Molotov or a Gromyko is not accidental. They are
the apings of Karl Marx, whom the great American patriot, Carl
Schurz, had described in the following terms — and Carl Schurz knew
Karl Marx very well personally :
I have never seen a man whose bearing was so provoking and intolerable.
To no opinion, which differed from his, he accorded the honor of even a con-
descending consideration —
It sounds like Vishinsky —
Everyone who contradicted him he treated with abject contempt ; every argu-
ment that he did not like he answered either with biting scorn at the unfathom-
able ignorance that had prompted it, or with opprobrious aspersions upon the
motives of him who had advanced it. I remember most distinctly the cutting
disdain with which he pronounced the word "bourgeois" ; and as a "bourgeois,"
that is, as a detestable example of the lowest mental and moral degeneracy,
he denounced everyone who dared to oppose his opinion.1
Those of us who know the Russian language and have lived in the
Soviet Union could not help but be impressed when a Russian pro-
nounces the word "bourgeois." It is hurled with such venom and
force that the earth trembles. There is no connotation in the English
1 Carl Schurz, the Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, New York, McClure Co., 1907, pp.
139-140, vol. I.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 403
language to describe the meaning of that terrible, contemptible ex-
pression.
Just as Marx could not fit himself into the life of his Germany or
England, where he found refuge, and, therefore, conceived a plan to
destroy the life he knew and build in its stead a system of society where
he and men of his mentality would be the masters, so it is true of the
grand marshals of destruction ruling Russia today. This is why
they will stop at nothing to destroy the forms of government existing
in other countries, far and near.
One might ask the question: Why do they behave like that? I
want to make a little explanation here. We have in America wrecking
companies that are masters of the art of taking a building down;
not a pane will be broken, not a brick will be smashed. But you put
the same crew to build a structure and they don't know the first
principle of how to begin.
Stalin and Molotov and all of these men surrounding them, are men
who, from their childhood, have dedicated themselves to the task of
destroying, tearing down, and they did a magnificent job of tearing
down. After that was accomplished, they were confronted with a
task of building up, and they don't know the first principle about how
to begin. That is why we have this situation in the world today.
Another thing that I want to bring to your attention is this:
Lenin's written or uttered word still remains the fundamental law of
his disciples — the unalterable law — to Stalin and his satraps. Here
is what Lenin wrote :
The prolonged existence of the Soviet Republic next to a number of im-
perialist states is unthinkable.1 In the end either the one or the other will have
the better of it. Until the end comes, a series of most terrible conflicts be-
tween the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois states is inevitable.
Get that please — inevitable." And Stalin believes that implicitly.
To be sure, at this moment, the Soviet Government does not want
a shooting war, even though its leaders, from Lenin and Stalin down,
have reiterated to their faithful followers that such a war is inevi-
table. And they don't need war right now. Haven't they conquered
the satellite nations without shooting? They had hopes of doing the
same in France and Italy but our timely intervention has frustrated
their designs. From now until the next international opportunity pre-
sents itself, they will be dangling lucrative business deals before our
people. This will not be anything new. They resorted to similar
tactics before we recognized them in 1933. Nothing came of that
earlier promise. On the contrary, their buying here fell off once
they had attained their goal — recognition — and their agents could
henceforward move across our borders with ease and safety. The
yearly average purchases by Russia in this market during the prerevo-
lutionary years 1911-15 amounted to $14,853,000 or 1.8 percent of our
total exports ; during the years right after the war, when they needed
everything, clothing, tractors, livestock, oil and cotton, the average
yearly purchases were $32,049,000, or 2 percent of our exports; the
1926-30 averages were $77,665,000, or 1.6 percent. That was when
they were getting ready for the first 5-year plan. In 1931-35, after
recognition, they averaged $33,122,000, or 1.6 percent of our exports.
It is estimated that during the 20 years prior to the last war, the total
1 Josef Stalin, quoting Lenin in Letter to Comrade Ivanov.
404 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
purchases did not exceed $1,200,000,000. In our economy the Soviet
market plays one of the least roles. But to Russia's development it
has been priceless, because they have been allowed to steal from us
technological know-how worth billions of dollars.
I am convinced that, if properly administered, the bill under dis-
cussion could contribute much toward stemming this tide. I can-
not emphasize this point strongly enough, Mr. Chairman, because we
must never lose sight of the fact that we are dealing with a political-
economic system which was conceived in intellectual immorality,
born in delinquency, and since 1917, has matured into the world's
most dangerous criminal. It will continue its tyrannical grip at home
and spread its plague abroad until its own suffering millions, en-
couraged by enlightened mankind, rise and liquidate their oppressors.
With tongue in cheek, and for our consumption, Stalin has been
telling American correspondents the "big lie" that the Soviet and
our systems can live side by side. But in his dull speeches and unin-
spired writings for Communist guidance at home and abroad, how-
ever, he states that the Communist Party must be —
irreconcilable towards * * * capitalists and their governments * * *
that under capitalism the basic questions of the workers' movements are decided
by force, by * * * general strikes, their uprisings * * *.
These are not mere words. These instructions are being faithfully
carried out in all their dealings and contacts by their diplomats,
their United Nations representatives, their commercial agents.
There has been a great deal of writing by our journalists about
who will succeed Stalin. My contention is that the question should be,
not "After Stalin, who?", but "After Stalin, what?" I sincerely
believe that after Stalin the situation will be even worse nationally
and internationally, and for this reason : Stalin is already a demigod.
He can be magnanimous occasionally. He has built himself up. But
whoever follows him, a mere mortal, will have to build himself up
to that position of demigod.
Take, for example, Molotov. On the thirtieth anniversary of the
Russian Revolution in 1917, in his principal speech in Moscow, he
mentioned Stalin's name in his address 21 times and he quoted from
Stalin 7 times. Why? Because he cannot afford to take any credit
for any accomplishments. He must give all of the credit to Stalin.
Let me give you another example. At 2 o'clock in the morning, I
was in the office of Mikoyan, whose name I mentioned before, the Min-
ister at that time of the Food Industry. I remarked to him that since
my previous visit to Moscow, which was 6 months earlier, I had
noticed a considerable improvement in the food situation in Moscow.
It was true ; I was not handing him out any compliments. Whenever
I asked a hostess, they usually said, "Well, we have a very good Com-
missar of Food Industries, Mikoyan."
A bit embarrassed, he said, "Oh, no, no, no; not I and not we" — he
had quite an pntourage around the tabic — "are responsible for these
great improvements." Pointing to the wall behind him where hung
a painting of Stalin, he said, "But he, the great teacher and beloved
leader, Joseph Stalin ; he is the one who works for all of us ; he is the
one who suffers for us."
The man who will step into Stalin's shoes will have to build himself
up. First, he will do what Stalin did with all Lenin's colleagues. He
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 405
will liquidate them. He will be able to do that because he will have
with him the head of the secret police.
From these principles neither Stalin nor his successors will ever
deviate permanently one iota. Henceforth, therefore, our people — all
of us and not alone our Government — must become as zealous about
making freedom invincible as the fanatical Red Fascists are in their
efforts to foist barbarism on us. The professors Harlow Shapley,1
Thomas Emerson,2 Phillip Morrison,3 the Jo Davidsons,4 Olin
Downses.5 Lillian B. Hellmans,6 and the other fellow travelers would
do well bv themselves and their countrv if they would betake them-
selves to Stalin's paradise for a few months and try to tell the Russians
what they are telling us about the need for permanent peace and
understanding. If they return home at all, they will be better citizens.
Our great Thomas Jefferson has spoken for the centuries. Our
statesmen today must likewise think and plan for the centuries or at
least for the generations to come. Senator McCarran's bill has much to
do with this goal. It would be comparatively easy to fill up this coun-
try to overflowing until there was only standing room left. Despite
the naive advocates of selling America to the peoples abroad in order
to emphasize our noble intentions, America has been sold to our friends
abroad over a "century ago. Else why did tens of millions of people
flock to our shores ? Why am I here ? Untold millions in Europe have
been living on the dollars that flowed in an endless torrent for gen-
erations from the new settlers. Twice within 30 years Europe has
been saved by us from would-be world conquerors. Since the last war,
the flow of our food, clothing, medicines, machinery, and equipment,
as well as raw materials, has gone forth uninterrupted. France and
Italy might have been under the heel of the Soviet secret police long
ago had it not been for our timely aid in stemming the tide of Com-
munist intrigue and connivance. If the European peoples do not
know all these things and do not appreciate what America has done
for them during the generations past, then we have been wasting our
generosity and not one of them should ever be permitted to set foot
on our soil.
We are so well sold to the peoples abroad, if not to the misrulers,
that if the steel, iron, and asbestos curtains were to be raised, if trans-
portation were made available, if we were to lift immigration restric-
tions, we would witness an exodus from the old world that would
deplete their nations to a vanishing point. That, however, would nob
solve their problems. It would merely drain the most courageous,
the freedom-yearning and capable people. The morons or half
morons and the weaklings would remain to be enslaved by the Com-
munist overlords, there to strengthen the grip of the totalitarian mas-
ters. If our aid is to be effective, Europe needs every able-bodied
and every talented person right there to rebuild their countries, to
fight the inroads of the subversives, to make freedom invincible there,
and thereby secure our freedom here. The less freedom-loving men
and women of Europe immigrate here, the more they devote their
1 Director, Harvard Observatory.
2 Tale Law School.
3 Cornell University.
* Sculptor.
s Music critic, New York Times.
* Playwright.
406 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
energies to the fight against their own traitors and the octopus from
the East, the less will be the infiltration here.
Now, may I make a few recommendations on this bill.
1. Future Presidents might not always be fortunate in their selection of an
Attorney General. To safeguard the interests of all concerned and to avoid
possible mistakes in declaring a society or association as subversive, it might
be well to provide that a "citizens' advisory committee" be appointed to assist
the Attorney General in his work.
2. That adult immigrants be required to attend school for a period of 1 to 2
years, depending upon the educational background of the newcomer. It might
even be well to have such immigrants pay for tuition, as I did. They will ap-
preciate it more and make more of it.
3. In order to bring about a more rapid and thorough Americanization of
future immigrants, to keep them away from the little alien islands now in
existence here, it might be well to provide that during the first 5 years immi-
grants should live in areas designated by the Attorney General in cooperation
with such Departments as Commerce, Interior, and Agriculture, as well as the
citizens' advisory committee. If they are eager to live here and be worthy
citizens, they should be eager to help this country as well as help themselves.
I had seen such a plan in operation prior to the First World War.
While serving as immigration interpreter in Galveston, I witnessed
the operations of the Jewish Immigrants Information Bureau, little
known in the East and certainly long forgotten even in the West.
The late Jacob H. Schiff of New York City, himself a former immi-
grant, who became head of the Kuhn, Loeb & Co., a leading investment
banking firm, conceived the idea of diverting Jewish immigration
from the East to the West and other areas west of the Mississippi.
Begun in 1907, it reached considerable proportions by the time the
outbreak of the war in 1914 put an end to it. I visited some of the
new settlers in their homes in various parts of the country and found
them to be a happier, healthier, and more Americanized lot than their
counterpart in the East. Dropped into sparsely settled communities,
they proved to be an asset to the older residents and themselves. They
were soon absorbed in the life of the community and learned to make
the most of their new life, while their relations on the other side of
the Mississippi River were exposed to the old country ideologies,
prejudices, superstitions, and subversive activities.
4. It might also be well to consider extending citizenship on a probationary
period of, say, 5 years. When I came into the United States civil service,
I had to serve a probationary period. Why not do that for newcomers here?
In view of our past experience, and as long as the Red-plague emergency must
be faced, it would seem to me that this could be helpful in deterring would-
be subversives from hiding behind a naturalization certificate. Citizenship must
not be permitted to become a convenient refuge for international scoundrels.
If it is true that some of our naturalized citizens have sinned against
America, it is equally true that many sons and daughters of our oldest
families have not covered themselves with glory either. The recent
trials, congressional investigations, and newspaper exposes have un-
covered an alarming situation.
The Elizabeth Bentleys,1 the Chambers,2 the Judith Coplons,3 the
1 The testimony of Elizabeth Bentley appears on p. 106.
2 Whittaker Chambers, self-confessed Soviet espionage agent, whose testimony was
published by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
3 Judith Coplon, former employee of the U. S. Department of Justice, was convicted by
a Federal court in Washington, D. C, on the charges of obtaining information to be used
for the purpose of injuring the United States and concealing and removing certain records
and papers in her custody (violation of sees. 793 and 2071, title 18, U. S. C.).
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 407
Wadleighs,1 the Daniel Boone - descendants, and the many other are
the mentally disturbed products of our liberal arts courses in our
colleges. They are the result of impractical, frustrated professors.
Disgruntled with their station in our economy, lacking the requisite
stamina, courage, vision, and imagination to better themselves, they
blame their unfitness upon society as a whole, just as was the case with
Karl Marx. Never having lived and worked in Stalin's madhouse,
lacking in moral fiber to make sure of their ground, indulging mostly
in wishful thinking, they pass on to the young men and women en-
trusted to them distorted and falsified information glorifying the
nightmare which has been Russia's since 1917. Everything said or
done by the modern Genghis Kahn in the Kremlin is lauded to the
skies and held before your young ones as examples of justice, fairness,
wisdom, and progress. Everything our Government says or does is
condemned as wicked.
Since it has become the fashion in Washington to appoint college
graduates to Government positions, I question if such people can be
entrusted with the enforcement of section 3 of this bill, if enacted.
I would rather allow a Russian inmate of a slave-labor camp, or a
DP camp in Europe today, to come to our shores than a Henry Wal-
lace, a Corliss Lamont, a Professor Shapley, a Rexford Tugwell,3 a
Lillian Hellman, or their like. The former has shown his love for
freedom by resisting the tyranny in Russia, whereas our parlor fellow
travelers have been the dupes of the great fraud — the Soviet Govern-
ment.
Only too often our representatives abroad have shown their naivete
by surrounding themselves with local advisers unworthy of their trust.
They seem to have a genius for selecting the wrong people to guide
them in their work. Too many enemies of democracy have been given
visas and too many people who could contribute much to the fight
against totalitarianism if admitted to this country are allowed to
linger in DP camps. I have in my office in New York the names of
two recent arrivals to this country — one of them a Nazi-Fascist of
Russian origin, who was incarcerated in Germany under our military
government, and yet he had no difficulty in getting a visa, and he is
today going around lecturing in our universities, if you please.
Mr. Arexs. What is his name ?
Mr. Marcus. I am terribly sorry, I forgot to bring that. I shall
send it to you with pleasure.
Mr. Arens. How did he arrive there? In what category?
Mr. Marcus. He arrived here — I do not know. I can find that out.
Mr. Arens. Will you send that information to us, too?
Mr. Marcus. I shall send that to you.
Mr. Dekom. What about the second person ?
Mr. Marcus. The second person, I don't know the background, but
it is pretty bad.
This works right into the hands of the Kontr Razvedka of the Red
Army. The slick counter-intelligence agents of the Soviet machine
1 H. Julian Wadleigh, former employee of the U. S. Department of State, who published
the story of his activities as a link in a Soviet espionage ring in a series of articles in the
Washington Post.
z The reference is to Daniel Boone Schermer, chairman of the Communist Party of
Boston. Mass.
3 Rexford Guy Tugwell, former Governor of Puerto Rico.
408 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
know how to get under the skin of our trusting and inexperienced men
in order to secure admittance to this country. I think it would do our
people a great deal of good, and especially the officials in Washington
agencies, to reread the book by Krivitsky.1 He was a top counter-
intelligence official of the Soviet Government, and what he tells in his
book is not only the truth but it is the basic system under which they
operate. Of course, they have improved upon it since the war, because
they have expanded.
We have yet to learn how to deal with the archconspirators and
international intriguers. We have here, and especially abroad, men
and women who understand the language of the adversary better than
anyone. Unfortunately, they are not being utilized. This is worth
considering in connection with the enactment of this bill.
I know that those who will see themselves mirrored as the ungrate-
ful referred to here will resent my remarks. Should that be the case,
I shall consider my coming here a success. As a former immigrant,
I deem it my duty to speak frankly to fellow immigrants who in these
troubled times, by omission or commission, fail to show their appre-
ciation of what this country has done for them. We who have experi-
enced the lash of economic privation in the old countries, we who were
denied human rights, economic and educational opportunities, because
of race or religion, must be in the vanguard of fighters for the preser-
vation of America's free institutions.
And I might tell you, gentlemen, that I am really, at times, fright-
ened as I come in contact, especially in the East, with former fellow
immigrants, naturalized and very prosperous, and they don't believe a
word you tell them about the Soviet Union. They have never been
there ; they have never read a book, but they swallow, hook, line, and
sinker, the propaganda here. ,
We are the greatest advertising geniuses in the world when it comes
to selling shoes, radios, televisions ; but we have shown ourselves to be
an absolute flop as the advertisers of the American way of life, as
the advertisers of the principles of American freedom. If we have
failed so lamentably right in our midst, if we haven't been able to-
inculcate that into the people who came here without a shirt on their
backs and amassed fortunes and have educated their children to be
lawyers and doctors and engineers, how on earth can we expect to deal
with such a conniving and principleless organization like the Soviet
Union? And, if our native-born can't do it, there are some of us
foreign-born who do understand it, men like Don Levine,2 a man by
the name of Arkady Sack,3 a man like Mark Weinbaum, the editor of
the Russian paper Novoye Russkoye Slovo, and a man like Vladimir
Zenzinov, the man who helped in connection with the Kasenkina $
case; but such people are not being utilized, unfortunately.
To make liberty invincible, we must become the shock troops in the
fight against the inroads of totalitarianism, here and elsewhere. While
one day Stalin smiles through his thick mustache and tell us that
he would like to do business with us, as did his stooge, Shvernik 5 when
1 In Stalin's Secret Service, by Gen. Walter Krivitsky.
2 Isaac Don Levine, editor of Plain Talk magazine.
3 Head of the information bureau of Alexander Kerensky's government.
4 The reference is to Oksana Kasenkina's jump to freedom from a window of the Soviet
consulate in New York.
5 Nikolai M. Shvernik, President, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 409
Admiral Alan T. Kirk presented his documents as the new Ambas-
sador, a colleague of his on the all-powerful Politburo organizes a
Cominform the next day to carry on aggression all over the world.
The experience of Yugoslavia in its fight with the Cominform should
be a warning to all the complacent wishful thinkers and fellow trav-
elers in America. Besides, the compact and fanatical legions of the
Red International are already here; their Politburo is, as you all
know, now on trial in New York, and their arrogance. anti-American-
ism should be clear to all. If Senate bill 1832 had been enacted years
ago, some of the Communist leaders now on trial would never have
been here or would have been deported long ago.
Let us remember for all time that our demonstration of human
decency and justice in dealing with the communist governments or
their disciples here in accordance with our established customs will
not make the slightest impression upon them. It is like casting pearls
before swine. The distorters of truth and falsifiers of facts in the
Soviet orbit will never be influenced by our morality and decency,
mercy and charity. They have gone too far in their mental derange-
ments to benefit from our example. Thej are the most hardened
criminals abroad. As, in the case of a hunchback, according to an
old Russian adage, only the grave can straighten him out.
Now, the number of gravediggers of American liberty is growing
by leaps and bounds. While in Moscow in 1936, I uncovered in the
Lenin Museum a document which showed that an American philan-
thropist advanced the money for the first Communist (Bolshevik)
convention abroad in London in 1907.
Mr. Arens. What is his name?
Mr. Marcus. That man is long dead. The name is Joseph FelsT
of Philadelphia. I read the entire correspondence between Lenin and
Maxim Gorky — and Gorky was not only a friend of Lenin and a
Communist, but he was also an artist at getting money from the very
people who were later to be destroyed. Russia had a great many
millionaires who hated the Czarist government. They could not
expand their capitalistic enterprises under the feudal system of the
Czar. So, not realizing that they were dealing with a rattlesnake
in the form of the Bolsheviks, they helped with millions of rubles.
There was the famous furniture manufacturer Schmidt, the famous
director of the Siberian Bank Groobbe, and Morozov, Konovalov,
and others who advanced millions of rubles to the Bolshevik Party
in Russia to help destroy the Czar. And who were the first victims
when the Bolsheviks came into power? The Schmidts and all of the
rest of the millionaire "angels."
And so Mr. Joseph Fels advanced about $7,500 to pay the expenses
of this convention. Stalin, Lenin, Trotsky, and a great many others
were there. They were as poor as church mice at the time. Stalin
was not very successful with the holding up of treasury gold or cur-
rency shipments. Fels lent the money for 1 3'ear. I saw the note
signed by Stalin, Trotsky, Lenin, and all of the other early leaders
of bolshevism, pledging to repay the money within a year.
When the year passed, Mr. Fels, like a good capitalist, asked for
the money by writing to Gorky. Gorky wrote to Lenin who was at
that time in Switzerland. Lenin < replied that they didn't have it,
but when they got into power they would repay the money.
410 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
And so, in 1919, the money was repaid in gold. When Mr. Krassin
repaid the money to the widow, Mrs. Mary Fels, he said, "The Czars
debts we don't repay; our debts we repay." And, naturally, since it
amounted only to $7,500, and the Czar's debts amounted to hundreds
of millions of dollars, he could be generous.
I just want to bring out that there is a woman in Chicago, Mrs.
Blaine McCormack, an octogenarian, who, according to the news-
paper reports, set aside $1,000,000 to help Henry Wallace continue
the work which he started in recent years, as an apologist for the Soviet
Government. Personally, I believe, Stalin has never given Wallace
a penny. But if he had paid him $1,000,000,000 a year, he couldn't
have gotten a better servant than Wallace has been through his mis-
leading the uninformed and uninitiated here and abroad.
In the meantime, the enactment of Senate bill 1832 should con-
tribute very much toward rendering their activities less harmful to our
way of life. America is no longer in need of boosting its population
via immigration. Our population has risen from 114,000,000 in 1924
to 148,000,000 in 1948, a 30-percent increase in less than 25 years. We
certainly have our share of subversives, native- or foreign-born. This
is not a time to take chances, in letting in people determined to serve
their alien masters to the detriment of our country.
I therefore hope that the Congress will enact the bill under dis-
cussion without further delay.
I thank you.
Mr. Arens. Thank you very much, Mr. Marcus.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Marcus, does Amtorg recruit any personnel in this
country from among Americans or persons who are domiciled here?
Mr. Marcus. That is correct. Most of the personnel in Amtorg up
to the end of the last war were United States residents. They were
mostly former Russians, naturalized or still alien; but most of them
were local people. Since the end of the war in 1945, most of the per-
sonnel in the Amtorg has been shipped in from Russia.
Mr. Dekom. Do you have any knowledge of persons, who were
American or naturalized American employees of Amtorg, who were
persuaded or who for other reasons went back to Russia?
Mr. Marcus. Yes; I used to know here, when I was operating on
a big scale for American firms, a fellow named Lampert, a brilliant
fellow. He had compiled for the Soviet Government a directory of
the leading corporations of America and their industrial connections,
I had a copy of it in my office for a little while; I borrowed it. He
was a brilliant economist.
There was also an assistant general counsel, whose name escapes
me, and there were a great many others, who were induced to go back
to Russia. I saw them years later in Moscow. I ran into some of
them at a musical performance in the conservatory hall, and most of
them avoided me; they turned their heads away, being afraid to talk
to me because they must have already given up their American pass-
ports.
Lampert, however, with a very sad expression on his face, said,
"Sorry," and walked away. Of course, once they surrender their
passports, they are subject to the Soviet laws.
I might tell you of another experience. I went to the Moscow
police to get an exit visa some years ago, shortly before the war. I
ran into the daughter of a very dear friend of mine. As a matter of
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 411
fact, I was best man at his wedding in Galveston, Tex. He had orig-
inally come from Russia. His children were born in Galveston.
When the depression came, his former colleagues in the Ukraine
induced him to come back to Russia, offering a wonderful job. He
went with his entire family. I saw them living, five of them in one
tiny room, in most primitive conditions in a Moscow suburb. They
were very, very sad and distressed. Naturally, he couldn't feel other-
wise. He had been a revolutionary under the Czar, and when ho
returned to Russia he found conditions a thousand times worse than
under the autocracy. He had taken it literally that anyone could
express his opinion on the wall newspaper. They have, in every
apartment house and every little colony or in every factory, a "Sten-
naya Gazeta'" — a wall newspaper. If you want to criticize official
action, you write a piece, and it is pasted on the wall.
So, he wrote a story about the police coming to him at 2 o'clock in
the morning to search his house and examining his documents. He
asked the eternal question: "Why?" Why didn't they call during
the day? Why disturb the family and scare the children? For
that, he was exiled to Siberia.
When I saw his daughter, a native American, in the police station,
she talked to me and asked me what to do. They were demanding
that she either surrender her American passport or be cut off from a
university education.
To surrender the passport meant being cut off from the rest of the
world. Not to give up the passport meant being deprived of an
education. Well, I couldn't advise her, naturally. There were too
many ears around me listening. But this just gives you a little pic-
ture of what happens to those who return to Stalin s concentration
camp — Soviet Russia.
Mr. Dekom. You mentioned the name of Bagdonov as the head of
Amtorg here.
Mr. Marcus. That is Peter A. Bagdonov. He has been liquidated,
too.
Mr. Dekom. As one who has frequently and for long periods visited
Soviet Russia, I wonder if you would care to comment on the recent
Soviet propaganda which tells' the people of the world how terrible
conditions are in this country and how wonderful they are in Russia.
What are conditions, really, in the Soviet Union, as compared to con-
ditions here?
Mr. Marcus. It is impossible to describe to you. I have covered
Russia from one end to the other; my father was a railroad builder
before the Revolution. I had traveled since I was a child, because, as
contractors, we didn't have to pay any fares. So, Russia of old was
very well known to me.
I rebelled against the Czar because I didn't like the oppression and
the poverty of the country ; and it was hoped that, when the Czar was
overthrown, paradise would come. And so, since 1920 until the out-
break of the last war, I kept going, and I have been there on 14 occa-
sions, and I used to go to inspect raw materials before shipment or to
negotiate business deals. I negotiated for the Studebaker Corp., a
$30,000,000 deal, which the smart president, Erskine, rejected.
I have seen the life of the people, the peasants, the workers, the in-
tellectuals. The late L. K. Martens, who was the unofficial ambassador
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 27
412 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
in the United States right after the revolution, who was deported from
here on that famous ship, I liked him very much. He was a great
scientist. He was thoroughly disillusioned, and he was one of the old
colleagues of Lenin.
One night I was having dinner in his home and telling him that I
was at the end of my rope; I was about to give up ever having any
business dealings with the Soviet agencies. Here is what he said to
me : "Why are you so surprised? We are not a cultured people." He
did not mean to say that all of the Russians were not cultured, but the
Government was not cultured. The life of the average person, with
the exception of the small hierarchy at the top, is not worth a penny.
He is under the heel from birth to death.
The only enthusiasm, or the only people who are enthusiastic about
the Soviet Government, are the children. As long as they are children,
and as long as they go to school, everything is provided by the Govern-
ment; although, in recent years they have withdrawn free education
above public school. But the moment they come out and begin to
work, they get contact with reality and they become the bitterest
enemies.
It is my sincere contention that Stalin, with his brutality, has already
antagonized 95 percent of the population of Russia.
Remember this, that the forced collectivation cost Russia around
4 to 5 million lives. The enforced industrialization has cost Russia
untold millions, because the slave-labor camps have never been empty.
Tens of millions have already gone through for one period or an-
other, and there are today between 10 and 14 million men in the slave-
labor camps. They, in turn, have friends and relatives, mothers and
fathers and wives and children. They are all bitter.
It is my sincere conviction that if it became known in Russia today
that we have abrogated our commercial treaty, the people would be
jubilant. Every time they hear that we are standing up like men
to the Soviet imperialists, it inspires their hopes that some clay they
will be able to free themselves.
Mr. Dekom. How does the life of the few men at the top compare
to the life of the average worker in this so-called worker's paradise?
Mr. Marcus. It compares to, let us say, the life of a multimillionaire
with the life of an unemployed pauper.
Mr. Dekom. How do they rise to the top ?
Mr. Marcus. Over the bodies of their fellow citizens ; over the bodies,
at times, of their own relatives. In other words, you have to destroy
somebody. You have to report — whether it is true or not doesn't
matter — the moment the secret police gets a report about somebody,
that person is hauled out, and he may linger in a slave-labor camp
or in a jail for years, and then be freed with the statement, "Sorry, it
was a mistake."
Mr. Dekom. We have a number of publications, pamphlets, and
magazines, including Plain Talk and Nation's Business with articles
by J. Anthony Marcus. Are you the author of these ?
Mr. Marcus. Yes ; I am.
Mr. Arens. That is all, and thank you very much, Mr. Marcus.
The Chairman. I appreciate very much your coming down, and I
am glad to hear your statement.
(Thereupon, at 12:30 p. m., the hearing was recessed.)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GROUPS
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 : 30 a. m., in room
411, Senate Office Building, Senator James O. Eastland, presiding.
Present : Senator Eastland. Also present : Messrs. Richard Arens,
staff director of the special subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank
TV. Schroeder, professional staff members.
Senator Eastland. We will come to order.
I will swear the witness, and then you may proceed with your
questions, Mr. Arens.
Do you solemnly swear the testimony you are about to give before
a subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee of the Senate of the
United States is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,
so help you God ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I do.
TESTIMONY OF GEORGE SZCZERBINSKI, CREW DEPARTMENT,
GDYNIA-AMERICA LINE, INC.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state your full name ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. My full name is George Szczerbinski.
Mr. Arens. You are appearing here in answer to a subpena which
was served upon you, are you not ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What is your vocation or occupation?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I am an employee in a shipping line.
Mr. Arens. What shipping line is it ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. The Gdynia-America Line, Inc.
Mr. Arens. What is your particular job with the Gdynia- America
Line ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I am in charge of the crew department and partly
of the claims department.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been so employed?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I started working with the Gdynia-America Line
in 1938, with small intervals when I was working with the British
Ministry of Transport in New York.
413
414 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. How long have you lived in the United States?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I came to the United States on June 25, 1941.
Mr. Arens. Are you a naturalized citizen ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I am.
Mr. Arens. When were you naturalized?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I was naturalized on August 22, 1946.
Senator Eastland. In what country were you born ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I was born in Poland, sir.
Mr. Arens. Who is the president of the Gdynia Line ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Mr. Roman Kutylowski.
Mr. Arens. Who owns the Gdynia Line?
Mr. Szczerbinski. The Gdynia-America Line is owned by the Polish
Government.
Mr. Arens. What percentage of the ownership of the Gdynia Line
is in Polish hands ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. One hundred percent.
Mr. Arens. Then the operating control of the Gdynia Line is in
Polish hands; is that right?
Mr. Szczerbinski. It is, sir.
Mr. Arens. What percentage of the stock is owned by the Polish
Government itself, as distinguished from Polish individuals?
Mr. Szczerbinski. There are no individual shares. All the Polish
shares belong to the Polish Government.
Senator Eastland. Did the Government take the shares from the
citizens of Poland?
Mr. Szczerbinski. No. Before the war the position was the same,
because the shares were accumulated with the Polish Government.
There was no private stock. So the present Polish Government took
it over from the old Polish Government. Formerly a few percent was
owned in Denmark.
Mr. Arens. In the course of your duties as the person in charge of
the crew department of the Gdynia Line, do you have occasion to
check up on the number of desertions from the boats which are oper-
ated by the Gdynia Line ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I do.
Mr. Arens. What passenger vessels are operated by the Gdynia
Line which come to the United States ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. The motorship Batory and the motorship
JSobieski.
Mr. Arens. Have you prepared, at the request of the staff members
of this subcommittee, a list of the crew members who have deserted
from the Batory and from the Sobieski in the course of the last few
years?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes; it is here.
Mr. Arens. If the Senator please, I should like to submit for incor-
poration in the record as exhibit 1, a list of the deserters from the M. S.
Batory for each of certain years.
Senator Eastland. It will be so ordered.
(The document was marked "Szczerbinski Exhibit 1" and is as
follows:)
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 415
List of Deserters, M. S. "Batory"
Voyage No. 40, April 18, 1947 :
Teodor Szwec.
Antoni Hoszowski.
Gaston Wesierski.
Jerzy Kedzierski.
Jerzy Wollenschlager.
Joseph Fenech (British).
Charles Bruce (British).
William Parker (British).
Eugene McKeon (British).
Jan Zapletal (Czechoslovak).
William McNally (British).
William Pennington (British),
Voyage No. 41, May 16, 1947 :
Eugeniusz Ryciak.
Voyage No. 42, June 16, 1947 :
Stefan Kaszuba.
Voyage No. 43, July 18, 1947 :
Joanna Wilusz.
Jozef Marszewski.
Voyage No. 44, August 21, 1947 :
Jan Grudzinski.
Ryszard Kowalski.
Miroslaw Pason.
Voyage No. 45, September 12, 1947 :
Jan Paklepa.
Leonard Polowczyk.
Voyage No. 46, October 7, 1947 :
Stefan Juszczak.
Voyage No. 47, November 6, 1947 :
Wladyslaw Barczykowski.
Konstaneia Gasiorowska.
Voyage No. 48, December 10, 1947 :
Tadeusz Klak.
Franciszka Lewanska.
Stanislawa Ottowicz.
Voyage No. 49, January 17, 1948:
Agnieszka Buch.
Jan Bienia.
Voyage No. 50, February 20, 1948 :
Waclaw Kowalkowski.
Voyage No. 51, March 20, 1948 :
None.
Voyage No. 52, April 19, 194S :
Tadeusz Kowalski.
Voyage No. 53, May 19, 1949 :
Mieczyslaw Popiolek.
M:iksyniiljan Tomasiewicz.
Wincentv Winiarski.
Voyage No. 54, June 18, 1948:
Czeslaw Borzymowski.
Voyage No. 55, July 16, 1948 :
None.
Voyage No. 56, August 14, 1948 :
Jvazimierz Szlosowski.
Akens. Mr.
Voyage No. 57, September 13, 1948 :
Lidia Rachuba.
Marek Balcerzak.
Szczepan Grunwald.
Voyage No. 58, October 11, 1948 :
Bronislaw Kowalek.
Roman Masalski.
Zbigniew Piotrowski.
Karol Szymankiewicz.
Voyage No. 59, November 9, 1948 :
Franciszek Kanski.
Anna Mucha.
Adam Zaklekarz.
Voyage No. 60, December 10, 1948 :
Antoni Pietrzyk (later repatriated
to Gdynia).
Zbigniew Galecki.
Zygmunt Wilk.
Ryszard Zawadzki.
Leokadia Paszkiewicz.
Voyage No. 61, February 3, 1949 :
Franciszek Splawinski.
Romuald Swiderski.
Januasz Ambroziewicz.
Zenon Hroboni.
Jozef Sz:iwejko.
Stefan Kwiecinski.
Jan Prusisz.
Helena Sztab.
Ryszard Cielenkiewicz.
Roman Kotlarz.
Antoni Kowalczyk.
Marian Lorent.
Janusz Plucinski.
Tomasz Stuzynski.
Czeslaw Rak.
Alfons Wojtas.
Michal Bochenski.
Jerzy Cyrkler.
Kazimierz Ptaszynski.
Voyage No. 62, March 4, 1949 :
None.
Voyage No. 63, April 8, 1949 :
Ernst Baldur Jensen (Danish na-
tional).
Voyage No. 63A, May 6, 1949 :
Jan Piaskiewicz.
Leon Nowakowski.
Mieczyslaw Wolny.
Voyage No. 64, June 6, 1949 :
None.
Voyage No. 65, July 6, 1949 :
Anatoliusz Kleban.
Czeslaw Lukawski.
Zbigniew Szychowski.
Szczerbinski, can you tell us approximately how
many persons are listed on this list of deserters from the Batory over
certain designated periods of time?
Mr. Szczerbinski The number is 78 on the Batory.
416 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Over what period of time is that ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Since April 1947.
Mr. Arens. I now invite your attention to the names of certain of
these individuals whose names appear on this list. You prepared this
list, did you not?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes ; I did.
Mr. Arens. You prepared it as the person of the Gdynia Line in
charge of the crew department ; is that right ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Do you know Joanna Wilusz ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes; I do. I know she was working with the
Gdynia-America Line office in Gdynia, because she started her work
there. She spoke fair English and she was given a job as a saleslady
on board the ship. You know, there is a shop which sells nylon stock-
ings, lipsticks, and things like that.
Mr. Arens. Do you know whether or not she is a Communist ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I don't know. I know she jumped the ship at
one time and I think she got married and she is now in Chicago.
Mr. Arens. Are you familiar with the immigration laws insofar as
the same are applicable to the admission into the United States for
temporary purposes of seamen, crewmen ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes. A seaman is entitled to leave the ship of
his own will and to stay for 29 days here in order to secure another
seagoing job. After that time he is illegally here and he may be
apprehended.
Mr. Arens. Under the general immigration law, aside from crew
members, a Communist is excludible, is he not?
Mr. Szczerbinski. He is excluded ; yes.
Mr. Arens. But is it your understanding, as one who is in charge
of the crew department and familiar with the affairs of seamen, that
they are not excludible if they are Communists ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. No; they are not checked on their political be-
liefs.
Mr. Arens. In other words, to make the record clear, is it your un-
derstanding, on the basis of experience with the immigration laws and
the operation of this crew department of the Gdynia Line, that a per-
son, even though he be a Communist, is not excludible from the United
States if he gains admission as a crew member ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes ; for 29 days.
Mr. Arens. I now invite your attention to the second list which you
have presented here today. If the chairman please, we should like to
have this marked as "Exhibit 2" and have it inserted into the record.
Senator Eastland. It is so ordered.
(The document was marked "Szczerbinski Exhibit 2" and is as
follows:)
List of Deserters, Motorship "Sobieski"
Voyage No. 1, May 29, 1947 : Voyage No. 2, July 1, 1947 :
Domenico Radini (Italian nation- Lech Korgol (later signed on MS
al). Batory).
Antoni Matczak. Franciszek Terenowicz.
Witold Kloczkowski. Antonio di Domenico Bussanich
(Italian).
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 417
Voyage No. 3, August 2, 1047 :
Aurelio Fergoflia (Italian).
Gherardo Glavaz (Italian).
Voyage No. 4, September 5, 1947 :
Jerzy Brzozowski.
Voyage No. 5, October 4, 1947 :
Waclaw Przybylkowski.
Francesco Dandolo (Italian).
Voyage Xo. 6, November 5, 1947 :
Benjamino Vlacci (Italian).
Giorgio Burburan (Italian).
Natale D. Scrivanicb (Italian).
Natale Strogolo (Italian).
Voyage No. 7, December 8, 1947 :
Jadwiga Adamska.
Galina Pierino (Italian).
Apolonio Luciano (Italian).
Antonio Chiraz (Italian).
Silvio Stenberga (Italian) , later re-
patriated to Italy.
Voyage Xo. 8, January 23, 1948 :
Zbigniew Lukowski.
Marianna Koprowska.
Voyage Xo. 9, February 25, 1948 :
Edmund Gniatczyk.
Antonio Antoni (Italian).
Antonio Marussich (Italian).
Rogero Stocovaz (Italian).
Alfonso Vitiello (Italiani
Voyage No. 10, March 31, 1948 :
Boleslaw Skorobogaty.
Ryszard Lon.
Bruno Mauri vich (Italian).
Aldo Runco (Italian).
Antonio Taraboccia (Italian).
Mario Boscolo (Italian).
Voyage No. 11, May 7, 1948 :
Stefan Matuszak.
Hieronim Kolodziejczyk.
Lech Skiba.
Carlo Erbetto (Italian).
Giovanni Trento (Italian).
Voyage No. 12, June 11, 1948 :
Ilario Destri (Italian).
Voyage No. 13, July 1948 :
Wilhelm Kobielski.
Helena Jurkiewicz.
Sulgi Olzai (Italian).
Adelia Galanti (Italian).
Voyage Xo. 14, August 20, 1948 :
Henryk Trybun.
Nicola Matessich (Italian).
Stefano Pomasan (Italian).
Antonio Benco (Italian).
Voyage No. 15, September 24, 1948 :
Adam Bacal.
Antonio Senetta (Italian).
Francesco Glavich (Italian).
Vincenzo Roccini (Italian).
Voyage No. 16, October 29, 1948 :
Julian Baginski.
Waclaw Geba.
Edmund Matuszak.
J6sef Tempski.
Jerzy Zywialowski.
Voyage No. 17. December 6, 1948:
Edmund Pazdej.
Henryk Boksa.
Pietro Assenti (Italian).
Voyage No. 18, January 21, 1949 :
Jerzy Jurkiewicz.
Francesco di Marco (Italian).
Antonini Scarfl (Italian).
Voyage Xo. 19, February 25, 1949 :
Bronislaw Abramowski.
Leon Lukaszewicz.
Alojzy Pytel.
Stanislaw Skrzypczak.
Jerzy Luzny.
Henryk Ptak.
Jan Puszka.
Stanislaw Witkowski.
Leopold Woloszyn.
Andrzej Nogal.
Tadeusz Kudzicki.
Zdzislaw Zdrzalik.
Henryk Brenk.
Boleslaw Ogrodnik.
Jozef Woszczak.
Jan Walczak.
Tadeusz Sluzewski.
Boleslaw Pnstulka.
Kazimierz AVojcik.
Aleksander Poreda.
J6zef Rojowski.
Josef Maz.
Bogdan Maciag.
Zbigniew Wachulka.
Lech Korgol.
Roman Pawlowski.
Maksymilian Guc.
Kazimierz Malina.
Witold Sokolowski.
Stefan Reichel.
Emilian Kasprzyk.
Stanislaw Pytlik.
Wieslaw Bartnicki.
Ignacy Urbanek.
Stanislaw Gregorczyk.
Zbigniew Malski.
Henryk Zalewski.
Jan Rosalewski.
Wladyslaw Sowinski.
Pawel Bonk.
Anna Bielska.
Helena Zukowska.
Leon Goncz.
Waclaw Majzner.
Jan Kaczmarek.
Leszek Danelczyk.
Ryszard Mazuchowski.
Franciszek Staniszewski.
Czoslaw Lojewski.
Zbigniew Sawicki.
Kazimierz Andrzejewski.
Roman Skoczylas.
Ryszard Grzegorzewicz.
Jerzy Prusek.
Stanislaw Morawski.
Edmund Wojtkowski.
418 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Voyage No. 19, February 25, 1949— Con. Voyage No. 21, May 7, 1949 :
Wladyslaw Wysocki. Romelo Hanovich (Italian).
Stanislaw Kolodziej. Stefano di Perte (Italian).
Zona Kasprzykowska. Antonio di M. Piccinich (Italian).
Henryk Pisowacki. Tomasso Sessa (Italian).
Maria Risso (Italian). Mateo Taraboccia (Italian).
Valerian© Sessarego (Italian). Octavio Caruso (Italian).
Beni amino Maglio (Italian). Antonino Drago (Italian).
Voyage No. 20, April 1, 1949 : Voyage No. 22, June 22, 1949 :
Tadeusz Pietrzak. Pawel Jasiewicz.
Czeslaw Wyczolkowpki. Giuseppe Traverso (Italian).
Silvio Giuricin (Italian). Voyage No. 23, July 15, 1949:
Martino Tarabocci (Italian). Mario Budinis (Italian).
Placido Arena (Italian). Michele Balbi (Italian).
Antonio Matessich (Italian). Giaccomo Piccini (Italian).
Carmine Vittone (Italian).
Mr. Arens. This list, exhibit 2. is a list of the deserters from the
motorship Sobieshi; is that right?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes. They are mostly Italians. Most of the
crew are now Italian.
Senator Eastland. Why are they mostly Italians?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Because the ship carries mostly Italian clientele.
They are either Americans of Italian descent or Italians immigrat-
ing to the United States.
Senator Eastland. Why is that?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Because she runs between Genoa and New York.
So most of the waiters, cooks, and some of the others are Italians.
Mr. Arens. Did you prepare this list wThich is now identified as
exhibits?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. You prepared it from the records of your company as
the person in charge of the department ; is that right?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Mr. Arens, you have here a copy of the master's
report. This is exactly what we file always after the ship's departure.
This is signed by the captain en blanc. I fill it in, and I send it by
registered mail to the immigration authorities. So this list is an ex-
cerpt from here.
Mr. Arens. You prepared the top list, did you not, which has now
been marked "Exhibit 2," of the number of persons who have jumped
ship from the motorship Sobieshi in the years designated, beginning
in 1947?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes. It is voyage by voyage, and there are the
dates.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly look through that list and give us as
near as you can the approximate number of persons on that list in the
time designated?
Mr. Szczerbinski. There are 14G on the Sobieshi.
Mr. Arens. Over what period of time?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Starting with May 1947. So the total amount is
over 200.
Mr. Dekom. The total is approximately 22 1?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Senator Eastland. Are most of them Italians, or Poles?
Mr. Szczerbinski. On the Sobieshi most of them are Italians. Their
nationality is in brackets. Without brackets it is Polish. When he is
a foreign national, then we write "Italian" or "Danish."
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 419
Senator Eastlaxd. In your judgment, -what percentage of the de-
serters were Communists ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. A small percentage, Senator.
Senator Eastlaxd. Do you think that, of that small percentage, that
Communist agents were planted there to come into this country ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. The}T could be shipped that way, but I don't
know. I don't know who is a Communist because how can I know? I
am not a party member and I never was.
Mr. Arexs. Do you have information respecting officials of the line
who were Communists, assigned as crew members, and who after arriv-
ing in the United States went to various parts of the United States for
Communist purposes ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. I don't know.
Mr. Arexds. Do you know Michal Kochanczyk ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes. Originally I met Kochanczyk on board
the Sobieski when she was an auxiliary transport with the British
Fleet in 1941. I was chief purser then. Mr. Kochanczyk was a
waiter.
Senator Eastlaxd. Is he an official of the line ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes. I don't know whether he is any more an
official of the line, but at one time he went to Poland and became chief
of the personnel department.
Mr. Dekom. Did he ever come to the United States?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Why?
Mr. Szczerbixski. After some trouble started on the JSohieski, Mr.
Kochanczyk made a trip. I can't tell for sure how many times he was
in New York. I think it was twice.
At one time he went by one boat and he left on another boat. He
spent about a month in New York. He came to our office. He was
given a desk place. What he was exactly doing I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. What did he do in the office ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. He was interested in all the departments. He
was looking around and asking people questions. But he never started
any political conversation with any of us.
Senator Eastlaxd. Was he an old Communist, or is he a recent
convert ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. I don't know.
Mr. Schroeder. Did not he hold an official position in the Com-
munist Party in Poland ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. That I don't know, because I have no connection
with the Communist Party. All I know is that he was chief of the
personnel department in Gdynia, or some kind of supervisor of the
personnel.
Mr. Schroeder. Did he come over as a crew member?
Mr. Szczerbixski. He was listed as an assistant purser. He came
on the freighter Pulaski once that he stayed. The Pulaski was then
for about 2 weeks in New York. Later he came on the Batory.
Mr. Schroeder. Then he enjoyed the privilege of the 29 days, did
he not ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Exactly that,
Mr. Arens. Is the Pulaski a boat operated by the Gdynia Line ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes ; it is a freighter.
420 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. He subsequently came on the Batory • is that right?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes. I can furnish you that information only
after I am in my office and look in my files.
Mr. Arens. Please do that.
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. Do you have information about Mr. Stolarek ? What is
his full name ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I don't know what his first name is. He was on
the Batory, during the present call. The boat sailed yesterday.
Mr. Arens. Is he now on the ship ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. He is now on the ship.
Mr. Arens. Who is he?
Mr. Szczerbinski. His capacity as a crew member is second press
officer.
Mr. Arens. Is he a Communist ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I don't know, perhaps he is.
Mr. Arens. Did he also arrive in the United States as a crew mem-
ber?
Mr. Szczerbinski. He did but he wasn't let ashore because, as you
know, all the crew was detained on board.
Mr. Arens. That was just recently, was it not?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Has there been intimidation of the crew members of the
two boats by the Communists ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Well, in all frankness, I think that these rumors
are a little bit exaggerated.
Mr. Arens. Who is the vice president of the line ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Mr. Grzelak.1
Mr. Arens. Is he in litigation at the present time?
Mr. Szczerbinski. He is under bail.
Mr. Arens. What is his trouble ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I think he is facing deportation for suspicion
of his belonging to the Communist Party.
Mr. Arens. What is the crew complement of the Batory ■?
Mr. Szczerbinski. It is about 350. It varies, two or three more or
less.
Mr. Arens. What is the crew complement of the sister ship ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. The Sobieshi is about 280.
Mr. Arens. Those are two passenger vessels. As I understand it,
the Gdynia Line also operates some transport vessels.
Mr. Szczerbinski. Freighters, yes.
Mr. Arens. Are any of those freighters destined to the United
States?
Mr. Szczerbinski. They don't come now. We had one freighter
recently, but not in New York. She was somewhere in the South, pick-
ing up some cargo.
Senator Eastland. Why do they not come now ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Because there is no trade between the United
States and Poland. I think that is the reason. Or perhaps it is a short-
age of dollars of the Polish Government, which can't pay for the pur-
chases in America, because they have some barter arrangement with
Great Britain and with the South American countries.
* Czeslaw Grzelak.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 421
Mr. Arens. Who is the captain of the Batory 1
Mr. Szczerbinski. Captain Cwiklinski.1
Mr. Arens. What is the occasion for which he received this recent
decoration ? Do you know about that ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. The crew of the Batory was decorated for pa-
tience in — as they said — patience and good behavior while they were
suffering hardships from United States immigration officers after the
Eisler incident, after the Batory came, you know, in June.
Mr. Arens. What other lines which are controlled from behind the
iron curtain have boats coming to the United States, other than the
Gdynia Line ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. I know only there are one or two Yugoslav ves-
sels coming here.
Mr. Arens. What Yugoslav vessels do come here? Could you name
them?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Not offhand.
Mr. Arens. How about Russian vessels ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. There was a Russian passenger vessel last year,
the fiossia, that came here once or twice, and I think they had trouble
with the crew and with food. There were lots of complaints, so I think
they discontinued her line.
Mr. Arens. Does either one of your boats ever touch Halifax ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes; both did at several instances, when there
were passengers bound for Halifax from Europe.
Mr. Arens. Have either of your boats taken displaced persons en
route from Europe to the Western Hemisphere ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes; the SobiesM did.
Mr. Arens. Where did they pick up the displaced persons ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. They picked up those people in Genoa and they
discharged them at Halifax.
Mr. Arens. How many did they handle that way ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I understand there were over 150 at one time. I
don't know for sure, because I am not working with the passenger
department.
Mr. Arens. Have they brought any displaced persons to the United
States ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. No; they were mostly discharged in Canada.
Probably they were people who were not eligible for entry to the
United States, did not have proper visas, but they could secure Cana-
dian visas.
Mr. Dekom. Some time early in 1919, you signed up three Greek
seamen. Give us the details of that.
Mr. Szczerbinski. It was in February 1949, 1 think. There was one
radio operator and two motormen.
Mr. Dekom. How did they go and who hired them?
Mr. Szczerbinski. They went to Gdynia without wages, working
their way over. They were hired by Mr. Grzelak. The reason for them
being hired is that it was just after the big desertion of the Batory.
As far as Mr. Grzlak told me, he has told me, he was afraid that
we would be short of crew. So he tried to pick up people just for any
emergency.
1 Jan Cwiklinski.
422 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Did they speak any Polish ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. No.
Mr. Dekom. How about English ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Well, one of them spoke a little English.
Mr. Dekom. But the other two did not?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Did not.
Mr. Dekom. There was aboard the Batory, in the ship's store, a
woman by the name of Wanda SkarZynska. Do you know her?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I do. In fact, I knew her husband at one time,
an actor in Poland. She is an old lady.
Mr. Dekom. What did she do in this country ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I don"t know.
Mr. Dekom. She came off the ship and made speeches to various
Polish societies in this country. Have you any knowledge of that, Mr.
Szczerbinski ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I do not.
Senator Eastland. Is she a Communist?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I don't know, Senator; it is very hard to say who
is a Communist, and who is not, you know. Some people are Com-
munists, some people make believe they are for their own protection.
Senator Eastland. That is right. In fact, that is principally true,
is it not?
Mr. Szczerbinski. When I am testifying under oath, I must be very
careful in what I say, you know, because I may perjure myself. I
must say only what I know.
Mr. Dekom. During 1948, a group of people from the Batory, usu-
ally under the leadership of the crew delegate, got off the boat to give
shows over here. What about that?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I heard about it.
Mr. Arens. Who were those persons ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I know that one of them was the paymaster,
Rosinski, who is in Gdynia and is not sailing anymore.
Mr. Arens. What did they do ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I think they went somewhere in New Jersey, and
they had some lectures.
Mr. Arens. To whom did they lecture?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I can't tell you exactly, because I wasn't inter-
ested then, you know.
Mr. Dekom. What is the function of the crew delegate?
Mr. Szczerbinski. There is a joint agreement between the ship-
owners and the seamen, and the crew delegate is the one who is sup-
posed to watch that this agreement is run in the interest of seamen.
Mr. Dekom. In other words, he is' a sort of a shop steward for the
seamen ; he watches over the seamens' rights under the agreement ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes.
Mr. Sciiroeder. He is a union boss?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes ; he is a union representative. For instance,
if a seaman is punished unjustly by the captain, it is the crew delegate's
job to go to the captain and sa}^ that it is not right, because, according
to the agreement, it should not be so. Or if the food of the crew is not
adequate or no good, then there is a crew delegate who goes to the chief
.steward and who complains.
Mr. Dekom. Who is the purser on the Sohieslci now ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 423
Mr. Szczerbixski. Mr. Joseph Szczyszek.
Mr. Dekom. Were you present when the fight took place in Halifax
between the crew of the Batory and the crew of the SohiesM?
Mr. Szczerbixski. I was on board the Sobieski as chief steward.
Mr. Dekom. What happened there?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Well, the crew of the Batory thought that the
repairs of the ship — because she struck an underwater object at one
time and she came to Xew York for repairs — they thought that they
would have a very nice time in New York. When the company sent
the ship instead to Halifax, which is a very dull place, a dry place,,
they were just furious. When the /Sobieski came for a couple of hours
to discharge the DP's at Halifax, we were boarded by the crew mem-
bers of the Batory who went, first of all, to the bars to buy some liquor
because Halifax was dry. They ordered various drinks and finally
champagne. When the bartender. Mr. Burak, asked for payment,
the}' beat him nearly to death. They knocked him out a few teeth and
then they started beating some others.
Mr. Dekom. Including Jezyk?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes. Quartermaster Jezyk.
Senator Eastland. Did they discharge him?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes, sir. He was a source of constant trouble
with the crew.
Mr. Dekom. Toward the end of 1947 the line signed up a young
Polish-American of about 24 or 25 years of age, who went across one
trip, stayed 2 months, then came back, and apparently never signed
up again. Who was that?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Joseph Bieniowski.
Mr. Dekom. Do you sign people on in the United States?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Now we don't do it very often, you know. First
of all, we are not allowed by the immigration officers.
Mr. Arexs. Mr. Szczerbinski, does the vice president of the line
know you are down here testifying today?
Mr. Szczerbixski. He knows I am here.
Mr. Arens. Does the president of the line know you are down here ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes.
Mr. Arexs. Have you had conversations with him respecting your
testimony?
Mr. Szczerbixski. No; I just showed them the subpena and I said,
"Give me a day off because I have to be in Washington." They
asked me do I know what it is all about. I said, "No; I don't know."
Mr. Dekom. Do you know the name Catherine Gluszak ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. No.
Mr. Sciiroeder. These three Greeks who were signed aboard as sea-
men lived a luxurious life sailing on this ship. Is that customary for
crew members ? Customary for crew members to eat with passengers ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. It is not customary. They have their own
messes. So in the first-class dining room only the captain eats, the
chief engineer, the chief purser, the surgeon, and the press officer.
Mr. Arexs. These Greeks were just working their way across, were
they not ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Why did they not do any work aboard ?
Mr. Szczerbixski. I don't know.
senders
424 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Do you know of any instances in which Soviet officers
went aboard as civilian passengers, or apparently as civilian pas-
f
Mr. Szczerbinski. Well, I don't know. They may.
Senator Eastland. Do you mean army officers ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Szczerbinski. It is very probable that some members of the
Russian consulates which were liquidated here sailed on the Batory
to Russia via Poland. It is quite possible. It is very natural. I
remember on one instance I saw a man in a uniform which struck me
because officers, army officers, never travel on a boat in uniform. I
never go to Ambrose Lightship with the ship. I always leave. I am
the last one to leave the ship, you know, prior to departure, 5 minutes
before the gangplank is off.
I remember I saw one man in Russian uniform.
Mr. Dekom. Have you any knowledge, from conversations or from
your own personal observation, of the transportation of agents, Com-
munist agents, into this country or into the Western Hemisphere?
Mr. Szczerbinski. I have not.
Mr. Dekom. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party or of the Polish Workers' Party ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. No ; I have not.
Mr. Dekom. Where is the vice president now ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. He is now in New York.
Mr. Dekom. Is he in the office ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes. He returned yesterday.
Mr. Dekom. Did he return from his vacation ; is that it ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. From his vacation.
Mr. Schroeder. He is still performing his duties as vice president
of the Gydnia Line, is he ?
Mr. Szczerbinski. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arens. That is all we have, Senator, of Mr. Szczerbinski. May
I remind the witness that this is an executive session. That is all,
Mr. Szczerbinski.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS AND
NATIONAL GBOUPS
THURSDAY, AUGUST 11, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and
Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. G.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2 p. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Forrest C. Donnell presiding.
Present : Senator Donnell.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee ; Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
Senator Donnell. The meetirg will come to order.
TESTIMONY OF WALTER TYSH, INTERNATIONAL WORKERS ORDER x
Mr. Arens. This hearing is a continuation of the hearings on S.
1832, to provide for the exclusion of subversives. The first witness,
Senator, is Walter Tysh.
Mr. Tysh, would you kindly stand and raise your right hand and be
sworn ?
Senator Donnell. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you
are about to give in the matter at hand before this subcommittee shall
be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you
God?
Mr. Tysh. I do.
Mr. Arens. Will you kindly state your full name and address?
Mr. Tysh. My name is Walter Tysh. On my birth certificate, I
spell it T-y-s-h, but in Polish it looks, when it is spelled, more like
T-y-s-z. There was a time a few years ago I checked on my birth
records and I found that there was some error. For some time I was
working in the war industry I had to use that name which was on that
record. It was Peter Tyrn.
Senator Donnell. What is your name, please ?
Mr. Crammer. Harold Crammer, 9 East Fortieth Street, New York,
N. Y.
Senator Donnell. You are a member of the bar ?
Mr. Crammer. Yes.
Senator Donnell. You are representing this gentlemen who is now
testifying ?
Mr. Crammer. Yes, sir.
1 Accompanied by Harold Crammer, attorney. The witness appeared under subpena.
425
426 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Donnell. I think I should say in frankness, and for both
the witness and his counsel, that we do not at this moment have a
quorum of this committee. I want you to know that with all the legal
implications that come from that fact. In the oath which I ad-
ministered to the witness, I inadvertently used the term "before this
subcommittee." As a matter of fact, there is only one member of the
subcommittee here and that is myself. We do not have that quorum.
I wanted you to know that fact.
Mr. Crammer. We understand you are at some inconvenience your-
self and we are grateful because we wanted to testify and go home.
Senator Donnell. All right, sir.
Mr. Dekom. Mr. Tysh, you have given us your name. Will you
give us your present address and occupation (
Mr. Tysii. I live at 140 Maple Avenue, Waliington, N. J. I am
employed by the International Workers Order as a clerk.
Senator Donnell. You are not a lawyer, Mr. Tysh '(
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Donnell. And you are ?
Mr. Crammer. Yes.
Senator Donnell. I wanted you particularly to know the fact that
there is no quorum present, in view of the decision of the United States
Supreme Court with which Mr. Crammer is familiar, relating to cer-
tain disabilities attendant upon the committee or anyone acting with
respect to proceedings that transpire in the absence of a quorum.
I think you know what the case is to which I refer.
Mr. Crammer. I think I do but we understand you want testimony
from him and we want you to have his testimony.
Senator Donnell. I just want you to know that there is not a
quorum here and I want you to bear in mind the decision of the Su-
preme Court of the United States and any and all legal implications
that may follow from the fact that there is not a quorum.
Mr. Dekom. You said you worked for the International Workers
Order?
Mr. Tysh. I work now.
Mr. Dekom. Is that organization, to your knowledge, listed as Com-
munist and subversive by the Attorney General ?
Mr. Tysh. I think it is.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know for a fact that it is or do you just think
it is?
Mr. Tysh. I think it is.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know for a fact it is ?
Mr. Tysh. It was in the papers.
Mr. Dekom. It also was in the publications of the International
Workers Order which you read, the Fraternal Outlook, for example.
Mr. Tysh. That is what they write, that the Attorney General
listed the IWO.
Mr. Dekom. Have you any connection with the Polonia Society ?
Mr. Tysh. That Polonia Society is the Polish branch of the inter-
national.
Mr. Dekom. What is your connection with that?
Mr. Tysh. I handle the Polish correspondence.
Senator Donnell. Could you speak a little louder, Mr. Tysh?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 427
Mr. Tysh. I handle the Polish correspondence from members and
since I am of Polish descent and I know the Polish language, I answer
the correspondence in Polish on different questions on their insurance
policies, benefits, and claims.
Mr. Dekom. You were born in Poland?
Mr. Tysh. I was born in this country, in Philadelphia, Pa. I am
a native American citizen.
Mr. Dekon. How did you learn Polish?
Mr. Tysh. At the age of 5 my parents moved to Poland and we
lived there until 1987. In 1937, 1 came back here.
Mr. Dekom. You came back here \
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. What office do you hold in the Polonia Society?
Mr. Tysh. I am assistant secretary.
Mr. Dekom. You are assistant secretary? Is that in the national
organization \
Mr. Tysh. Well, it is national, but my duties are mainly as a clerk.
Mr. Dekom. What occupations have you held prior to your present
occupation with the Polonia Society?
Mr. Tysh. In 1946 I was honorably discharged from the United
States Navy. After being unemployed for about 5 months, I applied
at the Polish delegation to the United Nations and I was hired as a
messenger-clerk. My duties were purely routine.
Mr. Dekom. What exactly was the date of your employment by the
Polish delegation to the United Nations?
Mr. Tysh. I think it was in August 1946.
Mr. Dekom. How long were you there ?
Mr. Tysh. I was there for over a year.
Mr. Dekom. Why did you leave that ?
Mr. Tysh. Because they were reducing the staff, they were laying
people off.
Mr. Dekom. Y"ou then went and applied to the International Work-
ers Order?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Had you been a member of it before?
Mr. Tysh. I was.
Mr. Dekom. When did you become a member?
Mr. Tysh. I took out a policy in 1938.
Mr. Dekom. When were you elected to your first office or appointed
to your first office in the International Workers Order?
Mr. Tysh. Well, I don't remember, because at the beginning I
didn't take much interest in this organization. I joined, so probably
at some time they elected me to some position or some committee.
Mr. Dekom. Approximately when, before the war or after the war?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know what you mean, national or local ?
Mr. Dekom. Either one, if you can specify what it is, whether it is
national or local.
Mr. Tysh. I think it was the year after I joined.
Mr. Dekom. That would be about 1938?
Mr. Tysh. 1939. That was local.
Mr. Dekom. In New York ?
Mr. Tysh. That was in Passaic, N. J.
Mr. Dekom. When did you enter the armed services ?
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 28
428 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Tysh. Just to be exact, in March, March 28, 1945, and I was
discharged on April 5, 1946.
Mr. Dekom. How old are you?
Mr. Tysh. Thirty-three.
Mr. Dekom. Did you see any active service ?
Mr. Tysh. No ; I did not. You mean on the front ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. When you came out of the armed services, what was
your position in the International Workers Order?
Mr. Tysh. I had no position then.
Mr. Dekom. When did you become elected or appointed?
Mr. Tysh. When I started to work now.
Mr. Dekom. That is in 1946?
Mr. Tysh. 1947.
Mr. Dekom. You were elected or appointed as assistant secretary?
Mr. Tysh. Well, I was elected.
Mr. Dekom. You were elected at a meeting or by a board of direc-
tors ; how ?
Mr. Tysh. At a national committee meeting.
Mr. Dekom. Who is the head of the Polonia Society now?
Mr. Tysh. You mean president ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. Bronislaw Wojkowski.
Mr. Dekom. What functions have you performed other than clerical
duties? Have you made speeches or shown films or talked about
Poland or anything of that sort ?
Mr. Tysh. Well, our organization has lodges and I spoke at differ-
ent meetings — lodge meetings.
Mr. Dekom. About what did you speak ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember. I spoke on Poland — on relief for
Poland.
Mr. Dekom. What did you speak about — about conditions in
Poland or Polish geography or Polish clothing ; what specifically did
you speak about?
Mr. Tysh. I spoke on the necessity of sending relief to needy Polish
people.
Mr. Dekom. You never spoke about conditions in Poland?
Mr. Tysh. I didn't speak because many of our members receive
different literature from which they learn about different conditions.
Mr. Dekom. What sort of literature ?
Mr. Tysh. They receive a weekly paper.
Mr. Dekom. That tells them about conditions in Poland?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Does the paper have a representative in Poland from
whom they get the information ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Yet you are the assistant secretary of the organization
that issues the paper ?
Mr. Tysh. Of the Polonia Society.
Mr. Dekom. You do not know where they get their information?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. Do you ever go around to show movies or films ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 429
Mr. Ttsh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. What kind of films do you show ?
Mr. Tysh. You see, since I spent so many years in Poland and I am
personally interested in what is going on there, and as my hobby I
sometimes borrowed some films from representatives, Film-Polski, and
I show them shorts like rebuilding of Warsaw.
Mr. Dekom. What sort of organization is Film-Polski? Is it a
private organization ?
Mr. Tysh. That is a Polish Government.
Mr. Dekom. Organization of the Polish Government?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Can you tell the committee the nature of the Polish
Government? Is it a republican government or democratic govern-
ment or Socialist government or perhaps a Communist government?
Mr. Tysh. There are different opinions.
Mr. Dekom. Is your testimony that you do not know ?
Mr. Tysh. There are different opinions.
Mr. Dekom. We are not asking for anybody's opinion. We are
asking for yours. We do not care what other people think. We want
to know what you know. We ask you if you know for a fact whether
it is any of those things.
Mr. Tysh. Some say it is Socialist.
Mr. Dekom. We do not ask you what some say. We ask what you
say.
Mr. Tysh. May I consult my lawyer ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Tysh, have you secured from Film-Polski films
which you have been displaying?
Mr. Tysh. Yes, showing.
Mr. Dekom. You have been showing them to groups of people in
this country?
Mr. Tysh. That is right,
Mr. Arens. From whom in Film-Polski did you secure the films?
What is the name of the individual ?
Mr. Tysh. His name is Andrei Liwnicz.
Mr. Arens. Where is he located ?
Mr. Tysh. 299 Madison Avenue, New York.
Mr. Dekom. When did you secure the films from him for the pur-
pose of displaying them ?
Mr. Tysh. I got a few films.
Mr. Dekom. When was the last time you secured films from him for
displaying purposes ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Dekom. How many times would you say you have secured films
from him?
Mr. Tysh. I would say about 8 or 10 times.
Mr. Dekom. Eight or ten times in the course of what period of
time ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Dekom. How many times have you secured films from him for
the purpose of displaying them at meetings in the course of the last
year ?
Mr. Tysh. Last year?
430 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. In the course of, say, the last year.
Mr. Tysh. I think it was last year.
Mr. Dekom. Eight or ten times last year ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. In order that the record may be clear, in the course of the
last year you have secured lilms for purposes of displaying those
films from the gentleman to whom you have just referred 8 or 10
times, in the course of the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. I think so. I am not sure about this because
Mr. Arens. Is that approximately right ?
Mr. Tysh. About.
Mr. Arens. The number is approximately right ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What is the office or position of the gentleman from
whom you have secured these films ?
Mr. Tysh. He is a representative.
Mr. Arens. Representative of what?
Mr. Tysh. Of Film-Polski.
Mr. Dekom. Is he an employee of the Polish Government?
Mr. Tysh. I think so.
Mr. Dekom. And are the films the property of the Polish Govern-
ment, official Polish Government films ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Is the company that manufactures them, Film-Polski,
part of the Government ? Is it owned by the Polish Government, the
film industry, for example?
Air. Tysh. I think so.
Mr. Dekom. So that the films would be the property and the manu-
facture of the Polish Government.
Mr. Arens. Do you know where the man gets the films from whom,
you secured them ?
Mr. Tysh. He gets them from Poland.
Mr. Schroeder. Where did you show these pictures ?
Mr. Tysh. I showed them in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut.
Mr. Arens. Before what organizations or associations or groups
did you display these films ?
Mr. Tysh. Polish people.
Mr. Arens. Could you name some of the organizations of the Po-
lish people to whom you have been displaying these films?
Mr. Tysh. International Workers Order was one.
Mr. xVrens. Now, how many groups or associations of persons in
the International Workers Order have you displayed these films to
in the course of the last year?
Mr. Tysh. That would be only guessing, because
Mr. Dekom. Approximately.
Mr. Tysh. About 10.
Mr. Arens. Ten organizations?
Mr. Tysh. Showings.
Mr. Arens. Or subdivisions of the International Workers' Order?
Mr. Tysh. Ten showings.
Mr. Arens. Ten showings altogether in the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 431
Mr. Arexs. In these 10 showings, in the course of the last year, did
you show all 10 films, 8 or 10 films, that you secured in the course of
the last year from representatives of Film-Polski ?
Mr. Tysh. Gentlemen, I don't remember many of these things. I
would have to check.
Mr. Dekom. You could give it to us approximately. You think
you showed all the films you borrowed ? Are there some films you did
not show, did not get around to showing ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arexs. Mr. Tysh, to whatever groups have you displayed your
films, other than subunits of the International Workers' Order?
Mr. Tysh. None of them.
Mr. Arexs. Then is it your testimony that you have displayed the
films only to persons in meetings under the auspices of the Interna-
tional Workers' Order ?
Mr. Tysh. There were different people. I did not ask them whether
they belonged to this organization or that or the International
Workers' Order.
Mr. Arexs. But all the meetings in which you displayed the films
were under the auspices of the International Workers' Order?
Mr. Tysh. You say all ?
Mr. Arexs. Yes, sir.
Mr. Tysh. I don't know, because sometimes a group of people would
ask me to come and show them.
Mr. Arexs. For what groups did you display the films other than
the groups which were under the sponsorship or auspices of the Inter-
na+ional Workers' Order?
Mr. Ty*h. Other?
Mr. Arexs . Yes ; what other groups besides the International
Workers' Order ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arexs. Do you have recollection that there were other groups
for whom you have displayed the films other than those groups which
were sponsored by the International Workers' Order?
Mr. Tysh. What do you mean by "groups" ?
Mr. Arexs. Associations of persons.
Mr. Dekom. Clubs or other organizations.
Mr. Tysh. Organized or unorganized?
Mr. Dekom. Either one, or the names of clubs you might have
shown them to.
Mr. Tysh. What was the question originally ?
Mr. Arexs. You have testified here, as I understand it, Mr. Tysh,
in the course of the last year you have displayed films which you
have secured from a representative of Film-Polski before certain
groups and it was your testimony, as I further understood it, that a
number of these groups were under the auspices or sponsorship of
the International Workers Order. Is that right?
Mr. Tysh. I would like the privilege of consulting with my at-
torney.
Senator Donxell. You may.
Mr. Crammer. Do you mean informal or formal groups?
Mr. Arexs. What we are trying to elicit from this witness, Mr.
Crammer, is the nature of the groups before whom he displayed the
432 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
films. As I Understand it, he has testified some of the groups were
groups which were set up or sponsored by units of the International
Workers Order. Now what other groups did you display the films
before as distinguished from those groups sponsored by the Inter-
national Workers Order?
Mr. Tysh. Some informal.
Mr. Arens. I did not understand what you said.
Mr. Tysh. Informal. Somebody would write to me that "when
you will be here I would like to see the films."
Mr. Arens. What would be the type of group that would be illus-
trated by this person you just spoke of?
Mr. Tysh. Unorganized, just on a personal basis.
Mr. Dekom. You mean an individual would write you and say,
"I have some friends who would want to see your picture"?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Not a club ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Arens. In how many instances did you display films before
groups in which an individual would write and say in effect, "Please
come and display your films"?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember exactly.
Mr. Arens. Would it be as many as a dozen in the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. As many as six ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. As many as three in the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. About.
Mr. Arens. Is it your recollection or testimony that it would be
approximately three in the course of the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Can you recall the circumstances surrounding the dis-
play of the films in any of these three instances to which you have
referred ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. You do know that you have displayed films to groups
other than groups under the auspices of the International Workers
Order?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Now where did you display the films ?
Mr. Crammer. Do you mean the house or hall ?
Mr. Arens. No, what State or town or village.
Mr. Tysh. I said before I showed them in New York, New Jersey,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania.
Mr. Dekom. How about Michigan?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. Are there any other States in which you have displayed
the films in the course of last year other than New York, Connecticut,
Pennsylvania, or New Jersey?
Mr. Tysh. Massachusetts.
Mr. Arens. Have you ever displayed them in Ohio ?
Mr. Tysh. No. Ohio?
Mr. Schroeder. Detroit? Cleveland?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know that territory and I don't remember whether
I was in Ohio or not.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 433
Mr. Schkoeder. Youngstown ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. You say you do not remember whether you have been
in Ohio in the course of last year ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. You do remember or you do not remember?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember. I don't know the territory and I
don't remember whether I was in some county or not.
Mr. Arens. Do you have, in conjunction with your duties as affiliate
or officer in the International Workers Order, a certain territory or
area which is under your jurisdiction?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know. It is not fixed.
Mr. Dekom. You are an officer of the national organization?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. So that your territory of activity, as far as the Inter-
national Workers Order is concerned, would cover any Polish group
in any part of the country ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't go to the West, Middle West.
Mr. Arens. Why not?
Mr. Tysh. Nobody asked me to.
Mr. Arens. Are there any States in the Union in which you have
displayed these films in the course of the last year other than those
five States which you have a few minutes ago mentioned?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember. I would have to check on that.
Mr. Arens. But you do have a recollection that you have displayed
the films in each of those five States to which you have just referred,
namely, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Mas-
sachusetts ?
Mr. Tysh. You said in the last year ?
Mr. Arens. Yes, sir.
Mr. Tysh. I am not sure whether it was last year or maybe before.
I know that I showed films in these States.
Mr. Arens. Over what period of time ?
Mr. Tysh. You see, I don't remember exactly.
Mr. Arens. Would it be within a period commencing 2 years ago ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Was it before or after you left your employment with
the Polish United Nations delegation ?
Mr. Tysh. It was after.
Mr. Dekom. Did you display any of these films while you were affi-
liated with the United Nations delegation ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. Who paid your transportation expenses to each of these
several States when you displayed these films ?
Mr. Tysh. Well, sometimes we would have collections and that
would cover my expense traveling.
Mr. Dekom. You mean collections where you showed the pictures?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Arens. How about other times? You said sometimes collec-
tions were taken. How about on other occasions?
Mr. Tysh. Others, they would have tickets.
Mr. Dekom. Admission charge?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
434 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Were there any other means by which you raised money
to pay for this?
Mr. Ttsh. No.
Mr. Dekom. Just by collections or tickets ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Who paid for the transportation of the films?
Mr. Tysh. Transportation of the films ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes, to get them there. Did you carry them with
you?
Mr. Tysii. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Did your superior officer in the International Workers
Order know of your activity in displaying these films in each of the six
States ?
Mr. Tysh. I think they know, because it wasn't a secret.
Mr. Arens. Did they release you from your duties as a member
or officer or employee of the International Workers Order?
Mr. Tysh. I didn't go especially to show the films. I would try
to sell some insurance while I would be on the trip, speak to members
about our organization and try to sign them up, for instance.
Mr. Arens. Approximately how many persons would be at an
average meeting in which you displayed these films in the course of
the last 2 years?
Mr. Tysh. That is hard to say.
Mr. Arens. Would the maximum number at any one meeting range
as high as 500?
Mr. Tysh. There was one meeting in Philadelphia that I think had
about that many but other meetings had a very small attendance.
They were small groups.
Mr. Arens. Did you do anything at the meeting other than display
the films ?
Mr. Tysh- I would tell them about the picture.
Mr. Arens. Was it a sound picture or did you have to give a running
commentary ?
Mr. Tysh. It was a sound picture but still I felt that to prepare the
audience I would summarize wdiat they will see.
Mr. Dekom. How did you obtain that summary? Who gave that
information to you?
Mr. Tysh. I saw that film so many times and I know already.
Mr. Dekom. How about the first time you showed them ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember whether I did that or not.
Mr. Dekom. Did you actually operate the projection machine, or
was that done by someone else ?
Mr. Tysh. No ; I showed them.
Mr. Dekom. Did you have a projection machine with you?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Schroeder. That is a 16-millimeter projector?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Sixteen-millimeter sound-on-film ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. How many times a month are you in contact with the
Polish consul general or Polish consulate in New York?
Mr. Tysh. How many times a month?
Mr. Dekom. Yes ; how many times a month, on the average.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 435
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arens. In the course of the last month, have you seen many or
had conversations with many or had official contacts with many?
Mr. Tysh. The last month ? Yes ; Ave had a meeting in New York.
Mr. Arens. Who had the meeting?
Mr. Tysh. The Polonia Society of the International Workers Order-
Mr. Dekom. How many people were at the meeting?
Mr. Tysh. The press reported there was about 500 people.
Mr. Arens. Was the consul general there as speaker ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What did he speak about ?
Mr. Tysh. That was Poland's fifth anniversary.
Mr. Arens. You mean Poland is 5 years old ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes ; since the war.
Mr. Arens. What is his name ?
Mr. Tysh. Whose?
Mr. Arens. The consul general in New York, the Polish consul gen-
eral in New York.
Mr. Tysh. Jan Galewicz.
Mr. Dekom. Who arranged for him to speak there ?
Mr. Tysh. The Polonia Society of the International Workers Order.
Mr. Dekom. Did you go and say to him, "Mr. Galewicz, I want you
to speak" ; how did it happen \
Mr. Tysh. Yes ; we asked him.
Mr. Dekom. Wlio are "we" ?
Mr. Tysh. From the committee.
Mr. Dekom. Who are the members of the committee who asked
him?
Mr. Tysh. Members in New York.
Mr. Dekom. Will you name them ?
Mr. Tysh. I will have to consult my attorney.
Mr. Crammer. There was a group of which he was a member, a com-
mittee, which called on the consul and invited him to speak. He at-
tended on that occasion with the committee to extend the invitation.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Tysh, will you kindly tell us the names of the indi-
viduals who composed that committee that called on the Polish consul
general?
Mr. Tysh. I went there myself.
Mr. Arens. Who accompanied you ?
Mr. Tysh. I went myself.
Mr. Dekom. You were the only one to go ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. You were instructed by the committee to go?
Mr. Arens. Who composed the committee that instructed you to go
and invite the consul general to appear at this meeting?
Mr. Tysh. It wasn't exactly an elected committee. People came to
the meetings, and they participate this way. It wasn't a fixed com-
mittee.
Mr. Arens. How frequently have you had official contact or any
conversation with the Polish consul general in the course of, let us say,.
the last year or two ? How frequently do you see him ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
436 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Would you see him as much as once a month on the aver-
age?
Mr. Tysii. I don't think so.
Mr. Arens. Would you see him as much as once in a couple of months
on the average ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know. I don't keep track of that.
Mr. Arens. Would you see him as much as once every 6 months on
the average ?
Mr. Tysh. Maybe.
Mr. Arens. Would you have contact with him, whether by personal
appearance or by telephone conversation or correspondence, in the
course of a month, as much as once or twice in the course of the last
2 years ?
Mr. Tysh. No. I would make an appointment where I could see
him.
Mr. Arens. How many times in the course of the last month have
you either had personal conversation in the presence of the Polish
consul general or telephone conversation with him or correspondence
with him?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Have you in the course of the last month had contact
with him in either of those three ways, in any of those three ways, in
the course of the last month ?
Mr. Tysh. Well, I said before he spoke at the meeting.
Mr. Dekom. That is the only contact you had with him ?
Mr. Tysh. No ; I went to invite him to come to this meeting.
Mr. Arens. Aside from the occasion on which you invited him to
appear at this meeting, what other contacts or associations have you
had with him in the course of the last month ?
Mr. Tysh. Other?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Is it a fact that vou have had direct contact with the
consul general in the course of the last year? By contact, I would
describe that term to mean association with him either by personal
conversation, by telephone conversation, or by correspondence.
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember, because I never thought of having
that thing in mind, to register that.
Mr. Arens. How frequently does the Polish consul general have
contact with the International Workers Order's Polonia Society?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arens. Do you know that he does have contact with the Polonia
Society ?
Mr. Tysh. What do you mean by contact?
Mr. Arens. Does he counsel and confer with the officers, attend
the meetings ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arens. You know he attended at least one meeting ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. That is the meeting to which you have alluded, at which
he spoke ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 437
Mr. Dekom. How often are you in contact with the other members
of the consulate in New York, other than the consul general himself?
Mr. Tysh. How often?
Mr. Dekom. Yes; on the average per month. Is it 5 times, 10
times ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. If you remember it is not 5 or 10, how many do you
remember ?
Mr. Ttsh. I don't think of these things, and I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Do you have frequent contact with the consul general's
office, in New York, of the Polish Government ?
Mr. Tysh. Frequently?
Mr. Arens. Yes, sir.
Mr. Tysh. I don't think so.
Mr. Arens. In the last year have you had contact with the Polish
consul general officers in New York in excess of a dozen times ?
Mr. Tysh. This year?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Have you had contact less than a dozen times in the
course of the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Dekom. Have you had more frequent contact with the consulate
than with the Polish United Nations delegation in the last year, or
do you see them more often or talk to them or write to them more
often ?
Mr. Crammer. I do not know whether he said he saw them at all.
Mr. Dekom. He did.
Mr. Crammer. The United Nations people, in the last year ?
Mr. Dekom. I think you ought to let the witness testify.
Mr. Tysh. No ; I don't talk much to them.
Mr. Schroeder. Have you ever received any compensation or ex-
penses from the consul general's office in New York ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Schroeder. You do not remember that you did not receive any
expense money from the consul general's office? You certainly re-
member whether you received compensation?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Schroeder. Think hard.
Mr. Arens. Do you testify you did not to your knowledge receive
any money or other compensation from the office of the consul general
in New York City, either in the form of payment for services rendered
or for expenses or for any other item ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know them.
Mr. Arens. Is it your testimony that you have not received any
money ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know ; I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Is it your testimony that you do not remember if on
any occasion you have received money directed to you through the
Polish consul general in New York ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember that.
Mr. Arens. I do not understand whether you say you do not re-
member any or you do not remember.
438 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Crammer. He says lie doesn't remember.
Mr. Arexs. Have you or have you not in the course of the last year-
received any money directed to you through the Polish consul general
in New York ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Senator Doxnell. Do you know whether you got any money or
not from the consul general in the last year?
Mr. Tysh. I will have to consult mv lawyer.
Senator Doxnell. Consult him.
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember any occasion when I received any.
Senator Doxnell. Do you say here you did not receive any money
from him during the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Donxell. You do not say that, or do you mean you did not ?
What I want to know is : Do you say now that you did not receive
any money from him?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Senator Doxtxell. You are saying positively you did not receive
any money last year ; is that right ?
Mr. Tysh. No ; I didn't receive any.
Senator Dox'xell. Are you sure of that ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. How about since leaving your employment with the
United Nations delegation, any time since leaving your employment
with the Polish United Nations delegation? Did you receive any
money from or through the consulate or through the consul general?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. Your testimony is that you did not receive any ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Arexs. AVhat contact, if any, have you had with the office of
the consul general of the Polish Government in New York City with
reference to immigration matters, particularly problems with refer-
ence to the issuance of visas '.
Mr. Tysh. Issuing of visas? Well, sometimes people would ask
me, those that were interested to go to Poland, whether I could help
them to get a visa.
Mr. Dekom. Who are these people ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember; very few sometimes.
Mr. Dekom. Can you name any of them or don't you remember any
of them ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Dekom. Not one person who asked you ?
Mr. Tysh. Offhand.
Mr. Dekom. Yet you went to the consulate in their behalf ?
Mr. Tysh. Pardon me ?
Mr. Dekom. You went to the consulate on their behalf to inquire
about visas. Did you go to the consulate for these people and ask
about their visas?
Mr. Tysh. No; I didn't go.
Mr. Dekom. What did you do?
Mr. Tysh. I would call him on the phone.
Mr. Dekom. With whom did you talk?
Mr. Tysh. Somebody from the passport
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 439
Mr. Arens. What would be the nature of the case you would inquire
about ; a typical case ?
Mr. Tysh. Thev would ask me to find out how is their case, that is
all.
Mr. Arens. It would be a case where someone wanted to go to
Poland from the United States?
Mr. Tysh. For a visit.
Mr. Arexs. Xow who would be the persons who would inquire of
you respecting a visa case?
Mr. Tysh. I didn't get that question.
Mr. Arexs. Who were the persons who would inquire of you re-
specting or ask you to intervene or participate in the processing of
the case ?
Mr. Tysh. Some of our members.
Mr. Arexs. Members of the International Workers Order or mem-
bers of the Polo'nia Society ?
Mr. Tysh. International Workers Order.
Mr. Schroeder. Who wotild pay their visa fee ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know about that.
Mr. Arexs. Why did they come to you? What connection did
you have with the Polish consulate?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know why they came to me. I never asked them
about it.
Mr. Arexs. How many times have you participated in this pro-
cedure in the course of the last year?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. As many as a dozen times?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arexs. As many as six times ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arexs. As many as three times?
Mr. Tysh. Maybe.
Mr. Arens. Well, have you done it at all ? You have testified you
have done it at least once or twice.
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. How many more times have you done it?
Mr. Tysh. I did that only occasionally.
Mr. Arens. Now what do you mean by occasionally? We are
trying to elicit from you the number of times you have had contact
with the consulate.
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Have you had contact as many as half a dozen times
in the course of the last year ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arens. Would you say you have not had it as many as a half
dozen times ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Do you remember some instances in which you have
had some contact with the Polish consul ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. How long ago was the last one ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Abens. Was it as long ago as 6 months ?
440 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Tysh. Yes ; this year, that is right.
Mr. Arens. Have you in the course of the last 6 months had contact
with the Polish Government consulate in New York City respecting
a visa case?
Mr. Tysh. This year ?
Mr. Arens. Yes ; in the last 6 months.
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. How many times in the last 6 months?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. Have you had more than one occasion ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Have you had as many as three occasions ?
Mr. Tysh. I think so.
Mr. Arens. As many as three in the last 6 months ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Now, in the last year have you had as many as a half
dozen occasions to be in contact with the Polish consulate?
Mr. Tysh. Last year?
Mr. Arens. You have testified up to three in the last 6 months. In
the last year how many times have you contacted the Polish consulate?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Sir?
Mr. Tysh. I have some cases.
Mr. Arens. Now, in a period beginning a year ago and ending 6
months ago, approximately how many times have you had contact
with the Polish consulate respecting the visa cases ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Mr. Arens. As I understand your testimony, you feel that you have
had contact three times in the course of the last 6 months on visa
cases; is that right?
Mr. Tysh. I think so.
Mr. Arens. Now it is your testimony, too, is it not, that you have
had some prior to 6 months ago ; is that right ?
Mr. Tysh. May I have the privilege of consulting my lawyer?
Senator Donnell. Yes.
Mr. Arens. Would you care to answer the question ?
Mr. Tysh. I think I had a few cases last year.
Mr. Dekom. How often have you received money from the Film-
Polski?
Mr. Tysh. I didn't receive any.
Mr. Dekom. Never received money from Film-Polski?
Mr. Tysh. No, sir.
Senator Donnell. Who put up the money for your expense in going
around with these films?
Mr. Tysh. I answered it before.
Senator Donnell. Answer it again. Who put it up ?
Mr. Tysh. It was covered from the proceeds.
Senator Donnell. Ticket sales?
Mr. Tysh. Ticket sales.
Senator Donnell. What was the largest crowd you ever did have
at one of these film showings?
Mr. Tysh. How many?
Senator Donnell. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 441
Mr. Tysh. Small gatherings, about 40 people.
Senator Doxxell. What was the largest gathering you ever had?
Mr. Tysh. I said before, about 500.
Senator Doxxell. What admission per ticket did you charge ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember. It was up to the local.
Senator Doxxell. How much was it ? Do you not know how much
it was?
Mr. Tysh. I think it was 50 cents.
Senator Doxxell. About 50 cents?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Doxxell. Did they pay the money over to you, the local
people from whom they collected ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Crammer. Do you mean the gross proceeds ?
Senator Doxxell. What did they pay over to you? Give us an
illustration of that. You went to Massachusetts ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Senator Doxxell. To what town did you go in Massachusetts ?
Mr. Tysh. Boston.
Senator Doxxell. How many shows did you put on in Boston?
Mr. Tysh. One.
Senator Doxxell. Just one ? Where was that, in a hall ?
Mr. Tysh. In a hall.
Senator Doxxell. What hall was it in, the International Workers
hall?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Doxxell. What kind of hall was it?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Senator Doxxell. How many people were there ?
Mr. Tysh. Sixty or seventy people.
Senator Doxxell. You went up there from New York City to
Boston to make that showing and paid the railroad fare?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Doxxell. Did you pay that out of your own pocket ? Did
you take your own money and pay that railroad fare with it?
Mr. Tysh. They paid me.
Senator Doxxell. Who did ?
Mr. Tysh. I put out my money and then they paid me from the
showing.
Senator Doxxell. You mean in Boston ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right,
Senator Doxxell. You say you had how many people at that
showing ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember ; I didn't count them.
Senator Doxxell. How many?
Mr. Tysh. I said 60 or 70, or maybe more.
Senator Doxxell. How much did they charge there for admission ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Senator Doxxell. How much money did the Boston people turn
over to you for the showing ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Senator Doxxell. About how much?
442 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Did they turn enough over to you to reimburse you
for }^our entire expense to Boston and back to New York?
Mr. Ttsii. I don't remember.
Senator Donnell. How long ago was that?
Mr. Tysh. I think it was this year.
Senator Donnell. You think it was this year?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Do you now know whether it was this year or
last year? Was it in the winter ?
Mr. Tysh. I think it was early in the summer.
Senator Donnell. Early this summer?
Mr. Tysh. This spring.
Senator Donnell. What was the most recent showing you made
away from New York of this film or any of these films ?
Mr. Tysh. I think that was the one.
Senator Donnell. That was the most recent one up in Boston?
Mr. Tysh. As far as I know.
Senator Donnell. You think that was early spring?
Mr. Tysh. I think so.
Senator Donnell. Do you mean around March ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Was it cold weather, pretty cool?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. As near as you can remember it, how much money
did the man in charge there give to you, or whoever it was who was
in charge, as proceeds that were coming to you for showing that
film? I do not mean to the penny, but was it a hundred dollars?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Donnell. $50.
Mr. Tysh. Maybe.
Senator Donnell. Was it that much or not, if you remember?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Senator Donnell. You do not remember at all ?
Mr. Tysh. No ; I think it was less than that.
Senator Donnell. Sir?
Mr. Tysh. I think it was less than that.
Senator Donnell. Less than $50 ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. How much was it. as nearly as you remember it ?
Mr. Tysh. It must have been about $30.
Senator Donnell. About $30 ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Did that pay you back all your expenses in
getting up to Boston from New York and back?
Mr. Tysh. I didn't go there purposely.
Senator Donnell. Did you lose money on that trip?
Mr. Tysh. All of these showings I didn't make any money.
Senator Donnell. You did not make much?
Mr. Tysh. One made better and another one less, and this way we
covered the expense.
Senator Donnell. On that trip to Boston did you lose money or
make money ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 443
Senator Doxxell. When you got back to New York did you tell
anybody about how much money you had taken in on the show ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Arexs. What did you do with the money in case that there
was a surplus ? Did you turn that in to somebody ?
Mr. Tysh. Local lodges would have the money. If they made more,
they would keep that money.
Senator Doxxell. What kind of arrangement did you have?
What was your agreement with the Boston people before you went
there as to what you were to get out of it ?
Mr. Tysh. They asked first for movies.
Senator Donxell. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. Then I went there and I met our members. I spoke to
them about insurance and some organization business.
Senator Doxnell. When you went up to Boston from New York,
did you know you were going to show the film?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. They had already asked you to bring the film
up to show it ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Doxxell. What was the understanding or agreement as to
the financial part of it? How much were you going to get for show-
ing it ?
Mr. Tysh. There was no agreement for that.
Senator Doxxell. When you got there you showed the film, they
collected the proceeds, and then they turned over $30 or $40 to you:
is that right ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Senator Doxxell. Who was it turned it over to you? What was
his name or her name ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Senator Doxxell. Was it a man or woman ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Senator Doxxell. There is nothing wrong with your memory, is
there ? You cannot remember things like that?
Mr. Tysh. It is such a detail I don't remember.
Senator Doxxell. Do you remember receiving the money?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Doxxell. Were you in the hall or downstairs or upstairs ?
Mr. Tysh. In the hall there were many people and I don't even re-
member who took care of that.
Senator Doxxell. Somebody came up and gave you $30 or $40 ?
Mr. Tysh. Somebody from the committee.
Mr, Dekom. Did you sign a receipt ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arexs. Mr. Tysh, are you registered under the Foreign Agents
Registration Act?
Mr. Tysh. No. What is that?
Mr. Dekom. Have you registered in Washington as an agent of a
foreign government ?
Mr. Tysh. I am not. I am a citizen of this country.
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 29
444 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. Have you registered as an agent of a foreign govern-
ment? Under the law a citizen can be an agent of a foreign gov-
ernment.
Mr. Tysii. No.
Mr. Arens. Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist Party ?
Mr. Tysh. Mr. Senator, I must respectfully object to that question
because it violates my constitutional rights under the first and fifth
amendments.
Senator Donnell. Are you declining to answer the question as to
whether you are a Communist ?
Mr. Tysh. I must respectfully object to that question.
Senator Donnell. I understand, but you decline to answer it?
Mr. Crammer. He declines to answer.
Senator Donnell. On advice of counsel ?
Mr. Crammer. Yes, sir.
Senator Donnell. On what grounds ?
Mr. Crammer. The first and fifth amendments to the Constitution
of the United States.
Mr. Dekom. He declines on the grounds of self-incrimination?
Mr. Crammer. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know Leo Krzycki ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes. I think he is president of the American Slav
Congress.
Mr. Dekom. To your knowledge, is that organization listed as Com-
munist and subversive by the Attorney General ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. You do not know ?
Mr. Tysh. It is, if you say so.
Mr. Dekom. Do you or do you not know of your own knowledge?
Mr. Tysh. I think it is.
Mr. Dekom. What is your connection with the American Slav
Congress or any of its branches? You are not a member? Do you
know Bolesl aw Gebert or Bill Gebert?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know where he is now ?
Mr. Tysh. He is in Poland.
Mr. Dekom. What is his position? Is he an official of the Polish
Government ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Do you know whether or not he was a Communist
organizer in this country ?
Mr. Tysh. I respectfully object to that question.
Mr. Dekom. I did not ask you whether you were. I asked whether
you knew he was a Communist organizer in this country.
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. You do not know ? Do you know whether or not he
was a member of the Communist Party ?
Mr. Tysh. I will object to that question.
Mr. Dekom. On what grounds?
Mr. Tysh. On the grounds of the first and second amendments.
Mr. Dekom. On self-incrimination ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 445
Mr. Dekom. Have you sat on fraction meetings with him ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Have you ever sat in cell meetings with him ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Tysh, talking man to man, these pictures you have
been displaying around are Communist propaganda pictures, are
they not ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
Senator Donnell. Did you not see the pictures ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. You know what is in them, do you not ?
Mr. Tysh. It shows the reconstruction of Poland ; the destruction of
Poland.
Senator Donnell. How often have you received money from Film-
Polski i
Mr. Tysh. I did not receive any.
Senator Donnell. You have never received money from Film-
Polski for any purpose whatsoever?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Arens. Did you ever pay Film-Polski for the privilege of dis-
playing their pictures?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Mr. Arens. How much did you pay them ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember. I paid them some money.
Mr. Dekom. Five, ten, or a hundred dollars ?
Mr. Tysh. Five.
Mr. Dekom. Altogether you paid them about $5.
Mr. Tysh. Yes. Not altogether but I paid them as I was renting
the films.
Mr. Arens. You rented the films from Film-Polski ?
Mr. Tysh. That is right.
Mr. Arens. "What was the rental on the films ?
Mr. Tysh. It depends on the picture.
Mr. Arens. There were 10 different pictures, as I understand, you
displayed from time to time ; is that right ?
Mr. Tysh. $2, $3, $5.
Senator Donnell. Did you pay that money to Film-Polski in cash
or by check ?
Mr. Tysh. In cash.
Senator Donnell. From whom did you get the cash ?
Mr. Tysh. From these showings.
Senator Donnell. From the showings ?
Mr. Dekon. What happened to the surplus money if there was too
much ? You say the local lodge kept that ; is that right ?
Mr. Tysh. There wasn't any surplus.
Mr. Dekom. You say there was no surplus ?
Mr. Tysh. You mean after closing?
Mr. Dekom. If there was more money than needed to pay you off,
what did they do with the extra money ?
Mr. Tysh. They paid expenses.
Mr. Dekom. If there was more money taken in, what did they do
with it ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know.
446 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Schroeder. Mr. Tysh, you visited the Batory l quite often when
she came in, before the Eisler incident ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes ; because it was a new ship that came here, so I went
over.
Mr. Crammer. He said "quite often."
Mr. Tysh. I don't think it was so often.
Mr. Schroeder. You had certain members of the crew you were
designated to have conversations with when you boarded her ?
Mr. Tysh. I don't know that.
Mr. Schroeder. You do not know of any members of the crew of
the Batory %
Mr. Tysh. Crew of the Batory ?
Mr. Schroeder. Yes.
Mr. Tysh. I knew some but I don't know if they are still on the ship.
Senator Donnell. Do you know a lady by the name of Mrs. Eliza-
beth Gurley Flynn?2
Mr. Tysh. If I know her?
Senator Donnell. Do you know of her?
Mr. Tysh. I heard of her.
Senator Donnell. Where did you hear of her ?
Mr. Tysh. I saw a statement over there.
Senator Donnell. Did you see her here today or yesterday ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Donnell. Do you know her when you see her ? Have you
met her?
Mr. Tysh. I saw her in the papers.
Senator Donnell. You have seen her name in the paper ?
Mr. Tysh. Yes.
Senator Donnell. Have you ever gotten acquainted with her per-
sonally ?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Senator Donnell. Never have?
Mr. Tysh. No.
Mr. Dekom. Did you ever meet Wanda Skarzinska ? 3
Mr. Tysh. I don't remember.
Senator Donnell. Mr. Tysh, you may return or go wherever you
like, except that you are still under subpena and you may be called
back again. You may go back to New York or wherever you want to
go but you are under subpena, understand, so that if the committee
sends for you again you are expected to come back.
Mr. Dekom. Would you prefer that we inform you ?
Mr. Crammer. No.
(Thereupon, the meeting was recessed.)
1 A passenger vessel of the Gdynia-America Line.
2 Member of the national committee of the Communist Party.
3 In testimony before the subcommittee she was identified as a clerk in the ship's store
of the M. S. Batory.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES AMONG ALIENS
AND NATIONAL GBOUPS
FRIDAY, AUGUST 12, 1949
United States Senate,
Special Subcommittee To Investigate Immigration
and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary,
Washington, D. O.
The subcommittee met, pursuant to recess, at 2 p. m., in room 424,
Senate Office Building, Senator Harley M. Kilgore, presiding.
Present: Senator Kilgore.
Also present: Messrs. Richard Arens, staff director of the special
subcommittee, Otto J. Dekom, and Frank W. Schroeder, professional
staff members.
Senator Kilgore. We will come to order. Who is the first witness ?
TESTIMONY OF STANISLAW A. GUTOWSKI, MANAGING EDITOR,
NOWA EPOKA1
Mr. Arens. The first witness, Senator, is Mr. Stanislaw A. Gutow-
ski. Mr. Gutowski, would you kindly stand and raise your right hand
and be sworn ?
Senator Kilgore. You swear the evidence you give now in the mat-
ter will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God ?
Mr. Gutowski. I do.
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state your full name and identify
yourself by address and occupation ?
Mr. Gutowski. Stanislaw A. Gutowski. I am a practicing attor-
ney in the State of New Jersey. I live at 131 Florence Avenue,
Irvington, N. J.
Mr. Arens. Are you represented today, Mr. Gutowski, by counsel ?
Mr. Gutowski. Mr. Rogge is my counsel.
Mr. Arens. Would counsel care to identify himself?
Mr. Rogge. My name is O. John Rogge, with offices at 401 Broad-
way, New York City, and 1802 Twentieth Street, Washington, D. C.
I have with me my associate, Herbert J. Fabricant, of the same address.
Mr. Arens. Mr. Gutowski, you have identified yourself as a prac-
ticing lawyer in the State of New Jersey. Are you also affiliated with
a newspaper?
Mr. Gutowski. Correct.
Mr. Arens. What is the name of the newspaper ?
Mr. Gutowski. Nowa Epoka.
1 Accompanied by O. John Rogge and Herbert J. Fabricant, attorneys. The witness
appeared under subpena.
447
448 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Is that a foreign-language newspaper?
Mr. Gutowski. That is both Polish and English. We have two
pages of English in every issue.
Senator Kilgore. You get out a combined edition of it, part in
English and part in Polish ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. Are the parts identical, the same matter in Eng-
lish that is in Polish ?
Mr. Gutowski. No.
Mr. Rogge. We are very happy to have these made exhibits.
Mr. Gutowski. The first issue, statement of policy, that is in both
Polish and English, identical.
Senator Kilgore. What is the translation of the title of that paper,
New Epoch ?
Mr. Gutowski. New Epoch.
Mr. Arens. If the Senator please, we should like to submit for
the record as exhibits two issues of the newspaper which will be
marked "Exhibit 1."
(The documents referred to were marked "Gutowski Exhibit 1" and
are included in the files of the subcommittee.)
Mr. Arens. Would you kindly state the affiliation which you have
with the newspaper ?
Mr. Gutowski. I am now managing editor of the paper, but I
don't put any full time in. I am not paid, except actual expenses
that I have, because I practice law in Newark, N. J., and I go to
New York once or twice a week just to supervise. I have three people
working up there, the chief editor, so-called manager, and secretary.
These people conduct the business. I am just simply supervising it
from time to time.
Senator Kilgore. Just a question at that point. What is the owner-
ship of the paper ? You are a stockholder ?
Mr. Gutowski. It is a corporation.
Senator Kilgore. A corporation ?
Mr. Gutowtski. Yes ; and I am one of the incorporators.
Senator Ktlgore. One of the incorporators.
Mr. Gutowski. And I am president of the corporation.
Mr. Arens. How long have you been affili ated with the paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. From its inception.
Mr. Arens. When was that, please ?
Mr. Gutowski. That was October 13, 1947, I think, the first issue.
Mr. Dekom. How many employees does the paper have ?
Mr. Gutowski. Now three, I mean outside of correspondents who
write occasionally to be paid for. I don't call them employees, but
I mean three in the office.
Mr. Dekom. Three full-time employees.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. How many of these correspondents are there to whom
you pay any money ?
Mr. Gutowski. I have three.
Mr. Dekom. So that is a total of approximately six employees, either
full or part time.
Mr. Gutowski. Sometimes he writes an article, I pay him. If not,
I don't pay him ; I don't know whether you call them employees.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 449
Senator Kilgore. You contract for the paper. That is printed in a
commercial plant. You do not operate your own printing plant ?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Mr. Arens. What are the names of the men who actually work on
the paper.
Mr. Gutowski. John Sliski, Max Miller, and Mrs. Helen Cieciuch.
Senator Kilgore. I don't know your law there. Are you required
once a year to publish a list of the principal stockholders and officials?
Mr. Gutowski. Not stockholders, no ; it isn't the law in New York.
Mr. Rogge. I will have to admit I don't know what the law in New
Jersey is on this point. I practice in New York.
Mr. Gutowski. It is only every year you have to file a statement
as to the number of subscribers for the purpose of getting second-class
matter, but we don't have second-class matter. We pay post office
every week, you know, for each issue so far.
Senator Kilgore. The point I am getting at is in many States each
newspaper is required to publish the names of 60 percent or 55 percent
or TO percent of their stockholders, those controlling that size block
of stock.
Mr. Gutowski. I believe that is not the law in the State of New
York.
Mr. Rogge. You mean New Jersey.
Senator Kilgore. This is a New York paper.
Mr. Rogge. I don't know the law on this point, either, in New
York.
Senator Kilgore. I thought that we would save a lot of time if you
would send us an edition of that when it was published.
Mr. Arens. What is the circulation of your paper?
Mr. Gutowski. About 5,000 a week, sometimes a couple of hundred
more.
Mr. Arens. What is your paid circulation?
Mr. Gutowski. As of yesterday we have 603 paid and 250 copies
sold in New York on the newsstands. We have about 850 of paid.
Mr. Arens. Then is it a matter of simple mathematics that you have
853 approximately paid?
Mr. Gutowski. No, no ; 603 paid. That means annual.
Senator Kilgore. Annual subscriptions.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. Then your daily sales amounted to how much?
Mr. Gutowski. From 225 to 250 every week on the newstand in
New York City.
Mr. Arens. It is a weekly publication, is it ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Then you have approximately 853.
Mr. Gutowski. That would be 853 ; 600 and 250, that is 850.
Mr. Arens. Out of a circulation of approximately 5,000.
Mr. Gutoavski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. What is the cost of the paper, the price of the paper?
Mr. Gutowski. Five cents. It used to be 6, but we changed to 5.
The first copy was 6 cents, as you probably know.
Mr. Arens. What is the cost when you buy the paper by the year?
Mr. Gutowski. Three dollars in the United States. Outside of the
United States it is $4.50.
450 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Where does the paper circulate other than in the
United States?
Mr. Gutowski. We send about, I think, about 30 or 40 copies to
Canada; and about, I don't remember exactly, about 50 or 60 to Po-
land; few to Brazil; some people simply write and ask for it. Very
few outside of the United States.
Mr. Arens. Are those papers that are sent outside of the United
States, what percentage or what number of them are to subscribers
who pay money for the paper?
Mr. Gutowski. That I cannot recall. We would have to refer to
the book, you know. Mr. Chairman, may I say something here now ?
Senator Kilgore. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. The subpena that I received
Mr. Rogge. That is all right. Give the best of your recollection.
Mr. Gutowski. Calls only for the list of stockholders and list of
contributors. Did nothing else, so I really brought this. So if you
are going to ask me questions about, you know, this book business, you
know, in my office, I won't be able to give you exact data. I can send
to this office, I mean, this information.
Mr. Arens. If you will do so, please, we will appreciate it.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
(The information submitted by letter of Mr. Gutowski of Oct.
24, 1949, is as follows:)
We used to send to Poland 70 copies of Nowa Epoka ; to wit, 9 copies paid by
the relatives in the United States and 61 complimentary copies ; to Canada, 3
copies paid and 5 complimentary copies ; to Cuba, 2 paid copies : to Argentina, 1
paid and 2 complimentary copies ; to Brazil, 2 paid and 2 complimentary copies ;
to Peru, 1 paid, 1 complimentary copy.
For your information, the publication of Nowa Epoka was discontinued as of
October 1. 1949.
Mr. Rogge. May I interrupt to point out that the subpena required
"you are further commanded to bring with you a list of all owners and
stockholders and the value of their holdings as well as a list of contrib-
utors and the amount of their financial contribution." It does not
say what corporation, so I think it would be defective on that ground.
But we are not raising the point if what you had in mind was the Nowa
Epoka, because we did bring that material with reference to that paper.
Senator Kilgore. Do you have that material ?
Mr. Rogge. Yes.
Senator Kilgore. I wonder if it would not be advisable to put that
material in the list of stockholders.
Mr. Arens. If he could identify those exhibits, and then we will
put them in, if it meets with your pleasure.
Senator Kilgore. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. I would like to make a statement, Mr. Chairman,
that, as I explained before, I know I am there just once or twice a
week, and I really rely upon my manager, secretary, to make this list.
If there is any error in this statement, I don't want to take the blame for
it exactly. I don't want to be held for perjury, you know. That is a
list of stockholders.
Senator Kilgore. In other words, these were obtained from the sec-
retary of the corporation ?
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 451
Mr. Gtttowski. No ; secretary of the-
Senator Kilgore. Of the newspaper.
Mr. Gutowski. Of the newspaper, not secretary of the corporation.
The secretary who works for me in the office ; I mean she takes care
of the office, and this is the list of contributors.
Senator Kilgore. You requested her to make that up from the books.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. Of the corporation.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. At this time, please, we would like to submit them for
the record exhibit 2, which is a list of stockholders and holdings of
this publication ; and exhibit 3, which sets forth a list of contributors in
the publication.
(The documents marked as "Gutowski Exhibit 2" and "Gutowski
Exhibit 3" are as follows:)
Exhibit 2. — List of stockholders and holdings of Nowa Epoka Publishing Co.
, Inc.
Stockholder
Number of
shares
Par value
780
40
450
50
3,190
50
600
400
$7, 80(J
400
4,500
5C0
31,900
500
6,000
4,000
Exhibit 3. — Contributors to Nowa Epoka
W. Kielan $10
J. Anjeski 2
Alex Burji 1
Stanley Kuty 10
P. Sikorski 1
J. Kazmiserczyk 2
Ignacy Shafron 2
Walter Wajton 1
F. Carmon 2
Senator Kilgore. By contributors, do you mean, of course, people
who have donated cash toward the publication of the newspaper ?
Mr. Gutowski. Sometimes they send $5 ; sometimes a dollar.
Senator Kilgore. I know, but you know in newspaper business there
are two kinds of contributors, those who contribute articles and those
who contribute cash, and I want to get it straightened out that this
meant cash contributor, and not a contributor of an article.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Senator Kilgore. What is the name of the corporation ?
Mr. Gutowski. Nowa Epoka Publishing Co., Inc.
Mr. Arens. To whom are the 4,000-odd papers a week sent, to those
people who did not actually pay for the paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. Our subscribers send, you know, a list of names, you
know, their friends you know, for instance, to send just sample copy.
Then we obtain some from some organizations, you know, addresses,
452 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
and we send this sample copy, you know, we send in 2 or 3 weeks and
sometimes four, and then we cancel them, you know, and send to new
people that are prospective subscribers or readers of the paper.
Mr. Dekom. Do all of the unpaid copies go only to prospective sub-
scribers, or are some permanently on your mailing list ?
Mr. Gutowski. Well, like, for instance, universities or public
libraries, I think they send out, you know, send them permanently,
but to a very few people we send permanently if they don't pay.
Mr. Dekom. How can the paper afford to maintain a staff of six and
publish 5,000 copies on a paid subscription of 600?
Mr. Gutowski. Well, because our paper was a new paper, you know.
We just started — I mean 1947 — and, of course, we had deficits, you
know, and have a deficit, but now this year we have a little less deficit,
you know. We expect to put the paper on a sustaining basis. If you
start business in the beginning you have to invest money, you know,
but we don't expect to have this deficit every year, you know.
Mr. Dekom. Do you expect to recover all of your losses from sub-
scriptions?
Mr. Gutowski. Not from subscriptions, from both ads and sub'
scriptions.
Mr. Arens. Who are your principal advertisers ?
Mr. Gutowski. You see, now I was not asked to bring this, you
know, but I brought anyhow.
Mr. Rogge. To the best of your recollection.
Mr. Gutowski. I want to cooperate with this committee, you know,
as much as possible, and I still repeat, you know, that I am not re-
sponsible if there is any mistake in this, because she, the secretary,
made this list, you know.
Mr. Arens. Could you tell us who are some of your principal adver-
tisers ?
Mr. Gutowski. I will in a minute. I left my glasses. I can't see
very well now. For instance, Hartwig Co., Inc., I am sorry, Mr.
Chairman, but I cannot read. Maybe you will.
Mr. Rogge. The witness left his glasses.
Mr. Gutowski. I left my glasses home.
Mr. Arens. If he wants to identify that document as a list of
advertisers.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes ; you can keep this, you know, this whole busi-
ness. I have nothing to hide.
Mr. Arens. Is this document, which I have just identified as exhibit
4, a list of the advertisers of the publication ?
Mr. Gutowski. This is not a document. This is simply a statement
of advertising that we received, you know, since the inception of the
paper, and how much we collected from these people.
Senator Kilgore. Also prepared by your secretary ?
Mr. Gutowski. By my secretary.
Senator Kilgore. Which you have no first-hand knowledge ?
Mr. Gutowski. No ; I have not.
Mr. Arens. We would like to incorporate this in the record at this
time, as exhibit 4.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 453
(The document marked "Gutowski Exhibit 4" is as follows:)
List of advertisers of Nowa Epoka
Advertiser
Polish American Trading, 55 Nassau Street, Brooklyn, N. Y
M. Szadkowski
Shion A Jolles
Reader Book Co. (Czytelnik), 30 East Twentieth Street, New York City.
Do
Do-
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Total
Nino Saitta
Frank Guzik
Polish Research Information Center _
Pekao Trading (Judson Sp. Agency),
Do.
545 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do-
Total.
Hartwig Co.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Inc., 2 Broadway, New York City-
Total.
Batory, Gdynia America Line (Ervin Acel. Agency), 15 Whitehall Street,
New York City ... _.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Date
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
July
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
May
15, 1948
29,1948
13,1948
1,1948
16, 1948
20,1948
8.1948
4. 1948
8,1948
5. 1949
Aug.
Nov.
Dec.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Apr.
May
July
July
F>, 1948
10. 1948
2, 1948
18,19(8
2,1948
23,1948
28.1948
3,1949
15,1949
22,1949
27,1949
27. 1949
11,1949
18, 1949
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
June
July
6, 1948
3. 1948
17, 1948
18, 1948
20. 1948
3,1948
8. 1949
17. 1949
19, 1949
8, 1949
20, 1949
6, 1949
11,1949
Dec. 14,1948
Feb. 20, 1949
Mar. 28, 1949
Apr. 13,1949
Mav 9, 1949
June 23,1949
Julv 18,1949
Amount
Total.
Polish American Supply Corp., 39 Broadway, New York City
Do
Do.
Do-
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Total.
Pasco Meat Products, Newark, N. J.
Do
Do
Total.
July
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Apr.
May
Aug.
1,1948
30, 1948
30,1948
29. 1948
30, 1948
4,1948
7, 1949
6, 1949
23. 1949
1, 1949
Jan. 29,1948
Jan. 7, 1949
July 20.1949
Commodore Manor, Downington, Pa
Pollonaise Restaurant, 230 Fifty-first St., New York City.
July 28,1949
(2)
$20. 00
' 10.00
i 20. 00
195. 96
304. 04
250. 00
250. 00
100. 00
100.00
800.00
2, 000. 00
' 20. 00
' 4,00
14.50
6.25
31.25
16.66
53. 12
20.00
53.12
40.00
40.00
65.49
40. 00
49.98
415. 87
mm. 01)
300.00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 00
300. 0O
300. 00
300. 00
300. 0O
300. 00
3, 900. 00
49.98
26.66
26.66
40.00
40.00
40.00
79.98
303. 28
60.00
24.00
24.00
48.00
24.00
24.00
20.00
108. 00
96. 00
36.00
464.00
20.00
20.00
12.00
52. 00
50.00
88.00
• Miscellaneous.
May, June, and July, 1949.
454 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Senator Kilgore. The typewritten sheets here attached, as well as
those previously attached, are both in red and black ink, but the red
ink has no special significance. It just happens to be typed that way ?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes, Mr. Chairman; I would say this, you know,
that I really can't explain why she does it, the way she did it. Yester-
day she was in an accident, you know, and I could not talk to her in
the morning. I didn't ask her why she uses both inks. Eeally I
don't know.
Mr. Arens. I observe one of the series of items here of the advertisers
is the Gdynia-America Line.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Is that the Polish-owned line that operates the Batory
and the SoMeshi?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Is that owned by the Polish Government?
Mr. Gutowski. I can't — I cannot answer. I imagine that the Gov-
ernment controls that line, but really I don't know, because I could
not ask these people whether it is Government. It used to be some-
time ago before the war, you know. There was a Danish corporation
which the Polish Government had 51 percent stock. That is way back,
you know, before the war. Maybe they operate now, but I really
can't answer this question definitely because I don't know.
Mr. Arens. Could you identify the Polish-American Supply
Corporation ?
Mr. Gutowski. I understand this is a corporation that buys in the
United States for the Government of Poland and sells; that means
export and import corporation. I think that is strictly Government.
Senator Kilgore. In other words, it is a Polish Government pur-
chasing agency, operating within the United States for the procure-
ment of supplies and materials.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right. That is my understanding, of course.
Mr. Schroeder. The same as Amtorg ?
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know anything about Amtorg. I know
there is Russian.
Senator Kilgore. Amtorg is set up in this country as a purchasing
agency.
Mr. Gutowski. I know, but whether these two organizations are
alike, I don't know. I have never been in that office. I don't know.
Mr. Rogge. Just give the best recollection you have on it, Mr. Wit-
ness. If you know, say so. If you don't, give your best recollection.
Mr. Gutowski. That is what I say. It would not be proper for me
to snoop around and ask these people what the status of their organi-
zation is, you know. Of course, now, by this organization, I know
that this is a Government organization, but as to the Gdynia-America
Line, I don't know, but there are some Danish people who have stock
in this corporation and in the American line.
Mr. Arens. The Gdynia-American Line is one of your advertisers.
Mr. Gutowski. I will say this, Mr. Chairman
Mr. Rogge. Is it your advertiser ?
Mr. Gutowski. I know — I say "Yes," but I want to add this : that
we get these ads not from Gdynia-America Line direct, but you have
the name of the advertising agency who we get this from. They pay
us by check every month, you know, for these ads, and I wiil say
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 455
this: that in every Polish newspaper in the United States you will
find this ad of Gdynia- America Line and also this corporation. So,
my paper is not exclusive recipient of the benefits, you know, under
this. .
Mr. Arens. How many Polish- American newspapers are there in
the United States in which the Gdynia- America Line advertises?
Mr. Gutowski. I believe there is about, used to be 80. Now, I think,
about 70, because there are a few out of business, and most of these
newspapers, I would say 75 percent, receive these ads and not from
Gdynia-America Line directly, but from this agency.
Mr. Rogge. Do you get yours from the agency ?
Mr. Gutowski. I get $40 a month for this.
Mr. Rogge. Do you get that through the agency ?
Mr. Gutowski. Through the agency. There is the name of the
agency below.
Mr. Arens. Could you identify the Pekao trading organization \
Mr. Gutowski. Yes, I believe this is strictly Government, Polish
Government organization. It is like a branch of the bank which is
packages to Poland from here. That means they advertise among
the Polish people and say this : "If you pay, for instance, 5 or 10 dollars
here, you know, we by cable — you get, your relatives will get a package
for whatever you order, here in Poland in a short time." So, that is
the kind of business they do, you know, and besides I don't know how
much.
Mr. Arens. Is that a Government, Polish Government agency ?
Mr. Gutowskl I believe it is strictly Government agency.
Senator Kilgore. Let me ask you something on that point. I know
that CARE distributes packages in Poland. Is it an affiliate of CARE
or is it an independent agency ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is independent, but similar work they are
doing.
Mr. Arens. Owned by the Government of Poland.
Mr. Gutowski. I believe so, but I am not sure.
Mr. Arens. Does this agency, Pekao, like the Gdynia Line, also
advertise in other Polish- American papers ?
Mr. Gutowski. Oh, yes, in every, practically, because you know
they want to get, send these packages, as many as possible.
Mr. Dekom. I notice that the three Polish Government agencies
which advertise in your paper pay on the average about one-eighth
or one-tenth of the ads of the Hart wig Co.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Does that mean the Hartwig Co. has ads 10 times as
big in the paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is a different proposition. Hartwig Co. —
when we established this paper, we figured out on the export and im-
port business between Poland and the United States, and there is a
Poland Export -Import Corp. that is supposed to do that business —
when I talked to Hartwig, I explained to him that if we are going to
carry on the export and import business, he is going to get all of the
business from us. At the same time we are going to give him write-up
in our paper, so that if any other group of Polish-Americans would
like to do business with Poland, you know, that they should go to him.
so that on that ground he gave me this big ad, you know, $300 a month.
456 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Dekom. You did not quite answer the question. Are their ads
10 times as big as those of the Polish Government?
Mr. Gutowski. I don't go by this, you know. Sometimes there is
one ad in my paper that I don't charge anything.
Mr. Dekom. Could you answer the question, please. Are they 10
times as big or not 10 times as big.
Senator Kilgore. Did they use 10 times as much space ?
Mr. Dekom. Is the space approximately the same ?
Mr. Gutowski. No, it is not as big. It is bigger, but not 10 times.
Mr. Dekom. Is it twice as big ?
Mr. Gutowski. I didn't get this question.
Mr. Arens. How do you account for the discrepancy in the size of
the ads as compared to the payments made to the paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. Of course, I have special rates for different people.
I have no standard rates in this paper.
Mr. Arens. Do you have special rates for those agencies which are
controlled by the Polish Government?
Mr. Gutowski. No, no, not those agencies. I didn't say that, you
know. Hartwig is not a Polish Government agency. This is domestic
corporation.
Mr. Dekom. Then you charge a private concern $300 and the Polish
Government some $30 or $40 for similar areas of space.
Mr. Gutowski. Because they don't pay any more; because they
operate through the agency and they give similar ads to all of the
Polish newspapers, not to antagonize different papers by giving more
to this one than that one.
Mr. Arens. Just to get the point clear, is the size space which is
bought by Hartwig Co. for a dollar, the same size space which is
bought by the Gdynia-America Lines for a dollar ?
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know how many inches. We go by inches.
Sometimes, you know, we charge $3 for an inch, sometimes $2, some-
times $1.50, and a dollar. There are some ads, you know, that I charge
more than the other ads. Hartwig comes to $300. He agreed and I
got him on it. I don't see the point of this question anyhow, because
Hartwig is not the Polish Government agency.
Mr. Eogge. What they are trying to get at, Mr. Witness, are the
considerations in your mind that you used for fixing the price for
different ads. I mean, is it solely based on space or are there other
considerations ?
Mr. Gutowski. I told Mr. Hartwig, you know, we are going to do
business in the future, you know. In establishing the paper, give me
some substantial ads, and he gave it to me, $300.
Mr. Arens. Will a $300 ad bought by Mr. Hartwig buy a greater
or lesser space than a $300 ad bought by the Gdynia-America Lines?
Mr. Gutowski. They didn't buy any space for $300 except $10,
so we never talk about it. I can't speculate what I would do in the
future. I don't know that.
Mr. Rogge. What they are still trying to get at, Mr. Witness, are
the considerations in your mind when you charge certain amounts
for space. Do you understand their question ?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes, I would ask probably them the same amount
that I asked Hartwig. Does that answer it ?
Mr. Rogge. You charge a certain amount to certain persons, other
amounts to other persons.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 457
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Rogge. They are trying to figure out what the consideration is
in your mind, whether you charged a certain figure in one place and
another figure in another. Was the space different?
Mr. Gutowski. It isn't a matter of space, you know. It isn't a
matter really strictly of space, because now there are some people
that I have ads, you know, just they pay me, you know, a dollar an
inch, and there is one ad you know that I don't charge anything for,
so I just simply get as much as I can.
Mr. Arexs. Have you or have you not. charged the Gdynia-America
Lines more than you would Hartwig for a given amount of space?
Mr. Gutowski. You asked me what I would do ?
Mr. Arens. You sold advertising both to the Gdynia-America Lines
and to Hartwig, have you not ?
Mr. Gutowski. I doubt so far as Gdynia, I doubt whether the
agency, the agency just simply was authorized to give me such an
ad, you know, and they pay me so much. But what I will do with the
Gdynia-America Line if I talked to them for an ad, that is another
story. I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Would }7ou identify the Reader Book Co. ?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes. That is a branch of bookstores cooperative
in Poland. Now, whether this cooperative is owned by government
or controlled, I don't know.
Mr. Dekom. You know as a matter of fact that it is. All coopera-
tives publishing in Poland are owned by the Government ; don't you
know that?
Mr. Gutowski. No, no, some of them, not all. Some of them con-
trolled by the Government. I have been to Poland last year and I
know something about this cooperatives, like for instance you know,
40 or 50 or 100 men get together, you know, and they buy and sell,
you know, and that is a cooperative. That is why these bookstores,
you know, they just organize themselves into one cooperative.
Mr. Dekom. I notice from the list of ads you submitted the ma-
jority of the entries are either those of some organization owned by
the Polish Government or some organization which is acting on be-
half of the Polish Government, like the Gdynia Line, is that correct?
Mr. Gutowski. Most of these ads, you mean ?
Mr. Dekom. That is right.
Mr. Gutowski. That is probably correct ; yes.
Mr. Dekom. So that the majority of your ads directly or indirectly
refer to organizations or to activities of the Polish Government.
Mr. Gutowski. Majority? I would have to count that. Let's see.
Senator Kilgore. Are you speaking in number or dollar value ?
Air. Dekom. The number of ads.
Senator Kilgore. There is a difference there, if Hartwig is paying
more for space.
Mr. Dekom. There is only one Hartwig and four Government ads.
They add up to about the same.
Mr. Gutowski. About Readers, I don't know whether it is Govern-
ment, of course, probably everything is controlled in Poland by Gov-
ernment.
Mr. Rogge. Simply state to the best of your knowledge.
458 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Gutowski. There is one, there is one, two, one. two, three, four,
five, yes, you are correct, that I mean for those ads are from either
directly from this Polish-owned organization or from like, for in-
stance
Mr. Dekom. It is your testimony that the majority of the ads come
from organizations directly or indirectly which are owned or con-
trolled by the Polish Government.
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct.
Mr. Dekom. That is the Polish Communist Government.
Mr. Gutowski. In Poland.
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. The Government is controlled by Communists ; that
is right.
Mr. Dekom. Would you identify the Polam Import & Export Co. ?
Mr. Gutowski. Just off the record, now, I have been in Poland last
year, and these Polish Communists, they are insulted — they call the
Workers Parties now, so what was the question ?
Mr. Dekom. Would you identify the Polam Export & Import Co. ?
Mr. Gutowski. I am one of the incorporators. I have five shares
in this company and my associate, Mr. Michael Szadkowski is the
president, and he owns, I think, about 94 or some percent of the stock.
Mr. Dekom. What is the corporation ; what is its purpose ?
Mr. Gutowski. It was organized for use by us for the purpose of
doing export and import business between Poland and the United
States.
Mr. Dekom. How does it happen that of the 5,500 shares in the
Nowa Epoka, 3,190 are owned by the Polam Co. ?
Mr. Gutowski. Because Polam is helping this paper, you know, to
live.
Mr. Dekom. Why ? Why is Polam helping this paper to live, since
it is an export-import company?
Mr. Gutowski. I know, because we expect you know, for instance,
how this Polam expects to get some distribution of Polish ham in the
United States in some territory. The paper is going to help us out,
you know, by advertising and everything else.
Mr. Arens. In order to receive this export of ham, this company
has to have the consent of the Polish Government, does it not?
Mr. Gutowski. Not at all. As I understand, you know, Atalanta
Co., a corporation, domestic corporation here in New York, made a
contract with the Polish Government, you know, to sell Polish ham
here, and this Atalanta Corp. is going to have distributors, you know,
all over the United States to sell this ham, and this Polam, you know,
is trying to get the State of New Jersey, for instance, as territory, in
which we would sell Polish ham. We have nothing to do with the
Government, except with this Atalanta Corp.
Mr. Arens. Which is an instrument of the Polish Government ?
Mr. Gutowski. Not the instrument. They are separate domestic
corporation here, The same company used to bring ham — sell ham
upon — sell Polish ham before the war, you know, when there was the
last old regime was in Poland.
Mr. Dekom. Do private corporations in Poland still control the
ham business as before the war or is it now a government monopoly?
Mr. Gutowski. I am not sure, but I think it is a government mo-
nopoly.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 459
Mr. Dekom. So that the Atalanta Co. represents the Polish Gov-
ernment monopoly in this country ?
Mr. Gutowski." Not represents. When they made a contract to buy
for a million or 10 million dollars of Polish ham here, you know, so
that is the consummation of contract between one party and another
party.
Senator Kilgore. Do they have an exclusive contract ?
Mr. Gutowski. They have an exclusive contract.
Senator Kilgore. In the United States?
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct.
Mr. Arens. This is the organization that is helping support your
paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. This organization? Polam, you mean?
Mr. Arens. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. Polam, you know, is Michael Szaclkowski, is my
associate and friend. He is also a lawyer and businessman, and he is
rather well-to-do man. He expects, you know, in the future, don't you
see, not only to get the money that he put in this Polam Corp. to help
the Nowa Epoka, but to make a few dollars; that Polish ham business
is very profitable.
Mr. Arens. Can you tell us on the basis of your experience as a
managing editor of this foreign-language paper, first of all, how many
foreign-language newspapers are there in the United States, Polish-
language newspapers ?
Mr. Gutowski. I told about 70.
Mr. Arens. What is the combined circulation of those 70 foreign-
language newspapers ?
Mr. Gutowski. We have three types of Polish newspapers. I think
we have six dailies: Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Boston, and
Buffalo. They have bigger circulation, that is a daily paper. Then we
have weekly papers, like my paper. They have very few, have more
subscribers than my paper, because they are local, like Trenton, for
instance, or Jersey City.
Mr. Dekom. Do they also send out 4,000 free copies, like you do ?
Mr. Gutowski. That I don't know. Most of them do, you know,
because you have to send out sample copy in order to get subscrip-
tions, but I can't answer that question.
Mr. Arens. There are approximately 70 foreign-language Polish
newspapers in the United States ?
Mr. Gutowski. About 70.
Mr. Arens. On the basis of your experience, can you testify as to
the extent to which the Polish-Go vernment-controlled organizations,
such as the Gdynia Lines, advertise in these Polish-language news-
papers ?
Mr. Gutowski. I will say that the Gdynia-America Line and this
package company, probably in most of these newspapers, Polish news-
papers, you know, I would say 75 percent.
Mr. Arens. Is it your testimony, in order that the record may be
clear, that of the approximately 70 Polish foreign-language news-
papers in the United States, that the Polish-Government-controlled
organizations advertise in approximately 75 percent of those papers ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right. That is correct.
9S330 — 50 — pt. 1—30
460 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Arens. Is the contribution or relative contribution of the
Polish-Government-controlled organizations, through their advertis-
ing in the Polish foreign-language newspapers in the United States,
approximately the same extent as they are to your paper ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct. So far as I recall.
Mr. Dekom. I notice that in the issue of April 19, 1948, which you
submitted in evidence, you have an article on Poland by a reporter with
the note "Special to the NowTa Epoka." Do you have a correspondent
in Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. Oh, that is a boy I met in Cracow, when I was last
year, and I asked him to send me one or two articles, so that is one of his
two articles that he send me.
Mr. Dekom. That is an article that was sent to you from Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. Which one ?
Mr. Dekom. Report from Cracow by Jan Wolski.
Mr. Gutowski. That is something else. That was in 1918. I can-
not answer this question. You will have to ask the chief editor,
because really I don't edit the paper, you know, and he is responsible
for these things, so I can't answer this question.
Mr. Arens. Are you familiar with it ?
Mr. Gutowski. That was a year ago.
Mr. Arens. With the policy of the other Polish foreign language
newspapers, the seventy-odd, which are published in the United
States?
Mr. Gutowski. I am very happy to answer that question. I know
the policy, because I have been active in the Polish affairs for 10
years and I know.
Mr. Arens. Let me ask you a question: To what extent do these
Polish foreign-language newspapers in the United States, of which
you have testified that approximately 75 percent of the 70 Polish-
language newspapers receive advertising from Polish Government
controlled corporations
Mr. Gutowtski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. Reprint articles which have emanated from Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. They all do, you know, practically. Most of these
newspapers are hostile to the present regime in Poland and if there
is any news, bad news, about Poland, you know, they put it in. If
there is good news, you know, they would not put it in, because their
policy is this, if I may make, Mr. Chairman, a statement about this
Polish, there are two schools of thought, you know, among the Ameri-
can Poles in America. One, which is represented by Polish-American
Congress, you probably heard about this organization, and also which
constitutes the majority of the Polish Americans in the United
States.
Mr. Arens. Anti-Communist organization, is it not?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes, anti-Communist, that is correct ; that is right.
Their point is this, that they should not deal with Poland. They
should not help Poland, because there is a regime that they don't like
it, and they boycott Poland, and the help for Poland, because there
is communistic regime as they call it, and they control most of these
newspapers, Polish newspapers in the United States, and therefore,
you know, this majority of the American Poles simply refuse to have
anything to do with Poland.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 461
There is another school of thought which is minority, which claims
that we as American citizens should not meddle with the political
internal affairs of Poland. We are not supposed to tell them what
government they have. We don't care. WTe have to help the Polish
people, not the government, but the people up there by sending eco-
nomic help and cultural system so that they would recognize that they
are not left alone by the Poles in the United States, and in this way,
you know, probably, I mean we would probably not help them to go
into the arms of Russia, because if everybody is going to forget about
his poor Polish people in Poland, then they will go to Russia. So
that group, you know, is represented by my paper.
Mr. Arens. Does your paper's policy favor the present regime in
Poland, the government regime in Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. Pardon me. I personally, in my paper does not
favor the present regime in Poland. I have written this here political
credo for this paper in April 1948 and I would like for the record,
Mr. Chairman, to show just a few points, the gist of the policy. I
would like you to read that because I cannot without glasses.
Senator Kilgore. Is that in English ?
Mr. Rogge (reading) :
Summing up the above facts and observations the conclusion is inescapable
that Polish-Americans cannot and should not pursue the same policies regarding
Poland as do the Polish refugees who are guided by personal and party
interests.
(1) We, as American citizens, have no right to interfere in Polish domestic
problems. We do not pay taxes in Poland, nor do we share in any other burdens
of the Polish people. If for no other reason, for this reason alone we have no
right to dictate to Poland how she should regulate her own social and political
affairs.
(2) Polish-Americans cannot and should not conduct any political action on the
international scene. The United States Government attends to that, and does
it much better.
(3) Polish-Americans have no right to accuse the United States Government
of betraying Poland. It must be realized, after all, that to the United States
Government American interests are paramount to the interests of Poland or any
other nations.
(4) Polish-Americans, following the example of the United States, should
take up normal relations with Poland, no matter what its government, since
without such direct contact there can be no question of giving any real aid
to the Polish people.
(5) The Polish-American Congress should revise its program and confine its
activity to the following objectives :
(a) to convince the United States Government that to refuse American relief
and economic aid to the Polish people means not only to punish them for crimes
they did not commit, but also to alienate, from the United States, the friendship
of the Polish people, who were always most amicably disposed toward this
country.
Mr. Dekom. May I interrupt you for a second % You stated above
that the management of relations with Poland should be left exclu-
sively to the Government because that is its business.
Mr. Gutowski. I did not say to the Government. I said to the peo-
ple of government.
Mr. Rogge. You mean our foreign.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Mr. Dekom. You sav it is now the job of our Congress, of the Con-
gress to convince our Grovernment to take some action.
Mr. Gutowski. Says, for instance they say, memorandums and
appeals, they send them to England, to the United Nations Organiza-
462 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
tion, or to — they make protests to the State Department, because you
know Poland in Yalta was sold down the government. They called
Eoosevelt traitor of the Polish because, you know, they say America
betrayed Poland, you know.
Mr. Arens. This Polish Congress is the anti-Communist organi-
zation ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is exactly.
Mr. Arens. That is the organization you are citicizing in your
paper.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right, so I claim this, that we have no right,
you know, to meddle with the internal affairs, you know, because the
Government of the United States, you know, does that, but to help
Poland, and, you know, our flesh and blood, you know, that is not
exactly international problem that we should not do. Mr. Chairman,
I claim this, that it is our policy that the United States help Czechs
and Poles economically, that would be the best propaganda against
Stalin in Poland, you know, because these people, the Polish or Czech
really love America. I was there last year and I know it, and they
don't like Russians and they are not, they are opposed — simply despise
communism. That I know. I found that nobody is going to make
many Communists in Poland.
Mr. Arens. When you went to Poland last year, you went on a
Polish visa ?
Mr. Gutowski. Beg pardon ?
Mr. Arens. Did you go on a Polish visa when you went to Poland ?
Mr. Gutowski. Well, naturally, I have American passport but I got
Polish visa in order to do that.
Mr. Arens. Was that issued to you by the Polish Communist Gov-
ernment? Was that Polish visa issued by a Polish representative in
this country ?
Mr. Gutowski. It was issued to me by the Polish consul general
in New York.
Mr. Arens. How often do you see him ?
Mr. Gutowski. How about finish this statement, you know, and
then I will answer that question.
Mr. Eogge (reading) :
(&) To convince the United States Government that to take away from Poland
her recovered western territories in favor of Germany, wonld not only deprive
Poland of her independence, but would, at the same time help to revive German
militarism and provoke another world war.
(c) To encourage every effort toward extending relief and economic and
cultural aid to present-day Poland.
(d) To send a delegation of the Polish-American Congress to Poland in order
to study the situation at first hand and to learn about Poland's most urgent needs.
Having profoundly considered all these points, we have come to the conclusion
that only a sound program of economic, cultural, and public-health assistance
to present-day Poland can prove of any real value to the future of the Polish
nation.
Mr. Arens. To get back to this visa question.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arens. You received a visa from the
Mr. Gutowski. Polish consul general.
Mr. Arens. In New York.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 463
Mr. Arexs. Who is under the Polish Communist Government
regime.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right, naturally.
Mr. Arexs. And where did you go when you got to Poland ?
Mr. Gutowski. When I went to Poland?
Mr. Arexs. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. We went; we landed at Gdynia. We went to Wro-
claw. We went to Katowicze and Cracow.
Mr. Arens. What was the occasion for your trip ?
Mr. Gutowski. That was, there were six lawyers, you know, here in
America, were invited by the Polish Bar Association in Warsaw and
we went as their guests, 'and they had, you know, these lawyers, took
care of us in Poland and we went sight-seeing Poland.
Mr. Arens. You were invited to sight-see by the Polish Bar Asso-
ciation ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is what I understood.
Mr. Arexs. And who paid the expenses of this trip?
Mr. Gutowski. We paid expenses ; we didn't pay for the transporta-
tion. And they paid for 10 days in Poland, you know, for our sub-
sistence ; after 10 days, we paid our own.
Mr. Arexs. Is it clear that the Polish organization which invited you
and your associates to come to Poland paid at least part of the
expenses ?
Mr. Gutowski. They paid transportation from New York to War-
saw, and they paid 10 days, you know, in Poland for our subsistence.
Mr. Arexs. What vessel did you travel on?
Mr. Gutowski. I went on Batory and came back on the plane.
Mr. Arexs. The Batory is the boat owned by the Gdynia Lines that
advertises in your paper?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Arexs. How often are you in contact with this consul general
in New York?
Mr. Gutowski. Quite often. I go up there on professional business.
I was in Poland and I am known among the Poles as a Pole. You
know, they come to me for different problems they have in Poland,
so I have to go to intervene and try to help them out. They come as
clients and friends, you know, that is why I go to the Polish consulate
quite often.
May I add, Mr. Arens, I don't know your name, in the Polish con-
sulate at present time, I mean most of the officials are friends of mine
who used to be under the old regime. Just they have been taken over,
so I have my friends up there you know, from the old times.
Mr. Dekom. Could you name some of them ?
Mr. Gutowski. Surely, I can name some of them. For instance,
Consul Kwiecien.1
Mr. Dekom. What position did he hold under the old regime?
Mr. Gutowski. He is the consul. He was the consul under the old
regime.
Mr. Dekom. How long ago was that?
Mr. Gutowski. My goodness, that was about 12 years ago, I think.
Mr. Dekom. Who were the six lawyers who went with you or the
other five, I should say.
1 Roman Kwiecien.
464 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Gutowski. I will tell you. Michael Szadkowski. That is my
friend who is the president of Polam. There are three lawyers from
Detroit. One is Robert Joseph Sapala, Chester Kozdroj, and
Robert — it is on the tip of my tongue, I can't recall— maybe I will recall
it a little later.
Mr. Dekom. If you do not recall them, write them down and send
them to the committee. Will the chairman direct the witness to do
that?
Senator Kilgore. Yes. Get the list for us. You can get it and
hand it in later.
(The information, submitted by letter of Mr. Gutowski of October
24, 1949, is as follows:)
The names of the lawyers who went to Poland in August 1948, besides myself,
are as follows: Joseph Sapala, Robert Wojcinski, and Chester Kozdroj, all of
Detroit, Mich. ; Joseph Hellnuth, of Chicago, 111., and Michael Szadkowski, of
Jersey City, N. J.
Mr. Dekom. You mentioned Chester Kozdroj.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes ; that is right.
Mr. Dekom. He is the same man that is an official of the American
Slav Congress.
Mr. Gutowski. I saw his name in the Polish newspaper.
Mr. Rogge. Tell us if you know or not.
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know whether this is the same one or not
the same name, first and second. I never understood him to be an
official, because he is teaching in the Roman Catholic Seminary. You
know, he is a professor up there. He is practicing Roman Catholic
and he is not a Communist, absolutely anti-Communist and how he
got there I really don't know.
Mr. Dekom. Is the American Slav Congress listed as Communist
and subversive by the Attorney General, to your knowledge ?
Mr. Gutowski. I think so, yes.
Mr. Dekom. In your paper, you have a good many articles date-
lined Warsaw. Would you tell us whether or not you have a corre-
spondent in Warsaw ? I see about 22 on one page.
Mr. Gutowski. We receive some Polish newspaper from Poland.
Mr. Dekom. You receive a Polish newspaper from Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes; that is right.
Mr. Dekom. Could you name it?
Mr. Gutowski. One is the Rzeczpospolita.
Mr. Dekom. Is that the official organ of the Polish Workers Party?
Mr. Gutowski. There is another name for it. This one is really, I
understand it is not Communist newspaper, but the other, Trybuna
Ludu, that is the Communist, that is the organ, official organ of the
Workers Party down in Poland.
Mr. Dekom. You don't think that the Rzeczpospolita is a Communist
newspaper, is that your statement?
Mr. Gutowski. 1 am not sure, you know, really. I am not sure. Mr.
Chairman, as I stated before, I practice law and I go up there and I
hardly read these Polish newspapers from Poland. The editor does it.
Mr. Dekom. You are listed as managing editor, is that correct?
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct. You know, I mean that is rather
normal. I know these people are honest and trustworthy. I just go
from time to time to supervise but the material he is using, the chief
editor, really I don't know much about it.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 465
Mr. Dekom. Do you get information from the Polish consulate or
other official bodies, such as the embassies or the Information Center?
Mr. Gutowski. They call it different.
Mr. Dekom. Polish Information Center.
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Mr. Dekom. Do you get material from them?
Mr. Gutowski. They send to every Polish newspaper.
Mr. Arens. Do you reprint those ?
Mr. Gutowski. Some of them we do, but very few.
Mr. Schroeder. Do you have a representative of your paper in the
International Workers Order in New York ?
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know whom you refer to, because I have
three of these, what you call
Mr. Rogge. If you don't know, say you don't know, Mr. Witness.
Have you a specific one in mind ?
Mr. Dekom. Do you know Walter Tysh ?
Mr. Gutowski. Walter who ?
Mr. Dekom. Tysh ? International Workers Order Polonia Society.
Mr. Gutowski. I think I never met him. I don't know who you
are talking about.
Mr. Dekom. What is your connection with the Polonia Society?
Mr. Gutowski. None whatever.
Mr. Dekom. You have none.
Mr. Gutowski. None.
Mr. Dekom. You have never had any connection with them?
Mr. Gutowski. Never.
Mr. Dekom. Never attended their meetings ?
Mr. Gutowski. Never.
Mr. Dekom. You receive press information from them?
Mr. Gutowski. Press information?
Mr. Dekom. Releases or publicity material.
Mr. Gutowski. I think they send once an announcement about a
dance or something.
Mr. Dekom. Do you publish that material ?
Mr. Gutowski. I cannot recall now. That was a long time ago.
Mr. Dekom. If it is in your paper, would you say that you pub-
lished it ?
Mr. Gutowski. If they paid for it, I would.
Mr. Dekom. If it is a news story, would they have paid for it?
Mr. Gutowski. News story ?
. Mr. Dekom. In the issue that you submitted in evidence, mention-
ing some 1WO activities.
Mr. Gutowski. Here in this paper ?
Mr. Dekom. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know anything about it. I don't know any-
thing about it.
Mr. Dekom. While I look that up, do you know whether the Inter-
national Workers Order is listed as a Communist organization by the
Attorney General ?
Mr. Rogge. If you know.
Mr. Gutowski. I don't know. I don't remember.
Mr. Schroeder. As a matter of fact, didn't you receive some names
from the IWO to mail these publications out?
466 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Gutowski. To tell you the truth, I really don't know what
this IWO
Mr. Rogge. If you don't know, say you don't.
Mr. Gutowski. I have nothing to do with this organization. I
never did in my life. I don't know. I am not a Communist. You
know, it looks to me that you gentlemen look at me as though I am
a Communist here. I have nothing to do with Communists and never
had and probably never will in my life, because I am an American.
Senator Kilgore. To get down to it, then you are not one in the
organization that knows about those things. Who would in your
organization ?
Mr. Gutowski. The chief editor, you know.
Senator Kilgore. The chief editor would?
Mr. Gutowski. He writes the paper.
Senator Kilgore. He would know the source of where the news
stories came from?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Senator Kilgore. Does he also have charges of the distribution of
the papers ?
Mr. Gutowski. No, no ; there is another man up there, Max Miller.
Senator Kilgore. There is one thing I wanted to ask you a few
questions about, that I was not satisfied on, that I may have the full
information on it or that I understand what you said.
This Polam Import & Export Co., Inc., that owns 3,190 shares
of stock in the newspaper, did you not say that your partner, Szad-
kowski, which one, "M" or "S"? There is an "M" and an "S"
Szadkowski.
Mr. Gutowski. Michael is the son and "S" is his father. One owns
400 and 600.
Senator Kilgore. Are they connected with the Polam Export &
Import ?
Mr. Gutowski. Mike Szadowski is the Polam.
Senator Kilgore. He is the Polam Export-Import Co. ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. Is that a corporation ?
Mr. Gutowski. Of New Jersey.
Senator Kilgore. Formed under the laws of New Jersey?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. For the purpose of purchasing for import into
this country of Polish materials and
Mr. Gutowski. Vice versa.
Senator Kilgore. And purchasing for export to Poland American
materials.
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct.
Senator Kilgore. And that paper, of course, owns the major portion
of the stock in the newspaper, that corporation ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is correct.
Senator Kilgore. And he is the real man that owns it. How much of
the stock does he actually own in Polam?
Mr. Gutowski. In Polam?
Senator Kilgore. Yes.
Mr. Gutowski. He is about 94 percent. I have just five shares in
Polam and there is one man has one share. The balance, you know,
is owned by Szadkowski.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 467
Mr. Rogge. May I ask the witness some questions on it? Will you
state where you were born, please?
Mr. Gutowski. In Poland.
Mr. Rogge. When did you come to this country?
Mr. Gutowski. Nineteen hundred and seven.
Mr. Rogge. Did you become a citizen ?
Mr. Gutowski. In 1917.
Mr. Rogge. Would you care to state your religious affiliation ?
Mr. Gutowski. I am Roman Catholic.
Mr. Rogge. All of your life ?
Mr. Gutowski. All of my life.
Mr. Rogge. Would you care to state your political affiliation?
Mr. Gutowski. I am a Democrat.
Mr. Rogge. How long have you been one ?
Mr. Gutowski. In New Jersey, since 1922.
Mr. Rogge. You are not a Communist, you stated.
Mr. Gutowski. God forbid ; no.
Senator Kilgore. You said you lived at what is it, Irvington.
Mr. Gutowski. I live in Irvington, now.
Senator Kilgore. What county is that in?
Mr. Gutowski. Essex County.
Senator Kilgore. I thought t knew just about where it was. I just
wanted to know. I wanted to get it fixed in my mind. Do you prac-
tice in that county ?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes ; I was running for assembly twice in this county
and I was very active in Democratic Party.
Senator Kilgore. How old were you when you came from Poland ?
Mr. Gutowski. I was 19 years of age.
Mr. Dekom. Has Gutowski always been your name?
Mr. Gutowski. Naturally.
Mr. Dekom. Have you used any other name ?
Mr. Gutowski. Me, no, no; Stanislaw, here, for instance, I have
even shortened — I have not shortened my first name. I am proud of
that name.
Mr. Rogge. Did you serve in the First
Mr. Gutowski. I was captain, United States Army, for 3 years.
Mr. Rogge. And in the Second World War ?
Senator Kilgore. Which regiment?
Mr. Gutowski. I was commissioned in Infantry but then you know
I was assigned to military intelligence division here in Washington.
I was here for 3 years.
Mr. Rogge. In the Second World War, did you do any service?
Mr. Gutowski. I served on the board, on the draft board, Govern-
ment appeal agent from the beginning to the end and I have three
citations from Mr. Roosevelt, from Mr. Truman, and I got in 1947, 1
got Congressional Medal citation for my work, you know, last 7 years.
I resent, you know, assuming that I am a Communist.
Mr. Rogge. Did you ever have any conversation with President
Roosevelt about Poland?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Mr. Rogge. When was that?
Mr. Gutowski. That was in October 1914, before he went to Yalta.
Mr. Rogge. Was that after Tehran ?
468 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
Mr. Gutowski. That was after Tehran. That conversation makes
me believe that the Poles in America
Mr. Rogge. Will you tell us what the conversation was ?
Mr. Gutowski. Well, Mr. Roosevelt — I am going to give verbatim
what he told us. He said when he talked to Stalin
Mr. Rogge. Was he talking about the Tehran Conference?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes; about Tehran. "Mr. Marshal,1 now, about
Poland, you know, why don't you leave Lwow, because this is a Polish
city," and Stalin said, "Mr. President, that is true, that Lwow is
Polish city but the territory is Ukranian. Why do Poles want these
minorities, Lithuanians and Ukranians and White Russians? Let
them stick to the ethnographic boundaries, and let them get in the
west, you know, the territory that used to belong to Poland, you know,
hundreds of years ago/' And Mr. Roosevelt said, "Gentlemen, I could
not argue with Marshal, because simply I had no argument."'
Mr. Rogge. When you say marshal, you mean Marshal Stalin.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes. I had no arguments to offer, and then Mr.
Roosevelt explained to us, you know. "Why do you want this eastern
territory that really isn't Polish. You can go as far in the west as
you want." And, I remember that he said that, "And I am going to
help you out. I am going to send the Germans to Germany and get
Poles from the east, and you are going to have a nice compact, you
know, Poland."
Mr. Rogge. This was President Roosevelt's explanation?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right. And at that time, you know, I made
my mind, you know, to get away from this Polish American Congress.
After Yalta, this bunch here with Mr. Rozmarek 2 who probably makes
helps you to investigate me.
Mr. Rogge. In other words, this conversation you had with Presi-
dent Roosevelt convinced you.
Mr. Gutowski. Absolutely. They called me as soon the finest man
a traitor to the Polish, because that Roosevelt sold Poland down the
river in Yalta and I have said that he helped Poland at that time.
You know, the Poland has no business for the eastern territories, be-
cause that is .strictly Ukranian and White Russians and Lithuanians.
Mr. Rogge. You do believe she should have the western?
Mr. Gutowski. Absolutely.
Senator Kilgore. That is the land she lost in the partition just before
the American Revolution ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right. With Boleslaw 3 there was a credible
Polish state in the eleventh century. Now Breslau was Polish city,
Polish capital, but the Germans pushed the Poles toward the east and
because the Poles were too weak, so they, you know, got Ukranians
and Lithuanians, because they were much weaker. It was easier,
you know, to go along the lines of least resistance. Now they want
the lands back. I am fighting, you know, and they sore at me, be-
cause I tried to explain to the Polish people that they should be good
Americans, they should help the Poles, leave this international business
alone. They recognize the old government in London, Mr. Rozmarek
1 Referring to Marshal Stalin.
2 Charles Rozmarek. Chairman of the Polish National Alliance and President of the
Polish American Congress.
3 Boleslaw I, called the Brave.
COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS 469
and his Congress, which is ridiculous, because we don't recognize this
government. They act like a state within a state here in America.
' Mr. Rogge. Let me ask you, the ideas you formed after your con-
versation with President Roosevelt, is that what you tried to carry
out in the editorial policy of your paper?
Mr. Gtjtowski. When I tried to explain and convince these people,
you know, I mean the head of the Polish-American Congress, they
should stop bothering the State Department and Roosevelt, sending
protests, but get busy to ask the Government to help Poland economi-
cally, they laughed at me. because I was secretary general of the Polish
Immigrant Congress and in charge of the office here in Washington
for 7 months, and I resigned and I was inactive for about 2 years, but
then, you know, I figured out, you know, they are my friends, there
are thousands of them who are not satisfied but they are afraid even
to talk sometimes to me, because, you know, some gentleman make
Communist out of me for no reason at all, these people.
Mr. Rogge. You started the newspaper.
Mr. Gutowski. I started it.
Mr. Rogge. When did you become a member of the bar?
Mr. Gutowski. In 1925.
Mr. Rogge. Is this the first time you have had anything to do with
writing or newspapers?
Mr. Gutowski. No, no: I was editor of three newspapers. That
was in 1917, when I was in Boston University Law School. I edited
some paper up there, the New York Daily in New York, and then one
weekly in Newark, N. J.
Senator Kilgore. All Polish-language newspapers?
Mr. Gutowski. Yes : but I did write Scribner s magazine, my two
stories were printed that I got paid for it. So I am writing and
newspaper is my hobby, Mr. Chairman. That is why, you know, I
organized this paper.
Mr. Rogge. You think you have a good editorial policy?
Mr. Gutowski. I have absolutely perfect, as far as our American
interests are concerned and Polish. If they only listen to this paper,
you know, you would not have any trouble with the delegations here
with the letters they send to the Senate, to the House of Representa-
tives. They make me sick and tired with their policy.
Mr. Rogge. Just another question or two. I gathered from your
statement that so far as the price for ads, I mean if you could get moTe
from another person, you took it. I mean, there wasn't
Mr. Gutowski. Naturally.
Mr. Rogge. You did not have any established price, but the posi-
tion in the paper or other considerations — I mean, if the person were
willing to pay more, you took it?
Mr. Gutowtski. Mr. Chairman, absolutely. I have some friends
who would give me, you know, hundreds, even thousands, of dollars
to help this paper, but they are afraid, you know, that they might be,
you know, tainted with Communists because this paper is commu-
nistic paper.
Senator Kilgore. You said that these ads you received from — what
is it ? — the Polish Gdynia Line and agencies of the Polish Govern-
ment, you received through an advertising agency ; I did not under-
470 COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES LN ALIEN AND NATIONAL GROUPS
stand which. There are two kinds of advertising agencies. There
are advertising agencies which represent the advertisers and there are
also advertising agencies which distribute advertising among the
newspapers. Was this an agency that you were a subscriber to or
was it the agency that the steamship line, shall we say
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. One or several agencies ?
Mr. Gutowski. That only one agency that I deal with. They
send out the same cards — the same material — to all of these Polish
papers and I got one.
Senator Kilgore. For all of the advertisers that they represent ?
Mr. Gutowski. That is right.
Senator Kilgore. In other words, there is one agency that repre-
sents apparently all of these advertisers.
Mr. Gutowski. I think so.
Senator Kilgore. And that business came through them.
Mr. Gutowski. Yes.
Senator Kilgore. But you are dealing
Mr. Gutowski. With the agency. Hartwig is a domestic corpo-
ration.
Senator Kilgore. Did you deal direct with them or did they have
an advertising agency you dealt with ?
Mr. Gutowski. I dealt directly with the president, who is a friend
of mine.
Mr. Rogge. He gave something here that I did not see that has
the red and the black on it and I would like to have a copy for my files ;
if he has a copy, well and good. May I request that a copy be sent
to me?
Mr. Arens. Did the young lady in the office make a copy ?
Mr. Rogge. Not of that one.
Senator Kilgore. We will furnish you with a copy.
(Thereupon, at 3: 30 p. m., the committee recessed subject to call.)
INDEX
A
Abraham Lincoln Brigade. (See International Brigade.) page
Abrainowski, Bronislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Abt, John, Soviet espionage 115
Acheson, Dean, Secretary of State 166, 169
Adamic, Louis, author :
Communist activities among Slavs 56, 238
Communist fronts 242
Communist sympathizer 62
Contact with Yugoslav Ambassador 93
Control by Communist Party 238,239
Espionage 115
Letter to Tito — 88,89,90,91
Opposition to Roosevelt and Churchill 239
Trip to Yugoslavia 94
Adamska, Jadwiga, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Adevarul (Truth), Rumanian publication 273,276
Adler, Solomon (Treasury Department), espionage 115
Air Corps, espionage agents — 111
Air lines, Communist infiltration 142, 143
Alef. Col. Gustav Bolkowiak (alias for Aleksiej Frumkin) Polish Embassy :
Espionage agent 8, 17, 20, 28
Predicts United States break-up 25
Recall to Poland 23
Soviet Embassy 29
Alexander II, King of Yugoslavia 62
Alexander, Robert C, Visa Division, Department of State 345, 350
Alexeev, Kirill Mikhailovich, former commercial attache, Soviet Embassy,
Mexico, testimony of 65
Alien Communists. (See Alien subversives.)
Alien subversives :
Defense by Communist fronts 243
Deportation 111, 106, 128, 303, 308, 323, 324
Detention of undeportables 323, 324
Exclusion 302, 303, 329, 333
Number in United States of America 323, 324
Aliens :
Admission 298 et seq.
Americanization 139, 140
Deportation 153, 323
Exclusion of subversives 325, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333
Number in United States 326
Work of Communist Party among 137, 139
All-Slav Committee in Moscow, appeal to foreign Slavs 196
All-Slav Congress, United States delegates 192
Allen, James S., Daily Worker :
Communist International representative 218
Communist Party 160
Allender, James, Communist Party 160
Alliance of Rumanian Americans for Democracy 272, 273, 274, 275
Allis-Chalmers Co. strike 225
Alpi, Mario. (See Brown, Fred.)
II INDEX
Page
Alth, Aurel, former Hungarian consul in New York 206
Ambroziewicz, Januasz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
America (Rumanian publication) 273, 286
American Association for Reconstruction in Yugoslavia, control by Com-
munist Party 317
American Biro-Bidjan Committee 396
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign-Born, Communist
front 243
American Committee for Yugoslav Relief 85,91
Control by Communist Party 239, 242, 317
Pirinsky, George 184
Vlahov, Dimitar, praised by 49
American-Hungarian Council for Democracy, Communist front 206
American Labor Party 373
American League for Peace and Democracy : Porer, Joseph, member 216
American Legion, endorsement of S. 1694 123, 124
American Newspaper Guild 294
American Polish Labor Council. Communist 15, 17
American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp 386,390,391
American Relief for Czechoslovakia 374
American-Russian Institute, Commuuist 308
American Slav Congress 9,28,
49, 56, 57. 179, 180, 181, 375, 382
Biddle, Francis M., former Attorney General 213
Brook, Calvin, press agent for 373
Clark, Tom C, Attorney General 213
Communist activity and control 17, 20,
21, 24, 25, 242, 317, 374, 464
Contact with All-Slav Committee in Moscow 196
Contact with Kosanovic, Sava N 194
Contact with Soviet and satellite embassies 194
Control by Yugoslav Embassy 316
Foreign delegates 196
Gebert, Boleslaw, member 15. 16
Kozdroj, Chester, official 464
Letter from President Roosevelt 180
Meeting in New York, 1946 29
Membership 182
Musil, Charles, financial secretary 374
Officers 1S5
Pirinsky. George, executive secretary 210
Policy and purpose 180, 185
Publications 182. 1S3
Roosevelt. Franklin D., President of the United States 180, 213
Tysh, Walter 444
American Sokol Organization, patriotic and democratic 379
American-Soviet Friendship Society, Communist front 153
American Youth for Democracy, Communist front 34
Americanization methods 147
Amter, I.. Communist Party 160
American Trading Corp. (Amtorg) 32,400,401,454
Assistance to Communist Party 1^3
Bndish, J. M 1 397
Entry of representatives into United States 301
Espionage 68, 110, 113
Financing of Communist activities 131
Operation 234
Propaganda activites in the United States 233
Recruitment of personnel 410
Representatives in the United States 301
Soviet Secret Police 38
Subversive purposes 233
Anagnostache, George, former Rumanian consul in Cleveland, activities 276
Andrica, Theodore, editor of the New Pioneer 273, 275, 276
Anjeski, J., contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
INDEX HI
Page
Anti-Fascist Youth Congresses 54
Anti-Militarist Commission of the Communist International 146
Antonescu, Ion, Rumanian general 280, 295
Antoni, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Andrzejewski, Kazimierz, deserter, motorship, Sobieski 417
Apopolson, Louis, Romanul-Amerieaa 256
Arena, Placido (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Argonaut (publication), attack on Chaplin, Charlie 104
Armed services, infiltration by Communist agents 46, 49, 143, 144, 145, 146
Artists' Front to Win the War, supported by Chaplin, Charlie 104
Artkino Pictures, Inc., registered Soviet agent, propaganda activities in the
United States 315
Assenti, Pietro (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Associated Press 398
Atalanta Corp., importer 458,459
B
Babin, Toma, Yugoslav consulate general, New York, Communist agent 51
Babutiu, Rev. George, Editorial Committee of Cultural Association for
Americans of Rumanian Descent 274,275,276
Bacal, Adam, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Baginski, Julian, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Balbi, Michele (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski - 418
Balcerzak, Marek, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Balen, Sime, Chief of Press Service, Yugoslav Embassy, propaganda activ-
ities 53,54
Ballarn, John J., Communist Party 160
Balokovic, Zlatko 94, 97
American Committee for Yugoslav Relief, fund collection 84, 85
Letter to Rittig, Svetozar 91
Tito-Cominform clash 95, 96
Baptist Association (Rumanian) 274
Barczykowski, Wladyslaw, deserter, motorship Batory „ 415
Bartnicki, Wieslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Batory, motorship, (see testimony of Szczerbinski, George) 414,420,463
Tysh, Walter, connection with 446
Bedacht, Max :
Communist Party, National Committee 238
Communist Party (expelled?) 160
Benco, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Benes, Eduard, last President of democratic Czechoslovakia 372, 375
Benjamin, Herbert, Communist Party 160
Benson, A. (Katzes), Communist Party 160
Bentley, Elizabeth Terrill 406
Testimony of 106
Berger, Hans (alias for Gerhart Eisler). (See Eisler, Gerhart.)
Berger, Victor L., Socialist leader 126
Beria, Marshal L. P., member, Soviet Politburo, head of secret police 28
Berman, Louise Bransten : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Bernard, John, IWO organizer 242
Biddle, Francis M., former Attorney General : American Slav Congress 181, 213
Biedenkapp, Fred, Communist Party 160
Bielska, Anna, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Bienia, Jan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Bieniowski, Joseph, trip to Poland 423
Bimba, Anthony, Communist Party 160
Biro-Bidjan, fraudulent propaganda concerning 396, 397
Bittelman, Alexander, Communist Party 160
Chief theoretician, Communist Party 235
Black, Helen, registered foreign agent, propaganda activities in the
United States 314
Black, Robert : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Bloor, Ella Reeve, Communist Party 160
Bock, Ed, Communist activities 151
IV INDEX
Fage
Bochenski, Michal, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Bogdonov, Peter A., liquidated 411
Bogota, Colombia : Inter-American Conference 19
Bohm, Dr. David, Communist Party 157
Boksa, Henryk, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Bolkowiak. (See Alef, Col. Gustav.)
Bolshevik, anniversary, supported by Chaplin, Charlie 105
Bonk, Pawel, deserter^ motorship Sobieski 417
Borzyinowski, Czeslaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Bosak, 381
Boscolo, Mario (Italian), deserter, motorship SoMeski 417
Boykin, Sam, Director, Office of Consular Affairs, Department of State 347
Testimony of 336
Statement begins on 361
Bozin, Louis I., secretary-treasurer, Alliance of Rumanian Americans
for Democracy 275
Branca, James : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Braverman, Maurice, attorney for Fainaru, Harry 251
Brenk, Henryk, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Bridges, Harry, Communist Party 158
Briggs, H. E., Communist Party 160
Brodsky, Carl, Communist Party 160
Brodsky, Joseph, Communist Party 160, 235. 236
Bronstein, Daniel, certified public accountant for Yugoslav-American
Home 84
Brook, Calvin (or Zrueck, Kalman) :
Editor of Ludove Noviny 372, 373
National Committee to Aid Slovakia 374
Brooks, Homer, Communist Party 160
Brothman, Abraham (Republic Steel Co., and Reserve officer, U. S. Army),
Soviet espionage 115
Browder, Earl, Communist Party 116, 138, 234, 237, 241
Communist International representative 218
Control by Communist International 221
Espionage 115
Expulsion from Communist Party 235, 245, 246
False passport 224, 229
Position in Communist Party 129
Registered Soviet agent 315
Statement on Communist Party policy 230
Supported by Chaplin, Charlie 104
Browder, Irene, Communist activity among national groups 237
Brown, Andy, Communist Party 160
Brown, Fred (alias Mario Alpi or Ferruccio Marini), Communist Party- 138, 160
Communist International representative 116, 219
Fraudulent passport 133
Brown, Madeline 34
Bruce, Charles (British), deserter, motorship Batory 415
Brueck, Kalman. (See Brook, Calvin.)
Brzozowski, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Buch, Agnieszka, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Budenz, Louis F., Communist Party 133
Soviet espionage (courier) 115
Testimony of 217
Budinis, Mario (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Budish, J. M., Amtorg 233, 397
Budzislawski, Hermann, editor, Die Weltbiihne 34, 35, 36
Bukharin, Nikolai, purge 137
Bulgaria, propaganda activities in United States 311,312
Bulgarian-American People's League 190
Activity on behalf of Tito 243
Communist front 243
Burak, bartender of the motorship Sobieski 423
Burburan, Giorgio (Italian) deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Burji, Alex, contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
Burke, Alice, Communist Party . 160
INDEX V
Page
Burke, Donald, Communist Party 160
Burlak, Ann, Communist Party 160
Burnea, loan, editorial committee, Cultural Association for Americans of
Rumanian Descent 274
Burster, Norman, Anti-trust Division, Department of Justice, Soviet
espionage 115
Bussanich, Antonio di Domenico (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski— 416
C
Cain, Harry P., United States Senator from Washington, testimony of 101
Camp Beacon, Communist camp 240, 241
Camp Nitgedaiget, Communist camp 240, 241
Carbon County Miner (publication) 137
Cannon, F., Nowa Epoka 451
Carol II, King of Rumania 274
Caruso, Octavio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Caspar, Frank J. :
Testimony of 77
Connection with Yugoslav Ambassador 89, 90, 93
Caspar, Mrs. Frank J., use of invalid passport 98
Catana. H., Romanul-American 257
Cavendish-Bentick, Victor, British Ambassador to Poland 7
Cekich, Theodore, Yugoslav Club of New York 96
Central European Observer (publication) 312
Central Intelligence Agency 357
Hillenkoetter, Rear Adm. Roscoe H., Director 358
Centroglass 380
Chambers, Whittaker 406
Chaplin, Charlie :
Argonaut, article on 104
Eisler, Hanns, support of 103, 104
New Leader, article on 103
New York Sun, article on 102
Picasso, Pablo, cable from 104
Pro-Communist record given 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Sullivan, Ed, attack by 101, 102, 103
"Charlie," head of GPU in the United States 153
Chester, Comrade (alias for Shuster), Communist agent 225
Chou En-lai, Chinese Communist, training by Soviet Union 229
Chown, Paul, Communist Party 158
Churchill. Winston 42, 395
Childs, Morris, Communist Party 160
China, Communist Party policy toward . 228, 230
Chiraz, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Cieciuch, Mrs. Helen, Nowa Epoka 449
Cielenkiewicz, Ryszard, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Citizenship. Communist Party 129
Proceedings 406
Civil Rights Congress :
Controlled by Communist Party 223
Eisler, Gerhart, support of 226
Financing of Communist Party activities 226
Forer, Joseph, member 216
Civil Service Commission, Loyalty Review Board 321
Clark Equipment Co ■ 300, 301, 304
Clark, Tom C, Attorney General :
American Slav Congress 213
Subpenas issued to 163
Testimony of 164, 298
Policy of disclosing information to congressional committees 173-177
Cline. Paul, Communist Party 160
Coe, Frank (Treasury Department), Soviet espionage 115
Cohen, W. W., American Biro-Bidjan Committee 396, 397
Cole, Roy: Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
98330 — 50 — pt. 1 31
VI INDEX
Page
Colman, Louis, Communist Party 160
Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) 49,60
Aggression 409
Ana Pauker 268
Anti-American activities 409
Propaganda activity 227
Transferred from Belgrade to Bucharest 45
Comintern. (See Communist International.)
Committee for Aid to Macedonia, praised by Vlahov, Dimitar 49
Commodore Manor, advertiser in Nowa Epoka 453
Communism. (Sec a Iso Communist Party) :
Attitude toward international law 44
Comparison with socialism 126, 127
Control of foreign-language press 135
Dangers to the United States 54, 154, 155, 393
Destruction of opposition 45, 46
Indoctrination 122, 131
Military training 131
Overthrow of the United States Government 45
Totalitarian nature 43
Work among displaced persons 45, 46
World revolution 43, 131
Communist activity :
Canada and Mexico 24
Purpose in the United States 45
Communist agents i. 32
Entry into the United States 32, 142
Entry into the United States as refugees 35, 37, 38
Communist aliens. (See Alien subversives.)
Communist camps :
Camp Beacon 240, 241
Camp Nitgedaiget 240, 241
Communist front organizations (sec also names of individual Communist
front organizations) : Alliance of Rumanian Americans for Democracy,
American Association for Reconstruction in Yugoslavia, American Biro-
Bidjan Committee, American Committee for the Protection of Foreign-
Born, American Committee for Yugoslav Relief, American-Hungarian
Council for Democracy, American Labor Party, American League for
Peace and Democracy, American Polish Labor Council, American-Russian
Institute, American Slav Congress, American-Soviet Friendship Society,
American Youth for Democracy, Bulgarian-American People's League,
Congress of American Women, Cultural and Scientific Conference for
World Peace, Czech Workers Order, Dalmatian Club "Mihovil," Friends
of New Yugoslavia, Hungarian-American Council for Democracy, Inter-
national Labor Defense, International Publishers, International Workers
Order, Jedinstvo Mixed Chorus, Jefferson School of Social Science, Joint
Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, Kosciuszko League, Macedonian-Ameri-
can Peoples League, National Committee to Aid Slovakia, National Coun-
cil, Americans of Croatian Descent, National Council of American-Soviet
Friendship, National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions,
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, National Lawyers'
Guild, Polish American Labor Council, Progressive Citizens of America,.
Progressive Party, Progressive Youth of America, Rumanian-American
Fraternal Society, IWO, Slovak Workers Society, IWO, Southern Con-
ference for Human Welfare, United Committee of South Slavic Ameri-
cans. United Czechoslovak Societies of New York, Young Communist
League, Yugoslav-American Home, Inc.) :
Controlled by Soviet Embassy 67
Policies 321, 322
Work among alien and nationality groups 136, 137
Communist governments, United Nations or representatives 299
Communist Information Bureau. (See Cominform.)
Communist International ■. 30, 31, 39
Congresses 30
Control of communism in the United States 130
INDEX VII
Page
Communist International — Continued
Financing of Communist Party activities 135
Propaganda activities 238
Propaganda channels 227
Representatives 218,219
Representatives in the United States 235
Sixth World Congress 148
Use of agents 218 et seq.
Communist organization in the United States 19
Communist Party of the United States 51,52,53,222,235
Activity in 371
Aliases, use of 229,230
Allegiance to Soviet Union 130
Armed forces, infiltration into 127. 143, 144, 145, 146, 149
Control by aliens (see also Alien subversives) 127, 128, 129, 218 et seq.
Control by foreign government 316, 317
Control by Soviet Union 39, 67, 68
109, 110, 113, 116, 122, 123, 130, 132, 155, 219 et seq., 228, 245, 271, 272
Control Commission 109, 234, 235
Danger to the United States 113
Dependence upon Soviet Literature 227
Desertion from 146, 147, 148, 243, 244, 245, 246
Discipline 223, 232
Duclos, Jacques, French Communist 245
Dues 152
Elections, participation in 327
Espionage {see also Espionage) 67,68,112,116
Fellow travelers * 328
Fifth column activity 123
Financing and funds 135, 136, 240
Financing of agents 224
Financial machinery 224, 22o
Force and violence 131, 146, 14S, 149, 150, 227, 228
Fraudulent documents 133, 222, 223
Fraudulent passports 222, 223, 229, 230
Infiltration into 321, 322
Intemational connections 18, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152
Intimidation of merchants 380
Joining, reasons for 244'
Membership 249, 320, 321, 327, 328
Membership and leaders 155 et seq.
Military training 131
National groups, activity among 139, 237, 241, 242, 243, 316, 317
Organizational tactics 321, 322
Overthrow of government 232
Policy changes 245
Policies of 223,224, 228,229,321,322
Policy toward —
China 228,230
Nazism 196, 197
Poland 238
Spain 241, 242
Yugoslavia 239
Propaganda among national groups 237
Propaganda line 137, 138
Revolutionary program 155
Sabotage 32
Salaries, party officials 135
Secret funds 222, 223
Slavs, activity among 23S, 239
Spanish Civil War, recruiting 134, 240, 241
Stalinist guidance 227
Strategic position 32
Strikes against national defense 225, 226
Support 328
Support among non-Communists 249
Surveillance 328
VIII INDEX
Page
Communist Party of the United States — Continued
Tactics 243
Training of anti-American aliens 226, 227
Underground activity and apparatus 121, 134
Violence. (See Force and violence.)
Yugoslav national section CO
Communist Party of Cuba, connection with United States Communist
Party 150
Communist Party of Rumania 281
Communist press, anti-American propaganda (see also Propaganda) 52,53
Communist propaganda (see also Propaganda) :
Financing by Soviet and satellite governments 60,
61, 278 et seq., 311 et seq. 359
United States of America 422
United States armed forces 145
Communist publications :
See Press, Communist foreign language.
See also Daily Worker, Michigan Herald.
Communist tactics. (See Communist Party.)
Communists :
Citizenship 129
Entry into the United States 299 et seq.
Congress of American Women, Communist front 34, 37
Congress of Industrial Organizations 150
Congressional committees, disclosure of material by executive agencies to_ 164-177
Cooper, Esther, Communist Party 160
Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, espionage agents 111
Coplon, Judith 406
Cornblath, Ann. (See Mrs. Emanuel Levin.)
Costello, Emil : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Cotton, Mme. Eugenie, Women's International Democratic Federation 34
Counselrnan v. Hitelicoclc 215
Cowl, Margaret, Communist Party 160
Crammer, Harold, attorney for Walter Tysh 425
Cretzianu, Alexandre, former Rumanian Ambassador to Turkey, refuge
in the United States 295
Crivelescu, Nelu, Rumanian Legation 287
Croatian Fraternal Union 47
Croatian section. Communist Party, United States of America, control by
Yugoslav Embassy 316
Croatian section, Communist Party of Canada, control by Yugoslav
Embassy 316
Crooks and Gilligan, attorneys for Caspar, Frank J 97
Crosbie, Paul, Communist Party 158
Crouch, Paul, testimony of 125
Cserna, Zoltan, Hungarian Legation 205, 208
Cuban Union of Air-Line Employees 150
Cucu, Alexander 276
Cucu, loan 276
Cucu, Nicholas T 276
Culen, Constantin, Czechoslovakia 381
Cultural Association for Americans of Rumanian Descent 273
Cultural and Scientific Conferences for World Peace, National Council of
the Arts, Sciences, and Professions 192, 338
Curie, Mme. Irene Joliot. (See Joliot-Curie, Irene.)
Currie, Lauchlin, administrative assistant to President Roosevelt,
espionage 115
Cutler, Dr. Addison T., Communist Party 157
Cwiklinski, Jan, captain of the motorship Batory 421
Cyrkler, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Czech National Alliance 373, 374, 380
Czech Workers Order, IWO 374
INDEX IX
Page
Czechoslovak consulate :
Feder, Janette 378
Vrabel, Helen 378
Czechoslovak Foreign Institute 379
Czechoslovak National Council - 371, 375
Czechoslovakia :
Benes, Eduard, last democratic President 372
Masaryk, Thomas G., first President 372
Propaganda activities in the United States 312
Czechs and Slovaks 371 et seq.
D
Daily Worker, Communist Party organ 54, 190, 218, 219, 237, 244
Financing 135
Policy of 228, 229, 232
Controlled by Soviet Union i 227
Praises Charlie Chaplin 105
Tanjug mailing list 55
Dalmatian Club "Mihovil" 48
Damian, Sylvia, Cultural Association for Americans of Romanian Descent- 274
Damon, Anna, Communist Party 160
Dandolo, Francesco (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Danelczyk, Leszek, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Danubia Transport Co., Inc 198, 199
Davidson, Jo, pro-Communist activities 405
Davila, Carol, former Rumanian Minister in Washington 275
Davis, Ben, Jr., Communist Party 160
Davis, John P., Communist Party 157
Davis, Lena, Communist Party 160
Debs, Eugene V 126
Dedijer, Mima, Yugoslav Red Cross. UN 61
Dedijer, Steve (Stevan), Yugoslav Embassy:
Communist movement in the United States 50, 61
Yugoslav Communist agent 51, 54
"Democratic," Communist definition 16
Dennis, Eugene (alias for Francis E. Waldron), general secretary, Com-
munist Party, United States of America 39, 160
Allegiance to Russia 130
Contact with Soviet Embassy 236
Illegal passport to Moscow 224
Lenin School, Moscow 229, 236
Position in Communist Party 129
Supported by Charlie Chaplin 104
Deportation of Communist aliens (see also Alien subversives) : Depart-
ment of Justice, powers 303, 308
Desteptarea (Awakening), Rumanian Communist publication (see also
Romanul-American ) 274
Destri, Ilario (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Deutsch, ■, treasurer, Hungarian-American Council for Democ-
racy 200
Diamond, Dr. Leopold, secretary, Yugoslav-American Home 85
Diaz, Frank, Communist Party 157
Die Weltbiihne (publication) 34,35,36
di Marco, Francesco (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
di M. Piccinich, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Dimitrov, Georgi, secretary general, Comintern 183
Eulogies by George Pirinsky 184
Greeting to Macedonian-American People's League 189, 190
Diplomatic immunity (see also Espionage) 299 et seq.
Bar to deportation of subversives 308
Cover for espionage 69
Diplomatic mail 29
Diplomats, admission into the United States 305
di Perte, Stefano (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 41S
Dirba, Charles, Communist Party 160
X INDEX
Page
Displaced persons :
Communist activities among 45,46
Communist as sponsor 140, 141, 142
Connection with Communists 128, 140
Screening . 140, 141, 142
Use as Soviet agents 113,114
Djerdja, Josip (Croatian Communist Party), Yugoslav delegate to UN__ 49
Djordjevic, Krista, Yugoslav delegate to UN 61
Dobbs, Rev. Malcolm Cotton, Communist Party 156
Dom, Yugoslvaenski-Americki. (See Yugoslav-American Home.)
Dondero, Representative George 276
Dornemann, Louise, Union of Democratic German Women 34
Downs, Olin, pro-Communist activities 405
Doyle, Bernadette, Communist Party 160
Dozenberg, Nicholas, Comintern and secret police agent :
Espionage 229
False passport . 229
GPU in the United States 153, 159
Drago, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Drasnin, Charles, Communist Party 160
Drohojowski, Jan, Polish Minister to Mexico 19
Dubinsky, David 20
Ducker and Feldman, attorneys for Caspar, Frank J 97
JJuclos, Jacques, French Communist Party 245
Dunne, William F., Communist Party 160
du Pont, Lammot, DuPont Corp 388,392
Durciansky, F., Czechoslovakia 381
B
East and West (German publication) 35
Eckhardt, Joseph W., Soviet Military Intelligence 108
Edinost, Yugoslav Communist publication 47
Edwards. (See Gerhart Eisler.)
Edwards, M. L., Communist Courier 143
Communist Party activities in South America 152
Egan, Joseph A., attorney for Elizabeth Bentley 106
Eisler, Gerhart 31, 34, 35, 243
Aliases used by :
Berger, Hans 222
Edwards 132, 222
Liptzen 229
Collusion of Soviet and satellite governments in the escape of 226
Communist international agent 132, 221, 224
Control of Communist Party 221,222,225
Eisler, Hanns 31
Communist International representative 219, 220
Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Red Music Bureau 220
Rockefeller Foundation 220
Supported by Charlie Chaplin 103, 104
Ellis, Fred, Communist Party 160
Connection with Joint Anti-Fascist Committee 225
Deportation 323,324
Escape 132, 220, 221, 226
Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
People's Council of Eastern Germany 220
Professor at Leipzig 34
Supported by Charlie Chaplin 104
Use of false passport 229
Emerson, Prof. Thomas I., pro-Communist activities 405
Emspack, Julius (UERMWA-CIO), Communist Party 249
Enako-Pravnost, Yugoslav Communist publication 47
Endelmann, Michael, Soviet Military Intelligence 109
Eospadia, , acquaintance of Caspar, Frank J 95, 96
Epstein, S., Comintern and secret police agent 159
INDEX XI
Page
Erbetto, Carlo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Erricson, Dr. Eric E., Communist Party 156
Espionage :
Amtorg _o__™ oi-i
Control and financing by Soviet Union 68, 69, 271
Diplomatic officials 306 et seq.
Embassies and consulates of Communist countries. (See Soviet and
satellite embassies.)
Foreign government officials in the United States— 306 et seq., 35S, 359, 360
Guzenko, Igor 307
Industrial 386 et seq;
Instructions to Communist diplomats 44
Involvement of American citizens ^ 167
Organization of Soviet espionage abroad TO, 71
Polish Embassy 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Recruiting agents in the United States 116
Recruiting agents among minority groups 120
Redin, Nicolai 307
Rumanian Legation - — 2S7
Soviet agents in the United States Government 114, 115, 116
Soviet Embassy , 66, 67, 68, 106-124
Soviet Government 44, 68, 69, 106-124, 271
Soviet Purchasing Commission HO
Soviet satellites 67, 113
Soviet and satellite embassies and legations 270, 271
Tass ^ HO
Type of information sought 117, US
United Nations delegates and personnel 48, 110, 306
United States Government employees HI et seq.
World tourists 234
Espionage agents. (See Espionage.)
Ewert, Arthur, Communist International agent 131
Exclusion of Communist aliens. (See Alien subversives.)
Exclusion of subversive aliens. ( See Alien subversives. )
Executive Order No. 9835 321,322
F
Fabricant, Herbert J., attorney for Stanley Gutowski 447
Fadeyev, Alexander A : 192
Fainaru. Harry (alias for Herscu Froim), managing editor, Romanul-
American 251
Alias Pavel Marin 255, 256
Communist Party - — 266
Communist propaganda 284, 285, 290
Contact with Rumanian Legation 277, 278
Daily Worker 268
Receipt of money from Rumanian Legation 285 et seq
Testimony of - 251, 293
Farrell, Thomas R., Communist Party 160
Feder, Janette, Czechoslovak consulate 378
Federal Bureau of Investigation, investigation of Communist organi-
zations 322
Fellow travelers, ratio to Communist Party membership 328
Fels, Joseph, support to U. S. S. R 409
Feltus, Randolph, public relations adviser to Polish Ambassador 313
Fenech, Joseph (British), deserter, motorship Batory 415
Fergoflia, Aurelio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Ferrero, Guglielmo 42
Fiala, Rev. Frantisek, Czechoslovak delegate to American Slav Congress — 183
Fijan, Philip, treasurer, Yugoslav-American Home 84
Film-Polski, propaganda activities in the United States 429 et seq.
Fischer, Mrs. Ruth, testimony of 30
Fitzgerald, Albert J. (UERMWA-CIO), control by Communist Party of— 249
Fitzgerald, Edward, War Production Board, Foreign Economic Admin-
istration : Soviet espionage 115
XII INDEX
Pag&
Flaiani, D., Communist Party 160
Flaxer, Abram : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Florian, John, Communist, Hungarian Legation 202, 206
Contact with Alfred Neuwald 202,208
Visa applications 206
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, Communist Party 160
Foaia Poporului (People's Journal) 273,275,276
Fool Killer, the 126
Food, Tobacco, and Agricultural Workers Union-CIO ; Forer, Joseph,
attorney for 216
Forced labor in the Soviet Union — 244
For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy, Cominform organ, impor-
tation into the United States 227
Ford, James W. (expelled?), Communist Party 160
Ford, Peyton, Assistant to the Attorney General 166
Statements of 29S et seq
Foreign Agents Registration Act 55,311
Foreign governments and diplomats 336
Foreign government officials, admission into the United States 299, 305
Foreign Language Press. (See Press, foreign language.)
Foreign language groups. (See National groups.)
Foreign officials and diplomats (See Foreign government officials) : Ad-
mitted into the United States 299
Forer, Joseph, attorney, Washington, D. C. :
Communist fronts — 216
Communists, attorney for 216
Neuwald, Alfred, attorney for 198
Pirinsky, George, attorney for 179
Forge, Maurice, Communist Party 150, 151, 158
Activities in South America 152
Forrest — (Utah organization), Communist Party 160
Foster, William Z., chairman, Communist Party, United States of
America 138,160
Allegiance to Russia 130
Before Senate Committee on the Judiciary 232
Control by Communist International representative 221
Position in Communist Party 129
Fort Snelling Rapid Fire, Communist magazine 145
Four Continent Book Corp :
Importation of Communist propaganda 227
Propaganda activities in the United States 314, 315
Registered Soviet agent 227, 314, 315
Franich, Dr. Alexander, Yugoslav delegate to UN attends Brooklyn
meeting 47
Frankfeld, Phil, Communist Party 160
Franz, Lorent. Communist Party 158
Fraternal Outlook, Communist periodical, organ of IWO 426
Free Czechoslovakia, pro-Communist publication 373
Free Rumania 274
Freedman, David, attorney for Communist Party 236
Freiheit, Jewish Communist Daily , 135
French Communist Party 245
Friends of New Yugoslavia, pro-Tito organization 60
Froim, Herscu (see also Fainaru, Harry) 268
Frumkin, Aleksiej (see also Alef, Gustav Bolkowiak) 8
Frunze Military Academy, Russia 131
G
GPU. (See Soviet secret police.)
Galanti, Adelia (Italian), deserter, motorship SobiesM 417
Galecki, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Gannett, Betty, Communist Party 160
Gare. (or Gore), Communist Party 158
Gasiorowska, Konstancia, deserter, motorship Batovy 415
INDEX XIII
Page
Gastonia, 1929 strike 138, 139
Gavrilov, Nikolai, NKVD, Aintorg 40U, 401
Geba, Waclaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Gebert, Boleslaw (alias Bill or W. K. Gebert), official of Polish Gov-
ernment, Communist Party member 127, 134, 138, 239
American Slav Congress 21
Awarded Order of Polonia Restituta 27
Communist Party leadership 130
International Workers Order 9, 21, 238
Return to Poland 190, 191
Tysh, Walter, connection with 444
Gelders, Joseph, Communist Party 156
General Machinery Corp 389
George, Harrison, Communist Party 160
Gerson, Si, Communist Party 160
Gestapo , 31
Gdynia-America Line, Inc. (see also Testimony of George Szczerbinski) 413
Advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453,454,469
Advertising in Polish language newspapers 459
Advertising in the United States 455
Greek seamen, employment 421, 422
Owned by Polish Government 414
Propaganda activities in the United States 312
Gibarti, Louis, Comintern and secret police agent 159
Gibson, John, Under Secretary of Labor 377
Giuricin, Silvio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Glasser, Harold, Treasury Department, espionage 115
Glasul Romanesc (Rumanian Voice), publication 274
Glavaz, Gherardo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Glavich, Francesco (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Glinkov, Admiral Evgeni Georgievich :
Soviet Embassy 25
Soviet expansion 29
Glos Ludowy. Polish Communist publication 28, 238
Gluszak, Catherine 423
Gniatczyk, Edmund, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Gold, Bela, Board of Economic Warfare, espionage 115
Gold, Ben, Communist Party 160
Gold, Irving, Communist Party 153, 158
Gold, Michael. Communist Party 160
Gold, Sonya, Treasury Department, Soviet espionage 115
Goldberg, ■ (alias Zlotowski, Ignacy) 28
Goldman, (alias Zlotowski, Ignacy) 2S
Golos, Jacob :
Soviet secret police agent 109 et seq., 116, 234
Violation of Foreign Agents Registration Act 236
Goncz, Leon, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Goranin, Dr. Lujo (alias for Louis Weissman) :
Communist Party 51, 55, 60
Office of War Information 52
Propaganda 52
Radio announcer for Yugoslavia 52
Tan jug Agency 52
Gordon, Hy, Communist Party 160
Gore (or Gare), Communist Party 158
Gorman, Mrs. Francis J., Communist Party 158
Govorusic. Marija, Yugoslav Red Cross 61
Graiul Romanesc (Rumanian Voice), publication 274
Gray, Ben, Communist Party 160
Gray, George, Communist Party 158, 160
Gregg, Joseph. CIAA, State Department, espionage 115
Gregorczyk, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Green, Gilbert, Communist Party 160
Green, William, president, American Federation of Labor 20
XIV INDEX
Page
Greenberg, Mrs. Charles (Celia), Communist, sponsored two displaced
persons 128,140
Greenberg, Michael, assistant to Lauchlin Curie in White House,
espionage 115
Grigorov, Peter :
Association with George Pirinsky 190
Return to Bulgaria 190
Gromov, Anatoli, first secretary, Russian Embassy :
Espionage 113
Head of Soviet secret police 110
Gromyko, Andrei, Soviet Ambassador 398, 402
Groobbe, support of Communism 409
Gropper, William, Communist Party 160
Grosz, Col. "Viktor, Communist agent— 18, 19
Groza, Dr. Petru, puppet Prime Minister of Rumania 267, 275, 280
Grudzinski, .Ian, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Grunwald, Szczepan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Grzegorzewicz, Ryszard, deserter, motorship SobiesM 417
Grzelak, Czeslaw, Gdynia-American Line, employment of Greek seamen — 421, 422
Gubitchev, Valentin 166
Immunity from prosecution 310
Status in the United States 304
Guc, Maksymilian, deserter, motorship SobiesM 417
Gunther, Blair F 375
Gutowski, Stanislaw A., managing editor of Nowa Epoka :
Stockholder of Nowa Epoka 451
Testimony of 447
Travel to Poland 462, 463, 464
Guzenko, Igor, espionage 307
Guzik, Frank, advertiser in Nowa Epoka 453
H
Haessler, Gertrude, Communist Party 160
Hall, Otto, Communist Party 160
Hall, Rob F., Communist Party 160
Hall, Sam, Communist Party 160
Haller, Gen. Jozef, Polish commander in World War I 6
Halperin, Maurice, Office of Strategic Services, espionage 115
Hanna, Shirley, Communist Party 153
Hanovich, Romelo (Italian), deserter, Motorship Sobleski 418
Hapsburg, Prince Otto von 376
Harris, Lemuel :
Control of Communist Party funds 223
Communist Party 247
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee 224
Harris, Rev. Gerald, Communist Party 159
Hartwig Co., advertiser in Nowa Epoka 453, 455, 470
Harvey, John :
Communist Party 160
Lenin School in Moscow 138
Hastings Equipment Co 300
Hathaway, Clarence, Communist Party 160
Haywood, Harry, Communist Party 160
Heide, Paul, Communist Party 158
Heller, A., supports Communist Party 395, 396
Hellman, Lillian B., pro-Communist activities 405, 407
Hellnuth, Joseph, trip to Poland 464
Henderson, Don, Communist Party 160
Hendricks, K. Y., Communist Party 138, 139
Henkin, Louis, Office of United Nations Affairs, Department of State — 341
Hickerson, John D., Director, Office of European Affairs, Department of
State 347
INDEX XV
Page
Hillenkoetter, Rear Adm., Roscoe H., Director of Central Intelligence,
statement of 3o7
Hiskey, Clarence, Communist Party l?j
Hletko, Dr. Peter 381
Honig, Nathaniel. Communist Party lbU
Horan. Michael J., special assistant to the Attorney General, state-
ments of 298
Hoszowski, Antoni, deserter, Motorship Batory 415
Hrobak, Philip 381
Hroboni, Zenon, deserter, motorship Batory 41D
Hrusovsky, Frantisek, Czechoslovakia ^81
Hudson, Roy, Communist Party 1°0
Huiswood, Otto, Communist Party 1W
Hungarian-American Council for Democracy:
Communist front 209
Deutsch, , treasurer 200
Lengyel, Melchior.
200
Lugosi, Bela, president 200
Neuwald, Alfred, secretary 200
Simon, Dr. Moses 200
Hungarian Government, refused visas to American citizens 206
Hungarian Legation 202
Hungary, Communist Government, 1919 130
Husek, Joseph 381
Hutchins, Grace, Communist Party 160
Ickes, Harold L., former Secretary of the Interior :
American Slav Congress 185, 214
Speaker, American Slav Congress 185
Hie, Gen. Ljubomir :
Cominform agent 60
Yugoslav-American Home 87
Illegal passports. (See Passports.)
Immigrants (see also Aliens) :
Absorption 396
Adjustment to United States 393
Education 406
Integration 406, 407
Pressure by Soviet and satellite countries 401
Propaganda activity among 54
Immigration (see also Aliens) :
Entry of foreign agents 32, 33
Procedures for admissions 33
Screening of Communists 140, 141, 142
Weakness of existing policies 33
Immigration Act of 1917 :
Exclusion 4
Exemptions, ninth proviso : 4
Foreign government officials 4
Seamen 4
Immigration Act of 1918, exclusion of subversive aliens 330, 331, 332
Immigration Act of 1924, diplomats and officials of foreign governments— 299
et seq., 325, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332
Immigration policy. Communists 299 et seq.
In Fact (Communist publication), Tan jug mailing list 55
Institute for Cultural Relations, Communist front 67
Inter-American Conference, Bogota, Colombia 19
International agencies (see also United Nations), cover for Soviet agents_ 114
International Brigade (see also Spanish Civil War) :
Financed by Communist Party 240
Organization and control by Communist Party 35, 240, 241
XVI INDEX
Page
International Congress of Women. (See Women's International Demo-
cratic Federation.)
International Organizations Headquarters Agreement Act 330
International Labor Defense, control by Communist Party 226
International Labor Organization, cover for Soviet agents 114
International law, attitude of Communists toward 44
International Organizations Immunities Act:
Admission under 33!)
Section 7 4
International Publishers:
Communist activity 395
Contact with Soviet Embassy 234
Publication of Communist literature 235
Traehtenberg, Alexander 234, 395
International Workers Order 21,209,225,238
Communist activities 242
Control by Communist Party 225, 238, 373, 380
Czech and Slovak sections 374
Gebert, Boleslaw, president 9
Identified as Communist organization ' 15, 17, 426
Polonia Society 191, 465
Romanul-American, Rumanian Communist publication 264
Tysh, Walter, testimony concerning 425, 465
Iron Guard 276
lvanovic, Slobadan, Yugoslav agent 50
"Jackson," , murder of Trotsky 161
Jasiewiez, Pawel, deserter, motorship SoMeski 418
Jedinstvo, mixed chorus 60
Jefferson School of Social Science, Communist front 114
Jensen, Ernst Baldur (Danish), deserter, motorship Batory 415
Jerome, V. J., Communist Party 160
Jewish Immigrants Information Bureau . 406
Jezyk, , quartermaster, Motorship Sobieski 423
Johnson, Arnold, Communist Party 160
Johnson, Beatrice Shields, Communist Party 160
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee :
Communist front organization 224, 30S
Financed by Communist Party 224
Supported Gerhart Eisler 224
Joliot-Curie, Frederic, French Atomic Commission 27
.loliot-Curie, Irene, Women's International Democratic Federation 34,36
Jones, Claudia : 182
Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Jones, Louis : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Joseph, Bella, OSS, espionage 115
Joseph, J. Julius, OSS, espionage 115
Josephson, Leon, supported by Charlie Chaplin 104
Jugoslavenski, Americki Dom. (/See Yugoslav-American Home.)
Junior League (Rumanian) 274
Jurich, Alexander, Yugoslav-American Home 79,94,95,96
Jurkiewicz, Helena, deserter, motorship SoMeski 417
Jurkiewicz, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Justice, Department of (See also Clark, Tom C, Attorney General) : Com-
munist fronts, list 321, 322
Justiz, Harry, president, Yugoslav-American Home :
Communist 79
Lawyer for Yugoslav consulate 59
Juszczak, Stefan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
K
Kacer, Adolph :
Communist propaganda abroad 3S0
Czech National Alliance ^ 374, 380
Led delegation to Czechoslovakia 379
Kaczmarek, Jan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
INDEX XVII
Page
Kantorowich, Alfred, agent of GPU 35
Kanski, Franciszek, deserter, motorship Batonj 4lo
Kaplan, Irving, War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administra-
tion, espionage • --- . J1*"
Kardelj, Edvard, foreign minister, Yugoslavia 44, 45, »»
Kasenkina, Oksana -J08
Kasprzvk, Emilian. deserter, motorship Sobieski 4.U
Kasprzykowska, Zona, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Kaszuba, Stefan, deserter, motorship Batonj 415
Kaufman, George, Communist Party |™
Kay, Helen, Communist Party loO
Kazakevich, Vladimir, instructor of Army courses, espionage 115
Kazmiserczyk, J., contributor of Nowa Epoka 451
Kedzierski, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Batonj 415
Kerekes, Dr. Tibor, professor. Georgetown University 200
Kielan, W., contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
Kierys, Maj. Edmund, Office of the Military Attache, Polish Embassy— 29
Kijovsky, John, Communist propaganda 379
Kirk, Admiral Alan T., Ambassador to Russia 40J
Kish, Nich, Romanul-American 2o7
Klak, Tadeusz, deserter, motorship Batory 41o
Kleban, Anatoliusz, deserter, motorship Baton/ 415
Kloczkowski, Witold, deserter, motorship Sobieski 416
Kobielski, Wilhelm, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Kochanczvk, Miehal, chief, personnel department, Gdynia-America Line.,
Iuc 1 419
Kocsis, Rev. Emery, committee to receive Hungarian President 199
Koenig, Ruth, Communist Party 151, 152, 160
Kolodziej, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Kolodziejczvk, Hieronim, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Komar, W., Gen., head of Polish Military Intelligence 15, 21, 22, 29
Konovalov, support of communism 409
Koprowska, Marianna, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Korenic, Karol, president, Slovak Workers Society-IWO 374, 378
Led a delegation to Czechoslovakia 379
National Committee to Aid Slovakia 374
Propaganda activity abroad 379, 380
Korgol, Lech, deserter, motorship Sobieski (later signed on motorship
Baton/) 41<3. 417
Kosanovic, Sava, Yugoslav Ambassador 43, 89, 90
Communist activity 51, 56, 57
Connection with Frank Caspar 89, 90, 93, 96, 97
Contacted by George Pirinsky 194
Yugoslav-American Home 87
Kosciuszko League, Communist front 9,15
Kosiba, S., stockholder of Nowa Epoka 451
Koslov, Gen. Vasili 183
Kotlarz. Roman, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Koulagin, P. S., industrial espionage 391
Kournakoff, Sergei N., Communist publication Russky Golos 237
Kovacs, Col. George, United States military mission, Budapest 201
Kowalczyk, Antoni, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Kowalek, Bronislaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Kowalkowski, Waclaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Kowalski, Ryszard, deserter, motorship Batory i 415
Kowalski, Tadeusz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Kozdro.i, Chester:
American Slav Congress 464
Trip to Poland 464
Krajcovic, Vojtech - — 3S1
Krivitzky, Gen. Walter, former head of Soviet military espionage, murder- 148
Krumbein, Charles, treasurer, Communist Party 223
Krzycki, Leo, president, American Slav Congress :
American Slav Congress 16, 20, 242
Communist activity among Slavs 238
Control by Communist Party 239
Delegate to Paris Congress for Peace 184
XVIII INDEX
Krzycki, Leo, president, American Slav Congress — Continued Pase
Identified as Communist 20
Polish American Labor Council 9
Tysh, Walter, contact 444
Kudzicki, Tadeusz, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Kuhn, Loeb & Co 406
Kun, Bela, Communist dictator of Hungary 130
Kusman, Felix, Communist Party _ — 225
Kuty, Stanley, contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
Kutylowski, Roman:
President, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 414
Stockliolder of Nowa Epoka 451
Kwiecieu, Roman, trip to Poland 463, 464
Kwiecinski, Stefan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Lambert, Rudy, Communist Party 160
Lamont, Corliss, Communist activity 247, 407
Landy, A., Communist activity among national groups 238, 239
Lane, Arthur Bliss, United States Ambassador to Poland 7
Lange, Oskar, former Polish Ambassador 28
Lani, Rev. Matyas 200
Larkin, Richard C, Visa Division, Department of State 345
Latvia, propaganda activities in the United States 312
Lawrence, Alton, Communist Party . 158
Lawson, Elizabeth, Communist Party 160
Lawson, John Howard, Communist Party 242
Lazareanu, Alexander, cultural attache, Rumanian Legation 267, 278,288
Cominform representative 279
Communist 272
Communist propaganda 284, 285
Contact with Harry Fainaru 259 et seq.
Espionage 287
Expelled from the United States 279
Payment for property 278
Promotion 289
Propaganda activities in the United States 268, 269 et seq., 291, 292
Soviet secret police 268, 280
Subversive activity in the United States 281
League of Romanian Volunteers of World War I 274
Lebedev, Viktor, Russian Ambassador in Poland 29
Lee, Duncan, OSS, espionage 115
Lee, Howard, Communist Party 156
Leeds, David, treasurer, New York State Committee of the Communist
Party 240
Legislative proposals :
S. 1694 1
S. 1832 2, 3
Control of Communist activities 149, 150
Lengyel, Melchior, Hungarian-American Council for Democracy 200
Lenin, V. I 31,403
Lenin School, the 236
Program of 229
Training of Americans 131, 138
Leshinsky, Solomon, UNRRA, Soviet espionage 115
Leucuta, Aurel, Rumanian Minister of Economy, arrest 2S4
Levin, Bernice, War Production Board, espionage 115
Levin, Emanuel :
Communist Party 160, 161
Infiltration of Communist agents into armed forces 145
Levin, Mrs. Emanuel (Anna Cornblath), Communist, United States
citizenship 157, 161
Levine, Isaac Don, editor, Plain Talk 388, 408
Lewanska, Franciszka, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Lewis, John L., president, United Mine Workers 20
INDEX XIX
Page
L'Heureaux, Herve J., Chief, Visa Division, Department of State, testi-
mony of 3^6
Lie, Trygve, Secretary-General, United Nations 1.
Liptzen, Samuel, passport fraud 229
Litauer, Stefan, Polish Minister 26
Literary-Musical Agency (Presslit), propaganda activities in the United
States- 314
Lithuania, propaganda activities in United States 312
Liwnicz. Andrei, Film-Polski 429
Logan, Bart, Communist Party 160
Lojen, Stjepan. (See Stephen Loyen).
Lojewski, Czeslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Lombard, Helen, author of While They Fought 16
Lon, Ryszard, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Lorent, Marian, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Loverne, A. E., Communist Party 143
Lovestone, J., former secretary of the Communist Party 136
Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission 321
Loyen,' Stephen (or Stjepan Lojen), Communist, return to Yugoslavia— 191,192
Luciano, Apolonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Ludovy Dennik ( now the Ludove Noviny ) , Slovak Communist publication— 3S0
Ludove Noviny, Slovak Communist publication 380
Communist weekly 372
Policy of 373
Lugosi, Bela, president, Hungarian-American Council for Democracy 200,
201, 202
Lukaszewicz, Leon, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Lukawski, Czeslaw, deserter, motorship Batory ___ 415
Lukin, Pavle, Yugoslav delegate to UN 50
Lukowski, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Lamina (Light), Rumanian publication 273,275,276
Lunden, Mimi Sverdrup, Norwegian Federation of Democratic Women 34
Lnzny, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
M
MVD_ (See Soviet secret police.)
McCormack, Mrs. Blaine, support of Wallace 410
McCrea, Edward: Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
McCrea, Edwin, Communist Party 158
McKeon, Eugene (British), deserter; motorship Batory 415
McNally, William (British), deserter, motorship Batory 415
McNutt, Paul V., Federal Security Administrator, American Slav
Congress 181
Macedonia 186
Macedonian-American Peoples League:
Activity on behalf of Tito 243
Communist front 185, 186, 242
Greeting from Dimitrov, Georgi 189, 190
Membership 1S7
Pirinskv, George, national secretary 184
Policy of 195, 196, 197
Macedonian section, Communist Party of America, control by Yugoslav
Embassy 316
Maciag, Bogdan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
MacMahan, Douglas L., Communist Party 160
MacMahon, Douglas, secretary-treasurer, Transport Workers Union,
Florida, Communist Party 152
Magdoff, Harry, Department of Commerce, espionage 115
Magil, A. B., Communist Party 160
Maglio, Beniamino (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Magnuson, Warren G., Senator from Washington, American Slav Con-
gress 214
Magureanu, Constantin, Rumanian Legation, trip to Cleveland 283
Magyar J5vo, Hungarian Communist publication 237
Majzner, Waclaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
XX INDEX
Page
Malenkov, Georgi, Leningrad party : 246
Malina, Kazimierz, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Malinowska, Mrs., mother of Colonel Alef s wife 29
Malski, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Maniu, Dr. Iuliu :
Rumanian democratic leader 267, 275, 276, 277
Arrest 284
Mann, Erika, Communist apparatus 35
Mann, Heinrich, Communist apparatus 35
Mann, Thomas, Communist apparatus 35
Manuilsky, Dmitri, U. S. S. R : 39
Marcus, J. Anthony, president, Institute of Foreign Trade, testimony of 385
Mardarescu, Vlad G., Rumanian Legation, subversive activity 281
Marik, Paul, former consul general of Hungary, testimony of 204
Marin, Pavel. (See Fainaru, Harry.)
Marini, Ferruccio. (See Brown, Fred.)
Markovic, Miodrag, Yugoslav consul general :
Communist activity in United States 61
Yugoslav-American Home 61, 86
Markovich, Mirko :
Communist activity in the United States 50, 51
Return to Yugoslavia 191
Marks, John, Communist Party 160
Marsalka, Prof. Jan :
Delegate to Paris Congress of Peace 184
United Czechoslovak Societies of New York 378
Marszewski, Jozef, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Martanovic, Rudo, former editor, Ludovy Dennik, Czechoslovak Parlia-
ment member 380
Martens, L. K., unofficial Ambassador of the U. S. S. R 411, 412
Martin, Francis, Communist Party 160
Martin, Saundra, Comunist Party 159
Marussich, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Marx, Karl 394, 395, 402, 407
Description by Carl Schurz 402
Masalski, Roman, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Masaryk, Jan, President of Czechoslovakia 154, 375
Masaryk, Thomas G., President of Czechoslovakia : 372
Matczak, Antoni, deserter, motorship Sobieski 416
Materialism, Stalin 247
Matessich, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Matessich, Nicola (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Matles, James J., Communist Party 249
Matuszak, Edmund, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Matuszak, Stefan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Maurivich, Bruno (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Mavra, Joseph (Josip), Cominform agent 60,63
May, Kennith, Communist Party 160
Maz, Josef, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Maznchowski, Ryszard, deserter, motorship SobiesJci 417
Metes, Mircea, Rumanian Legation, testimony of 279
Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, propaganda activities in the United States 314, 315
Miami Daily News 125, 140
Michael I, King of Rumania, attack on 290
Michigan Herald, Communist newspaper 268
Mibailovich, Gen. Draza, Yugoslav hero 90
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, Prime Minister of Poland 7
Mikoyan, Anastassy I. :
Soviet Union Commissar of Food Industries 404
Minister of Foreign Trade 391
Mila, Maria. Romanul-American, business manager 257
Milanov, Zinka, Yugoslav-American Home 87
Miller, M., stockholder, Nowa Epoka 451
Miller, Max, employee of Nowa Epoka 449
Miller, Robert, CIAA, State Department, espionage 115
INDEX XXI
Page
Miller, Watson B., Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization Serv-
ice, statement of 298
Mills, A. W., Communist Party :
Communist strikes against national defense 225, 228
International Brigade, organization 240, 241
International Workers Order, secretary 225, 238
Mindszenty, Cardinal Joseph, Hungary 205
Minerich. Anthony (Tony), Communist Party 160, 191
Mink, George, Communist Party, Soviet secret police 153
Minor, Robert, Communist Party 160
Modelski, Gen. Izydor, former military attache, Polish Embassy :
Supplemental statement 28
Testimony of 6
Moldovan, Rev. George 276
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., U. S. S. R., Foreign Minister 356, 402, 403
Moraru, Rev. Gligheriu (Glicherie), Free Rumania and Graiul Romanesc 274
276
Morawski, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Soiieski 417
Morozov, , support of Communism 409
Morris, George, Communist Party 160
Morrison, Prof. Phillip, pro-Communist activities 405
Mucha, Anna, deserter motorship Batory 415
Munk, Dr. Ervin, counselor to the Czechoslovak Embassy, Communist
agent 377
Murray, Phillip, president, CIO 20
Musil, Charles :
American Slav Congress, financial secretary 185, 188, 374
Czech Workers Order 374
Myers, Francis J., United States Senator from Pennsylvania, American
Slav Congress 214
Myei'scough, Tom, Communist Party 160
N
NKVD. (See Soviet secret police.)
Nan, Rudi, Rumanian National Committee for Democracy 275
Narodna Volya, Bulgarian Communist publication 187,188,190
Narodni Glasnik, Croatian Communist publication 47, 48, 191, 237
Loyal to the Comiform 51
Tanjug mailing list 56
National Association of Manufacturers 388
National Committee to Aid Slovakia :
Brook, Calvin, secretary 374
Communist control 374
Korenic, Karol, Chicago branch 374
Platek, V. S., Pittsburgh branch 374
National Council, Americans of Croatian Descent:
Activity on behalf of Tito 243
Communist front 243
National Council of American- Soviet Friendship, supported by Charlie
Chaplin 104
National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions :
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace 192, 338
Supported by Charlie Chaplin 105
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, controlled by Communist
Party 226
National groups. (See also Aliens) :
Communist activity among _ 120, 139, 241, 242, 243, 281, 308, 321, 359
Loyalty to the United States 59, 134, 135, 372
Nationality Groups Commission of the Communist Party, control by Yugo-
slav Embassy . 3Kj
National Lawyers' Guild : Forer, Joseph, a member 216
National Security Act of 1947 (Public Law 253, 80th Cong.) 358
Nation's Business (publication) 412
Neagoe, Peter 275
Neamtu, Nicholas Martin, counselor of Rumanian Episcopate ~_ 276
9S330— 50 — pt. 1— — 32
XXII INDEX
Negroes, Communist activity among 120
Nelson, Steve, Communist Party:
Communist Party organizer 160, 192
Contact with George Pirinsky 195
Network, the (publication) 34,36
Neuwald, Alfred (alias Matyas Torok, secretary, American-Hungarian
Council for Democracy :
Centennial Committee to Visit Hungary, secretary 205,206
Committee to receive Hungarian President 199
Contact with Hungarian consulate and legation 205,207
Director of the Danubia Transport Co., New York 205
Testimony of 198, 207
Traveled to Hungary 207-213, 215
Neuwald, Eugene, travel to Hungary 207
New Leader (publication), article on Charlie Chaplin 103
New Masses, supported by Charlie Chaplin 104
New Pioneer (publication) 273,276
New Times, Communist International magazine 227
New York Sun, article on Charlie Chaplin 102
New Yorsky Dennik (Czechoslovak publication) : Yalucbek, Andrew J.,
managing editor 371
New Yorske Listy (Czechoslovak publication) 379
Nicolauk, Sam, treasurer, American Slav Congress 185
Niculescu-Buzesti, Grigore, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Rumania,
refuge in the United States 295
Nikolov, George. (See Pirinsky, George.)
Nikonov, , Soviet secret agent in Hungary 271
JVimmoe, James, Communist Party 157
Nisselson, Michael M., president, Amalgamated Bank 91
Nogal, Andrzej, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Norwegian Federation of Democratic Women 34
Nova Doba (Czech Communist publication) :
Pikal, Gustav, editor of 373
Tanjug mailing list , 56
Novikov, Nikolai V., former Soviet Ambassador to the United States 29
Nowa Epoka (Polish pro-Communist publication) (see also Testimony
of Stanley Gutowski, managing editor 447
Advertising 452 et seq.
Cieciuch, Helen, employee 449
Circulation 449, 450
Contributors 451
Gutowski, Stanley A., managing editor 447
Miller, Max, employee 449
Ownership 451, 452
Poland Export-Import Corp 455
Sliski, John, employee 449
Stockholders 451
Wolski, Jan, contributor 460
Nowak, John J., notary public, Romanul-American 257
Nowak, Stanley, national secretary, American Slav Congress 185
Nowakowski, Leon, deserter, motorship Batory 415
O
OGPU. (See Soviet secret police.)
OSS. (See Office of Strategic Services.)
OWL (See Office of War Information.)
Odets, Clifford, Communist Party 158
Office of European Affairs, Department of State : Hickerson, John D.,
Director of 347
Office of Strategic Services :
Employer of Communists 35
Espionage 112
Espionage agents 111
INDEX XXIII
Page
Office of War Information 275, 276, 277
Employer of Communists 35
Officials and diplomats of foreign governments, admission into the United
States 336
Entry of subversives 336
Ogrodnik, Boleslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Olkiewicz, Maj. Alfous, assistant military and air attache, Polish Em-
bassy 23, 24, 29
Oltean, Charles, Ronianul-Amerkan 256
Olzai, Sulgi (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Oppenheimer, Dr. Frank, Communist Party 157
Oppenheimer, Jacquenette, Communist Party 157
Opreanu, Rev. Stefan, Free Rumania and Graiul Romanesc 274, 276
Opris, Nick, Rornanul-American _ 256
Osman, Corp. Robert, espionage 144
Ottowicz, Stanislawa, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Outratra, Dr. Vladimir, Czechoslovak Ambassador :
Propaganda activities 375, 376, 377
United Czechoslovak Societies of New York 37S
I'
Paklepa, Jan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Palma, Zdenek, Communist agent 377
Pan-American Airways, Communist infiltration 142, 150
Pan-Slayism 239
Panama Canal :
Communist activity 143, 144, 145
Espionage 144
Panyushkin, Alexander S., Soviet Ambassador to the United States 29
Papanek, Dr. Jan, secretary, Council of Free Czechoslovakia 377, 378
Papress. (See Polish Press News Agency.)
Paris Congress for Peace:
Krzycki, Leo, delegate 184
Marsalka, Prof. Jan, delegate 184
Parker, William (British), deserter, motorship Batory 415
Park, Willard, CIAA, State Department, espionage 115
Parks, Gilbert L., Communist Party 156
Pasco Meat Products, advertiser in Nowa Epoka 453
Pason, Miroslaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Passports :
Falsification by Communists 222,223
Fraud and perjury by Communists 133, 134, 224
Paszkiewicz, Leokadia, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Patterson, William L., Communist Party 160
Pauker, Ana, Communist Dictator of Rumania :
Cominform 26S, 276
Foreign Minister 284
Pawlowski, Roman, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Pazdej, Edmund, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Pearson, James Larkin, editor, the Fool Killer 126
Pekao Trading :
Advertiser in Nowa Epoka 453
Owned by Government of Poland 455
Peltz, Israel, Communist Party 158
Peltz, Sarah, Communist Party 158
Pennington, William (British), deserter, motorship Batory 415
People's Council of Eastern Germany, Gerhart Eisler, member 220
People's Journal (Foaia Poporului), Rumanian publication 273
Perazich, Peter, UNRRA, espionage 115
Perez, Alberto Rodriguez, Cuban Communist Party 150, 151
Perkins, George W., Assistant Secretary of State 347
Perlo, Victor, War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administration,
espionage 114, 115
Perry, Pettis, Communist Party 160
XXIV INDEX
Page
Peters, J. V. (alias Alexander Stevens) :
Communist International representative 127, 132, 13S, 219, 221, 230
Communist Party leadership 130
Fraudulent passport 133
Recruiting of Communists for Spanish Civil War 134
Soviet agent 226
Petrak, Rudolf, threatened by Czechoslovak official 377,378
Peurifoy, John E., Assistant Secretary of State :
Subpena issued to 163
Testimony of 169, 336
I'iaskiewicz, Jan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Picasso, Pablo, cable from Charlie Chaplin 104
Piccini, Giaccomo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Pierino, Galina (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Pietrzak, Tadeusz, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Pietrzyk, Antoni (later repatriated to Gdynia, Poland), deserter, motor-
ship Batory 415
Pikal, Gustav, editor, Nova Doba 373
Pilsudski, Jozef, President of Poland 6, 7
Piotrowski, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Pirinsky, George (alias for George Nikolov Zaikov. Other aliases: George
Zaikov, George Nikolov), executive secretary, American Slav Congress:
Alias 193
American Committee for Yugoslav Relief, member 184
Communist Party 195, 196, 197
Contact with Steve Nelson 195
Leader of Macedonian Red group 243
Testimony of 179, 210
Pisowacki, Henryk, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Plain Talk (publication) 150,151,412
Platek, V. S., National Committee To Aid Slovakia 374
Plotnick, Florence, Communist Party 160
Plucinski, Jauusz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Polam Export-Import Co., Inc. :
Advertiser in Nowa Epoka 455
Stockholder of Nowa Epoka 451
Szadkowski, Michael, president 458, 459
Poland :
Communist policy toward 22S, 230, 238
Control by Soviet Russia 17
Propaganda activities in United States 312
Polish- American Congress 469
Polish American Labor Council 9
Polish American Supply Corp., advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453, 454
Polish American Trading Co., advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453
Polish-Americans, loyalty to United States 25
Polish Bar Association 463
Polish Embassy, subversive activity 22
Polish Government :
Advertising in Nowa Epoka 447
Propaganda activities in United States 429, 447
Polish National Alliance 9
Polish Press News Agency, the 312
Polish Red Cross 8
Polish Research and Information Center, registered foreign agent :
Advertiser. Nowa Epoka 313
Propaganda activities 453
Polish Roman Catholic Union . 9
Political Affairs, theoretical organ, Communist Party in the United
States - 228
Control of policies by Soviet Union 228
Pollitt, Harry, Communist International representative 130, 131
Polonaise Restaurant, advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453
Polonia Society, International Workers Order, Communist front 9, 191, 425, 428
Communist propaganda in the United States 428
Polowczyk, Leonard, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Pomasan, Stefano (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
INDEX XXV
Page
Popiolek, Mieezyslaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Popovieh, Melentije, Minister of Foreign Trade, Yugoslavia 50
Popovici, Andrei, former Rumanian consul in New York 276
Popper, Martin, attorney for Neuwald, Alfred 203
Poreda, Aleksander, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Porter. James, Communist Party _ 157
Potash, Irving, Communist Party 100
Poyntz, Julia Stuart, murder by Soviet secret police 133, 134, 148
Pravda, greeting from Charlie Chaplin 105
Prensky, Dr. H. David, Communist Party 157
Preoteasa, Grigore, charge d'affaires, Rumanian Legation 288
Trip to Cleveland 283
President's War Relief Control Board 201
Press, Communist foreign language (see names of individual publications:
Daily Worker. Desteptarea (Awakening). Edinost, Enako-Pravnost, Fort
Sneliing Rapid Fire, Fraternal Outlook, Free Czechoslovakia, Freiheit,
Glos Ludowy, In Fact, Ludovy Dennik, Ludove Noviny, Michigan Herald,
Narodna Volya, Narodni Glasnik. New Masses, Nova Doba, Nowa Epoka,
Polonia Society, Roma nul- American, Russky Golos, Saznanye, Slobodna
Rec (Free Expression), Soviet Russia Today. Uj Elore) :
Communist control and activity 46, 47, 135, 237, 373, 374, 447, et seq
Communist Party financing 136, 447
Communist Party influence 136, 137
Polish 459
Press Photo, propaganda activities in United States — - — — 314
PreSslit, propaganda activities in United States 314
Prica, Srdjan, Yugoslav delegate to UN :
Activity in the United States 50
Communist agent 51
Price, Mary, secretary to Walter Lippmann, espionage 115
Procedure before the Subcommittee on Immigration outlined 3
Progressive Citizens of America : Forer. Joseph, speaker 216, 373
Progressive Party : Forer, Joseph, member 216
Progressive Youth of America 34
Propaganda :
Financing by foreign governments 278 et seq., 311 et seq.
Foreign agents in the United States 311 et seq.
Instructions 8
Soviet and satellite diplomats 311. 359
Yugoslav Government officials 60, 61
Prosen, , Yugoslav-American Home 86
Prusek, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Prusisz, Jan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Przybylkowski, Waclaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Ptak, Henryk. deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Ptaszynski, Kazimierz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Pulaski, motorship. (See Gdynia-America Line, Inc.)
Puro. H., Communist Party 160
Pustulka, Boleslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Puszka, Jan, deserter, motorship SoMeski 417
Pytel, Alojzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Pytlik, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Q
Quill, Michael, Transport Workers Union, CIO 150
R
Rachuba, Lidia, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Radek. Karl, Soviet journalist 166
Radescu, Nicolae, former Prime Minister of Rumania, refuge in the United
States 295
Radini. Domenico (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 316
Radio Station, Communist instructions concerning 23
XXVI INDEX
Page
Raditsa, Bogdan. former Chief, Foreign Press Department, Information
Ministry of Yugoslavia, testimony of 41
Ragaz (Russian-American Gas Co.) 396
Rak, Czeslaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Ralea, Mihai, Rumanian Minister to United States 260, 281
Activities of 280
Communist Party 287, 288
Contact with Harry Fainaru 260
Handling of funds 285
Payment for property 279
Return to Rumania 279
Subversive activity 283
Rappaport, Morris, Communist Party 160
"Reactionary," Communist definition 17
Reader Book Co. :
Advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453. 457
Owned by Polish Government 457
Redin, Nicolai, espionage 307
Redmont, Bernard, CIAA, State Department, espionage 115
Reed Container Co 397
Reeve, Karl, Communist Party 160
Refugees (see also Displaced persons) :
Communist activity among 45, 46
Use as Soviet agents 113, 111
Reichel, Stefan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Remington, William, War Production Board, espionage 114, 115
Rhodes, Peter, broadcaster for Army, espionage 115
Rich. John (alias Roberts, Rubinovitch) 230'
Riposanu, Pamfil, former first counselor, Rumanian Legation :
Accused by Sterian 288
Replacement 280
Testimony of 266
Risso, Maria (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Rittig, Svetozar, letter from Zlako Balokovic 91
Rivkin, Ruth, OFFRA, UNRRA, espionage 115
Rizov, Alexander :
Association with George Pirinsky 191
Return to Bulgaria 191
Roberts (alias R binovitch) (see John Rich) 230
Robinson, Prof., David, Communist Party 157
Roccini, Vineenzo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Rochester, Anna, Communist Party 160
Rockefeller Foundation, scholarship for Hanns Eisler 220
Rogalewski, Jan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Rogge, John O., attorney for Gutowski, Stanley 447
Rojowski, Josef, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Romanul-American, Rumanian Communist publication (see also Testimony
of Harry Fainaru, managing editor) 237,251,261,286,290,293
Activities of 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 293, 294, 295, 206
Apopolson, Louis, former officer 256
Attacks on United States - 26S
Communist propaganda 2S4, 285
Circulation „ 252, 257
International Workers Order, connection with management 265, 266
Maria Mila, business manager 257
Oltean, Charles, former officer 256
Opris, Nick, former officer 256
Ownership 257
Policies 293, 294, 295, 296
Reprints from foreign Communist press 203,269
Rumanian-American Fraternal Society-IWO :
Activities of 273, 274, 276
Connection with the Romanul-American 265
Roosevelt, Franklin D., President, United States 42, 277, 375, 376, 408
American Slav Congress 180,213,214
Rosenberg, Alan, Foreign Economic Administration, espionage 115
INDEX XXVII
Page
Ross, Colin 394
Ross, Nat, Communist Party 151, 160
Royall, Kenneth C, Secretary of the Army 27
Rozmarek, Charles, chairman, Polish National Alliance and president,
Polish American Congress 468
Rudolfo, manager of Centroglass 380
Rumania :
Propaganda activities in the United States 314
Territorial claims 275
Rumanian- American. (See Romanul-American. )
Rumanian Americans :
Communist activity among 273-277
Population 278
Rumanian Government, financing of propaganda 286
Rumanian Legation :
Attempt to bribe United States newspaper 270
Attempt to purchase radio time in United States 268
Control by Soviet Union 271
Espionage 287
Fainaru, Harry, contact with 259, 267, 284
Propaganda activity 261, 268, 269, 284, 285, 290
Rumanian News 290
Subversive activity among Rumanian Americans 280, 281
Vocila, George, invited to 284
Rumanian National Committee for Democracy 275
Rumanian News, Rumanian Legation 290
Rumanian Orthodox Episcopate 274
Rumanian population in the United States 282
Rumanian Voice (Glasul Romanesc) (Graiul Romanesc) 274
Runco, Aldo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Russian consulates. (See Soviet Embassy and consulates.)
Russian Embassy. (See Soviet Embassy and consulates.)
Russian secret police. (See Soviet secret police.)
Rusk, Dean, Assistant Secretary of State for UN Affairs 341, 349
Russky, Golos, Russian Communist publication 237
Rust, William, Communist International agent ; editor, British Daily
Worker 131
Ryciak, Eugenuisz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
S
S. 1694 (see also S. 1832) :
Endorserneet of 58, 59, 62, 63, 123, 124
Superseded by S. 1832 1
S. 1832 :
Endorsement 392, 393, 396, 405, 409
Interpretation 322, 331, 332, 333
Supersedes S. 1694 ., 1
Sack, Arkady, Information Bureau, Kerensky government in Russia 408
Sadowski, George, Representative from Michigan, American Slav Congress 214
Saitta, Nino, advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453
Sanacja 9
Sanala, Joseph, trip to Poland 464
Santo (Szanto), John, Soviet agent 226
Satellite countries, controlled by Soviet Union 271
Satellite embassies and legations. (See Soviet and satellite embassies and
legations.)
Saturday Evening Post 36
Sawicki, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Saznanye, Bulgarian Communist publication 193
Scarfi, Antonini (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Scheffsky, Phil, Communist Party 143, 152
Scherer, Marcel, Communist Party 157
Schermer, Daniel Boone, Communist Party 407
Schiff, Jacob H 406
XXVIII INDEX
Pag«
Schlamm, Willi, editor, Die Weltbiihne 34,36
Schlipf, Paul, Communist Party 158
Schmidt, , support of communism : 409
Schneiderman, William, Communist Party 160
Schurz, Carl, description of Karl Marx 402
Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace (see also National
Couucil of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions) 105
Scrivanich, Natale D. (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Seamen :
Communist infiltration 60, 63
Desertion 414 et seq.
Entry into United States 414 et seq.
Propaganda activity in the United States 422
Secret police of Russia. (See Soviet secret police.)
Senate bill 1694. (See S. 1694.)
Senate bill 1832. (See S. 1832.)
Senate Resolution 137, Eightieth Congress, authority 163
Senetta, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Serbian section, Communist Party, United States of America, control by
Yugoslav Embassy 316
Serbian National Congress . 48
Sessa, Tomasso (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Sessarego, Valeriano (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Sforza, Carlo 42
Shafron, Ignacy, contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
Shallna, Anthony O., propaganda activities of Lithuanian Legation 312
Shansik, , Communist Party organizer in Miami — 151
Shapley, Prof. Harlow, Communist activities 405, 407
Sharenkov, Victor, former editor, Narodna Volya :
Association with George Pirinsky 190
Return to Bulgaria 190
Sheppard, W. C. : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Shillers, Rudolf, agent of Latvian Minister 312
Shiner, Leo, Communist Party 157
Shion & Jolles, advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453
Shohan, Rudolph, Communist Party 157
Sinister, (alias Comrade Chester), Communist agent 1 225
Shvernik, Nikolai M., Supreme Soviet, U. S. S. R 408
Sidor, Karol, Czechoslovakia 381
Sik, Dr. Andrew, Minister from Hungary 203
Sikorski, P., contributor to Nowa Epoka_ 451
Sillen, Samuel, Daily Worker 378
Silverman, Abris, committee to receive Hungarian President 199
Silverman, George, Railroad Retirement Board, Air Corps, espionage 115
Silvermaster, Helen (former Baroness Witte), espionage agent ._ 115
Silvermaster, Nathan Gregory, Farm Security Administration, Department
of Agriculture, Board of Economic Warfare, espionage — 111, 114, 115
Simic, Vlada, Yugoslav Delegate to UN:
Serbian People's Front 49
Speaker •, 48
Simon, Dr. Moses, Hungarian-American Council for Democracy 200
Simons, William, Communist Party 160
Sinclair, Upton 126
Siskind, George, Communist Party 138, 160
Skarzynska, Wanda, aboard the Batorii 422, 446
Skiba, Lech, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Skoczylas, Roman, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Skorobogaty, Boleslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Skrzypezak, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Slav Congress. (See American Slav Congress.)
Slavic American, official publication of American Slav Congress 183, 192, 194
Policy of 185
Slavic groups, Communist activity among 120
Sliski, John, Nowa Epoka, stockholder 449, 451
Slobodna Rec (Free Expression), Serbian Communist publication 50,191,237
Activities in the United States 51
Tamjug mailing list 56
INDEX xxrx
Page
Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol :
Valuchek, Andrew J., supreme president 371
Patriotic and' democratic American organization 379
Slovak National Alliance :
Valuchek, Andrew J., president 371
Not Communist controlled 374
Refused to join American Slav Congress 375
Slovak National Congress 375
Slovak Sokol, refused to join American Slav Congress 375
Slovak Workers Society-IWO :
Delegation to Czechoslovakia 379, 380
Korenic, Karol, president 374,378
Vrabel, Helen, former president 378
Slovenian section, Communist Party of the United States, control by
Yugoslav Embassy 316
Sluzewski, Tadeusz, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Smathers, George A., Representative from Florida 140
Smolikoff, Charles N, Communist Party 152, 160
Smyth, William H,. testimony of 57
Sobieski, Motorship (see testimony of Szczerbinski, George) 413 et seq.
Socialism, comparison with communism 126, 127
Socialist Party 126
Sokolowski, Witold, deserter, Motorship Sobieski 417
Solia, Rumanian publication 273,274,275,276,292
Southern Conference for Human Welfare: Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
Sovexport Film, propaganda activities in the United States 315
Sovjet agents in the United States. (See also Espionage; Communist
International) 33, 112
Control of Communist Party 39
Entry into United States 32
Soviet and satellite diplomats :
Agents in the United States 230
Communist activity 308
Communist organization in the United States 316, 317
Espionage .___ 358, 359, 360
Freedom in the United States 398,399
Subversive activity 358, 359, 360
Soviet and satellite embassies and consulates (see %lso Soviet Embassy) :
Communist agents 44, 299
Contact with American Slav Congress 194,195
Control of Communist Party 23, 165, 234, 235
Espionage 113
Subversive activities in the United States 44,231
Soviet commercial representatives, status as Government officials 299, 300
Soviet Embassy and consulates :
Control of Communist activities 32, 153, 271, 272
Control of espionage activities 270,271
Control by secret police 40
Espionage 40
Propaganda 315
Soviet secret police 38
Subversive activities 271, 272
Soviet Government, financial assistance to Communist Party 152
Soviet Government in Hungary 130
Soviet Purchasing Commission, espionage 110
Soviet Russia. (See Soviet Union.)
Soviet Russia Today, Communist publication, praises and support by
Charlie Chaplin 105
SmiPt satellite countries, used for espionage 113
Soviet secret police :
Activity in the United States 26,
31, 32, 36, 38, 110, 116, 117, 134, 148, 153, 161, 222
Agent in Polish Embassy 16
Amtorg, secret agent in 400
Control of satellite embassies 271
Difficulties in United States 106-124
Espionage 40, 66, 106-124
XXX INDEX
Page
Soviet trade commissions, secret police in 38
Soviet Union (see also Soviet and satellite embassies) :
Agents, entry into United States 230, 231
Agents, training in United States 226, 227
Anti-American propaganda 226, 227
Control and financing of Communist Party 113, 135, 245
Control of German Communist Party 39, 40
Control of satellite countries 271
Dictatorship 247,248
Economic competition with United States 399, 400
Espionage organization (see also Espionage) 66, 70, 71, 106-124, 386 et seq.
Forced labor 244, 400, 405
Life in 138, 139
Officials and diplomats in the United States 299 et seq.
Policy toward the United States 231
Propaganda in United States 314
Program of world conquest 149,154,155,248,249,271
Purchases from United States 399, 400, 403, 404
Purges 138
Recall of agents in the United States 223, 227
Stalin, adulation of 404,405
War and conflict with the United States 43, 45, 402
World conquest, program of 149,154,155,248,249,271,402
Sowinski, Wladyslaw, deserter, motorship SobiesM 417
Spain, Communist Party policy toward 241, 242
Spanish Civil War (see also International Brigade) :
Activity of the Communist Party 240
Recruiting by Communist Party 134
Spataru, Rev. loan 275, 276
Special Subcommittee to Investigate Immigration and Naturalization, au-
thority 163
Speed, Jane, Communist Party in Puerto Rico 160
Splawinski, Franciszek, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Stachel, Jack, Communist Party 127, 129, 132, 138, 160
Communist Party leadership 130
Control by Communist International representative 221
Member of Political Bureau, Communist Party : 235
Stalin, Josef V., Marshal 31,356,403,404,468
Adulation in the U. S. S. R 404, 405
Example to Communist Party * 227
Greetings to American Slav Congress 1S4
Materialism 247
Stanculescu, George 275
Stanczyk, Jan, Polish representative to UN 20
Staniszewski, Franciszek, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
State, Department of:
Boykin, Sam, Director, Office of Consular Affairs, statement of 347
Peurifoy, John E., Assistant Secretary, statement of 336
Stefanik, Gen. Milan R., Czechoslovakia, World War I 372
Stenberga, Silvio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Stepinac, Archbishop Aloys, Primate of Yugoslavia 51
Sterian, Vasile, Rumanian Legation : .
Secret-police agent 278, 280, 281
Espionage 2S7
Stern, Monroe, registered foreign agent, propaganda activity in the United
States 316
Steuben, John, Communist Party 100
Stevens, Alexander. (See J. V. Peters.)
Stocovaz, Rogero (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Stolarek, , press officer, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 420
Stone, Martha, Communist Party 159
Stores and shops used as meeting places for Communists 3
Strikes, Allis-Chalmers Co 225
Strogolo, Natale (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Strong, Edward F, Communist Party 160
Strong, Jack (I. Sapphire), Communist Party 160
INDEX XXXI
Page
Stuzynski, Tomasz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Subasic, Ivan, Yugoslavia 42, 241
Subversive activities. (See names of activities, such as Espionage, Propa-
ganda, etc. See also Alien subversives ; Communist Party ; Communism ;
names of iron-curtain countries, such as Yugoslavia, Soviet Union, etc. ;
Soviet and satellite embassies and consulates.)
Sullivan, Ed, columnist, attack on Charlie Chaplin 101, 102, 103
Svobodova, Pauline, Communist agent: 377
Swedish Engineers Club 96
Swick, Fred, Communist Party 158
Swiderski, Romuald, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Swierczewski, Gen. Walter :
Delegate to American Slav Congress 16,25,26,28
Refused invitation to West Point 25
Szadkowski, Michael, president of Polam Import-Export Co., Inc. :
Advertiser, Nowa Epoka 453,459
Stockholder, Nowa Epoka 451, 458, 466
Trip to Poland 464
Szadkowski, S., stockholder of Nowa Epoka 451, 466
Szawejko, Jozef, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Szczerbinski, George, crew department, Gdynia-America Line, Inc. Testi-
mony of 413
Szczyszek, Joseph, purser, motorship Sobieski 423
Szlosowski, Kazimierz, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Sztab, Helena, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Szwec, Teodor, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Szychowski, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Szymankiewicz, Karol, deserter, motorship Batory 415
T
Takaro, Rev. Geza, committee to receive Hungarian President 199
Tallentire, Norman, Communist Party 160
Tanjug News Agency, registered Yugoslav agent, propaganda activi-
ties 52, 53, 55, 316
Tarabocci, Martino (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Taraboccia, Antonio (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Taraboccia, Mateo (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski — 418
Tass, Soviet News Agency :
Espionage 32, 110, 113
Propaganda against United States 398
Registered Soviet agent 315
Soviet secret police 38
Tatarescu, Gheorghe, Foreign Minister of Rumania 292
Taub, David, displaced person, sponsored by Communist 128
Taub, Joaquin, displaced person, sponsored by Mrs. Charles Greenberg 128
Taylor, , Communist leader in Panama 144, 145
Taylor, William, Treasury Department, espionage 115
Taylor, Wert, Communist Party 160
Tehran agreement 42
Telegraph Agency of the U. S. S. R. (See Tass.)
Terenowicz, Franciszek, deserter, motorship Sobieski 416
Tenney, Helen, OSS, espionage 115
Tempski, Josef, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Thompson, Dorothy, author and columnist — 34, 36
Thorez, Maurice, French Communist 36
Tijan, Capt. Theodore, Yugoslav Embassy Communist courier 61
Tildy, Mrs. Zoltan, wife of Hungarian President, visited United States 199
Tildy, Zoltan, Hungarian President, visited United States 199
Tiso, Joseph, Czechoslovakia 381
Tito. Marshal Josip-Broz, dictator of Yugoslavia 42,43,90
Government of Tito 186
Tito-Cominform split 60
Tkach, Michael, Ukrainian Daily News, Soviet agent 116
Todd, Louise, Communist Party — 160
Tomasiewicz, Maksymiljan, deserter, motorship Batory 415
XXXH INDEX
Page
Toohey, Pat, Communist Party 137, 160
Torbk, Matyfts. (See Alfred A. Neuwald.)
Torunczyk, Henryk, Communist, military attach^, Polish Embassy 24
Trachtenberg, Alexander, Communist Party :
Communist Party leader 160
Communist Party National Review Commission 234,235
Communist Party, organization 395
Contact with Soviet Embassy 234
International Publishers 234, 395
Origin 325
Transport Workers Union-CIO, Communist control 142, 151
Travel to Hungary, Inc 208
Traverso, Giuseppe (Italian), deserter, motorship SoMeski 418
Travis, Maurice, Communist Party 158
Treasury, United States Department of the, espionage agents 111
Trento, Giovanni (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Tri-State Conference of Slavic Organizations 189
Trotsky, Leon 31, 222
Murder 161
Troyoinovsky, A. A., former Soviet Ambassador 39S
Truman, Harry S. :
Senator from Missouri 185
President of the United States, American Slav Congress 214, 274
Trumbull, Walter, writer:
Infiltration of Communist agents into armed forces 145
Recruiting of Communist agents 144
Truta, loan 276
Trybun, Henryk, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Trybuna Ludu, official organ of the Workers Party in Poland 464
Tsankov, Prof. Aleksander, Bulgarian Prime Minister 193
Tugwell, Rexford, pro-Communist activities 407
Tunnell, James M., United States Senator from Delaware, American Slav
Congress 214
Tysh. Walter, International Workers Order, testimony of 425
Connection with the motorship Batory 446
Connection with Boleslaw Gebert 444
Connection with Leo Krzycki „. 444
Polonia Society 465, 466
U
Uj Elore, Hungarian Communist publication 135, 237
Ujichich, Vinko, manager and bookkeeper, Yugoslav-American Home 59
Ullmann, William Ludwig, Treasury Department, Air Corps, espionage 114, 115
Union of Democratic German Women 34
United Committee of South Slavic Americans :
Communist front 56, 93, 94, 242
Control by Communist party 239, 317
Pirinsky, George, connection with 184
United Czechoslovak Societies of New York :
Communist control of 374
Marsalka, Prof. J. M., speaker 378
Outrata, Dr. Vladimir, speaker 378
United Electrical and Machine Workers Union, control by Communist
Party 249
United Nations :
Communist governments . 299
Communist propaganda activity in 47,48
Delegates and representn fives to —
Control by United States Immigration authorities 303
Entry into the United States 336
Espionage activity among , 48, 306
Immunities and privileges 4, 5, 309, 330, 331
Status in the United States 303
Espionage cover / 110
Headquarters site agreement. United States reservations 5, 6
Soviet agents in „.„ 32, 114
INDEX xxxin
Page
United Public Workers-CIO : Forer, Joseph, attorney for 216
United States of America :
Attitude of U. S. S. R. toward 43, 44
Conflict with U. S. S. R 45
Espionage agents in Government 111 et seq.
United States Government :
Loyalty investigations 321
Soviet agents in 111 et seq.
Urbanek, Ignacy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Union and League, Romanian-American Society, activities— 273, 274, 275, 277, 27S
Union Record 150
V
Vaillant-Couturier, Mme. Marie Claude:
General secretary, Women's International Democratic Federation— 36, 37
Delegate to Congress of American Women 34
UN status 34
Valuchek, Andrew J., managing editor, New Yorsky Dennik, testimony of__ 371
Vambery, Prof. Rustem, Minister from Hungary :
Hungarian Centennial Committee 202, 205
Visas to Hungary 206
Van Nuys, Frederick, late Senator from Indiana 166
Van Veen, Sadie (Mrs. Amter), Communist 160
Vasiliu, Mircea, third secretary, Rumanian Legation 287, 288
Vek Rozuinu, organ of Czech Rationalists of America, pro-Communist 374
Vermeersch, Jeanette (Mme. Maurice Thorez), Women's International
Democratic Federation, delegate to Congress of American Women 34, 36
Vidal, Raul. Communist Party 152, 157
Vilfan, Dr. Joza, Yugoslav UN delegate 49
Yugoslav espionage 52
Visas, issuance to officials and diplomats of foreign governments 336 et seq.
Vishinsky, Andrei, U. S. S. R 356,402
Vitiello, Alfonso (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Vittone, Carmine (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Vlacci, Benjamino (Italian), deserter, motorship Sobieskiz 417
Vlahov, Dimitar, member of Croatian Communist Party, UN delegate, ac-
tivities in United States 49
Vocila, George:
Communist propaganda 284
Contact with Rumanian Legation 277, 278
Vogel, Alfons, former press counselor, Rumanian Legation 270, 280, 281, 283
Testimony of - 2S9
Voice of America 139
Voice of the American Slav, Communist publication 189
Volkov, Anatol, espionage 115
Vrabel, Helen :
Communist agent - 377
Czechoslovak consulate 377, 378
Slovak Workers Order IWO 378
Vrba, Frantisek, Czechoslovak consulate, Communist agent 377, 378
W
WBNX, radio station, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 312
WHBI, radio station, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 312, 313
WHOM, radio station, Gdynia-America Line, Inc 312
Wachulka, Zbigniew, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Wadleigh, H. Julian, Department of State, Soviet espionage 407
Wagenkneeht, Alfred, Communist Party 160
Wajton, Walter, contributor to Nowa Epoka 451
Walczak, Jan, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Waldman, Louis, author 144
Waldron, Francis E. (See Dennis, Eugene.)
Wallace campaign, supported by Charlie Chaplin 105
Wallace for President Committee : Forer, Joseph, member, and chairman
of platform committee 216
XXXIV INDEX
Page
Wallace, Henry A., former Vice President of the United States 399, 410
Pro-Communist activities 407
War Manpower Commission, espionage agents in 112
Warszover, Wel'wel (alias Robert William Weiner). (See Weiner, Wil-
liam.)
Washington Committee for Democratic Action : Forer, Joseph, member 216
Washington Cooperative Book Shop, Communist book store 231
Webb, James E., Under Secretary of State, policy of disclosing information
to congressional committees 169, 171, 172
Weil, Ruby 230
Weinbaum, Mark 408
Weinberg, Joseph, Communist Party 157
Weiner, William (alias for Warszover, Welwel. Other aliases: Robert
William Weiner and A. Blake), Communist Party:
Communist Party Leadership 127, 130, 132, 138, 160, 224
Control of Coruinunist funds 222
Financing of Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee 224
Fraudulent passport 133
Misrepresentation of citizenship 222
Weinstock, Louis, Communist Party 160
AVeinstone, William W., Communist Party 160
Weissman, E., UNRRA, Communist 51,52
Weissman, Louis. (See Goranin, Dr. Lujo. )
Welch, Hoke, editor of Miami Daily News 140
Welker, Col. Jozef, first secretary, Polish Legation, Mexico 19, 20
Wellman, Ted, Communist Party 160
Wesierski, Gaston, deserter, motorship Batory 415
West, Rev. Don, Communist Party 156
Wheeler, Donald, OSS, Soviet espionage 115
White, Harry D., Treasury Department, espionage 115
Wiley, Alexander, Senator from Wisconsin 166
Wilk, Zygmunt, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Williamson, John, Communist Party 127.130,160
Wilson, Woodrow, President of United States 375, 376
Wilusz, Joanna :
Deserter, motorship Batory 415
Gdynia-American Line, Iuc 416
Winiarski, Wincenty. deserter, motorship Batory : 415
Winiewicz, Joz?f, Polish Ambassador to the United States 26, 27, 28, 29
Eulogizes Gebert, Boleslaw 27
Winings, Paul L., general counsel, Immigration and Naturalization Serv-
ice, testimony of 298, 329
Winston, Henry, Communist Party 160
Winter, Leon, diplomatic courier 26
Winters, Carl, Communist Party 160
Witkowski, Stanislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Witnesses, self-incrimination 197, 198, 214, 215, 249, 250, 383, 444, 445
Witte, Baroness Helen (Mrs. N. Gregory Silvermaster), espionage 111
Wojcik, Kazimierz, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Wojeinski, Robert, trip to Poland 4<*>4
Wojkowski, Bronislaw, president, Polonia Society of the IWO 428
Wojtas, Alfons, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Wojtkowski, Edmund, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Wollenschlager, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Wolny, Mieczyslaw, deserter, motorship Batory 415
Woloszvn, Leopold, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Wolski, Jan, Nowa Epoka — — 460
Women's International Democratic Federation, Communist front :
International Congress of Women 29
UN status 34
Woolley, Clarence M 392
Workers Party, Trybuna Ludu, official organ of 464
World Tourist, Inc., registered foreign agent :
Activities 315
Espionage 109, 234
Woszczak, Josef, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
INDEX XXXV
Page
Woznicki, Rt. Rev. Stephen 27
Wright, Alexander, Communist Party 154
Wyczolkowski, Czeslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Wysocki, Wladyslaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 418
Y
Yalta Treaty 42
Yanish, Mrs. Nat, Communist Party 157
Yates, Oleta O'Connor, Communist Party 160
Young Communist League 134, 144, 191
Infiltration of Communist agents into armed forces — - 145
Young People's Socialist League 126
Young, Martin, Communist Party 160
Young, Ruth, Communist Party 249
Yugoslav-American Home, Inc. (Jugoslavenski-Americki Dom) 59,85,192
193, 195
Attendance by foreign officials 87
Communist Center 48, 49, 59
Communist controlled 78
Financial statement 79-84
Tito-Cominform clash 90
Yugoslav Club of New York - 96
Yugoslav Embassy, organization of Communist activities in United
States 316, 317
Yugoslav secret police 43
Yugoslavia, propaganda activities in the United States 316
Z
Zaikov, George. (See Pirinsky, George.)
Zajednicar (Croatian publication) :
Circulation 47
Pro-Communist 47
Zaklekarz, Adam, deserter, motorship Bator y 415
Zamfir, George (priest), editor of Free Romania and Graiul Romanesc — 274
Zalewski, Henryk, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Zapletal, Jan (Czechoslovak), deserter, motorship Batory 415
Zawadzki, Ryszard, deserter, motorship Batorii 415
Zdrzalik, Zdzislaw, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Zenkl, Dr. P., president, Council of Free Czechoslavakia 377, 378
Zenzinov, Vladimir 408
Zerman-Zuckerman, Emil, Communist agent 377
Zietz, Anthony, secretary, Yugoslav-American Home 79
Zlotowski, Prof. Ignacy (alias Goldberg or Goldman), Communist, UN
representative from Poland 27, 28
Zukowska, Helena, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
Zymierski, Michael, Marshal of Poland, Minister of War 9, 10, 21, 26
Zywialowski, Jerzy, deserter, motorship Sobieski 417
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