UC-NRLF
$B EhM SfiD
COMMUNI^ ' '''
CENTERJi«""«
^^IfhatitzsandHoWto
Oraanize it
HENRY E.
JACKSON
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/communitycenterwOOjackrich
A COMMUNITY CENTER
2^^
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
WSW YOKK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited
LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lm
TOXONTO
THE TWO AMBITIONS . . . FRANK F. STONE
A COMMUNITY CENTER
WHAT IT IS AND
HOW TO ORGANIZE IT
BY
HENRY E. JACKSON
Special Agent in Community Organization
United States Bureau of Education
Washington, D. C.
Evtry Schoolhouse a Community Capitol
mnd every Community a little Democracy
L.:VV:
iSeto gotfe
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1918
LU riffhte reeorved
13
OOPTBiaHT. 1918
By the macmillan company
8«t up »nd electrotyped. Published, May. 1918
• • * • » !!
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 13, 1918.
Dear Mr, Chairman:
Your state, in extending its national defense organi-
zation by the creation of community councils, is in my
opinion making an advance of vital significance. It will,
I believe, result when thoroughly carried out in weld-
ing the nation together as no nation of great size has
ever been welded before. It will build up from the
bottom an understanding and sympathy and unity of pur-
pose and effort which will no doubt have an immediate
and decisive effect upon our great undertaking. You will
find it, I think, not so much a new task as a unification of
existing efforts, a fusion of energies now too much
scattered and at times somewhat confused into one har-
monious and effective power.
It is only by extending your organization to small
communities that every citizen of the state can be reached
and touched with the inspiration of the common cause.
The school house has been suggested as an apt though not
essential center for your local council. It symbolizes
one of the first fruits of such an organization, namely,
the spreading of the realization of the great truth that it
is each one of us as an individual citizen upon whom rests
the ultimate responsibility. Through this great new
organization we will express with added emphasis our
will to win and our confidence in the utter righteousness
of our purpose.
Sincerely yours,
(Signed) WooDROw Wilson.
[Letter sent to the chairmen of
State Councils of Defense]
*'A system of general instruction, which shall reach
every description of our citizens, from the richest to the
poorest, as it was the earliest, so it shall be the latest of
all the public concerns in which I shall permit myself to
take an interest."
Thomas Jefferson.
» » • , * •
FOREWORD
The challenge of the World War to all
thoughtful people is to organize human life
on saner and juster lines in the construction
of a better sort of world. This bulletin aims
to make a suggestion toward an answer to this
challenge.
The sorrow and tragedy of the war cause
men and women everywhere to ask themselves
not only what sort of a world they ought to
work for, but also how and where they can be-
gin to work for it. To find a practical answer
to these questions is the persistent prayer of
all who believe in democracy. Honest prayer
is the expression of a dominant desire for what
we believe is best and also the willingness to
cooperate in bringing it to pass. The follow-
ing pages are addressed to those who are will-
ing to cooperate in answering their own
prayers, to those who know what sort of world
they ought to work for but are at a loss to
know what is the best instrument to be used
FOREWORD
for constructing it. This bulletin suggests
such an instrument.
It is a curious fact that usually it is com-
paratively easy to interest ten men in an in-
definite scheme about which they have nothing
to do but talk, whereas it is difBcult to induce
^ one man to undertake a more modest but defi-
' nite piece of constructive work. But the war
i has awakened the desire of all people of good
will to do something. They want to make a
motor-reaction to the war's challenge. They
say : "We see what needs to be done. What
is the best instrument with which to do it?
That is the difficult thing to find." The sug-
gestion here made is intended for such people,
I who have discovered the futility of attempting
I to purify the water in a well by painting the
' pump, and who therefore seek a constructive
plan in the process of building a better world.
The instrument here suggested is The Com-
munity Center, which may be put into opera-
tion anywhere, in city, village, or countryside.
If we desire to get anywhere, we have to start
from somewhere. The place to start from is
where we are. The best point of contact with
the world problem, raised anew by the war, is
FOREWORD
to be found in the community where we live,
for the world problem exists in every com-
munity in America. All political questions,
if considered fundamentally, will be found to
apply to human needs which are at once lo-
cal, national, and international. The inter-
national problem is now, and has always been,
how to organize and keep organized a method
of mutual understanding by which nations
may cooperate rather th^n compete with each
other. The national problem is to do the
same for the social and economic forces within
the Nation itself. The problem in any local
community is to do the same for the forces
operating in that community. With reference
to this present and permanent world problem
the writer has attempted to answer two ques-
tions— what is a community center, and how
ought it to be organized. He has endeavored
to make the answer as brief as may be con-
sistent with clearness.
Our three most urgent national needs are to
mobilize intelligence, food, and money. But
it is not possible to mobilize them until we
first mobilize the people. The Nation's pres-
ent need has made apparent the necessity of
FOREWORD
organizing local communities. The Council
of National Defense discovered it through its
experience in the war. The Bureau of Edu-
cation had begun the task before we entered
the war. These two organizations have now
united their forces for the accomplishment of
their common purpose to promote community
organization throughout the Nation. The
slogan of the one is, ''Every school district a
community council for national service."
The slogan of the other is, "Every schoolhouse
a community capitol and every community a
little democracy."
President Wilson has clearly indicated the
profound significance of this movement in the
letter he wrote to commend it. He elsewhere
says that our present need is "to arouse and
inform the people so that each individual may
be able to play his part intelligently in our
great struggle for democracy and justice."
This is a perfect statement of the aim of our
movement. With the addition of one word it
would be a complete description of it. That
one word is "organize." The aim of the
movement — to arouse and inform the people,
to enable each individual to play his part in-
FOREWORD
telligcntly — can be achieved only when the
people organize themselves.
The creation of a democratic and intelligent
social order is essentially the same task,
whether our approach to it be local, national,
or international. This fact has been clearly
understood by thinkers as far back as Socrates,
who said: "Then, without determining as
yet whether war does good or harm, this much
we may affirm, that now we have discovered
war to be derived from causes which are also
the causes of almost all the evil in States, pri-
vate as well as public." Any one, therefore,
who attempts to remove these causes in a local
community is working at a world problem,
and he who attempts to remove them as be-
tween nations is obliged, in order to preserve
his honesty and self-respect, to make the same
effort within his own nation and in his own
community. It magnifies the value and
stimulates one's zest in working for it to re-
member that a community center is the center t
of concentric circles which compass not only i
the local community but also the larger com- \
munities of the Nation and the world. To es- •
tablish free trade in friendship in all three
FOREWORD
communities is the goal of the community cen-
ter movement.
February i, 1918.
k^NRY E. Jackson.
NOTE
This book contains the reproduction of a
bulletin, published simultaneously under the
same title, by the United States Bureau of
Education. The Bureau of Education is
limited by law to 12,500 copies of its bulletins.
But in its agreement with the Council of
National Defense to promote jointly the or-
ganization of local communities, it promised
to print and distribute, if possible, 300,000
copies, so that each school district in the
United States might receive one copy. Since
special funds for this purpose have not yet
been secured, the bulletin is reproduced in this
form to make it more available for use in the
national campaign for the organization of
community centers and community councils.
The book contains also an additional section
describing typical community centers in opera-
tion.
The Publishers.
CONTENTS
The President's Letter
Letter of Transmittal
Foreword ....
I
Part I— WHAT IS A COMMUNITY CEN
TER?
The People's University
The Community Capitol
The Community Forum
The Neighborhood Club
The Home and School League
The Community Bank .
The Cooperative Exchange
The Child's Right of Way
Part II— HOW TO ORGANIZE A COM
MUNITY CENTER .
A Little Democracy .
Membership in America
The Community Secretary
The Board of Directors
The Trouble Committee
Public and Self-support
A Working Constitution
Decrease of Organizations
The House of the People
Free Trade in Friendship
CONTENTS
PAGE
Part III— THE PRACTICE OF CITIZEN-
SHIP 97
The "Common House" .... 97
How It Works 98
A Village loi
A Country-side ...... 104
A Suburb 108
A Small City 114
An Average City 117
A Big City 122
A State 126
A Half-finished Product . . .132
"Never so Baffled, But — " . . 135
Lincoln's Mistake 138
The Meaning of the Flag . . 140
Part IV— A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 149
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
The Two Ambitions Frontispiece
yAOINO
PAGE
A Suggested Symbol for the use of Community
Centers 39
Shoes which suggest a social program .... 97
LETTER OE TRANSMITTAL
Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Education,
Washington, February 19, 191 8.
Sir: To make more valuable to the people
those things from which the people are accus-
tomed to derive value has very appropriately
been said to be the prime business of legis-
lators. That the schoolhouse, whose value to
the people is already great, may become still
more valuable to them, is the purpose of the
community-organization movement which
this bureau has undertaken to foster.
A great democracy like ours, extending over
more than three and one-half million square
miles of territory and including more than
100,000,000 people must be alive, intelligent,
and virtuous in all its parts. Every unit of
it must be democratic. The ultimate unit in
every State, Territory, and possession of the
United States is the school district. Every
school district should therefore be a little
democracy, and the schoolhouse should be the
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
community capitol. Here the people should
meet to discuss among themselves their com-
mon interests and to devise methods of helpful
cooperation. It should also be the social cen-
ter of the community, vv^here all the people
come together in a neighborly w^ay on terms
of democratic equality, learn to know each
other, and extend and enrich the community
sympathies.
For this purpose the schoolhouse is spe-
cially fitted; it is nonsectarian and nonpar-
tisan; the property of no individual, group, or
clique, but the common property of all; the
one place in every community in v^hich all
have equal rights and all are equally at home.
The schoolhouse is also made sacred to every
family and to the community as a whole by
the fact that it is the home of their children
and the training place of future citizens.
Here all members of the community may
appropriately send themselves to school to
each other and learn from each other of things
pertaining to the life of the local community,
the State, the Nation, and the world.
The appropriation of the schoolhouse for
community uses has well been called "a master
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
stroke of the new democracy." These facts
are not new, but the emphasis on their im-
portance is new and amounts to a new dis-
covery. The Nation's immediate need to mo-
bilize the sentiments of the people and to
make available the material resources has
directed special attention to the schoolhouse as
an effective agency ready-made to its hand for
this purpose. The national importance of
this new organization is evidenced by the fact
that the Council of National Defense has
planned a nation-wide movement to organize
school districts or similar communities of the
United States as the ultimate branches of its
council of defense system, believing that the
organization of communities will enable the
Council of National Defense to put directly
before the individual citizen the needs of the
Nation, to create and unify their sentiment,
and to mobilize and direct their efforts for
the defense of the Nation.
In order that this organization may be most
effective and be made permanent, the council
has expressed a desire to cooperate with the
Bureau of Education, and I have detailed one
of the specialists in community organization to
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
cooperate with the council for the accomplish-
ment of our common purpose. That the peo-
ple may have information in regard to com-
munity organization in its simplest form, I
recommend that the manuscript transmitted
herewith be published as a bulletin of the
Bureau of Education. It has been prepared
at my request by Dr. Henry E. Jackson, the
bureau's special agent in community organ-
ization.
Respectfully submitted.
P. P. Claxton,
Commissioner.
The Secretary of the Interior.
PART I
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY CENTER?
A COMMUNITY CENTER
WHAT IT IS AND
HOW TO ORGANIZE IT
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY CENTER?
THE people's university
"All men naturally desire knowledge," is
the buoyant sentence with which Aristotle be-
gins his great book on Ethics. It states our
ground of hope for the possibility of progress
and for the success of democracy. No demo-
cratic form of government can long endure
without popular education or the means of
acquiring it. The first and chief aim of the
community center movement is to deepen the
content and broaden the scope of the term
"education" and to extend the activities of
the public schools so that they may evolve into
people's universities.
When it is remembered that only lo per
cent of the adult citizens have had a high-
3
4^ „\ ,A COMMIJNITY CENTER
school education and only 50 per cent have
ever completed the grammar grades, it be-
comes apparent that one of our greatest na-
tional needs is a university for the education of
grown men and women. The public school
as a community center is the answer to this
national need. The community center move-
ment recognizes the fact that the mind matures
V. more slowly than the body and that education
is a life-long process. While the public
school is dedicated primarily to the welfare of
the child, it is becoming daily more evident
that the Nation's welfare requires it to be used
for adults and youths as well. Notwithstand-
ing the fact that it is our finest American in-
vention and the most successful social enter-
prise ever undertaken, its golden age lies be-
fore it. It is now being discovered anew in
its possibilities for larger public service. The
; fact that all men naturally desire knowledge
» is the fact which has justified the investment
^ of $1,347,000,000 in the public school equip-
ment; it is the fact which now justifies the use
of this equipment by adults. In every part of
the country there is a manifest tendency for
the public school to develop into a house of
A COMMUNITY CENTER 5
the people to be used by them for "mutual aid
in self-development." This is the significant
fact at the heart of the community center
movement and the touchstone of its value for
the national welfare.
THE COMMUNITY CAPITOL
"The walls of Sparta are built of Spartans,"
sang an old poet. The walls of America like-
wise are built of Americans. The primary V
function of the public schools is to make, not
merely good men and women, but good citi-
zens for the Republic. From the standpoint
of citizenship, therefore, every schoolhouse
ought to be used as a polling place. This is
the first logical step toward making it the com-
munity capitol, although it may not be the
first step chronologically. This use of the
schoolhouse would save every State many
thousands of dollars each year. When the
people already own these houses, conveniently
distributed in every section of the country, why
should public funds be wasted in rent for other
buildings? But economy, while a sufficient, is
not the chief reason for making the school-
house a polling place. The best reason is the
6 A COMMUNITY CENTER
ideal for which the ballot box stands. It is
the symbol of citizenship in America. As
such it deserves a worthy place. In the last
/ presidential election, President Wilson voted
/ in a fire-engine house in Princeton, and Candi-
f date Hughes voted in a laundry in New York
J City. Hitherto any kind of a place has been
considered fit for the highest act of citizenship.
In the Hebrew republic the symbol of the
nation was a small richly decorated box called
the "Ark of the Covenant." It was kept in
the most honored place in the national Temple
at the capital. The corresponding emblem in
the American Republic is the ballot box. It
ought to occupy a place befitting its import-
ance. The one fitting place is the public
schoolhouse, the community capitol and the
temple of American democracy. Moreover,
the voting instrument, which is the chief na-
tional emblem in every democracy, should be
constructed with architectural dignity and es-
tablished permanently in the schoolhouse be-
cause of the ideals it embodies and the supreme
function it serves. It would thus be a per-
petual reminder that the function of the
school is to make citizens for the Republic.
A COMMUNITY CENTER 7
It would cause the question repeatedly to be
asked, What kind of school subjects are best
calculated to make good citizens? It would
help to keep the curriculum vitalized, by con-
necting it with practical and national
processes.
It can continue to be vital only by the con-
tinued process of adapting itself to meet the
Nation's expanding needs. A fixed curricu- 1
lum is a false curriculum. The significant I
fact about a school is not the condition in j
which it is, but the direction in which it is'
moving. Its only safety, like that of an indi-j
vidual, lies in moving on. It will be stimu-
lated to move on by making the practice of
citizenship to be its goal. A constant re-
minder of the practice of citizenship is the
presence of the polling instrument in the
school.
THE COMMUNITY FORUM J
It may or may not have been a mistake to
have granted suffrage to the average man.
An educational and character qualification for
voting may now be the wiser policy to pursue
in regard to both men and women, for no
8 A COMMUNITY CENTER
man is fit to govern another unless he has sufH-
cient self-control to govern himself, and yet
no man, however intelligent, can be trusted to
govern another man without his consent. At
any rate, universal manhood suffrage is the
present fact, and nothing is so convincing as
a fact. Inasmuch as the right to vote on pub-
lic policies is now in the hands of the average
man, it is of paramount importance that he
should be given the opportunity to make him-
self fit to perform this function intelligently.
This is the necessity on which the community
forum fundamentally rests. It is a school for
citizenship.
The community forum is the meeting of
citizens in their schoolhouse for the courteous
and orderly discussion of all questions which
concern their common welfare. A com-
munity may begin with questions in which
local interest is manifest, such as good roads,
or public health, or the method of raising and
spending public funds, or methods of produc-
tion and transportation of food products. A
discussion of these questions will reveal at
once the fact that they transcend local limits.
A road is built to go somewhere, and it will
A COMMUNITY CENTER 9
relate one community to another. Local
health conditions can not be maintained with-
out considering other localities, for the causes
of local disease frequently lie elsewhere.
A local community pays part of the revenue
raised by the county. The expenditure of
these funds, therefore, is the affair of the local
community. The same is true of the adminis-
tration of State funds. The question of pro-
duction and transportation is no longer re-
garded as a rural problem or a city problem,
but a national problem. The reason why no
community should live for itself is because
none exists by itself. Every community is at
the center of several concentric circles. The
subjects of most value for discussion in a local
forum are those which connect it with county,
State, and National interests. And herein
lies the educational value of the forum.
One of the folk high schools of Denmark
maintains a regular study called "A Window
in the West," the purpose of which is to ac-
quire new ideas from England and America,
that Denmark may use them for its own im-
provement. Such a course should be in
the curriculurp of every public school.
lo A COMMUNITY CENTER
The aim of the forum is to put a new win-
dow into the mental outlook of every com-
munity. The value of an open mind can not
be calculated. Every great leader of the
world's thought and action has insisted on its
indispensable importance. Confucius ex-
pressed it in the golden phrase "mental hos-
pitality." Socrates used a phrase out of which
was coined the word "philosopher." He said,
"I am not a wise man ; I am a lover of wisdom ;
a seeker after new ideas." Jesus called it,
"the spirit of truth." So highly did he regard
it that he called it a holy spirit. The reason
why these masterful leaders of men so prized
the habit of being open-minded is because
they understood that without mental hos-
pitality no progress in any line is possible.
Ours is a Government by public opinion.
It is obvious that the public welfare requires
that public opinion be informed and educated.
The forum is an instrument fitted to meet this
most urgent public need. It is organized not
on the basis of agreement, but of difference.
It aims not at uniformity, but unity. It
would be a stupid and unprogressive world if
all were forced to think alike. We are under
A COMMUNITY CENTER ii
no obligation to agree with each other, but as
neighbors and as members of America it is our
moral and patriotic duty to make the attempt
to understand each other.
Public discussion renders a great variety of
services to spiritual and social progress. It
puts a premium on intelligence, liberates a
community from useless customs, puts a check
on hasty action, secures united approval for
measures proposed, creates the spirit of toler-
ance, promotes cooperation, and best of all and
hardest of all it equips citizens v^ith the ability
to differ in opinion without differing in feel-
ing. This habit can be acquired only through
practice. The forum furnishes the means for
mutual understanding. It aims to create
public-mindedness.
THE NEIGHBORHOOD CLUB
The basic assumption of the community I
center movement is that democracy is the or- J
ganization of society on the basis of friend- 1
ship. *'Man is a political animal," said
Aristotle. He requires the companionship of
his fellows. His happiness is largely linked
up with their approval. His instinctive need
12 A COMMUNITY CENTER
for fellowship leads him to create a sort of
social center out of anything available for the
purpose. The post office has served as such a
village center, but the free delivery of mail is
destroying its social uses. The corner store
has acquired fame as an informal forum and
neighborly club, but the mail-order house is
rapidly robbing it of members, and at best it
serves only a few. The saloon has served the
purpose of a neighborhood club and friendly
meeting place on equal terms for large num-
bers of men, but moral and economic consid-
erations have doomed it to extinction.
The post office, corner store, and saloon are
passing as social centers, but they must be re-
placed with something better if they are not
to be replaced with something worse. For
only he can destroy who can replace. The
public school therefore stands before an open
door of opportunity to become a neighborhood
club, where the people can meet on terms
which preserve their self-respect. Almost
every individual lives in the center of several
concentric circles. There is the little inner
circle of his intellectual and spiritual com-
rades; then the larger circle of his friends;
A COMMUNITY CENTER 13
beyond that the still larger circle of those with
whom the business of life brings him into con-
tact; and the largest circle of all includes all
members of the community as fellow citizens.
There need be no conflict among these circles,
no suggestion of inferiority or superiority. It
is never to be forgotten that these circles are
concentric. The experiences of life make
them natural and necessary.
The community center is limited only by
this last and largest circle. It seeks to
broaden the basis of unity among men, to mul-
tiply their points of contact, to consider those
interests which all have in common. It is not
difficult to discover that the interests, which
unite men, are bigger, both in number and
importance, than those which separate them.
The list of things which can only be achieved
as joint enterprises is long. Roads can only
be built by community cooperation. Only so
can the community's health be safeguarded.
Food, clothing, and shelter are the common
needs of all. Production and transportation
are therefore questions of social service. The
Greek word for "private," peculiar to one's
self, unrelated to the interest of others, is the
14 A COMMUNITY CENTER
original of our word "idiot." The corre-
sponding modern term in our common speech
is "crank." The community center is a sure
cure for "cranks." It aims to promote pub-
lic-mindedness.
The schoolhouse used as a neighborhood
club renders therefore an invaluable public
service. It seeks to create the neighborly
spirit essential for concerted action. The
means employed are various — games, folk
dances, dramas, chorus singing — which re-
quire the subordination of self to cooperative
effort, dinner parties, where the people break
bread in celebration of their communion with
each other as neighbors. These activities not
only render a service to the individual by pro-
moting his happiness and decreasing his lone-
liness, they discover in the community unsus-
pected abilities and unused resources. To set
them to work not only develops the individual
but enriches the community life.
The same is true of the spirit of play in gen-
eral. To cultivate the spirit of play not only
meets an instinctive human need for physical
and mental recreation, but renders a distinc-
tive service to democracy on account of its
A COMMUNITY CENTER 15
spiritual value. One can carry on the work
of destruction by himself, but he must organize
in order to produce. He must cooperate in
order to play. He can not monopolize the
victory ; he must share it with the team. Play
thus develops the spirit of sportsmanship, the
willingness to play fair, the capacity to be a
good loser.
It thus becomes apparent that the neighbor-
hood club furnishes the key to the possible
solution of a variety of problems — the Amer-
icanization problem, for example. The ob-
ject of the community-center movement is to
achieve "freemen's citizenship," both for na-
tive and foreign-born alike. But citizenship
means membership. It is obvious that the
teaching of English to aliens is not sufficient
to make them members of America. To ac-
quire the language as a means of communica-
tion with their fellows is, of course, a neces-
sary preliminary. But it is only a means to
an end. If they are ever to feel that they be-
long with us, the right hand of fellowship
must be extended to them. The neighbor-
hood spirit alone can create in them the spirit
of America. One of the by-laws of the con-
i6 A COMMUNITY CENTER
stitution of the Hebrew republic was to this
effect: "Love ye, therefore, the resident
alien for ye were resident aliens in the land of
Egypt." This law does not enjoin citizens to
teach them the language of the land. The
necessity for that is assumed. The chief thing
needful, it says, is to love them. Friendliness
is not only the soul of democracy but also the
most successful method of securing practical
results. The community center is the most
available and effective instrument through
which this method can be applied. The
process of Americanization consists essentially
not in learning a language but in acquiring a
spirit.
Cooperation and the spirit of sportsmanship
are indispensable qualities for citizens of a
democracy. The spirit and purpose of a
neighborhood club are clearly suggested by
the significant questions asked and answered
by a negro bishop of Kansas. "When is a
man lost?" he asked. "A man is never lost
when he doesn't know where he is, for he
always knows where he is wherever he is. A
man is lost when he doesn't know where the
other folks are."
A COMMUNITY CENTER 17
THE HOME AND SCHOOL LEAGUE
The free public school is at once the product
and safeguard of democracy. The kind of
public school, therefore, which a community
has, is an accurate index of its community
consciousness and its estimate of democratic
ideals. "The average farmer and rural
teacher,'' says T. J. Coates, "think of the rural
school as a little equipment where a little
teacher, at a little salary, for a little while,
teaches little children little things." The ob- 'f
ject of the home and school department of ^
the community center is to substitute the word '
"big" for the word "little" in the above state-
ment, to magnify the work and function of
the school, to make it worthy to occupy a
larger place in the people's thought and affec-
tion. This is the work which Home and
School Leagues are now doing. The com-
munity center in no wise interferes with their
work. It is not a rival but an ally. Its plan
is to give to and not to take from the Home and
School League. Indeed, it is probable that
the Home and School League quite generally,
may become the parent organization out of
i8 A COMMUNITY CENTER
which will be born the community center.
This is the natural and logical thing to happen,
and in many places it is the process of develop-
ment now in operation. Wherever this oc-
curs it is against the natural order for the
mother to be jealous of the daughter. If and
when a Home and School League expands it-
self into a community center, it ought to be-
come a department of the community organ-
ization.
By becoming a department of a larger or-
ganization and limiting itself to its own special
task, the Home and School League will not
only do its work better, but will find it more
than sufficient to occupy all its time. Its spe-
cific work is to promote the progress of the
school and to improve the school equipment.
To this end it seeks to secure closer co-
operation between the home and school, the
parents and teachers. When Madame de
Stael asked Napoleon what was needed to im-
prove the educational system of France, he re-
plied, "Better mothers." The noblest influ-
ence on any child is that of a good mother.
Every school, therefore, ought to strive to keep
a close bond between the home and itself. It
A COMMUNITY CENTER 19
ought to do so not only for the sake of the
children while they are in school but also be-
fore they come to school and after they leave
it. To build battlements around girls and
boys at the point of their greatest danger, dur-
ing the period between 16 and 21, when they
are most neglected, is a task worthy in itself to
enlist the deepest interest and occupy the en-
tire energy of the Home and School League.
The three unsettled questions which school-
masters are always debating — the content of
the curriculum, the method of teaching, and
the business management — will be illuminated
if there is brought to bear upon them the view-
point of parents who own and support the
schools and who are interested to get the
proper return on their investment. The same
will be true of all school questions if con-
sidered frorh the standpoint of the community
center. It will connect school activities with
life processes. This means vitality for the
school. For, as the great educational re-
former Grundtvig said, "Any school that has
its beginning in the alphabet and its ending
only in book learning is a school of death."
Inasmuch as the key to a better school is a
20 A COMMUNITY CENTER
better teacher, the home and school depart-
ment of the community center will make it its
special aim to develop the type of teacher
described in Herbert Quick's "The Brown
Mouse." It will endeavor to secure for
teachers not only a larger degree of moral
support but more adequate financial support,
which is not the only thing needful, but the
first thing needful toward the attainment of
this goal. The constructive service rendered
to the Republic by public-school teachers is as
important, if not the most important, rendered
by any class of public servants, and they are
not mercenary or lacking in heroic devotion to
the common welfare. But it is idle to expect
that the right type of teacher can be secured
or retained without a decent living wage. If
Henry Ford is able to make $5 the minimum
daily wage for the work of producing his
machines, there is still more justification for
fixing this as the minimum for the far more
delicate and difficult business of making citi-
zens for the Nation. When a community
offers such a wage, then and then only will it
be able to secure a $5 type of person for the
position. In order to retain them after they
A COMMUNITY CENTER 21
are secured there ought to be a school manse
— a teachers' house — as part of the necessary
equipment of every school. Proper support
and housing in order to secure the right type
of teacher in itself constitutes a worthy pro-
gram for this department.
The home and school department will
naturally have charge of such school-extension
activities as evening classes for youths and
adults. These classes should be designed not
only as a part of the work in the Ameri-
canization of immigrants, but for the better
equipment of all citizens. "It is the prime
business of legislators," said Confucius, "to
make more valuable to the people those things
from which the people are accustomed to
derive value." This states in brief the func-
tion of the home and school department. The
Nation's destiny was decided at the beginning
by the establishment, for the first time in the
modern world, of a free public-school system.
To keep vital its processes and to improve its
equipment that it may be still more valuable to
the people is the chief business of this depart-
ment.
22 A COMMUNITY CENTER
THE COMMUNITY BANK
The purpose of discussion in a community
forum is not entertainment but action. It is
responsible discussion ; that is, it is discussion
by citizens who bear the responsibility for
voting on the questions under discussion.
Such questions will be many and various.
Some will have a temporary and some a per-
manent value. They will naturally grow out
of community-center activities. But in order
to guarantee that these social recreational and
educational activities shall be related to life
there ought to be established one or two de-
partments to meet concrete human needs.
One of the best of these is a community
bank, for it not only meets a practical need
but also cultivates an ethical view of money
and uses it as a means of moral culture. A
community bank is primarily a savings bank
both for children and adults. As regards
children, it ought, so far as possible, to be a
part of the curriculum of the school. Such
banks are now conducted in many schools for
children. Cooperative banks are conducted
for adults in some States under the name of
A COMMUNITY CENTER 23
credit unions. New York State has a good
law on credit unions, on which the laws of
other States have been modeled.
But a real community bank is designed to
serve other purposes than those of saving. Its
aim is to multiply the efficiency of the people's
savings by pooling them for cooperative uses.
Its aim is to capitalize character and to
democratize credit. It serves a community
use by enabling the people to do jointly what
they can not do separately. By clubbing their
resources they can use their own money for
their own productive purposes.
Such a bank operated for the common wel-
fare will not only furnish the working capital
for community enterprises, but will also be a
loan society. It will make short-time loans
to its members on reasonable terms. It will
thus become the salvation of the poor from
the tyranny and degradation of the loan shark.
It will also make large long-time loans to
young men and women who desire to marry
and start homes, in order to enable them to
become the owners of houses. It will permit
them to repay the loan on the amortization
plan. No community could render a more
24 A COMMUNITY CENTER
statesmanlike service to its members. The
service already rendered by building and loan
associations, which are in fact cooperative
banks, is a guarantee of the success of the plan.
There are in the United States 7,034 such asso-
ciations, with a membership of 3,568,342, and
assets amounting to $1,696,707,041. These
figues are eloquent and tell a significant story.
They show how ready is the response of men
to the opportunity of owning their own houses
and that this opportunity needs to be vastly ex-
tended. The motto of the United States
league of these associations is "The American
Home, the Safeguard of American Liberties."
The motto is both sentimental and accurately
true. The well-being of a nation depends pri-
marily upon the existence of conditions under
which family life may be promoted and fos-
tered. The family is the true social unit,
older than church or state and more important
than either. The welfare of family life is
every statesman's chief concern.
The community bank enters not only a
vitally important but a practically unoccupied
field, and will meet felt needs unmet at pres-
ent. The cooperative handling of credit is
A COMMUNITY CENTER 25
not new. It has been done in Europe for 50
years with marked success. The community
bank is the adaptation to American conditions
of the Raiffeisen Bank of Germany, the Luz-
zatti Bank of Italy, and the Government Bank
of New Zealand. It is a democratic bank;
that is, it is of the people, in that it receives
the people's money; it is by the people, in that
it is operated by the people themselves; it is
for the people, in that the money is used for
the welfare of the people who saved it.
A community bank's ability to render these
needed public services depends wholly on the
people's desire and capacity to save and their
willingness to pool their savings. To culti-
vate the habit of thrift is the first necessity.
That America needs to acquire this habit is too
obvious to need comment. Americans are the
least provident of peoples. Compared with
a list of 14 other nations, the number of people
out of every thousand who have savings ac-
counts is only about one-sixth as many in
America as in the nation highest on this list,
and less than one-half as many as in the nation
lowest on the list. Switzerland stands high-
est, with 554. Denmark is next, with 442.
26 A COMMUNITY CENTER
The lowest is Italy, with 220. But in America
it is only 99.
The economic welfare of a community,
however, is not the most important result
which the habit of thrift produces. Since
money is the commonest representative of
value and a symbol of the property sense, it is
the best practical means of moral culture. A
community bank will furnish the best antidote
for the common desire to get something for
nothing, "the determination of the ownership
of property by appeal to chance," the habit of
gambling, which is distorting the moral sense
of all classes of people.
The community bank is designed to promote
an ethical view of money. When we consider
that if a man earns $100 for a month's labor he
has put into this money his physical force, his
nervous energy, his brain power, that part of
his life has been given away in return for it,
then money becomes a sacred thing. When
we consider the humiliation and suffering of a
destitute old age entailed by a lack of economy,
then the need of thrift assumes a new sig-
nificance. When one considers how manifold
are the bearings of money on the lives of men.
A COMMUNITY CENTER 27
and how many are the virtues with which
money is mixed up — honesty, justice, gener-
osity, frugality, forethought, and self-sacrifice
— an ethical view of it is unescapable.
A small competency is necessary to make
life what it ought to be for every man, espe-
cially in a democracy. "Whoever has six-
pence," said Carlyle, "is sovereign over all to
the extent of that sixpence ; commands cooks
to feed him, philosophers to teach him, kings
to mount guard over him, to the extent of that
sixpence." An assured competence, however
small, gives the priceless blessing of inde-
pendence. Not only personal health and
happiness, but social and political independ-
ence are involved in a man's saving fund.
The kind and amount of service which a com-
munity bank can render to democratic ideals is
beyond calculation.
THE COOPERATIVE EXCHANGE
The fundamental aim of the community-
center movement is to secure cooperation for
the common welfare. But if cooperation is to
be anything more than a beautiful dream, there
must be cooperation about something. It
28 A COMMUNITY CENTER
must not only be good, but be good for some-
thing. When the spirit of cooperation has
been created, it must have an outlet in action,
for to stir up the emotions and give them no
outlet is mere sentimentality and is dangerous
to moral health.
This principle is at once the reason and im-
pulse back of the cooperative enterprises now
carried on in schools. They assume a great
variety of forms. Sometimes it is a cooper-
ative creamery and cheese factory, which in
some rural sections has meant new hope and
larger resources, not only for the school, but
also for the homes of the community. Some-
times it is a farmers' club for the purchase of
farm supplies. It may be a canning club in
which the women meet in the school to pre-
serve fruits and vegetables and sell them at
cost, in order to raise funds for community
uses, or for the national Red Cross. It may
be a housekeepers' alliance, in which the
women meet to exchange ideas as to the best
methods of buying and preparing foods. In
one community center the people have agreed
to get their milk from one source and to pay
for it in advance, in order to eliminate the
A COMMUNITY CENTER 29
wastes in distribution and receive the benefit of
the money thus saved. For the successful
handling of farm products it is essential that
they be standardized both in form and quality.
For this purpose it would be well to use a
trademark or label, which would be of psycho-
logical value in suggesting teamwork, and also
be a guarantee of quality.
All of these activities are now in the process
of being grouped together under a buying
club, or cooperative exchange, for the organ-
ization of which there is a rapidly growing
demand. The State of North Carolina has (
already passed a law authorizing communities ,'
to organize them in the schoolhouses. Co- '
operative buying and banking has been ope- ;
rated with notable success for 50 years in }
England, Denmark, and other countries. It
has met little success as yet in America, be-
cause Americans have been too rich and too
individualistic. There seems to be an obvious
need for an intermediate step between un-
limited competition and the European type of
cooperative society. It seems probable that
this need will be supplied by the buying club.
It is not a shop in the English sense, nor a
30 A COMMUNITY CENTER
store in the modern sense, but a store in the
original American sense — that is, a store-
house, a distribution station for goods kept in
their original containers. Indeed, for the
most part no goods need to be kept in the
schoolhouse at all. The schoolhouse is used
chiefly for the stimulation and formation of
plans of operation.
Three things are necessary to success in any
practical cooperative enterprise — a desire to
save, good business sense, and the spirit of
cooperation; of these the greatest is the last,
because cooperation is primarily a state of
mind; it is a matter of education. It is sig-
nificant that the cooperative societies of Eng-
land not only gave the name "society" to their
organization, but also devote 2>4 per cent of
their annual profits to the education of their
members in the principle and practice of
cooperation.
Thus there grew up in these stores real
social-center activities. In America social
and civic activities are already started in the
schoolhouses, and out of them practical
cooperation is now developing. Our ap-
proach is the reverse of the English expe-
A COMMUNITY CENTER 31
rience, but the principle is the same. It is
highly important to see clearly that the other
community-center activities are an educational
necessity to the success of its practical cooper-
ative enterprises. A buying club unattached
to the means of creating the cooperative spirit
is almost sure to fail.
It will save time to recognize at the begin-
ning that to acquire the spirit and method of
cooperation is a slow process of education.
The chief danger to be guarded against is the
common tendency on the part of Americans to
demand fruit the day the tree is planted.
While the spirit of cooperation is difficult to
acquire, like all other good things, yet it is
worth all it costs. Cooperation in buying and
banking is itself the best means for moral cul-
ture. Its educational value is of the highest.
It minimizes the evils of debt, cultivates self-
control and self-reliance, checks reckless ex-
penditures, develops a sense of responsibility,
quickens intelligence and a public spirit, and
prepares citizens for self-government in a
democratic state. The schoolhouse is not only
the appropriate place to acquire these educa-
tional values and cooperative virtues, but it
32 A COMMUNITY CENTER
also furnishes the inspiration for success in the
process, because the American public school
is itself the most successful social enterprise
yet undertaken in this or any other nation.
THE child's right OF WAY
It is because there exists in America a
marked degree of independence and initiative,
and consequently a wide divergence in local
conditions, that community centers differ
widely in the kind and number of their ac-
tivities. While variety in unity is the demo-
cratic law of development, yet unity in variety
is the other half of the same law. There
are certain kinds of activities required by
universal human needs. The activities herein
described are the typical activities adapted to
the average normal community, both rural and
urban. If then one were asked what a com-
munity center aims to be, it is a sufficiently full
/ and accurate answer to say that it is, what has
just been briefly described, a people's univer-
sity, a community capitol, a forum, a neigh-
borhood club, a home-and-school league, a
community bank, and a cooperative exchange.
It is all of these in one organization. The
A COMMUNITY CENTER 33
unity among them is vital and organic like
the unity of the fingers in a hand.
Whatever the number and variety of ac-
tivities undertaken, the distinguishing mark of
the community center is the fact that it is or-
ganized not on the basis of personal pleasure
or private profit or any political or religious
creed, but on the basis of responsibility for the
welfare of children. The "house of the peo-
ple" in which it meets is the symbol of its cen-
tral idea. The public school is the only
national institution primarily dedicated to the
welfare of the child.
Here as nowhere else men and women forget
their partisan and sectarian divisions and
breathe an atmosphere which accentuates their
resemblances and minimizes their differences.
Childhood is the ground floor of life. It takes
us beneath all superficial and artificial distinc-
tions.
Centuries ago a great statesman and phil-
osopher said that the key to any right solution
of our social and economic problems is to be
found by "setting the child in the midst of
them." Jesus regarded the child as the model
citizen in the Kingdpm of God, which was his
34 A COMMUNITY CENTER
term for democracy. The child is still the
most respectable citizen we have. The posi-
tion of Jesus on the place of the child has been
shown by John Fiske to be abundantly sup-
ported by the biological history of the race.
The prolonged infancy of the human baby is
the factor which developed motherhood and
all our altruistic sentiments. And it will be
by keeping the child in the midst of our
thought, by giving the child the right of way
in our economics, by making the child's wel-
fare the formative principle in our social and
civic activities that we will transform these
activities into community interests.
This the community center aims to do. In
brief, it is a movement for the extension of the
spirit of the home and fireside, the spirit of
childhood, of good will, of intelligent sym-
pathy, of mutual aid — the extension of this
spirit to all the activities of the community.
The indispensable importance of this spirit
can not be overemphasized, for without it a
community center is a body without a soul, and
a body without a soul is not a living thing. A
community center's capacity to produce prac-
tical results is always to be measured by its
A COMMUNITY CENTER 35
capacity to create such a spirit. For, as John
Dewey wisely says :
The chief constituent of social efficiency is intelligent
sympathy or good will. For sympathy, as a desirable
quality, is something more than mere feeling. It is a cul-
tivated imagination for what men have in common and a
rebellion at whatever unnecessarily divides them.
PART II
HOW TO ORGANIZE A COMMUNITY
CENTER
HOW TO ORGANIZE A COMMUNITY
CENTER
What needs to be done is fairly clear; how
to do it is the difficult thing. ''If," said the
shrewd Portia, "to do were as easy as to know
what were good to do, chapels had been
churches and poor men's cottages princes'
palaces." Nevertheless, to discover how,
while difficult, it is an inspiring task. In the
organization of a community center the essen-
tial factors to be considered are its member-
ship, its size, its executive officer, its board of
directors, its finances, and its constitution.
The suggestions here offered concerning them,
together with the reasons for the suggestions,
are the product of experience and have been
tested in operation.
A LITTLE DEMOCRACY
The organization of a community around
the schoolhouse as its capitol is the creation of
a new political unit, a little democracy. It is
new in the sense that it is the revival and en-
39
40 A COMMUNITY CENTER
largement of an old institution that we ought
not willingly to let die. Thomas Jefferson did
not exaggerate when he said :
Those wards called townships in New England are the
vital principle of their governments, and have proved
themselves the wisest invention ever devised by the wit
of man for the perfect exercise of self-government and for
its preservation. * * * As Cato, then, concluded every
speech with the words, ''Carthago delenda est," so do I
conclude every opinion with the injunction, "Divide the
counties into wards."
The movement to organize local self-gov-
erning communities takes us back not only to
the New England town meeting but still fur-
ther back to the Teutonic "mark," the Russian
"mir," and to the ancient Swiss cantonal as-
sembly. The fact that free village commun-
ities in some form have existed in so many
parts of the world is a significant indication of
a universal conviction that such organization
is a necessity to human welfare.
The community center aims to form such a
free village community, a town, a borough, a
little democracy, both in the cities and the
open country. Its capitol, or headquarters, is
the schoolhouse, because this is the most
HOW TO ORGANIZE 41
American institution and the only one suitable
for the purpose. It alone provides a place
where all can meet on equal terms of self-
respect. It is conveniently distributed in
every city, town, and village in America. The
term "center" applies to the schoolhouse, the
place of meeting. The term applied to the
organization of the people themselves is "com-
munity association."
The first step in organization is to define
the boundaries of the community. These
ought to be determined along naturaljines,
such as\ the territory from which the children
in the school are drawn, or a district in which
the people^come together for other reasons
than the fact that an artificial line is drawn
around them. It ought not to be too large.
Being a little democracy, all adult citizens,
both men and women, living in the prescribed
territory are members of it. It must be com-
prehensive if the public schoolhouse is to be
used as its capitol. It must be nonpartisan,
nonsectarian, and nonexclusive. You do not
become a member of a community center by
joining. You are a member by virtue of your
citizenship and residence in the district.
42 A COMMUNITY CENTER
Everywhere else men and women are divided
into groups and classes on the ground of their
personal taste or occupation. In a com-
munity center they meet as "folks" on the
ground of their common citizenship and their
common human needs. This is the distin-
guishing mark of the community center.
It is quite true that this democratic ideal is
difficult to operate. That is nothing against
it. AH worth-while ideals are difficult.
Fisher Ames says, "A monarchy is a merchant-
man which sails well but will sometimes strike
a rock and go to the bottom, whilst a republic
is a raft which will never sink, but then your
feet are always in the water." Let us grant
that it may be even hot water, but it is quite
as true that the very difficulty in operating the
democratic ideal constitutes its fascination and
its worth. When a thing becomes easy of ac-
complishment it loses much, both of its value
and its interest.
MEMBERSHIP IN AMERICA
It is possible for the form of democracy to
exist without its spirit and method. The term
"community"^ is not merely "a geographical
HOW TO ORGANIZE 43
expression." It applies not only to a geo-
graphical area, but embodies an idea. Its real y
content includes the spirit" and" method of —
democracy. Unless it promotes this spiritual
ideal its meaning is of small value. The Cen-
tury Dictionary quotes the Attorney General of
the United States as saying, ^^The phrase, ^a
citizen of the United States' without addition
or qualification means neither more nor less
than a member of the Nation."
Membership implies obligation and respon-
sibility. It gives not only a new sense of pride,
but an intimate feeling of duty to the common
welfare, for a man to say to himself, "I am a
member of America." To make citizenship
mean membership is one of the obvious needs
in every community. The outstanding char-
acteristic of the American Republic, which is
unlike any other in the world, is that it is a
double government, a double allegiance. It
is a "Republic of republics." Every citizen
feels two loyalties — one to his State and the
other to his Nation. In addition to these two
he feels a third loyalty. It is to his local com-
munity. And just as every man is a better
ciUzcn if he is first of all devoted to his own
44 A COMMUNITY CENTER
family, so will he be more loyal to the State
and Nation if he is loyal to his own com-
munity.
To induce citizens to recognize their re-
sponsibility for the administration of public
business, to become active members of their
own communities, to assist in the improvement
of local schools, of politics, of roads, of the
general health, of housing conditions — this is
the result which the community center aims to
achieve. It is the law of all improvement
that you must start from where you are. If a
man can not love his own community, which
he can see, how can he love the whole country,
which he can not see?
The success of the work in any community
depends on the amount of public-mindedness
existing there or the possibility of creating it.
Those who undertake community-center work
ought to guard themselves against the danger
of expecting too much at the start. To de-
velop public-mindedness is a slow and difficult
task. It ought never to be forgotten that
democracy, like liberty, is not an accomplish-
ment but a growth, not an act but a process.
It is of the highest importance that this f ^gt
HOW TO ORGANIZE 45
should be perceived by pioneers in community
work, in order that they may not be deceived
by the passion for size and numbers. A dozen
public-minded persons are sufficient for a be-
ginning. One of the biggest movements in
history began with a little circle of 12 men.
They who have discovered the meaning of
democracy do not need large immediate results
to keep up their courage; they only need a
cause; and the greatest of all causes is con-
structive democracy. The people will re-
spond when they understand. In the entire
history of the community-center movement
there has never been a time more than now
when they were so ready to respond. Let no
worker in any community despise small begin-
nings. It is always better to begin small and
grow big than to begin big and grow small.
THE COMMUNITY SECRETARY
Nothing runs itself unless it is running down
hill. If community work is to be done, some-
body has to be the doer of it The growing
realization of this fact has led to the creation
of a new profession. The term applied to this
profession is "community secretary," "a
46 A COMMUNITY CENTER
/ keeper of secrets," a servant of the whole com-
( munity. This community executive should be
elected by ballot in a public election held in
the schoolhouse and supported out of public
funds. There are now four such publicly
elected and publicly supported community
secretaries in Washington, D. C, and eight
more such offices are in the process of being
created. It seems certain that it is destined
to be one of the most honored and useful of
all public offices. Its ideal was expressed by
the ^^first real democrat in history," when he
said, "The kings of the Gentiles are their mas-
ters, and those who exercise authority over
them are called benefactors. With you it is
not so; but let the greatest among you be as
the younger, and the leader be like him who
serves."
The qualifications for this office are mani-
festly large, and its duties complex and exact-
ing. The ablest person to be found is none too
able. The function of the secretary is nothing
less than to organize and to keep organized all
the community activities herein described; to
assist the people to learn the science and to
practice the art of living together; and to show
HOW TO ORGANIZE
@
them how they may put into effective opera-
tion the spirit and method of cooperation.
Who is equal to a task like this? In addition
to intellectual power and a large store of gen-
eral information, one must be equipped with
many more qualities equally important. The
seven cardinal virtues of a community secre-
tary are: Patience, unselfishness, a sense of
humor, a balanced judgment, the ability to
differ in opinion without differing in feeling,
respect for the personality of other people, and
faith in the good intentions of the average
man. When one considers the requirements
for this office, one's first impulse is to do what
King Solomon did. After making a rarely
beautiful description of a wise and ideal wife,
he ended it by asking, "but where can such a
woman be found?"
There will be no dearth of able men and
women to fill this office, when once it is prop-
erly created and adequately supported. For
there is a particular satisfaction, not other-
wise obtainable, to be derived from the service
of a cause bigger than one's personal interests.
Where possible, the community secretary
ought to be the principal of the school. But
4B A COMMUNITY CENTER
where the principal can not be released from
his other duties sufficiently to undertake the
work, the secretary ought to be a person who is
agreeable to the principal, in order to insure
concerted action. In thousands of villages
and open-country communities the teacher's
work lasts for only part of the year and the
compensation is shamefully inadequate. This
is a great economic waste as well as an injury
to children. If these teachers were made
community secretaries, were given an all-year-
round job and were compensated for the addi-
tional work by a living wage, it would mean a
better type of teacher and a better type of
school. The bigger task would not only de-
mand the bigger person, but the task itself
would create them. Moreover, when the
teacher's activities become linked up with life
processes the community will be the more will-
ing to support the office adequately. It seems
clear that the office of community secretary is
the key to a worthier support of the school.
It will magnify the function of teaching,
give a new civic status to the teacher, and
make more apparent the patriotic and con-
HOW TO ORGANIZE
structive service which the school renders the
nation.
While the demands, which this new profes-
sion makes, may seem discouragingly high,
nevertheless therein lie its merit and charm.
^'Our reach should exceed our grasp," or
there is no opportunity for growth. The posi-
tion is so big that it can not be outgrown. It
is worthy of any one's life-time loyalty. A
change to any other vocation is not a promo-
tion. A teacher who is a community secre-
tary, or who is associated with one in com-
munity work, is justified in having the same
degree of self-respect and exalted regard for
the worth of his work which was expressed by
a great pioneer in the same field, Pestalozzi.
At one period of his career, he went to Paris,
and a friend endeavored to present him to
Napoleon the Great. Napoleon declined.
"I have no time for A. B. C," he said.
When Pestalozzi returned to his home his
friends asked him, "Did you see Napoleon the
Great?" "No; I did not see Napoleon the
Great, and Napoleon the Great did not see
me."
©
A COMMUNITY CENTER
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
However able a community secretary may
be, no one alone is able enough for the con-
structive kind of work which the community
center requires. Since it is a cooperative en-
terprise, it is necessary that it be democrati-
cally organized. The next step in its organ-
ization, therefore, should be to provide the
secretary with a cabinet. It may be called a
board of directors, or a community council, or
an executive committee. These names sug-
gest its various functions. Its first function is
to give council and advice to the community
secretary, to act as a little forum for discus-
sion, out of which may develop wise methods
of procedure. Its next function is to share
with the secretary the responsibility for the
work, the burden of which is too heavy to be
borne by any one alone. But the cabinet is not
a legislative body alone to determine what is to
be done, but also an executive body as well.
It is not only an executive body, to carry out
the general plans of the association, but also a
body of directors to plan and conduct special
kinds of activities. In every community there
HOW TO ORGANIZE 51
are men and women who have the ability and /
leisure to render public service. As directors
they would have a recognized position and
channel through which they can more effec-
tively render such service.
Each director ought to be the head of a de-
partment of work, or at least the head of every
department of work ought to be a director.
The head of each department ought to choose
the members of his own committee. Thus by
having the heads of departments of work on
the board of directors, the entire work of the
association can be frequently reviewed, and the
departments of activity can, by cooperating,
not only avoid needless waste through dupli-
cation, but also stimulate each other. The
board of directors ought to hold regular meet-
ings in the schoolhouse, and in order that the
work may be responsive to public opinion the
meetings ought to be open to any who wish to
attend them, just as the meetings of a town
council are open. The community center
stands for visible government, and daylight
diplomacy. ^
In the conduct of the association's activities
a large measure of freedom ought to be granted
A COMMUNITY CENTER
the directors as well as the secretary. There
can be no responsibility without freedom.
The test of democracy is its willingness to
trust its leaders. It is a test which democ-
racies find it difficult to measure up to. The
association ought to hold its officials to strict
accountability, and it has the power to recall
and replace them, but while they are in office
and bear the responsibility they ought to be
given freedom to use the means and methods
which in their judgment are best suited to
produce the results expected of them. The
question here raised by democracy is not the
extent of authority but its source. The prin-
ciple of democracy is preserved if the source
of authority is limited; the efficiency of
democracy is secured if the extent of authority
is enlarged.
The directors in community-center work
will not only feel the need of taking counsel
with each other, but also of getting suggestions
from other communities. In every city and
county, the community associations would do
wisely to form a league for the purpose of
pooling their experience and helping each
HOW TO ORGANIZE
other in what is manifestly a difficult task. In
such a conference the representatives of local
communities would discover that there may be
many good roads leading to the same goal.
Moreover, while it is possible to agree on our
goal, it is rarely possible to agree on the
methods of reaching it. No principle is more
important to observe in conducting community
work. If, then, we can agree on our goal, we
may well spare criticism on our fellows who
travel a road different from ours.
THE TROUBLE COMMITTEE
It is not so difficult to organize a community
center; the difficulty is to keep it organized.
By no means the only one, but the chief means
of securing a permanently useful community
center is to have a wise and constructive pro-
gram, big enough to merit interest. A good
way to formulate such a program is to appoint
a permanent committee which we may call
"the trouble committee." The function of
this committee is not to make trouble, but to
remove it. Its task is to discover the causes
of trouble in the community, to learn the rea-
L
A COMMUNITY CENTER
sons for dissatisfaction, to state the problems
which ought to be solved, to exhibit the thing
that needs to be done.
A community center can get helpful sugges-
tions concerning programs from State uni-
versities or extension committees, and it w^ill
naturally w^ant to discuss the questions promi-
nently in the public mind, but the most inter-
esting and constructive program is the attempt
to improve conditions of living oii its home
soil. In such a program the first thing needed
preparatory to action is diagnosis. Problem
making is almost as important as problem
solving. To know what the problem is, is
half the battle. When the terms of a prob-
lem are accurately stated, the problem itself
is partly solved in the process. It was a fre-
quent experience of Lincoln that, after he had
stated the facts of a case in court, the trial of
it was arrested and called off.
The work of the trouble committee is prob-
lem making. For example, why are country-
bred boys leaving the farm in such large num-
bers; is farming a profitable industry; to what
extent is the food of the country produced by
the unpaid labor of children; does it pay bet-
HOW TO ORGANIZE 55
ter to rent or to own a farm ; could an average
young man earn enough from a farm to pay for
it by honest labor in a reasonable number of
years; why do half the girls and boys fail to
finish the grammar grades in school; is the
work of transportation and distribution of
food supplies economically done; why is the
cost of living so high? If any community
center should attempt to discover the causes of
these unsatisfactory conditions, it would be a
vital and attractive program sufficient to oc-
cupy it for several years.
The function of the trouble committee is to"^
furnish nuts for the community association to '
crack. No one believes in diagnosis for the
sake of diagnosis any more than he believes in
^'amputation for the sake of amputation." Its
only use is to reveal the disease and to point
the way to a remedy. The aim of the trouble
committee is to point out the difficulties at the
bottom of our social problems for the sake of
removing them. Whenever they are re-
moved, the problem vanishes. The method
of the committee is constructive democracy.
No community, however, ought to assume
that it can solve all of its problems, at least, not
A COMMUNITY CENTER
speedily. "We are not born," said Goethe,
"to solve the problems of the world but to find
out where the problems begin, and then to
keep within the limits of what we can grasp,"
This is a luminous remark, and the trouble
committee merely assumes that in treating any
problem the place to begin is at the beginning
of it, and that the beginning of it is its cause.
It assumes that "there is no alleviation for
the suffering of mankind except veracity of
thought and action, and the resolute facing of
the world as it is." It assumes that it is not
possible to purify the water in a well by paint-
ing the pump. It is painful to think how
much social energy has been wasted in this
process. No community center whose pro-
gram is limited to painting the pump can
either win or long hold the support of thought-
ful men and women. Nor does it deserve to.
The test of sanity used in some asylums is to
take the patient to a trough partially filled and
into which an open spigot is pouring new sup-
plies of water. The patient is asked to bail
the water out of the trough. If he attempts
to do so without first turning off the flow he is
regarded as insane, and properly so. It is ob-
HOW TO ORGANIZE 57
viously sane to turn off the spigot, to remove
the causes of disorder, if we ever expect to pro-
duce a social order in harmony with the intel-
ligence and conscience of the Nation. This
is the purpose and function of the trouble com-
mittee. For the most part, this committee
holds the key to the success or failure of a
community center. —-
PUBLIC AND SELF-SUPPORT
The finances of an organization usually con-
stitute its storm center. Money is the kind of
thing it is difficult to get along with and im-
possible to get along without. After a com-
munity center determines its plans and poli-
cies, the next question in its organization is
finance. But since money is the root of so
much trouble, it ought to be kept in the back-
ground. It is properly called "ways and
means." It is not the end; human welfare is
the end. Money is a detail, and ought always
to be treated as such.
The superior advantage of a community
center over private organizations is that it does
not need an amount of money sufficient to
cause it any distress. To begin with, there
58 A COMMUNITY CENTER
are no dues. They are already paid when the
taxes are paid. The schoolhouse, together
with heat, light, and janitor service, and in
some places a portion of the secretary's sal-
ary, is provided out of public funds. Thus
the overhead charges are comparatively very
small. The time will doubtless come when
the entire expense will be provided out of pub-
lic funds, but the movement is new; and for
the present and immediate future, if the build-
ing, heat, light, and janitor service are pro-
vided, it is all that can reasonably be expected.
The community center needs, for the pres-
ent, to supplement its public funds. The
highest salary paid out of public funds to a
community secretary in Washington, D. C, is
$420 per year. This is not a salary, but a
contribution toward a salary. This amount
must be increased if we can hope ever to se-
cure and retain the right type of person for
this position. Then there is the stationery,
postage, printing, and clerical work. How
are these needs to be met? The only way is
by voluntary effort. Each department of ac-
tivity ought to be self-supporting. Those de-
partments, like the buying club and the bank,
HOW TO ORGANIZE 59
which have an income ought to contribute a
certain regular percentage to the association
as a whole, because its general activities are
necessary to the success of these departments.
This percentage should be considered part of
the necessary operating expenses of each de-
partment. The members of the community
association ought to register to indicate their
intention to take an active part in its affairs.
When they do, a small registration fee should
be charged.
These two sources will doubtless net suf-
ficient funds. If they do not, then voluntary
contributions and entertainments should fur-
nish what is needed. It ought to be clearly
noted that for a community center to raise part
of its funds by voluntary effort does not mean
that it is privately supported. The commun-
ity association is a public body. As such,
what money it raises is public money. It is
not private support, but voluntary self-help.
In a community center, public support and
self-support are one and the same thing.
Since the amount needed to be raised by vol-
untary effort is smaller than the amount re-
ceived from public funds, there is little dan-
6o A COMMUNITY CENTER
ger that large givers will have the opportun-
ity to dominate the policies of the community
center through their gifts. Above all others,
this is the one danger most to be guarded
against. Because it is chiefly supported by
public taxation, the community center is a
place where all can meet on the basis of self-
respect, where a man's standing is determined
not by gifts of money, but by character and
intelligence. Whenever this condition ceases
to exist, the community center dies.
But so long as the finances are organized
democratically, the need for the community
itself to raise part of its fund is a moral ad-
vantage and is social justice. For until pub-
lic opinion becomes informed and unified, a
city or county must be fair to all its communi-
ties. To compel one community, without its
consent, to support the activities of another is
manifestly unjust and undemocratic. Whit-
man's definition of democracy, "I will have
nothing which every other man may not have
the counterpart of on like terms," is our guid-
ing principle in community finances. For a
community to raise part of its funds is not
only social justice to other communities but a
HOW TO ORGANIZE 6i
benefit to the community itself. The com-
munity center is an enterprise for mutual aid
in self-development. The process of raising
part of its own funds is one of the means of
such development. The people are com-
pelled to pay taxes, but what they freely choose
to contribute to their own enterprise is the
only trustworthy guide to their attitude toward
it and the best stimulus of their devotion to it.
There can be self-development only where
there is freedom. Partial voluntary support
by a community insures local autonomy.
"Democracy," says Bertrand Russell, ^^is a de-
vice— the best so far invented — for diminish-
ing the interference of governments with lib-
erty." But political freedom is conditioned
upon financial freedom. A degree of self-
support, therefore, frees a community from
the domination of city and county govern-
ments. These considerations, if accepted as
true, convert apparent burdens into blessings
and weights into wings.
A WORKING CONSTITUTION
What's a constitution among friends? It's
a necessity if they are to continue to be friends.
62 ; A COMMUNITY CENTER
s the word itself suggests, a constitution es-
tablishes the basis on which friends may stand
for the accomplishment of their common pur-
poses. Its value is always to be measured by
the importance of the purpose to be accom-
plished. Inasmuch as the purpose of a com-
munity center is of the highest value not only
to the welfare of the local community, but also
to the welfare of democracy in the Nation and
in the world, the making of its constitution is a
highly important item in its organization.
*'If democracy," said Havelock Ellis, "means
a state in which every man shall be a freeman,
neither in economic, nor intellectual, nor
moral subjection, two processes at least
are necessary to render democracy possible;
on the one hand, a large and many-sided edu-
cation; on the other, the reasonable organiza-
tion of life" — nothing less than to state how
these two objects may be secured is the purpose
of the constitution of a community center.
It will thus be seen that this constitution is
very different from that of an ordinary society,
which merely aims to give information about
officers and meetings. This one may deeply
affect the spiritual and economic life of a com-
HOW TO ORGANIZE (^
munity. As the expression of certain ideas in
a document known as "Magna charta," was a
great gain in the long fight for freedom in the
English-speaking world, so the expression of
a community's new social purpose may mean
new freedom for it.
As regards the work of the community cen-
ter, the constitution is a working agreement,
a clear understanding as to what is to be done
and who is to do it. A clear statement will
prevent needless friction and confusion. As
regards the growth of the work in the com-
munity, the constitution will serve the purpose
of propaganda. If a new or uninformed
member of the community should ask an ac-
tive member, "What is a community center
and what is its purpose?" a copy of the consti-
tution ought to furnish a full answer to his
question. Therefore, it should not be too
brief, if it is to serve this purpose.
Each community ought to draft its own con-
stitution, not only because the needs of com-
munities vary, and not only because it should
be the honest expression of the community's
own thought and purpose, but especially be-
cause a constitution brought from outside and
64 A COMMUNITY CENTER
dropped on the people's heads has little value
for the community. Of course, it is possible
for a community to work over and assimilate
another community's constitution until it be-
comes its own. It ought also to get help and
suggestions from as many constitutions as it
can find. For this reason there will be found
in Part IV the copy of a constitution which
the writer prepared to meet the needs of the
Wilson Normal Community in Washington,
D. C, his own community. It was patiently
considered in committee and thoroughly dis-
cussed in public meetings. It is now in oper-
ation.
y^"^ It is better for the people to make their
own, either by creating a new one or adapting
others to their needs, even if it is not as well
done as somebody else could do it for them.
In starting a community center an organizing
committee should be charged with the task of
drafting and submitting a constitution. If
several weeks were spent on the task both in
committee work and in public discussion, the
time would be well spent. The educational
value of the process is too great for the people
to miss. The process would educate a con-
HOW TO ORGANIZE / 65
siderable number who will grasp the meaning
of a community center and who will therefore
be equipped to a degree for conducting its
work.
While the types of constitutions will be very
various, yet there are certain formative prin-
ciples which are basic in the structure of a
community center. They are so essential to
the life of the community ideal that the writer
has called them "The ten commandments for a
community center." They are as follows:
I. It must guarantee freedom of thought
and freedom in its expression.
II. It must aim at unity, not uniformity,
and accentuate resemblances, not dif-
ferences.
III. It must be organized democratically,
with the right to learn by making
mistakes.
IV. It must be free from the domination of
money, giving the right of way to
character and intelligence.
V. It must be nonpartisan, nonsectarian,
and nonexclusive both in purpose
and practice.
Q
A COMMUNITY CENTER
VI. Remember that nothing will run itself
unless it is running down hill.
VII. Remember that to get anywhere, it is
necessary to start from where you are.
VIII. Remember that the thing to be done is
more important than the method of
doing it.
IX. Remember that the water in a well can
not be purified by painting the pump.
X. Remember that progress is possible
only when there is mental hospitality
to new ideas.
DECREASE OF ORGANIZATIONS
Edward Everett Hale reported Louis Agas-
siz as saying that, when he came to America,
one of the amazing things he discovered was
that no set of men could get together to do any-
thing, though there were but five of them, un-
less they first drew up a constitution. If lo
botanists, he said, met in a hotel in Switzer-
land to hear a paper read, they would sit down
and hear it. But if American botanists meet
for the same purpose, they spend the first day
in forming ari organization, appointing a com-
mittee to draw a constitution, correcting the
HOW TO ORGANIZE
(3>^.
draft made by them, appointing a committee
to nominate officers, and then choosing a pres-
ident, vice president, two secretaries, and a
treasurer. This takes all the first day. If any
of these people are fools enough or wise
enough — ^^persistent" is the modern word — to
come the next day, all will be well. They will
hear the paper on botany. This is a good-
natured, but well-deserved, criticism of the
common tendency to start a new organization
if any one has an idea he wishes to propagate.
The resulting damage of a multiplicity of
organizations is that so much energy is con-
sumed in the work of organizing that there is
not enough left to operate them. It is like the
steamboat of Lincoln's story, with a 7-foot
whistle and a 5-foot boiler. Every time the
whistle blew, the engine had to stop running.
There now exist over 80 separate organiza-
tions for the purpose of supplying some kind
of war relief. Many of them have already
applied and more doubtless will apply for
permission to use the public schools to advance
their various causes. It would be nothing
short of a public benefaction if some device
could be found to decrease the present number
^ ( 68) A COMMUNITY CENTER
of organizations and prevent the inexcusable
economic waste due to the duplication of ac-
tivities. It is because we have so many or-
ganizations (plural) that we need more or-
ganization (singular) as a cure for this need-
less waste.
The community center is such a device. It
can perform this function because it is a com-
prehensive organization. The center of any
American community is the free public school,
the only center it has. The community cen-
ter is not a rival, but an ally, of other organiza-
tions. It is more; it is their foster mother;
it is thejjiatrix which gives them their setting.
It embraces them as departmental activities.
It is a coordinating instrument. It is a bureau
of community service. Both its spirit and
method are well stated in the lines of Edwin
Markham, which he appropriately calls *'Out-
witted" :
He drew a circle which shut me out,
Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout;
But Love and I had the wit to win.
We drew a circle that took him in.
The fact that a community center is the
community matrix explains why and how it
HOW TO ORGANIZE 69
can decrease the number of organizations and
prevent unnecessary new ones from forming.
The method of direct attack is not only incon-
siderate, but is foredoomed to failure. If a
community center should say to any existing
organization, ^'We want you deliberately to
disband, to chloroform yourself," it would de-
feat its own purpose. Human nature just
doesn't operate that way. The wiser method
of the community center is to relate them to
each other and to itself, as departments of ac-
tivity, so that duplication may be exhibited as
social waste. The mere exhibition of this fact
will induce some organizations voluntarily to
disband or merge with others. The disease of
overorganization, like some other diseases,
only needs, for its cure, exposure to the fresh
air. The community center furnishes the at-
mospheric condition of public opinion, in
which unfit organizations will naturally die
and the fit survive. The method is both gen-
tle and just. It treats outgrown organizations
as we always treat outgrown laws. We do not
rescind them, we just let them die.
Just as fair competition in an open field fur-
nishes the condition under which weak and
?
70 A COMMUNITY CENTER
less worthy organizations die^ likewise it fur-
nishes the condition under which strong and
worthy ones thrive and expand. All they ask
is a fair field and no favors. Their work
speaks for itself. The civilian relief work of
the Red Cross is a case in point. The Red
Cross has enlarged the scope of its activities to
include not only remedial but constructive
work. Its policy is not only to cure but to
prevent disease. Constructive work under the
noble name and sign of the Red Cross in up-
building the Nation's strength is so akin to the
aims of the community center that they ought
to cooperate in order to save needless social
waste. They travel the same road ; they ought
to travel together as comrades. A few coun-
ties now employ Red Cross public health
nurses. One State has recently passed a law
which provides that each of its counties shall
support out of public funds a nurse for town
and country service. It is only a question of
time when a public health nurse will be at-
tached to every community center.
The community center is the natural hub of
a community wheel. It does not claim to be,
it is necessarily, the comprehensive organiza-
HOW TO ORGANIZE 71
tion. But Red Cross work ought to be a de-
partment of the community center. They
need each other. The community center is in
a position to open just the kind of a door of
opportunity which the Red Cross needs for
the success of its work. There are large
classes of people who have not enlisted in Red
Cross work. And yet they have sons in the
war and are making heroic sacrifices. They
desire to do war work as they have always
been willing to do relief and constructive work
in times of peace. But they will not come to
fashionable hotels or similar exclusive places.
For obvious reasons they will come to the
schoolhouse. If, therefore, Red Cross units
were organized as departments of community
centers, the Red Cross could enlist in its serv-
ice a multitude now outside of its reach, and
the Red Cross, because of its resources and its
semiofficial character, could put the aims of
the community center into operation. The
opportunity for mutual service is such that it
would be a statesmanlike move if the Red
Cross should devote time and money to the
establishment of community centers as the
most practical and economical instruments
72 A COMMUNITY CENTER
through which to expand its activities. A
Red Cross unit ought to exist as a department
of the community center in every school dis-
trict of the United States.
The community-center movement and the
Red Cross have the more reason for uniting
their strength because the preventive work
which they both aim to do, while more im-
portant, is less dramatic and usually attracts
less popular support. But it is to this kind
of work that the world gives its verdict of
approval when the perspective of time en-
ables it to distinguish between the big and
the little. It is doubtful whether to-day one
man in a thousand knows the names of the two
generals who commanded the opposing armies
in the Crimean War. Even when they are
mentioned — Lord Raglan and Gen. Toddle-
ben — they sound strangely unfamiliar. But
there was one participant in that war whose
name is now a household word — Florence
Nightingale. Yet it was the generals who
occupied the conspicuous positions; it was
they who rode horseback and wore showy uni-
forms; it was they for whom the bands played
and the soldiers applauded, while this Red
HOW TO ORGANIZE 73
Cross nurse did the apparently commonplace
work of giving cups of cold water to wounded
soldiers and easing the head of some home-
sick man as he lay dying. But these wounded
men kissed her very shadow where it fell. It
was a healing shadow. Such constructive
work, even though it consists in little deeds of
wayside kindness, is work for the ages. Such
constructive work will be so needed to heal
the wounds in the social, industrial, and politi-
cal world in the reconstruction days immedi-
ately ahead that the community center and the
Red Cross would do wisely to unite their
strength, not only to meet the Nation's present
need but to assist in building a better sort of
world. The task of the community-center
movement is at once so difficult and so essen-
tial for the success of our experiment in de-
mocracy that it needs the assistance of every
agency whose aims are similar to its own. In
helping to create community centers the Red
Cross would not only be serving itself but ren-
dering a national service of the highest im-
portance.
We are thus equipped with a wise principle
always to be observed in the organization of a
A COMMUNITY CENTER
community center. It should adapt itself to
the organizations already in the field and co-
operate with them. It does not antagonize
them but assists them to expand into some-
thing bigger. It may more speedily reach its
goal if it would evolve out of some good
existing organization. A community center
never loses sight of its ultimate purpose, but it
does not disdain to make use of the instru-
ments which lie at its hand because they are
imperfect. Lincoln applied this principle in
the policy of reconstruction he had begun.
Although he was bitterly criticized for it he
defended it in the last speech he ever made.
"Concede," he said, "that the new government
of Louisiana is only, to what it should be, as
the egg is to the fowl ; we shall sooner have the
fowl by hatching the egg than by smashing it."
THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE
Whenever an idea gets itself embodied in
concrete form, visible to the eye, it becomes
the more potent and persuasive. The reason
why the ancient and common use of symbols
renders a distinct service to ideals is obvious.
Sense impressions received through the eye
HOW TO ORGANIZE
(^
gate are more vivid and permanent than those
received through any other gate. We say, ^^in
one ear and out the other"; we do not say, "in
one eye and out the other." As an efficient
means of propaganda, therefore, it is pro-
foundly important that the community ideal
should be embodied in a type of school build-
ing which represents it. If it is to be used as
a house of the people, it ought to look like a
house of the people. A community which
plans to build a new schoolhouse or to adapt
an old one to new community uses must con-
sider two questions: First, what are its in-
ternal needs? Second, what style of building
best serves these needs? The two questions
are one and inseparable. They are related to
each other like a man and his clothes or like
ideas and the words which express them.
What are the internal needs and community
uses which the new type of school buildings is
required to meet? The essential needs may
fairly be regarded as seven. They seem to re-
quire a large expenditure, but from the stand-
point of community finances the facilities here
suggested obviously mean a wise economy, be-
cause they will prevent a needless duplication
A COMMUNITY CENTER
^ buildings. They are used not only for
school activities, but also for every variety of
activity by youths and adults. These essen-
tial facilities are as follows :
1. An assembly room; to be used also for so-
cial games, folk dances, dinner parties, and
gymnasium purposes.
2. Classrooms; to be so arranged that they
may be used also for departmental activities
of the community center.
3. A workshop; to be used also for voca-
tional night classes and for mechanical experi-
mental work as recreation.
4. Library and reading room; to be used
also as a neighborhood club, conference room,
and a clearing house for information.
5. Kitchen and storeroom; to be used also
for household economics, community dinners,
and cooperative exchanges.
6. An open fireplace; to be used for its spir-
itual value in creating good cheer and the
neighborly sense of fellowship.
7. Voting instruments ; to be erected perma-
nently and used not only in the curriculum of
the school and in public elections, but also as
HOW TO ORGANIZE h^
a symbol of the aim for which both the school
and community center stand.
In addition to these seven practical and typ-
ical features of a community schoolhouse,
there is one small luxury which properly may
be regarded as a necessity. On the lawn of
every community school should be erected a
sundial. Its use is not the ordering of the
day by the sundial rather than the time-table
in order to stimulate good and honest work;
nor is its use to act as a reminder of the need
of leisure for personal growth, although it
would serve both of these purposes. But its
chief use is to be the symbol of an idea, with-
out which a community center can not live.
Charles Lamb said that if a sundial could talk,
it would say of itself, "I count only those hours
which are serene." It operates only when the
sun shines. It illustrates the wisdom of look-
ing on the bright, not the dark side of things;
of being positive, not negative; of accentuat-
ing the resemblances, not the differences; of
cultivating one's admirations, not one's dis-
gusts. Without the practice of the principle
of the sundial, the people of the community
A COMMUNITY CENTER
can never be mobilized for effective concerted
action and national service.
In view of patriotic ideals like these which
the school is designed to serve, the question
concerning the style of building acquires a new
and profound significance. What type of ar-
chitecture most fittingly represents the institu-
tion most characteristic of the American ideal,
the community schoolhouse? Two types have
been generally suggested and widely used.
They are the colonial and the Tudor or col-
legiate gothic. Both have real merits, but
both have defects which seriously handicap
their use for our purpose. The colonial has
simple, effective lines, but is cold, rigid, puri-
tanic, and lacking in joy. Moreover, in its
more elaborate forms, it was the common type
used for the elegant mansions of southern aris-
tocracy. Their pillared porticoes suggest a
coach and four driving under them.
The Gothic type has the advantage of be-
ing more economical to build. Its chief merit
originally was its "rudeness" or imperfection.
The term "Gothic" was at first a term of re-
proach, but it acquired honor as men discov-
ered that every great work ought to be imper-
HOW TO ORGANIZE (79
feet if it is inspired by an unattainable ideal,
as it ought to be. For this reason the lines in
a Gothic building suggest aspiration. The
distinguishing feature of Gothic architecture
is that its beautiful ornaments, while always
aspiring after an unattained perfection, always
rest on the utilitarian principle of use. The
flying buttress was not attached to a Gothic
cathedral as an ornament. It was put there
to prop up the wall. The pinnacle on its top,
ornamental as it is, was not put there as an
ornament. It was put there as a weight to
keep the prop from slipping off the wall.
In spite of the obvious and great merits of
the Gothic type of building, which can and
ought to be utilized in new forms, its defects
should be frankly recognized. It has been
associated in our thought with exclusive, clois-
tered seats of learning, like Cambridge and
Oxford ; it lends itself easily to indulgence in
elaborate display of art for art's sake instead
of for life's sake; and it is a permanent re-
minder of mediaeval ecclesiasticism, which is
out of harmony with modern ideals of democ-
racy.
It seems evident that the appropriate style
8o) A COMMUNITY CENTER
of architecture to embody the democratic idea
for which America stands remains still to be
created. The best is yet to be. Ruskin says
that:
Great nations write their autobiographies in three
manuscripts— the book of their deeds, the book of their
words, and the book of their art. Not one of these
books can be understood unless we read the two others,
but of the three, the only trustworthy one is the last.
What men embody in material form, invest
large sums of money in, and lovingly seek to
beautify, is a sure index of the value they place
upon it. America has not yet written her
autobiography in architecture, but she has
started to write it, and has begun to express
her appreciation of the indispensable import-
ance of education to a democracy, as is seen in
the handsome new school buildings now being
erected in all parts of the country. A rare op-
portunity to render a patriotic service is now
afforded to those architects who are also ar-
tists, if they have the courage to discard an-
cient conventional standards and create a new
type to represent the American democratic
idea.
In this process laymen in art have a marked
HOW TO ORGANIZE 8i
responsibility, because they finally determine
the kind of building to be erected. In a
democracy, art, like everything else, is pro-
foundly affected by public opinion. More-
over, laymen can prevent professional archi-
tects from imposing any one conventional type
of school building upon all communities. To
do so would be deadly dullness. This will be
prevented also by the need for adaptation in
various sections of the country to conditions of
climate, to materials available for use, and to
the location of buildings. But while there
should be variety of form, there are certain
formative principles which must always dis-
tinguish a community type of building. It
must be a democratic building; that is, it must
be beautiful, because hunger for beauty is uni-
versal and beauty is of the highest educational
value ; it must be cheerful, for to dispense joy
to all is a duty demanded of the democratic
ideal ; it must be in simple good taste, so that
the average man will feel unoppressed and un-
embarrassed by it; it must be economical to
build, and a beautiful building is necessarily
more economical; it must be low, springing
out of the soil, easy of access, wide spreading,
82 j A COMMUNITY CENTER
ample for hospitality, for no man can be a
democrat by himself; it must be an honest
building; that is, its beauty must be organic.
It is not artificial adornment superimposed
from the outside, but inheres in the structure
itself. It is like the true beauty of com-
plexion, which does not depend on an external
application of paint, but on the rude internal
facts of digestion and circulation of blood.
No beauty exists in nature unconnected with
her useful processes. Likewise a democratic
building is natural and honest. It has little
or no ornament; its charm is an inborn fitness
and proportion. No canon of taste is more
holy than fitness.
The style of architecture which embodies
these essential principles of a democratic
building more nearly perhaps than any other
is the new Santa Fe type, which is a combina-
tion of the old mission and adobe style in such
a way as to justify us in regarding it as a real
American product. It is well illustrated in
the Alhambra Consolidated School near Phoe-
nix, Ariz. The artist-architect who has cour-
age to escape from slavery to the precedents of
yesterday and the stupid imitations of out-
HOW TO ORGANIZE ( J^
grown standards, and who will take for his
motto ''Not one thing that you do not know to
be useful and believe to be beautiful," has to-
day the opportunity to assist the people to
create a new representative American archi-
tecture, fitted to express their new discovery of
the need for a community schoolhouse. To
build a real house of the people is a patriotic
service of the highest order. Fletcher B.
Dresslar, in his able and comprehensive bul-
letin on American Schoolhouses, very appro-
priately reminds the builders of one of these
temples of democracy that ''Whoever under-
takes to build a schoolhouse to meet and foster
these ideals ought to approach his task with
holy hands and a consciousness of the devotion
which it is to typify."
FREE TRADE IN FRIENDSHIP
This, then, is the writer's understanding as
to what a community center is and how to or-
ganize it, briefly stated. To treat in brief a
subject so big with meaning for the common
welfare, one needs what the poet Keats calls
"negative capabilities"; he must know what to
leave in the inkstand, unsaid.
^84 A COMMUNITY CENTER
/ But after the most efficient methods of or-
ganization have been discovered and applied,
there is one word which must never be left
unsaid or unheeded. Organization is to the
thing to be done what a shell is to an egg.
And while a shell is necessary for the conven-
ient handling of eggs, the shell is not the egg.
The egg of a community center, its heart and
soul, is an idea, a spiritual purpose. To sac-
rifice its soul to efficiency is like selling the egg
for the shell.
"^' ^f Ruth's sickle, used in the Hebrew repub-
lic, were placed by the side of the McCormick
reaper in a world's fair, our progress in me-
chanical efficiency would be dramatically ex-
hibited. But how about Ruth herself? If
she appeared among the women at the fair,
would our superiority in that branch of man-
ufacture be so apparent? Is it Ruth or only
her sickle we have improved? Almost every
nation has at its beginning some formative
principle which shapes its organization and
determines its contribution to the world's wel-
fare. In Palestine it was religion ; in Greece
it was culture; in Rome it was law; in Amer-
ica it is what? Her birth and history clearly
HOW TO ORGANIZE
Q)
indicate that America's high mission is the en-
franchisement of manhood, the development
of the individual. This purpose is the soul
of the community center movement.
The community ideal is fittingly expressed
in a high relief by Frank F. Stone, w^ho illum-
inates it by contrasting it with its opposite
ideal. In this v^ork of art three figures are
represented. On the right is the figure of a
v^ell-fed, self-centered man. The expression
on the face is a freezing scorn and utter dis-
dain of his fellow men. The crown, miter,
money bag, sword, and ermine robe which he
holds in his hands, all indicate that he is an
egotist, who through wealth, the assumption
of divine rights, the accident of birth, or the
sword of force seeks power, prestige, and ad-
vantage over others. Opposite him is the type
of a true democrat, who finds life not insipid,
but inspiring. He is in the act of scaling
the difficult heights of human achievement
through his own unaided efforts. But he is
unwilling to rise alone, and as he fixes his eyes
on the heights which beckon him, he reaches
down a helping hand to raise a weaker brother
with himself. No work of art could more
86 A COMMUNITY CENTER
clearly represent the community center ideal,
together with the ideal which it seeks to re-
place. The only effective way to destroy an
unworthy ideal is to replace it with a better
one.
The community center aims to realize its
ideal by promoting free trade in friendship
among all individuals and classes of the com-
munity. This is its most efficient means for
producing results, because men are more influ-
enced through their feelings than their intel-
lects. This is the reason why "poets are the
unacknowledged legislators of the world."
For the same reason friendship is the chief
solvent of social and industrial difficulties.
When David Grayson sat at dinner with a fac-
tory owner, Mr. Vedder, and was helping him
to settle a strike then in operation, Mr. Vedder
asked him what kind of social philosopher he
called himself. "I do not call myself by any
name," said Grayson, **but if I chose a name,
do you know the name I would like to have ap-
plied to me?" "I can not imagine," was the
answer. "Well, I would like to be called 'an
introducer.' My friend, Mr. Blacksmith, let
me introduce you to my friend, Mr. Plutocrat,
HOW TO ORGANIZE (Sy j
\. /
I could almost swear that you are brothers, so
near alike you are. You will find each other
wonderfully interesting, once you get over the
awkwardness of the introduction." "It is a
good name," said Mr. Vedder, laughing.
"It's a wonderful name," said Grayson, "and
it's about the biggest and finest work in the
world — to know human beings just as they are
and to make them acquainted with one another
just as they are. Why, it's the foundation of
all the democracy there is or ever will be.
Sometimes I think that friendliness is the only
achievement of life worth while, and un-,
friendliness the only tragedy." The commun-l
ity center is a factory for the manufacture of]
friendship, and the chief business of a com-\
munity secretary is to be "an introducer." )
Just as the mere statement of a problem is
half of its solution, likewise free trade in
friendship among men would break down half
the barriers which separate them, because it
would remove the chief cause of their strife.
For a community to carry on its work without
cultivating the spirit of friendship is like
drawing a harrow over frozen ground. This
is so essential to success that one of its chief
88 A COMMUNITY CENTER
aims should be to promote free trade in friend-
ship by producing a collection of community
center songs, so that the people could sing the
sentiment as it is expressed in such poems as
Richard Burton's —
If I had the time to find a place
And sit me down full face to face,
With my better self that can not show
In my daily life that rushes so :
It might be then I would see my soul
Was stumbling still toward the shining goal,
I might be nerved by the thought sublime —
If I had the time!
If I had the time to let my heart
Speak out and take in my life a part,
To look about and to stretch a hand
To a comrade quartered in no-luck land ;
Ah, God! If I might but just sit still
And hear the note of the whippoorwill,
I think that my wish with God's would rhymfr—
If I had the time!
If I had the time to learn from you
How much for comfort my word could do;
And I told you then of my sudden will
To kiss your feet when I did you ill ;
If the tears aback of the coldness feigned
Could flow, and the wrong be quite explained^
Brothers, the souls of us all would chime,
If we had the time!
HOW TO ORGANIZE 89
The community center seeks to promote
freindship, not only in local communities but
also among communities, and not only among
communities in a single state or nation, but
among the larger communities of the nations
themselves, by stimulating devotion to com-
mon ideals, for there can be no friendship un
less there is similarity of aims and purposes.
There is, perhaps, no more accurate or beau-
tiful expression of that which separates and
unites national communities than is to be
found in the following letter sent to America
by a pupil in Paris and made public by John
H. Finley:
It was only a little river, almost a brook; it was called
the Yser. One could talk from one side to the other
without raising one's voice, and the birds could fly over
it with one sweep of their wings. And on the two banks
there were millions of men, the one turned toward the
other, eye to eye. But the distance which separated them
was greater than the stars in the sky ; it was the distance
which separates right from injustice.
The ocean is so vast that the sea gulls do not dare to
cross it. During the seven days and seven nights the
great steamships of America, going at full speed, drive
through the deep waters before the lighthouses of France
come into view; but from one side to the other hearts
are touching.
90 ) A COMMUNITY CENTER
Manifestly the task of the community center
is complex and difHcult. Our business, how-
ever, is not to debate the possibility of reach-
ing the goal, but to make a start toward it.
When Socrates was asked, "How shall we get
to Mount Olympus?" he answered, "By doing
all your walking in that direction." While
we keep Mount Olmypus in sight to give us
direction, we must recognize that the amount
of possible progress toward it is determined by
conditions as we find them. Our choice does
not lie between the ideal and the actual. We
must always choose both. We must know not
only the goal but the road to it. Our practi-
cal problem is to devise a working plan which
includes what is both ideally desirable and
actually possible. If we are ever to arrive at
Mount Olympus, we must start from where we
are, we must take things "as is"; we must "ac-
cept the universe" and "try to fashion it as best
we may with patience and good humor.
Although the road to the community center
goal is difficult, nevertheless the hope of ul-
timate success has the best of guarantees. It
is buttressed by unescapable necessity. The
solid basis on which this hope rests is the lack
HOW TO ORGANIZE /91
of self-sufficiency. On this fact society itself
is founded. On this principle, Plato con-
structed his republic. No community nor na-
tion, as well as no individual, is self-sufficient.
This applies both to the supply of physical
necessities and the supply of food for minds
and souls. No nation, as no man, can long
live a Robinson Crusoe type of existence.
They have a community of interests. All men
are political animals. They must have with
each other some kind of business, either good
or bad. The community center movement
merely aims to make this business good instead
of bad. The obvious sanity of this policy is
the guarantee of its ultimate triumph.
While a lack of knowledge concerning both
the spirit and method of democracy makes the
road to this goal a difficult one to travel, yet
the rewards by the way are always in propor-
tion to the hardships. The satisfaction of
working for a cause bigger than one's private
advantage is never lost, whatever be the for-
tunes of the cause itself. Eric, a dying soldier
boy in France writing his last letter to his
father and mother, well expressed both the sat-
isfaction and its cause when he said : "To a
Q
A COMMUNITY CENTER
very small number it is given to live in history ;
their number is scarcely i to 10,000,000. To
the rest it is only granted to live in their united
achievements." This is the experience not
only of vision-seeing, chivalrous youths w^ho
have not yet exchanged their ideals for their
comforts, but it is the experience also of a ma-
ture man like Thomas Jefferson. When the
long shadows fell across his life and he came
to write his epitaph, this is what he wrote:
HERE WAS BURIED
THOMAS JEFFERSON
AUTHOR OF THE
DECLARATION
OF
AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
OF THE
STATUTE OF VIRGINIA
FOR
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
AND FATHER OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA.
It is highly significant that he never men-
tions the fact that he had been governor of
Virginia, Secretary of State, minister to
France, twice President of the United States.
That is to say, he never mentions any personal
rewards, anything that the people had done
HOW TO ORGANIZE (93
for him, but only what he had done for the
people, only the service which his genius and
loyalty had rendered to the community causes
of democracy and education. This alone is
what he cared to remember with joy and pride.
This is why the community-center movement
is justified in claiming the major loyalty of all
soldiers of the common welfare.
PART III
THE PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP
SHOES WHICH SUGGEST A SOCIAL PROGRAM
THE PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP
THE "COMMON HOUSE"
"Come with me now to the common house,
the Maison Commune, and tell me, first, if you
know a more beautiful name than this ! The
common house! What ideas the familiar
term awakens! There is, in the village, a
house that belongs to no one in particular, that
is open to the poor as to the rich; that is, so
to speak, the domestic center, the home of the
village itself."
With this statement President Poincare of
France closes his sketch of the checkered and
stormy struggle, on the part of his country, to
secure stable local self-government. There
are in France to-day 36,225 communes, each
with its common house, its mayor and its coun-
cilors. Only recently have the liberties of
local communities been put on a firm footing,
although the Constituent Assembly in 1789 en-
deavored to revive and establish them. The
leaders of the French Revolution and the lead-
ers of the American Revolution agreed in be-
97
98 A COMMUNITY CENTER
lieving that the commune, the organized local
community, is the corner-stone of the national
edifice and the administrative unit most in con-
formity with the nature of things. This ideal
America has rediscovered, and is now attempt-
ing to put it into operation through its com-
munity-center movement. It is this ideal on
account of which the United States Bureau of
Education and the Council of National De-
fense have united their forces for the purpose
of promoting.
HOW IT WORKS
To build a Maison Commune, to make every
schoolhouse the community capitol and every
community a little democracy, is indeed, as
President Poincare says, a beautiful ideal.
But how does it work? That is the question
with which this ideal is constantly challenged.
Let us fearlessly accept the challenge, for
ideals are intended to be operated. At the
same time it ought to be frankly admitted —
indeed it ought not to need stating — that
neither in France nor in America does the
ideal community as yet exist. The commun-
ity, or the individual, laying claim to a ful-
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 99
filled ideal either must have a low ideal, or
be self-deceived. The praise of a freeman's
citizenship is sung as a kind of doxology in
public assemblies. It is an emotional outlet
for our worship of American ideals. But the
practice of citizenship in an actual community
is quite a different thing, and obviously a com-
plex and difficult enterprise. The general
principles expressed in the first part of our
Declaration of Independence are beautiful
ideals, but when we came to its bill of partic-
ulars our trouble began. It led to the Revolu-
tionary War. The ideals of the Declaration
did not even get themselves embodied in the
Constitution and have never since been prac-
ticed in any American Community. This is
nothing against the ideals. It is no reason
why one's devotion to them should cool.
Quite the contrary; it is the most cogent reason
for the renewal of loyalty and the increase of
zest in working for their realization. All
worth-while ideals are difficult to operate.
"The task of the American freeman," says
Francis B. Gummere, "is to see his ideal com-
munity steady and whole, and to put its yoke
upon his own neck."
loo A COMMUNITY CENTER
While the kind of community whose organ-
ization we seek to promote is an imagined
community, and does not yet exist, yet there
have always been encouraging approximations
to it. Approximations to it exist to-day in
larger numbers, both in America and in other
nations, than at any previous period of his-
tory. Indeed, so numerous are they that a
brief description of them would occupy a vol-
ume. A present urgent need of the Bureau
of Education is to prepare such a descriptive
report in order to answer the requests for in-
formation which the newly awakened interest
in community organization has inspired in all
sections of the country.
Within the limits here allotted it is possible
to give only a few brief illustrations. But
they are illustrations of typical communities;
the writer has first-hand knowledge of them,
and they are representative of permanently
important lines of work now in the process of
development. The communities here selected
for illustration are: A village, a country-
side, a suburb, a small city, an average city,
a big city, a state.
PRACTICE OF CITliENitifF''ic>r
A VILLAGE
The village referred to has a population of
500 and is surrounded by a rich farming coun-
try. The way this farm-village began its com-
munity work is significant. Some women in
the village church gave a simple amateur play,
a community drama, to satisfy the young peo-
ple's desire for pleasure, to promote the spirit
of cooperation and incidentally to raise money
for the church. It was a marked success, but
when the proceeds were presented to the
church officials, they refused it on the ground
that it was tainted money. This event bore
immediate fruit. It at once revealed the
necessity for a building to meet the obvious
needs of the community, which the church
refused to meet. A movement was started to
secure one. It met with enthusiastic response.
A beautiful community building was erected
and dedicated, free of debt. I had the
honor of giving the dedication address. In
it are conducted lectures, community dramas,
games, socials and dances. It houses a library
and provides preaching on Sundays. The
community spirit thus created has been so im-
rbi A COMMUNITY CENTER
pressive and helpful that one citizen asked for
the privilege of endowing the building. The
amount is not sufficient to cripple the move-
ment, but enough to ease the burden of raising
operating expenses. It has so unified and en-
thused the community as to inspire the erec-
tion of a large new schoolhouse, a far better
equipped building than previously would have
been possible. These are visible signs of the
new spirit of neighborhood and responsible
citizenship born in the community.
The significant fact exhibited in this com-
munity's experience is the need to broaden the
scope and deepen the content of religion. But
since religion is still regarded by many as a
dogma instead of an attitude to life, it is bet-
ter not to use this term and say rather that the
community achieved its freedom from the
false distinction between sacred and secular.
The contribution which this farm village
makes to other communities needs to be em-
phasized. It can be done most briefly and
effectively by relating it to an incident in
Mark Twain's wise book, ^'A Connecticut
Yankee at the Court of King Arthur." He
describes a certain zealot and anchorite, who
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 103
condemned himself to the treadmill practice
of bending and unbending his body — bowing
and rising — all day long, day after day and
year after year. That was his religion, — his
whole religion as he conceived it — and by its
practice he had won for himself a reputation
for transcendent piety. But to the hard-
headed, practical Yankee this looked like a
waste of energy and he began to study how to
utilize it and turn it to some good purpose.
Accordingly he arranged a device by which
the old ascetic was hitched to a sewing-ma-
chine, and as he continued to practice his re-
ligion he was made to turn the machine and
thus his piety was turned to some account.
Mark Twain is justified in turning the weapon
of his humor against the distinction between
sacred and secular, because while it has no
existence in fact, and is merely a mental illu-
sion, it has done untold damage to human wel-
fare. The progress of the community center
movement requires that everywhere this dis-
tinction be destroyed, just as this farm village
succeeded in doing.
I04 A COMMUNITY CENTER
A COUNTRY-SIDE
The open-country community selected for
illustration is a county. The special feature
of its work here described is a new enterprise
and suggestive to other counties. The local
communities of this county were requested to
send as many of their members as could come
to a country schoolhouse and spend one week
together in community center activities.
They came — men, women and children,
youths and adults, — they came on foot, by
mule-back and in automobiles, — they came
every day from near and far, some as far as
twenty miles. They increased in numbers as
the week went on. This experiment may most
accurately be described by calling it a people's
university. There was present a faculty of
over a dozen members, made up of representa-
tives from the state departments of education,
agriculture, health, road-making, fire protec-
tion and from the state university and state
normal college, and the U. S. Bureau of Edu-
cation. Each morning the faculty met on the
porch of a near-by hotel to adjust the day's
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 105
program and indulge in jollity and recreation
(it is a prohibition state).
The day's work lasted from 3 to 10 P. M.
The afternoon was devoted to instruction in
road-making, home economics, cooperative
buying and selling, fire protection, organized
play, music, boys' and girls' club work.
There were classes for all, both young and old,
the teachers each day exchanging classes. At
the twilight hour all remained for a picnic
supper in the grove surrounding the school-
house. It was a real "communion supper," in
which we broke bread together as friends and
neighbors devoted to the common welfare.
No such People's University is complete
without a motion picture outfit as a time-sav-
ing instrument of instruction. But there was
no electricity in the county. How could it
be managed? Where there's a will there's a
way. The leaders of the experiment secured
two Ford automobiles. On one they placed a
Delco-Light machine which made the electric-
ity. On the other they put a projector.
Twenty educational reels were sent from the
Federal Departments at Washington, and
io6 A COMMUNITY CENTER
story reels were secured from private agencies.
The schoolhouse was, of course, too small to
hold the people. The screen was hung on the
side of the building and the people seated in
the grove. The evening program consisted of
community singing, motion pictures and a lec-
ture by the writer on community organization.
To him the prospect of competing with motion
pictures was a source of anxiety, especially
since more than half of the people had never
seen a motion picture. But his fear was un-
justified. They enjoyed the pictures but did
not lose their heads over them. It is no small
compliment to them to report their repeated
remarks that they did not come for pictures
but for a serious discussion of their community
problems. Moreover, the writer presented to
them exactly the same lectures which he had
delivered to a summer school in a rich and
learned northern university, and they received
the same appreciation, only more so, which
means that one never needs to talk down to the
people provided he uses language they can un-
derstand. They may not be bookish but they
know how to think about life's fundamentals.
This was an experiment in taking a univer-
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 107
sity to the people who need it most. It is a
new kind of university extension. It is ap-
plied democracy. Its value cannot be over-
estimated. For, as President Wilson said, "A
kind of liberal education must underlie every
wholesome political and social process, the
kind of liberal education which connects a
man's feeling and his comprehension with the
general run of mankind, which disconnects
him from the special interests and marries his
thought to the common interests of great com-
munities."
The significant fact about this county's ex-
periment is that the people's response amply
justifies the labor involved in it. One result,
for example, was that the county commission-
ers appropriated $12,000 to secure better
sanitary conditions in the county. This is
an index of far larger results. The sight of
the people seated in the schoolhouse grove on
those warm moon-light nights — their wistful
eager faces, their hunger for knowledge, their
new sense of community responsibility, their
social and mental hospitality — leaves a picture
in the writer's memory never to be forgotten
and furnishes a ground of hope that their en-
io8 A COMMUNITY CENTER
larged outlook upon life will issue in recon-
structed communities. As the week drew to
a close the members of the faculty were moved
in common by a new and strangely vital im-
pulse which they confessed to each other. It
was a sort of religious passion. They said this
is the new evangelism, an educational evangel-
ism. This same work must be done in every
community of the State. And so it ought.
A SUBURB
The suburb selected for illustration is at-
tached to one of our eastern cities already fa-
mous for the beauty of its suburbs. This one
is among the best. It has no school, no
church, and no town government, on account
of which happy condition of freedom the
writer has told the people they are to be con-
gratulated, because there are so many things
they will not have to unlearn and so much
dead lumber they will not have to remove.
The door is wide open for a fine piece of
constructive work. The work of construc-
tion is so much easier than that of reconstruc-
tion or destruction.
The writer has urged this community to
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 109
organize its community life comprehensively,
and to build its proposed "common house" in
such a way that it will serve as a school, as a
social club and as a town hall all at once. He
is also urging it to take a big step in advance
and to make its "city manager" and school
principal to be one and the same person in
order to become an object lesson to towns and
cities and demonstrate how it is possible to
unify and simplify public affairs, to give the
school the dominant place it deserves and to
redeem politics from its low condition. More
than 75 per cent of the money raised by this
community from taxation would be used for
school purposes. Its other public interests
are quite subordinate. Indeed it is getting on
very well now without any town government
at all except the slight amount exercised by
the township. In organizing its public ac-
tivities this community has the rare chance of
doing the obviously wise but daring thing of
putting first things first and second things
second.
It has already made a fair start. It has in-
corporated its community association in order
not only to hold property, but especially in
no A COMMUNITY CENTER
order to safeguard the community's develop-
ment until such time as a state law can be
enacted for the incorporation of towns on lines
better suited to promote economic and social
welfare. It has secured an old stone mill
building long unused and fitted it up to serve
as an assembly room and social center.
Through the use of this old building a rarely
beautiful neighborhood spirit has already been
created.
For several years, in this old building, com-
munity drama has been developed to a high
degree of perfection. Community drama has
been called the "ritual of the religion of
democracy." It has been so used by this
suburb. Members of the Community have
both written and staged plays of the highest
merit. The writer here witnessed a play
called "The Artsman," a local product, which
would have done credit to any theater in the
country. The secret of its charm, as of all
good work, was its sincerity. This was re-
vealed by a touching little circumstance. The
author of the drama, who was to have taken
the leading part, died before the play was
given. He had planned to build a real fire-
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP iiii,
place on the stage to add a touch of reality
to the drama. In respect to his wish the
young people, some of whom had parts in the
play, built with their own hands out of real
stone a fireplace which burned real wood.
Any community where such sincere devotion
is possible exhibits unusual capacity for realiz-
ing community ideals. When the story of the
spiritual value of community drama comes to
be written, what this little suburb has done
will occupy a worthy place in it.
The typical suburb is in special need of a
community center, because it lacks a per-
sonality, a community sense. It is neither city
nor country. It is chiefly an eating and sleep-
ing place. It is semi-detached from normal
activities, and has a tendency to breed a semi-
detached type of man. On the other hand,
the suburb, just because its members have
broken away from their old moorings and tra-
ditions and represent previous environments so
various in their nature, is a place especially
fitted for a comprehensive organization like a
community center. From long and intimate
acquaintance with suburbs, the writer feels
that the suburb is the most fruitful of all fields
112 A COMMUNITY CENTER
for the rapid growth of the community center
ideal and can make a distinct contribution to
it if it is awake to its opportunity and if money
has not destroyed its capacity for public-
mindedness.
The suburb here referred to is a striking ex-
ample of the opportunity which suburbs in
general have. Unhandicapped in the process
of organizing its life, it has the chance to do
pioneer work of the highest value. It can
show town and city governments how they may
eliminate needless waste and duplication by
using the schoolhouses as convenient and effec-
tive avenues through which to perform admin-
istrative functions and public services, such as
voting, recreation, health, fire-protection, vital
statistics and many more.
If it were not so new it would seem an
obviously wise thing to say that every police-
man ought to be an assistant community
secretary, that he ought to receive a course
of instruction in social service, and that
he ought to be a type of man capable of taking
such a course. He ought at least to be a
scoutmaster, and all the boys in his district
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 113
should be his assistants. A school would do
wisely to include in its curriculum such a field
course in civics for its boys. This may of
course necessitate a new type of policeman but
this is the intention. If policemen became
social workers it would halve their troubles
and double their joys; that is, it would
make them four times as efficient as at present.
A beginning in this direction has already
been made at Toledo, Ohio, where they have
discarded their clubs and adopted the slogan
that their business is to help and not hurt
people. A policeman should be rewarded
not for the number of arrests he succeeds in
making, but for the number he succeeds in
making unnecessary. His aim should be pre-
vention instead of cure.
The suggestion to affiliate the town govern-
ment and the school, which this suburb is con-
sidering, does not mean that politics should be
taken into the schools but that the schools
should be taken into politics. It means that it
is the effective method, if there is any, by
which to redeem the term politics, and make it
synonymous, not with partisan and personal
114 A COMMUNITY CENTER
profit, but with social service, as it once was
and as it will be again when the community
center movement becomes dominant.
A SMALL CITY
The small city, whose community center is
selected for illustration, is one of the most
beautiful cities in America. Its community
center referred to is characteristic of the city.
The building is the best equipped building for
community center work which the writer has
as yet anywhere seen. This community is also
in the forefront of community development in
that it has a secretary, publicly elected by the
people of the neighborhood and supported out
of public funds. This fact needs to be care-
fully noted because it is certain to become
more and more apparent that complex work of
this sort cannot be carried on with success
unless trained workers are employed. In-
deed the need of leadership has already be-
come urgent. It is already clear that the field
for community work will be ready much
sooner than workers can be prepared to man it.
Even this community with its fine equipment
is typical of this condition. It has the most
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 115
complete and business-like organization that
the writer has seen. Its machinery is first
class. It only needs to be operated. But
there is a call for more work to be done than
any one person can do.
In these circumstances it has centered its
effort along one or two lines of activity chiefly.
Its main work at present is to equip its mem-
bers with useful occupations. It conducts
evening classes in sewing, millinery, civil serv-
ice preparation, public speaking, parliamen-
tary law, and other subjects. It pays special
attention to health and recreation. It con-
ducts classes in gymnasium work for girls
and women, social and rhythmic dancing, am-
ateur theatricals, junior and senior orches-
tra, grade violin classes. The number at-
tending these classes is about 800 per week.
During special weeks there have been as many
as 2,000 in attendance, but the average is about
800 in the winter season. The amount re-
ceived to defray operating expenses last year
was over $2,000. This year it will be more.
In addition to these there are many other
activities like war kitchen work, lectures on
food conservation and special entertainments.
ii6 A COMMUNITY CENTER
A start has been made in community buying,
and plans are all made to operate a community
bank. But the fact of importance about this
community is the marked success it has made
in its work of vocational training. It does not
neglect cultural activities, because it believes
that men and women are something more than
working machines. But it believes that the
first essential equipment for a citizen in a
democracy is the capacity for self-support. It
is not the only equipment but it is the first.
It was the law and custom of the Hebrew
Republic that every man and woman should
have a trade. It is a good rule for every
Republic, for no citizen of a democracy ought
to be a beggar. Moreover, those, who do not
need to earn a living, most of all need the edu-
cation which manual training gives. This is
a cardinal doctrine of the community center
movement. Every community center ought
to have a workshop open in the evenings,
where mechanics may go to school to each
other and where they may get expert help and
advice that they may secure greater pro-
ficiency. That is the message of this particu-
lar center to other communities.
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 117
AN AVERAGE CITY
The type of work in an average city, here
given for illustration, is selected because it
embodies a distinctive idea of great value. It
is a poor, populous typical manufacturing cen-
ter. The school is over-crowded with chil-
dren and the district is over-crowded with
saloons. The school has an especially poor
equipment, but it has a principal, equipped
with genius and a social vision.
She devised a system by which she knows
each day why absent students are absent. A
common cause for absence was discovered to
be the lack of shoes suitable to wear on stormy
days. She removed this cause by having the
shoes mended by boys in the manual training
department and lending the children shoes
while their own were being mended. The
boys did this work so well that they were
asked to mend shoes for people outside the
school. For this they received pay, which
they needed in order to be able to remain in
school, instead of leaving school in order to
help support the family by outside work.
Thus was born a cobbling shop. Then the
ii8 A COMMUNITY CENTER
principal realized that it would be unwise for
some of the boys to take home the money they
earned, because it would be spent by unworthy
parents in the saloon. She therefore started
a savings bank to safeguard these earnings.
Thus there originated two economic enter-
prises— a bank and a cobbling shop.
On one of my visits I bought a pair of these
little dilapidated shoes, for the sake of the
parable they embodied. Their owner was a
little girl. The health of this potential
mother of future American citizens was in
danger. Her education was interrupted ; she
was debarred from the school equipment, the
expense of which went on whether she was
present or absent. The principal attempted
to meet these obvious human needs, and yet she
was called before the school board and re-
quired to explain and defend her unusual
audacity. The interesting fact to note is that
it is the principal who took the initiative in
this community work. She is the type de-
scribed in Herbert Quick's "The Brown
Mouse." She is a woman of tact and force,
and was able to continue her work in spite of
opposition.
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 119
The situation in this district bristles with
interesting problems. Close to the school
there is a social settlement with four resident
workers and a large yearly budget. It has not
been a great success. The school is doing the
same work better and at less expense. The
school and settlement needed each other.
How to coordinate them is the question which
the writer was asked to assist in solving. It is
a question which everywhere will demand in-
creasing attention. The wise step taken by
this school in arranging that clinics, conducted
by city and private agencies for mothers and
babies, use the schoolhouse instead of pri-
vately rented quarters is a similar question of
great social interest. Interesting as these
questions are they are here passed over in
order to center attention on the shoe-shop.
The issue raised by it is the extent to which a
school ought to be used to meet economic needs
which involve the moral and spiritual welfare
of the community, the extent to which articles
made in the schools can be sold to the com-
munity, the extent to which school activities
can be related to life processes. It is an issue
of immediate and growing importance.
I20 A COMMUNITY CENTER
A picture of the shoes referred to is repro-
duced at the head of this chapter, because they
suggest a complete social program. This
fact is here emphasized because so many com-
munities are at a loss to know what activities
to undertake and are constantly asking some
one to furnish them a program. The truth is
that the home-soil of any community will
probably furnish all the program it needs to
ask, just as in the district under discussion.
Take so simple and obvious a starting point as
this little pair of shoes. If the adults of a
community center, who are organized on the
basis of their responsibility for children, were
to follow the lead presented by these shoes and
inquired into the causes which compel the
owners of such shoes to drop out of school, it
would lead them into the home and its con-
ditions; it would lead them into the factory to
discover the amount of wage received; it
would lead them into the saloon to discover
what proportion of the wage was wasted there ;
it would lead them into the school to discover
whether the studies were such as to hold the
interest of children and to equip them for their
work in life. Here's a program ready-made
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 121
and amply sufficient to enlist the best thought
of any community for an unlimited period.
In this neighborhood over 91 per cent of
the girls and boys are eliminated from school
before they finish the grammar grades. This
percentage is abnormally high, but the average
is over 50 per cent for the entire country. The
fact that the majority of our children do not
receive as much as a grammar school education
is an un-American and a suicidal national
policy and forebodes serious evil to the Re-
public's future. If any community believed
that the child is the nation's biggest asset and
should set itself the task of providing such
ways and means or removing such obstacles as
may be necessary to enable all children to
remain in school until they have finished the
grammar grades; if it adopted the slogan — at
least a grammar school education the mini-
mum for every American girl and boy; if it
courageously attempted to remove the causes
which now rob the children of this minimum,
whether these causes be the kind of studies
now pursued in school, the home conditions of
the children, or the economic conditions of
the community, it would render a national ser-
122 A COMMUNITY CENTER
vice second to none in permanent value. It is
a project big enough and vital enough to enlist
the loyal support of every lover of American
ideals.
A BIG CITY
When we come to a big city our real trouble
begins. It is so vast, so complex, that one is at
a loss to know where to begin or end. A big
city is a whole nation in itself, and it is essen-
tial that we think of it in these terms. It is
because of this complexity that the writer has
selected for illustration a phase of community
activity which is essential to effective work in
a big city.
The district of the city here referred to con-
tains a population of 40,000. In it there are
more hospitals and more sickness; more
charity organizations and more poverty than
exists, perhaps, in any other community of like
size in the world. It seems incredible but it is
true that there are as many as 147 agencies and
organizations, municipal, private and char-
itable, all operating on the defenseless private
citizen. Talk of the "simple life"! Where
can such a thing be found in such a com-
munity? One mother in this district, whose
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 123
sense of humor gave her some relief, told a
friend of the writer that she felt she would be
driven to the expediency of keeping office
hours in her home in order to receive all the
organizations desiring to operate on her.
The immense amount of needless waste in
overhead charges through duplication and
conflict of activities, which must necessarily re-
sult, from such conditions, is too obvious to
need explanation. It is a condition of things
in which the law of diminishing returns is
operating at full speed. Is it any wonder that
James Bryce said the government of our cities
is America's most conspicuous failure? With
a view of eliminating some of the causes of this
failure a group of pioneer social workers have
put into operation in this neighborhood an in-
strument which the writer believes will be
widely adopted in other districts of the city.
It is "a community clearing house." It is as
yet a laboratory experiment in community
work, but it has already demonstrated its
obvious usefulness.
This particular community clearing house
is an intelligence office for information. It is
a point of contact between the people and the
124 A COMMUNITY CENTER
municipal government. It bridges the gulf
between them. It furnishes information to
municipal departments concerning the needs
of the people. It furnishes information to the
people concerning the services w^hich their
government is prepared to render. It also ren-
ders the same sort of service to the numer-
ous social service agencies and institutions,
both public and private, operating in this dis-
trict. They call it "a neighborhood gateway
to all the city's resources of helpfulness."
What this service means to the lonely, needy,
bewildered citizens of a big city can only be
appreciated by one familiar with its life. To
bring together human needs and the municipal
agencies designed to meet them, this is a task,
the importance of which can be learned only
by experience. To one ignorant of them,
helpful institutions might as well be non-ex-
istent unless the knowledge of them is made
available for use. The clearing house not
only makes such knowledge available, but one
of its chief merits is that it does it speedily.
The common cause of an incalculable burden
on the city is the fact that moral and physical
ills arc neglected so long that the remedy,
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 125
when it is applied, is of little avail. Most of
the social energy of a large city is consumed
in attempting to undo what might have been
prevented.
The clearing house has a large significance
for a city community. There should be a
central clearing house in every large city dis-
trict and a sub-station of it in each one of its
local community centers. The general data
gathered by the central clearing house can be
made available for each local schoolhouse, but
only through the local center can the human
needs be made adequately known. The influ-
ence of the clearing house upon the average
citizen's attitude to his city government and
also upon the character of the government
itself will undoubtedly produce a marked and
helpful change. One of the pioneers of the
project wisely says : "It is important that the
people have an intelligent sympathy toward
their own government. . . . Ignorance, re-
sistance, and hostility must be transformed
into sympathy and understanding. The indi-
vidual and his immediate group must be led
to initiate their own improvement." Does not
this state a basic need of the big city? And
126 A COMMUNITY CENTER
is not this the need which the community cen-
ter is designed and equipped to meet?
A STATE
The state selected for illustration has in suc-
cessful operation an overhead organization,
which in an expanded form the writer believes
every other state should duplicate. It is a
state Bureau of Community Service. It is a
central bureau composed of a representative of
the state department of education, agriculture,
health, the college of agriculture, and me-
chanical arts, the normal and industrial col-
lege and the farmer's union. It is designed to
coordinate state agencies so that they will be
real allies, and not rivals in the public service.
Its chairman is the state commissioner of edu-
cation. It employs an executive secretary.
The state appropriates $25,000 annually for
its use.
It seems desirable, in order to secure the best
results, that the plan on which this state has
organized its bureau should be enlarged. Its
membership ought to include representatives
not only of state departments, but also of vol-
unteer agencies, and individuals who have
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 127
rendered conspicuous service to community de-
velopment or who have special equipment for
it. The application of the term "State" needs
also to be expanded to include cities of the first
class. They ought to organize their own ser-
vice bureaus. They ought to be regarded as
city-states and treated as separate units. They
are more populous than some states, indeed one
borough of New York City is several times
more populous than some states. Moreover,
a big city's problems are peculiar to itself. In
the work of the Council of National Defense
it was found necessary to deal with New York
City as a separate entity. With the consent of
the State Council, it was so arranged. For
several years in educational matters the same
plan has been in practical operation, though
never definitely agreed upon.
The need for such a bureau in states and
cities at once becomes obvious the moment one
attempts to do any constructive work. The
same old needless waste through duplication
and conflicts everywhere clutters up the high-
way and obstructs progress. It is one of the
ugliest of our social diseases. But our present
public need calls for concerted action and to
128 A COMMUNITY CENTER
this call there is a most encouraging response.
Recently one of our large cities invited the
writer to assist in coordinating its organ-
izations with the mayor's committee of defense
for the sake of their common purpose. There
were found to be seven large city-wide ac-
tivities, as well as many smaller ones, all aim-
ing at the same thing, but each going its own
way. The facts themselves demand a central
bureau as the only instrument to secure effec-
tive action and to prevent enormous waste.
As soon as representatives of these organ-
izations assembled in the same room and faced
the facts, they were public-minded enough to
pronounce a unanimous verdict in favor of a
service bureau through which they could do
team work. What they will do when they are
out of each other's presence cannot be pre-
dicted. But there seems to be good ground
for hope that the city will establish a bureau
of community service.
Such a bureau would enable councils of
defense to do their work more effectively by
utilizing those agencies having large expe-
rience in community work. It would also be
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 129
prepared to conserve and carry on any good
work done by the councils of defense, when
they go out of business at the close of the war.
The virile and concerted moral forces evoked
by the struggle against the enemies of democ-
racy outside the nation ought not to be de-
mobilized at the close of the war, but ought to
be retained as a permanent civilian army to do
battle against the foes of democracy within the
Nation.
To be most effective such a service bureau
ought to be given a public status. This can
be done if it is created either by the Council of
Defense or by the Board of Education. But
since the Council of Defense is a temporary
and the Board of Education a permanent body,
it seems obviously wiser to relate it to the
Board of Education. Such a Bureau ought
to be organized with care. How to make it a
responsible body, and at the same time grant it
a large measure of freedom, requires careful
thought. These two elements can doubtless
be adjusted by including in the act, which
creates the bureau, a clear, definite statement
as to its aims and purposes, and an equally
I30 A COMMUNITY CENTER
clear statement granting freedom as to means
and methods to be used in securing the results
expected of it.
As a suggested basis of discussion the writer
would propose that a bureau of community
service be composed of an indefinite number of
members, both men and women, who have spe-
cial equipment for community work; that
among its members there shall be at least one
representative of those organizations, both
governmental and voluntary, which are non-
partisan, nonsectarian and whose aim is the
public welfare; that its members be appointed
either by the Superintendent of Public In-
struction or the Board of Education, until
three have been appointed, after which they
shall be elected by the Bureau itself; that the
Bureau organize itself, electing its own offi-
cers and making its own rules of procedure;
and that the chairman of the Bureau be ap-
pointed a collaborator of the United States
Bureau of Education in its work of com-
munity organization.
Whatever form of organization may be
deemed best, the need for such a Bureau seems
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 131
obvious. It would prevent the serious dam-
age resulting from the needless waste through
the duplication of public social agencies
already formed, and prevent new needless
ones from forming. It would furnish a point
of contact between complementary agencies
within the state itself, and enable them to pool
their experience, and it would furnish a point
of contact between the State and Federal Gov-
ernments, thus providing in each state a group
of men and women, to whom the United States
Bureau of Education could send information
and from whom it could receive information
to be used for the common advantage of all.
The country is so big, that it is physically
impossible for the Federal Government to act
through individuals. It must act through
representative men and women. The writer
expresses the earnest hope that each state and
city-state will, in the near future, seriously
consider the question of creating such a bureau
of representatives for organized community
service, the value of which one state has al-
ready demonstrated.
132 A COMMUNITY CENTER
A HALF-FINISHED PRODUCT
There are two additional community ac-
tivities, of immediate and permanent im-
portance, in which the writer is engaged.
They are community buying and banking and
the incorporation of communities, so that com-
munity buildings, erected to supplement the
facilities of the schoolhouse, may be owned and
operated by the community itself. But these
subjects require special and extended treat-
ment and are therefore omitted from this
sketch.
The seven types of communities, here
briefly described, have been selected not only
because the writer has first-hand knowledge
of them, but also because they are typical of
distinct and helpful phases of community
work. Each one has achieved a marked suc-
cess in one or more activities, which are both
significant and suggestive to other communi-
ties. While it is thus seen that the community
center movement has developed far enough to
permit us to say that it is in part an accom-
plished fact, and that hundreds of com-
munities have made a fair start, yet it needs
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 133
to be clearly understood and frankly acknowl-
edged that it is still in its pioneer period. It
is in the making. It is a half-finished prod-
uct. The work is complex and diflScult. It
would be quite easy if it were not for human
nature. The problem is difficult because it is
a human problem. But the rectification of
human nature is the task which the community
center movement has deliberately chosen in
spite of its known difficulties. It is a pioneer
in the new science of human economy.
It is not only the complexity of human
nature, which makes its task difficult, but the
bigness of its aim. Its aim is nothing less than
that suggested by the motto of the French
Republic: ^^Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."
Its aim is not only high but broad, for it real-
izes the frequently forgotten truth that a citi-
zen's aspirations can never go any higher on
the perpendicular than they go out on the
horizontal; that sympathy determines the
worth of aspiration ; that if he cannot love his
fellow-men whom he can see, he cannot love
God, whom he cannot see. A good symbol
for a community center would be a circle, be-
cause it is not a membership organization, but
134 A COMMUNITY CENTER
a comprehensive one; it is an all-inclusive
circle, vv^hich embraces the w^hole community.
Is it not obvious why community center work
is difficult? Its glory consists in the fact that
its reach exceeds its grasp, as it ought to.
In view of the bigness of the task, and its
natural difficulty in ordinary times, it is a
source of satisfaction to note the pronounced
impetus at present given to the movement by
the country's awakened sense of its need, and
by the joint effort of the Council of National
Defense and the United States Bureau of Edu-
cation to meet it. The Nation's biggest need
is to mobilize its citizens in local communities
for national service. This is a necessity at all
times, but an urgent necessity in times of
national danger. The first task of the local
community is to register all its youths and
adults, to ascertain its human resources, to en-
list them in community companies for public
service and especially to create and maintain
a wholesome morale, for the nation's safety,
either in war or peace, depends on the morale
of its civilian population more than on any
other single factor. "Morale," said Napo-
leon, "is to force as three is to one."
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 135
If, while local communities are organizing
themselves for immediate war work they will
so far as possible organize themselves along
permanent lines for constructive purposes as
well, they will not only do the immediate task
better, but it will save them the labor of doing
the same work twice. Moreover, by such a
wise policy they will be prepared to meet the
after-war problems immediately ahead, which
in many respects will be far more difficult to
handle than are the present problems of the
war period. The question is not whether it is
easy or difficult, but is it a citizen's duty. It
is indeed a difficult and inspiring task at any
time. But the Nation's present and per-
manent need alike demand that it shall be
done, if our experiment in democracy is not to
suffer shipwreck; if America is not to become
"a land of broken promise." Therefore,
what? Therefore, it shall be done.
"never so baffled, but — "
The man who understands the meaning of
community organization for the Nation's fu-
ture welfare; who takes his stand not on his
rights, but his duties; who appreciates the
136 A COMMUNITY CENTER
beauty of the American ideal, will not be baf-
fled but inspired by the task. It is useless,
and may be worse, for any man to undertake
community work unless he is equipped with
this point of view. He must take the victory
with him before the battle begins. This is not
poetry, it is the plainest of common facts. It
is the first essential qualification for a man who
enlists in the cause of democracy. He does
not think failure, he thinks success. He is an
optimist by conviction, not because he refuses
to face ugly facts, but because he refuses to be
defeated by them. His motto is ''Don't count
the enemy, beat him."
The real democrat does not need success ; he
only needs a cause. That is, he is a man of
courage. He has the courage to go on with-
out guarantees of any kind. The American
ideal has frequently broken down and in a
number of respects? Very well. Granted.
The real democrat does not permit what
America has not yet achieved to blind him
to the beauty of what she has already achieved.
He knows that the American ideal is the hope
of the world. The call to help that ideal
progressively to realize itself, he regards as a
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 137
challenge to his heroism. He accepts it. He
has the courage to **carry on."
In Browning's poem, "Ixion," occurs a
phrase repeated three times, which aptly de-
scribes the true American spirit. It is:
"Never so baffled, but — " This is character-
istic of Browning. He always ends in the
crescendo, the rising scale, the optimistic note.
He never ends in the dumps. If he had writ-
ten the story of a certain Syrian nobleman, he
would not have said, as his ancient biographer
did, "Naaman was a mighty man of valor, but
he was a leper." He would have reversed the
sentence: "Naaman was a leper, but he was
a mighty man of valor." Stevenson was an
invalid, but he was a courageously happy man.
Helen Keller is a deaf mute, but she is a bril-
liant and beautiful spirit. There exist social
and economic conditions in America, which
contradict her democratic ideals, but she has
done more towards the enfranchisement of the
individual than has ever been done by any
Nation in any previous period of history.
She is still a young nation, but she is the oldest
Republic of the World. ''Never so baffled,
but — " aptly expresses the kind of morale
138 A COMMUNITY CENTER
which, above everything else , needs to be
created in her civilian Army, and which the
community center movement aims to create by
mobilizing her citizens in every city and vil-
lage and countryside community. If the
American democracy is not as democratic as it
ought to be, arise, let us do what we can to
make it so.
LINCOLN'S MISTAKE
The most effective instrument through
which to stimulate the practice of citizenship,
to mobilize the intelligence, sympathy and
material resources of the people in behalf of
the cause of democracy, now threatened with
defeat, is the organization of small com-
munities into little democracies with school-
houses for their capitols. But this is a big
program. What can an individual do to con-
tribute to its success? The first and most
needful thing for him to do is to talk about it.
All great movements began in talk. The be-
ginning of a deed is an idea. The best con-
ductor of an idea is a living word.
It is a common and careless habit to em-
phasize the importance of a deed by dispar-
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 139
aging the importance of talk, forgetting that
deeds and words constitute one piece of goods,
like the two sides of a shield, only their rela-
tion is not mechanical as in a shield, but vital.
The men, who have most profoundly affected
the course of history, men like Confucius,
Jesus and Lincoln, were all teachers, were
great talkers. Their weapon was an idea.
The instrument they used to convey it was a
living and dynamic word. There is now in
the White House a teacher of democracy,
whose great speeches are more effective than
many battles.
In Lincoln's memorable speech at Gettys-
burg, he made one profound mistake. He
said that no words he uttered there would long
be remembered, whereas the fact is that the
words he uttered there seem destined to out-
live the memory of the battle. His great
words are being cast in bronze and hung in
innumerable schools throughout the country.
Indeed it is not improbable that the time may
come, when it will be necessary to subjoin a
footnote to his speech in order to inform the
people concerning the name of the battlefield,
on which it was uttered. The movement to
I40 A COMMUNITY CENTER
organize local communities aims to realize the
ideal, which formed the subject of Lincoln's
speech, and the present great need of the
movement is for men and women, who under-
stand what it means and who can express its
meaning in living words, not only to public
assemblies, but also in private to their neigh-
bors. The subject of the kind of talk neces-
sary to create public opinion effective enough
to organize local communities into little
democracies, is none other than the ideal for
which our flag stands. When that ideal is
once understood, and when it is exhibited by a
community center in operation, the average
man, both native and foreign born, will gladly
accept it, because it is that for which he has
been searching.
THE MEANING OF THE FLAG
Over no institution does the American flag
more appropriately float than over the free
public schoolhouse. It is not put there for
decorative purposes. The inner meaning of
its presence on the schoolhouse begins to ap-
pear when we remember that in every city and
village and countryside girls and boys, —
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 141
twenty-two millions of them, — every morning
stretch forth their hands towards the flag and
salute it with the significant words, — "I pledge
allegiance to my flag and to the country for
which it stands, one nation indivisible, with
liberty and justice for all."
With the opening of the schools in New
England, the salutation to the flag is caught
up, hour after hour, with the course of the sun
across the continent. It is noon in Boston
before the children in San Francisco pledge
allegiance in their morning devotions. By
the time the morning salutation is given in the
school outposts of Alaska, the school flag on
the Atlantic has been furled! Every moment
during the entire school day, somewhere in the
Republic, American girls and boys are stretch-
ing forth their hands to express their sincere
devotion to the nation's emblem, and pledge
their allegiance to the liberty and justice for
which it stands.
It is a scene which grips the heart with
hope, when once it is pictured by the imag-^
ination. "Old Glory," says Eugene Wood,
"has floated victoriously on many a gallant
fight by sea and land, but never do its silver
142 A COMMUNITY CENTER
stars glitter more bravely or its blood-red
stripes curve more proudly on the fawning
breeze than when it floats above the school-
house, over the daily battle against ignorance
and prejudice, for freedom and for equal
rights. . . ."
"The flag of our union forever," is our
prayer, our heart's desire for us and for our
children after us. Heroes have died to give
us that, heroes with glazing eyes beheld the
tattered ensign and spent their last breath to
cheer it as it passed on in triumph. "We who
are about to die, salute thee." The heart
swells to think of it. But it swells to think
that day by day thousands upon thousands of
little children stretch out their hands towards
that flag and pledge allegiance to it. "We
who are about to live, salute thee !"
What is it that these millions, who are about
to live for their country, are saluting? Their
flag? Yes. But their flag only as an emblem.
An emblem of what? Their country? Yes.
But what is their country? No one has ever
seen his country. It is not the soil, or the
buildings or the public oflScials or the people.
It is an unseen spiritual idea ; it is the will to be
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 143
one nation ; it exists only in the hearts of the
people. What is this unseen and imperish-
able idea, which constitutes the country, and
of which the flag is the symbol?
It has never been better described than in
the brief dynamic words, uttered by President
Lincoln, in our most sacred building, the plain
brick building in Philadelphia, in which the
Republic was born. "I have often pondered,"
said our typical American, "over the dangers
which were incurred by the men who assem-
bled here, and who formed and adopted the
Declaration of Independence. I have pon-
dered over the toils of the officers and soldiers
who achieved that independence. I have
often inquired of myself what great principle
or idea it was that kept this confederacy so
long together. It was not the mere matter of
the separation of the colonies from the
motherland, but that sentiment in the Declar-
ation, which gave promise that in due time the
weight would be lifted from the shoulders of
all men," The same sentiment which six
months later he thus expressed: "This is es-
sentially a people's contest . . . for maintain-
ing in the world that form and substance of
144 A COMMUNITY CENTER
government whose leading object is to elevate
the condition of men, to lift artificial weights
from all shoulders, to clear the paths of laud-
able pursuits for all, to afford all an unfettered
start and a fair chance in the race of life."
This is the ideal which makes America to
be what she is; it is the ideal to which she was
dedicated at her birth; it is the religion of
democracy, of which the flag is the emblem,
and on account of which it is justified in claim-
ing the major loyalty of all friends of free-
dom. The national movement to organize
local communities into little democracies aims
to preserve this ideal for the flag. It not only
seeks to inspire all youths and adults to pledge
allegiance to the flag with the same sincere and
understanding devotion, with which school
girls and boys pledge theirs. It seeks to do
more. It seeks to inspire the practice of citi-
zenship. If in any section of the country or
in any phase of its social, political, or indus-
trial life the flag's ideal of liberty and justice
exists in theory only and not in fact, it chal-
lenges citizens to do their utmost, just as Lin-
coln did, to make its ideal a reality and to
exhibit its meaning in practice.
PRACTICE OF CITIZENSHIP 145
To secure liberty and justice for all; to lift
artificial burdens from all shoulders; to
achieve "freemen's citizenship"; to preserve
government "of the people, by the people and
for the people"; to develop small communities
into little democracies with schoolhouses for
their capitols; to put human rights above
property rights, as our boys in the trenches of
France are now doing; to apply ethical
standards to politics and economics; to make
social, political, and economic conditions such
that all citizens, both native and foreign born,
when speaking of America, may say, "My
Country" and mean what they say; that they
may say it not only with honesty but with such
a degree of enthusiasm as to be willing to put
the interests of "My Country" above the in-
terests of "My Self," — nothing less than this,
as I understand it, is the meaning of the flag.
To make its meaning clear through the prac-
tice of citizenship is the aim of the community
center movement. It is a permanent and
dominant challenge to all loyal citizens, if
America is not to become "a land of broken
promise."
PART IV
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION
The following is the constitution prepared
by the writer for a community center in Wash-
ington, D. C, and is reproduced here as a sug-
gestion to other communities :
PREAMBLE
We, the people of the Wilson Normal Community of
the City of Washington, D. C, in order to secure the
advantages of organized self-help, to make public opinion
more enlightened and effective, to promote the education
of adults and youths for citizenship in a democracy, to
organize the use of the public school as the community
capitol, to foster a neighborhood spirit through which
the community may become a more efficient social unit,
to prevent needless waste through the duplication of social
activities, to engage in cooperative enterprises for our
moral and material welfare, and to create a social order
more in harmony with the conscience and intelligence of
the Nation, do ordain and establish this constitution.
Article I. — Name
The name of this organization shall be the Wilson
Normal Community Association, and its headquarters the
Wilson Normal School Building.
Article II. — Location
The community shall be defined as follows: Beginning
149
I50 A COMMUNITY CENTER
at Fourteenth and W Streets, thence north on the east
side of Fourteenth Street to Monroe Street, thence east
on the cast side of Monroe Street and Park Road to
Georgia Avenue, thence south on the west side of Georgia
Avenue to Irving Street, thence east on the south side of
Irving Street to Soldiers* Home, thence south on west
side of Soldiers* Home, McMillan Park, and Reser-
voir to College Street, thence west on north side of Col-
lege Street and Barry Place to Tenth Street, thence
south on the west side of Tenth Street to W Street, thence
west on the north side of W Street to Fourteenth Street,
the place of beginning.
Article III. — Members
The members of the association shall be all white adult
citizens of this community, both men and women. A
limited number of nonresident members may be received
into membership, provided they are not registered members
of any other organized community. Organizations now
in operation which are nonpartisan, nonsectarian, and
whose aim is the public welfare, such as "Citizens associa-
tions," "Home and school leagues,*' "Red Cross chap-
ters,** "Women*s clubs,'* "College settlements,** "House-
keepers* alliances," desiring to retain their name and
identity for the sake of cooperation with other branches of
similar organizations, may become departments of this
association. There shall be no suggestion of superiority
or inferiority among the departments. The members of
each department shall have the same standing as all other
members.
Article IV. — Officers
The association shall elect by ballot from its own
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 151
members a board of directors, or community council, which
shall be both a legislative and an executive body. It
shall consist of not less than 6 nor more than 1 5 members.
They shall be elected for a period of three years, except-
ing for the first year, when one-third of the number shall
be elected for one year, one-third for two years, and one-
third for three years.
The chairman of the committee in charge of each de-
partment of the association shall be a member of the
board of directors. A chairman may be appointed by the
board or selected by the department itself and confirmed
by the board. Chairmen shall have the right to select
the members of their own committees.
The community secretary, whose public election is pro-
vided for by the board of education, shall be a member
of the board of directors and a member ex officio of all
committees. It shall be his duty to exercise general super-
vision over all the activities of the association, and to
nominate, by and with the consent of the directors, all
assistant secretaries. They shall have the right to at-
tend all meetings of the board and take part in the discus-
sions, but shall have no vote.
As soon after the annual election as convenient the
directors shall meet to organize, and shall elect from their
own number a president, vice president, and a secretary-
treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually performed
by such officers, and who shall also be the officers of the
association.
Article V. — Departments
The board of directors is authorized to organize and
operate departments of activity, such as forum, civics,
recreation, home and school, buying club, and community
152 A COxMMUNITY CENTER
bank, whose activities shall be supervised and whose ac-
counts shall be audited by the board of directors.
1. Forum Department: The committee in charge of
this department shall arrange for public meetings, at such
time as the association may decide, for the free and orderly
discussion of all questions which concern the social, moral,
political, and economic welfare of the community. It
shall select a presiding officer for such meetings, secure
speakers, suggest subjects, and formulate the method of
conducting discussions.
2. Recreation Department: The committee in charge
of this department shall provide and conduct games,
dances, community dramas, musicals, motion pictures, and
shall promote all similar play activities, with a view to
increasing the joy, health, and good fellowship among both
adults and youths.
3. Civics Department: The committee in charge of this
department shall provide the members with the means of
securing information concerning politics, local, national,
and international; it shall stimulate a more intelligent
interest in government by the use of publicity pamphlets ;
it shall suggest ways in which the members may con-
tribute to the economic and efficient administration of the
city's affairs ; it shall provide courses of studies for young
men and women as a preparation for citizenship, and de-
vise methods of organizing the youth into voluntary, co-
operative, and constructive forms of patriotic service.
4. The Home and School Department: The committee
in charge of this department shall seek to promote closer
cooperation between the school and home, the teachers
and parents ; it shall aim to improve the school equipment,
to secure more adequate support and better housing con-
ditions for teachers; it shall organize and conduct study
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 153
classes for youths and adults; it shall provide such ways
and means or remove such obstacles as may be necessary
to enable all children to remain in school until they have
finished the grammar grades, whether these obstacles be
the kind of studies now pursued in school, the home con-
ditions of the children, or the economic conditions of the
community.
5. Buying Club Department: The committee in charge
of this department shall organize and operate in the school
a delivery station for food products with a view of de-
creasing the cost of living; it shall establish a direct re-
lation between the producer and consumer in order to
eliminate wastes; it shall seek to safeguard the people's
health by furnishing the purest food obtainable; it shall
aim to moralize trade by giving full weight and measure
and substituting public service for private exploitation; it
shall eliminate debt by asking no credit and giving none ;
it shall practice economy and equity in order to secure
a larger return to the producer and decrease the cost
to the consumer.
An annual fee shall be required of all members of the
buying club, payable quarterly in advance, to defray
operating expenses, the amount of the fee to be determined
by the committee, and it shall be decreased or increased
as the number of members and volume of business war-
rant. All members shall secure their goods at the net
wholesale cost price.
Goods shall be sold only to members of the buying club.
Membership in the buying club is open only to members
of the association and only to those members who are
depositors in the community bank.
The buying club shall set aside annually a sum equal
to 2 per cent of the amount of its sales, to be used by the
154 A COMMUNITY CENTER
association for the purpose of educating its members in the
principle and practice of cooperation, until public appropri-
ations are sufficient to provide the means for such educa-
tion.
The club shall set aside annually a sum equal to I per
cent of the amount of its sales as a reserve fund to cover
unexpected losses.
The committee in charge of the buying club shall serve
without compensation but may employ one or more execu-
tives to conduct the business of the club, who shall receive
compensation for their services, the amount of which shall
be fixed by the committee, but the amount shall be deter-
mined, as far as possible, on a percentage basis according
to service rendered.
All checks, drafts, or notes made in the name of the
club shall be countersigned by the chairman of the direct-
ing committee. The executive in charge of the buying
club shall be required to give a surety bond.
6. Community Bank Department: The committee in
charge of this department shall organize and conduct a
credit union bank for members of the association in order
to capitalize honestly and to democratize credit, and to
multiply the efficiency of their savings by pooling them
for cooperative use. It shall be known as the "Com-
munity Bank." It shall receive savings deposits both from
children and adults and shall make loans. It shall, if
possible, be a part of the curriculum of the school, at least
as regards deposits of children. The committee in charge
shall serve without compensation, but may employ one
executive to conduct its business who shall be required
to furnish a surety bond.
The bank shall make loans only to individual members
of the association and to the buying club for productive
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 155
purposes, but no loan shall be made to any member of the
committee in charge of the bank. Deposits may be re-
ceived from those other than members.
The bank shall issue no capital stock, but shall charge
entrance fees, which shall be used as a reserve fund and
returned to depositors when they withdraw from member-
ship.
The bank may make small short-time loans secured
only by the character and industry of the borrower. It
may make long-time loans, secured by mortgage, character,
and industry, to young men and women for the purpose
of helping them to secure houses in which to start homes,
and the payment of such loans may be made on the
amortization plan.
The rate of interest charged for all loans shall be 5
per cent. The amount of interest allowed on deposits
shall be the net profit after operating expenses are paid.
The bank shall use no other bank as a clearing house
which is not under the supervision of the United States
Government. All loans shall be made by check and all
such checks shall be countersigned by the chairman of the
directing committee.
An amount equal to one-half of i per cent of its
deposits shall be set aside as a reserve fund. An amount
equal to 10 per cent of its deposits shall be invested in
Federal Farm Loan Bonds, Liberty Bonds, or in other
Federal, State, or municipal bonds.
The community bank shall be operated not on the
principle of unlimited, joint, and several liability of its
members, but it shall have the right to demand pro rata
payments from them to meet any loss through unpaid
loans, provided the reserve fund is not sufficient to cover
such losses.
156 A COMMUNITY CENTER
Article VI. — Cooperation
There shall be no dues for membership in the com-
munity association, the dues having already been paid
through public taxation; but the association, by voluntary
subscription and in other ways, may raise funds to
inaugurate or support its work if the amount received
from public appropriation is insufficient to meet its needs.
The association may unite with other similar associa-
tions in the District of Columbia to form a community
league, in order to conduct a central forum or cooperate
with each other for any other purpose which may serve
their common welfare.
The association adopts the policy of cordial cooperation
with the board of education and provides that a designated
member of the school board may be a member ex officio
of its board of directors. He may attend any of its
meetings, take part in the discussions, and vote on all
questions.
Article VII. — Meetings
The board of directors shall hold monthly meetings at
such times as they may determine. All regular monthly
meetings of the board shall be open meetings. When a
vacancy occurs, through death or otherwise, the board may
fill the vacancy until the next annual meeting. If any
director shall be absent from three successive stated meet-
ings without excuse, such absence shall be deemed a resig-
nation.
Quarterly meetings of the association shall be held on
the second Tuesday of January, April, July, and October.
The April quarterly meeting shall be the annual meeting
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 157
to elect officers, hear reports from all departments, and to
transact such other business as may be necessary.
This constitution may be amended at any annual meet-
ing or at any quarterly meeting if previous notice of the
proposed amendment is given. In all elections the pref-
erential ballot may be used with reference both to officers
and measures; the initiative, referendum, and recall may
be employed in such manner as the association itself may
determine.
AN OUTLINE FOR A CONSTITUTION
The following is a digest of the preceding constitution
for those communities which may prefer a briefer form:
Article I. — Name
This association shall be known as The Community
Center Association of School District No. ,
County of , State of , and its headquarters
the — • schoolhouse.
Article II. — Object
Its object shall be to mobilize the people of this com-
munity for national service and organized self-help, to
equip its members for citizenship in a democracy, to pre-
vent needless waste through the duplication of activities,
and to create a social order in harmony with the conscience
and intelligence of the Nation.
Article III. — Members
Its members shall be all adult citizens of the district.
Any organization which is nonpartisan and nonsectarian
158 A COMMUNITY CENTER
and whose aim is the public welfare may become at depart-
ment of the association.
Article IV. — Officers
The association shall elect not less than 9 and not more
than 15 directors, who shall constitute the community
council. The council shall elect from its own members
a president, vice president, and secretary-treasurer, who
shall also be the officers of the association. The chair-
man in charge of any department of work shall be a
member of the community council.
Article V. — Community Secretary
The community council may employ an executive or
business manager to carry on its work, who shall be paid
either from public appropriations or by volunteer contri-
butions.
Article VI. — Departments
The association shall organize and conduct whatever
departments of activity it deems necessary to meet present
and permanent needs, both local and national, such as
forum, civics, recreation, home and school, buying club,
and community bank.
Article VII. — Finances
There shall be no dues for membership in the associa-
tion, the dues having already been paid through public
taxation. But when necessary it may raise, through
voluntary subscriptions and in other ways, the funds re-
quired to conduct its activities.
A SUGGESTED CONSTITUTION 159
Article VIII. — Meetings
The association shall hold quarterly meetings, one of
which shall be the annual meeting to hear reports and
elect officers. The community council shall hold regular
monthly meetings which shall be open to the public. The
departments shall be free to hold as many meetings as
may be necessary.
'T'HE following pages contain advertisements of a few
of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.
Theories of Social Progress
By ARTHUR J. TODD
Profeisor of Sociology in the University of Minnesota
Cloth, I2m0f $2.2S
A critical study of the attempts to formulate the condi-
tions of human advance. This volume attempts to bring
together the most important contributions of English,
American, French, German, Italian, and Russian writers
to the literature of social progress. But it is more than a
mere digest; it is a critical analysis and an evaluation.
The outline of this work includes five chapters on the
basis of progress in human nature; two on the idea of
progress as a scientific concept, and tests or criteria for
recognizing progress ; seven on the materialistic interpre-
tation of progress ; five on the biological interpretation
(including eugenics, race conflict, war, and peaceful group
contacts). Considerable space is given also to a discussion
of the r61e of property, government, law, public opinion,
leadership, art, and religion in human advance. The edu-
cational and political implications of a sound theory of
progress receive careful consideration.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Fubliiherg 64>66 Fifth Avenue New Tork
The City Worker's World In America
By MARY KINGSBURY SIMKHOVITCH
Clothf I2m0j $i^s
An unusually wide experience in Settlement and
Friendly Visiting work attests Mrs. Simkhovitch's al-
most unique qualifications for speaking with authority
on the phases of city life covered by her book. Our
industrial population is grouped almost entirely in urban
communities. This class furnishes by far the largest
element in every American city. The conditions under
which the city workers live are a matter of vital con-
cern to the nation's welfare.
A comprehensive and vivid picture of these conditions
is given in " The City Worker's World in America."
Among the topics covered are The Industrial Family,
Dwellings, Standard of Living, Education, At Work, Lei-
sure, Health, Poverty, Politics, etc. The book abounds in
suggestions of the most practical kind, while the informa-
tion it affords is of great value to every social worker.
" There are suggestive and alluring sentences which set
the mind working to follow the author's pathway. ... It
is a book that deals with a great theme in a manner that
shows real experience and understanding."
— T/ie Christian Register,
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Publishers 64-66 Fifth Avenae New Tork
Poverty and Social Progress
By MAURICE PARMELEE, Ph.D.
Author of " The Science of Human Behavior "
Cloth, $i.go
The author has made a comprehensive survey of the problems
of poverty which shows the one-sided character of many of the
explanations of its causation, and which will at least furnish the
starting point for an effective program of prevention.
In a brief introduction are discussed the organization of
society and pathological social conditions. The second part is
devoted to an extended discussion of the causes and conditions
of poverty, in which the author has, by extensiveness of treat-
ment, placed the emphasis on the two fundamental economic
problems, namely, those of production and the distribution of
wealth. Three chapters are devoted to a discussion of the
biological factors in the causation of poverty. Readers not in-
terested in this aspect of the subject may omit these chapters,
however, without being inconvenienced in reading the remainder
of the book.
Part III describes the Remedial and Preventive Meas-
ures and includes chapters on: The Modern Humanitarian
Movement; The Nature of Philanthropy both Private and
Public; Dependents and Defectives ; Eugenic Measures; Thrift;
Social Insurance ; The Raising of Wages and the Regulation of
Labor Supply ; The Productiveness of Society ; The Industrial
Democracy.
The book is suitable for use as a text-book for college and
university courses on charities, poverty, pauperism, dependency
and social pathology. It will also be useful to persons who are
interested in these important social questions.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
rubUibni 84-66 Fitth Avenue New York
AMERICAN SOCIAL PROGRESS SERIES
Edited by Professor SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY
Social Reform and the Constitution
By frank J. GOODNOW i2mo, $i.so
" The work is well worth not only reading but study and is a decided contribution
to the literature of the subject." — Boston Transcript.
The New Basis of Civilization
By SIMON N. PATTEN i2mo,$i-oo
"The book is valuable and inspiring in its general conception and guiding
principles. Social workers will welcome it, and moralists should greatly profit by
Its teachings." — Chicago Evening Post.
Standards of Public Morality
By ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY i2mo,$j.oo
" The book is worth reading not only once, but twice." — N^w York Times.
Misery and Its Causes
By EDWARD T. DEVINE i2mOy$i.2S
"One of the most vital and helpful books on social problems ever pub-
lished." — Congregationalist and Christian World.
Governmental Action for Social Welfare
By JEREMIAH W. JENKS i2mo,$i-oo
" Professor Jenks' little book ought to be in the hands of every member of every
legislature in the country." — Review of Reviews.
The Social Basis of Religion
By SIMON N. PATTEN i2moy$i.25
" It is a work of deep thought and abundant research. Those who read it will
find their ideas and thoughts quickened and will be sure that their time has been
profitably spent." — Salt Lake Tribune.
The Church and Society
By R. FULTON CUTTING i2mo,$i,2S
" A stimulating and informing little book." — Boston Herald.
The Juvenile Court
By THOMAS D. ELIOT i2mo,$i.25
" Another volume which will repay careful reading — the most useful treatise on
youthful criminology." — Providence Journal.
Social Insurance : A Program for Social Reform
By HENRY ROGERS SEAGER j2fHo,Si.oo
The City Worker's World in America
By MARY KINGSBURY SIMKHOVITCH,
Director of Greenwich House l2mo, $1,2$
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
PubUshers 64-66 Fifth ATtnne Vew York
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS
W.UU B. ^-lT.Z7:rEvXrJ^-^-^^
THIS BOOK °NT."f° CENTS ON THE FOURTH
^jl^^^rNO^TO ,™l on"- — - °""
OVERDUE.
LiD 21-5m-6,'37
y
^-•
i
386480 /
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
0'Km
hilt! liii
:; I
ill |t
llil